The Regional Organization for the
Conservation of the Environment of
the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
(PERSGA)






EIA and EMS Guidelines for
Fishery/Aquaculture Projects in the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden



















PERSGA Technical Series No. 9
May 2004


PERSGA - is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of the coastal and
marine environments and the wise use of natural resources in the region.
The Regional Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment (Jeddah
Convention) 1982 provides the legal foundation for PERSGA. The Secretariat of the Organization was
formally established in Jeddah following the Cairo Declaration of September 1995. The PERSGA
member states are Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen.
PERSGA, P.O. Box 53662, Jeddah 21583, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Tel.: +966-2-657-3224. Fax: +966-2-652-1901. Email: persga@persga.org
Website: http://www.persga.org

This document represents an outcome from a workshop titled `Environmentally Friendly
Aquaculture and Fisheries Practices' held over the period 15-17 September, 2002 in Hurghada,
Arab Republic of Egypt. The workshop was sponsored by PERSGA through the Living Marine
Resources component of the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) for the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden, the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment (ROPME), the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Regional Office for the Near East, the
WorldFish Center for Africa and West Asia, and the Agriculture Policy Reform Project
USAID/Egypt Reform Design and Implementation Unit (RDI).
The text was written and prepared by Dr. Ali Muhammad Khuraibet and Dr. Faten Al Attar of Eco
Environmental Consultants (Kuwait) under contract to PERSGA.




© 2004 PERSGA

All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or
non-profit purposes without the permission of the copyright holders provided that acknowledgement of the
source is given. PERSGA would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this material as a
source. This publication may not be copied, or distributed electronically, for resale or other commercial purposes
without prior permission, in writing, from PERSGA.




Cover photograph:




This publication may be cited as:
PERSGA/GEF. 2004. EIA and EMS Guidelines for Fishery/Aquaculture Projects in the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden. PERSGA Technical Series No. 9. PERSGA, Jeddah.



Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................... ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................III
Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... iv
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................. 3
1.1 EIA Regulations for Fishery Projects in the PERSGA Region................................................................. 3
1.2 EIA Procedures for Fishery Projects in the PERSGA Region..................................................................... 5
1.3 EIA Guidelines for Fishery Projects in the PERSGA Region ..................................................................... 8
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS GUIDELINES FOR FISHERY PROJECTS IN THE
PERSGA REGION..............................................................................................................................11
2.1 General ................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 The EMS Concept .................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3 The Benefits of Adopting the ISO 14001 Standard ................................................................................ 13
2.4 Factors That Can Lead to the Success of ISO 14001.............................................................................. 14
2.5 EMS and Fishery/Aquaculture Projects.................................................................................................. 15
THE ELEMENTS OF EMS ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 Policy....................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Planning................................................................................................................................................... 18
Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................... 33
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix I: Examples, sample forms and procedures for EMS for fishery/aquaculture projects................ 37
Environmental Policy .................................................................................................................................... 42
Environmental Effects Evaluation and Register............................................................................................ 44
Incident Reporting......................................................................................................................................... 45
Sample Incident Report ................................................................................................................................. 47
Hazardous Substances ­ Identification & Accounting .................................................................................. 48
Contractor and Supplier Selection................................................................................................................. 50
Sample Environmental Probity Questionnaire .............................................................................................. 52
Marine Pollution............................................................................................................................................ 53
Waste Management ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Water Management........................................................................................................................................ 55
Performance of Pollution Control Equipment ............................................................................................... 56
Objectives and Target Management Programme Form ................................................................................. 58
i

Objectives & Target Management Programme.............................................................................................. 58
Management Programme............................................................................................................................... 58
Appendix II Glossary of Terms .................................................................................................................... 59


LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1 ORGANISATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT THE ISO 14001 STANDARD ................................. 14
TABLE 3.1 THE KEY ELEMENTS OF AN EMS .............................................................................................. 20
TABLE 3.2 ASPECTS, IMPACTS AND EFFECTS OF AQUACULTURE PROJECTS.................................... 22
TABLE 3.3 EXAMPLES OF COMPARING OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS................................................... 23
TABLE 3.4 SAMPLE FORM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME........................... 24
TABLE 3.5 KEY STEPS IN DEVELOPING AN EMS TRAINING PROGRAMME ........................................ 26
TABLE 3.6 AN EXAMPLE OF A CHART DESIGNED TO KEEP TRACK OF CONTROLS ......................... 28
TABLE 3.7 SOME EXAMPLES OF HINTS ON WRITING EMS PROCEDURES.......................................... 28
TABLE 3.8 CHECKLIST FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANS. ....................... 28

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ASSOCIATED WITH FISHERY PROJECTS ........................... 10
FIGURE 2.1 THE BENEFITS OF ADOPTING THE ISO 14001 ....................................................................... 12
FIGURE 3.1 COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS .................................... 17
FIGURE 3.2 DEVELOPING AN EMS FOR A FISHERY/AQUACULTURE PROJECT .................................. 19


Acknowledgements
The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden (PERSGA) wishes to thank the GEF implementing agencies (UNDP, UNEP, World Bank)
for funding the Strategic Action Programme which contributed towards the original workshop and
the preparation of this document through the Sustainable Use and Management of Living Marine
Resources component. Dr. Ali Muhammad Khuraibet and Dr. Faten Al-Attar (ECO-
Environmental Consultants, State of Kuwait) are thanked for their contributions which have made
this technical paper possible.

ii

Executive Summary
This document provides proposals for
workshop recommendations requested
establishing
Environmental Impact
establishing EIA and EMS guidelines.
Assessment (EIA) regulations, procedures
and guidelines and Environmental
The Strategic Action Programme (SAP) is
Management Systems
(EMS) for
executed by PERSGA and funded by the
fishery/aquaculture projects. The study was
World Bank, United Nations Development
carried-out for the Regional Organization for
Programme (UNDP), the United Nations
the Conservation of the Environment of the
Environment Programme (UNEP) and other
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).
donor organisations. It was prepared
following an extensive analysis of regional
This study includes three major aspects of
environmental issues and has been endorsed
fishery projects. These are:
by the PERSGA Council of Ministers. The
·
SAP provides a cooperatively developed
Aquaculture projects
framework for the long-term conservation
· Fishing project practices
and management of the coastal and marine
· Processing and packing industries of
resources of the Region1. The programme of
aquaculture and fished products.
activities is being carried out through six
complementary components: reduction of
As each country has its own environmental
navigation risks and maritime pollution, the
and legal framework, attempts have been
promotion of integrated coastal zone
made to ensure the work in the study is a
management, sustainable use of living
mixture of the more general and the specific.
marine resources, conservation of habitats
This ensures that each country can modify
and biodiversity, the establishment of marine
the regulations, guidelines and procedures
protected areas, and the enhancement of
recommended without losing scientific merit
public awareness and participation. This
and structure.
study is in line with the PERSGA-SAP
programme and its objectives.
The study comes in two parts and is as
follows:

· EIA regulations, procedures and

guidelines
· EMS guidelines and procedures.

The study follows from a recommendation
made at a workshop sponsored by FAO,
PERSGA-(SAP), ROPME, USAID (Egypt),
and the WorldFish Center held in Hurghada,
Arab Republic of Egypt, 15-17 September

1
2002. The "Environmentally Friendly
Region (capital R) refers to the area described in
Aquaculture and Fisheries Practices"
Article II `Geographical Coverage' of the Regional
Convention for the Conservation of the Red Sea
and Gulf of Aden Environment 1982.
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Abbreviations and Acronyms

APRP
Agriculture Policy Reform Project
CV Curriculum
vitae
EIA Environmental
Impact
Assessment
EMS
Environmental Management System
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
GEF Global
Environment
Facility
HAB Harmful
Algal
Bloom
HACCP
Hazard Control at Critical Control Points
HSE
Health and Safety Executive
ISO
International Standards Organization
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
PCE
Pollution Control Equipment
PEIA
Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment
PERSGA
Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
RDI
Reform Design and Implementation
ROPME
Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment
RSGA
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
SAP
Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
SDS
Safety Data Sheet
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
USAID
United States Agency for International Development

iv



Introduction
The Regional Organization for the
and management of the coastal and marine
Conservation of the Environment of the Red
resources of the Region. A programme of
Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) is an
activities is being carried out through six
intergovernmental body that is dedicated to
complementary components: reduction of
the conservation of the coastal and marine
navigation risks and maritime pollution,
environments in the PERSGA region. It
sustainable use of living marine resources,
takes its legal foundation from the "Jeddah
conservation of habitats and biodiversity, the
Convention" signed in the Kingdom of Saudi
establishment of marine protected areas, the
Arabia in 1982. The following countries are
promotion of integrated coastal zone
currently members of PERSGA:
management, and the enhancement of public
·
awareness and participation.
Arab Republic of Egypt
· Arab Republic of Sudan
A workshop titled "Environmentally Friendly
· Republic of Djibouti
Aquaculture and Fisheries Practices" was
held in Hurghada, Arab Republic of Egypt
· Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
from 15-17 September 2002. It was
· Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
sponsored by the Sustainable Use and
Management of Living Marine Resources
· Republic of Yemen
(LMR) component of the SAP (PERSGA) in
· Somalia
conjunction with the Regional Organization
for the Protection of the Marine
The following sections deal with three
Environment (ROPME), the United Nations
important issues relating to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
fishery/aquaculture projects:
The WorldFish Center for Africa and West
·
Asia, and the Agriculture Policy Reform
EIA regulations
Project USAID/Egypt Reform Design and
· EIA procedures
Implementation Unit (RDI). The workshop
· EIA guidelines
proceedings were printed by FAO (EL
GAMAL et al. 2002).
The scope of the consultancy service
The workshop was very successful and its
presentations were delivered by key
PERSGA is executing the Strategic Action
consultants from the Region and abroad. One
Programme (SAP) funded by the World
of the main recommendations from the
Bank, United Nations Development
workshop stated the need for sound
Programme (UNDP), the United Nations
Environmental Impact Assessment practices
Environment Programme (UNEP) and other
and the need to introduce EMSs.
donor organisations.
PERSGA therefore requested the
The SAP was prepared following an
development of Environmental Impact
extensive analysis of regional environmental
Assessment (EIA) regulations, procedures
issues and has been endorsed by the
and guidelines and Environmental
PERSGA Council of Ministers. The SAP
Management Systems (EMS) guidelines, for
provides a cooperatively developed
the PERSGA region. The work started
framework for the long-term conservation
August 2003 and was completed in
1

September of the same year. PERSGA
fishery/aquaculture projects. The proposed
requested that the work be carried out in
regulations consist of nine clauses. The
accordance with the recommendations from
regulations can be used in an independent
the Hurghada workshop that included:
form in countries that do not have EIA
regulations or in countries that have EIA
· A review of related environmental
regulations but do not have the specific
regulations and procedures in the Red
clauses that apply to fishery/aquaculture
Sea and Gulf of Aden (RSGA) region.
projects. The regulations, procedures and
· Preparation of clauses for Environmental
guidelines need to be incorporated into the
Impact Assessment regulations, for the
existing environmental administration and
RSGA region, in relation to marine
legal framework of PERSGA countries. It
fishery/aquaculture activities and projects.
shall be the responsibility of the
Environmental authorities in the PERSGA
· Preparation of EIA procedures and
region to subject aquaculture and other
guidelines for mariculture activities and
fisheries projects to Environmental Impact
projects.
Assessment Studies (EIA).
· Introduction of the EMS concept and the
need for its implementation to
It is recommended that the following
governments, commercial organisations
regulations, procedures and guidelines are
and establishments interested in
implemented in order to establish EIAs for
mariculture activities.
aquaculture and similar fisheries projects in
the PERSGA region.
· Submission of a final report with an
executive summary, an introduction,
legal requirements and regulations, and
EMS Guidelines for fishery/aquaculture
EIA and EMS study findings and
projects
recommendations.
The second section of this report includes a

theoretical background to the EMS concept
its value to companies and to the
EIA regulations, procedures and
environment, and describes the steps
guidelines for the PERSGA region
involved in setting up an EMS for
accreditation.
In the first section of this report the authors
have prepared specific EIA regulations, and

generic EIA procedures and guidelines for
2

Environmental Impact Assessment
1.1 EIA Regulations for
Consultant:
Fishery Projects in the
· A person or a firm that has the ability to
PERSGA Region
perform EIA studies in a competitive
manner to an approved standard.

