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Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Project
A Programme of the Governments of the Yellow Sea Countries, with the assistance of the Global
Environment Facility (the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations
Environment Programme, and the World Bank)
Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem
Preliminary Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis
February 2000
Global Environment Facility-United Nations Development Programme
Project Development Facility (PDF-B)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Background
and
Introduction
1
2.
Geographic
Scope
9
3. Analysis of the Economic, Legal, Administrative, and Political Context and Constraints
to
Action
10
4. Major Perceived Water-related Environmental Issues and Problems (Step I)
12
5. Analysis of Root Causes of the Identified Concerns and Issues (Step II)
15
6.
Synthesis
Matrix
19
7. Priority Areas of Future Interventions (Step III)
20
Area I:
Sustainable Management of Fish Resources and Mariculture
Area II. Protection of Biodiversity
Area III. Reduce Stress on the Ecosystem
Area IV. Improve Water Quality and Human Health
Area V. Sustainable Institutional and human development
8. Detailed Information on Action Areas (Step IV)
31
Area I:
Sustainable Management of Fish Resources and Mariculture
Area II. Protection of Biodiversity
Area III. Reduce Stress on the Ecosystem
Area IV. Improve Water Quality and Human Health
Annexes
Annex A:
List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
Annex B:
List of Institutions
Annex C:
List of Ongoing and Past Projects Relevant to the Implementation of the SAP
Annex D:
List of Conventions and Agreements
Annex E:
Map of the YSLME Region
Annex F:
References
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1. BACKGROUND
AND
INTRODUCTION
The Yellow Sea a Global Resource
The Yellow Sea is that semi-enclosed body of water bounded by the Chinese mainland to the
west, the ROK Peninsula to the east, and a line running from the north bank of the mouth of
the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the south side of Cheju Island. It covers an area of about
400,000 km2 and measures about 1,000 km (length) by 700 km (maximum width). The floor
of the Yellow Sea is a geologically unique, post-glacially submerged, and shallow portion of
the continental shelf. The seafloor has an average depth of 44 m, a maximum depth of about
100m, and slopes gently from the Chinese continent and more rapidly from the ROK
Peninsula to a north-south trending seafloor valley with its axis close to the ROK Peninsula.
This axis represents the path of the meandering Yellow River (Huang He) when it flowed
across the exposed shelf during lowered sea level and emptied sediments into the Okinawa
Trough. The Sea annually receives more than 1.6 billion tons of sediments, mostly from the
Yellow River (Huang He) and Yangtze River, which have formed large deltas.
The Yellow Sea is connected to the East China Sea in the south, forming a linked circulation
system. Major rivers discharging directly into the Yellow Sea include the Han, Yangtze,
Datung, Yalu, Guang, and Sheyang. The Liao He, Hai He, and Yellow River around the Bo
Hai have important effects on salinity in the western Yellow Sea, whereas the Yangtze River
exerts strong influence on the hydrography of the southernmost part of the Sea. Recent
reductions in Yellow River flow have led to changes in hydrography and water circulation,
thereby leading to ecosystem changes. All rivers have peak runoff in summer and minimum
discharge in winter.
Biotic communities of the south-eastern Yellow Sea are complex in species composition,
spatial distribution, and community structure possibly due to the complicated oceanographic
conditions of the area. Faunal communities are composed of various taxonomical groups of
warm and cold water species as well as cosmopolitan and amphi-Pacific ones. Yet the
diversity and abundance of the fauna are comparatively low. Marked seasonal variations are
the main characteristics of all components of the biotic communities. Turbidity and sediment
type appear to be the major parameters that affect the distribution of planktonic and benthic
organisms in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea.
Although primary productivity is important as a fundamental property of an ecosystem, no
reasonable large-scale estimates are available for the Yellow Sea. Existing estimates based on
local measurements vary from 68~320 g C m-2 yr-1 (Yang, 1985; Choi et al, 1988, Chung and
Park, 1988). The primary productivity of the Yellow Sea seems to vary widely depending on
the location and season.
The phytoplankton populations are composed mainly of neritic diatoms. The dominant
species are Skeletonema costatum, Coscinodiscus, Melosira sulcata, and Chaetoceros. Their
composition shows a distinct seasonal shift. Blooms occur in late winter to early spring, and
summer to early autumn, and are concentrated to the southern coast of Liaoning and
Shandong and the coast of Jiangsu. The average bio-mass in the northern region and the
southern region in the sea is 2460 x 103 cells m-3 or cells/m3 and 950 x 103 cells m-3 or
cells/m3, respectively, lower than that of the Bo Hai and East China Sea .
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The average benthic bio-mass in the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass and the southern
Yellow Sea is 41 g/m2 and 20 g/ m2, respectively. Out of the total benthic bio-mass, mollusks
are most important (about 50 percent), echinoderms second (about 20 percent), polychaetes
third (about 11 percent) and crustaceans fourth (about 9 percent). Among these bottom
animals, most are important food items in the Yellow Sea ecosystem, and some are
commercially important species (e.g., fleshy prawn, southern rough shrimp, and Japanese
squid).
The fauna of resource populations in the Yellow Sea are composed of species groupings
associated with various ecotypes, such as warm water species, warm temperate species, cold
temperate species, and cold water species. Warm temperate species in the Yellow Sea fauna
are the major components of the bio-mass and account for more than 70 percent of the total
abundance of resource populations; warm water species and boreal species account for about
10 percent. The fauna in the Yellow Sea are recognized as a sub-East Asia province of the
North Pacific Temperate Zone. Because most of the species inhabit the Yellow Sea year
round, the resource populations in the fauna have formed an independent community.
Fish are the main living resource and 276 fish species are found. Of these, 45 percent are
warm water forms, 46 percent warm temperate forms, and 9 percent cold temperate forms.
The number of species of crustaceans is relatively small--only 54 species--of which warm
water and boreal forms account for 65 and 35 percent, respectively. Because of the cold
temperature, some warm water shrimps do not enter the northern Yellow Sea (e.g.,
Metapenaeus joyneri, Parapenaeopsis tenellus), while some cold water shrimps are not found
in the northern East China Sea (e.g., Crangon affinis, Crangon orangon).
The species structure of the fish component of the ecosystem changed during the past 30
years. Overfishing of high quality bottom fish species has led to their replacement by lower
value, smaller pelagic species. The project will develop a recovery strategy for depleted fish
stocks based on an ecosystem-based perspective.
The cephalopods are composed of only 14 species. Warm water forms and warm temperate
forms account for 65 and 35 percent, respectively; there are no cold water species. Of the
warm temperature species, Sepia andreana and Euprymna morsei, are endemic to the Yellow
Sea and do not appear in the East China Sea. Of about 11 mammal species (e.g., minke
whale, sperm whale, humpback whale, fin-less porpoise), most are cold temperature forms
(e.g., harbor seal, northern fur seal, Steller's sea cow lion, fin whale, blue whale, right whale,
and gray whale). Of these, fin whale and right whale migrate into the northern Yellow Sea to
39°N in winter and spring, and harbor seal migrate into the northern Bo Hai in winter and
spring for reproduction.
The habitats of resource populations in the Yellow Sea can be divided into two groups--
nearshore and migratory. Nearshore species include skates, greenline, black snapper, scaled
sardine, and spotted sardine. These species are mainly found in bays, estuaries, and around
islands, and they move to the deeper waters in winter. The migratory species (e.g., small
yellow croaker, hairtail, and Pacific herring) have distinct seasonal movements and some
(e.g., chub mackerel, Spanish mackerel, and filefish) migrate out of the Yellow Sea to the
East China Sea in winter. The distribution of these two groups often overlaps, especially in
over-wintering and spawning periods.
When water temperatures begin to drop significantly in autumn, most resource populations
migrate offshore toward deeper and warmer waters and concentrate mainly in the Yellow Sea
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depression. There are three over-wintering areas: The mid-Yellow Sea, 34 to 37°N, with
depths of 60 to 80 m; the southern Yellow Sea, 32 to 34°N, with depths about 80 m; and the
northern East China Sea. The cold temperate species (e.g., eel-pout, cod, flatfish, and Pacific
herring) are distributed throughout these areas, and many warm temperate species and warm
water species (e.g., skates, gurnard, Saurida elongata, jewfish, small yellow croaker, spotted
sardine, fleshy prawn, southern rough shrimp, and cephalopods) are also found there from
January to March. In the southern Yellow Sea, all species are warm temperate and warm
water species (e.g., small yellow croaker, Nibea alibiflora, white croaker, jewfish, Septipinna
taty, red seabream, butterfish, and chub mackerel). Their main over-wintering period is from
January to April. The deep-water areas of the central Yellow Sea and northern East China
Sea are the over-wintering grounds for most species that migrate over long ranges.
Little information is available about the distribution of seabirds in the Yellow Sea area and off
the east coast of China, but it is believed not many birds are in the area. Two known birds are
the streaked shearwater (Calonectris lecomelas) and the Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii),
both of which breed off the coast of eastern China. Of the endangered (or possibly extinct)
seabirds of China, two live in the Yellow Sea region: 1) The relict gull (Larus relictus), which
was collected for its breeding plumage. It used to breed near Sogo Nur, Gansu (1931
sightings), and Tanggu, Tianjin (1935 sighting and specimens). There have been no recent
sightings; and 2) The Chinese crested tern (Sterna bernstein), which was last sighted at
Qingdao in 1937. It may be extinct but an unconfirmed sighting of 10 to 20 birds on Thailand
in 1980 has raised hopes that it might still be extant.
The dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is bred inland at Lop jur, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu,
but no recent information is available. The saunders' gull (Laurua saunders) breeds in the
north of China and Mongolia where its breeding grounds are unknown. However, it winters
in the southern estuarine areas of Ningho, Zhejiang, and Shanghai. Of 370 bird species
identified in ROK, 112 breed there and 17 localities have been designated breeding grounds.
The Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the East Sea/Sea of Japan were seasonally occupied
by some of the large whales: fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera
novaeangliae), and grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus). The grey whale may be part of a
nearly extinct northwest pacific population that summers in the Okhotsk Sea. If any of these
species are seen in these waters now, they represent just a remnant of the pods that used to
migrate and breed there. ROK has designated the grey whale as one of its national treasures.
Other endangered marine mammals that live in the region are the black right whale
(Eubalaena glacialis), whitefin dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer), Kurile harbor seal (Phoca
kurilensis), and Japanese sea lion (Zalophus clifornianus japonicus). The striped dolphin
(Stenella coeruleoalba, northwest pacific stock) is believed exploited beyond sustainable
yield.
The Yellow Sea LME is an important global resource. This international water-body supports
substantial populations of fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, and seabirds. Many of these
resources are threatened by both land and sea-based sources of pollution and habitat loss
resulting from extensive economic development in the coastal zone, and by the unsustainable
exploitation of natural resources (primarily overfishing). Additionally, there is significant
international shipping traffic through the waters of the Yellow Sea, with associated threats
from spills and collisions with marine mammals.
In the western Yellow Sea, pollution sources include industrial wastewater from Qingdao,
Dalian, and Lianyungang port cities; oil discharged from vessels and ports; and oil and oily
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mixtures from oil exploration. More than 100 million tons of domestic sewage and about 530
million tons of industrial wastewater from coastal urban and rural areas are discharged into
the nearshore areas of the Yellow Sea each year. The major pollutants carried by sewage and
wastewater are oils, mercury, cadmium, lead, COD, and inorganic nitrogen.
The eastern Yellow Sea has bad pollution in the shallow inlets of its southern coastline where
the many islands prevent mixing with open ocean water and red tides persist. The
chaetognatha (Sagitta crassa and S. enflata) and the copepods (Acartia clausi, Paracalanus
parvus, and Centropages abdominalis) decreased significantly in 1981 compared with 1967
figures due to an increase of marine pollution levels in Jinhae Bay. The area affected
included several famous swimming beaches, tourist hotels, and places of interest. Mass
mortalities of the hard clam Meretrix lusoria populations in the Jeonbug Farming Area of
Gyewhari and Naechodo, in the western region of ROK, were coincident with high densities
of the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio anguillarum, the parasitic cercaria Bacciger harengulae, and
a high concentration of pesticides. Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) occurring in the coastal
waters off southern and eastern ROK have caused loss to the aqua-culture industry and
probably large-scale mortality of natural fin- and shellfish. However, the frequency and the
area of the outbreak of HABs in the coastal waters off western ROK (Yellow Sea) are lower
than those off southern and eastern ROK. High turbulence intensity and turbidity caused by
strong tidal current might inhibit the growth of HAB organisms.
