FOREWORD
It is a pleasure for me, on behalf of the Mekong River Commission (MRC), to present this
Work Programme for 2003.
With the Work Programme for 2001, MRC launched its programme approach. All activities
became part of comprehensive programmes supporting basinwide strategies. To support the
programme approach, the structure of the MRC was changed in June 2000 from a sectoral
structure to one based on cross-cutting functions required to plan and implement programmes
and to carry out the core activities of the organisation. Sector programmes would remain an
important part of the activities in the short and medium term. In the longer term, however, the
focus of the MRC would be shifting from project execution to monitoring and management
of the Mekong River Basin. The MRC would develop better capacity to cope with political,
economic and social changes in the basin, establish and maintain essential databases, and to
develop planning tools for all important aspects of the river basin.
The programme approach is maintained in this Work Programme for 2003. The programmes
are updated in the light of developments and adjustments since last year's Work Programme.
Major changes affect the following programmes: the Capacity Building Programme, the
Fisheries Programme, the Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme, and the Water
Resources Management Programme. The Work Programme also includes a new Flood
Management Programme.
The Mekong River is one of the least spoiled and least developed great rivers of the world,
where the potential is far from utilised and negative impact of environmental degradation is
not irreversible. However, considerable challenges lie ahead if sustainable economic
development is to be realised. These challenges, which are addressed by the Work
Programme, include:
1. To manage greater pressure on water resources from a growing population's needs for
clean and adequate water, food and energy supplies to support economic development,
without causing damage to the environment and ecological system.
2. To achieve reasonable sharing of available resources to satisfy the requirements of the
riparian countries and its people.
3. To ensure that funds are used effectively and that programmes are being implemented in
co-ordination with other national, bilateral and international development efforts in the
basin.
The MRC has always accorded high importance to international cooperation. Traditionally,
resources from international donors have constituted the largest part of the operational and
programme budget. It is expected to remain so in the short and medium term, but in the
longer term the MRC administrative costs is to be funded mainly through contributions from
the member countries. Donors have encouraged the MRC to adopt a programme approach
and are now placing renewed trust in the organisation's ability to handle the challenges ahead
in an efficient and coordinated manner. These are reflected in increased support to MRC and
commensurately lower funding needs as compared to last year's Work Programme.
I take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Commission, our sincere gratitude and
appreciation of the support from donors, partner agencies, NGOs and other friends around the
world to our efforts to ensure sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin for the
benefit of its people.
Joern Kristensen
Chief Executive Officer
PREFACE
MRC Programmes are grouped under three categories: Core, Support and Sector
Programmes:
Core Programme:
- Basin Development Plan.
- Water Utilisation Programme.
- Environment Programme.
Support Programme:
- Capacity Building Programme.
Sector Programme:
- Fisheries Programme.
- Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme.
- Water Resources Management Programme.
- Flood Management Programme.
- Navigation Programme.
- Tourism
The Work Programme contains brief descriptions of the programmes and explains how they
are contributing to the MRC Strategic Plan. It also includes a budget and activity plan for
2003 as well as status of activities carried out in 2002.
Compared to the Work Programme for 2002, major changes are the following:
The Integrated Capacity Building Programme has been extensively revised. It will focus
on ensuring availability of sufficient expertise in river basin management within the
Secretariat and among the riparian governments and the required level of communication and
stakeholder participation in MRC activities. Only five out of the eleven programme
components have been kept as result of the revision. Two new components have been
included: 1) Integrated Training Programme (Management) and 2) Environmental
Governance. The first of these components is to raise the level of competence in river basin
management among MRC staff and staff in the riparian governments through a systematic,
modular training programme. The second component will contain the envisaged package of
support to MRC announced by UNDP. It will aim to increase the effectiveness and timeliness
of the MRC core programmes.
Fisheries Programme
The Fisheries Programme has been revised, and re-focussed to better reflect the changing
realities in the basin and to take stock of eight years' achievements under the programme.
Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme
Due to likely availability of funding, an investment sub-component for forest rehabilitation
has been included in this Programme under the Catchment Management component with
about US$ 4.5 million over a five-year period, starting from 2003.
Flood Management Programme
At the request of the Council, the Flood Management Programme, which is to implement the
Regional Flood Management and Mitigation Strategy, approved by the Eighth Council
Meeting, has been designed as a programme on its own rather than being a component of the
Water Resources Management Programme.
Water Resources Management Programme
In addition to the separation of the Flood Management and Mitigation Component from the
Water Resources Management Programme, the hydropower component has been revised and
aligned to the Hydropower Development Strategy launched in October 2001. The objectives
of the revised hydropower component are: (i) to identify best options in the Lower Mekong
Basin for sustainable development in the hydropower sector, based on the MRC Hydropower
Development Strategy and the process and criteria for identifying and short-listing
development projects under the BDP (ii) to enhance the capacity of the riparian countries in
hydropower planning and development, based on the MRC Hydropower Development
Strategy.
Navigation Programme
There are minor changes of the budget for the Navigation Programme, due to more clarity of
the funding situation. Funding for development of the Programme has now been secured and
this process is ongoing and is expected to complete by May 2003.
The Work Programme is made available, after approval of the MRC Council, to interested
agencies upon request. Copies of detailed comprehensive programme proposals are also
provided upon request. For this purpose, kindly contact the MRC Secretariat, at the following
address:
MRC Secretariat
Tel:
+855-23 720-979-85
364 M.V. Preah Monivong
Fax: +855-23
720-972
P.O. Box 1112
E-mail:
mrcs@mrcmekong.org
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Interested readers are invited to visit the MRC home page at http://www.mrcmekong.org
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to the MRC .............................................................................................. 1
1.1.
BACKGROUND........................................................................................................... 1
1.2.
AREAS OF COOPERATION .......................................................................................... 1
1.3.
STRUCTURE............................................................................................................... 1
1.4.
DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES .................................................. 2
1.5.
THE MRC STRATEGIC PLAN..................................................................................... 3
1.6.
STRATEGIC GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ........................................................................ 6
1.7.
CRITERIA FOR PRIORITISING MRC ACTIVITIES......................................................... 7
1.8.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC PLAN............................................................. 8
2. The MRC Programmes ................................................................................................. 9
2.1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE CORE, SECTOR AND SUPPORT PROGRAMMES................ 9
Core Programme .............................................................................................................. 9
Support Programme: Goal 4 .......................................................................................... 10
Sector Programme: Supporting Goal 2 (BDP)............................................................... 11
3. MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding Status ..................................... 12
4. Progress of MRC Work Programme 2002 ................................................................ 15
4.1.
CORE PROGRAMMES ............................................................................................... 15
Basin Development Plan (BDP) .................................................................................... 15
Water Utilization Programme (WUP) ........................................................................... 15
Environment Programme ............................................................................................... 16
4.2.
SUPPORT PROGRAMME: INTEGRATED CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME.............. 17
4.3.
SECTOR PROGRAMMES............................................................................................ 17
Fisheries Programme ..................................................................................................... 17
Agriculture, Irrigation, and Forestry Programme .......................................................... 18
Water Resources Management Programme................................................................... 18
Flood Management Programme..................................................................................... 19
Navigation Programme .................................................................................................. 20
Tourism.......................................................................................................................... 20
5. Planned Activities per Programme in 2003............................................................... 21
5.1.
CORE PROGRAMME................................................................................................. 21
Basin Development Plan................................................................................................ 21
Water Utilisation Programme ........................................................................................ 21
Environment Programme ............................................................................................... 21
5.2.
SUPPORT PROGRAMME............................................................................................ 22
Integrated Capacity Building Programme ..................................................................... 22
5.3.
SECTOR PROGRAMME ............................................................................................. 22
Fisheries Programme ..................................................................................................... 22
Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme ........................................................... 23
Water Resources Management Programme................................................................... 23
Flood Management Programme..................................................................................... 24
Navigation Programme .................................................................................................. 24
Tourism Programme ...................................................................................................... 24
6. BASIN DEVELOPMENT PLAN ............................................................................... 27
6.1.
PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND PROBLEM ADDRESSED............................................... 27
6.2.
OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 27
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
6.3.
PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 27
6.4.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................... 27
6.5.
BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 28
7. WATER UTILISATION PROGRAMME ................................................................ 29
7.1.
PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND PROBLEMS ADDRESSED ............................................. 29
7.2.
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 29
7.3.
PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 30
7.4.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 31
7.5.
BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 32
8. ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME ............................................................................ 33
8.1.
PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND PROBLEMS ADDRESSED ............................................. 33
8.2.
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 33
8.3.
PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 33
8.4.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 34
8.5.
BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 36
9. INTEGRATED CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAMME..................................... 39
9.1.
PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND PROBLEMS ADDRESSED ............................................. 39
9.2.
OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 39
9.3.
PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 39
9.4.
COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 39
9.5.
BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 41
10.
FISHERIES PROGRAMME.................................................................................. 43
10.1. PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND SITUATION ADDRESSED............................................. 43
10.2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 44
10.3. PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 44
10.4. COMPONENT AND CORE ACTIVITIES ....................................................................... 45
10.5. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 45
11.
AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION AND FORESTRY PROGRAMME
(SUSTAINABLE LAND AND WATER USE PROGRAMME) ......................................... 47
11.1. PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND SITUATION ADDRESSED............................................. 47
11.2. OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 47
11.3. PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 47
11.4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 48
11.5. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 50
12.
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ............................... 51
12.1. PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND PROBLEM ADDRESSED............................................... 51
12.2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 51
12.3. PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 51
12.4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 51
12.5. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 52
13.
FLOOD MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME.......................................................... 53
13.1. PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND SITUATION ADDRESSED............................................. 53
13.2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................ 53
13.3. PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 54
13.4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 55
13.5. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 58
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
14.
NAVIGATION PROGRAMME............................................................................. 59
14.1. PROGRAMME CONTEXT AND SITUATION ADDRESSED............................................. 59
14.2. OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 59
14.3. PROGRAMME STRATEGY......................................................................................... 60
14.4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS.................................................................................... 60
14.5. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 63
15.
TOURISM PROGRAMME.................................................................................... 65
15.1. CONTEXT OF PROGRAMME AND SITUATION ADDRESSED........................................ 65
15.2. OBJECTIVE .............................................................................................................. 65
15.3. MAIN OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 65
15.4. BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 65
Tables
Table 1: MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding ...................................................12
Table 2 : MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding Needs 2003 ..............................14
Figures
Figure 1 : MRC Organisational Structure..................................................................................2
Figure 2: MRC Vision ...............................................................................................................5
Figure 3 : Strategic Objectives...................................................................................................6
Figure 4 : Links between the Basin Vision, MRC Vision and Programmes Development.......8
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
1. Introduction to the MRC
1.1. Background
On the 5th of April 1995, Cambodia, the Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam, signed the
"Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River
Basin". This agreement formed the Mekong River Commission (MRC) which replaced the
Committee for Coordination of Investigation of the Lower Mekong Basin (the Mekong
Committee) and the Interim Mekong Committee, which were established in 1957 and 1978;
respectively. The MRC also holds an official dialogue with the two other states of the
Mekong River Basin, China and Myanmar, which are not signatories of the 1995 Agreement.
The purpose of the 1995 Agreement is to achieve an optimum use and prevention of waste of
the waters.
1.2. Areas of Cooperation
Article 1 in the 1995 Agreement obliges the signatories "To cooperate in all fields of
sustainable development, utilization, management and conservation of the water and related
resources of the Mekong River Basin..."
Article 2 stipulates the promotion of sustainable development of the full potential and
prevention of wasteful uses of the Mekong River Basins waters for the benefit of all riparian
states.
Article 3 charges the signatories with protection of the environment, ecological balance and
natural resources from harmful effects from the development of the basin's water and related
resources.
These three articles set the scope for the work of the Commission.
1.3. Structure
The MRC enjoys the status of an international body. It has signed several agreements and
holds obligations with the donors and the international community. The MRC consists of
three permanent bodies; Council, Joint Committee and Secretariat. Acting as focal points for
the Commission in each of the member countries are the National Mekong Committees
(NMCs).
1
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
The MRC Secretariat is the executive arm of the MRC with Headquarters in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia. The Secretariat is working closely with the NMCs of the riparian countries. The
structure of the Secretariat is presented in the diagram below. The structure was introduced in
June 2000, to support the MRC programme approach.
Figure 1: MRC Organisational Structure
Joint
Committee
MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION SECRETARIAT
Office of the
CEO
National
Programme Co-
Natural
Operations
Mekong
ordination and
Technical
Resources
Environment
Public
Support
Committees
Development
Division
Division
Information
Division
Planning
Division
Finance and
Administration
Human
Resources
Development
The budget of the Commission consists of contributions from its members and the donor
community. Formal consultation with the donor community is processed through the Donor
Consultative Group meeting.
The Commission have formal agreements for cooperation with regional and international
organisations, e.g. ADB, AIT, ICLARM.
1.4. Development Opportunities and Challenges
Development of the vast resources of the Basin must be economically, socially and
environmentally balanced. Only through sound management will it be possible to ensure
long-term sustainability of the natural resources, the environment and the quality of life of
the Basin's people. Key development opportunities and challenges for the MRC Work
Programme are:
·
Approximately 40% of the population in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam live
below the poverty line, and the Thai population living within the Mekong watershed
area lag far behind the rest of the country in socio-economic status. The population
growth rate in the region is high, leading to ever-increasing demand for food and jobs.
Changes in the flow pattern brought about by proposed development can have a major
impact on fragile social and economic systems.
2
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
·
The Mekong River Basin supports one of the most productive and diverse
ecosystems in the world. But the Basin's environment is degrading due to unsustainable
development practices such as forest exploitation and intensification of agriculture. At the
same time, the institutional capacity to deal with these types of environmental problems
and cumulative impacts is weak throughout the region.
·
Agriculture is the predominant economic sector. In order to be able to feed the
rapidly growing population, it is a key element in each riparian country's development
strategy. Because of the long dry season, the further development and expansion of
irrigation is essential for the long-term growth of the agriculture sector and the key
element to support intensification.
·
Inland fisheries is vital for food security. The MRC estimates that the market value
of the lower Mekong fisheries is US$ 1.4-1.7 billion. Fish is the single most important
source of animal protein for the people in the region. Together with rice, it forms the
basis of the food security.
·
In many areas, inland river transport on the Mekong River system constitutes the
most important way of communication. In the delta, maritime navigation provides
significant revenues from international trade. Changes in the flow regime, sedimentation
and construction of reservoirs may affect river transport. Co-operation and proper
agreements between the riparian countries are required to ensure safe passage, also across
borders.
·
The Basin has a considerable potential for the generation of hydropower that could
be used to meet the growing demand for power. Yet, the construction of large dams must
be undertaken with care. Negative side effects on the overall flow regime on other
resources, such as fisheries, or communities living up-stream or downstream of dams, are
to be avoided or minimised.
·
The water quality of the Mekong River is affected by factors such as industrial
production, urban waste disposal and sewage, use of fertilisers and pesticides, water
reservoirs, soil erosion, and salt water intrusion in the Mekong Delta. Maintaining good
water quality is critical for agriculture as well as for domestic and commercial water
supplies.
·
Also of major concern for the riparian countries is flood management and mitigation.
Excessive flooding during the wet season can cause great economic and human loss in the
Basin, as witnessed during the floods in year 2000. But floods are also important to
replenish the wealth of the aquatic ecosystems.
·
The use of water and related resources in one country can have negative effects for
other countries, for example in terms of adverse effects on navigation, fisheries,
scarcity of irrigation water, and seawater intrusion. Prevention and resolution of
potential conflicts arising from the increasing pressure on the natural resources in the
Basin is therefore a key task of the Mekong River Commission.
1.5. The MRC Strategic Plan
In order to better fulfil its role, MRC developed a first Strategic Plan for the period 1999-
2003. Although considerable progress had already been made, many areas of MRC's work
still needed improvement. Consequently, the first Strategic Plan was reviewed in a
participatory process in late 2000. The fundamental strategic direction of MRC, its vision
and mission statements remained unchanged. But the programme approach launched with
the Work Programme for 2001 meant that the objectives of the three Core Programmes, five
3
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Sector Programmes, and one Support Programme needed to be better reflected in the
Strategic Plan. In turn also the Goals, supported by the objectives, required updating.
