UNDP/GEF Danube Regional Project
Policies for the Control of Agricultural Point
and Non-point Sources of Pollution
&
Pilot Projects on Agricultural Pollution Reduction
(Project Outputs 1.2 and 1.3)
INTERIM INVENTORY:
Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution by
Nitrogen and Phosphorus
in the Danube River Catchment (by Country)
Revised Version
January 2004
Prepared using final project data supplied (May 2003) by the Institute of
Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin
GFA Terra Systems
in co-operation with Avalon
Your contact person
with GFA Terra Systems is
Dr. Heinz-Wilhelm Strubenhoff
Danube Regional Project - Project RER/01/G32
"Policies for the control of agricultural point and non-point sources of pollution"
and "Pilot project on agricultural pollution reduction"
(Project Outputs 1.2 and 1.3)
INTERIM INVENTORY:
Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution by Nitrogen and Phosphorus
in the Danube River Catchment (by Country)
Address
GFA Terra Systems GmbH
Eulenkrugstraße 82
22359 Hamburg
Germany
Telephone: 00-49-40-60306-170
Telefax: 00-49-40-60306-179
E-mail: hwstrubenhoff@gfa-terra.de
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................. 2
Summary Data ............................................................................................. 4
Germany ...................................................................................................... 5
Austria.......................................................................................................... 6
Czech Republic............................................................................................ 7
Slovakia ....................................................................................................... 8
Hungary ....................................................................................................... 9
Slovenia ..................................................................................................... 10
Croatia ....................................................................................................... 11
Bosnia-Herzegovina................................................................................... 12
Serbia & Montenegro ................................................................................. 13
Romania..................................................................................................... 14
Bulgaria...................................................................................................... 15
Moldova ..................................................................................................... 16
Ukraine....................................................................................................... 17
Other .......................................................................................................... 18
1
INTRODUCTION
The data presented in this inventory are derived from the final results of the
project entitled "Harmonised Inventory of Point and Diffuse Emissions of
Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Danube Basin" undertaken by the Institute
of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin1.
This project aimed to determine and calculate the annual nutrient emissions
into the Danube river for the period 1998 to 2000 by applying the so-called
MONERIS (Modelling Nutrient Emissions in River Systems) mathematical
model to the 388 sub-basins of the Danube river.
The MONERIS-emission model was originally developed by IGB for
estimating point source and non-point source nutrient emissions into the
surface waters of river basins in Germany. It is GIS-based and uses
extensive statistical data to estimate total nutrient emissions into the
Danube river system via 7 main pathways (see Figure 1):
1. discharges from point sources
2. diffuse nutrient inputs into surface waters via:
· atmospheric deposition
· groundwater
· tile drainage
· paved urban areas
· soil erosion
· surface run-off
Estimations of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution
Within the MONERIS model there are 4 main nutrient emission pathways
influenced significantly by agriculture namely, losses via:
· groundwater
· tile drainage
· soil erosion
· surface run-off
One of the main factors determining the size of nutrient losses via these
pathways is the nutrient surplus (i.e. positive nutrient balance) of
agricultural topsoil. Nutrient balances for the Danube river catchment were
prepared by IGB using the standard OECD soil surface nitrogen balance
methodology with crop and livestock data supplied by national consultants
for selected countries. Where these data were not available, figures from
the OECD and FAO databases were used.
1 This project was funded by the German Federal Environmental Agency
2
Figure 1: Pathways and processes in MONERIS
The total contribution of agricultural non-point source pollution to nutrient
emissions into the Danube river is estimated by IGB as the sum of losses
via Surface Run-off, Erosion, Tile Drainage and Groundwater less
Background losses.
The final estimates of agricultural non-point source nutrient emissions from
IGB are presented country-by-country on the following pages. One of the
principal limitations to the accuracy of these estimates is the calculation of
nutrient surpluses in the top soil for example, the estimated nitrogen
balance for each country is also shown on the following pages together with
a comment on the limitations of the data sources used.