Recently, however, the frequency and the area of the outbreaks have increased in the Yellow
Sea coast, particularly, in the area where huge artificial constructions such as an underwater
dam or dike were built. The constructions might restrict the circulation of water masses and
reduce the turbulence intensity and turbidity. Under this circumstance red tide organisms
grow fast and form red tide patches. The number and frequency of the trade ships between
western cities in ROK and eastern cities in PRC have continuously increased. Therefore, the
transport of red tide organisms in ballast waters might be partially responsible for the increase
in the frequency and the area of red tides. Huge discharge from the Changjiang River during
the summer monsoon season sometimes reach the southern end of the ROK peninsula,
thereby, and might carry the seed organisms or somehow inoculate existing spores.
Ecosystem in stress
The Yellow Sea is a classic example of a semi-enclosed area, but remarkable for its massive
population and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Shallow but rich in resources, it is most
favorable for coastal and offshore fisheries, and its waters are a highway for international
shipping.
Approximately 600 million people (approximately 10% of the world population) live in the
area that drains into the Yellow Sea. Large cities near the sea with tens of millions of
inhabitants include Qingdao, Tianjin, Dalian, Shanghai, Seoul/Inchon, and
Pyongyang/Nampo. People of these large, urban areas are dependent on the Yellow Sea as a
source of marine resources for human nutrition, economic development, recreation and
tourism.
Throughout the millennia of civilization in East Asia, periods of prosperity have been those in
which the nations bordering the Yellow Sea have used the Sea cooperatively and efficiently.
Such was certainly the case in the Tang dynasty of PRC, the Silla dynasty of ROK, and the
Nara period of Japan. Conversely, when there was bad or inefficient use of this resource, all
the coastal nations suffered. As the Yellow Sea coastal countries strive to develop and
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improve the welfare of their people, an optimal use of Yellow Sea resources could be the
beginning of a new era of cooperation.
The commercial utilization of the living resources in the Yellow Sea dates back several
centuries. With the introduction of bottom trawl vessels in the early twentieth century, many
stocks began to be intensively exploited by PRC, ROK, and Japanese fisherman and some
economically important species such as the red seabream declined in abundance in the 1920s
and 1930s (Xia 1960). The stocks remained fairly stable during World War II. However, due
to a great increase in fishing effort throughout the entire Yellow Sea, nearly all the major
stocks were being heavily fished by the mid-1960s. Since then, the composition of the fish
catch has changed greatly, and the catch-per-unit-square kilometer has decreased to 2.3 MT in
recent years.
The Yellow Sea is one of the most intensively exploited areas in the world. The number of
species commercially harvested is about 100 including cephalopods and crustacea. The
abundance of most species is relatively small, and only 23 species exceed 10,000 MT in
annual catch. These are the commercially important species and account for 40 to 60 percent
of the annual catch. Demersal species used to be the major component of the resources and
accounted for 65 to 90 percent of annual total catch. The resource populations of demersal
species such as small yellow croaker, hairtail, large yellow croaker, flatfish, and cod declined
in bio-mass by more than 40 percent when fishing effort increased threefold from the early
1960s to the early 1980s.
Overfishing has also caused a decline in stock abundance for searobin, red seabream,
Otolithoides mijuy, Nibea albiflora, and white croaker. However, under the same fishing
pressure, the abundance of some species such as cephalopods, skates, and daggertooth pike-
congers appears to be fairly stable. This may be due to their scattered distribution or their
tolerant nature.
Shifts in species dominance in the Yellow Sea are outstanding. The dominant species in the
1950s and early 1960s were small yellow croaker and hairtail, while Pacific herring and chub
mackerel became dominant during the 1970s. Some smaller-bodied, fast-growing, short-
lived, and low-value fish (e.g., Setipinna taty, anchovy, scaled sardine) increased markedly in
about 1980 and have taken a prominent position in the ecosystem resources thereafter. As a
result, some larger-sized and higher trophic level species were replaced by smaller-bodied and
lower trophic level species, and the resources in the Yellow Sea declined in quality. About 70
percent of the bio-mass in 1985 consisted of fish and invertebrates smaller than 20 cm, and
the mean body length in the catches of all commercial species was only 12 cm while the mean
body length in the 1950s and 1960s exceeded 20 cm. The trophic levels in 1985 and in the
1950s were estimated to be 3.2 and 3.8, respectively. Thus it appears that the external stress
of fishing has affected the self-regulatory mechanism of the Yellow Sea ecosystem.
Aquaculture is a major use of the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea. Mariculture is commonly
practiced in all coastal provinces of PRC, and it is most advanced in Shandong and Liaoning
provinces. In both the Qingdao and Dalian regions the same fishery communes that culture
invertebrates also cultivate seaweed. The major species of invertebrates cultured are oysters,
mussels, razor clams, cookies, short-necked clams, pearl oysters, scallops, and hard clams.
The area in mariculture in 1978 was 1.48 x 105 ha, and 5.4 x 105 ha in 1997. The yield of
fresh flesh from bivalves was 2.0 x 105 t, 44 percent of the total mariculture yield in 1978; in
1997 it was 3 x 105 t. Scallops (Chlamys farreri) are luxurious seafood. Sea cucumbers
(Stichopus japonicus) live below Laminaria and/or Mytilus and are harvested by divers after
two years' growth. Meretrix meretrix, Mactra antiquata, Brachydontes senhousei, and Aloidis
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sp. are also cultured in some regions, and the large Chinese shrimp (Penaeus orientalis) also
grows successfully in the coastal regions of the Yellow Sea.
The total yield of invertebrate mariculture of ROK in 1997 was 301,873 metric tons (MT)
representing 29.7% of ROK's total mariculture production (1,015,134 MT), including
200,973 MT of oysters (20 percent) and 63,572 MT of mussels (6.3 percent) (MOMAF
(Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries), 1998. Annual Report of Fisheries Trend. 286p.)
Major species of mariculture include oyster, mussel, abalone, hard clam, short-necked clam,
Cyclina, Mactra, ark shell (Anadara broughtonii), pen shell (Atrina pectinata), and hen clam
(Mactra sulcataria). Various abalones (Haliotis discus hannai, H. discus, H. sieboldi, H.
gigantea, H. japonica) are in high demand.
Seaweed is an important crop in the Yellow Sea. Seaweed grows naturally on the lower rocks
of the intertidal/sub-intertidal region; most prefer subtropical conditions. Sargassum pallidum
is dominant and Plocamium telfairiae is common in the west Yellow Sea. There, Pelvetia
siliquosa is locally abundant. Bryopsis plumosa is a minor species, and Dictyopteris undulata
is rare. Pelvetia siliquosa is found on the Shandong Peninsula, the Liaodong Peninsula, and
the ROK Peninsula. The seaweed grows more luxuriantly in the ROK waters, and for
hundreds of years the Koreans have exported large quantities of this seaweed to PRC. It was
sold in North China markets under the name of deer-horn vegetable. The seaweed's
availability has declined, and now the seaweed Ishige okamurai and seaweed Sargassum
(Hizikia) fusiforme are marketed as substitutes--also called Lujiaocai.
The most important cultivated seaweed in PRC is the brown Laminaria japonica introduced
from Hokkaido, Japan. The cold water kelp is now grown in more than 3,000 ha of PRC's
coastal waters, with a production of 10,000 dry tons/year. Half of this is consumed directly
and half is used for extraction of alginates. There are 15 hatcheries on the north PRC coast,
and the young plants are transferred to the growing frames in the sea when the seawater
temperature drops below 20°C. L. japonica grows 3-m fronds at Quingdao and 5-m fronds at
Dalian where the water cools down more quickly in fall and the growing season is longer.
The respective yields are 30 and 50 dry tons/ha/year.
Oil exploration has been successful in the PRC and DPRK portions of the Yellow Sea. In
addition, the sea has become more important with the growth in trade among its bordering
nations. The main PRC ports are Shanghai, Lu-ta, Tientsin, Qingdao, and Ch'in-huang-tao;
the main TOK port is Inchon, the outport of Seoul; and that for DPRK is Nampo, the outport
for P'yongyang.
Tourism is an industry in its infancy in both PRC and ROK. Several sites of picturesque
beauty around the coastlines of these countries could be promoted as tourist attractions. As
access to PRC and ROK becomes easier for foreign visitors, the tourist industry will expand.
The Karst coast near Dalian, the granite mountains of the western Liaoning coast in PRC, and
the islands and swimming beaches of ROK, in particular Cheju Island, will be in even greater
demand.
INTRODUCTION TO TDA - DEFINITION
A Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) is a scientific and technical assessment, through
which the water-related environmental issues and problems of a region are identified and
quantified, their causes analyzed and their impacts, both environmental and economic, assessed.
The analysis involves an identification of causes and impacts at national, regional, and global
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levels and the socio-economic, political and institutional context within which they occur. The
identification of the causes would specify sources, locations, and sectors.
The purpose of conducting a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) is to scale the relative
importance of sources and causes, both immediate and root, of transboundary `waters' problems,
and to identify potential preventive and remedial actions. The TDA provides the technical basis
for development of a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) in the area of international waters of the
GEF.
The Operational Strategy states that, "the overall strategic thrust of GEF-funded international
waters activities is to meet the agreed incremental costs of:
1. assisting groups of countries to better understand the environmental concerns of their
international waters and work collaboratively to address them;
2. building the capacity of existing institutions (or, if appropriate, developing the capacity
through new institutional arrangements) to utilize a more comprehensive approach for
addressing transboundary water-related environmental concerns; and
3. implementing measures that address the priority transboundary environmental concerns".
It is also suggested in the Operational Strategy that a SAP be formulated when the transboundary1
concerns, the actions needed to address them or their incremental costs are not clear and that it
should precede the development of any technical assistance, capacity building or investment
projects to be funded by the GEF.
Therefore a SAP is required to describe a framework for regional action, to demonstrate the
linkages between the national and regional actions and to identify the incremental costs (e.g.,
those that address primarily transboundary environmental concerns) of the proposed activities.
The ultimate product, the SAP, is a set of targeted and costed activities (baseline and additional)
which, once implemented, will together contribute to solve the major water-related environmental
problems of the region and thereby will also provide significant global environmental benefits.
The transboundary character of the identified water-related environmental issues and problems
and the regional and global significance of benefits to be gained by addressing the specific issues
identified during the process of developing a TDA would provide the technical background for
the analysis of the incremental costs of the specific actions proposed in the SAP.
Although formulation of a SAP relies on the scientific and technical justification provided in a
TDA, the specific combination of activities contained in a SAP is also determined by both
national and regional policy considerations that may affect project sustainability and cost
effectiveness.
YSLME PRELIMINARY TDA
This Preliminary Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (PTDA) was prepared as part of the Project
Preparation exercise under the PDF-B for the Yellow Sea LME Project (YSLME). The full TDA
will be prepared under the auspices of the GEF project for the YSLME, once the full GEF project
is implemented.
1 Transboundary environmental issues within the context of a TDA include inter alia :
* regional/national issues with transboundary sources
* transboundary issues with national sources
* national issues that are common to a number of riparian countries and that require a common strategy and collective action to address;
* issues that have transboundary elements or implications (e.g. implications of fishery practices on biodiversity)
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The purposes of preparing a Preliminary TDA as part of the Project Preparation activities are
multi-fold:
· To provide background materials for the Project Brief and Project
Document, illustrating the environmental context for the GEF project.
· To provide a forum for consensus-building on the environmental issues of
highest priority in the Yellow Sea
· To decide on the data requirements for completing the TDA early in the
GEF process, to guide the Project Implementation.
This PTDA summarizes the results from National Reports prepared by experts from ROK and
PRC, as well as results from a First Regional Workshop held 26-28 October 1999 in Seoul, ROK
and Second National Workshop held 18-19 January in Beijing, PRC.
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2. GEOGRAPHIC
SCOPE
Conducting a comprehensive transboundary diagnostic analysis is only possible if an entire water
basin or Large Marine Ecosystem and its associated drainage basin is covered under the study.
This is required in order that the interactions between the aquatic, terrestrial, and human sub-
systems are identified in so far as they are linked through the mechanism of the hydrological
cycle. More particularly, the impacts of the land-based activities on water resources and their
contribution to water-related environmental stresses can be demonstrated only if all sources,
sinks, and shared marine resources are included in the assessment. This successful demonstration
requires the commitment of all the countries that are located in the catchment basin or surround
the shared marine area to participate in the process.
The TDA must therefore include a basic geographic description of the area involved, including
the water cycle within it, inputs/outputs to the system arising through atmospheric transport, the
exchange of materials with neighboring watersheds or the open ocean, and characterization of the
area's marine and/or freshwater ecosystem(s).