4
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Figure 2: MRC Vision
VISION for the Mekong River Basin:
An economically prosperous, socially just and
environmentally sound Mekong River Basin
VISION for the Mekong River Commission:
A world class, financially secure, international river basin
organisation serving the Mekong countries to
achieve the basin Vision
MISSION
in accordance with the 1995 Agreement:
To promote and coordinate sustainable management and
development of water and related resources
for
the countries' mutual benefit and the people's well being
by
implementing strategic programmes and activities and
providing scientific information and policy advice
5
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
1.6. Strategic Goals and Objectives
Four Goals have been identified that MRC should strive to achieve progressively over the
next five years or so. MRC's four Goals and the respective Strategic Objectives are:
Figure 3 : Strategic Objectives
Strategic Objectives
1.1 Information for water use "rules" identified, and
to establish and
information exchange established;
implement "rules" for 1.2 The data, information, and knowledge base developed,
water utilisation and
maintained and shared;
1.3 Modelling package developed and maintained;
GOAL 1: inter-basin
diversions;
1.4 "Rules" for water utilisation developed;
1.5 Institutional capacity (for modelling and rule
formulation) strengthened;
to establish a dynamic 2.1 A basin planning process established;
basin development
2.2 A data, information, and knowledge base established;
planning process as a 2.3 Prioritised list of natural-resources-related basin
framework for
development projects established;
natural resource
2.4 MRC sector programmes in support of the Basin
management and
Development Plan are formulated and implemented:
sustainable
GOAL 2: development; and to
plan and execute
corresponding
priority sector
programmes and
projects;
3.1 Capacity in environmental monitoring and assessment
strengthened;
to establish and
3.2 Data and knowledge base on environmental and socio-
promote MRC
economic issues established;
environmental and
3.3 Systems for environmental information exchange in
socio-economic
place;
GOAL 3: management systems, 3.4 Guidelines for environmental policies and legislation set
recommendations,
up;
and policy guidelines; 3.5 Awareness and capacity of MRC and key stakeholders on
trans-boundary environmental issues strengthened;
6
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
4.1 MRCS/NMC/LA staff qualification and experience
strengthened;
4.2 MRCS/NMCS project management, planning and
execution systems improved;
to establish an
4.3 Financial, administrative, personnel, logistics and
effective
information and communication technology systems
organisation, capable
upgraded;
to promote, in
4.4 Regular meeting of a panel of international/regional
partnership with
experts on river basin/natural resources management
GOAL 4: other institutions,
organised;
basin-wide
4.5 Quality information provided to the public;
development and co-
4.6 Strong partnerships with relevant institutions established
ordination;
and maintained;
4.7 MRC assuming role as effective facilitator and mediator
for conflict prevention and resolution;
4.8 Relations with Upper Mekong River Basin Countries
improved.
1.7. Criteria for Prioritising MRC Activities
All MRC Programme activities or components should contribute centrally to the goals and
strategic objectives of the MRC Strategic Plan. They should also, as far as possible,
incorporate crosscutting themes of environment, gender, poverty, employment and people-
centred development generally.
In order to remain quite distinct from country-based programmes or projects, while being
complementary to them, MRC initiatives should conform to the following criteria:
· Promote the sharing and/or joint management of resources;
· Be trans-boundary in nature;
· Contribute to or promote regional institutions, norms and policies;
· Foster research that cannot be adequately or effectively undertaken nationally;
· Create or sustain networks or contacts among governmental or non-governmental
organizations in different member countries.
Programmes, projects or activities should actively seek linkages to global and inter-regional
initiatives as well as build on national programmes, which reinforce the strategic direction of
the MRC.
Programmes, projects or activities should help to develop capacity of line agencies, NMCs
and MRC, and should draw, whenever possible, on region-based expertise.
Programmes should help riparian countries to respond to the challenges generated by rapidly
evolving development needs.
7
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
1.8. Implementation of the Strategic Plan
The relationships between the visions, objectives, programmes and activities when the Plan is
being implemented are illustrated below.
Figure 4 : Links between the Basin Vision, MRC Vision and Programmes Development
B a s in V is io n
M R C V is io n
M R C M is s io n
G o a ls
O b je c tiv e s
S u p p o rt P ro g ra m m e
S e c t o r P ro g ra m m e s
C o re P ro g r a m m e s
A c t iv it ie s u n d e r P ro g ra m m e s
Progress towards the achievement of the goals is accomplished through achieving the
objectives. Progress on the objectives is measured through indicators, which measure
achievements made through various activities.
These sets of linkages will ensure that activities undertaken by the MRC under the various
programmes are contributing measurably towards the achievement of the objectives in the
Strategic Plan, which in turn will ensure that the MRC is progressively working towards the
achievement of the five goals, fulfilling its organisational Mission and Vision and
contributing significantly to the Basin Vision.
8
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
2. The MRC Programmes
The change from a "project" to a "programme" focus is perhaps the most significant recent
change in MRC. The new approach considers MRC activities as part of comprehensive
programmes supporting basin-wide strategies of the riparian countries.
An essential element of adopting a programme approach is the shift of focus away from the
activities to the objectives, i.e. away from what is to be done towards what is to be achieved.
The programme approach provides flexibility and avoids time-consuming and expensive
planning cycles with detailed scheduling of activities several years into the future.
Through adopting this approach the MRC will be able to remain focused on what it is aiming
to achieve and adopt strategies and undertake activities to do so in the most appropriate and
efficient way. This is in line with the Strategic Plan and will develop the MRC's capacity to
meet the challenges in a rapidly changing political, social and development environment.
The MRC has three types of programmes: core, support and sector programmes. These
represent three current and future needs for the riparian countries. The core programmes are
those central to the purpose of the Commission, and are intended to be the ones remaining in
the long term. They are addressing central issues in the 1995 Agreement in line with the
Strategic Plan directly addressing Goals 1 to 3. The activities under these programmes are, in
the long term, to be funded by the contributions of the member countries, thus ensuring
sustainability.
The support programme is directly addressing Goal 4 of the Strategic Plan. This programme
is important in the short and medium term to address capacity building needs of the MRC and
the riparian Governments. As capacity increases, the support programme will diminish in
size.
The sector programmes are addressing important sectoral issues in the basin within the
mandate of the 1995 Agreement and in line with the Strategic Plan. The programmes have a
regional focus intended to address development needs in the sectors from a basinwide
perspective, complementing and supporting national and bilateral development initiatives.
2.1. Brief Description of the Core, Sector and Support Programmes
Core Programme
Water Utilization Programme (WUP): Goal 1 - The WUP commenced in early 2000 and is
planned to run for 6 years. It will help establish permanent and functional mechanisms to
support Mekong Basin water resources management consistent with the 1995 Agreement. Its
aim is to achieve "reasonable and equitable" water use among member countries while
maintaining the Basin's ecological integrity. Development of "Rules" for Water Utilisation
through the WUP is central to the achievement of Goal 1 of the MRC Strategic Plan.
The WUP comes from member countries' recognition, in the 1995 Agreement, of the
seriously damaging impacts that can occur through uncontrolled economic development or
environmental exploitation. For example, if water quality deteriorates through industrial or
agricultural pollution, or other actions, then there are threats to the basin's vital fish stock, to
domestic water supplies, and to food production generally. Likewise, if uncontrolled land
clearing, large hydropower development, or irrigation development would take place,
flooding could increase, low river flows could fall further, navigation could be disrupted, salt
water intrusion could occur and fish breeding patterns arrested. The impacts on agricultural
production, poverty, food security, social harmony and environmental degradation are
apparent. The WUP, and its resultant water sharing arrangements, are specifically designed to
afford agreed means of conflict prevention and resolution between member countries. The
9
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
WUP covers planning, data collection, development of a basin modelling and knowledge
base, establishment of monitoring systems and river basin management. The overriding
principle governing the WUP process is that the member countries own it, with the
Secretariat acting as a facilitator.
Basin Development Plan (BDP): Goal 2 - Formulation of the Basin Development Plan
commenced in October 2001 and will run until late 2004. The expected output is both a
general planning tool, and an enduring, dynamic process, for use by the Joint Committee to
help identify and prioritise development programmes and projects that meet the cooperative
and sustainability criteria of the 1995 Agreement. The BDP units/working groups that have
been established in each country by the National Mekong Committees are mainly carrying
out the BDP formulation process. Line Agencies, especially those directly concerned with
national and regional planning, are increasingly becoming involved. BDP will progressively
rely on substantial inputs from WUP, Environment and Sector Programmes, with regard to
information and assessment tools for issues such as water quantity, water quality,
environment and socio-economic impacts. A coordination mechanism comprising issue
focussed working groups has been established at the MRC Secretariat to ensure close
integration of all MRC programmes and support sections. The BDP aims to identify trans-
boundary economic development activities that balance the Basin peoples' development
needs with sustainable water quality, quantity and long-term environmental integrity.
Environment Programme (EP): Goal 3 The Programme has a two pronged approach in that
it is aiming to fulfil the articles in the Agreement related to the protection of the environment
and maintaining the ecological balance of the basin. It is also supporting the other Core
Programmes through provision of environmental data and development of tools for
environmental planning and management. Assessment and monitoring of water quality and
ecosystem health form an important basis data provision. The Programme also aims to
improve environmental policy and management through advice to and promotion of
cooperation among environmental agencies, directly supporting the BDP process. Through
compilation of existing knowledge and facilitation of research activities it also promotes a
better understanding of the environmental and ecological aspects of the Basin. The
Programme is central to the achievement of Goal 3 of the Strategic Plan 2001 to 2005.
Support Programme: Goal 4
Integrated Capacity Building Programme - This Integrated Programme is to ensure
availability of sufficient expertise in river basin management and the required level of
communication and stakeholder participation in MRC activities. The level of competence in
river basin management among MRC staff and staff in the riparian governments is to be
raised through a systematic, modular training programme. The future pool of expertise
available within the region is to be broadened through on-the-job training of young
professionals to work at the MRC Secretariat. The ability of MRC to carry out
communication, public participation and partnership activities is to be ensured through expert
services. Capacity and resources of MRC to respond to priority needs and changing
conditions is to be strengthened through a facility to draw on external support on an ad hoc
basis. Through a twinning arrangement between MRC and the Murray-Darling Basin
Commission in Australia it is intended to enhance MRC capacity in integrated water
resources management, modelling and data management, basin planning, development of
water sharing guidelines, and building community awareness and strengthening at the
strategic level.
10
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Sector Programme: Supporting Goal 2 (BDP)
Fisheries Programme The programme development objective is "Coordinated and
sustainable development, utilisation, management and conservation of the fisheries of the
Mekong Basin". The Programme contributes directly to all four goals of the MRC Strategic
Plan 2001-2005. The primary focus of activities is on trans-boundary issues affecting
fisheries, so that appropriate fisheries information is available for the BDP, WUP and EP.
Information produced within the Programme is incorporated into national and regional
management and development plans, with a view to a continuously increasing fisheries
productivity and maintaining a healthy ecosystem.
Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme - Formulation of the new, fully
integrated and comprehensive, MRC "Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme (2001-
2005)" was completed in October 2000. Based on a catchment approach, it focuses on
activities to promote the sustainability and further development of food production from the
land and water resources of the Basin where cooperation between member countries is
required for success. The overall programme development objective is to achieve
"cooperative sustainable development and utilisation of land and water resources to the
benefit of the basin community, and to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security".
The programme will be undertaken using a collaborative learning approach to effect change
in resource use. It too will contribute to development of the WUP and the BDP.
Water Resources Management Programme The programme aims to "promote
sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin's water resources for social and
economic development for the benefit of the basin's inhabitants", in line with the second
article of the Agreement. This is to be achieved through appropriate hydropower
development and a hydro-meteorological network for the collection and analysis of
information. An integrated information system providing information on water resources and
hydrological status will also support the WUP and the Flood Management Programme. Best
options in the Lower Mekong Basin for sustainable development in the hydropower sector
will be identified, based on the MRC Hydropower Development Strategy.
Flood Management Programme- This Programme aims to "promote sustainable
development of the Mekong River Basin's water resources for social and economic
development for the benefit of the basin's inhabitants", as stated in the second article of the
1995 Agreement. This is to be achieved through hydropower development, flood
management, and a hydro-meteorological network for the collection and analysis of
information. A basinwide-approach through regional management of the Mekong floods will
be primordial for the benefit of the people in the flood-prone areas. Preparing people for
floods and issuing warnings will be part of the operational services of the MRC.
Navigation Programme This Programme aims to "promote freedom of navigation on the
Mekong River system", as stipulated in Article 9 of the Agreement. A common interest to
facilitate river transport and increase international trade is the underlying reason for this
article. On a national level, the programme aims at improving the access facilities to the
remote communities along the Mekong River and tributaries to enable the integration of the
rural and local communities to be part of the national economic market and provide mobility
to reach essential services such as schools and hospitals. This will contribute to poverty
reduction by reducing vulnerability, opening new economic opportunities, creating new
employment, enhancing democratic process, developing skills, and facilitating and improving
the delivery of rural services. Simultaneously, changes in river morphology and study of its
impacts will be dealt with under the Navigation Programme. Environmental monitoring,
integration of social considerations and conflict prevention will be permanent trans-sectoral
aspects. The programme directly addresses issues related to the development of the Mekong
11
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
River Basin's resources. It will contribute to Goal 3 of the Strategic Plan through promoting
the natural navigation potential whilst preserving the ecological balance.
Tourism Programme- This programme has not yet been developed.
3. MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding Status
Table 1 below presents an overview of the programme and their components. It also provides
nformation on the total budget and funding needs for each programme and every programme
component. Table 2 provides the same information for calendar year 2003.
The total, multi-year budget for MRC programmes comes to US$ 137 million, with funding
requirements amounting to US$ 82.8 million or approximately 60%.
Total planned expenditures under MRC programmes in 2003, amount to US$ 20.3
million. Funding requirements come to US$ 7.0 million, corresponding to 35%.
12
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Table 1: MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding
Programme
Programme Components
Total Budget Funding Needs*) Funded/Pledged
(1,000 US$)
(1,000 US$)
(1,000 US$)
Core Programme
Basin Development Plan
3 Years
6,156
0
6,156
Water Utilization
6 Years
16,300
0
16,300
Programme
Basin Modelling and Knowledge Base
9,100
0
9,100
Rules for Water Utilization
1,200
0
1,200
Institutional Strengthening
4,700
0
4,700
Environment 5
Years
23,458
16,358
7,100
Programme
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
11,331
8,160
3,171
Environmental Decision Support
3,016
1,407
1,609
Strategic Networking and Coordination
1,222
1,002
220
Capacity and Awareness Building
5,112
3,068
2,044
Support Studies and Research Facilitation
2,777
2,721
56
Support Programme
Capacity Building
5 Years
7,244
4,081
3,163
Integrated Training Programme (Management)
750
750
0
Information and Communication
1150
1090
60
Junior Riparian Professional Scheme
581
201
380
Environmental Governance
1000
0
1,000
Programme Support
1,000
949
51
Core Activities in New Organization
2,263
1,091
1,172
River Basin Management
500
0
500
Sector Programme
Fisheries Programme
5 Years
5,114
0
5,114
Institutional Support
1,842
0
1,842
Assessment of Mekong Capture Fisheries
1,297
0
1,297
Management of River and Reservoir Fisheries
955
0
955
Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Fish Species
870
0
870
Population Genetics of trey Riel (Fish) in the MB
150
0
150
Agriculture, Irrigation
5 Years
35,600
27,200
8,400
and Forestry
Water Use Efficiency
16,000
13,900
2,100
Programme
Catchment Management
14,200
7,900
6,300
Capacity Building for MRC
5,400
5,400
0
Flood Management
6 Years
21,508
19,178
2,330
Programme
Regional FMM Centre
13,064
10,734
2,330
Structural Measures
1,582
1,582
0
Transboundary Flood Issues
1,381
1,381
0
Flood Emergency Management and Strengthening
1,314
1,314
0
Flood Proofing Measures
2,129
2,129
0
Land Use Management
2,038
2,038
0
Water Resources
5 Years
5,540
1,370
4,170
Management Programme Hydrology
3,840
420
3,420
Hydropower 1,700
950
750
Navigation Programme
5 Years (under development)
13,437
11,610
1,827
Implementation of Art. 9 Freedom of Navigation
1,945
1,305
640
Supporting Studies and Data Collection
1,708
1,643
65
River Works and Fairway Improvement
6,841
6,210
631
Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building
2,806
2,315
491
Promotion and Coordination
137
137
0
Tourism Programme
3 Years (to be developed)
3,000
3,000
0
TOTAL
137,357
82,797
54,560
*) Programme budgets less funds received and pledges of support
13
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Table 2 : MRC Programme, Programme Costs and Funding Needs 2003
Programme
Programme Components
Total Budget Funding Needs*) Funded/Pledged
(1,000 US$)
(1,000 US$)
(1,000 US$)
Core Programme
Basin Development Plan
3 Years
1,877
0
1,877
Water Utilization
6 Years
3,100
0
3,100
Programme
Basin Modelling and Knowledge Base
2,000
0
2,000
Rules for Water Utilization
400
0
400
Institutional Strengthening
700
0
700
Environment 5
Years
3,320
1,297
2,023
Programme
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
1,304
235
1,069
Environmental Decision Support
554
79
475
Strategic Networking and Coordination
304
304
0
Capacity and Awareness Building
854
375
479
Support Studies and Research Facilitation
304
304
0
Support Programme
Capacity Building
5 Years
1,640
561
1,079
Integrated Training Programme (Management)
150
150
0
Information and Communication
230
170
60
Junior Riparian Professional Scheme
180
53
127
Environmental Governance
300
0
300
Programme Support
200
149
51
Core Activities in New Organization
380
39
341
River Basin Management
200
0
200
Sector Programme
Fisheries Programme
5 Years
1,759
0
1,759
Institutional Support
590
0
590
Assessment of Mekong Capture Fisheries
533
0
533
Management of River and Reservoir Fisheries
291
0
291
Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Fish Species
270
0
270
Population Genetics of trey Riel (Fish) in the MB
75
0
75
Agriculture, Irrigation
5 Years
3,550
2,380
1,170
and Forestry
Water Use Efficiency
1,500
1,130
370
Programme
Catchment Management
1,500
700
800
Capacity Building for MRC
550
550
0
Flood Management
6 Years
1,503
903
600
Programme
Regional FMM Centre
1,503
903
600
Structural Measures
0
0
0
Transboundary Flood Issues
0
0
0
Flood Emergency Management and Strengthening
0
0
0
Flood Proofing Measures
0
0
0
Land Use Management
0
0
0
Water Resources
5 Years
1,110
690
420
Management Programme Hydrology
390
120
270
Hydropower 720
570
150
Navigation Programme
5 Years (Under the Development)
2,246
1,011
1,235
Implementation of Art. 9 Freedom of Navigation
580
0
580
Supporting Studies and Data Collection
763
558
205
River Works and Fairway Improvement
410
410
0
Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building
450
0
450
Promotion and Coordination
43
43
0
Tourism Programme
3 Years (To be Developed)
200
200
0
TOTAL
20,305
7,042
13,263
*) Programme budgets less funds received and pledges of support
14
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
4. Progress of MRC Work Programme 2002
This Section makes a brief account of progress of the activities under the MRC Work
Programme in the period October 2001 November 2002.