Letter of Approval:
CLAUSE ONE
· A formal letter given by the
The terms below shall have the following
environmental authority to the client
meanings in these EIA regulations:
declaring its approval of its fishery
project EIA study and its readiness for
Environmental Impact Assessment Study
implementation. It is a conditional
(EIA):
declaration.
· An environmental management tool that
is used to identify, predict and assess the
Conditional Acceptance:
impacts of development activities of
concern before their implementation.
· The right of the environmental authority
to set conditions and their acceptance by
the client in order to obtain a "Letter of
Fishery Project:
Approval".
· Aquaculture of marine organisms in fresh
or marine or brackish water, or any
Preliminary Environmental Impact
similar acceptable aquatic media.
Assessment Study (PEIA):
· The fishing practices and processes.
· An initial EIA study done in less detail
· Aquaculture products processing plants
than a standard EIA study.
and packing plants.
ISO 14001 and EMS:
Environmental Authority:
· An international standard that contains
· A government authority with the power
clauses for an Environmental
to enforce legislation and ensure
Management System. It requires
compliance.
certification by a competent authority.
Client:
HACCP:
· A government, private or joint venture
· Hazard Control at Critical Control Points
establishment interested in carrying out
is an international standard for food
development projects in a sustainable
safety ensuring that food products are
manner.
safe until they reach the consumer.
3

CLAUSE TWO
CLAUSE FIVE
It shall be the responsibility of the client to
If the environmental authority rejects the
conduct Environmental Impact Assessment
EIA study it must inform the client, in
(EIA) studies for its fishery projects. The
writing, of its reasons within seven working
EIA study needs to consider the impacts of
days. The client can file a petition, within a
the project during site preparation,
further seven working days, requesting the
construction, operation and decommissioning.
alteration of the environmental authority's
decision to that of Conditional acceptance.
CLAUSE THREE
The client may appoint an independent
person or body to review its EIA study. The
It shall be the responsibility of
client shall modify the EIA study, based on
environmental authorities to review EIA
the conditions then set by the environmental
studies for fishery projects and to accept,
authority, in a manner that is acceptable to
request modifications or reject them. Under
the client and resubmit the study for final
all circumstances, it shall be the
review.
responsibility of Environmental Authorities
to reply to the client within a maximum
CLAUSE SIX
period of 60 working days declaring its
decision.
It shall be the responsibility of the
environmental authority to authorise
CLAUSE FOUR
consultants to conduct EIA studies for
fishery projects. The authorisation shall be
It shall be the responsibility of
based on the following criteria:
environmental authorities to grant approval
for fishery projects only after reviewing the
· The provision of certificates and
client's EIA studies. The approval shall be in
curriculum vitae proving that the
a form of a Letter of Approval. This letter
consultant can provide recognised
shall contain the following information:
expertise in the field of EIA.
· That the consultant has carried out no
· The name of the project
less than seven approved EIA studies.
· The name and address of the client
In addition, it shall be the responsibility of
· The name and address of the consultant
the environmental authority to maintain an
who carried out the EIA study
up-to-date registry of EIA consultants. The
· The project's exact location through GPS
registry shall contain information as follows:
coordinates
·
·
Level "A" EIA Specialist. The main
Brief description of the project
criterion for registration at this level is
· List of the negative and positive impacts
the provision of proof of not less than 15
· The environmental authority's
years of EIA experience.
recommendations
· Level "B" EIA Specialist. The main
· A signed declaration by the client
criterion for registration at this level is
guaranteeing the implementation of the
the provision of proof of not less than 10
Environmental authority recommendation
years of EIA experience.
within a specific period of time.
· Level "C" EIA Specialist. The main

criterion for registration at this level is
the provision of proof of not less than 5
years of EIA experience.
4

CLAUSE SEVEN
submit a Preliminary EIA (PEIA) study for
their fishery project. In addition, any fishery
It shall be the responsibility of the client to
projects holding valid ISO 14001 accredited
ensure that the consultant conducting the
certification can also be asked to submit a
EIA study shall cover, as a basic requirement
PEIA. Under all conditions, the client must
and in relevance to the type of the fishery
provide proof to the environmental authority
project, the following aspects:
of his intention to use organic aquaculture
and/or ISO 14001 and HACCP accredited
· A detailed description of the project
certification in order that the client may be
· An aquaculture organism suitable for
allowed to submit only a PEIA study.
culturing, consumption and export
· The sustainability of the aquaculture,
CLAUSE NINE
fishing methods and practices that will be
used
Violators of this regulation shall be penalised
in accordance with the environmental
· The sustainability of the ecosystems in
authority's laws and regulations.
the fishing area
· The sustainable practices that ensure
CLAUSE TEN
good water quality
· Any pollution and pollutants and their
The environmental authority is required to
control measures
review and if necessary revise this regulation
after five years of its enactment. The revision
· The use of growth hormones, antibiotics
is to consider the addition of new aspects
and feeding materials and associated
that may be required in clause seven without
risks
the weakening of those already in force.
· The risk of diseases, harmful algal bloom
(HAB), bio-invasions and population

explosion
·
1.2 EIA Procedures for Fishery
Any waste (solid, liquid and semi-liquid)
and any related reception facility
Projects in the PERSGA Region
requirements
· Odour
Environmental authorities in the PERSGA
region shall establish Environmental Impact
· Noise
Assessment Departments whose main duties
· House-keeping and hygienic practices.
are:
Investigations shall relate to the short-,
· To establish contact with clients
medium- and long-term impacts, and
interested in starting fishery projects
whether those impacts are of a direct,
· To inform clients about the existence of
indirect, adverse, positive or accumulative
EIA regulations, procedures and
nature.
guidelines
· To ensure that EIA studies are conducted
CLAUSE EIGHT
in a professional manner
Fishery projects using certified organic
· To establish a registry of EIA
aquaculture methods, being certified and
professionals
accredited by an approved competent
· To establish a registry for consultants
authority and holding valid ISO 14001
who can carry out EIA studies
accredited certification shall be asked to
5

· To review EIA studies and declare, in
study for the project and its compliance with
writing, their acceptance, requests for
certain requirements. The EIA regulations,
modification or rejection of these studies
procedures and guidelines shall be enclosed
·
with the letter. The environmental authority
To ensure that EIA studies and
shall have the right to inform the client of
recommendations are followed up and
any environmental aspects, in addition to
implemented
those in clause seven, which need to be
· To ensure that environmental violators
considered.
are first warned about the consequences
of violating the law and then penalised if
Once the EIA study is completed, the client
the violation takes place or is repeated.
shall submit it to the concerned

environmental authority and subsequently to
the EIA department. The submission needs
To be able to enforce the law, EIA
to meet the following criteria:
departments need to have:
·
·
A covering letter stating the successful
Sufficient staff to run all administrative
completion of the EIA study
and scientific affairs associated with EIA
·
·
A request for review of the EIA study
Staff who are well trained in EIA
and a reply within 60 working days
· Staff who are updated with new issues
· Two copies of the EIA study.
related to EIA

· Staff who have communication skills and
are efficient in reviewing EIA studies
The environmental authority shall inform the
client, in writing, on receipt of the EIA study,
· The ability to minimize routine
that it has received the EIA study and it shall
administrative work associated with EIA
reply within 60 working days declaring its
· The backing of legal advisers and
decision.
departments in their environmental
organisations
The EIA department shall refer the EIA
study to an employee, hereafter called the
· The support of public relations
reviewer. The reviewer shall have experience
departments in their environmental
in the subject of the EIA study and will
organisations, in order to promote its
review the EIA study in an unbiased and
objectives and regulations, their field of
scientific manner ensuring the following:
activity and to make clients and the
public aware of the importance of EIA.
· As a basic requirement that the EIA

study meets the aspects stated in clause
A client interested in initiating a fishery
seven of the EIA regulations
project shall contact the relevant EIA
· That there is a balance in the content of
department through the environmental
the EIA study
authority and declare his interest through a
· That the EIA study has scientific merit
written request. The client's request shall
contain basic information about the project
· That air, water, soil or any other test
and the name and contact address of the
items are sampled and analysed in
consultant who will conduct the EIA study
accordance with scientific protocols
for the project.
· That impacts are investigated during the
whole project life cycle, to include site
The environmental authority shall reply to
preparation, construction and installation,
the client, in writing, within seven working
operation and decommissioning
days, requesting the conduct of the EIA
6

· That if there are gaps that exist in the
The EIA department, in co-ordination with
EIA study, that these be clearly identified
related departments in the concerned
and reported
environmental authority, must carry out
·
follow-up visits to the project site to ensure
That the impact of the project will not
that the recommendations are in place. It
affect the environment and ecosystem in
shall record, report and take the necessary
a way that can not be largely corrected
action against any violations.
· That the recommended corrective
measures are adequate, practical and can
The environmental authority must retain the
be implemented
right to reject any proposal even if it accepts
· That monitoring practices are stated
the client's EIA, if it believes that the
clearly.
negative impacts on the environment
outweigh the positive impacts of the

proposed development.
The reviewer shall present his final decision
in writing and will declare one of the
The EIA department shall establish a special
following decisions:
unit called a "Public and Clients Complaints
Unit". The responsibility of this unit shall be
· Acceptance of the EIA study and
to ensure that the public and the environment
recommendation for provision of the
are not adversely impacted by the projects
Letter of Approval to the client. The
that are approved after the EIA. In addition,
letter shall state the requirement to
it shall have the responsibility to receive
implement the recommendations, and the
complaints from the public and clients and
commitment, on the part of the client, to
reply to these within seven working days.
provide evidence to the environmental
Complaints should be recorded on a form
authority that the recommendations shall
available from the unit. The form shall be
be implemented.
simple in nature and shall contain the
·
following:
Conditional acceptance of the EIA study,
indicating that the Letter of Approval
· The full details and contact information
may be provided to the client once the
of the person filing the complaint
consultant has implemented the
modifications requested by the
· The date and time of filing the complaint
environmental authority.
· Detailed information about the nature of
· Rejection of the EIA study.
the complaint
· Any additional information that supports
Under all circumstances, the concerned
the complaint, e.g. data, information and
environmental authority shall inform the
images
client, in writing, of its decision within 60
working days of receipt of the EIA study.
· A signed declaration that the complaint is
original.
If the environmental authority rejects the

EIA study, then client can file a petition
The unit will accept a complaint by phone
within seven working days of receipt of the
but the form will need to be completed and
rejection. The environmental authority shall
signed before any action can be taken.
clearly indicate the reasons for rejection, the
flaws in the EIA study and what changes
would be required before it alters its decision
to one of either acceptance or conditional
acceptance.
7

1.3 EIA Guidelines for Fishery
· Fax:
Projects in the PERSGA Region
· E-mail:
The EIA guidelines are available as forms
Form 2: Fishery Project Guidelines
for ease of use. These forms are the

following:
Project activity:
· Form One: General guidelines.
· Proposed project name or title:
· Form Two: Project guidelines.
· Are there similar projects elsewhere?
· Form Three: Environmental Implications
· Exact site of proposed project: (Maps
Guidelines
and drawings to be attached)
· Alternative sites for proposed project:
The contents of these forms are generic in
(Maps and drawings to be attached)
nature and can be modified by the concerned
environmental authorities and EIA
· Dimensions required for the construction
departments. The required contents of the
of the project site including areas
forms are indicated in the following pages.
required for future expansion. The
information should show the total area of
the site including a breakdown of space
Form 1: General Guidelines (Client and
allowed for processing, manufacture,
Consultant)
storage, administration, car parking or