During the First Regional Workshop 26-28 October 1999, the geographic boundaries of the
Yellow Sea LME were discussed. The system boundaries for the Project were defined as
follows:
The Yellow Sea water body is defined by:
· to the south, the line connecting the north bank of the mouth of the Chang Jiang
(Yangtze River) to the south side of Cheju ;
· to the east, the line connecting Cheju Island to Jindo Island along the coast of the ROK;
and
· to the north, the line connecting Dalian to Penglai (on the Shandong Peninsula). This
latter line separates the Bohai Sea from the Yellow Sea.
The coastal/upland boundary is defined as the mouths of the major rivers (as conduits of
contaminant input), whereas coastal zones are defined according to existing national
programs.
Although the Bohai Sea is recognized as a portion of the YSLME from a scientific
perspective, specific studies and management activities are now taking place in this territorial
sea. Consequently, the GEF intervention has not focused on the Bohai Sea.
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3.
ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC, LEGAL,
ADMINISTRATIVE AND POLITICAL CONTEXT AND
CONSTRAINTS TO ACTION
The assessment of economic, legal, administrative and political context of the water-related
environmental matters will provide the second basic component for the causal chain analyses of
the major perceived issues and problems in the Yellow Sea basin.
The economic analysis will provide an account of relevant economic sectors impacting water
quality and quantity, such as agriculture, forestry, energy, industry and fisheries and evaluate their
contributions to national and regional economies as well as their dependence on water and related
aquatic resources.
In the legal sphere the national, regional, and global context will be presented encompassing an
overview of existing instruments and the capacity of the various actors to enforce their provisions.
This analysis will encompass the nature of interactions between national, regional and global legal
instruments (e.g., regional water quality standards) and mechanisms for further enforcement.
Criteria will be established for assessing the coverage of water and related environmental laws at
the national level.
The following provides an exemplary set of questions (in this case for the water quantity sector)
that can be used for this purpose:
Do water and related environmental laws and regulations:
· base water management on watershed basins and treat the river basin-coastal zone as a
management continuum;
· base such laws on sustainable management principles;
· require integrated water and environmental management planning;
· prevent fragmented departmental water allocation and use decisions;
· ensure integrated economic and environmental policy and project appraisals;
· establish water management institutions as outlined below; and
· establish enforceable incentives for environmentally sustainable water use.
In dealing with the administrative context, the TDA will focus on those water and environment
management institutions that are in place for the management of water resources. The assessment
will cover the issues of institutional and human resource capacity and the specific mandates of the
organizations. Assessment of the institutional capacities will require a consideration of issues
related to technical proficiency, equipment/lab facilities and personnel/management. In assessing
the institutional framework and mandates of "water" organizations, the paramount considerations
will be coordination of surface and ground water management, coordination of water quality and
quantity management, provision of incentives for greater economic and physical efficiencies in
water use and protection of instream flow values and other public values related to water systems.
Further depth of analysis can also be achieved in the assessment of institutional capacity of water
management organizations by considering the following:
capability of coordinating water plans and management procedures with other functional
agencies;
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capability of considering a wide range of alternative solutions to water problems,
including non-structural measures and use of economic instruments (pricing, taxes,
tradable permits subsidies etc.);
separation of functions of planning & evaluation from construction & management;
existence of multidisciplinary expertise to carry out multiple-objective planning and
evaluation;
observation/application of "subsidiarity principle" in assigning responsibilities to
agencies at national, provincial and local levels;
existence of expertise to involve all stakeholders in the planning;
reward structures to stimulate creativity and innovation; and
reward structure that stimulates learning through ex-post analyses.
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4.
MAJOR PERCEIVED WATER-RELATED
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
The identification of the major perceived2 issues is the first step in the TDA process and it will
provide the justification for the in-depth analyses. A distinction will be made between national
and regional issues and then will be ranked according relative significance from the national,
regional and global perspectives. As these distinctions become clearer, the emphasis in the TDA
will gradually shift to those issues that are clearly demonstrated to be more significant at a
regional or global level and to those issues that are characterized as transboundary.
The significance of the perceived issues and problems will be substantiated on environmental,
economic, social, and cultural grounds. The economic costs and losses (consequences/
implications), in the broad sense, of a perceived issue such as "degradation of natural landscapes"
could include loss of value for tourism. The scale of economic losses that are implied by not
addressing the issue can be used to justify intervention at national and/or regional levels
depending on whether the issue is national or transboundary in nature.
These major perceived problems were identified during a Regional Stakeholders' Workshop held
in ROK in October, 1999, and agreed by the parties. There was some discussion about whether
Item 7 is really a perceived problem or a root cause, but it was left in both places in this summary.
These major perceived issues and problems are based in large part on the National Reports on the
Environmental Status of the Yellow Sea, prepared by the PRC and ROK in the PDF-B stage.
2 "Perceived" is used to include issues which may not have been identified or proved to be major problems as yet due to data gaps or lack
of analysis or which are expected to lead to major problems in the future under prevailing conditions.
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Step I:
Major Perceived Water-Related
Environmental Issues and Problems
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Regional Data Summary - Step I:
Major Perceived Water-related Environmental Issues and Problems
Perceived Major Problem
Transboundary Elements
1.Decline of commercial fisheries
Virtually all the major species caught commercially in the Yellow Sea are subject to seasonal
migrations from one area of the sea to another. Sustainable management requires a cooperative
effort of all countries.
2. Degradation of biodiversity, loss of coastal habitats, Fish spawning and nursery ground may assimilate transboundary pollution. Endemic and rare
loss or imminent loss of endangered species and their
species are of regional and global significance and have life cycles that cross national borders.
genomes
Migratory bird habitat are polluted by transboundary contamination or lost due to the coastal
development.
3. Water Quality deterioration
Common trait for all countries and in some cases being transported transboundary
4. Unsustainable Mariculture,
Common to all countries. A potential transboundary problem related to aquaculture is the spread
of pathogen or parasites across the Yellow Sea. Pollution from mariculture in each country.
5. Poor or unsatisfactory human health quality,
The health of the human population has been adversely affected by many environmental factors
unsanitary conditions in many beaches and bathing
through airborne pollution and water-borne dispersion of contaminants and pathogens. Migration
waters, contaminated fish and sea products
of contaminated fish.
6. HAB (Emerging disease)
Common to all countries to varying degrees. Mostly local causes and effects but possible
transboundary migration of bloom species.
7. Inadequate capacity to assess ecosystem
Inadequate basin-scale assessment. Common to all three countries.
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Step II:
Analysis of Root Causes of the Identified Concerns and Issues
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5.
ANALYSIS OF ROOT CAUSES OF THE IDENTIFIED
PERCEIVED PROBLEMS
This analysis will identify the underlying factors or root causes that contribute to the major
perceived issues and problems so that these will be addressed in the implementation of a Strategic
Action Programme. As such it will improve recognition of connections between the components
of the environmental and socio-economic sub-systems through a causal chain analysis.
Once the Major Perceived Issues and Problems are identified, it is necessary to address the root
causes. These root causes represent the circumstances or state-of-affairs that have led to the
environmental degradation and major Perceived Issues and Problems.
These seven major root causes are identified, and their specific features contributing to the
Perceived Problems listed.
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Regional Data Summary - Step II:
Analysis of Root Causes of the Identified Issues and Problems
Main Root Causes
Specific Features
1. Rapid growth in coastal population and urbanization
Overfishing
Extensive use of aquaculture; increased municipal and industrial pollution
Water
use
conflicts
Land use conflicts; habitat loss
Rapid coastal tourism and industrial development
2. Poor or ineffective legal instruments at the regional level,
Lack of multilateral agreements
inadequate implementation of national regulatory
instruments; lack of regional harmonization of regulations
Inadequate
international coordination
Lack of observance of and capacity to implement international environmental laws and
regulations
Lack of common rules and regulations for harvesting practices.
Inadequate compliance and trend monitoring; illegal fishing?
Inadequate enforcement of environmental regulations
Ineffective regional cooperation
Lack of common standards for environmental laws and regulation
3. Inadequate knowledge and infrastructure base
Insufficient knowledge of fish stocks, ecology and population biology
Insufficient knowledge of ecosystem status
Insufficient understanding of sustainable fisheries yields in context of ecosystem health
and stability
Lack of reliable bathing and drinking water quality data
Insufficient data on pollution and bio-accumulation
Lack of reliable statistics on exotic and introduced species and their impacts
Insufficient knowledge of pollution sources
Lack of regional long-term monitoring framework
Lack of continuous assessment of environmental quality
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Inadequate
regional
environmental data and information systems
Lack of socio-economic impact assessments
Lack
of
understanding of natural variability
Insufficient
scientific and technical capacity building, including training
Lack of standardization and validation of research methodologies
4. Inadequate planning and management practices
Lack of effective planning mechanisms for urban/industrial/
recreational/agricultural/coastal zone development
Incipient
intersectoral
coordination
Rapid coastal tourism and industrial development
Increased development of aquaculture
Lack
of
consideration of natural variability including relative sea level fluctuations
5. Poor or insufficient public involvement Incomplete identification and involvement of stakeholders
Inadequate public awareness and education
Deficient public participation/lack of transparency
6. Insufficient financing mechanisms and support
Insufficient funding for infrastructure and management
Ineffective
economic
and financial mechanisms
Inappropriate subsidies to industries (incl. agriculture) and fishing (overcapitalization)
7. Lack of political will
Immature stakeholder involvement
Environment low on political agenda
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6. Synthesis
Matrix
Synthesis Matrix - Step II
Root Causes
Perceived Problems
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Decline of commercial
Degradation of
Water quality decline
Unsustainable
Poor human health
HAB (emerging desease)
Inadequate capacity to
fisheries
biodiversity
Mariculture
quality
monitor/assess ecosystem
1. Rapid growth in
coastal population and
urbanization
b
b
b
b
Vb
b
1, 3, 5
2, 3, 5
4, 5, 3
1, 3, 5
4, 5
4, 5
2. Poor or ineffective
legal instruments
b
b
b
b
1, 5
2, 5
4, 5, (3)
4, 5, (3)
3. Inadequate knowledge
and infrastructure base
b
b
4, 5, (3)
3, 4, 5
4. Inadequate planning
and management
practices
b
b
b
b
b
b
5, 1
2, 5
5, 4, (3)
5, 1
5, 4
5, 4
5. Poor or insufficient
public involvement
b
b
b
b
b
b
5, 1
5, 2
5, 4, (3)
5, 1
5, 4
5
6. Insufficient financing
mechanisms and support
b
b
b
b
5, 4
5, 4
5, 4
5, 3
7. Lack of political will
b
b
b
b
b
5
5
5
5
5
Areas of Intervention:
1
Sustainable Management of Fish Resources and Mariculture
2 Protection
of
Biodiversity
3
Reduce Stress on the Ecosystem
4
Improve Water Quality and Human Health
5
Sustainable Institutional and Human Development
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Step III:
Priority Areas of Future Intervention
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7. PRIORITY AREAS OF FUTURE INTERVENTIONS:
ANALYSIS OF AREAS WHERE ACTIONS ARE PROPOSED:
PROBLEMS, STAKEHOLDERS, ACTIONS, AND OUTPUTS
The Priorities for national and regional perspectives will be clear from the output of the Policy
Option analysis. Priorities at the national level should serve to establish or strengthen the
foundation for interventions at regional and international scales. The cost estimates of proposed
investments will be provided, to the fullest extent possible.
Data and assessment needs will be identified as a basis for future activities in the design and
targeting of research as well as data collection & interpretation, monitoring and evaluation. The
main objective will be to assist in overcoming the scientific uncertainties and/or barriers in the
application of management and policy tools for the sustainable use of water resources.
Background information regarding management tools that are prescribed as part of the proposed
solutions or that are implied in the proposed solutions will be provided.
A description of all the stakeholders, including institutions, organizations, ministries, agencies and
industry related to the perceived issues will also be incorporated. The information pertaining to
this list will include the effect of the issue on stakeholders, the nature and effectiveness of the
interactions between the stakeholders as well as their strengths and weaknesses in view of their
actual and/or potential role in managing water and water dependent resources.
These Areas of Intervention were agreed to be the priority Areas. The Sub-Areas of
Intervention were further ranked by the Region according to two factors:
Priority to the Region:
H:
High
M:
Medium
L:
Low
Priority from a Transboundary Perspective (e.g., need for regional intervention)
S:
Strong
M:
Moderate
W:
Weak
These Areas of Intervention are based on the analysis of Major Perceived Issues and
Problems, and Root Causes. These Areas of Intervention are focused in particular on the GEF
Project Activities, rather than on the longer-term SAP activities, though there is some overlap.
These Areas for Future Intervention form the basis for the Activities developed in the Project
Brief for the YSLME.
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Area I.