4.1. Core Programmes
Basin Development Plan (BDP)
The BDP commenced in October 2002, prior to the 8th Council meeting. The BDP
Programme expected to be finalized by October 2004. The programme is supported by
Australia, Denmark, Japan, Sweden and Switzerland.
National consultations were held in all countries between November 2001 and February 2002
and in February 2002 a Regional Launch Workshop took place in Bangkok. Concurrently the
BDP team at the MRC Secretariat (8 experts/advisers and 1 Junior Professional Officer) was
mobilised and BDP units and working groups were established by each National Mekong
Committee (NMC) Secretariat. At the 15th Joint Committee meeting held in March 2002 in
Vientiane, it was agreed that each country would establish a BDP national Sub-committee
chaired by the Joint Committee member.
Other preparatory activities have included delineation of the Lower Mekong Basin into 10
sub-areas, information on national policies and legal frameworks have been collected and
reviewed. A series of national consultations and a Regional Inception workshop were held in
April and May 2002, which contributed directly to the BDP Inception Report endorsed by the
Joint Committee at its 16th meeting in July 2002.
National implementation plans to the end of 2002 have been prepared by the BDP units in
consultation with concerned line agencies, and following endorsement by the national BDP
Sub-committees these plans are currently being implemented. This encompasses national
review of the overall planning process and data management systems, orientation of key
stakeholders and initiation of sub-area studies in one "pilot" sub-area in each country. A
long-term training programme on integrated river basin management in cooperation is about
to start which has come to place in cooperation with the Murray Darling Basin Commission.
Two persons have already started their Master degree studies supported by the BDP and the
applications for 3 others are being finalised.
The BDP has been intimately involved in the formulation of a MRC Public Participation
Strategy. A regional workshop and national consultation meetings have resulted in agreement
on a strategy that is being refined according to the needs of each MRC programme, and into
national action plans.
A donor review of the BDP is scheduled for late November/early December 2002.
Water Utilization Programme (WUP)
In April 2002, the four riparian member countries reached agreement in selection of the
modelling package and structure of Decision Support Framework (DSF), which allowed the
Halcrow consultants to start Phase II of their assignment on model development. The first
15
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
round of on-the-job training commenced in June 2002 with eight trainees from four member
countries and four MRC Secretariat staff. The training aims at providing trainees with skills to
become trainers for their countries after completing training by October 2003.The Halcrow
consultants and the trainees have been cooperating closely in developing and setting up the
three model components (Hydrological, Simulation and Hydrodynamic) including data
collection and processing, model schematization preparation. The structure of the three model
schematizations was presented for discussion at the regional modelling workshop No.5 on 25-
26 September 2002. Steps have been initiated to overcome certain constraints with respect to
data provision. Close cooperation between the Halcrow and BDP and other MRC programmes
is maintained with a view to identify test scenarios for the DSF and for further training and
technical support needs. The modelling activities are progressing on schedule.
The study on "Modelling of the Flow Regime and Water Quality of the Tonle Sap" has
achieved the following main results: (i) baseline survey from Chau Doc along the Bassac
River to Prekdam; (ii) collection and analysis of hydrological and water quality data; (iii)
setting up hydrodynamic model for the Lake; and (iv) training of Cambodian staff on
modelling and data collection. The JICA Study Team is carrying out discharge measurements
for water use monitoring, at this stage for calculation of water balance of the Tonle Sap and to
support formulation of rules for water quantity. A French Study Team on water quality started
working in August 2002 and provides support to WUP.
The WG2's activities have been focused on identification of key transboundary indicators. A
series of national consultation meetings have been conducted to provide knowledge and
technical guidelines on how to identify indicators. WG2 and Environment Programme have
completed the concept paper on environmental flow and sent out to NMCs for comments.
They have also formulated the "Proposal for a Three-Phased Approach for Managing Flows
for Health of the Mekong River", which has been submitted to the World Bank for final
approval.
It is expected that draft Preliminary Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and
Agreement (PPNPCA) will be submitted to the Ninth Council meeting.
Environment Programme
The revitalization of the 15 years old Water Quality Monitoring Network in the basin is
continuing and the new network should be in place by the end of 2003. The Programme will
continue to conduct analyses of relevant parameters throughout the basin on a monthly basis.
A monitoring system for pesticides is under consideration. The water quality data has been
reviewed and revised and is now accurate and of high quality. A basinwide diagnostic study
of water quality was initiated in 2002, which will support the Water Utilisation Programme in
the development of guidelines for water quality. To complement the monitoring of physical
and chemical parameters of the basin water the Programme is developing an ecological health
monitoring system based on biological assessment. The first phase of the monitoring system
will be operational by the end of 2003. Existing information on aquatic ecosystems has been
collated from the basis of aquatic ecosystem maps of the basin. MRC has proposed a common
wetland classification system compatible to the system used by the Asian Wetland Inventory
(AWI), which provisionally has been adopted by the four member countries. Current work on
completing a basin wide inventory followed by assessment of the functions and values
(economic and social) will continue in close collaboration with other agencies engaged in this
field (e.g. IUCN, ICLARM, WI, WWF, etc.).
The development of technical guidelines and policy advice for a trans-boundary
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
16
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
System was completed in May 2002, and after further guidance from the Council and the Joint
Committee on how to proceed, the Programme will assist in the development of a suitable
system to be used in MRC member countries. Environmental risk assessments are undertaken
in areas surrounding Vientiane/Nong Khai and Phnom Penh by regional teams. A
comprehensive review of environmental conflicts in the region was completed in 2002 and
will serve as a basis for work on how MRC should be engaged in conflict mediation and
resolution.
Seven training modules and 20 case studies related to EIA have been prepared and translated
into the riparian languages. A CD-ROM based self-learning kit on river awareness is being
developed and will be ready for broader distribution in early 2003. The review of
environmental awareness in the basin will serve as a basis for developing a strategy for such
MRC engagement in the member countries.
4.2. Support Programme: Integrated Capacity Building Programme
Major accomplishments in 2002 were as follows: (i) The first batch of four Junior Riparian
Professionals; one from each member country joined the MRC in June 2002. The four JRPs
are attached to the four MRC programmes: BDP, EP, WUP and FMP. A second batch of JRPs
is scheduled to join MRC in January 2003; (ii) At the tripartite Review Meeting of the UNDP
capacity building programme in January 2002, good progress in programme activities was
observed at all levels; (iii) The MRC Programming Manual was reviewed and finalized for
use as a working document. A training of trainers programme on how to use the MPM was
conducted for staff from both the Secretariat and NMCs. Implementation of operational plans
developed during the training is on-going as well as sharing of MPM-based sample forms
with CBP-teams of NMCs.; and (iv) A wide range of training programmes for staff at the
secretariat and NMCs had been provided including training in programme management,
logical framework approach, functional English training such as report and proposal writing
and presentational skills, and training in self-empowerment.
Under the Murray Darling Basin Commission (MDBC) and Mekong River Commission
(MRC) Strategic Liaison programme training in hydrological modelling has been carried out.
Likewise a workshop on data and information exchange and final drafting of guidelines on
custodianship and management of MRC's information system has been concluded.
Preparations are made for training in basin planning and further development of MRC's
public participation strategies.
The Communications function provided management support for production of the Annual
Report 2001, a revamped quarterly newsletter, and general information materials about MRC
and its work in English, Khmer, Lao, Thai and Vietnamese. Publishing of scientific research
and technical work of the Commission has increased, and improved media liaison has resulted
in higher profiling of the Commission and its work.
4.3. Sector Programmes
Fisheries Programme
A major focus of work over the previous 12 months has been communicating important
outcomes of the Programme. This has resulted in a series of publications, production of an
interactive CD on fish migrations and a database on fishes of the Mekong, and a film on the
17
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
fisheries of Cambodia. It is the first phase in the important task of communicating and
promoting programme results to the core programmes of MRC and to national management
agencies. Construction of a new Fisheries Institute in Cambodia will be completed in
December 2002, ahead of schedule. Regional training in co-management has continued as part
of a structured 3-year regional programme. Further studies have been conducted on the
relationship between flood heights and fisheries production, and the fisheries productivity of
different wetland habitat types. Developing work on aquaculture of indigenous Mekong fishes
has proceeded that has resulted in establishment of information sharing networks among
fisheries workers in the 4 member countries. Further formalized networking has taken place in
conjunction with the Fisheries Annual meeting and the Annual Fisheries Technical
symposium. In addition, Catch and Culture has been produced four times the past year, and is
now seen as a major fisheries communication vehicle in the region. The Mekong Women in
Fisheries network has continued to provide a platform for women working in the fisheries
field to support their development endeavours in their respective countries. The planning of
the Symposium on Large Rivers and Fisheries in 2003, which MRC is organising in
cooperation with Department of Fisheries (DOF) in Cambodia and the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO), has continued and is well advanced.
During the reporting period, a review of the Fisheries Programme was undertaken and the
findings have contributed to develop a new Fisheries Programme that will be implemented
from January 2003.
Agriculture, Irrigation, and Forestry Programme
In 2002, three basin-wide databases, irrigation, inundation and soil database have been
developed. A final workshop on irrigation and inundation databases was held on 29
November 1 December 2002, and for soil database a similar workshop was held on 29-30
April 2002. These databases will contribute to planning effective land and water use. Since
February 2002 activities with respect to development of models to evaluate and demonstrate
the multi-functionality of paddy fields has developed further. Production of data and
information on irrigation water use have been promoted by facilitating collaborative research
between the four riparian countries
Water Resources Management Programme
Hydrology: In 2001, The Australian funded Appropriate Hydrological Network Improvement
Project (AHNIP) commenced to upgrade 18 major hydro-meteorological stations along the
Lancang-Mekong mainstream. The aim is to improve the water level and discharge
monitoring to assure accurate, reliable and real time data and data handling capacities of MRC
and the riparian countries for flood forecasting, auditing of rules for water sharing, disaster
management, etc. So far, 15 of these stations have been upgraded. Communication equipment,
data receiving centres and facilities are being installed at the Secretariat and in the riparian
countries. The first training of trainers programme has been completed and training at national
levels is in good progress.
The project "Consolidation of Hydro-Meteorological Data and Multi-functional Roles of
Tonle Sap Lake and its Vicinities", funded by Japan, has collected water level data from 20
stations and discharge data in the Cambodian flood plain, which will complete data gaps in
this region to enable model simulation and understand the function of the area in terms of
flood mitigation and water supply essential for FMP, BDP and WUP. The sustainability of the
18
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
project is paramount and could only be ensured through a comprehensive training programme
for staff at NMCs, line agencies, and the MRC Secretariat.
Hydropower: The MRC Hydropower Development Strategy (HDS) was launched at a
workshop in October 2001. The strategic areas for the HDS that were defined and approved
include (1) consideration of integrated water use, environmental and socio-economic factors;
(2) efficient hydropower generation and distribution mechanisms; and (3) information system
and capacity building for hydropower development. The development of the Strategy had
been based on extensive discussions and information collected from sources inside as well as
outside of MRC. Consultations and exchange of views had taken place throughout the process
of strategy formulation. This process involved representatives of agencies and individuals in
the four MRC member countries, including the National Mekong Committees and the relevant
line agencies, as well as a wide range of civil society organisations and international agencies
and organisations, such as the Asian Institute of Technology, the Asian Development Bank,
the World Commission on Dams, Global Water Partnership, the World Wide Fund for Nature,
Oxfam America and others. Based on these activities the HDS was published in October 2001
and the hydropower component of the Water Resources Management Programme was
revised. A fundraisings proposal was prepared in June 2002 and submitted to relevant donors
and interested NGO's.
Flood Management Programme
Since the Council approved the MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Strategy in
November 2001, the FMM Task Force has worked actively in the following areas: (i)
Improvement of existing flood forecasting and early warning system, (ii) Organization of
Annual Mekong Flood Forum, (iii) Improvement of regional flood maps, and (iv) capacity
building for preparedness planning and response through using flood information and data
generated within the lower Mekong basin.
During 2002 and with the MRC Flood Management and Mitigation Strategy in mind, a Flood
Management Programme has been developed through a participatory process. Initial
consultations were held from 31 July to 13 August 2002 with the National Mekong
Committees and selected national line agencies and organizations to obtain general agreement
on the FMP formulation process, and to obtain initial comments on the usefulness, scope and
structure of the FMP as a whole, as well as of its individual components. Further, national
workshops were held from 27 August to 6 September 2002. The programme was discussed
with donors at an informal meeting on 17 September 2002 and a regional workshop was
conducted on 20-21 October 2002.
The Flood Forecasting and Early Warning (FFEW) activities of the MRC have recently been
improved. During dry season from December 2001 to Mid June 2002, seven-day river
monitoring and low flow forecasts were conducted and updated weekly on MRC River
Monitoring Web Page. An International Expert Meeting on Flood Forecasting and Early
Warning System was held in February 2002. The meeting emphasized the need for an
improved flood forecasting and early warning system in the Mekong region and
recommended to upgrade the MRC forecasting system based on modern technology,
combined with a more effective warning system. Additional real time hydrometeorological
data on water level and rainfalls were received at 7 AM and 7 PM from two Chinese stations.
Since June 2002 synoptic data and rainfall estimates, forecasts from Thai Meteorological
Department have been received on a daily basis and since September 2002 data from 2 main
tributaries in Cambodia were transmitted. The MRC is now capable of making five-day flood
19
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
forecasts for 21 key stations on the main Mekong stream, which is disseminated to the end
users through email and Web site. The Flood Information Web Page is constantly being
updated and improved. A proposed flood forecasting and warning dissemination system in the
Lower Mekong Basin Project has been funded by the Government of Japan and will be
launched in December. Assistance is currently sought from the Office of US Foreign Disaster
Assistance under the Flood Management Programme to provide appropriate flood early
warning information to flood-vulnerable communities in the Lower Mekong Basis.
Navigation Programme
The Mekong River Commission is currently redefining its role regarding waterborne transport
on the Mekong river system in order to cope properly with international trade prospects,
national policy developments and to be in accordance with the MRC Strategic Plan (2001-
2005). Aiming for a stronger position as intergovernmental facilitator in this matter, MRC in
August 2002 started to update the existing strategy formulated in 1994, which will take place
in a participatory process including important stakeholders. The new Navigation Strategy is
foreseen to be outlined by the end of 2002 and following this, an action plan and a detailed
implementation programme will be formulated by April 2003.
In July 2001 the Hydrographic Atlas Project was completed and the next stage of this project,
UHA Digitizing in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand to transform hard copy maps into
electronic navigation geographical information systems (GIS) charts commenced in
September 2002.
Belgium is financing navigation-related projects through the National Mekong Committees.