Client:
any other space required by the project
(maps and drawings to be attached).
· Company name:
· Description of any activities and
· Representative name:
associated processes
· Statement of Capability:
· Description of site criteria and conditions
· Client address:
· Copies of certificates of approval from
governmental bodies, other than
· Tel.:
environmental authorities, in relation to
· Fax:
their acceptance for implementing the
·
project
E-mail:
·
·
If excavation or dredging activities are to
Background of the client (field of
be undertaken, indication of the extent
activity, experience, owners, partners and
and method of excavation or dredging,
subsidiary links).
contamination level and disposal

methods for excavated or dredged
Consultant:
material
· Types of vessels to be used, their features
· Consultant company name:
and on-board environmental measures to
· Representative name:
prevent pollution
· Statement of Capability:
· Number of berths and names of vessels
using the berths
· Names of consultants working on the
project and their CVs:
· Maximum water depth and maximum
water depth required for berthing the
· Address:
vessels
· Tel.:
8

· Detailed information about the
· Expected noise levels in decibels during
ecosystem in which the project is to be
all phases of the project;
implemented
· Air-borne emissions and pollutants
· Processes involved and production
(sources, maximum allowable, daily
capacities.
averages and their control measures)
· Aqueous discharges to sewers, water
Form 3: Project Environmental
bodies and courses (types, by-products,
Implications Guidelines
quantities, quality, daily average and

maximum discharges, time and period of
Environmental implications:
discharge and hazards)
Environment and ecosystem; this includes
· Implications and control of pollution in
the following:
marine facilities (accidental spillage of
hazardous materials, vessel wastes
· Site grading status in accordance with
including bilge water and sewage
relevant laws and regulations for fishery
discharges)
projects
· Raw materials use and characteristics
· Site environmental sensitivity (land,
(ensuring non-toxicity, appropriateness
coastal, seabed or offshore) to fishery
and avoiding damage to the ecosystem)
project and related activities
· Implications on human habitats
· Site ecology (fauna and flora diversity,
(including resettlement, employment,
abundance and distribution and
influx and movement of labour)
ecological risks associated with the
· Water demand, use and conservation
fishery project)
measures (average and peak use,
· Site geology and features of significance
including the use of recycled water)
that might be impacted by the project
· Electricity consumption and conservation
implementation
measures (average and peak use and
· Excavation and dredging activities and
possible use of solar panels)
their impacts
· Implications associated with machinery
· Possibility of soil erosion caused by
and tools (appropriate use of pressurized
habitat modification
and non-pressurized equipment,
pipelines, fishing equipment and nets)
· Climate and weather conditions at the
proposed site
· Implications of the use of cleaning agents
and their environmental friendliness
· Changes in nutrient cycles and patterns
(biodegradation and SDS status)
· Waste management and disposal of by-
· Fire, security and medical aid in the
products generated by the fishery project.
event of accident or emergency (possible
This includes the following types of
emergency scenarios, safety and
waste:
evacuation procedures, use of personal
o Solid
protective equipment (PPE), fire
extinguishers, fire control and fighting
o Liquid
systems, security measures)
o Semi-solid
· Requirements for future expansion.
o Construction
o Hazardous


9




Environmental Aspects of Fishery Projects








Aquaculture
Fishing practices and
Processing plants

(Fresh, marine and
fleet


brackish)






1- Solid waste (dead fish and
1- Solid waste (dead fish and crew
1- Solid waste (unwanted parts e.g.
ot her municipal waste)
waste).
fins and internal organs).
2- Deterioration in water quality:
2- Fish contamination in storage areas,
2- Municipal waste (paper,

A- metabolic waste
and from insects and vermin inside the
cardboard and plastic).

B- hormones in waste water
vessel.

3- Contamination by pathogenic
C- harmful algal blooms
3- Fishing zone ecosystem or habitat

microorganisms e.g. from labourers,
D- toxic chemical leachate and
contamination by environmentally

insects, heating and ventilation/AC
its release from aquaculture tank
unfriendly use of antifouling.

systems, and uncontrolled access to
and other toxic materials.

4- Damage to fish habitat due to the
plants without the use of protective
3- Outbreak of disease or death
use of environmentally unfriendly
equipment).

caused by contamination or
fishing equipment and methods.
4- Excessive energy use, (especially
i
mproper aquaculture conditions
6- Fishing zone ecosystem or habitat
in cold storage areas).
e. g. contamination of feeding
contamination by fishing boat fuel, oil
st ock or fingerlings, improper
and lubricants.
5- Excessive water use for cleaning.

aeration, temperature, pH, 7- Population explosion of certain 6- Discharge of toxic liquid waste
p resence of excessive algae, species caused by overfishing leading
into sanitary waste water.
tu rbidity, etc.
to an upset to the predator-prey

7-Odour.
4- Bio-invasion and change of
balance.

habitat ecology due to the import

8- Over-exploitation of fishery
of alien species for aquaculture.

resources.
5- Odour.
9- Odour.


Figure 1.1 Environmental aspects associated with fishery projects



10

Environmental Management Systems
Guidelines for Fishery Projects in the
PERSGA Region
2.1 General
2.2 The EMS Concept
Fishery project developers have an ethical
After the Rio de Janeiro Summit, an
and legal duty to act sustainably in order to
increasing concern developed for the
protect the environment and its biotic and
importance of introducing Environmental
abiotic components from the impacts
Management Systems into organisations and
associated with the implementation of such
projects of all kinds, especially the ones that
projects. This is very important in order to
might have adverse environmental impacts.
protect natural fishery resources and to
To assist establishments and organisations to
increase fishing and aquaculture yields in a
achieve and to demonstrate sound
sustainable manner. The reality is that
environmental performances by controlling
fishery projects can play an important role in
the impact of their activities on the
the economy and can yield valuable
environment, the international standard ISO
monetary return from local, regional and
14000 was introduced. Both the public and
international sales. However, its activities
private sectors are constantly seeking ways
and operations can inadvertently cause harm
to improve environmental conditions and
to the environment and its components,
reduce pollution. They can do this by
including human health, if environmental
adopting an EMS. The ISO 14000 family of
aspects and impacts are not considered and
standards enables businesses to adopt
properly assessed during the decision-
specific procedures and technical
making process. In the second part of this
specifications which they can use
study, an Environmental Management
consistently in order to achieve
System (EMS) is suggested and
environmental protection. It also ensures that
recommended for use in improving the
materials used, processes adopted, products
environmental performance of fishery
produced and services provided are all
projects. EMS, like EIA, is a systematic
environmentally sustainable. The ISO 14000
environmental management tool. However, it
management system of standards provides a
needs to be conducted after project
framework for environmental management
implementation. EMS, unlike EIA, cannot be
for both public and private sectors in order to
conducted if no project exists. Much of the
reduce the adverse impacts associated with
work in this section is based on KHURAIBET
their activities (Figure 2.1).
and AL-ATTAR (2002), the ISO 14001
Standard, and STAPLETON and COONEY

(1996) `EMS for Small and Medium-sized
Organizations'.
11



Environmental
Protection
Investment
Company
and
Image
Insurance
The
Cost
Benefits of
Sustainable
Savings
ISO 14001
Development
Legislation
Customer
Requirement
Market
Opportunities



Figure 2.1 The benefits of adopting the ISO 14001; after AL-ATTAR (1999) and KHURAIBET and
AL-ATTAR (2002)
12

The International Standards Organization
· The reduction of the costs associated
(ISO) sets certain standards for businesses to
with dealing with adverse environmental
achieve a sustainable environmental
impacts and waste management.
performance. These standards are known as
· The reduction and elimination of
the ISO 14000 Environmental Management
conflicts with environmental legislation and
Systems. Such systems are important
authorities where the organisation is
because they are essential in the control and
operating.
management of those adverse impacts
associated with services, products and the
· The enhancement of the market
activities of public and private sectors. Such
opportunity and the social and environmental
systems are being introduced as a result of
image of the organisation.
strict environmental legislation worldwide to
· The integration of the EMS standards
reduce waste and pollution. These standards
with other management systems already
are applicable to all types of organisations
existing within an organisation or project in
and projects worldwide regardless of their
order to ensure that the organisation's overall
type and size.
performance is within acceptable
international standards.
To achieve control over the adverse impacts
associated with public and private sector
· An assessment of the effectiveness of the
activities and to enhance environmental
organisation's or project's environmental
performance, companies are required to
objectives, policies and procedures so as to
adopt, implement and maintain certain
achieve conformance with the EMS and to
environmental standards. This should be
demonstrate that conformance to other
carried out within a structured environmental
organisations and the public.
management system and be part of the
· The organisation or project is provided
overall management activity designed to
with the elements of an effective
achieve sustainable environmental and
environmental management system designed
economic objectives. The overall aim of the
to achieve their economic objectives without
ISO 14000 Environmental Management
harm to the environment and human health.
Systems is to support environmental
The latter is not directly required by the
protection and pollution prevention measures
standards, however it should be taken into
in balance with the socio-economic needs of
consideration.
organisations, projects and society.

2.3 The Benefits of Adopting the
ISO 14001 Standard
A company or activity certified as compliant
with the ISO 14001 Environmental
Management Systems standard will have
demonstrated that it has made substantial
efforts to prevent pollution and to minimize
the adverse impact of its activities. The
benefits of adopting the ISO 14001 standard
are the following:
13

An organisation/project
An organisation/project
without the ISO 14001 standard
with the ISO 14001 standard
No environmental management model or system A management model exists and is followed. There are
exists. Things are done according to management's written procedures, instructions, forms and records that
perception. This could lead to mismanagement of need to be followed and recorded.
environmental issues and violations of laws and
regulations.
Things are not done systematically. Each member of Things are done systematically. Each member of the
the organisation or project does not know clearly organisation or project knows clearly and exactly his
what his exact environmental role is; who is doing role, who is doing what, when, how, why and where.
and preventing what, when, how, why and where.
Environmental awareness and compliance starts from
top management to the lower levels.
Financial and human resources are not efficiently Financial and human resources are efficiently utilized.
utilized. Therefore, the organisation or project is not Therefore, the organisation is built on a strong
built on a strong efficient environmental foundation.
environmental foundation and is efficient in carrying
out corrective actions.
Environmental auditing is absent and is not carried- Environmental auditing is carried-out to ensure that
out. There are clear indications and signs of non- there is clear compliance with the standard,
compliance with environmental regulations, environmental laws and regulations.
procedures and instructions.
Conflicts do exist with environmental legislation and Adverse impacts associated with an organisation's
authorities.
activity are considered in order to reduce pollution.
Compliance with regulations is a major component of
the ISO 14001 standard. Therefore, no conflicts exist
between an organisation and an Environmental
authority.
Table 2.1 illustrates the difference between an organisation/project that implements or does not
implement the ISO 14001 standard.