Sustainable Management of Fish Resources and Mariculture
· Assess carrying capacities for fisheries and mariculture under changing environmental
conditions (H, S)
a)
Review of existing state-of-knowledge and preliminary carrying capacity analysis
(retrospective)
b)
Communicate with Carrying Capacity and Climate Change of PICES, FAO and
others
c)
Define major gaps in the state-of-knowledge
d)
Fill the gaps
e)
Perform iterative series of analysis of carrying capacity and issue report: use
ECOPATH and ECOSIM to begin
· Assess
regional
fish
stocks
(H,
S)
a)
Review of existing data and diagnosis of condition of stocks
b)
ID knowledge gaps such as stock separation
c)
Intercompare/intercalibrate methodologies
d)
Perform demonstration of a Regional Survey
e)
Develop common methodology for joint regional stock assessment and perform
first analysis
f)
Create mechanism for annual stock assessment
· Develop Regional Fisheries and ecosystem Management Plans, including regional
recovery programme (H, S)
a) Establish
national,
bilateral, and/or regional working groups separately for
fisheries and ecosystem MP.
b)
Develop concrete methodologies for management plans
c)
Create draft management plans, based on relevant data
d)
Review of management plans by appropriate Stakeholder forum
e)
Develop regional stewardship for ownership of the Management Plans
· Promote and coordinate regional mariculture and sea farming strategies (M, M)
a)
Review existing status and trends of mariculture
b)
Develop appropriate communication mechanism
c)
Develop joint applied research program for mariculture to identify sustainable
approaches
d) Pilot
demonstration
projects in sustainable mariculture
e)
Review effects of mariculture on biodiversity
f)
Develop projections of mariculture activity and carrying capacity for the next
decade
· Assess, diagnosis and control disease associated with mariculture (M, M)
a)
Review of existing state of knowledge of disease in mariculture, particularly
emphasizing emergent disease
b)
Joint development and demonstration of new technology for diagnosis and
control
c)
Facilitate communication about new diseases, diagnoses, and control
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· Develop and endorse bilateral or regional agreement for sustainable use of fisheries
resources (H, S)
a)
Designate intergovernmental working group
b)
Develop draft regional fisheries agreement with appropriate stakeholder
involvement
c)
Endorsement of the agreement
· Strengthen and enforce National and regional fisheries laws and regulations (H, S)
a)
Establish regional legal/regulatory working group
b)
Review existing national laws and regulations on fisheries and pertinent
international agreements (e.g. FAO Code of Conduct and Straddling Stocks
agreement)
c)
Propose measures for strengthening laws and regulations, and enforcement
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Area II.
Protection of Biodiversity
· Assess trends in YSLME biodiversity (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a. Coordinate national analyses of existing data and trends
b. Coordinate and develop regional biodiversity assessment, summarizing
status and trends
Expected Outputs
a. National reports on status and trends of biodiversity
b. Compile comprehensive regional review of status and trends of YSLME
biodiversity
· Develop strategies for conserving and restoring habitats and coastal landscapes (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a. Review existing national practices of conservation and restoration
b. Develop regionally coordinated strategies of conservation and restoration in
regional scientific workshop
Expected Outputs
a. Regionally coordinated and common strategies.
· Develop strategies for protection of vulnerable species (including rare and endangered
species) and trophic linkages (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a. Conduct national review of status of vulnerable species and trophic linkages
b. Review national regulations and effectiveness of protection measures
c. Develop regionally coordinated strategies of protection in regional scientific
workshop
Expected Outputs
a. Regionally coordinated and common strategies for biodiversity protection
· Develop strategies for gene pool conservation (M, M)
Activities/Solutions
a. Determine national situations of genetic degradation of important bio-
resources.
b. Regionally determine need for conservation of gene pool.
Expected Outputs
a. Recommendations for conservation of specific gene pool.
· Evaluate the risk of exotic species (M, S)
Activities/Solutions
a. Document introduced exotic species and their pathways
b. Assess impacts and risks
Expected Outputs
a. Regional assessment of risks
b. Inventory of exotic species
c. Proposals for regulation and control of introduction of exotic species,
including implementation of IMO guidelines on ballast water management
· Develop Regional biodiversity action plan and biodiversity investment plan (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
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a. Develop outline and content of biodiversity action plan for YSLME.
b. Write national biodiversity plans
c. Compare national action plans and develop coordinated regional
biodiversity plan.
Expected
Outputs
a. Clarify
national
priorities
for protecting biodiversity
b. Clarify
regional
priorities for biodiversity protection.
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Area III.
Reduce Stress on the Ecosystem
· Identify and rank the natural and human-induced stresses on the ecosystem (H, S)
a)
Retrospective analysis of trends and information on stressors
b)
Develop concrete methods for ranking procedure
c)
Identify data and information gaps
d)
Develop methods to fill gaps
e)
Rank contributions of various stressors and periodic review of trends
· Assess the carrying capacities of the ecosystem under changing human-induced and
natural variability (H, S)
a)
Review of existing state-of-knowledge and preliminary carrying capacity analysis
(retrospective)
b)
Communicate with Carrying Capacity and Climate Change of GLOBEC, other
LMEs, and others
c)
Define major gaps in the state-of-knowledge
d)
Fill the gaps
e)
Perform iterative analysis of carrying capacity addressing decadal sustainability
· Develop strategies for monitoring changing status of ecosystem (H, S)
a)
Identify key ecosystem components
b)
Develop strategies for assessing changes in those components, linking national
efforts and supplementing where necessary to obtain a regional perspective
c)
Initiate demonstration project for assessing changing conditions (new and
innovative technology)
d)
Pentadal state-of-the-ecosystem reports
· Identify key ecosystem components
e)
Develop strategies for assessing changes in those components, linking national
efforts and supplementing where necessary to obtain a regional perspective
f) Initiate
demonstration
project for assessing changing conditions (new and
innovative technology)
g)
Pentadal state-of-the-ecosystem reports
· Identify corrective measures to minimize the human-induced stress (H, S)
a)
For highest ranked human-induced stressors, determine concrete sources and root
causes for the stress.
b)
Prioritize corrective actions to reduce the sources or root causes associated with
the stressors.
· Identify and implement policies and legal measures to reduce the stress (H, S)
a)
Initiate working group to review the stressors and identify policy and legal
instruments to reduce the stress
b)
Develop draft policies and legal measures for consideration by national and
regional bodies
· Develop financial mechanisms to fund these improvements (H, S)
a)
Development Priority Investment Portfolio project for the YSLME
b)
Create sustainable mechanism for developing investment projects, including
training, forums for the donor community
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c)
Develop strategy for long-term sustainability of investments to improve the
YSLME
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Area IV. Improve Water Quality and Human Health
· Assess and monitor the contaminant and nutrient inputs into the YSLME (M, S)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Coordinate national analyses of existing data and trends
b)
Summarize contaminant and nutrient loading into the YSLME
Expected Outputs
a)
Improved national and regional knowledge of contaminants and
nutrient loading
· Develop baseline data & monitor contaminant & nutrient levels in the YSLME (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Document baseline data
b)
Determine national and regional monitoring program
c)
Establish regional monitoring network (eg., Mussel Watch program).
Expected Outputs
a)
Regionally coordinated monitoring programs.
· Assess and monitor HABs and emerging diseases in YSLME (M, M)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Coordinate national analyses of existing data and trends
b)
Assess threat of emerging diseases on bio-resources and impacts to
human health
Expected Outputs
a) Establish
regional monitoring network
b)
Early warning system for disease outbreak
· Hot spots analysis and non-point sources of pollution, remediation and prevention from
land- and sea- based sources (M, S)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Assess hot spot and non point sources of water quality degradation
b)
Evaluate procedures for re-mediation and prevention
c)
Prepare preliminary investment files
Expected Outputs
a) Assessment
of
pollution sources and provide focus for re-mediation
b)
Improved water quality and cleaner beaches
c)
Improved ecosystem health
d)
Investment strategies for remediation
· Develop regional emergency prevention and contingency strategies (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Assess national emergency and contingency capabilities
b)
Develop regional early warning system
c)
Coordinate strategies for rapid and long-term responses to
catastrophic causes of pollution
Expected Outputs
a)
Regional coordination of emergency and contingency responses
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· Review and harmonize regulations and laws on water quality (H, S)
Activities/Solutions
a)
Review and compare national regulations and laws on water quality
b) Coordinate
actions
to improve water quality
Expected Outputs
a)
Improved water quality and cleaner beaches
b)
Proposals for coordinated implementation of regulations.
· Develop strategies for assessing the fate, transport and risks of contaminant and nutrient
(H, S)
Activities/solutions
a)
Review existing understanding of fate and transport studies,
including modeling
b)
Provide training in risk assessment techniques
c)
Fill modeling gaps, as required, to understand fate and transport
pathways
d)
Develop strategy for risk assessment for Region
Expected Outputs
a) Local
capability
to
perform risk assessment for SAP purposes
b)
Capability to quantify fates and transport of contaminants and
nutrients in the YSLME
c)
Quantitative
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Area V.
Sustainable Regional Institutional and Human
Development
· Strategy for institutional and regional agreement for managing the YSLME ecosystem (H,
S)
Activities/solutions
a.
Facilitate regional, national and local dialogues
b.
Involve stakeholders in decisions
c.
Provide for a for learning about pertinent regional agreements elsewhere
Expected Outputs
a.
Functioning sustainable regional agreement to serve as basis for sustainable
management of the YSLME
· Strengthen capacities for stakeholders (scientists, managers, decision makers, private
sectors and NGOs) (H, S)
Activities/solutions
a.
Train stakeholders in technical, scientific, socio-economic and legal areas
b.
Help develop and maintain NGO forums
c.
Establish private sector councils to assure participation in the YSLME
solutions
d.
Provide for targeted public awareness and public participation
Expected Outputs
a.
More highly trained stakeholders
b.
Public more aware
c.
Broader stakeholder involvement in the GEF process and solution orientation
· Involvement of stakeholder in the environmental and resources management and decision
making (H, S)
Activities/solutions
a.
Establish Stakeholder forums on regional, national and local levels
b.
Provide opportunities for stakeholders to participate in small grants initiatives
c.
Implement broad public awareness/public participation activities
Expected Outputs
a.
More involved stakeholders
b.
Greater potential for sustainability of regional and national efforts
· Strengthen institutional capacities (H, M)
Activities/solutions
a.
Provide communications and scientific equipment to support TDA/SAP
activities
b.
Assist with interministerial coordination functions
Expected Outputs
a. Strengthened
local capacities for sustained activities
· To develop regional coordination and cooperation mechanisms (H, S)
Activities/solutions
a.
Establish regional coordination mechanism
b.
Support national inter-ministerial and intersectoral coordination
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Expected Outputs
a.
Functioning sustainable regional coordination mechanism
b. Effective
national
coordination within governments and with stakeholders
c.
Effective interaction with international community and projects
· Develop financing mechanisms for long-term sustainability (H, S)
Activities/solutions
a.
Implement a Priority Investment Portfolio
b.
Train nationals in project development activities
c.
Create/participate in regional financing forums with broad development bank
participation
d.
Small environmental grants program to develop ideas to feasibility stage
Expected Outputs
a.
Trained local staff capable of developing investment projects
b.
Attention to environmental investment through regional investment forums
· Development of regional data and information management tools (DBMS, GIS,
communications and exchange) (H, S)
Activities/solutions
a. Create
common
data/information management capability in the region
b.
Coordinate data and information exchange, display, and analysis tools
c.
Provide training and compatible equipment for major participating
institutions
d.
Create web page and similar broad, modern communications tools
Expected Outputs
a.
Functional, sustainable data and information management network for the
YSLME
Regional Priorities
H- high,
M- medium,
L- low
Transboundary Nature
S- strong,
M- moderate,
W- weak
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Step IV:
Detailed Information on Action Plans
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8.
DETAILED INFORMATION ON ACTION AREAS
To motivate and support the actions described in section 7, data from the Yellow Sea states
have been summarized here. These data are taken from the National Reports prepared as part
of the UNDP/GEF PDF-B Project Preparation phase, as well as from numerous publications
from within each country. The uneven availability of data across countries is clear in this
summary, demonstrating the need for a formal TDA data and information gathering phase to
make the TDA more complete and to fill in the gaps.
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Area I.