In Cambodia, the identification of the project called "Master Plan for Water Transport Sector
in the Mekong Delta", which is closely related to the formulation of the MRC navigation
strategy started in June 2002. The project has three main components: (i) access by maritime
(sea-going) vessels to Phnom Penh using the Mekong river, and improvement of inland water
transportation between Cambodia and Viet Nam, (ii) The inland waterway system in
Cambodia, and (iii) multi-modal transport links with the Lao PDR. In June 2002, a
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building Programme for the Mekong River
Transportation was initiated and it aims at enhancing the planning and management capacity
of Cambodia's navigation sector, of selected staff of the Cambodia National Mekong
Committee and staff of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport. Belgium cooperated
with the Lao National Mekong Committee on the issue of bank protection that took place
early 2002, and the MRC-related programme between Belgium and the Viet Nam National
Mekong Committee on navigation projects was considered.
Tourism
The tourism programme has yet to be developed
20
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
5. Planned Activities per Programme in 2003
5.1. Core Programme
Basin Development Plan
Based on the Project Implementation Plan (PIP) included as part of the Inception Report,
national work plans for 2003 will be formulated during the latter months of 2002 and
incorporated into an overall regional implementation plan. Key elements will be coordinated
with other MRC programmes, in particular the core programmes, WUP and EP to ensure
harmonisation between BDP requirements and the production, testing and calibration of
assessment tools and models. The main activities to be undertaken under the BDP during
2003 will encompass: 1) completion of sub-area studies and updating basin-wide sector
overviews; 2) scenario formulation for prioritised sub-areas and the whole lower Mekong
basin through a process involving public participation; 3) formulation of sub-area and basin-
wide strategies; 4) compilation of a long-list of possible projects with trans-boundary
implications; and 5) reaching agreement on project/programme selection criteria and the
identification of at least one "spearhead" project with trans-boundary dimensions in each
country and at regional level. The training programme in cooperation with MDBC on
integrated river basin management will be completed and reviewed. Other training needs
will be addressed either as a component of the integrated MRC training programme or
through specific courses to meet BDP requirements. The six persons selected for
scholarships for Master degree study will either have completed or be part way through their
studies. It is anticipated that a mid-term review of the BDP project will take place during the
2nd half of 2003.
Water Utilisation Programme
The training on operation and administration of the modelling Package will be conducted in
July/August 2003. Component A Basin Modelling Package and Knowledge Base of WUP
will be completed by October 2003, and the Finnish co-financing project will be completed
by June 2003.
Workshops and National Consultations will be conducted to discuss the concept on "Flow
Management". A Technical Drafting Group 3 (TDG3) will be established, to identify
Rules/Procedures on Water Use and Monitoring and to continue working on the Final
Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement (PNPCA).
Environment Programme
Implementation was initiated in 2001, and the Programme is now implementing a number of
activities in prioritised areas. About half of the required technical advisors have been
recruited and advisors placed at the NMCs are assisting in implementation at the national
level. During 2003 the Programme will continue the work initiated under the components,
while slowly finalizing the revision of the Programme. The final work on strengthening the
Water Quality Monitoring Network (WQMN) should be completed in 2003, ensuring
generation of high quality data. Wetland classification and inventory will further develop into
assessment of its functions and (economic) value. The development of an ecological health
monitoring system will continue with testing of methodologies and training assessment
teams. The CD-ROM based self-learning kit on river awareness will be evaluated and further
work in environmental training may continue in this way. Work on the development of a
21
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
trans-boundary EA system will continue, and may incorporate findings from the work on
environmental risk assessment. Work on provisional assessment of environmental flows for
the basin will commence in 2003 together with further work on conceptual modelling to
improve understanding of ecological processes in the basin.
5.2. Support Programme
Integrated Capacity Building Programme - Development of the MRC Integrated Training
Strategy and Programme commenced in the second half of 2002. The aim is to bring the
various training needs of MRC under one umbrella and to address these needs through one
comprehensive and coherent training programme. The Training Needs Assessment is the
main preparatory activity to arrive at the Integrated Training Strategy and Programme. The
different MRC training strategy options will be presented and discussed at a regional
workshop in the beginning of 2003. On the basis of the outcomes of the workshop an
Integrated Training Programme will be developed. The ongoing recruitment process of four
new Junior Riparian Professionals will be completed by January 2003, bringing the number
of JRPs at the Secretariat to eight. Participation in the strategic liaison programme between
the Murray Darling Basin Commission and MRC will involve short-term training and advice
in the priority areas of integrated water resources management, public participation and basin
development planning. Workshops will be held in the areas of public participation and
community awareness, natural resources policy development and river basin planning water
management, modelling and basin development planning.
In-house systems, in the development stage during 2002, will be improved and finalised for
report publication, translation management, marketing and sales of MRC publications,
management of images and transmission of information through email lists and the website.
General promotion of the Commission through event management, media liaison and the
packaging and distribution of information products will be given a high priority, to increase
public awareness of the Commission's role in the member countries and internationally.
5.3. Sector Programme
Fisheries Programme
The new Fisheries Programme has been prepared in the later half of 2002 and will be
implemented from January 2003 onwards. Emphasis will be on three areas; firstly,
maintenance of core fisheries activities; secondly, synthesis and publication of completed
work; and thirdly, seeking funding from new donors.
Core activities in the field of fisheries ecology will include continuing the assessment of daily
fisheries catches in relation to water flow and flood patterns; training in the application of
fisheries impact assessments, and associated monitoring and mitigation; completing studies
on recruitment and dispersion of major species groups; consolidation of co-management
training and development packages, including an extension of reservoir based activities to
river fisheries; and development of husbandry techniques for indigenous Mekong fish
species, but at fewer centres than previously planned.
Substantial effort will be directed to collating and publishing studies already completed
within the Fisheries Programme. This is needed to provide a public and retrievable
documentary record of results and achievements. Part of the process will involve
consolidation of databases and their transfer into the MRC's Technical Support Division.
Both publication and database cleaning will actively involve MRC core programme staff, to
22
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
ensure that all relevant data is processed and made available in formats that can be readily
integrated by the WUP, BDP and EP.
A major focus in 2003 will be to implement and further the new Fisheries Programme.
Concept papers for the various activities will be prepared, and thereafter, in cooperation with
potential donors, the concept papers will be elaborated into component documents for
funding and implementation.
Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme
Under the catchment management component, relevant management institutions will be
identified and provided with support to strengthen regional cooperation, information
exchange/sharing and to develop approaches for sustainable catchment management within
trans-boundary areas. This will also include preparation for a forest rehabilitation component
in the LMB. Under the Water Use Efficiency component, activities for development of
models to evaluate and demonstrate the multi-functionality of paddy fields will be continued.
An irrigation water use database for modelling will be established to provide data for the core
programmes of MRC. Information related to the environmental impacts of wetland rice
production will be collected for basin planning purposes.
Water Resources Management Programme
The major task under the Hydrology component in 2003 will be to guarantee the continuous
supply of improved quality, quantity and timely hydro-meteorological information to all core
programmes for model improvement, forecasting and monitoring verification of scenarios
and rules auditing by further strengthening and consolidating the established network and
capacity involved. Under the AHNIP project the quality of the improvement so far will be
monitored and measures taken to ensure sustainability. The two stations in China will be
improved and upgraded for satellite data transmission. The project " Consolidation of Hydro-
Meteorological Data and Multi-functional Roles of Tonle Sap Lake and its Vicinities" will
focus on the refinement of data, model calibration and water balance studies and on-the-job
training in data collection and analysis using modern equipment. Identified data gaps will be
filled to improve data availability. For the medium and long-term plan, the AHNIP activity
will be expanded to cover the MRC's core hydro-meteorological network taking into account
the recommendations of the Strategic Master Scheme, the upcoming mid-term review, and
the MRC's core programmes.
Under the hydropower component cooperation structures with hydropower segments in the
riparian countries will be established and advice on the planning, development and operation
of hydropower plants in the LMB will be provided in close consultation with the riparian
governments and the BDP. Costs and benefits of existing hydropower plants and dams, will
be analysed to support identification of options for best hydropower development in LMB.
Studies will be carried out of the potential for improved efficiency, reduced power demand
and savings in investments in the power sector in the riparian countries through demand and
savings Management (DSM) and other viable options. It is envisaged that a study will be
conducted on practices and obstacles for private and public participation in hydropower
development in the riparian countries; proposing efficient and fair principles for private and
public participation. Acceptable Hydropower projects in the LMB will be identified for the
BDP.
23
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Flood Management Programme
Activities will focus on flood preparedness, development of guidelines and institutional
strengthening. Construction of a regional Flood Management and Mitigation Information
Centre will be commenced in early 2003. This will support MRC in promoting flood
management and mitigation in the member countries and regional management of flood plain
development. Emphasis will be placed on flood forecasting and early warning. By 2003,
precise warnings with accurate flood plain maps will be disseminated to meet the local need
for reliable and accurate information in a timely manner. The flood emergency management
capacity building of MRC riparian staff will be carried out under the programme in early
2003. Based on the master plan for the improvement of the hydro-meteorological network in
the river basin, further planning, development and management of the network will take
place. Improvement of the Hydro-Meteorological network, including the setting up of an on-
line monitoring system to provide real-time and automatically recorded data at key stations
for the WUP will continue. Development of a new flood forecasting model will be initiated
and the second annual Flood Forum will be organized in May 2003. In cooperation with the
Water Utilization Programme, an intensive measurement campaign is being organized in the
Cambodian Mekong Delta to study the role of the Tonle sap Great Lake and its associate
systems.
Navigation Programme
Digitizing of the Hydrographic Atlas in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand will be completed
in April 2003. The Formulation of the Strategy and Programme for Navigation development
and Coordination in the Lower Mekong Basin will be completed in May 2003. Subject to the
availability of funding, MRC will therefore commence implementation of the Navigation
Programme by mid-2003. In 2003, the following bilateral projects between Belgium and the
National Mekong Committees will start implementation: The actual design of the Master
Plan for the Waterborne Transport Sector in the Mekong Delta will start in April 2003
(CNMC), Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building for Navigation in Cambodia
(CNMC), Bank Protections in Pakadan and in Khammouane (LNMC).
Tourism Programme
Subject to availability of funding, this Programme will be under development during 2003
where the main activity would be a study of the tourist sector and development of a coherent
programme proposal.
24
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
PROGRAMME PROFILES
For each programme, the profiles provide information on the context of the programme
and the situation addressed by it, on objectives, strategy and main outputs and activities
envisaged under the programme. The programmes are presented as core, support and
sector programmes.
The programme profiles are deliberately very brief and are intended to provide an
overview of what the particular programme or component is aiming to achieve.
Comprehensive programme descriptions/proposals are available upon request from the
MRC Secretariat.
25
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
CORE PROGRAMME
26
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
6. BASIN DEVELOPMENT PLAN
6.1. Programme Context and Problem Addressed
The 1995 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong
River Basin defines the Basin Development Plan (BDP) as a "general planning tool and
process that the Joint Committee would use as a blueprint to identify, categorize and
prioritize the projects and programs to seek assistance for and implement the plan at the
basin level".
Its aim is to promote, support, cooperate and coordinate the development of the full potential
of sustainable benefits to all riparian countries and prevention of wasteful use of the basin's
waters, consistent with the needs to protect, preserve, enhance and manage the environmental
and aquatic conditions and maintenance of the ecological balance exceptional to the MRB.
The Agreement aims also to assist in developing the Mekong River Basin in accordance with
the new vision of the Mekong cooperation in order to accelerate interdependent sub-regional
growth, create a new environment which is conducive to investments and establish a firm
foundation for sustainable development. To this end, views from the public will need to be
incorporated adequately and a well planned, formulated and mutually acceptable basin
development framework that would balance socio-economic and environmental
considerations will have to be established. The development efforts will have to continue on
a sustainable basis to provide a strategy for the MRC to initiate priority programs and
projects in cooperation with appropriate national and international organizations, including
regional initiatives.
6.2. Objective
The development objective of this Programme is "sustainable development of the water and
related resources of the Basin for the mutual benefits of the riparian countries and people
living in the Mekong River Basin". In the medium-term, the programme will develop a
framework for regional cooperation among the riparian countries to develop the MRB
through implementation of a well-defined and established BDP.
6.3. Programme Strategy
BDP Programme is seen as three parallel processes comprising (i) the BDP planning process
carried out in five stages, (ii) a knowledge and capacity building process and (iii) a dialogue
with the public, stakeholders and political levels. While the internal knowledge base will be
strengthened and firmly established for operation of the staged technical planning process, a
participatory planning approach will help achieve the Programme objectives and ensure
sustainability of the development efforts and the planning processes in the longer term. MRC
Secretariat, NMCs and line-agencies in the riparian countries will continue to be the key
actors of BDP, with a limited involvement of external consultants/advisors. The BDP and the
planning process is dynamic and with a participatory approach. It will initially have a three-
year duration.
6.4. Component Description
Immediate Objectives: 1. Basin Planning Process established and is ongoing; and 2. A BDP
drafted and agreed to by the riparian countries.
27
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Main Outputs and Activities: The BDP planning process is seen as dynamic. The Plan itself
is to be comprehensive, integrated and multi-purpose of nature. The main expected outputs
are:
- A planning process based on national legal and policy frameworks;
- A set of planning guidelines, policies and criteria;
- A training component consisting of short training courses and in-house training seminars;
- Assessment/analysis of sub-areas (situation analysis) based on the vision and mission
statement of BDP;
- Development scenarios for each sub-area including an analysis of factors that may affect the
availability of water and influence the demand for it;
- Development strategies for each sub-area, management and development strategy for the
water related sectors, and development and management strategy for the lower Mekong River
Basin;
- A list of basin-wide priority projects and programs with a limited implementation plan.
Activities to be carried out will be to: (i) strengthen the required technical knowledge base
including human resources, databases and planning tools, (ii) establish the participation plan
and related mechanism to secure adequate public inputs for the BDP, and (iii) complete the
five stage planning process. Sub-areas, a basic unit for analysis and planning, will be defined
for further analyses and formulation of a basin-wide development/management strategies and
plans. On-the-job training, workshops and seminars will be organised.
6.5. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
Basin Development Plan Process
6,156,000
0
Total Programme Cost
6,156,000
0
28
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
7. WATER UTILISATION PROGRAMME
7.1. Programme Context and Problems Addressed
The 65 million inhabitants of the Mekong River Basin depend to a great extent on the natural
resources of the Basin for their livelihood. The Basin has, in the last decade, experienced
lower economic growth than surrounding regions of Southeast Asia. As a result, exploitation
of the forest areas, wetlands and flooded forests is increasing. The prospect of increased
water diversions and constructions of the needed infrastructure for irrigated agriculture and
water supply represent competing water uses that threaten the basin's natural habitat and
aquatic ecosystem. Shifting cultivation and widespread logging in the sensitive upland areas
are degrading the watersheds, increasing erosions, and modifying the flow regime. Finding a
way to support continued development of the Mekong River Basin in a sustainable way and
minimising water-use conflicts is critical. Therefore, there is a need to assist the MRC
member countries in promoting socio-economic development and improving sustainable
water management while protecting the ecological balance of the basin.
The Water Utilisation Programme's major issues concern equitable and reasonable sharing of
the water resources and sustainable development of the natural resources in the Basin. The
most critical factors are related to changes in the hydrological regime and dry-season flow in
the Lower Basin. Lao PDR and Cambodia rely on river transport and the reduction in dry-
season flows can adversely affect navigation. Cambodia has the long-term potential for
expanding its irrigated agriculture. Over decades, Thailand and Vietnam have developed
extensive irrigation systems that currently face dry-season water constraints. Saltwater
intrusion into the Mekong Delta during the dry season adversely affects irrigation and
domestic water supplies. Hydropower remains to be an important development activity,
especially in the upper part of the Basin. The options for diverting water from the Mekong,
and for inter-basin diversion of the water from the Mekong tributaries have also been
considered.
The WUP will assist the MRC member states to implement key elements of the 1995
Mekong Agreement (Articles 5, 6 and 26) and contribute to addressing these issues. Equally
important the WUP will provide the analytical tools and knowledge base required to support
negotiation of the "rules" for water utilization and their implementation. It will provide the
technical and institutional capacities required for longer-term cooperation to manage the
basin's water and ecological resources in sustainable manner.
7.2. Objectives
The Programme's development objectives are:
· Promote a mechanism to improve coordinated and sustainable water management in the
Mekong River Basin (MRB) and among the riparian countries;
· Promote equitable and reasonable water utilisation by the countries of the MRB; and
· Enhance the protection of environment, aquatic life and the ecological balance of the
MRB.
29
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
7.3. Programme Strategy
The objectives will be achieved through preparation of "rules" for water quantity and quality
data and information exchange; notification, prior consultation and agreement, in accordance
with the principles set forth in the Mekong Agreement; and the development and adoption of
related mechanisms and procedures for implementation of the "rules".