2.4 Factors That Can Lead to the
· Continuous compliance with the
stringent standards of ISO 14001.
Success of ISO 14001
· Implementation of the best available
green technology and the use of
To achieve compliance with ISO 14001
environmental protection methods that
certain factors must exist. These include the
are best suited and economically feasible.
following:

· Commitment by management, from the
top down, to adopt the ISO 14001
standard.
· All management must ensure that
procedures are set in place to maintain
and improve operational conditions and
amend unsustainable actions.
· Accreditation must be obtained from an
approved and accredited external body.
14

2.5 EMS and Fishery/Aquaculture
This part of the study provides guidelines for
Projects
pollution prevention and control through an
EMS approach to fishery projects and their
related activities including fishing,
Fishery projects have a significant ecological
harvesting, aquaculture, transportation,
footprint, with consequent implications for
export and import. This generic document
the well-being of the environment and of
can be tailored to more specific activities to
present and future generations. While many
ensure that the management system
organisations take on environmental
produced takes more account of local
initiatives such as pollution prevention
environmental factors.
measures, these efforts often fail over longer
periods of time due to the lack of
Establishments running fishery projects have
organisation and a systematic environmental
a duty of care to protect the fishery resources
management framework.
and the environment. This duty includes the
following:

An Environmental Management System
· The protection of the ecosystem
(EMS) represents a systematic approach to
the conduct of an activity to improve
· The securing of the future of fishery
environmental performance. It promotes the
resources
concept of continual improvement. This can
· The integration of ecological
be carried out by challenging establishments
considerations into all decision-making
to identify their environmental impacts,
· The compliance with local and
determine which are the most important and
international environmental laws and
set performance-based targets to continually
regulations.
minimize their impact.
15

The Elements of EMS
An EMS is a continual cycle of planning,
· Continual improvement
implementation, review and improvement of
· Pollution prevention
the processes and actions that an
organisation undertakes to meet its
· Compliance with relevant laws and
environmental responsibilities. An EMS
regulations.
comprises the following major components:
The final policy should relate to the
· Policy determination
services provided by the organisation and all
·
other supporting activities. A preliminary
Planning, identifying environmental
review is advised where an analysis of the
aspects and establishing goals
environmental aspects of all fisheries
· Implementation, including training and
projects, activities, products and services is
operational controls
carried out. This will make the commitment
· Monitoring and corrective action and
to promote sustainability and minimize
environmental impacts to be based on facts
· Review, including progress reviews and
and to attain reasonable targets.
making necessary changes to the EMS.
The policy should also be understandable
Figure 2.2 illustrates the main components of
by all employees and should be reasonable,
an EMS.
flexible and attainable. An example of a
policy statement follows:
3.1 Policy
"To provide quality aquaculture products for
the community whilst sustaining the marine
An environmental policy is top
resource and protecting the environment for
management's declaration of its commitment
present and future generations".
to the environment and environmental
protection. The policy is the basis of the
The following are examples of objectives
EMS and shows the organisation's concern
which can be included in an environmental
for the environment as a whole. Since it
policy related to fishery projects:
serves as the framework for setting
environmental objectives, the policy should
· To ensure fisheries resources and the
be reflected in the plans and actions of the
ecosystems are utilized in a sustainable
organisation. Everyone in the organisation
manner
should understand the policy and what is
· To ensure that all project activities and
expected of him/her in order to achieve the
practices are conducted according to
anticipated objectives (STAPLETON and
standards
COONEY 1996).
· To ensure that all the project activities
The policy reflects three key commitments.
abide by all international and local
Although improvement cannot be expected
environmental laws and regulations
in all areas at once, the policy should aim to
related to fishery projects, industries and
improve environmental management and
activities
performance continually. The three
· To ensure that communities, stakeholders
commitments are:
and regulators have access to information
16

Environmental Policy
Management Review
Plan
Continual
Improvement
Implement
Corrective Action
Monitor
Figure 3.1 Components of Environmental Management Systems
related to environmental aspects of the
along with the economic factors affecting
activities undertaken
the project
· To ensure that all environmental impacts
· To develop and implement an
are minimised.
environmental action plan to be

implemented in all operations within the
fishery project
Commitments to achieve such objectives
include:
· To effectively monitor and review the
environmental action plan to ensure its
· To effectively manage the impacts of
correct implementation
fishery projects by assessing their
· To minimise pollution and waste within
environmental impacts and proposing
the project
measures by which such impacts can be
minimized
· To raise the awareness of management,
employees, contractors and the
· To integrate the concept of sustainable
community to their potential role in
development into project activities to
protecting the environment
include the environmental and social
· To comply with local, regional and
international environmental laws.

17

3.2 Planning
Conducting a preliminary review
Preliminary review of current compliance
with existing laws and regulations is
Defining goals:
essential as it provides information on the
The first step in EMS planning is to set the
legal standing of the project. It also provides
goals which will be the basis of the EMS.
information on existing environmental
The goals include: improvement of
programmes and a comparison of these
environmental performance, compliance
against the criteria defined in the EMS
with regulations, prevention of pollution and
standards (ISO 14001). The organisation's
promotion of involvement throughout the
structure, procedures, policies,
organisation. These goals need to be
environmental impacts and training
documented.
programmes should also be evaluated to
determine which parts require additional
Scope of work
work. Gap analysis and self-assessment tools
The organisation should determine the
are beneficial at this point. Based on the
project scope and the location at which it
results of the preliminary review, a project
will be implemented. Some organisations
plan and budget can be prepared. The plan
may decide to apply their EMS on one site
should describe in detail what key actions
and expand at a later date to include other
are needed, who will be responsible, what
locations or facilities.
resources are required, and when the work
will be completed. The plan needs to be
Securing management approval and
flexible to allow for future alterations.
involvement
One of the most critical steps in the planning
Identifying environmental aspects
process is to gain top management approval
Fishery projects and industries need to
and a real commitment to support EMS
identify their environmental issues in order
development and implementation. Therefore,
to plan for and control their impacts. It is
management needs to understand the
also important to know what the existing
benefits of an EMS and ensure that the goals
pollution prevention measures are. Such
of the EMS are clear and consistent with
aspects need to be under the control of the
other organisational goals. Management's
project itself. This includes the work of the
commitment should be communicated across
contractors both in and outside the
the whole organisation.
boundaries of the project area if the service
is provided for the project. Other factors that
Selecting personnel and persons in charge
are beyond the influence of the project such
The choice of a team leader, in charge of the
as weather conditions, other adjacent
development and implementation of the
projects or establishments are not its
EMS, is essential. The team leader should
responsibility.
have the necessary authority, an
understanding of the organisation,
Environmental aspects are defined as issues
management skills, the time and
of concern such as waste, spills, emissions
administrative and financial support. A team
and releases. Environmental impacts are
made up of representatives from different
defined as the effect of certain aspects, such
sections and departments should assist in
as pollution, on the environment. The
identifying and assessing the environmental
significance of such impacts should be
aspects of their own work places. This also
determined. Significant aspects should be
includes fishery project contractors,
considered when establishing environmental
subcontractors, suppliers and other external
objectives and defining operational controls.
parties.
18


Define Goals






Secure

Select Person In
Choose
Management
Charge
Implementation


Commitment
Team










Develop
Conduct


Project
Preliminary Review
Plan, Schedule






Ensure
Monitor
Employees
&

Involvement
Communicate

Progress


Figure 3.2 The process of developing an EMS for a fishery/aquaculture project


19

In general, potential environmental aspect
· Water discharges, e.g. spills, sewage,
categories include:
industrial discharges to water bodies
· Ecosystem disturbance
· Local issues, e.g. noise, odour, dust,
· Raw material and resource use, e.g.
traffic, etc.
water, energy, etc.
· Air emissions
· Contamination of land
· Energy use.
· Solid and hazardous wastes including

hazardous material storage and
handling
· Environmental policy: Develop a statement of your organisation's commitment to the environment. Use
this policy as a framework for planning and action.
· Environmental aspects: Identify environmental attributes of your products, activities and services.
Determine those that could have significant impacts on the environment.
· Legal and other requirements: Identify and ensure access to relevant laws and regulations, as well as other
requirements to which your organisation adheres.
· Objectives and targets: Establish environmental goals for your organisation, in line with your policy,
environmental impacts, the views of interested parties, and other factors.
· Environmental management programme: Plan actions necessary to achieve your objectives and targets.
· Structure and responsibility: Establish roles and responsibilities for environmental management and
provide appropriate resources.
· Training, awareness and competence: Ensure that your employees are trained and capable of carrying out
their environmental responsibilities.
· Communication: Establish processes for internal and external communications on environmental
management issues.
· EMS documentation: Maintain information on your EMS with related documents.
· Document control: Ensure effective management of procedures and other system documents.
· Operational control: Identify, plan and manage your operations and activities in line with your policy,
objectives and targets.
· Emergency preparedness and response: Identify potential emergencies and develop procedures for
preventing and responding to them.
· Monitoring and measurement: Monitor key activities and track performance. Conduct periodic
assessments of compliance with legal requirements.
· Non-conformance and corrective and preventive action: Identify and correct problems and prevent their
recurrence.
· Records: Maintain and manage records of EMS performance.
· EMS audit: Periodically verify that your EMS is operating as intended.
· Management review: Periodically review your EMS with an eye to continual improvement.
Table 3.1 The key elements of an EMS; after STAPLETON and COONEY (1996)
20

Environmental aspects and impacts of
· Significant environmental aspects
fishery projects
· The views of stakeholders
Fishery projects and aquaculture are
essential industries that provide food for
· The legal requirements
many communities especially in low income
· Financial, administrative and technical
countries. However, their environmental
resources
impacts still require control and mitigation.
Table 3.2 provides a summary of the major
· The objectives should reflect what the
environmental aspects and impacts of fishery
organisation does, how well it is
projects.
performing and what it wants to achieve
· The setting of objectives should involve
Setting the legal framework for the EMS
people from all relevant operations; these
In order to comply with laws and regulations
people should be able to establish, plan
an organisation must first know which apply
for, and achieve these goals.
to it and how they affect it. Compliance with
legal requirements is the basis of
· Communicating objectives to employees
environmental policy. Non-compliance with
is vital.
such laws possibly damages the
· Linking the objectives to real
environment, causes revenue loss and
environmental improvements gives
impacts on the organisation's public image.
people something tangible to work
towards
An effective EMS should include processes
· Objectives should be consistent with the
for the identification and communication of
overall goal and the key commitments
applicable legal and other obligations. New
established in the environmental policy
or revised legal obligations might require
modification to the project's EMS elements.
· Objectives should be flexible, realistic
The EMS should include a procedure for
and simple; progress in achieving
identifying, accessing and analyzing
objectives should be communicated
applicable legal and other requirements.
across the organisation
There are many methods of obtaining
· Individual progress in achieving
information about applicable laws or
objectives should be communicated
regulations. These include the websites of
throughout the organisation; regular
international organisations, direct contacts
reports on this progress should be
with regulators, trade unions and groups,
considered at staff meetings
official documents and publications.
· A limited number of objectives should be
Objectives
set at the start of the project and then
increased over time.
The following should be considered when
· A method for measuring progress should
defining the objectives of the EMS:
be determined.
· Objectives help organisations to reach
their goals. These can be applied at the
organisational level or to individual
units, departments or projects (Table
3.3).
In setting objectives the following should be
considered:
· Environmental policy
21

Aspect
Impact
Effect
Creation of ponds as
Physical change to the habitat
Damage to coastal ecosystems and fauna
artificial habitats
(seepage of salt water: salinization,
affecting food web and affecting socio-
acidification and sulphuration of soil
economic well-being
and waterways)
Waste food and waste
Settlement on seabed, increased
Changes in bacterial populations, change
from organisms
microbial activity, sulphate reduction, in water quality leading to ecological
increased biological oxygen demand,
problems such as fish kills, reduced
increased turbidity
hatching and decline in fish growth rates
Food quality and quantity
Loss from fish cages
Unnecessary destruction of mammals,
and birds; environmental deterioration

Captive breeding and
Reduced levels of genetic
Reduced fitness of wild population after
rearing
composition
release into the environment
Egg collection
Damage to similar size larvae and
Imbalance in the food web
plankton
Damage to coastal
Coastal erosion
Decline in coastal fisheries and
wetlands
destruction of any nearby coral reef
Large scale bivalve farms
Filtration of phytoplankton and
Alteration of local food web
zooplankton
Medications, antibiotics,
Emergence of resistant bacteria and
Seafood quality and health, and human
growth hormones and
alteration of the bacterial flora in the
health
vaccines
environment
Chemical usage such as
Water pollution
Toxic effects on fish stock and human
environmentally
health
unfriendly anti-fouling
Escape of alien species
Uncertainty of ecological effects:
Effects on food web and food chain
(bio-invasions)
some serious ecological damage
Aquaculture conditions
Stress: undermining change in
Economic loss and effect on health of
resistance making fish more prone to
ecosystem
disease
Noise
Increase in noise level
Health and psychological effects
Sewage
Water pollution
Health effects on humans and fish,
economic effects and social effects
Oil, fuel and lubricants
Water pollution
Toxic effects on human and fishery
passing into the
resources
environment from fishing
vessels and aquaculture
farms

Table 3.2 Aspects, impacts and effects of fishery/aquaculture projects
22

Aspect
Impact
Effect
Energy consumption
Air and thermal pollution from power
Greenhouse effect and effects upon
stations
marine ecosystems caused by increase in
water temperature and particulates
settlement; also economic effects
Nuisance to leisure
Visual and social impacts for shore
Social and psychological effects
activities
and water users
Management of retained
Over-exploitation of target species and Effects on food webs, reduction in fish
and non-retained species
depletion of other species accidentally
catch, affecting food supply,
from fishing vessels
caught
consequential economic and social
problems

Municipal waste
Soil pollution, visual impacts, odour
Health and psychological effects and
collection & disposal
and noise
ecological damage
from project area