Sustainable Management of Fish Resources and
Mariculture
Republic of Korea
One major issue on the Yellow Sea ecosystem perceived by the general public and scientists
alike is the collapse of the fisheries resources. The general increase in fishing activities since
1970s, in general, has depressed fish populations, and, in turn, requires higher fishing efforts
than before to sustain the same catch (higher catch per unit effort CPUE). Especially for
demersal species, the failure of recruitment and the reduction in length are common
phenomena in the Yellow Sea. The cold-water species (e.g., Pacific cod) which reside in the
bottom water of the central Yellow Sea trough are almost extinct, because intensive fishing
operations have been conducted in a narrow and confined region. It is obvious that fish
resources in the Yellow Sea have suffered from recruitment overfishing and growth
overfishing due to the high level of fishing activities. The schools of migratory species such
as small yellow croaker and hairtail were chased by fishermen from overwintering areas in the
East China Sea, so that the size of spawning stock has been continuously decreased during the
course of spawning migration.
Coastal areas serve as the spawning as well as nursery grounds for resident species of the
Yellow Sea. Many migratory species, such as skates and pomfrets, migrate seasonally
between coastal and offshore areas, and are threatened by coastal development such as land
reclamation and expansion of the industrial complex. The loss of spawning grounds and the
habitat degradation due to pollutants are making the fertile coastal area barren.
ROK fishermen fish using trawl net, set net, long line, dredge net, stow net, gill net, and purse
seine. Total catches from inshore, nearshore, and East China Sea by ROK fisheries in 1998 were
approximately 0.901 million MT, but the proportion of the catches in the Yellow Sea only can not
be estimated because of the lack of information. ROK trawling has been intensified since 1967 in
their catches, number of hauls, and catches per haul until late 1980s whereas Japanese trawlers
peaked their fishing intensity around 1965 and Chinese boats kept increasing their fishing
intensity (Zhang et al., 1988). Three major fisheries (large-sized trawl, mid-sized trawl, and large
stow net fishery) have been operated in the Yellow Sea and their catches per unit effort (CPUEs)
have been declining since mid 1970s in ROK. Prior to mid 1970s, however, two fisheries, the
large-sized trawl and stow net fishery, showed an increase in CPUE, whereas the rest remained
stable. Figure I-1 shows dramatic declines of CPUEs in late the 1970s, showing that the average
relative abundance of recent years was less than one-tenth of the highest in the mid 1970s.
The species composition of the catch has changed dramatically (able I-1). Statistics for catch of
individual species demonstrate the sequence of decline for fisheries (Fig. I-2). Finally, the
transboundary nature of one fishery, the small yellow croaker, is demonstrated by a map of the
spawning areas.
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<Fig. I-1> Historical CPUEs by three major fisheries, large stow net, large and medium trawls in the
Yellow Sea and East China Sea during 1968-1995.
0.8
0.7
)
P
0.6
H
r
e
0.5
p
0.4
ch
at
0.3
(C
0.2
UE
CP
0.1
0.0
1968 197 0 1972 1974 1976 1978 1 980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 19 92 1994
Year
La rge T rawl
M ediu m Tra wl
Lar ge St ow
YSLME TDA Draft 9
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<Table I-1> Commercially targeted fisheries resources in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea
KOREAN NAME
B. COMMON NAME
C. SCIENTIFIC NAME
A. (Korean pronunciation)
Demersal fish
Ch'amjogi
Small yellow croaker
Pseudosciaena polyactis
Chwich'I
Hairtail
Trichiurus lepturus
Chwich'I
Filefish
Navodon modestus
Pyôngô
Pomfret
Pampus argenteus
Kangdari
Corvenias
Collichthys niveatus
Puse
Large yellow croacker
Pseudosciaena crocea
Poguch'i
White croaker
Argyrosomus agentatus
Minô
Brown croaker
Nibea imbricatus
Mulgajami
Roundnose flounder
Eopsetta guigorjewi
Nobch'I
Bastard halibut
Paralichthys olivaceus
Nungsôngô
Common sea bass
Epinephelus septenfasciatus
Taegu
Pacific cod
Gadus macrocephalus
Pôgô
Puffers
Tetraodontidae
Kaetchangô
Sharptoothed eel
Muraenesox cinereus
Ch'amdom
Red sea bream
Pagrus major
Agwi
Sea-devil
Lophiomus setigerus
Paendaengi
Bigeyed herring
Harengula zunasi
Pollak
Rockfish
Sebastes inermis
Yangt'ae
Flathead
Platycephalus indicus
Hongô
Skateray
Rajidae
Pelagic fish
Myolch'i
Anchovy
Engraulis japonica
Chongôri
Sardine
Sardinops nelanosticta
Ch'ongô
Pacific herring
Clupea harengus pallasii
Kodungô
Mackerel
Scomber japonicus
Chôngaengi
Jack(horse) mackerel
Tranchurus japonicus
Samch'i
Spanish mackerel
Scomberromorus niphonius
Crustacea and Squids
Kabojingô
Cuttlefish
Sepia esculenta
Kkotke
Blue crab
Portunus trituberculatus
Taeha
Large shrimp
Pemaeus orientalis
D. Ojingô
E. Common squid
F. Todarodes pacificus
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. I-2> Annual catches of (a) small yellow croaker, (b) hairtail, (c) pomfret, (d) flounder,
(e) brown croaker, (f) anchovy, (g) filefish, and (h) sharptoothed eel in the Yellow Sea and
East . China Sea during 1960-1996
(a)
(b)
45000
120000
40000
small yellow
hairtail
100000
35000
30000
80000
Ca
tch 25000
(M
60000
T) 20000
Catch (MT
15000
40000
10000
20000
5000
0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
(c) (d)
Year
20000
12000
18000
pomfret
flounder
10000
16000
14000
8000
Cat
Ca 12000
ch
tc
(M 6000
10000
h
T)
(M 8000
T)
4000
6000
4000
2000
2000
0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
Year
(e)
3500
80000
croaker
anchovy
3000
70000
60000
2500
T
Ca 50000
2000
tch
(M 40000
1500
T)
Catch (M
30000
1000
20000
500
10000
0
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
Year
3000
160000
filefish
sharptoothed eel
140000
2500
120000
Cat
2000
100000
Cat
ch
ch
(M 80000
(M
T)
1500
T)
60000
1000
40000
20000
500
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Year
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. I-3> Migration routes of small yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena polyactis. Numbers indicate months.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Emerging Diseases in Aquaculture
Coastal waters of the Yellow Sea are enriched with food for shellfish that include oysters,
mussels, scallops, and clam mariculture. Shellfish farms placed along the coast of Yellow Sea
mostly use intensive aquaculture system for high production from relatively small area.
Oysters and clams are intensively cultured in the west and south coast of ROK. However,
intensive aquaculture system is often suffered from outbreak of diseases or parasites due to
the high density of culturing organisms
Major disease-causing agents of commercially important marine organisms are virus, bacteria,
protozoan, fungi and metazoans. Table I-2 lists major diseases found among shellfishes and
fin fishes reported by Office Internationale Des Epizooties (OIE) and ROK Ministry of
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.
<Table I-2> Types of disease found among commercially important marine organisms.
Type of
Hosts or Infected
Disease
Pathogen
Agent
Organisms
Hirame Rhabdovirus (HRV) Virus
Rhabdovirus
Olive flounder
(Paralicthys olivaceus)
Birnarvirosis
Virus
Birnarvirus
Olive flounder
Lymphocystis disease
Virus
Iridovirus
Olive flounder
Yellowtail ascites virsus
Yellowtail (Seriola
Virus Birnavirus
(YAV)
quinqueradiata)
Iridovirosis Virus
Iridovirus Marine
fishes
Conchyliurus quintus,
Crustacea
Copepod disease
Modiolicola bifidus
Marine fishes
n parasite Hermannella longicaudata
Meretrix lusori
Trematod
Ruditapes
Bacciger parasitic infection
Cercaria pectinata
a
philippinarum
Solen strictus
Pinctada fucata
Birnavirosis Virus
Birnavirus martensii
Hematopancreatic
Hepatopancreatic
Virus
Penaeid shrimps
parvovirus (HPV)
parvovirus
Ruditapes
Perkinsus atlanticus
Perkinsosis Protozoa
philippinarum
Perkinsus kalsoni
Argopecten irradians
Bonemia ostrea,
Bonamiosis Protozoa
Ostrea edulis
Boneamia sp.
Haplosporidium nelsoni
Crassostrea virginica
Haplosporidiosis Protozoa
(MSX)
Crassostrea gigas
Marteilia refrigens
Ostrea edulis
Marteiliosis Protozoa
Marteilia chungmuensis
Crassostrea gigas
Ruditapes
Cercaria Disease
Trematod Cercaria tapes
philippinarum
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
People's Republic of China
Analogous data are available for the PRC. Figure I-4 demonstrates the increase in annual
fishery production from the early 1950s to present, with the yield increasing for total fisheries
some thousand-fold, and fishes nearly ten-fold. In latest years, figure I-5 demonstrates the
same trends. Figure I-6 demonstrates the different types of fishing gear used in the Yellow
Sea and Bohai Sea.
In terms of fisheries, figure I-7 demonstrates the catch of major fish species, shoing the
decline in large yellow croaker and small yellow croaker, and the new dominance of fisheries
for Japanese Anchovy and chub mackeral. Figure I-8 shows the annual yield of invertebrate
species in the Yellow and Bohai seas, with the recent increase in northern maoxia shrimp.
Shellfish culture has increased dramatically (Figure I-19), with large increases in mussels,
scallops, clams, and oysters. Another demonstration that mariculture has increased
dramatically is shown in a comparison of distribution of mariculture in the PRC coastal
provinces in 1987 and 1997 (Figure I-10). Shandong and Liaoning provinces, in particular,
show dramatic, 10-fold increases in mariculture during this time period.
5000
4500
4000
Fishes
Crustaceans
3500
Molluscs
Algae
3000
Others
2500
2000
Yield (x1000 t)
1500
1000
500
0
1951
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
Y ear
<Fig. I-4>. Annual fishery production of China in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
3500
3000
Fishes
C rustaceans
2500
M olluscs
A lgae
O thers
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
<Fig. I-5> Annual catch in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
T raw l
Purse seine
60
D rift net
Fixed nets
H ooks
O thers
40
20
0
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
<Fig. I-6> Annual catch proportion by fishing gears in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
250
1200
Large yellow croaker
Small yellow croaker
Largehead hairtail
Spanish mackerel
Chub mackerel
Japanese anchovy
1000
200
800
150
600
Yield (x1000 t) 100
400
Japanes anchovy (x1000 t)
50
200
0
0
Year
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995
<Fig. I-7> Annual yield of major fish species in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
250
Fleshy Prawn
200
Southern rough shrimp
Northern maoxia shrimp
Blue crab
150
Cephalopods
Yield (x1000 t) 100
50
Year
0
1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
<Fig. I-8> Annual yield of invertebrate species in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
1200
M ussel
Scallop
C lam
1000
O yster
O thers
800
600
400
200
0
1987
1990
1995
1997
<Fig. I-9> Annual production of cultured shellfishes in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
2500
1997
2000
Fish
Crustacean
1500
Shellfish
Algae
1000
Yield (x1000 t)
500
0
Tianjin
Hebei
Liaoning
Shandong
Jiangsu
250
1987
200
150
100
Yield (x1000 t)
50
0
Tianjin
Hebei
Liaoning
Shandong
Jiangsu
<Fig. I-10> Annual production of mariculture in the coastal provinces along Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea (Top,
in the year of 1997; lower, in the year of 1987).
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Area II. Protection of Biodiversity
Republic of Korea
Approximately 1,600 species have been reported from marine and coastal habitats in the ROK
Yellow Sea: 70 phytoplankton, 300 benthic diatoms, 300 marine algae, 50 halophytes, 500
marine invertebrates, 150 fish, 230 water birds and 10 marine mammals. Among them are 13
endangered or reserved wild animal species including spotted seal Phoca largha. The Yellow
Sea has specific oceanographic conditions as a semi-enclosed sea, and therefore it is
anticipated that endemism of benthic invertebrates might be high. However, the diversity of
endemic species has not been well studied, nor is the rate of loss in the species diversity.
There are no data on introduced species in the ROK Yellow Sea. Little study has been made
of genetic diversity. Endangered and preserved species are listed in Table II-1.