The WUP aims to support the MRC in developing an integrated and comprehensive basin
modelling package, as well as an integrated knowledge base on water and related resources to
establish a series of "rules" for joint water management. The WUP will help establish a
decision support framework and a permanent and functional program to support the
management of water resources in the Mekong Basin in a manner consistent with the
Mekong Agreement. It is intended to help the MRC-member countries achieve "equitable and
reasonable" water uses, while maintaining the ecological integrity of the Basin. It will also
support the formulation and execution of the MRC's Basin Development Plan (BDP). The
Programme started in early 2000 and will last for 6 years. It consists of three primary
components:
A. Basin Modelling and Knowledge Base
B. "Rules" for Water Utilisation
C. Institutional Strengthening.
The strategy pursued in the Programme is to facilitate and support a flexible, yet structured
process in formulating the "rules" for water utilisation. Moreover, in a manner consistent with
the principle of adaptive management and in light of the prevailing uncertainties in some key
data, the "rules" will be adopted on an interim basis, subject to review and revision according
to the conditions promulgated by the MRC.
Water resource management requires the consideration of all elements of the hydrological
cycle, including surface and groundwater, quantity and quality, and temporal and spatial
variations. Water quality considerations are an integral part of formulating procedures related
to: i) information and data exchange, ii) notification and prior consultation, and iii) water use
monitoring.
Understanding the flow regime of the Mekong River Basin in the most complete sense,
including temporal (seasonal and annual) and spatial (mainstream, tributaries, sub-tributaries,
wetland, floodplains) variations is the foundation for establishing mainstream flow and water
quality rules, formulating the BDP, and the review of proposed water uses. The publication of
a MRC report on the "Hydrology and Environmental Assessment of the Lower Mekong
River Basin" to be developed jointly by the WUP Working Groups I and II, will serve as a
foundation for the above purposes.
Critical data gaps and improved information management needs will be identified under
Component A (Information and Knowledge Base Development). This information will
provide the foundation for developing procedures for information exchange and water use
monitoring. The exchange of information engendered by these procedures would help in the
development of the Basin Modelling Package, the Trans-boundary Response Analysis, and
support the formulation of the BDP.
The calibrated basin-modelling package will be used to simulate a wide range of water use
and diversion scenarios to test the viability of the alternative mechanisms being considered in
the consultations on the water use monitoring procedures, to test procedures and guidelines
developed during consultations on the procedural rules, and to formulate and evaluate
alternatives and options for the technical rules.
30
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
7.4. Component Descriptions
Component A.
Basin Modelling Package and Knowledge Base
Sub-Component A.1:
Information and Knowledge Base Development
Immediate Objective:
Information needs identified and knowledge base developed
Main Outputs and Activities: The information and knowledge base will be developed
through identifying the actual modelling needs, data requirements, and selection criteria;
review all existing data, agreeing upon data base and information system design, assessing
national legal and institutional frameworks. Based on the results of the afore mentioned
activities, the WUP will focus on the development, testing, and implementation of the
Knowledge and Information Management System, assessing water quality data and problem
and identifying and filling critical data gaps.
Sub-component A.2:
Development of the Basin Modelling Package
Immediate Objective:
A modelling package of the waters of the basin developed
Main Outputs and Activities: Basin Modelling Package will be developed by examining the
general basin modelling requirements, developing water quality modelling and strategy, and
integrating the upper and lower basin models into an integrated modelling package. In the
process, the efforts will be exerted in calibrating and verifying the WUP Modelling Package,
and the Water Use Monitoring Procedures, as well as supporting the Rules Formulation and
Consultations.
Sub-component A.3:
Environmental, Economic and Social Trans-boundary
Analysis and Modelling
Immediate Objective:
Main Outputs and Activities: The Environmental, Economic and Social Trans-boundary
Analysis will be carried out through conducting diagnostic assessment of trans-boundary
problems, prioritising the problems and issues and identifying the related data needs, and
taking action in closing the critical data gaps. The development of trans-boundary model
component will be the key focus of this sub-component.
Component B:
Development of the "Rules" for Water Utilisation
Immediate Objective:
Rules for water utilisation, in line with the Agreement,
developed and ready for adoption by the riparian countries
Main Outputs and Activities: There are five sets of "water utilisation rules" anticipated to
be formulated under this component, first "procedural rules" which includes: 1. Procedural
rules for information exchange and monitoring, 2. Procedural rules for prior notification and
consultation of proposed water use, and 3. Procedural rules for monitoring water use and
diversions in the Mekong Basin. Secondly, "technical rules" which includes: 4. Maintenance
of flows on the mainstream, and 5. Water quality-related rules.
Component C:
Institutional Strengthening of the MRC and National
Mekong Committees to Implement the WUP
Sub-component C.1:
Programme Management Support
Immediate Objective:
Improve institutional capacity of MRC and NMCs to
implement the Programme
Main Outputs and Activities: Senior WUP Advisers as well as national consultants will be
recruited to assist in all aspects of WUP implementation and coordination, and expert review
31
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
panel consisting of internationally renowned water management, will be convened once a
year over the course of the Programme to provide advice to WUP and the Joint Committee on
particularly difficult issues related water utilisation (or other relevant issues).
The equipment package to support a networked computer/communications system that will
link the national WUP units with the MRC Secretariat will be provided.
Sub-component C.2:
Technical Training, Capacity Building and Team Building
Immediate Objective:
Improve capacity of staff involved in the Programme to
implement activities
Main Outputs and Activities: Under this sub-component, activities will be undertaken both
to improve the capacities of the WUP participants and to build momentum during the first
year of the Programme and proceed throughout the Programme. Besides, international visits
to study inter-state and/or international river basin management and administration are also
envisaged. A training fund will be administered by the WUP Management Team (WMT) to
support training needs throughout the Programme for training in-country or combine in-
country and overseas training or at regional institutions (universities, colleges, and
government offices) and on-job training.
Since, technical collaboration between the two upper riparian countries China and
Myanmar is very crucial for the WUP, the WUP budget is allocated to support
collaboration with the upper riparian states at a technical level in the WUP, including
workshops, study visits, and other information sharing activities.
The WUP also focuses on the improved public participation that may include information
gathering, information dissemination, consultation, and participation of key stakeholders. The
Programme will also support the participation of the MRC, specifically its WUP management
teams in the MRCS and the NMCs, in the GEF global program (GEF International Waters,
IW).
7.5. Budget
The WUP Start-Up Project Budget of US$ 16.3 million has been funded (of which US$ 11
million from the GEF, and the balance from the co-financiers, Finland, France and Japan, and
the MRC and its member-states are financing the remaining costs).
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
A. Basin Modelling and Knowledge Base
9,100,000
-
B. Rules for Water Utilisation
1,200,000
-
C. Institutional Strengthening
4,700,000
-
Contingencies (8%)
1,200,000
-
Total Programme Cost
16,300,000
-
32
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
8. ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
8.1. Programme Context and Problems Addressed
Mekong River Basin Diagnostic Study (1995-2005), a joint effort between MRC Secretariat
and UNDP, and other studies have identified many environmental and socio-economic
problems in the region. These problems emerge due to increased environmental degradation,
reduction of bio-diversity, decreased complexity and extent of aquatic habitats resulting in a
decline in the growth and reproduction of the living natural resources. The problem is acute
for aquatic habitats, which are vital to the livelihoods of the Basins people. Damage to the
naturally sustainable productive capacity of aquatic ecosystems caused by destructive local
practices is compounded by disturbances in other parts of the Basin such as deforestation and
drainage of large flood-plain wetlands. Environmental degradation "far away" commonly
induces lasting changes in water quality, hydraulic cycle and productivity of downstream
areas, hence the importance of adopting a holistic approach to managing the Basin's water
and related natural resources. The Environment Programme, in concert with all other MRC
programmes, focuses on the issues that need to be addressed by the Mekong River
Commission over the next decades in order to ensure a balance between economic
development and environmental concerns.
8.2. Objectives
Development Objective: An environmentally sound, economically prosperous and socially
just Mekong River Basin.
Immediate Objective: The riparian Governments have the capacity to secure a balance
between economic development and protection of the environment to ensure a healthy
Mekong River Basin capable of supporting the natural resource diversity and productivity
which are central to the livelihoods of the people.
Objective 1: Improved capacity for monitoring and assessing the environmental state of the
Mekong River Basin.
Objective 2: Increased knowledge base of environmental issues of the Mekong River Basin.
Objective 3: Improved systems for environmental information exchange and communication.
Objective 4: Improved environmental policies and legislation related to management of
water and related resources, taking gender, ethnic and socio-economic aspects into
consideration.
Objective 5: Improved awareness of and capacity to address environmental issues.
Objective 6: Improved coordination of development in the Mekong River Basin.
8.3. Programme Strategy
The MRC Environment Programme is comprehensive, flexible, and builds on improved
mechanisms for co-ordination provided by the new organisational structure of MRC
Secretariat. In contrast to previous and more technically oriented environmental projects, the
central focus of the Programme is people. The Programme continues to monitor water quality
and is developing an ecosystem health monitoring system, both crucial for food production as
well as other products generating export revenue in the Lower Mekong Basin. Furthermore,
through development of environmental planning and management tools the programme is
supporting the BDP process.
33
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
The long-term strategy of the Environment Programme is the progressive incorporation of
information gathering, assessment and exchange activities between the national line agencies,
the NMCs and the MRC Secretariat as an integral part of national processes and strategies
retaining only the most central aspects as core functions of the Programme.
The Programme is implemented through components, each with its own logical framework
matrix. The components can be funded by different donors and provide a flexible
arrangement for donor support with different funding horizons. Each is designed
independently in terms of focus, scope and timing. Realignment or changes to components
can be negotiated without compromising the coherence of the overall Programme. The
programme is being revised during 2003 to align itself with the development of the BDP
process as well as incorporating emerging environmental issues. Implementation is based on
a rolling planning process, where objectives and outputs remain fixed, while actions
undertaken to achieve the outputs and objectives are flexible. Reporting has the same format
and structure for all Components. A computer based management and reporting system is
used to ensure detailed and efficient management and reporting.
8.4. Component Descriptions
The Programme consists of five components, some which are sub-divided (Components A
and D) to address more specific issues as reflected in their Immediate Objective1. All
contribute directly to one or more of the Programme Objectives, ensuring that all Objectives
are addressed even if some components are not fully funded.
Component A - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
This component focuses on gathering data, analysing and understanding status and trends,
and providing relevant and timely information on socio-economic and environmental changes
associated with aquatic ecosystem use.
Component A1: Water Quality and Transported Loads
Immediate Objective: Timely information on trends and changes in dynamics of water and
sediment quality of the Mekong River Basin.
Main Outputs and Activities: The outputs under this component include improvements to
the existing Water Quality Monitoring Network, developing analytical and interpretative
capacity, and establishing proactive information exchange and dissemination procedures.
Component A2: People and Aquatic Ecosystems
Immediate Objective: Timely information on trends and changes in the dynamics of aquatic
habitats to prevent or minimise harmful effects on people who depend on aquatic habitat
productivity.
Main Outputs and Activities: The outputs under this component are aimed at identifying
areas of high socio-economic dependence on aquatic ecosystems, characterisation of these
ecosystems in terms of integrated management and natural resources used, and assessment of
the major threats to these ecosystems.
Component A3: Integrated Environmental Analysis and Ecosystem Modelling
1 Note that the terminology in the Environment Programme documentation differs where the term Purpose is
used for this level of objectives in the logical framework matrix.
34
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Immediate Objective: Improved capacity of MRC Secretariat and NMCs to undertake
integrated environmental analyses and ecosystem modelling of the environmental health of
the Mekong River Basin.
Main Outputs and Activities: Under this component the outputs will provide national
agencies and MRC Secretariat with the capacity to assess the current health of the Basin and
changes associated with development trends. Outputs address identification of special interest
areas reflecting environmental, socio-economic and water-related health issues relevant to
sustainable management; identification of areas of potential cross-boundary environmental
conflict; and modelling changes in aquatic habitat size and complexity as a function of
flooding intensity, duration and frequency.
Component B: Environment Decision Support
Immediate Objective: Improved environmental policy for the development of the Mekong
River Basin water and related resources.
Main Outputs and Activities: Outputs will develop a Strategic Environmental Assessment
(SEA) framework to ensure that integrated environmental and socio-economic considerations
are part in early stages of policy, planning and programme cycles; promote acceptance of a
comprehensive Regional Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process to be used in
association with national EIAs for development initiatives; identify gaps and policy conflicts;
indigenous use and management of aquatic habitats (100 Villages study); economic valuation
of aquatic ecosystems; and assessment of mitigating strategies on aquatic ecosystem
management relating to hydropower, navigation, agriculture, forestry, urbanisation and
waterborne disease risk with a focus on cross-boundary conflict resolution.
Component C: Strategic Networking and Co-ordination
Immediate Objective: Better coordination of development initiatives affecting the
management of the Mekong River Basin water and related resources.
Main Outputs and Activities: The outputs under this component will promote and facilitate
better co-ordination of bilaterally and multilaterally funded development initiatives in the
Basin by providing up-to-date information on past, current and planned initiatives and a
forum for dialogue among funding agencies and implementers.
Component D: Capacity and Awareness Building.
This component is designed to promote and facilitate development of staff capacity to
address basin-wide environmental issues and is complementary to the capacity building
undertaken by national and bilateral initiatives currently under way or planned in the near
future and will help ensure that basin-wide and cross-boundary issues are incorporated in
national environmental awareness raising campaigns to promote maximum participation in
the management of the Basin's water and related resources.
Component D1: Capacity Building
Immediate Objective: Government staff of the riparian countries has better capacity to
manage potentially harmful environmental impacts.
Main Outputs and Activities: Programme outputs include improved mechanisms for
riparian professionals to exchange information and experiences related to environmental
management and training and provision of advice on minimising cross-boundary impacts of
development. It also continues to build on the work initiated under the Environmental
Training Programme (ETP).
35
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component D2: Awareness Raising
Immediate Objective: Increased regional ecosystem awareness among the people who live
and work in the Mekong River Basin.
Main Outputs and Activities: Programme outputs include information and training
resources for MRC Secretariat and NMC staff to increase their knowledge and capacity to
address awareness-raising issues; increased dissemination of information on basinwide
environmental issues to targeted audiences including the donor community. The profile of the
MRC will be raised substantially through the launch of an educational, training and research
support vessel christened "Mekong Spirit".
Component E: Support Studies and Research Facilitation
Immediate Objective: Research initiatives on environmental aspects of MRB's water and
related resources are addressing relevant and prioritised issues.
Main Outputs and Activities: Outputs include a system of documenting information (The
Mekong Collection) facilitating research and supporting development initiatives; regularly
updating an inventory of research projects; establishing processes to identify and list areas of
needed environmental research and nominate research proposals for which funding should be
sought.
8.5. Budget
Component Total
Cost
External
Funding
Sought
A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
11,331,000 8,160,000
B. Environmental Decision Support
3,016,000 1,407,000
C. Strategic Networking and Coordination
1,222,000 1,002,000
D. Capacity and Awareness Building
5,112,000 3,068,000
E. Support Studies and Research Facilitation
2,777,000 2,721,000
Total Programme Cost
23,458,000
16,358,000
36
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
SUPPORT PROGRAMME
37
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
38
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
9. INTEGRATED CAPACITY BUILDING
PROGRAMME
9.1. Programme Context and Problems Addressed
With the signing of the Mekong agreement in 1995 the role of MRC was significantly
broadened compared to that of its predecessor organisations. Rather than limiting its
involvement to exploring and investigating the basin, MRC was charged with ensuring the
sustainable development, utilization, conservation and management of the Mekong River
Basin water and related resources. This calls for a holistic, multi-disciplinary approach to
river basin management. In focussing the organisation on this, there is a need to ensure
availability of expertise at regional and national levels as well as the capability of MRC to
carry out activities in advocacy and communication with stakeholders.
9.2. Objective
To improve the capacity of the MRC to implement its Mission, play the leading role in
coordinating the development and use of the basin's water resources and to meet stakeholder
expectations through availability of sufficient expertise in integrated river basin management
and the required level of communication and stakeholder participation in MRC activities.
9.3. Programme Strategy
The level of competence of staff in river basin management at the MRC Secretariat and the
riparian governments is to be raised through a systematic, modular training programme. The
future pool of expertise available within the region is to be broadened through on-the-job
training of young professionals to work at the MRC Secretariat. The ability of MRC to carry
out communication, public participation and partnership activities is to be ensured through
expert services. Implementation and effectiveness of MRC core programmes is to be
enhanced through targeted support. Through a twinning arrangement between MRC and the
Murray-Darling Basin Commission in Australia it is intended to enhance MRC capacity in
integrated water resources management, modelling and data management, basin planning,
development of water sharing guidelines, and building community awareness and
strengthening at the strategic level.