Table 3.2 continued

Objectives
Goals
To reduce the amount of waste generated by
A reduction in the amount of waste generated by the project
the project
site by 15% before 2004
To reduce energy and water usage
A reduction in electricity and water use by 15% in 2005
To reduce usage of hazardous chemicals
The elimination of toxic antifoulant use by 2005
To improve employee awareness of
Monthly awareness training courses; the training of all
environmental issues
employees by end of the year
To improve compliance with wastewater
Zero permit limit violations by the end of 2005
discharge permit limits
To reduce the catch of non-retained species
A decrease in the catch of non-retained species by 20% by
2005
To introduce organic aquaculture methods to
Introduction by 2006
meet export, environmental and public
demands.
To introduce organic feed
The introduction of certified organic feed by the end of 2005
To install pollution control measures in fishing The introduction of sewage containers in 60% of the fishing
vessels
vessels by 2004 and the rest in 2005; installing waste
collection containers in all vessels by 2003
Table 3.3 Examples of objectives and goals
23

Objective / Target #1: ----------
Action Items
Priority
Responsibilities
Schedule
Resources Needed
Comments












Table 3.4 Sample form for Environmental Management Programme
The Environmental Management Departments should review their applicable
Programme
legal and other requirements, and examine
existing operational procedures and work
When fully developed, the environmental
instructions, making necessary adjustments
management programme will:
to reduce possible environmental effects.
· Identify specific action steps
They should verify that appropriate
operational controls are identified and check
· Set defined schedules
that employees are fully informed of their
· Allocate staff and financial resources
obligations in their job descriptions.
Department managers should note which
· Establish individual and group
employees require additional competency or
responsibilities
awareness training and which job
· Identify the training needs of the staff
descriptions need amending.
involved
·
The program should be modified when:
Establish a monitoring and reporting
system to ensure that individual and
· Objectives are modified or added
departmental obligations are being met
· Relevant legal requirements are
and,
introduced or changed
· Establish emergency preparedness and
· Substantial progress in achieving
response plans.
objectives has or has not been made
As a first step in developing environmental
· Changes to products, services, processes,
management programmes Implementation
and facilities or when other issues arise.
Teams should review the list of significant
aspects and the workflow diagrams that
Structure and responsibility
identify where in the organisation these
For an EMS to be effective, roles and
aspects occur and how they should be
responsibilities must be clearly defined and
monitored. Implementation Teams should
communicated. The commitment of all
meet with the appropriate department
employees is needed for an EMS to be
personnel and confirm the significant
successful. Top management plays a key role
environmental issues.
by providing the resources needed to
implement the EMS. An effective
management system needs a management
24

representative who must ensure the
· The Implementation Team should act as
following:
advisor, co-ordinator, and facilitator to
these efforts.
· That the EMS is established and
· All employees must be supported by the
implemented
necessary authority, resources, and
· That reports on its performance over time
training to allow them to fulfil their
are kept as a permanent record
responsibilities.
· That the opinions of all workers are
· The ultimate responsibility for
important to modification of the EMS.
accomplishing environmental goals
The management representative can also
remains with senior management.
serve as the project Team Leader.
The organisational structure for Training, awareness and competency
environmental management should be
Once the operating procedures and work
planned. A flow chart of the existing
instructions have been documented and roles
organisational structure may help to identify
and responsibilities clarified, it is important
suitable personnel to be responsible for the
to assess the skills employees require to
implementation of the EMS. The EMS
carry out their environmental
approach holds all personnel, even those
responsibilities. All employees should be
outside the organisation's environmental
given a broad understanding of the
functions, accountable for the environmental
organisation's environmental issues and
issues associated with their jobs.
policy, and awareness of how their job
Implementation Teams should work closely
potentially affects the environment. Some
with each department to clearly identify and
employees may require task-specific
communicate employee roles and
training.
responsibilities. Other workers, regardless of
A variety of methods can be used for
their job or status in the organisation, should
awareness training. Cards, posters and many
be encouraged to help to protect the
other methods can be used to increase
environment; see Table 3.4.
awareness and to promote understanding of
The EMS management representative and
the organisation's environmental goals and
the Implementation Team should clearly
priorities. For task-specific or competency
define and communicate their own roles and
improvement, on-the-job-training can be
responsibilities and the roles and
used. Training records are required to be up-
responsibilities of departmental staff with
to-date. Training should be tailored to the
respect to implementing the EMS.
differing needs of the various levels and
functions within the organisation, see Table
· Department managers are responsible for
3.5.
the completion of environmental
management activities in their
Communications
departments.
Effective environmental management
·
requires effective communication, both
Department personnel will be assigned
internally and externally. Effective
specific responsibilities identified in the
communication will help explain the
environmental management programme.
environmental policy and EMS. This relates
· All employees must know what they are
to the overall organisational vision, the
to do, how they are to do it, and that they
motivation of the workforce, the acceptance
have authority to do what is required.
of plans and efforts and the understanding of
roles and expectations. Effective
communication also demonstrates
25

o web site or e-mail list
Step 1: Assess training needs & requirements.
o press releases and media
Step 2: Define training objectives.
Step 3: Select suitable methods and materials.
o annual reports
Step 4: Prepare training plan (who, what, when,
o advertising
where, how).
Step 5: Conduct training.
o informal discussions
Step 6: Track training (and maintain records).
Step 7: Evaluate training effectiveness.
Step 8: Improve Training Programme as needed.
EMS documentation and manual
To ensure that the EMS is well understood
and operating correctly, the people doing the
work must be provided with adequate
Table 3.5 Key steps in developing an EMS
information. Other external parties, such as
training programme; after STAPLETON and
COONEY (1996)
customers, regulators, and the public, also
need to understand how the EMS is designed
management commitment, helps monitor and
and implemented. Therefore, the EMS
evaluate performance and identify potential
should be documented in a manual to be
system improvements (STAPLETON AND
used by the concerned personnel.
COONEY 1996).
An EMS manual is a series of explanations
Taking steps taken to obtain the views of the
of the processes the organisation implements
stakeholders, who can be neighbours,
to conform to the EMS criteria (such as the
customers, community groups, and
EMS elements). The EMS should at least
regulators, will also help to gain a better
describe the system's elements and how they
understanding of how the project is
are related to each other and provide
perceived by people outside the organisation.
direction to related documentation.
The stakeholders can bring forward
Additional documents, such as methods by
important environmental issues that should
which environmental aspects are determined,
be addressed in the EMS. Thus, an effective
other implementation guides, standards, and
EMS should include procedures for the
forms of procedures and work instructions,
following (STAPLETON AND COONEY 1996):
should also be maintained.
· Internal communication between EMS documentation can be presented either
different organisational levels and
on paper or electronically. There are
functions
advantages to holding documents
·
electronically, such as control of access and
Consulting, receiving, documenting and
maintenance of up-to-date versions of
responding to external communication.
documents.
Appropriate communication methods include
EMS documentation should be simple, with
the following:
references to more detailed documents or
·
procedures. It should be updated as needed,
Internal methods such as:
based on any system improvements put in
o newsletters
place. However, if too much detail is put in
o intranet
an EMS manual, more frequent updating of
the manual may be needed. The EMS
o staff meetings
manual should include the following:
o memos
· The environmental policy
o training
· The organisation's profile, structure and
· External methods such as:
key responsibilities
26

· A description of how environmental
· Storage and handling of raw materials
aspects are identified, how documents
and chemicals
are controlled and how legal
· Equipment servicing
requirements are fulfilled
·
·
Management of contractors.
A description of activity- or process-
specific procedures and work instructions
A review of existing procedures is also
· Other EMS-related documents such as
important as some may be required to
emergency response plans and training
control significant impacts. The development
plans.
of charts to track the necessary controls is
needed (Tables 3.6 and 3.7).
Document control
The maintenance of equipment which could
The organisation must provide employees
have significant environmental impacts or
with the right documents to allow them to
result in non-compliance must be carried out.
perform their tasks properly. Such
A plan is needed to manage maintenance and
documents need to be correct and up-to-date.
its effectiveness should be assessed before
The organisation should thus have a
making significant changes.
procedure to describe how such documents
are controlled. The implementation of this
procedure should ensure that:
Emergency preparedness and response
Despite an organisation's best efforts,
· EMS documents can be located when
accidents and other emergency situations
needed
still occur. Effective preparation and
·
response can reduce injuries, prevent or
They are periodically reviewed to check
minimize environmental impacts, protect
that they are still valid
employees and the community and reduce
· Out-of-date documents are removed
losses.
· Responsibility is designated for
An effective programme for emergencies
preparing documents and keeping them
should:
up-to-date. A distribution list should be
kept showing who has each copy and
· Assess the potential for accidents and
where the copies are located (see
emergencies
appendices for sample forms)
· Prevent incidents and their associated
· When procedures or documents are
environmental impacts
revised, the changes should be recorded
· Plan procedures for responding to
so that they can be tracked easily.
incidents
· Test periodically the emergency plans
Operational control
and,
Draft procedures should be prepared and
reviewed with the people who will
· Mitigate impacts associated with these
implement them. This will ensure that the
incidents.
procedures are appropriate, realistic and
practical.
It is important to review the project's
emergency response performance after an
Examples of activities that might require
incident has occurred. This review can be
operational controls include:
used to modify procedures and improve
responses.
· Waste management and disposal
· Approval of the use of new chemicals
27

Operation or
Procedure is
Procedure exists,
Procedure
No procedure is
needed (none
but is not
exists and is
needed
Activity
exists)
documented
documented
1
X



2

X


3

X


4


X

Table 3.6 An example of a chart that is designed to keep track of what controls are needed; after
STAPLETON and COONEY (1996)
Hints on writing procedures

· Understand the existing process; construct a flow chart, and build on informal procedures
where they exist
· Focus on steps needed for consistent implementation
· Use a consistent format and approach
· Review draft procedures with employees who will have to implement them; better yet,
enlist the relevant employees to help write them
· Keep procedures simple and concise
Table 3.7 Hints on the writing of EMS procedures (STAPLETON and COONEY 1996)
The plan should describe the following
· Potential emergency situations such as fires, explosions, spills or releases of hazardous
materials, and natural disasters
· Any hazardous materials used on-site and their locations
· Key organisational responsibilities, especially emergency co-ordinators
· Arrangements with local emergency support providers
· Emergency response procedures, including those for communications
· Locations and types of emergency response equipment
· The maintenance of emergency response equipment
· The training and testing of personnel, including the on-site emergency response team
· The testing of alarm and public address systems
· All evacuation routes, exits and assembly points, using maps where appropriate
Table 3.8 Checklist for emergency preparedness and response plans (STAPLETON and COONEY 1996)

28

Monitoring and measurement
Some examples of EMS performance
Monitoring and measurement enables an
indicators:
organisation to:
· Concentration of pollutants per litre of
· Evaluate environmental performance
water
· Analyze the causes of problems
· Amount of hazardous waste generated
· Assess compliance with legal
per year
requirements
· Percentage of employees completing
· Identify areas requiring corrective action
environmental training
· Improve performance and efficiency.
· Average time for resolving problems
· Energy use per unit of production
The organisation should develop procedures
· Percentage of solid waste recycled
to:
· Weight of non-retained fish caught in
· Monitor key characteristics of any
trawling activities
activities which can have significant
environmental impacts or compliance
· Number of dead or diseased fish in
consequences
aquaculture ponds.
· Measure progress in meeting objectives;

appropriate performance indicators
It is also important to develop procedures
should be selected to help understand
for:
how well the EMS is working.
Performance indicators should be simple,
· The calibration and maintenance of
objective, measurable and relevant.
monitoring equipment. Records of the

processes should be kept according to the
organisation's documentation procedures.
Indicators could be in the form of:
· Periodic evaluation of compliance with
· Qualitative data: documents, records,
applicable laws and regulations.
systems, products, safety procedures,
Therefore, an organisation should have
emergency preparedness and responses,
procedures which systematically identify
disaster controls.
and prevent violations.
· Quantitative data: levels, limits and
standards for:

Non-conformance and corrective and
o Water quality
preventive action
o Air emissions
One of the essential elements of the EMS is
o Waste amounts
to investigate and identify nonconformity.
Corrective and preventive actions should be
o Soil quality
both implemented and tracked for their
effectiveness. All EMS nonconformities,
o Noise
including legal non-compliance, should be
recorded so that patterns and trends can be
o Radiation
identified. Identifying trends allows the
organisation to anticipate and prevent future

problems.
29

The organisation must be committed to
· Hazardous material spills and other
resolving any problem within a given time
incident reports
period. Corrective actions should resolve the
· Communications with customers,
immediate problem and ensure that the same
suppliers, contractors and other external
or similar problems do not exist or arise
parties
elsewhere in the organisation.
· Results of management reviews
Records
· Sampling and monitoring data
Permanent records are proof of how the
organisation is implementing the EMS. Such
· Maintenance records
records have an internal purpose as a
· Equipment calibration records.
reference and as evidence to management

and staff. They are also evidence of
compliance or non-compliance for
EMS auditing
customers, regulators and the public.
Environmental auditing is a verification
process for evaluating evidence to determine
The basis of record management is to decide
whether specified environmental activities,
what records need to be kept, how they are
events, conditions, systems, and information
to be kept and for how long. The disposal of
conform to audit criteria. The end results of
undesired records should also be considered.
this process are then communicated to the
Forms should be simple and easy to
concerned party. International guidelines
understand. Selective access to records
related to auditing include:
should be determined especially for
documents which need to be kept secure. An
· ISO 14010: Guidelines for
electronic EMS record management system
Environmental Auditing - General
could also be used. Electronic records can
principles on environmental auditing.
provide an excellent means for rapid
· ISO 14011: Guidelines for
retrieval of data as well as controlling access
Environmental Auditing - Auditing
to sensitive records.
procedures.
Examples of the different types of records

are (STAPLETON and COONEY 1996):
Once the EMS is established, verifying its
implementation is crucial. Periodic audits
· Legal, regulatory and other code
help determine whether all the requirements
requirements
of the EMS are being carried out as
· Results of the identification of
specified. Conducting an audit allows
environmental aspects
organisations to:
· Reports of progress towards meeting
· Ensure environmental legislative
targets
compliance
· Permits, licenses and other approvals
· Evaluate potential environmental
· Job descriptions and performance
liabilities
evaluations
· Check compliance with ISO 14001
· Training records
· Plan for future legislative changes
· EMS and regulatory compliance audit
· Reduce environmental risks
reports
· Allow for continual improvement
· Reports of identified nonconformities,
corrective action plans and action taken
· Gain ISO Certification.

30

For the EMS audit program to be effective,
Audit planning:
the following should be considered:
· Date, duration and location of audit
· Developing audit procedures
· Reference documents (ISO 14001)
· Determining audit frequency
· The objectives and scope of the audit
· Selecting and training auditors
· Identification of the aspects of the audit
· Maintaining audit records.
· Methods and sampling

· Identification of key staff to interview
The audit structure should include the
· Priority areas
following:
· Meeting schedule
· The audit program
· Confidentiality
· Audit planning
· Report format
· Audit execution
· Record keeping.
· Reporting

· Corrective and preventive actions.
Audit reports must include:

· Details of the organisation being audited
The principles of Environmental Auditing
include:
· Details of the audit team
· Date and duration of audit
· The setting of objectives and scope
· The agreed objectives and scope of the
· Objectivity and independence
audit
· Skill and professional judgment
· Agreed criteria (ISO 14001)
· Confidentiality
· A statement confirming the confidential
· The following of systematic procedures
nature of the report
for audit
· A list and summary of audit processes
· The agreeing on audit criteria with client
including obstacles
& lead auditor
· The conclusions of the audit.
· An understanding of the chance of

uncertainty in audits.
Results of the EMS audit should be linked to

a corrective and preventive action process.
Details of the auditor's qualifications:
To determine an appropriate frequency for
the EMS audits, the following factors should
· Scientific qualifications and degree
be considered:
· Appropriate knowledge and experience
· The nature of organisation operations and
in the environment field
activities
· Management and leadership skills
· The significance of environmental
· Training courses taken
aspects and impacts
· Professional recognition and registration.
· The results of the monitoring processes,
and

· The results of previous audits.
31

It is suggested, however, that the EMS
Certification and self-declaration
should be audited at least annually.
The organisation can choose to demonstrate
Subsequent audits can be conducted at one
its compliance with standards to the world
time or broken down into smaller parts
through certification. This compliance is
relating to the needs of different sites and
verified by an independent and accredited
activities. Selected staff can be trained to
body (certifier) whose external auditors carry
carry out internal audits by experienced
out the preliminary and main audit. Such
training firms. Internal auditors should be
certifying firms obtain their permits from
trained on auditing techniques, skills and
official accreditation bodies in their country
management system concepts. They should
of origin such as UKAS in UK, NAB in
also be familiar with environmental
Ireland and the Ministry of Environment in
regulations, facility operations and
Greece. Certifiers conduct periodic audits to
environmental science. Auditors should also
verify the organisation's commitment to
be independent of the activities being
continual improvement and compliance with
audited.
standards. An organisation may also choose
to self-declare its compliance with an EMS
External auditors can also be contracted to
standard.
organise independent internal audits. They
can also perform the certification audit to

provide the organisation with verification
that its EMS complies with international
Recommendations
standards, such as ISO14001. During an
audit, the auditors should review any
It is recommended:
identified deficiencies with the people who
work in the relevant area. This will help to
· That fishery projects be subjected to
verify that the audit findings are correct and
EIA.
can reinforce employee awareness of EMS
· That EIA procedures and guidelines be
requirements.
incorporated into the environmental
The audit results are usually presented to top
decision making process.
management, or their representatives. The
· That EMS be introduced into the
organisation should then ensure that
environmental decision making process.
identified deficiencies are corrected
· That PERSGA improves its capability in
according to a timeframe and that corrective
EIA and EMS and seeks the technical
actions are documented.
support of local, regional and
international establishments in building
The management review
this technical capability.
Management reviews are a key to continual
· That an environmental authority's staff
improvement as they keep the EMS efficient
working in the fields of EIA and EMS
and cost-effective. The results of internal
needs to be well trained and qualified in
audits are usually discussed in meetings
both fields of expertise.
where decisions on actions to be taken are
made accordingly. After documenting these
· That a registry be established for
actions, a follow-up is required to ensure
consultants and consultancy firms
their adequate implementation. Progress
working in EIA and ISO 14001 to ensure
should be tracked to completion.
quality of work.


32

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Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin to the
materials at sea and approval of oil
herbicide atrazine as influenced by light
dispersants. Guidance Notes. MAFF, Rural
intensity and temperature. Aquatic
and Marine Environment Division, Marine
Toxicology 8: 175-184.
Resources and Licensing Branch, London.
35

MAYASICH, J.M., KARLANDER, E.P. and
NRIAGU, J.O. and PACYNA, J.M. 1988.
TERLIZZI, D.E. Jr. 1987. Growth responses of
Quantitative assessment of worldwide
Nannochloris oculata Droop and
contamination of air, water and soils by trace
Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin to the
metals. Nature (Lond.) 333: 134-139.
herbicide atrazine as influenced by light
intensity and temperature in unialgal and
RAND, G.M. and PETROCELLI, S.R. (1985).
bialgal assemblages. Aquatic Toxicology 10:
Introduction. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic
187-197.
Toxicology (Rand, G.M. and Petrocelli, S.R.
eds) pp. 1-30. Hemisphere Publishing
MAYER, F.L. 1987. Acute toxicity handbook
Company, New York.
of chemicals to estuarine organisms. US EPA
Report EPA/600/8-87/017, Environmental
RSC. 1991. The Agrochemical Handbook,
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida.
Third Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry
information services, ISBN 0-85186-416-3.
MILLER, D.C., POUCHER, S., CARDIN, J.A.
and HANSEN, D. 1990. The acute and chronic
STAPLETON and COONEY. 1996. EMS
toxicity of ammonia to marine fish and a
Guidelines Implementation for Small and
mysid.
Archives of Environmental
Medium Sized Organisations. NSF
Toxicology 19: 40-48.
International, Michigan, USA.
NIPPER, M.G., BADERO-PEDROSO, C. and
VOYER, R.A. and MODICA, G. 1990.
JOSE, V.F. 1993. Toxicity testing with coastal
Influence of salinity and temperature on
species of south-eastern Brazil. Mysids and
acute toxicity of cadmium to Mysidopsis
Copepods. Bulletin of Environmental
bahia Molenock. Archive of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 51: 99-106.
Contamination Toxicology 19: 124-131.
NISON, S.C., GUNBY, A., ASHLEY, S.J., LEWIS,
WHO. 1988. Environmental Health Criteria
S. and NAISMITH, I. 1995. Development and
No. 61, Chromium. IPCS, World Health.
testing of General Quality Assessment
schemes: dissolved oxygen and ammonia in
YOUNG, W. 1992. Revised Environmental
estuaries. NRA Project Record 469/15/HO.
Quality Standards for inorganic lead in
water. WRc report to the Department of the
NIXON, S.C., SMITH, I.N.H. and PARR, W.
Environment, DoE 2718/1.
1992. Water quality criteria for nature
conservation in estuaries. Report to English
Website:
Nature.
http://www.iso14000-iso14001-
NRA. 1995. The Mersey Estuary. A report on
environmental-management.com/
environmental quality. Water Quality Series
report No. 23. National Rivers Authority,

Bristol.
36

Appendices
Appendix I: Examples, sample forms and procedures for EMS for
fishery/aquaculture projects


ENVIRONMENTAL MANUAL
ISSUE No. -----

Approved by :- Company Chairman & General Manager


Note: This document is for circulation within (Company name) only and it, or
extracts from it, shall not be passed or copied to other companies or persons not
employed by (Company name) without written permission of the General
Manager.
Compliance with an Environmental Manual and supporting procedures does not
in itself confer immunity from legal obligations.


Signed for and on behalf of (Company name):



General Manager:



Date:

37

Revision Record of the EMS Manual
Amendment Number
Date
Text Affected
Issue Status





























































Copy No:
_______________________________

Issued To:
_______________________________

On Date:
_______________________________

This is a controlled document - Do NOT photocopy
38

List of Manual Holders
Copy
Holder of the Copy
Signature
Copy No: 1
General Manager

Copy No: 2
Deputy General Manager

Copy No: 3
Commercial Services Manager

Copy No: 4
Company Accountant

Copy No: 5
Quality and Environmental Manager

Copy No: 6
Marketing Manager

Copy No: 7
Network Manager

Copy No: 8
Customer Services Manager

Copy No: 9
Services Liaison and Employment Advisor

Copy No: 10 Head of Management Training

Copy No: 11 Head of Health and Safety Training

Copy No: 12 Head of Information Technology Training

Copy No: 13 Personnel Officer

Copy No: 14 Training Officer

Copy No: 15 Project Leaders




39

Table of Contents

Environmental clauses (ISO 14001 clauses)
Page No
1.
Company profile

2.
Environmental policy (4.2)

3.
Environmental management system

3.1.3
Management review (4.6)

3.2
Environmental system

3.3.2
Environmental aspects (4.3.1)

3.3.3
Legal and other requirements (4.3.2)

3.3.4
Objectives and targets (4.3.3)

3.3.5
Environmental management programme(s) (4.3.4)

3.3.6
Implementation and operation (4.4)

3.3.7
Structure and responsibility (4.4.1)

3.3.8
Training, awareness and competence (4.4.2)

3.3.9
Communication (4.4.3)

3.3.10
Environmental management system documentation (4.4.4)

3.5
Document control (4.4.5)

3.5.4
Operational control (4.4.6)

3.5.5
Emergency preparedness and response (4.4.7)

3.13.4
Monitoring and measurement (4.5.1)

3.13.3
Checking and corrective action (4.5)

3.14
Non-conformance corrective and preventive action (4.5.2)

3.16
Control of Environmental records (4.5.3)

3.17.2
Environmental management system audit (4.5.4)



40

1. Company Profile

The following needs to be completed in a detailed manner:

Company name:

General Manager name:

Company representatives:

Organisational structure and chart:

Contact address:

Tel.:

Fax:

E-mail:

Services being provided:

Description of the project under the company management:

Project location:


41

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE 1
Environmental Policy
1 Scope:
To define the Policy for the control and improvement of the direct and indirect aspects and
impacts upon the environment by activities.
2 Responsibility:
The responsibility for implementation of the Environmental Policy is with the Management
Representative with support from the Environmental Coordinator.
3 References:
Organisation's Environmental Policy.
4 Procedures:
4.1 Environmental Policy:
The management and personnel of the project believe that it is in the best interests of the residents
of the region, the management and employees of the project, that they strive to achieve and
maintain sound environmental performance in all aspects of their activities and operations.
In particular we are committed to:
· Meeting in full the standards imposed by environmental legislation which impact upon any
operations and ensuring that others who are involved meet the same standards.
· Preventing pollution by the identification of environmental risks and effects, and setting
internal standards commensurate with best practice.
· Working within the framework of an Environmental Management System, commensurate with
the requirements of ISO 14001, including procedures and the setting of objectives and targets
to achieve measured continual improvement.
· Ensuring that environmental criteria are considered in all projects where there is control or
influence.
· Setting standards for the selection and engagement of suppliers and contractors with a view to
encouraging improvements in their environmental performance.
· Promoting environmental protection as a mutual objective for management and employees at
all levels.
· Providing training and instruction at all levels to motivate and enable environmental
procedures to be followed.
· Effectively communicating this policy to all employees and making it available to other
interested parties on request.
42

4.2 Review:
The management representative will convene and chair the environment committee at not less
than quarterly intervals. The agenda for these meetings includes but is not limited to the
following:
· Reviewing the adequacy of the current Environmental Policy and its management
· Reviewing non-compliance trends
· Reviewing the results and effectiveness of corrective actions
· Areas of concern
· Reviewing progress on current environmental objectives and targets
· Allocating responsibilities and time scales on the environmental objectives and targets of
current actions
· Reviewing incident reports
· Reviewing the performance of pollution abatement equipment
· Reviewing progress on major environmental audit report recommendations, allocating
responsibility and timescales
· Any other business

5 Documents:
The following documents are maintained in support of this procedure:
· Environmental Policy and Procedures

43

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 8
Environmental Effects Evaluation and Register
1. Scope
To provide a record of the identified and significant direct and indirect environmental effects of ---
--------- aspects and impacts relative to its operations and activities, emergencies, incidents and
accidents.
2. Responsibility
The responsibility for maintaining this record is delegated to the Environmental Coordinator, and
to persons identified in the text.
3. References
Environmental Aspects and Impacts Assessments
4. Procedure
4.1 Register
The Environmental Coordinator will maintain a register which tabulates all environmental effects
evaluations carried out by or on behalf of ------------, records the effective date of all such
evaluations, and identifies the purpose for which such evaluations are maintained.
4.2 Register Sections
Initially the basic sections of the Register will be:
· Waste Management Plan
· Hazardous Substances (General)
· Hazardous Substances (Specific substances)
· Water Pollution incident reports
· Soil and Groundwater incident reports
· Spill reports
· Aspects and impact evaluations
4.3 New Activities
Department Managers are to ensure that any changes, additional or new activities or services
which may have an effect on the environment are reported in writing to the Environmental
Coordinator for evaluation and recording in the effects register if appropriate.
5. Records
The following records are maintained in support of this procedure:
· Register of Environmental Effects
· Environmental Effect Reports as listed in 4.2 above
· Reports required by 4.3 above
44

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 9
Incident Reporting
1. Scope
To define an incident and the procedures for investigating, reporting and disseminating
information regarding incidents.
2. Responsibility
Responsibility for implementing the procedure is delegated to the managers and supervisors at the
locations at which an incident occurs and to other persons identified in the text.
3. References
Environmental Procedure No. 6 Operational Control.
4. Procedure
4.1 Definition of "Incident"
An incident is an occurrence which gave rise to environmental damage or which, in slightly
different circumstances, could have done so.
4.2 Examples of "Incidents"
Each manager has the freedom to define types or categories of incident over and above those
listed below. They do not, however, have the freedom to remove any from those listed below:
· Failure or substandard performance of pollution control equipment
· Spillage of fuel, or lubricants, which exceeds 5 litres or escapes from the perimeter of the
location on which it was spilled
· Damage to containers holding hazardous materials during storage or handling
· Leaks to soils from contained sources of hazardous materials
· Abnormal emissions to atmosphere
· Abnormal discharges to controlled waters which result in pollution
· Abnormal discharges to open ground which result in soil contamination
· Failure of tanks, pipes or dispensing equipment during operations
· Venting to atmosphere of Montreal Protocol controlled substances
· Failure of tanks during routine tests

4.3 Reporting of incidents
Incident reports are to be generated by the manager of the facility where the incident occurs.
Incident reports are to be given a unique serial number giving the identification number of the site
and a sequential report number. Incidents are to be investigated initially by the manager within
whose area they occur. Copies of completed incident reports are to be forwarded without delay to
the Environmental Coordinator and in any event as soon as possible after the incident becomes
apparent.
45

4.4 Investigation of Incidents
Incident Reports, as detailed in Appendix A, are to be completed in all relevant circumstances.
The facility's manager or the senior person on the site is to complete Part A detailing the date and
time, location, type of incident and substance or plant involved. Part B is to be completed in
consultation with the relevant manager detailing the cause of the incident, remedial or corrective
action taken, recommendations to prevent a recurrence and details of any environmental damage
or complaints resulting. Reference must be made to any similar type of incident which has
previously occurred at the same location giving the relevant identification number of the previous
incident.
4.5 Dissemination of Incident Reports
Environmental incidents or accidents are a fixed-agenda item for the Environment Committee.
Incident reports are also to be presented to the Executive Management Team by the manager in
whose area the incident took place. Where the Environment Committee or the Environmental
Coordinator believes there are lessons which could be learnt by others or where a trend is
emerging, incident reports are to be brought to the attention of all employees. Where incidents
reveal deficiencies in the Environmental Management System the Environmental Coordinator is
to draft procedures, to be approved by the Environment Committee, to correct the deficiencies
identified.
5. Records
The following records are to be maintained in support of this procedure:
· Incident reports
· Environmental Committee Minutes
46

Sample Incident Report

Report Serial No. ................/ .............
Part A:
· Location:
· Date and time of incident:
· Type of incident (spill, leak, damage, complaint etc.):
· Substance and / or plant / equipment involved:
· Description of incident:
· Name of person completing Part A of report:

Part B
· Cause of incident
· Remedial or corrective action taken
· Recommendations to prevent recurrence
· Environmental damage or complaints resulting
· Previous similar incidents at same location
· Details of regulatory involvement


Signed: _____________________________
Manager Name: _______________________



47

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 10
Hazardous Substances ­ Identification & Accounting
1. Scope
To define the term "Hazardous Substance' in relation to the (Company name) Environmental
Management System. Additionally, to detail the method of accounting for the presence of such
substances.
2. Responsibility
The responsibility for implementing this procedure is delegated to those persons identified in the text.
3. References
· Environmental Policy
· Environmental Procedures
4. Procedure
4.1 Categories of Hazard
For purposes of this Environmental Management System the following categories of substance, as
supplemented by those contained in 4.2 below shall be considered hazardous:
· Very toxic
· Toxic
· Harmful
· Irritant
· Corrosive
· Any substance listed in the "Carcinogen Approved Code of Practice" carrying the R45 Risk
Phrase
4.2 Additional categories of Hazard
The Approved Supply List (4th Edition) issued by the Health and Safety Commission contains
certain Risk and Safety Phrases which relate to Environmental Effects.
These substances which are considered to be environmentally harmful are:
A: Risk Phrases:
· R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
· R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
· R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
· R53: May cause long term adverse effects on the aquatic environment
· R54: Toxic to flora
· R55: Toxic to fauna
· R56: Toxic to soil organisms
· R57: Toxic to bees
48

· R58: May cause long term adverse effects in the environment
· R59: Dangerous to the ozone layer
B: Safety Phrases:
· S29: Do not empty into drains
· S40: To clean floor and all objects contaminated by use of this material
· S56: Dispose of this material and its container as Hazardous or Special waste
· S57: Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination
· S59: Refer to manufacturer for information on recovery / recycling
· S60: This material and its container must be disposed of as Special waste
· S61: Avoid release to the environment, refer to special instructions
Where possible, and where environmentally friendly alternatives exist, alternative products to
those carrying the Risk and Safety Phrases listed above shall be used. Primary instances where
alternatives shall be sought are where they may enter the drains or surface water drains from
operations carried out either by (Company name) staff or by contractors on behalf of (Company
name).
4.3 Prevention of pollution from environmentally harmful products
Under no ordinary operating circumstance shall environmentally harmful chemicals be allowed to
enter controlled waters, as defined by the Water Resources Act (UK). The use of certain fire
fighting agents which may have environmentally harmful effects are not intended to be covered
by the above instruction when used in the fighting of fires at (Company name).
4.4 Accounting for Environmentally Harmful products
Safety Engineers are to identify products which carry either the symbol, risk or safety phrases
listed in 4.1 and 4.2 above, which are stored or used at work sites in their area. A list of such
substances is to be forwarded to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Manager who will use the
resources at his disposal to identify the availability of environmentally friendly alternatives.
Details of environmentally friendly alternatives are to be notified to Environment Committees for
substitution.
4.5 Information provision
Environmentally harmful products MUST be accompanied by the relevant Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS). Products arriving on site without the relevant MSDS are to be reported to the HSE
Manager who will contact the local supplier. Local suppliers, having been warned of their failure
to provide MSDSs, who continue to fail to do so will be reported to the Administration Manager
for punitive action. The ultimate punitive action is cancellation of contract.
5. Records:
The following records are maintained in support of this procedure:
· List of environmentally harmful substances stored or used
· List of environmentally friendly alternative substances
· Warning letters
· Environment Committee minutes
49

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 12
Contractor and Supplier Selection
1. Scope
This procedure details the steps to be taken in selecting contractors and suppliers of goods and
services to be used by (Company name) and incorporates the recommendations relevant to the
environment from the (Company name) Environmental Strategy.
2. Responsibility
Responsibility for implementing this procedure is delegated to all managers.
3. References
· Environmental Policy
· Hazardous substances procedure

4. Procedure
4.1 Selection of Suppliers and Contractors
Prospective suppliers and contractors for the provision of goods and services to (Company name)
must be notified at the earliest possible stage in the tender process that environmental probity will
be a factor taken into account in the selection of the successful applicant.
4.2 Contract conditions
Suppliers and contractors of goods and services must undertake in their contracts to comply with
all environmental legislation and prevent pollution in the execution of contracts with (Company
name). They must also undertake to notify the HSE Manager of the details of any environmentally
harmful substances they intend to use in the execution of their contracts and the precautions they
intend to employ to prevent pollution by those substances.
4.3 Assessment of Environmental Probity
Regular contractors and suppliers to (Company name) are to be requested to supply details on the
form which is attached to this procedure as an appendix.
Where a supplier or contractor gives answers to any question in part 2 of the form which are
unacceptable, the HSE Manager is to satisfy himself that the continuation of the contract presents
no risk to (Company name) or to its good name and he should work with the contractor to achieve
improvement to a satisfactory standard. Where improvement to a satisfactory standard cannot be
achieved or it is the opinion of the HSE Manager that the continuation of such a contract does
present such a risk he shall do one of the following:
·
Make recommendations to the Environment Committee, which must be
communicated to the supplier or contractor, to remedy the shortcomings;
·
Recommend to the Environment Committee that the contract be cancelled where it is
not possible to remedy the shortcomings of the supplier or contractor.
50

Notify the supplier or contractor, who is regarded as satisfactory for approval by the
Environmental Coordinator and endorsed by the Environment Committee, that their details
have been recorded on a register held by the Administration Manager.
5. Records
· Letters to prospective suppliers and contractors
· Contract conditions
· Details of environmentally harmful substances to be used
· Details of precautions to be taken
· Environmental probity questionnaires
· Recommendations to remedy shortcomings
· Recommendations to cancel contracts
· Environment Committee minutes
· Register of approved suppliers and contractors

51

Sample Environmental Probity Questionnaire
Please provide the information requested in Part A of this questionnaire together with a copy of
your Company's Environmental Policy which must be signed and dated.
Part A
· Name of Company
· Registered address
· Name and designation of officer with environmental responsibility
· Details of contract with (Company name)
· Does your Company have an Environmental Policy?