<Table II-1> List of endangered species and preserved species of the West Coast of ROK
by Natural Environment Conservation Law
Species Name
Common Name
Number of
Remarks
Natural monument
Mammalia Mammalia
Lutra lutra
Otter 330
Endangered
species
Callorhinus ursinus
Northern Fur Seal
Preserved species
Phoca largha
Spotted Seal
331
"
Aves Aves
Egretta europhotes
Chinese Egret
361
Endangered species
Ciconia boyciana
White Stork
199
"
Platalea leucorodia
Spoonbill 205
"
Platalea minor
Black-faced Spoonbill
205
"
Cygnus olor
Mute Swan
201
"
Haliaeetus albicilla
White-tailed Eagle
243
"
Falco peregrinus
Peregrine Falcon
323
"
Grus japonensis
Manchurian Crane
202
"
Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoon-billed Sandpiper
"
Tringa guttifer
Spotted Nordmann's
"
Greenshank
Phalacrocorax pelagicus Pelagic Cormorant
Preserved species
Anser fabalis
Bean Goose
"
Anser cygnoides
Swan Goose
325
"
Cygnus columbianus
Whistling Swan
201
"
Cygnus cygnus
Whooper Swan
201
"
Anas formosa
Baikal Teal
"
Mergus squamatus
Scaly-sided Merganser
"
Grus monacha
Hooded Crane
228
"
Grus vipio
White-naped Crane
203
"
Haematopus ostralegus
Oystercatcher 326
"
Charadrius placidus
Long-billed Ringed
"
Plover
Numenius
Australian Curlew
"
madagascariensis
Larus saundersi
Saunder's Gull
"
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Mollusca Mollusks
Ellobium chinense
Preserved
species
Clithon retropietus
"
On the West Coast, there are two national parks Taean-Haean National Park and Tadohae-
Haesang National Park - and six natural monument sites for one or two single species (Table
II-2 and Figure II-1). Government agencies and NGOs concerned about the problems of
habitat loss first considered protection of the coastal environment in the Yellow Sea. Their
efforts have been concentrated in estuaries, tidal flats, artificial lakes and other coastal
wetlands. These areas have long been recognized as special places with a unique range of
life, and breeding and feeding area for water birds or migratory birds of international
significance. Although there are regulations and laws such as Wetland Conservation Act,
Natural Environment Preservation Act, Wildlife Preservation and Game Act etc. to conserve
the coastal environment, in ROK no marine protected area is designated at present.
According to water bird census investigated in coastal area every year, more than 10 sites are
eligible for Ramsar sites (Figure II-2 and Table II-3).
<Table II-2> List of natural monument animals inhabited in the west coast of ROK
Number of
Name of Species
Common Name
Designated Date
Natural monument
Ciconia boyciana
White Stork
199
1968. 5. 30
Cygnus columbianus
Whistling Swan
201
1968. 5. 30
Cygnus cygnus
Whooper Swan
"
"
Cygnus olor
Mute Swan
"
"
Grus japonensis
Manchurian Crane
202
"
Grus vipio
White-naped Crane
203
"
Platalea minor
Black-faced Spoonbill
205
"
Platalea leucorodia
Spoonbill "
"
Grus monacha
Hooded Crane
228
1970. 10. 30
Falco peregrinus
Peregrine Falcon
323
"
Anser cygnoides
Swan Goose
325
"
Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher 326
"
Lutra lutra
Otter 330
"
Phoca largha
Spotted Seal
331
"
Egretta europhotes
Chinese Egret
361
1988. 8. 23
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. II-1> Map showing marine and coastal national parks located in the West Coast of ROK.
N
39 0
W
E a st S e a
38 0
K a n g w o n d o
H a n R i v e r
K a n g h w a i s l a n d
S eou l
ln c h o n
Ky ong gi Ba y
Inchon
K yong gid o
C h u n g c h on g
37 0
b u k d o
Y e llo w S e a
T a e a n
C h un g c h on g
H a e a n N a t i o n a l P a r k
n a m d o
K y o n g s a n g
b u k d o
36 0
B y e n s a n
B a n d o N a t i o n a l P a r k
C h olla
b u k d o
K y o n g s a n g
n a m d o
C holla
n a m d o
35 0
Ts u s h i m a
34 0
D a d o h a e
H a e s a n g N a t i o n a l Pa r k
J a p a n
C hej u d o
126 0
125 0
124 0
127 0
128 0
129 0
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig.II-2> Map showing natural monument protection sites (solid circles) and sites
in criteria of Ramsar convention distinct (solid triangles) in the West Coast of ROK
N
39 0
W
E a st S e a
38 0
H a n R i ve r E s t u a r y
K a n g w o n d o
S eou l
Ky ong gi Ba y
Inchon
S h i n d o
K y o ng gid o
C h u n g c h on g
37 0
b u k d o
Y e llo w S e a
C
N a m d o
hungch on g
n a m d o
K y o n g s a n g
b u k d o
36 0
C holl a
b u k d o
K y o n g s a n g
n a m d o
M u a n C holla
C h i l b a l d o
n a m d o
35 0
K u g u l d o
C h i n d o
Ts u s h i m a
34 0
J a p a n
C heju do
126 0
125 0
124 0
127 0
128 0
129 0
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table II-3> Sites of coastal and estuarine wetlands in criteria using waterfowl species
of Ramsar by estimation in west coast of ROK (MOE), 1997, 1998, 1999.
Sites Major
Waterfowl
Estimated Population in 1% level in
Remarks
Species
Population
World
Ramsar
criteria
Han River White-naped Crane
385
*3,000
30 Migrated over 20,000
Estuary
populations in '96. 12
'97. 3.
Kangwha Mongolian Plover
900
**27,000
270
Island
Black-bellied Plover
580
***25,000
250
Dunlin
1,830
**130,000
1,300
Australian Curlew
445
*21,000
210
Black-faced Spoonbill
41
*650
7
Youngjong Mongolian Plover
870
**27,000
270
Island
Snowy Plover
1,201
**25,000
250
Dunlin
6,707
**130,000
1,300
Shiwha
Green-winged Teal
15,000 **1,500,000
15,000 Migrated over 20,000
Lake
populations in '99. 2.
Asan Bay Dunlin
2,821
**130,000
1,300 Migrated over 20,000
Australian Curlew
1,540
*21,000
210 populations in '96. 11 -
Greenshank
488
***40,000
400 12 and '97. 1 - 4.
Terek Sandpiper
944
***36,000
360
Namyang Dunlin
8,000
**130,000
1,300
Bay
Great Knot
5,100
*330,000
3,300
Chinese Egret
47
*2,500
25
Daeho
Baikal Teal
25,000
*105,000
1,050
Lake
Cheonsu
Dunlin
2,097
**130,000
1,300 Migrated over 20,000
Bay
Biack-tailed Godwit
3,935
**162,000
1,620 populations in '96. 10
Baikal Teal
110,003
*105,000
1,050 '97. 3.
Kum River Dunlin
7,128
**130,000
1,300 Migrated over 20,000
Estuary
Mongolian Plover
450
**27,000
270 populations in '96. 11
Oystercatcher
1,169
*3,000
30 '97. 3.
Mankyung Saunder's Gull
410
*10,000
100 Migrated over 20,000
River
Great Knot
17,767
*330,000
3,300 populations in '96. 10 -
Estuary
White-naped Crane
130
*3,000
30 11 and '97. 1 - 4.
Tongjin
Dunlin
8,784
**130,000
1,300 Migrated over 20,000
River
Australian Curlew
726
*21,000
210 populations in '96. 10 -
Estuary
Snowy Plover
586
**25,000
250 11 and '97. 1 - 2.
Youngsan (Eurasian) Wigeon
11,283 **1,000,000
10,000 Migrated over 20,000
River
populations in '99. 2
Estuary
*: Population in the world, **: Maximum population of subspecies, ***: Population on fly-way of migratory
waterbirds (Rose, P.M. and D.A. Scott, 1994. Waterfowl Population Estimates. IWRB, 29.)
References: Ministry of Environment, 1997, 1998, 1999 ("Census datas of migratory waterbirds")
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
The main threat to the coastal habitats is land reclamation, especially at in estuaries and
shallow bays. During the past decades, many sites have been reclaimed, resulting in the loss
of approximately 25% of the total tidal flats in ROK (Figure II-3). The waste materials and
pollutants from industrial complexes and cities located in along the coast and visitors to the
coast for tourism and recreation also degrade the habitats.
<Fig. II-3> Map showing major reclamation areas reclaimed or under construction.
N
39 0
W
E a st S e a
38 0
K an g w on do
S eoul
Ky ong gi Ba y
Inchon
K y on g g id o
Shihwa
Reclamation Area
37 0
C h u n g c h on g
b u k d o
Y e llo w S e a
C h un gc h on g
n a m d o
K y o n g s a n g
b u k d o
Saemangum
36 0
Reclamation Area
C holla
b u k d o
K y o n g s a n g
n a m d o
Youngsangang
Reclamation Area
C holl a
35 0
n a m d o
Ts u s h i m a
34 0
126¡££
J a p a n
C he ju d o
126 0
125 0
124 0
127 0
128 0
129 0
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
People's Republic of China
Analogous information is available for the PRC portion of the Yellow Sea, though the exact
numbers of species differs, pointing out the need for joint work to clarify the species
identification, and to harmonize methods for identifying species. Different countries have
focused on different types of organisms, and the effort of study is imbalanced. The full TDA
will demonstrate this balance following efforts undertaken under the GEF project.
The list of priority protected marine organisms in the Yellow Sea for the PRC is provided in
Table II-4. However, whereas the ROK list focused mainly on birds, the PRC list is less
intensively focused on birds and includes reptiles, fish, and other organisms.
<Table II-4> The list of priority protected marine organisms in Yellow Sea
Organisms Level
of
protection
Chordata
Mammalia
Cetacea
II
Aves
Procellariiformes
Diomedeidae
Diomedea albatrus I
Pelecaniformes
Pelecanidae
Pelecans p. philippensis II
Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax pelagicus II
Ciconiiformes
Ciconiidae
Ciconia nigra I
Reptilia
Testudoformes
Cheloniidae
Chelonta mydas II
Eretmochetys imbricata II
Lepidochelys olivacea II
Dermochelyidae
Dermockelys corlacea II
Pisces
Perciformes
Cottidae
II
Trachidermus fasciatus
Acipenseriformes
Acipenseridae
Acipenser sinensis I
Polyodontidae
Psiphurus gladius I
Appendicularia (Amphioxi)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Amphioxiformes
Branchiosiomaiidae
Branchtotoma belcheri tsingtauense II
Hemichordata
Enteropneusta
Balanoglossidae (Ptychoderidae)
Glassobalanus palybanchioporus I
Harrimaniidae
Saccoglossus hwangiauensis I
The nature reserves and wetlands
There are 10 marine nature reserves along the Yellow Sea coast, of which two are national
reserves and 8 provincial or county ones. In addition, 5 reserves are in the process of
establishment (Table II-5). The important wetlands include those in Yalujiang Estuary of
Liaoning, Daguhe Estuary of Shandong and Yancheng tidal flat of Jiangsu (Table II-6).
<Table II-5> Nature reserves in Yellow Sea
Name
Location
Objects of protection
Level and
Responsible
time
Agency
Snake
Dalian City
Snake(Agkishrodon shedaoensis)
National
SEPA
Island
Liaoning Province Migratory birds and their habitat
1990
Miaodao
Changdao County Island-sea ecosystem
Provincial
SOA
Archipelago Shandong
Migratory birds
1991
Province
Qiansandao Haizhou Bay
Rare species
planned SOA
Islanda
Jiangsu Province Migratory birds
Donggou
Donggang City
Wetland ecosystem
County
SEPA
Wetland
Liaoning Province
1991
Chenshan- Rongcheng City
Nature landscape and
Provincial
SOA
tou
Shandong
Lagoon ecosystem
1991
Province
North-West Jiaozhou Bay
Mudflat ecosystem, typical north
planned SOA
Muddy flat Qingdao
China marine fauna
Jiaozhou
Bay
Yancheng Yancheng
City Crane(Grus japonica)
National
SEPA
Jiangsu Province And coastal mudflat
1992
Sheyang Sheyang
County Salinized marsh ecosystem
planned
Jiangsu Province
Dafeng Dafeng
County Estuary marsh ecosystem
planned
Jiangsu Province
Acorn worm Jiaozhou Bay
Local endemic species of acorn
planned SOA
Shangdong
worm(Saccoglossus hulangtauensis ,
Province
Balanoglossus misakiensis)
Sanshan
Dalian City
Scallop (Chlamys farreri) and
Municipal MOA
Island
Lisoning Province Abalone (Haliotis discus)
precious
marine
organisms
Jinshitan
Dalian City
Typical geological structure,
Municipal SEPA
Geology
Liaoning Province palaeobiofossil and peculiar coastal
landforms.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Changhai
Changhai County Sea cucumber(Stichopus japonicus),
Municipal SEPA
precious
Liaoning Province scallop(Chlamys farreri) and
marine
abalone(Haliotis discus)
organisms
Sanggou
Rongcheng City
Precious marine organisms
County
SEPA
Bay
Shandong
Province
Jimi Qingdao
City
Commercial marine organisms
County
SEPA
Shandong
Province
Note: SEPA---State Environment Protection Agency
SOA---State Oceanic Administration
MOA---Ministry of Agriculture
<Table II-6> The important wetlands along the coast of the PRC Yellow Sea
Location
Size
Other vegetation
Birds recorded and species
number
Yalujian
110km2
Salsola glauca, Salicornia
>70 species, Cygnus, Egretta
Estuary
euronaea
eulophots, etc.