9.4. Component Descriptions
Component 1: Integrated Training Programme (Management)
Immediate Objective: (i) To raise the level of competence among MRC staff and staff in the
riparian Governments in integrated river basin management. (ii) To consolidate MRC's
training activities and allow for both specific and cross programme training in issues of
identified priority for integrated river basin management in the Mekong Region.
Main Outputs and Activities:
MRC staff and staff in the riparian Governments are to be trained through a module based
training programme responding to the needs of the core and sector programmes for expertise
in integrated river basin management at regional and national levels. The component itself
will provide the Management required for the training programme that will be funded
through resources drawn from core and sector programmes.
39
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component 2: Information and Communication.
Immediate Objective: `Improved information and communication to support
implementation of the Strategic Plan'.
Main Outputs and Activities: The capacity of the MRC in information development and
dissemination, public participation and partnership activities will be strengthened through the
knowledge transfer of a Communications, Partnerships and Public Participation Adviser and
Information Specialist. Activities will also involve support to the Local Area Network and
Internet based Communication.
Component 3: Junior Riparian Professional Programme
Immediate Objective: "Improved skills in international integrated river basin management
among young Riparian Professionals.
Main Outputs and Activities: In pursuing the long-term "riparianization" goal, the MRC
has commenced a Junior Riparian Professional programme. The programme aims to provide
human resource development opportunity and hands-on experience in international integrated
river basin management to young professional from Mekong Riparian Countries thus
promoting the development and replication of core basin management competencies and
regional network for effective Mekong cooperation.
Component 4: Environmental Governance
Immediate Objective: Increased effectiveness and timeliness of MRC core programmes and
Flood Management and Mitigation activities
Main Outputs and Activities: Based on a strategic partnership with UNDP for
environmental governance and a holistic approach to management of the Lower Mekong
Basin, this component would provide support to the MRC core programmes and the Flood
Management programme to optimize implementation and ensure effectiveness of those
programmes by targeting support to where it is most needed for this purpose.
Component 5: Programme Development and Support.
Immediate Objective: "Capacity and resources of MRC to respond to priority needs and
changing conditions in a speedy, flexible and adequate manner".
Main Outputs and Activities: This component is meant to address priority needs related to
programme/project identification/preparation, assessment/evaluation or other ad hoc
activities in support of programmes, for which a need emerges during the course of a
programme period and for which other funding is not timely available.
Component 6: Core Activities in New Organisation.
Immediate Objective: In mid 2000 MRC implemented a new organisational structure,
creating a clearer separation between MRC core and operational activities. Core activities
include overall management of MRC, planning, environmental monitoring and assessment,
and data collection and information analysis. MRC intends to build up a stronger, integrated
natural resources database, improve its environmental monitoring and assessment capability,
and develop new planning, monitoring and evaluation tools. These are basic functions that
MRC needs to carry out independent of the size of MRC operational programmes. MRC
member countries are gradually increasing their contributions and will eventually be able to
fully fund MRC core activities. In an interim period external support is needed for
strengthening MRC capacity to carry out its core activities.
40
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component 7: River Basin Management.
This component is carried out through a twinning arrangement between MRC and the
Murray-Darling Basin Commission in Australia. It is intended to strengthen the river basin
management capacity of the MRC and includes capacity building in integrated water
resources management, modelling and data management, basin planning, development of
water sharing guidelines, building community awareness and strengthening at the strategic
level.
9.5. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
1. Integrated Training Programme (Management)
750,000
750,000
2. Information and Communications Systems
1,150,000
1,090,000
3. Junior Riparian Professional Programme
581,000
201,000
4. Environmental Governance
1,000,000
0.00
5. Programme Development and Support
1,000,000
949,000
6. Core Activities
2,263,000
1,091,000
7.River Basin Management
500,000
0.00
Total Programme Cost
7,244,000
4,081,000
41
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
SECTOR PROGRAMME
42
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
10. FISHERIES
PROGRAMME
10.1.
Programme Context and Situation Addressed
The fisheries Programme has been active since 1993, when the project Technical Assistance
Fisheries Development, was initiated under the precursor of the Mekong River
Commission. With the signing of the MRC agreement in 1995, a range of activities were
initiated within the Fisheries Programme, covering all four MRC-member countries, and
capture fisheries in rivers and reservoirs, as well as aquaculture. These have yielded valuable
information, highlighting the importance of the fisheries of the Mekong River system as a
source of food and employment for millions of people in the Basin.
The following facts illustrate the importance of the fisheries.
It is estimated that approximately 1.5 million tonnes of fish and other aquatic animals are
captured annually in the LMB (this is about 2% of the total world capture fishery).
Another 500,000 tonnes are produced annually from reservoir fisheries and aquaculture.
The value at first point of sale is about US$1,400 million.
Up to 40 million people, or two-thirds of the population of the LMB, are actively
involved, at least part-time or seasonally, in the fisheries.
Fisheries products supply essential micro-nutrients and the bulk of the animal protein for
the population in the LMB.
Average consumption of fish and fisheries products in the LMB is 36 kg/person/year.
Maintenance of the flood pulse and migration routes is fundamentally important for the
health of the fisheries. The annual flood inundates vast areas of wetlands, creating hugely
productive habitats for spawning, feeding and hence production of fish. As flood waters
recede, many species migrate out of the flood plains and into the rivers, often traveling long
distances across national boundaries to dry season refuge areas. These trans-boundary fish
migrations are a classic feature of the Mekong, enhancing the overall productivity of the
system, but also making it vulnerable to exploitation. Indeed, peoples of the Mekong basin
have developed elaborate fishing systems targeting the masses of migrating fish.
There are three principal threats to the fishery, namely loss of fisheries habitat (e.g.,
conversion of wetlands into agricultural land), water management schemes that alter the
annual flood pattern, and barriers across rivers blocking fish migration routes. Increased
fishing effort is also a threat, and will become more so as populations in the region increase.
While the Fisheries Programme has achieved many results, much remains to be done.
Information is needed on the potential impacts of external developments on the fisheries and
the livelihoods of people dependent on the natural resources. Such information is essential
for MRC core programmes, particularly the BDP and WUP. Moreover, the information is a
pre-requisite to enable decision makers in the region to appraise the benefits of various
development scenarios. The Fisheries Programme aims to address these needs through
biological and socio-economic studies, particularly in relation to trans-boundary issues.
Two other issues of primary concern are the development of improved statistics on the
fisheries, and further development of co-management systems for fisheries in communities
within the LMB.
43
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
10.2. Objectives
The development objective of the Fisheries Programme 2002-2005 is "Coordinated and
sustainable development, utilisation, management and conservation of the fisheries of the
Mekong Basin".
The Programme has one immediate objective, namely "Relevant fisheries information
generated, communicated and used by stakeholders, riparian governments and MRC in
development planning and management".
The FIP is about information relevant for fisheries development, utilisation, management and
conservation in the Mekong River Basin. Relevant information is that identified as being
necessary for the evolvement of an understanding of the biology, ecology, economics and
social aspects of fisheries, and for the planning and management of fisheries activities.
Information by itself is not sufficient to ensure development. It has to be communicated to
individuals and institutions whose are able to use it for making informed decisions about the
future. The FIP will therefore be concerned with generation, communication and use of
information, as expressed in the following Outputs:
1. Relevant information on fisheries biology, ecology and socio-economics generated.
2. Relevant fisheries information communicated to management agencies and resource
users.
3. Use of relevant information facilitated.
10.3. Programme
Strategy
The programme will operate within one shared system of support functions and
infrastructure. Activities and staff will be maintained in each of the riparian countries in
order to maintain the excellent network with line agencies and institutes. This presence will
include a national programme director and the support required for programme activities in
the country.
The programme will focus on some selected thematic areas. The thematic areas are
interlinked to the extent that elements of each will contribute to the inputs required for
implementation of programme activities. The activities, however, will usually be primarily
related to one of the thematic areas. They are as follows
1. Fisheries Ecology and Impact Assessment
The Mekong River represents one of the richest freshwater biodiversity complexes in the
world and one of the most important for sustaining livelihoods. Knowledge needed for
conservation and management of indigenous fish species and the genetic integrity of stocks
has only recently begun to accumulate. Much information is needed on life histories, key
environmental variables (day length, temperature, flow regime) distribution of species and
stocks, the major patterns of fish migration and habitat use during their life cycle, and the
energetic basis of productivity and fish yields per habitat type.
2. Livelihood Enhancement
This thematic area covers all aspects of direct wealth creation related to inland fisheries, with
emphasis on improving the socio-economic situation of the small-scale low-income groups
dependent on fisheries for their livelihoods. These aspects include catch and aquaculture
techniques, and post-harvest activities such as marketing, processing and prevention of
wastage between catch and consumption. In addition, livelihood enhancement includes
aspects of human nutrition and health practices.
44
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
3. Fisheries Management
Fisheries management takes place at various levels. All MRC member countries now
recognise the importance of promoting participatory management practices on community
level. This can be co-management techniques developed by the FIP during the past seven
years, or variations of those techniques adapted to fit particular circumstances in each country
and particular situation. There is a need to extend the experiences gained in specific habitats
into more general use in fisheries management in the Basin.
4. Communication
The overall goal of Fisheries Programme communication activities will be to inform, in
easily understood language and a variety of formats, all stakeholders of the importance of
fisheries to the livelihoods of people of the Mekong River basin, with a view to ensuring
political and community support for the maintenance of healthy rivers and fisheries in the
Mekong. Communication processes within the Programme will be integrated with the MRC
Communication Strategy, so ensuring the information flows to a broad audience within the
LMB. Communication processes and milestones will be formally built into all components
of the Programme. There will also be a specialized function to coordinate the
communications coming from the Programme, and to ensure their integration with the MRC
Communication Strategy.
10.4.
Component and Core Activities
Initially there will be four components under the new Fisheries Programme. These evolve
out of the present programme. Changes are that the Assessment of Mekong Fisheries
component and the Cambodian Capture Fisheries component will be amalgamated into the
Assessment of Mekong Capture Fisheries component. And the Management of Reservoir
Fisheries in the Mekong Basin will change name and expand its role to Management of River
and Reservoir Fisheries.
A range of other potential components have been identified based on consultation between
the FIP, the core programmes of MRC and fisheries line agencies in the 4 countries. These
are briefly described in the new Fisheries Programme documentation, and will form the basis
of initial discussions with donors. It is expected that the component proposal list will be
continually updated in response to the emerging needs for fisheries management and
development in the Mekong Basin.
10.5. Budget
Component Total
Cost
External Funding Sought
Institutional Support
1,842,000
0
Assessment of Mekong Capture Fisheries
1,297,000
0
Management of River and Reservoir Fisheries
955,000
0
Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Fish Species
870,000
0
Population Genetics of trey Riel (Fish) in the MB
150,000
0
Total Programme Cost
5,114,000
0.00
45
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
46
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
11. AGRICULTURE, IRRIGATION AND
FORESTRY PROGRAMME (SUSTAINABLE
LAND AND WATER USE PROGRAMME)
11.1.
Programme Context and Situation Addressed
Balanced and efficient land and water use is essential to long-term food security and forestry
production in the Basin. Agriculture is the most important industry that relies on the water
resources of the Mekong River Basin (MRB) and forestry is a key to the regularity and quality
of water runoff for agriculture. Agriculture provides employment for some 85% of the basin's
population and its efficiency is a key to poverty alleviation. The MRB is one of the world's
most significant food sources, particularly for the growing urban population of the Greater
Mekong Subregion. It provides the staple diet for perhaps 300 million people (ADB) and can,
with care, produce much more as demand increases. Activities related to Agriculture and
Forestry are the most significant direct human environmental influences on the basin and much
of this impact occurs across national borders, requiring a regional approach to change. Other
uses of the water resources of the basin, such as energy generation, also impact directly on
people engaged in agriculture (and fisheries). Lasting solutions to many of these environmental
impacts are to be found in inter-sectoral action at the local level between these industries and
rural communities, often across national boundaries.
11.2. Objective
The development objective of the Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry Programme (AIFP) is to
"facilitate cooperative sustainable development and utilization of water and land in
agricultural and forestry to the benefit of the basin community, and to contribute to poverty
alleviation and food security."
11.3. Programme
Strategy
The Programme strategy consists of a collaborative learning approach to change in resource
use to meet the evolving needs of basin communities, as these become progressively apparent.
While objectives and intended outputs are fixed, actions undertaken to achieve these will
remain flexible. The Programme strategy focuses on three factors; water use (and drainage)
efficiency, catchment management planning, and capacity building of the MRC Secretariat,
NMCs and line agencies within relevant sectors. The Programme provides MRC with a micro
level community-based mechanism for the basin development process, particularly in cross
border situations where impacts from land and water use in one-zone impacts upon others. The
strategy particularly addresses cross border zones in isolated areas with significant ethnic
minorities and where lack a means for integrated cross border planning is a serious constraint
to poverty alleviation with consequent environmental impacts from unbalanced land use such
as deforestation and erosion; threatening long term food security. The strategy also facilitates
macro level policy development and capacity building in the forestry sector, building on the
detailed forest cover and watershed classification work already undertaken under MRC by
making it a basis for catchment planning and resource use monitoring for all land and water
use for agriculture, forestry (and fisheries). The programme contributes to all of the MRC
Strategic Plan Goals.
47
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
11.4. Component
Descriptions
Component 1: Water Use Efficiency
Immediate Objective: To develop a collaborative applied research network between the
riparian states to improve water use efficiency in the technical and social (management)
spheres and in particular to evolve links between water user groups and the water utilization
rules being developed under the WUP programme to facilitate their implementation. This will
involve water use efficiency in the main irrigation areas, in the use of ground water and in
upland agriculture and a study of the multi- functionality of paddy rice production in different
ecological zones.
Main Outputs and Activities: The main output of this component will be improved water use
efficiency in agriculture over time and an ability to monitor and influence water use through
water user groups according to the rules being developed under the WUP program. Program
activities will focus on both the technical and managerial and social aspects of water and
related input delivery systems. The outputs will include technical materials and field
demonstrations for extension purposes, policy advice and data and other input to the Basin
Development Planning (BDP) process and the Water Utilization Programme (WUP) and
succeeding activities, calibrated according to ecological zone to suit MRC database formats.
The specific activities proposed include:
· Applied research and technology transfer for the modernisation of existing public
irrigation systems in lowland areas and ground water and other water use in upland
areas, including the monitoring and management of water through water user groups
and the facilitation of links with the rules being developed under the WUP program.
Factors such as soil salinity and acidity, optimal input use, alternative cropping patterns
and a model to show the multi functionality of water use in paddy irrigation in a range
of ecological zones will be addressed.
· The further development of a land and water inventory of the 4 countries, in common
units and ecological zones to facilitate land use zoning and other resource use planning
in agriculture and forestry (and fisheries). Specific assistance will follow to develop
draft land use zone maps for Cambodia and Lao PDR
Component 2: Catchment Management
Immediate Objectives: To institutionalize the catchment management planning in the riparian
countries and the MRC Secretariat make use of regional co-operation, information exchange /
sharing and improved approaches for sustainable Water Shed Management (WSM) in the
Lower Mekong River Basin. This will lead to an enhanced capability of the riparian countries
to manage their watersheds sustainably and increasingly in view of regional needs.
Main Outputs and Activities: The main output will be a capacity to plan and implement
natural resources on a catchment basis in cross border and other fragile areas where adverse
impacts from resource use are being experienced that have some basin wide implication.
Program activities will focus on developing community-based means of addressing
environmental issues as the environment programme or other means detects these and will
particularly address poverty alleviation, gender and ethnic minority issues and food security
where these are factors in resource use imbalances. The activities will include resource use
monitoring and management involving cross-border cooperation including preventing and
reducing illegal logging and forest related crimes with cross-border implications. Such
monitoring will utilize forest use concepts from the MRC watershed classification and forest
48
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
cover mapping projects and will integrate these into planning and implementing sustainable
land and water use in agriculture (and fisheries). The activities will include a means to direct
small grants towards community-based projects planned in the course of catchment
management planning. The activities will also include forest rehabilitation in critical
catchments on the basis of participatory land-use planning.
A special small community grant scheme will be established to enable small-scale development
activities at local sub-basin level planned in the course of catchment planning to be funded.
This will provide an incentive for cooperation at local level and `real life experience' for
collaborative learning about catchment management issues. The provision of such
infrastructure rehabilitation or new construction would depend on the submission of a feasible
operational plan and monitoring system that utilises the principles of catchment management
planning and transparent accountability. The activity would either provide grants directly or
facilitate community approaches to other relevant bilateral or multi lateral small grant schemes.