Yes/No
· How is your Company Environmental Policy communicated to your employees and the
purchasers of your goods and services?
Part B
Please supply full details in response to each subject from this part of the questionnaire, and
demonstrate, where necessary, the effectiveness of the measures you have in place.
· Details of objectives and targets set to meet the Environmental Policy commitments;
· Details of how your company's environmental performance is monitored, particularly, but not
only, in relation to individuals;
· Details of environmental training given to staff including how it is recorded and updated;
· Details of your environmental incident reporting system, including the method of review and
reporting of findings to affected purchasers of your goods and services;
· Details of how you communicate and enforce your company environmental requirements,
particularly in relation to your subcontractors or others who may affect you by their actions;
· Details of how your company's internal audits are carried out and recorded, including how
findings, deficiencies and non-compliances with Environmental Policy requirements are
followed up and acted upon;
· Details of any civil claims made against your company in relation to any contracts, in
particular for the provision of similar goods or services you are either providing, or seeking to
provide, to (Company name);
· Details of any statutory notices served on the Company in relation to environmental
enforcement in the past 3 years;
· Details of any convictions for environment- or pollution-related offences in the past 3 years.
Name of person providing information ....................................
Position in Company .........................................................
Signature .......................................................................
52

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 13
Marine Pollution
1. Scope
This procedure defines the response to the Environmental Policy commitment to prevent pollution
in respect of the marine environment.
2. Responsibility
The responsibility for implementing this procedure is delegated to all managers throughout
(Company name).
3. References
· Environmental Policy

4. Procedure
4.1 Notification and recording
Safety Engineers are responsible for carrying out inspections to identify any potential sources of
marine pollution. Identified areas are to be reported to the HSE Manager for evaluation and
suitable remedial action. The HSE Manager will instigate the required remedial action within a
timescale appropriate to the risk. The HSE Manager will maintain a register of required remedial
actions to ensure that their progress is tracked. Any unacceptable delay in instigating action will
be reported directly to the Project Manager.
4.2 Use of temporary solutions
Where leaking equipment poses a marine pollution risk, temporary solutions, such as drip trays,
may be used, but only until a permanent solution can be applied.
4.3 Setting Objectives and Targets
On receipt of the report detailed in 4.1 above the Environment Committee may set objectives and
targets to remedy the situation where a long term solution is appropriate.
5. Records
The following records and documentation should be maintained in support of this procedure:
· Notification of potential marine pollution
· Register of remedial actions
· Environment Committee minutes
· Objectives and targets

53

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 14
Waste Management
1. Scope
To detail the steps to be taken by (Company name) to ensure compliance with their duty of care in
relation to waste and hazardous waste in particular to provide guidelines for waste minimization,
reclamation, recycling and the prevention of nuisance in relation to wastes produced by their
activities and operations.
2. Responsibility:
The responsibility for implementing this procedure is delegated to all managers throughout
(Company name).
3. References
· Environmental Policy
· Objectives and targets
· Waste Management Plan
4. Procedure
4.1 Storage of waste
All waste shall be stored only in containers and skips suitable for the purpose. Such containers
shall prevent access by pests. Where waste containers are used for food waste the food must be
held in suitable bags to prevent contamination of the waste containers or the waste containers be
regularly cleaned.
4.2 Collection of waste
Waste collections shall be arranged at such intervals as to prevent overflowing and nuisance.
4.3 Segregation of wastes
Wastes shall be segregated at the point of production. Where commercial opportunities exist, the
varying types of waste shall be reclaimed or recycled as per the waste management plan. Where
necessary, waste such as cardboard shall be compacted to facilitate efficient storage.
4.4 Hazardous Wastes
Waste that would render a consignment to be classified as "Special" must not be allowed to leave
the site with normal waste. Where such consignments are generated, local managers must contact
the HSE Manager for advice on disposal. This procedure does not apply to wastes such as
asbestos and PCBs which may be generated during the demolition phase of the contract as they
will already be subject to special arrangements.
5. Records:
The following records are maintained in support of this procedure:
· Hazardous Waste Consignment Notes
54

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 16
Water Management
1. Scope
To detail the actions to be taken to minimize the use of water within (Company name).
2. Responsibility
The responsibility for implementing this procedure is delegated to all managers.
3. References
· Environmental Policy

4. Procedure
4.1 Vehicle Wash Stations
Water meters are to be placed at vehicle wash stations with readings reported to the Environment
Committee by the HSE Manager on a quarterly basis. The Environment Committee may wish to
consider the use of water recirculation systems. Any decision to convert to a recirculation system
must take account of the Health and Safety implications for staff and customers and must be
subject to risk assessment, paying particular attention the control of microbial activity in the
recirculating water.
4.2 Sanitary Accommodation
Toilet blocks fitted with automatically flushing urinals and water closets shall have measures in
place to conserve water when the toilets are not being used or the facility is closed. These
measures can range from time switches to close valves when the facility is closed to movement
indicators to restrict flushing during low occupancy. Water conservation measures shall not be
allowed to impede or detract from the highest standards of hygiene in sanitary accommodation.
5. Records:
The following records are maintained in support of this procedure:
· Water meter readings
· Environment Committee Minutes

55

ENVIRONMENTAL PROCEDURE NO. 17
Performance of Pollution Control Equipment
1. Scope
To identify the performance requirements in relation to Pollution Control Equipment and the
method of reporting substandard performance.
2. Responsibility
Responsibility for the implementation of this procedure is delegated to managers and those
persons identified in the text.
3. References
Environmental Policy and Procedures
· Incident Reporting

4. Procedure
4.1 Definition of "Pollution Control Equipment"
Pollution Control Equipment, in the context of this procedure, is equipment or plant whose
purpose is the prevention or mitigation of pollution to any medium by any pollutant that would
otherwise escape to the environment.
4.2 Examples of Pollution Control Equipment (PCE)
Examples of PCE are:
Interceptors to prevent the escape of chemicals that would otherwise pollute drains, water courses
or ground. This includes water treatment facilities, filters and liners.
The HSE Manager and other responsible managers have the freedom to identify and specify other
types of plant and equipment as PCE. Such plant and equipment need not be owned by ------------
but is operated on its work sites in the performance of its operations or under the terms of
contracts. An example is equipment to reclaim or recycle CFCs during refrigeration contract
works.
4.3 Failure or substandard performance of PCE
Instances which give rise to either failure or substandard performance of PCE which has or could
give rise to a pollution incident shall be the subject of an Incident Report. Such reports shall be
treated as any other incident report and completed in accordance with the requirements of
Environmental Procedure No. 9.
4.4 Inspection of PCE
Managers are to inspect PCE at regular intervals as agreed with the HSE Manager. Initially the
inspection shall be daily, unless there are specific requirements which dictate more frequent
inspections. Following a representative period of inspections, managers may relax the inspection
frequency provided such a relaxation is agreed by the Environmental Committee and written into
the Environmental Committee minutes. For each type of PCE inspection protocols detailing the
points to be noted in the inspection shall be communicated, in writing, to managers by the HSE
Manager.
56

5. Records
The following records are to be maintained in support of this procedure:
· Additional lists of PCE
· Incident Reports
· PCE inspection protocols
· PCE inspection frequency reports
· Environmental Committee minutes

57

Objectives and Target Management Programme Form
Objectives & Target Management Programme

Objectives & Targets
Overall Responsibilities














General Manager (Signature):
Environmental Representatives (Signature):
Date:





Management Programme
Programme element/items
Responsibilities
Due Date
Actual Date

















Tracking & Close Out
Intermediate reviews required Yes No


Intermediate Review (Date and Signature):
Intermediate Review (Date and Signature):
Close out by management review (Date and signature):

58

Appendix II Glossary of Terms
Audit: A planned, independent, and documented assessment to determine whether agreed
requirements are being met.
Certification: Procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product, process, or
service conforms to specified requirements.
Certification Body: Body that conducts certification of conformity.
Certify: To provide written assurance that a product, process, or service conforms to specified
requirements.
Certified: The EMS of a company, location, or plant is certified for conformance with ISO 14001
after it has demonstrated such conformance through the audit process. When used to indicate
EMS certification, it means the same thing as registration.
Compliance: An affirmative indication or judgment that the supplier of a product or service has
met the requirements of the relevant regulation; also the state of meeting the requirements.
Compliance Audit: A systematic, documented, periodic and objective review by regulated
entities of facility operations and practices related to meeting environmental requirements.
Conformance: An affirmative indication or judgment that a product or service has met the
requirements of the relevant specifications; also the state of meeting the requirements. Usually
refers to meeting requirements of the ISO 14000 management standards.
Continual Improvement: Process of enhancing the environmental management system to
achieve improvements in overall environmental performance, in line with the organisation's
environmental policy. Note - the process need not take place in all areas of activity simultaneously
(ISO 14001).
Environmental Performance: The measurable results of the environmental management system,
related to an organisation's control of its environmental aspects, based on its environmental policy,
objectives, and targets (ISO 14001).
Environment: Surroundings in which an organisation operates, including air, water, land, natural
resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation. Note - surroundings in this context extend
from within an organisation to the global system (ISO 14001).
Environmental Aspect: Element of an organisation's activities, products, and services that can
interact with the environment (ISO 14001).
Environmental Audit: Systematic, documented verification process of objectively obtaining and
evaluating audit evidence to determine whether specified environmental activities, events,
conditions, management systems, or information about these matters conform with audit criteria,
and communicate the results of this process to the client (ISO 14010).
Environmental Impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly
or partially resulting from an organisation's activities, products, or services (ISO 14001).
Environmental Management System (EMS): Organisational structure, responsibilities,
practices, procedures, process, and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing,
and maintaining the environmental policy (ISO 14001).
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EMS Audit: A systematic and documented verification process to objectively obtain and evaluate
evidence to determine whether an organisation's environmental management system conforms to
the EMS audit criteria set by the organisation, and to communicate the results of this process to
management (ISO 14001).
EMS Audit Criteria: Policies, practices, procedures, or requirements, such as covered by ISO
14001, and, if applicable, any additional EMS requirements against which the auditor compares
collected evidence about the organisation's EMS (ISO 14011).
Environmental Performance Evaluation: Process to measure, analyze, assess, report, and
communicate an organisation's environmental performance against criteria set by management
(ISO 14031 WD4).
Environmental Policy: Statement by the organisation of its intentions and principles in relation to
its overall environmental performance, which provides a framework for action and for setting of
its environmental objectives and targets (ISO 14001).
Environmental Target: Detailed performance requirement, quantified wherever practicable,
applicable to the organisation or parts thereof, that arises from the environmental objectives and
that needs to be set and met in order to achieve those objectives (ISO 14001)
Fence-line: The area in which an organisation chooses to implement its environmental
management system, a department, division or specific operation.
Gap Analysis: A comparison of an organisation's existing management structure for
environmental aspects against the elements of an environmental management system. Used to
identify what EMS elements are missing.
Interested Party: Individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental
performance of an organisation.
Quality System: Organisation structure, procedures, processes, and resources needed to
implement quality management (ISO 8402).
Stakeholders: Those groups and organisations having an interest or stake in a company's EMS
programme e.g. regulators, shareholders, customers, suppliers, residents, investors and special
interest groups.
Standard: A recognized unit of comparison which provides a gauge of the "correctness" of those
things we are comparing.
System: Collection of unit processes that when acting together, perform some defined function;
what an organisation will do, who will do it, how it will be done (ISO 14004).
Third Party: Person or body recognized as being independent of issue involved, as concerns the
issue in question. Note: Parties involved are usually supplier "First Party" and purchaser
"Second Party" and external auditor "Third Party" (ISO Guide 2).
Verification: Process of authenticating evidence (ISO 14010). The act of reviewing, inspecting,
testing, checking, auditing, or otherwise establishing and documenting whether items, processes,
services, or documents conform to specified requirements.
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Document Outline