Dagu
Vast area Salsola glauca, Salicornia
>206 species, Haliaeetus
Estuary
euronaea
albicilla, Gavia, Stellata, etc.
Yancheng Vast
areas Salsola glauca.Salicornia
>226 species Grus japonica ,
euronaea, Zoysia japonica,
some species of Anser and
Imperata cylindrica, Spartina
Anas
angelica
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Area III.
Reduce stress on the Ecosystem
Pollution of the Yellow Sea
Republic of Korea
Rivers
In the ROK Peninsula, several rivers significantly affect the water quality of the coastal
region in the Yellow Sea. In addition, rivers rather than industrial and sewage discharges play
more important roles to coastal water quality. Of seven rivers discharging from ROK into the
Yellow Sea, the Han, Keum, and Youngsan Rivers contribute considerable freshwater inputs
into the Yellow Sea (Table III-1).
Some aspects of pollution loads and river responses to pollution loads in the ROK are shown
in Tables III-2 to III-31. Information on dissolved metals in ROK waters is provided in Tables
III-7 to III-9. Use of various pesticides and fertilizers is presented in Tables III-10 to III-11.
Emissions from the transport sector are shown in Tables III-12 and III-13. Maritime transport
entails accidents, which have negative effects on the marine environment. Since 1991, a total
number of 1,651 accidents associated with marine oil pollution have occurred, having a
calculated spilled volume equivalent to 33,720 tons of oil for previous 5 years in ROK.
Tables III-14 through III-16 address this source of pollution
Atmospheric inputs are presented in Tables III-17 to III-18, whereas groundwater quality is
shown in Table III-19. Tissue concentrations in biota are presented in Tables III-20 to III-23.
General water quality is presented in Tables III-24 to III-29. Sediment quality data are shown
in tables III-30 to III-32.
<Table III-1> Major ROK rivers discharging into the Yellow Sea
Total
Length (km)
Area
Rivers
length
Sum
Direct
stream Local
stream Associate
stream
(km2)
(km) Sites Length Sites Length Sites Length Sites Length
Han 26018.0
481.7 705 7256.67 705 813.5 12 552.8 678 5890.3
34473.2
(Including
N. Korea)
Keum
9810.4 395.9 503 3741.92 503 401.9 20 362.1 472 2977.9
Youngsan 3371.3 136.0 185 1472.22 185 197.1 2
46.2 178 1228.9
Ansung 1699.6 66.4 103 622.21 103 87.6 -
-
99 534.6
Mankyung 1570.9 74.1 83 579.80 83 67.8 2 23.8 78 488.2
Sapkyo 1611.7 58.6 100 609.61 100 67.3 2 29.3 95 513.0
Dongjin 1000.4 40.9 87 446.20 87 69.8 1 18.9 82 357.5
MOE(1996)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-2> Annual variations of BOD values in main stream and tributaries to the Han River
(unit: mg l-1)
Year \ Stn
Soyang
Chungju
Paldang
Jungrang-
Noryangjin
Gui
dam
dam
Dam
cheon
1981 0.4 2.2 1.8 1.5 -
5.2
1982 0.4 1.7 3.2 1.5 123.0 5.4
1983 0.6 1.1 2.5 2.7 76.7 6.1
1984 0.8 1.2 1.4 2.5 7.5 6.7
1985 0.7 1.3 10.2 1.7 6.4 4.7
1986 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 7.6 3.6
1987 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 13.2 4.3
1988 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.6 20.6 4.3
1989 1.2 1.6 1.4 1.6 19.4 3.4
1990 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 14.3 3.4
1991 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.9 26.9 3.9
1992 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.8 25.8 3.6
MOE (1988-96)
<Table III-3> Annual variations of BOD values in main stream and tributaries to the Keum River
(unit: mg l-1)
Year \ Stn
Daechung
Kongju Puyeo Kabcheon Mihocheon Kangkyung
dam
-cheon
1981 1.9 2.1
2.0 -
-
-
1982 1.2 2.6
2.4
67.7 5.8
-
1983 1.1 2.1
2.3
39.1 9.5
-
1984 1.1 3.3
2.9
3.8 1.6
4.8
1985 1.1 2.6
2.5
3.0 1.7
5.0
1986 1.2 2.5
3.0
2.0 1.8
8.0
1987 1.3 2.3
2.9
1.5 2.0
5.7
1988 1.5 3.2
3.2
1.7 2.2
5.9
1989 1.6 3.0
3.5
2.3 2.7
7.2
1990 1.7 3.2
3.1
1.5 2.7
9.3
1991 1.6 3.1
3.0
1.7 2.8
6.8
1992 1.6 3.3
3.2
1.6 2.7
8.3
MOE (1988-96)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-4> Annual variations of BOD values in main stream and tributaries to the Youngsan River
(unit: mg l-1)
Year \ Stn
Kwangju
Naju
Kwangjucheon Jiseokcheon Hampyungcheon Najudam
1981 - 3.8 3.0
-
-
-
1982 - 3.9 3.0 2.8
-
-
1983 - 5.6 2.9 1.8
-
-
1984 2.0 6.5 1.9
1.7
6.4
1.6
1985 3.0 5.2 1.9
2.1
7.2
1.5
1986 3.4 5.2 1.8
1.9
4.8
1.7
1987 2.7 4.2 1.4
1.8
5.4
1.7
1988 2.9 7.0 1.2
1.8
4.7
1.7
1989 3.9 6.6 5.2
1.5
4.0
-
1990 3.4 6.7 5.1
1.4
2.8
-
1991 2.8 5.6 4.1
1.9
3.1
-
1992 3.4 5.6 4.3
3.1
-
-
MOE (1988-96)
<Fig. III-1> Discharge rates of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at each of river systems before treatment (MOE,
1997).
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
BOD discharge (kg/day)
0
Han River Keum RiverYoungsan River
Mankyung River
Ansungcheon
Sapkyocheon
Dongjin River
Suncheondongcheon
Yellow Sea
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. III-2> Discharge rates of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at each of river systems after treatment (1997).
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
BOD discharge (kg/day)
0
Han River Keum River
Yellow Sea
AnsungcheonSapkyocheon
Dongjin River
Youngsan River
Mankyung River
Suncheondongcheon
<Table III-5> Annual variations of BOD values in main stream and tributaries to the Mankyung River
(unit: mg l-1)
Year \ Stn
Cheonju
Kimje
Cheonjucheon
Iksancheon
Irigongdan
1981
1.0
21.4
-
-
-
1982
1.6
35.8
239.4
372.1
-
1983
1.5
23.5
79.1
114.4
-
1984
1.3
11.0
1.7
161.6
143.9
1985
1.3
6.8
1.2
106.5
194.8
1986
1.3
6.8
1.2
121.2
131.7
1987
1.2
5.6
1.5
121.2
130.2
1988
1.2
7.9
1.4
119.2
113.2
1989
1.2
5.1
28.7
115.8
-
1990
1.3
4.9
20.9
-
-
1991
1.4
5.4
13.3
30.8
-
1992
1.5
6.6
12.5
17.4
-
MOE (1988-96)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-6> Estimated BOD loadings to surface water, mid-1990s (tonnes/day)
Point sources
Domestic sewage
2,580
Industrial waste water
2,600
Livestock enterprises
480
Diffuse sources
Urban areas
435
Rice paddies
30
Dry fields
15
Pastures
20
Uplands
80
OECD, 1998. Environmental Performance Reviews. Korea. 195pp
<Table III-7> Comparison of average concentrations of dissolved metals in ROK riverwaters (µg/kg).
Rivers Mn
Fe
Cu
Zn Cd Pb
References
Keum
49.4 50.7 2.05
2.18
0.008
0.32
1
(Kongju)
Han
7.43 25.3 1.20
0.73
0.009
0.23
1
(Kwangnaru)
Han (Jungjido)
28.3
15.8
1.53
2.02
0.018
0.32
1
Youngsan 37.9
16.7
1.03 0.78 0.007 0.073 2
Changjiang 0.5-1.5 1.14-1.33
0.04-0.08
0.001-0.002
0.052 3,4,5
Huanghe 0.55-2.20
0.95-1.53
0.065-0.33
0.001-0.006
0.01-0.04 6
Lena
22.9
0.6
0.35
0.003-0.008
0.017
7
0.023
World average
8.2
1.59
0.6
0.104 8
(1)Choi,1998; (2) unpublished; (3) Edmond et al., 1985; (4)Wang et al., 1990;
(5)Elbaz-Poulichet et al., 1990; (6)Zhang and Huang, 1993; (7) Martin et al., 1993;
(8)Martin and Windom, 1991.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-8> Average contents of metals in SPMs in ROK and PRC riverwaters (µg/g)
Fe(%)
Mn
Cu
Zn
Cd
Pb
References
Keum (Kongju)
3.3
2324
66
185
0.6
86
1
Han 3.0
1453
100
281
0.6
71
1
Youngsan 4.5 927 39 130 0.3 35 2
Changjiang 5.2 62 120
0.3
50 3,4
Huanghe 4.4
885
23
53
0.4
14
3,4
Lena
28
143
23
5
World average
4.8
1050
100
250
1.0
100
6
1) Choi (1998); 2) unpublished; 3) Zhang et al(1990);4) Huang et al(1992);
5) Martin et al.(1993); 6) Martin and Whitfield(1983)
<Table III-9> Riverine dissolved and particulate metal fluxes into the Yellow Sea
Water Sediment
Trapping
Cu
Zn
Cd
Pb
River
Diss. Part. Diss. Part. Diss. Part. Diss. Part. discharge discharge efficiency
(km3/yr)5
(106
(%)5
ton/yr)5
Keum1 (ton/yr) 23
24 11.8 149 0.10 0.4 3.14 36
6.4
1.3
65
Han1
(ton/yr) 63 176 33.3 494 0.58 0.9 10.3 114
25
2
50
Huanghe2 (ton/yr) 54.9 250 8.86 581 0.18 4.3 1.33 154
44.3
1100
99
Changjian (ton/yr) 1146 15139 55.4 29209 1.8 78 48.0 12174
924
486
50
g3
Estuarine
1
1
5 1
modification
factor4
1: Choi (1998)
2: Zhang and Huang(1993) for dissolved form, and Zhang et al.(1990) and Huang et al.(1992)
for particulate form
3: Edmond et al.(1985) and Elbaz-Poulichet et al.(1990) for dissolved form, and Zhang et
al.(1990) and Huang et al.(1992) for particulate form
4: Martin and Windom(1991)
5: Schubel(1986)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Non-point sources of pollution
<Table III-10> Production and shipment of pesticides (M/T)
Total
Fungicide Pesticide Herbicides Others
Production 1970
4,042
834 1,772 1,325 111
1975
8,642
1,296 5,363 1,905
78
1980
17,431
5,591 7,310 3,523 1,007
1985
17,758
5,771 6,622 4,031 1,334
1990
26,610
8,248 9,488 6,274 2,600
1995
26,676
8,085 9,527 5,756 3,308
1996
25,085
7,138 8,400 6,338 3,209
1997
25,300
7,079 9,493 6,264 2,464
Shipment 1970
3,719
767 1,735 1,122
95
1975
8,619
1,232 5,171 2,139
77
1980
16,132
5,448 6,407 3,374 903
1985
18,247
5,955 7,052 3,994 1,246
1990
25,082
7,778 9,332 5,509 2,463
1995
25,834
7,910 8,892 5,817 3,215
1996
24,641
7,156 8,407 5,962 3,116
1997
24,814
7,332 9,161 6,043 2,278
MOE, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook. 581pp
<Table III-11> Production and shipment of fertilizers (1,000 M/T)
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1996
1997
Production
778
1,223
1,179
1,321
1,435
1,435
1,373
Nitrogen
583
729
686
867
950
975
923
Phosphorus
195
494
493
454
485
460
450
Shipment
719
644
600
819
695
664
645
Nitrogen
482
448
414
562
472
456
446
Phosphorus
238
196
186
256
223
209
199
MOE, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook. 581pp
<Table III-12> Transport sector emissions, 1995
Amount of pollutants (1,000 tons)
SO2
NOx
CO
HC
TSP
Total
Total
emissions
1,532 1,152 1,109 150 406 4,349
Transport sector emissions
314
606
959
144
98
2,122
(% of total emissions)
(20)
(53)
(86)
(96)
(24)
(49)
Motor vehicle emissions
34
494
910
127
80
1,645
(% of total emissions)
(2.1)
(41)
(79)
(87)
(19)
(36)
Motor vehicle emissions in Seoul
5
93
210
29
14
351
(% of total citywide emissions)
(13)
(82)
(82)
(96)
(84)
(77)
OECD, 1997. Environmental Performance Reviews.