3
SUMMARY DATA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Losses of:
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
tonnes N year-1
tonnes P year-1
Germany
75,553
1,561
Austria
28,900
1,947
Czech Republic
16,314
841
Slovakia
16,702
1,340
Hungary
8,700
1,639
Slovenia
10,629
349
Croatia
14,886
646
Bosnia & Herzegovina
7,332
963
Serbia & Montenegro
10,487
1,528
Romania
68,366
4,862
Bulgaria
18,197
1,379
Moldova
2,113
501
Ukraine
13,976
770
Other
388
33
TOTAL 292,543
18,359
4
GERMANY
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
56,633 km2
Agricultural Area2
32,839 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
3,063
101
+ "Erosion"
1,280
1,366
+ "Tile Drainage"
7,509
30
+ "Groundwater"
83,081
632
- "Background"
19,380
568
= Total Agriculture
75,553
23.0*
1,561
0.5*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
90.9 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
Estimated nutrient surpluses for agricultural
top soil in Germany were taken for the
period 1950 1995 from Behrendt et al.
(2000)3
2 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
3 Behrendt, H., Huber, P., Kornmilch, M., Opitz, D., Schmoll, O., Scholz, G. &
Uebe, R. (2000). Nutrient balances of German river basins. UBA-Texte 23/200.
Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Berlin
5
AUSTRIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
80,853 km2
Agricultural Area4
29,639 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
15,775
342
+ "Erosion"
2,327
2,736
+ "Tile Drainage"
3,373
17
+ "Groundwater"
37,085
568
- "Background"
29,660
1,716
= Total Agriculture
28,900
9.8*
1,947
0.7*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
44.0 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
For Austria, top soil nutrient surpluses were
calculated on a district level for 1999 by IGB
according to the standard OECD
methodology5 and based upon statistical
data provided by national consultants
4 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
5 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
6
CZECH REPUBLIC
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
21,692 km2
Agricultural Area6
13,054 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
90
2
+ "Erosion"
1,069
814
+ "Tile Drainage"
8,056
23
+ "Groundwater"
10,288
58
- "Background"
3,189
56
= Total Agriculture
16,314
12.5*
841
0.6*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
46.8 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
For the Czech Republic, nutrient surpluses
were calculated for 1995 on a district basis
and for 1950 1995 on a country basis
according to the standard OECD
methodology7 by the Research Institute of
Plant Production (VURV)
6 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
7 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
7
SLOVAKIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
47,213 km2
Agricultural Area8
23,890 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
584
23
+ "Erosion"
1,505
1,276
+ "Tile Drainage"
6,089
44
+ "Groundwater"
17,176
209
- "Background"
8,652
212
= Total Agriculture
16,702
7.0*
1,340
0.6*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
23.9 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for
Slovakia was calculated on a country basis
for the period 1961 2000 according to the
OECD methodology9 based on data from
FAO Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the
period 1961 1998 and the FAO website for
the period 1999 2000)
8 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
9 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
8
HUNGARY
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
92,767 km2
Agricultural Area10
66,400 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
40
1
+ "Erosion"
1,272
1,419
+ "Tile Drainage"
5,817
50
+ "Groundwater"
5,651
319
- "Background"
4,080
150
= Total Agriculture
8,700
1.3*
1,639
0.2*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
21.9 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
For Hungary, top soil nutrient surpluses were
calculated on a district level for 1999 by IGB
according to the standard OECD
methodology11 and based upon statistical
data provided by national consultants
10 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
11 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
9
SLOVENIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
16,408 km2
Agricultural Area12
6,153 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
954
34
+ "Erosion"
371
331
+ "Tile Drainage"
811
4
+ "Groundwater"
14,788
201
- "Background"
6,295
221
= Total Agriculture
10,629
17.3*
349
0.6*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
73.6 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for
Slovenia was calculated on a country basis
for the period 1961 2000 according to the
OECD methodology13 based on data from
FAO Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the
period 1961 1998 and the FAO website for
the period 1999 2000)
12 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
13 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
10
CROATIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
34,629 km2
Agricultural Area14
18,011 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
733
31
+ "Erosion"
802
575
+ "Tile Drainage"
3,504
20
+ "Groundwater"
17,515
251
- "Background"
7,668
231
= Total Agriculture
14,886
8.3*
646
0.4*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
39.2 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for Croatia
was calculated on a country basis for the
period 1961 2000 according to the OECD
methodology15 based on data from FAO
Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the period
1961 1998 and the FAO website for the
period 1999 2000)
14 Total area of agricultural land (derived from adjusted IGBP land use data) within