It would also facilitate applications for funding of larger projects that might be considered
through normal funding channels.
Utilizing the established catchment planning capability in the above regions as a base specific
studies would be undertaken in these subject areas related mostly to sustainable natural
resources management:
·
Support local actors in accessing funds for NRM implementation
·
Facilitate in networking on NRM relevant topics at local, province and national level
·
Analyse relevant international conventions and agreements on NR in review of their
relevance to the program
·
Provide feedback into BDP, WUP and EP of identified key issues for regional co-
operation in the WSM
Component 3: Capacity Building for MRC
Immediate Objective: To improve the capacity of MRC Secretariat, NMCs and related line
agency staff to plan sustainable development of agriculture and forestry on a collaborative
basis. In particular to promote a more `holistic' inter-sectoral approach between agriculture,
forestry and other MRCS programmes and to assist similar activities at NMC level. This will
enhance the basin development planning process as an ongoing activity.
Main Outputs and Activities: The main output of this activity will be an enhanced capacity to
plan and monitor land and water use in agriculture and forestry in the basin in a collaborative
way between the four Riparian States. Activities under this component will focus on building a
professional cadre with the particular expertise and approach of a River Basin Commission.
Improving the quality and ownership of data generated under the program and building a better
institutional understanding of the complex socio-economic and ecological linkages in land and
water use by people.
The specific activities proposed include:
· The provision of `customized' education and research fellowships to relevant staff prepared
to commit to continuing to work on MRC related activities. This will involve
collaboration with relevant agricultural and forestry related research and education
institutions within the region and elsewhere and linking research to specific activities being
conducted under the program.
· The provision of funds to enable Riparian staff of MRC Secretariat, NMCs and relevant
line agencies to attend conferences related to river basin management.
49
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
· The provision of funds for study tours for the above staff and for community
representatives involved in program.
· The provision of funds to recruit a consultative panel of regional and international opinion
makers in land and water use in agriculture and forestry.
11.5. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
Water Use Efficiency
16,000,000
13,900,000
Catchment Management
14,200,000
7,900,000
Capacity Building for MRC
5,400,000
5,400,000
Total Programme Cost
35,600,000
27,200,000
50
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
12. WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
12.1.
Programme Context and Problem Addressed
Balanced development and management of water resources to provide the growing population
with energy as well as economic development is central to achieving the basin vision of "An
economically prosperous, socially just and environmentally sound Mekong River Basin".
The Water Resources Management Programme (WRMP) addresses water-related issues of
trans-boundary and/or basinwide nature. These include the coordination of a basinwide
network for collection and analysis of hydro-meteorological information, and hydropower
development.
An integrated information system will provide essential information for water resources
development and monitoring of the hydrological status of the Mekong River basin.
12.2. Objectives
The development objectives of the Programme are:
1. Sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin's water resources to provide
energy for social and economic development for the benefit of the basin's inhabitants.
2. Development of methodologies to investigate, monitor and mitigate potential effects
of water resources development projects with trans-boundary impacts.
3. Development of an efficient information system for planning and monitoring of water
resources development based on basin-wide hydro-meteorological monitoring data.
12.3. Programme
Strategy
The growing population in the basin together with economic development will require
protection from the destructive effects of floods and will also require more energy for
development. At the basinwide level MRC will facilitate proper planning and development of
hydropower as well as monitoring of impacts and mitigation measures. Participation of
stakeholders and coordination with national authorities and international organizations in the
formulation of development initiatives will be in focus and activities will be linked to the BDP
process.
12.4. Component
Descriptions
Component A: Hydrology
Immediate Objective: To have in place a reliable and sustainable hydro-meteorological
information system for planning, development, management and environmental protection and
flood and drought disaster management, and to operationalize the "rules" for equitable use of
the River water to be established under the Water Utilization Programme.
Main Outputs and Activities: The expected outputs are a hydro-meteorological network and
database capable of providing high quality and timely information for MRC needs, and an
effective forecasting and dissemination network for flood and drought disaster prevention.
Activities include improvement of the network for data collection, capacity building of
personnel involved in network development, operation, management, information processing
and sharing.
51
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component B: Hydropower
Immediate Objectives: (i) identification of best options in the Lower Mekong Basin for
sustainable development in the hydropower sector, based on the MRC Hydropower
Development Strategy and the process and criteria for identifying and shortlisting development
projects under the BDP (ii) Enhanced capacity of the riparian countries in hydropower
planning and development, based on the MRC Hydropower Development Strategy.
Main Outputs and Activities:
Establishment of cooperation structures with hydropower segments in the riparian countries
and provision of advice on the planning, development, operation and decommissioning of
hydropower plants and dams based on the MRC Hydropower Development Strategy.
Review of previous hydropower studies, reports and plans at national and regional levels and
conduction of supplementary studies to identify options for best hydropower development in
the LMB in close consultation with the riparian governments and the BDP process. Costs and
benefits of existing hydropower plants and dams analyzed to support identification of options
for best hydropower development in the LMB. Possible alternatives to hydropower
development studied and riparian governments advised on alternatives to support identification
of options for best hydropower development in the LMB. Study carried out of the potential for
improved efficiency, reduced power demand and savings in investments in the power sector in
the riparian countries through Demand Side Management (DSM) and other options. Study
conducted on practices and obstacles for private and public participation in hydropower
development in the riparian countries; efficient and fair principles for private and public
participation developed and proposed.
Long and short lists of hydropower projects in the Lower Mekong Basin identified for the BDP
programme.
12.5. Budget
Component Total
Cost
External
Funding Sought
A. Hydrology
3,840,000 420,000
B. Hydropower
1,700,000 950,000
Total Programme Cost
5,540,000
1,370,000
52
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
13. FLOOD MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
13.1.
Programme Context and Situation Addressed
In 2000, more than 800 people lost their lives due to excessive flood, and the economic damage
caused by the flood was assessed at more than US$ 400 million. In 2001, more than 300 people
lost their lives, and the economic damage from the flood was assessed at more than US$ 100
million. In 2002, large floods have again caused loss of life and property in all the four riparian
countries. Flash floods have devastated large areas in Thailand and Viet Nam. In each of these
years, between one and eight million people were affected by floods, either by a need of
evacuation, or by loss of crops and livestock, or by being prevented from going to work or to
school.
Efficient flood management is an important precondition for poverty alleviation in the Lower
Mekong Basin. Taking into account that 40% of the predominantly rural population in
Cambodia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam live below the poverty line, serious floods have negative
impact on the fragile social and economic systems. They pose a major threat to people's lives
and property. People in flood prone areas are used to live with floods but population pressure
and increasing severity of floods due to natural and man-made factors have significantly
increased the damage risk.
Improved flood management and mitigation remain indispensable and will in the future be
more in demand than ever. The complex flood problems of the Lower Mekong Basin not only
require an integrated floodplain management (holistic) approach but also significant attention
to trans-boundary and regional issues. The large floods of the Mekong are regional in
character, and MRC is in a unique position to contribute effectively to improved flood
management at the regional level. New opportunities are available for improved management
and mitigation. MRC is already pursuing such opportunities, with its recently implemented
real-time water level monitoring, and the MRC flood forecasts published daily on the Internet
are widely applied.
13.2. Objectives
The development objectives of the Programme is: "people's suffering and economic losses due
to floods are prevented, minimized, or mitigated, while preserving the environmental benefits
of floods"
The immediate objectives for FMP include:
A regional FMM Centre main-training the (national and regional) availability of
important flood-related tools, data, and knowledge; producing accurate regional
forecasts with a suitable lead time and a timely and effective dissemination; and
providing accurate, well documented and consistent tools for basin-wide flood risk
assessment and trans-boundary impact analysis (Component #1).
A reduced vulnerability of society to floods, and a reduced risk of flood disasters
caused by failure or inappropriateness of structural intervention (Component # 2).
Enhanced mediation and coordination capacity of the MRC in issues of non-compliance
in flood management (Component #3).
53
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Competence in flood preparedness and flood mitigation strengthened, consolidated and
readily available with communities, emergency managers and civil authorities, as
required at each management level (Component # 4).
A reduced vulnerability to flooding and reduced flood damages at family, community
and sub-regional levels, achieved by reducing the disruption of normal activities during
and after a flood, and by providing people with the security and motivation necessary to
make and sustain improvements in their economic and social welfare in an environment
that floods frequently (Component #5).
Institutional, human resources and technical support being available to sustainable land
management, and improved land use planning integrated into floodplain management
and mitigation in the LMB (Component #6).
13.3. Programme
Strategy
A permanent "Regional Flood Management Centre (RFMC)" will serve as data repository,
provide flood risk maps, satellite remote sensing and GIS based information on flood extent,
flood behavior analysis, evaluation of efficiency/effectiveness of flood preparedness, lessons
learned, scenarios' simulation of flooding by incorporating up-to-date data and information on
land-use, structural development, etc. The Centre will also organize annual regional flood
forums. On a day-to-day basis, during the flood season, the Centre will provide real time flood
forecast along the mainstream Mekong River. During the dry season, the Centre will provide
river monitoring data and low flow forecasts, which will be useful in navigation and other
water management activities.
A Land Management Component will firstly, increase awareness of the cause-and-effect
relationship between intensified land-use and flooding, and, secondly, result in development of
the land-use planning in the member states towards incorporation of floodplain management
issues in the planning process. This also requires capacity building and the formulation of
policies and guidelines for land-use in flood prone areas. Land-use planning will also be
improved through introduction of new technologies in data collection and analyses and
increased human and financial resources. Application of suitable models should predict the
impact of land-use changes on flooding and allow for production of improved flood hazard
maps. Best practices regarding "living with the floods" will be documented and demonstrated.
The individual and combined effects of these infrastructure works and the impact on floods in
the Lower Mekong Basin call for study and international coordination. This component will
enable MRC to develop and update the information and data on structural means of flood
mitigation and management adopted and planned in the Mekong Basin as well as on
infrastructure that have direct relation to modification of floods and associated risks.
Adopting a state-of-the art modelling technology will strengthen the flood forecasting.
Emphasis will be given to develop and disseminate meaningful flood warnings to all types of
users with special emphasis to flood affected people of the Lower Mekong Basin. The
forecasting and warning services will be provided at a regional scale by MRC for the
mainstream Mekong River and its main tributaries including the estuaries. Forecasts of large
scale flooding of flood plains will also be made available.
54
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
13.4. Component
Descriptions
Component 1: Establishment of a Regional FMM Centre
Immediate Objectives: The immediate objective is a regional FMM Centre maintaining the
(national and regional) availability of important flood-related tools, data, and knowledge;
producing accurate regional forecasts with a suitable lead time and a timely and effective
dissemination; and providing accurate, well documented and consistent tools for basin-wide
flood risk assessment and trans-boundary impact analysis.
Expected Outputs and Activities: expected outputs are: (i) An operational Regional FMM
Centre established under MRC, interacting with national collaborating centres/focal points, (ii)
Basic data, (iii) Improved monitoring, (iv) Improved operational forecasting, (v) Improved
warning and dissemination services, (vi) Medium and long term forecasts, (vii) Risk
assessment tools, (viii) Flood risk analysis and flood risk mapping, (ix) Related competence,
and (x) Annual Flood Forums.
Main activities include: Detailed planning, Draft and complete the process of approval of act of
establishment, including the agreement on location of the Centre, Finalize internal organization
and recruit staff, Building design, tender, approval, Building construction and furnishing,
Install equipment and logistics, Data compilation Review and gap-filling, Review Flood
database, Satellite-based weather information, Strengthening regional network, Strengthening
national networks, Reducing uncertainties, Increasing the lead time, Increasing the accuracy,
Improvement of modelling system, Links to national forecasting, Flash flood forecasting, Local
models in pilot areas, Common standards, Expand warnings, Links to national flood warnings,
Improve understanding of warnings, Improve dissemination, Internet dissemination, Review
Development of forecasts, Review of experience, Requirements and specifications, Tools
development and implementation, Workshops , Hindcast studies, Parameter study of critical
events, Statistical analysis, Flood risk mapping, Flood risk impact assessment, Professional
liaison, Capacity building, Organize and report annual flood forums, Build and maintain a
professional network of FMM practitioners and scientists in the LMB, and Facilitate FMM-
related knowledge-sharing.
Component 2: Structural Measures
Immediate Objectives: The immediate objective is a reduced vulnerability of society to
floods, and a reduced risk of flood disasters caused by failure or inappropriateness of
structural intervention. It implies (i) Identified impacts of reservoirs and other hydraulic
structures in the Mekong basin, including those in China, with regard to implications for
flooding in the LMB. (ii) An enhanced mechanism of coordination on hydraulic structures
development and operation with all the riparian countries in the Mekong Basin, and (iii)
Established guidance/guidelines on all aspects of structural measures of flood mitigation in the
LMB.
Main Outputs and Activities: Expected outputs are (i) Overview of infra-structural
implications and management, (ii) Risk assessment of structural measures, (iii)
Recommendations on structural flood mitigation, (iv) Recommendations on operating rules of
storage and control structures, (v) Social and economic assessment framework, (vi) EIA
framework, and (vii) Related competence.
55
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Main activities include: Compile inventory of existing and planned flood-related infrastructure:
Reservoirs, regulators, embankments, waterways, barriers, etc; Develop and implement
procedure for maintenance of the inventory; Compile and review the national practices for
planning, impact assessment and monitoring of structural intervention; Study hydraulic effects
of reservoirs, embankments and other hydraulic structures with regard to modification of flood
peaks and volumes, cumulative effects, and erosion and sedimentation effects; Conduct
vulnerability analysis; Conduct dam-break analysis for dams and flood protection embankment
showing areas under risks; Compute potential damages under normal floods and worst possible
scenarios; Analyse and recommend on types of structures for flood mitigation in different
areas, develop guidelines for structural flood mitigation, as a support for coordinated 'good
practices' by the member countries; Develop approach and methodology for obtaining design
flood frequencies for different types structures at different locations; Recommend on the use of
construction materials and construction methods; Prepare risk and environmental impact
assessment guidelines; etc.; Prepare guidelines for operating rules of storage and control
structures; Promote the use of guidelines; Screening of national experience Case studies;
Preparation of framework; Review of 2-way information flow; Screening of national and
regional experience; Case studies; Preparation of framework; Scoping of training programmes;
Preparation of training programmes; Training in management of structural intervention;
Training in impact assessment; and Training impact monitoring
Component 3: Mediation of Trans-boundary Flood Issues
Immediate Objectives: The immediate objective is enhanced mediation and coordination
capacity of the MRC in issues of non-compliance in flood management. This will be achieved
(i) by the establishment of a Mediation and Coordination Section; and (ii) by development of
formalized procedures, norms and rules for mediation and decision-making regarding non-
compliance in and cumulative flood management issues which are submitted to the Joint
Committee from member states.
Main Outputs & Activities: Expected outputs are: (i) A Mediation and Coordination Section
(MCS); (ii) Facilitation and mediation tools; (iii) Related competence; (iv) Flood management
pilot project(s); (v) Recommendations on emergency management; and (vi) Related
recommendations on water and land use legislation.
Main activities include: Mandate and framework; Regional partnerships; Establishment of
MCS; Land management and land-use planning; Impacts of structural measures; Flood
emergency management; Organization of institutional and legislative forums; Literature
studies; Capacity-building; Evaluation; Case studies in flood management; Related suggestions
on institutional implications; Development of recommendations; Policy and legislative
reviews; and Initial draft recommendations on legislation.
56
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component 4: Flood Emergency Management Strengthening
Immediate Objectives: The immediate objective is competence in flood preparedness and
flood mitigation strengthened, consolidated and readily available with communities,
emergency managers and civil authorities, as required at each management level.
Main Outputs & Activities: Expected outputs are: (i) Increased flood awareness, (ii)
Regional knowledge sharing, (iii) Flood emergency manuals, (iv) Recommendations on trans-
boundary emergency assistance; and (v) Related competence.
Main activities include: Planning Awareness creation and public education, targeting (i)
government authorities; (ii) civil society organizations; and (iii) the population at large,
covering flood mitigation and emergency management. The information campaign should be
gender specific and directed at communities, schools, and local civil society groups
Workshops; Information material; Check lists; Study tours; Screening and review of existing
manuals; Preparation of revised manuals; Scoping; Support to drafting of agreements,
guidelines, or 'good practices'; Training needs assessment; Courses, expectedly covering (1)
community flood mapping exercises to identify flood prone areas; (2) effective communication
with pre-targeted communities; (3) identification of safe havens and/or escape routes; (4)
formulation and implementation of sequential action plans, including operational inter-agency
information flows and liaison; (5) interpretation of flood warning messages; (6) use of modern
technologies; (7) exchange of best practice approaches; and (8) emergency (flood-related)
procedures for sanitation, environment, health and child care, and Training impact assessment.
Component 5: Flood Proofing Measures
Immediate Objectives: The immediate objective is a reduced vulnerability to flooding and
reduced flood damages at family, community and sub-regional levels, achieved by reducing the
disruption of normal activities during and after a flood, and by providing people with the
security and motivation necessary to make and sustain improvements in their economic and
social welfare in an environment that floods frequently.
Main Outputs & Activities: Expected outputs are: (i) A broad vulnerability analysis; (ii)
Recommendations on flood proofing of buildings and infrastructure; (iii) Public participation
programmes; (iv) Financing mechanisms; (v) Pilot projects; and (vi) Related competence.
Main activities include: Improvement of knowledge of local floods; Vulnerability analysis of
buildings; Vulnerability analysis of infrastructure; Estimation of benefits of flood proofing
measures; Documentation; Area specific analysis; Classification of target users and areas;
Promotion of indigenous techniques; Development of guidelines for flood proofing in
buildings; Preparation of design manuals for flood proofing elements; Development of
guidelines for flood proofing of infrastructure; Development of public participation
programmes; Dissemination of flood proofing techniques; Financing of flood proofing at
household level; Financing of flood proofing at community level; Financing of nation-wide
flood proofing; Design of pilot projects; Implementation of pilot projects; Evaluation;
Educational programmes; Training; and Awareness-building
57
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component 6: Land Use Management
Immediate Objective: The immediate objective is institutional, human resources and
technical support being available to sustainable land management, and improved land use
planning integrated into floodplain management and mitigation in the LMB.
Main Outputs and Activities: The expected outputs are (i) Harmonized land use
management; (ii) Land use concepts and land management systems; (iii) Case studies; and (iv)
Related competence
The main activities include: Regional networking; Terms, definitions and classification
systems; Databases and risk assessment methodologies; Integration of land use management
and flood management; Wetlands and flood management flood-related land use impacts
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for land use planning and risk assessment;
Legislation and land allocation policies; Implementation of case studies; Implementation of
case studies; Evaluation of case studies; Guidelines in national languages; Training in GIS-
based land use planning and risk assessment; Training in urban planning and flood mitigation;
and Training in policy issues
13.5. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
1: Establishment of a Regional FMM Centre
13,064,000
10,734,000
2: Structural Measures
1,582,000
1,582,000
3: Mediation of Trans-boundary Flood Issues
1,381,000
1,381,000
4: Flood Emergency Management Strengthening
1,314,000
1,314,000
5: Flood Proofing Measures
2,129,000
2,129,000
6: Land Use Management
2,038,000
2,038,000
Total Programme Cost
21,508,000
19,178,000
58
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
14. NAVIGATION
PROGRAMME
14.1.
Programme Context and Situation Addressed
A common interest to increase international trade is the underlying reason why the MRC
signatories opted for a separate article in the 1995 Agreement on Freedom of Navigation
(Article 9). Shipping is one way to achieve this. On a commercial level it is the 'servant of
trade', and at the national level it is a 'public utility'. It contributes to economic diversification,
provides employment opportunities, and can supply a positive balance of payment. The
governments and the private sector have realised the advantages of waterborne transport as it is
cheap, because of its large cargo capacity, relieves road congestion and maintenance, aids
tourism and is an ideal natural facility.
Revenues from international trade are important as they can be used to purchase capital
equipment and goods from other countries, which are required for economic development.
Other benefits from international trade include larger markets which result in economy of scale
in production and higher returns; commercial interaction and communication provides learning
effects and improvement of human resources. It provides an important stimulus to socio-
economic growth in the individual countries and the whole region.
The economic status among the riparian countries varies considerably, where some countries
export more than others. In the long run, the "law of comparative advantage" will benefit all
countries, but in the short run, Cambodia and Lao PDR are facing difficulties to comply with
infrastructural demands. The MRC should therefore assist in institutional strengthening and in
the improvement of waterway infrastructure, always considering the technical feasibility and
financial viability, and ensuring there is no risk for permanent negative impact to the
environment.
Apart from international trade another important issue is access to waterborne transport for
remote areas offering communication to remote farms for transportation of agricultural goods
to consumption centres. The access provided by waterborne transport will then have an
optimum return on interventions in other sectors. Most direct poverty-targeted interventions
(schools, health clinics, nutrition programs, and social services) depend on transport as a
complementary input for their effective delivery. The natural navigation potential is there and
whilst preserving the ecological balance, the countries' tradition of using boats has to be
promoted and facilitated.
The impacts of devastating floods of the year 2000 on the people in the flood-prone areas have
also demonstrated the urgent need for improvement of boat transportation
It is easy to agree on the noble and common goal of 'Freedom of Navigation' in principle but
the implementation and follow-up is more complicated as it is directly linked to an operational
and financial responsibility of each country. It is now time to define the term in detail. MRC is
the appropriate intergovernmental organisation to do so and has committed itself to assist its
member states in these issues.
14.2. Objective
The development objective of the Navigation Programme is "To promote freedom of
navigation on the Mekong river system, assist in coordination and cooperation in developing
59
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
effective and safe waterborne transport in a sustainable and protective manner for the waterway
environment to increase the international trade opportunities for the countries' mutual benefit."
14.3. Programme
Strategy
The Navigation Programme is still developing. Through close coordination with the member
states, and through expert consultation meetings an updated 'Strategy and Programme for
Navigation Development and Coordination in the Lower Mekong Basin' will be developed in
detail and finalised in 2003. A new Navigation Programme will be submitted for incorporation
into the MRC Work Programme 2004.
The basic and main principle of the Navigation Programme will be the implementation of
Article 9 "Freedom of Navigation". In the purely technical sense 'Navigation' means no more
than the movement of vessels. 'International Navigation' has been established in international
law, treaties and agreements and has quite a different meaning forming a cornerstone of all
major river commissions. In the Programme strategy, the 'movement of ships' is only one tool
to increase the international trade opportunities. The riparian countries have themselves
initiated a process of formulating common shipping regulations and MRC should, as an
intergovernmental facilitator, assist in coordinating and implementing Article 9 (Component
1).
Guidelines and regulations do not alone suffice to develop cross-border and international
waterborne transport. Supporting studies, surveys and data collection (Component 2) will
investigate multi-modal transport links, identify the most suitable locations for interventions,
and prepare feasibility and EIA studies where major infrastructure works are to be carried out.
After identifying the physical barriers to cross-border and international navigation,
infrastructure works with basinwide impact will be necessary, this is dealt with in River Works
and Fairway Improvement (Component 3). In Cambodia and Lao PDR waterway facilities lag
behind those of Thailand and Viet Nam, particularly in providing access for the remote rural
communities to the economic centres.
Assistance should be provided for national works, which in time will have basinwide impact.
Institutional strengthening and capacity building (Component 4) is focused on navigation
training for waterway users. Through Promotion and Coordination (Component 5) the aim is a
greater awareness of the potential and impacts of waterway transport. To coordinate our
activities, regular discussions are to be held with all national stakeholders and international
organizations and investment banks. Cross-cutting aspects such as EIA's and social
considerations are omnipresent as essential conditions.
14.4. Component
Descriptions
Component 1: Implementation of Article 9 "Freedom of Navigation"
Immediate Objective 1.1: To develop a framework for cross-border navigation and common
maritime legislation to establish safe and effective freedom of navigation on the Mekong river
system by reducing the physical and non-physical barriers and by promoting international
trade.
Main Outputs and Activities:
- Identified restraints for international navigation on the Bassac/Mekong stretches in the
delta, and a priority ranked improvement programme for optimising use of these reaches as
navigation routes. The navigation potential on the Upper Mekong River will be identified
60
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
during the 'Regional Port Development Study for Mekong Navigation from Ban Sai to
Pakse'.
- Common and legal standards on aspects related to cross-border navigation such as transport
of dangerous goods - oil pollution prevention safety and rescue ship's inspection
multimodal transport, etc.
- Master Plan for the Waterborne Transport Sector in the Mekong Delta. A framework for a
Comprehensive Mekong Navigation Code, defining the respective operational and
administrative responsibilities of the countries will form part of the Master Plan.
Immediate Objective 1.2: Article 9 of the 1995 Agreement, 'Freedom of Navigation on the
Mekong River' is implemented in all its aspects for Inland and Maritime Waterborne
Transport.
Main Outputs and Activities: MRC Secretariat, NMC's and counterpart agencies as centres
for coordination, facilitation and professional guidance on aspects related to cross-border
navigation.
Component 2: Supporting Studies, Surveys and Data Collection
Immediate Objective: To improve the knowledge base on navigational issues such as regional
transport initiatives and possibilities, and to monitor the navigation channel condition to
support planning and policy formulation, management and operational decision making.
Main Outputs and Activities:
- Physical improvement of navigation always starts with surveying and mapping to produce
navigation charts for use by the pilots and helmsmen to indicate the `natural' navigation
channels. The waterway planners to identify the `hot spots' where the river needs to be
deepened or where other training works are essential can use these maps. The planned
outputs include `UHA Digitizing in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand' and `Detailed
Mapping of the Rapids in Cambodia and Lao PDR'.
- As the morphology of the Mekong River is constantly changing, the impact of such change
due to transportation and deposition of sediments, and erosion, can have significant
consequences for agriculture, navigation, land holdings and bank top infrastructure;
meanders can be cut off, islands form and disappear or join the river banks. There are also
concerns about the impacts that human interventions in and along the river may have on the
river morphology and in return on other parts of the river. Since the river flow and
morphology are dynamic phenomena, the river management and protection/regulating
works cannot be carried out successfully without a good scientific understanding of the
fundamental problems to define the adjusted corrective measures. Any construction on any
part of the river will have impact on the other upstream and downstream. Although it can
be acknowledged that it is not viable to create a stable river morphology, an urgent study of
hydraulic engineering is deemed necessary before permanent river works are installed.
Building on the experience gathered during the Chaktomuk Project in Cambodia it has been
proposed to carry out similar exercises for the Nongkhai/Vientiane Reach (Lao PDR
Thailand), and at Tan Chau (Viet Nam).
- Supporting studies include: 1) Cost-Benefit analysis and economic investigation of
waterborne transport issues; 2) Multi-modal transport links, identification of the locations
for navigation development interventions, fleet and hull design shipbuilding standards; 3)
Impact assessment of river works on the river morphology and environment; 4) Shipping
market analysis, etc.; 5) Feasibility reports and statistical data collection for the
infrastructure works in Component 3. Prioritised master plan for river port facilities and
61
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
feasibility results including environmental screening of port improvements or construction
in line with plans indicated in the Subregional Transport Sector Study for the Greater
Mekong Subregion.
Component 3: River Works and Fairway Improvement
Immediate Objectives:
a) To assist in establishing safe and continuous (night and day, year round) access to the
maritime ports on the Mekong river system in Cambodia and Viet Nam for sea-going vessels of a
certain dimension to be accepted by both countries;
b) To assist in establishing safe navigation on the stretches outside the area specified under the
Agreement on Commercial Navigation between the Quadrangle countries, for river barges and
vessels of a size to be proposed following the results of the supporting studies and to be accepted
by the Joint Committee.
Main Outputs and Activities:
- Additional work needed on certain `hot spots'. Emphasis will be on infrastructure works
allowing access to remote areas in view of poverty alleviation, and as required to achieve
smooth and safe passage of vessels in view of cross-border navigation.
- Phase 2 of the Chaktomuk, Environment, Hydraulics, Morphology, will focus on the
feasibility and the detailed design of the best alternative for the works to stabilize the
junction, determined by Phase 1 of the project; Installation and Upgrading of Aids to
navigation along the Mekong River System.
- Fine-tuning of necessary works will be defined by the updated 'Strategy and Programme for
Navigation Development and Coordination in the Lower Mekong'.
Component 4: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building
Immediate Objectives:
- Establish a basis for standardizing navigation training to reduce shipping accidents and
improve waterborne transport quality.
- Additional training of NP staff at the MRC Secretariat, Institutional strengthening of the
MRC Secretariat (navigation programme team) and NMC's to serve as coordinating and
supervising centres and the main line agencies as the implementing centres in the fields related
to Component 1.
Main Outputs and Activities:
- Strengthening of Mekong Navigation Training, to improve training of skilled waterway
users (men and women) as inadequate training is a major constraint to efficiency and
productivity of waterborne trade. Navigation training is the single most important element
in the structure of achieving safety, carriage and handling of dangerous and noxious goods.
Improved regional and national capacity for coordinating and implementing the navigation
programme and other navigation issues. Phase 1 involves the establishment of Navigation
Training Standards and Common Core Syllabi. Phase 2 will concentrate on the upgrading
of the Navigation School in Nha Be as the regional Mekong navigation centre.
- Improved regional and national capacity for coordinating and implementing the navigation
programme through a "Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening Programme for
Navigation and Flood Management".
62
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
Component 5: Promotion and Coordination
Immediate Objectives:
a) Greater awareness of the potential and impacts of maritime and inland waterway transport
for commercial and social considerations in judging its performance in comparison with other
modes of transport.
b) Improved coordination and cooperation with all stakeholders involved for implementation
of and possible adjustments to the Navigation Programme.
c) Maintain strategic relationship with MRC key programmes such as Water Utilization
Programme, Basin Development Planning and the Environment Programme, and with other
MRC Programmes.
Main Outputs and Activities:
- Improved awareness of the navigation potential among the government planners and the
private sector. Changing the misconception that road transport is the most advantageous
mode as river transport has large cargo carrying capacity, relieves road congestion and is
an ideal natural facility. Ships pollute little when the appropriate rules and guidelines are
being followed.
- Improved coordination among all stakeholders involved. On a national level with the
NMCs, national agencies, NGOs, private sector and other stakeholders. On a regional level
with the international organizations (ESCAP, UNDP, etc.), ASEAN, investment banks
ADB (GMS) and IBRD, NGO's, private sector, and other stakeholders.
- Compulsory coordination and cooperation between the WUP, BDP, EP and sectoral
programmes.
CROSS-CUTTING ASPECTS ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONCERNS- Raise and keep the momentum on environmental awareness throughout the
planning, development and coordination activities related to the Navigation Programme in
close cooperation with the Environment Programme. Although river engineering works at
certain hot spots is inevitable, direct hydrological and morphological impacts, and detrimental
environmental effects may be avoided by undertaking careful environmentally assessment
programmes. MRC should make sure that EIA studies are carried out before any major
enterprises on the river are undertaken. Transport of dangerous goods and prevention of oil
pollution will be dealt with directly in Component 1. Special attention will be given to the
social dimension to improve the living conditions for the remote and poorer communities who
are presently unable to gain access to even the most basic social services.
14.5. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
1. Implementation of Article 9 "Freedom Of Navigation"
1,945,000 1,305,000
2. Supporting Studies and Data Collection
1,708,000 1,643,000
3. River Works and Fairway Improvement
6,841,000 6,210,000
4. Institutional Strengthening/Capacity Building
2,806,000 2,315,000
5. Promotion and Coordination
137,000 137,000
Total Programme Cost
13,437,000 11,610,000
63
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
64
MRC Work Programme Year 2003
15. TOURISM
PROGRAMME
15.1.
Context of Programme and Situation Addressed
The Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River
Basin provides a new and broad framework for regional cooperation among the riparian and
member countries of the MRC to work and cooperate in all fields of sustainable development,
including "recreation and tourism". The tourism industry is already making a significant
contribution to the economies of the member countries. Being blessed with abundant historical
and cultural heritage and unspoiled natural beauty, the Mekong River Basin has also a great
potential to attract visitors from various parts of the world, generating even more income from
foreign exchange. Being a highly labour-intensive industry, tourism also plays a significant
role in generating employment opportunities to localities where it is promoted. However, it is a
major concern whether in addition to the economic rationale, tourism might have adverse
environmental effects. There is therefore a need to ensure that tourism can be promoted within
the framework of the MRC for a sustainable development of the Mekong River Basin.
Related projects and activities are those being carried out under the ADB's initiatives tourism
sector of the Greater Mekong Subregion and those being carried out by the Transport,
Communications and Tourism Division of ESCAP, especially the Mekong/Lancang River
Tourism Planning Study.
15.2. Objective
The overall objective of the programme is to promote tourism within the Mekong River Basin
in a balanced manner, which also ensures necessary protection of the environment against
adverse effects of tourism.
15.3.
Main Outputs and Activities
Outputs and activities have not yet been identified. Development of the programme would be
subject to availability of funds and would be based on an analysis of needs and opportunities.
This will include: (a) a review of documents concerned; (b) consultations with the national and
international agencies concerned with tourism industry in the riparian countries; and (c) studies
to determine the scope of work and identify priority activities.
15.4. Budget
Component
Total Cost
External Funding Sought
Total Programme Cost
3,000,000
3,000,000
65
Document Outline