the national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
15 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
11
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
37,597 km2
Agricultural Area16
13,778 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
907
39
+ "Erosion"
1,247
939
+ "Tile Drainage"
687
9
+ "Groundwater"
15,616
323
- "Background"
11,125
347
= Total Agriculture
7,332
5.3*
963
0.7*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
15.9 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for Bosnia-
Herzegovina was calculated on a country
basis for the period 1961 2000 according
to the OECD methodology17 based on data
from FAO Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the
period 1961 1998 and the FAO website for
the period 1999 2000)
16 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
17 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
12
SERBIA & MONTENEGRO
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
88,495 km2
Agricultural Area18
46,686 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
1,000
42
+ "Erosion"
1,922
1,450
+ "Tile Drainage"
2,710
32
+ "Groundwater"
19,220
384
- "Background"
14,365
380
= Total Agriculture
10,487
2.2*
1,528
0.3*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
11.9 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for Serbia
& Montenegro was calculated on a country
basis for the period 1961 2000 according
to the OECD methodology19 based on data
from FAO Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the
period 1961 1998 and the FAO website for
the period 1999 2000)
18 Total area of agricultural land (derived from adjusted IGBP land use data) within
the national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
19 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
13
ROMANIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
222,332 km2
Agricultural Area20 112,931 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
3,360
136
+ "Erosion"
4,956
4,611
+ "Tile Drainage"
22,388
137
+ "Groundwater"
75,173
1,146
- "Background"
37,511
1,168
= Total Agriculture
68,366
6.1*
4,862
0.4*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
21.5 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
For Romania, top soil nutrient surpluses
were calculated on a district level for 1999
by IGB according to the standard OECD
methodology21 and based upon statistical
data provided by national consultants
20 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
21 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
14
BULGARIA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
55,193 km2
Agricultural Area22
35,946 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
723
19
+ "Erosion"
1,392
1,346
+ "Tile Drainage"
2,450
16
+ "Groundwater"
23,477
227
- "Background"
9,845
229
= Total Agriculture
18,197
5.1*
1,379
0.4*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
16.8 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for Bulgaria
was calculated on a country basis for the
period 1961 2000 according to the OECD
methodology23 based on data from FAO
Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the period
1961 1998 and the FAO website for the
period 1999 2000)
22 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
23 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
15
MOLDOVA
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
12,326 km2
Agricultural Area24
11,474 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
0
0
+ "Erosion"
567
485
+ "Tile Drainage"
1,494
8
+ "Groundwater"
298
19
- "Background"
245
12
= Total Agriculture
2,113
1.8*
501
0.4*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
19.1 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for
Moldova was calculated on a country basis
for the period 1961 2000 according to the
OECD methodology25 based on data from
FAO Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the
period 1961 1998 and the FAO website for
the period 1999 2000)
24 Total area of agricultural land (derived from adjusted IGBP land use data) within
the national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
25 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
16
UKRAINE
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
33,926 km2
Agricultural Area26
19,433 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr-1 kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
1,580
52
+ "Erosion"
973
664
+ "Tile Drainage"
2,066
17
+ "Groundwater"
19,077
339
- "Background"
9,720
302
= Total Agriculture
13,976
7.2*
770
0.4*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
Estimated N Balance
15.7 kg N ha-1 agricultural land
Comments
The soil surface nutrient balance for Ukraine
was calculated on a country basis for the
period 1961 2000 according to the OECD
methodology27 based on data from FAO
Statistics (i.e. FAOStat 98 for the period
1961 1998 and the FAO website for the
period 1999 2000)
26 Total area of agricultural land (derived from adjusted IGBP land use data) within
the national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
27 OECD (2001). OECD National Soil Surface Nitrogen Balances: Explanatory
Notes (March) available from: www.oecd.org/agr/env/indicators.htm
17
OTHER
Data provided by IGB, Berlin results from MONERIS model (May 2003)
Catchment Area
2,823 km2
Agricultural Area28
296 km2
Loss Nitrogen
(N)
Phosphorus (P)
-1
t N yr-1
kg N ha-1 yr-1
t P yr kg P ha-1 yr-1
"Surface Run-off"
1,114
23
+ "Erosion"
121
159
+ "Tile Drainage"
10
0
+ "Groundwater"
493
12
- "Background"
1,350
161
= Total Agriculture
388
13.1*
33
1.1*
* calculated on the basis of the total area of agricultural land within the
Danube catchment
28 Total area of agricultural land (derived from CORINE land cover data) within the
national territory that forms part of the Danube catchment
18
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