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-13> Motor vehicle emissions in selected cities (1,000 tons)
Seoul
Taejon Kwangju Incheon
Total
atmospheric
emissions
455 63 62 250
Motor vehicle emissions
351
46
46
83
Percentage of total emissions
(77)
(74)
(74)
(33)
OECD, 1997. Environmental Performance Reviews.
<Table III-14> Volume of cargo transportation
Description
90 91 92 93 94
Quantity of imported oil
49 63 81 89 91
(million ton)
Quantity of oil transportation
75 97 121 135 157
(million ton)
<Table III-15> Annual figure of oil and hazardous materials in the sea
(unit: million won)
number of quantity of
clean-up expense
compensation of damage
violations
spill(kl)
no. of incident
values
no. of incident
values
Total
1,651
33,720
989
39,481
37
15,575
1991
240
1,257
157
3,918
6
5,921
1992
328
2,943
177
1,315
6
324
1993
371
15,460
213
5,277
15
6,312
1994
365
456
225
473
6
130
1995
347
13,604
217
28,498
4
2,888
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-16> Contents of types of marine pollution ('91-'95)
A. Geographical area
Description Total
South
Sea Yellow
Sea East
Sea
1651 740 557 354
No. of violation Quantity
of spill (Ton)
33,720.3 13,670.3 14,774.4 5,275.6
B. Origin of pollution
Ship
coastal & unknown
Total tot. cargo ship Oil tanker Fishing vessel others riverine equip. polluter
1,651 1,440
414
203
679
144
170
41
C. Cause
intention of
unknown
Total mishandling sea causalities
damage
discharge
polluter
1,651 913
307
314 76 41
D. Pollutants
oils
noxious
Description Total
garbage
tot. fuel
oil
light
oil bilge oil others
substances
No. of violation 1,651 1,516
336
421
555
204
103
32
quantity of spill 33,720 31,687 4,832 11,926 760 14,168 304
1,728
(tons)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Trace metals
<Table III-17> Concentrations (1) and crustal enrichment factors
(2) of atmospheric trace metals in various coastal seas.
Yellow
Seaa
Close to pollution sources
Close to crustal source
North
Seab Kiel Bightc N.Arabian Sead Eastern Med.e
Element
Unit
1
2
1 2
1
2
1 2
1 2
Al
(µg/m3 1.28
1
0.16 1
0.4
1.0
1.18 1
0.92 1
)
Fe
(µg/m3 0.8
1.2
0.33 3
0.4 1.4
0.91 1.1
0.57 0.9
)
Mn (ng/m3 25.4
1.4
21 11
15.0
3.3
15 1.1
12 1.1
)
Cu (ng/m3 6.3
8.3
7.7
29
3.2 4
4.9 8
)
Zn (ng/m3 60.0 64 153 1132
57 170 4.3 4.3
)
Cd (ng/m3 0.8 714
0.05 17
)
Pb (ng/m3 69.0
901
147
6082
53
885
2.9 16
7.4 53
)
a: Choi(1998), b: Cambray et al.(1975), c: Schneider (1987), d: Sanders (1983), e:
Saydam (1981)
<Table III-18> Atmospheric fluxes and total deposition into the Yellow Sea
Coastal
site1
Shipboard2
Total
Elemen
Mean
Mea
Western Yellow
Yellow deposition
t Unit 1
Range n Range
Sea3
Sea4
5(ton/yr)
Al (g/m2/yr) 1.22 0.41-3.65
0.89 0.30-2.68
0.7~6.2 510000
Fe (g/m2/yr) 0.75 0.25-2.26
0.52 0.17-1.54
2.9
0.67~6 320000
Mn (mg/m2/yr 24.1 8.02-72.2 16.6 5.54-49.9
36.2
16~150
10000
)
Cu (mg/m2/yr 2.4 0.81-7.23
2.82 0.97-8.69
12.4
1000
)
Zn (mg/m2/yr 10.4 3.6-32.1 4.74 1.64-14.7
29
6.3~52
4400
)
Cd (mg/m2/yr 0.14 0.05-0.44 0.10 0.03-
59
)
0.297
Pb (mg/m2/yr 12.0 4.1-37.1 3.50 1.21-10.8
17.3
5040
)
1: Choi (1998), 134 samples covering 5 years at Mallipo
2: Hong et al. (1997), 4 samples on April
3: Zhang et al. (1992)
4: Gao et al. (1992)
5: calculated based on the fluxes at coastal site and surface area of 420,000 km2
Groundwater pollution
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-19> Exceeded groundwater quality standards
No. of
Result
No. of sites
Pollutants
Area
sites exceedin % Tota TCE PCE Cd Pb Cr+6 Phenol CO NO3- Cl-
g
l
D
N
1993
1,546
260 16.8 249 48 9 10 10 1
-
-
171 -
1994
1,539
185 12.0 136 11 8
8
6
-
-
-
103 -
1995
1,546
156 10.1 162 19 10
-
2
-
5
8 101 17
1996
1,527
110
7.2 118 26 6
-
-
-
-
10 42 34
1997
1,513
153 10.1 158 44 13 1
-
1
-
5
81 13
Agricultural 92
2
2.2 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
Agricultural 24
2
8.3 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
(veg. &
fruits)
Polluted
111
4
3.6 4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
rivers
Industrial
360
46
12.8 51 31 11 1
-
1
-
-
2
5
complexes
General
185
21
11.4 20 2
-
-
-
-
-
2
16
-
waste
landfill
Hazardous
58
9
15.5 9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
2
waste
landfill
Mines
57
11
19.3 11 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
Nightsoil
72
10
13.9 10 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
1
treatment
facility
Health
30
2
6.7 2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
survey area
Parks
65
1
1.5 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
Golf course 67
3
4.5 3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
Urban
324
24
7.4 25 7
2
-
-
-
-
1
12 3
residential
Storage tank 68
18
26.5 18 2
-
-
-
-
-
2
12 2
* Note : Survey two times per year (780 sites)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Contaminant levels in fish and other biological resources
<Table III-20> Contents of trace metals in mussels (Mytilus spp.) from the western coast of ROK
and other coastal waters of the world oceans (·g/g dry wt.)
Sampling site
sampling Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg References
period
West Coast, ROK
5.9
72
2.5
0.65
-
1
West Coast, ROK
1987
11.7
77
2.39
0.31
0.039
2
West Coast, ROK
1988
7.8
81
2.29
0.7
-
2
West Coast, ROK
1985-1989 0.26-
2.14-
0.29-
0.31-
0.009-
3
2.01* 24.5* 0.48* 0.77* 0.015*
" " dry basis ·
1985-1989 1.53-
12.6-
1.70-
1.82-
0.053-
11.8
144
2.82
4.53
0.088
Narragansett Bay, East Coast
11
92
1.26
2.86
0.09
4
San Diego Bay, West Coast
17
273
6.53
4.43
0.19
4
Niepoort,
Belgium
8.3 130 0.58 2.4 -
5
Tasmania,
Australia
8.3 130 0.58 2.4 0.32
6
Tokyo Bay, Japan
10.5
243
1.5
2.0
-
7
West Greenland, Denmark
1980-1982 8.64
92.5
1.75
1.73
0.078
8
Algarve Coast, Portugal
1994
5.7
254
2.1
-
-
9
* : Concentration unit is ·g/g wet wt.
1 : Lee et al.(1984)
2 : Lee et al.(1994)
3 : Choi et al.(1992)
4 : NOAA(1987)
5 : Meeus-Verdinne et al.(1983)
6 : Cooper et al.(1982)
7 : Hung et al.(1981)
8 : Riget et al.(1996)
9 : Bebianno et al.(1997)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-21> T-PCBs concentration and other data in biota.
T-PCBs
T-PCBs
sampling asample
Lipid content
Species Location
site
Tissue type
(ng/g, dry (
time
size or sex
·/g, lipid
(%, dry wt.)
wt.)
wt.)
Incheon W2 05/08/98
--
bulky
119.78
0.40
30.31
Zooplankton
North
Harbor
W4 05/08/98
--
bulky
98.82
0.65
15.21
whole soft tissue
B1 05/08/98 47.0 +/- 1.7
421.99 2.53 16.69
Incheon
(n=25)
North
whole soft tissue
B2 05/08/98 50.3 +/- 4.7
412.78 2.50 16.50
Harbor
(n=13)
whole soft tissue
B3 04/16/98 56.3 +/- 3.9
291.06 1.88 15.55
(n=17)
whole soft tissue
B4 04/16/98 50.8 +/- 5.5
191.04 1.41 13.58
(n=20)
whole soft tissue
B5 05/08/98 52.4 +/- 3.5
261.84 1.65 15.87
(n=22)
Pacific oyster
whole soft tissue
B6 05/08/98 55.7 +/- 6.0
331.65 2.12 15.67
(n=20)
whole soft tissue
B7 05/08/98 57.7 +/- 6.9
287.03 1.52 18.94
(n=20)
whole soft tissue
B9 05/08/98 51.3 +/- 2.8
191.71 1.40 13.70
(n=18)
whole soft tissue
B11 05/0398 47.4 +/- 6.5
83.98 0.66 12.70
Youngjong
(n=22)
island
whole soft tissue
B12
07/98 43.1 +/- 3.4
48.95 0.46 10.67
(n=38)
Incheon
whole soft tissue
North
B8 03/06/98 36.9
+/-1.4
152.63 0.91 16.79
(n=24)
Chinese
Harbor
clams
whole soft tissue
Songdo B10 04/16/98 38.9
+/-1.4
56.00 0.45 12.46
(n=17)
whole soft tissue
Incheon
28/07/98 Male
3,205.83 5.58
57.49
(n=20)
North
B1
Harbor
whole soft tissue
28/07/98 Female
3,709.97 5.57
66.65
(n=30)
Shore crab
whole soft tissue
29/07/98 Male
363.10
eNA NA
Youngjong
(n=28)
B12
island
whole soft tissue
29/07/98 Female
227.89 NA
NA
(n=30)
14/08/98 muscle
221.10
6.07
3.64
14/08/98 gu
129 +/- 5
t
2,385.13
9.44
25.26
Incheon
14/08/98
liver 4,676.14
7.02 66.65
Goby
North
B1
Harbor
14/08/98 muscle
238.38
5.93
4.02
14/08/98 gu
164 +/- 10
t
1,182.12
2.58
45.79
14/08/98
liver 3,842.94
5.52 69.63
aLength (mm)
eNA = Not Analyzed
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-22> Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in bivalves collected
from Chunsoo Bay (ng/g dry wt), 1998
Short-neck clam
Mussel (3 sites)
Oyster (4 sites)
(7 sites)
Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg. Min. Max. Avg.
pentachlorobenzene
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-HCH(Hexachlorohexane) 0.00 1.64 0.41 0.00 2.15 0.54 0.41 0.41 0.41
HCB(hexanchlorobenzene) 0.00 0.55 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14 0.14
pentachloroanisole
0.00 0.60 0.30 0.00 0.29 0.12 0.30 0.30 0.30
-HCH
1.69 12.71 4.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.77 4.77 4.77
PCB 52
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PCB 44
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Heptachlor
epoxide
0.00 0.91 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.28 0.28
PCB 101
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-Chlordane
0.00 1.52 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.38 0.38
trans
-
nonachlor
0.00 1.25 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.59 0.59
Dieldrin
0.00 0.72 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.18 0.18
p,p'
-
DDE
0.00 2.93 1.76 0.00 2.10 1.22 1.76 1.76 1.76
o,p'
-
DDD
0.39 2.98 1.18 0.00 2.35 0.88 1.18 1.18 1.18
PCB 118
0.00 0.52 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.13 0.13
cis
-
nonachlor
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
P,p'
-
DDD
0.00 1.48 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.63 0.63
o,p'
-
DDT
0.00 0.27 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07 0.07
PCB 153
0.00 0.89 0.56 0.67 6.35 2.74 0.56 0.56 0.56
p,p'
-
DDT
0.00 2.66 0.67 0.00 4.29 1.07 0.67 0.67 0.67
PCB 138
0.00 1.43 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
PCB 187
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00
PCB 180
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PCB 195
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PCB 206
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
total
PCBs
0.52 2.33 1.69 0.67 6.35 2.98 1.69 1.69 1.69
<Table III-23> Distribution of PCDD/Fs in mussels collected from coastal areas
PCDDs
PCDFs
PCDD/Fs
TEQ
Manlipo 2.41 0.94 3.35 0.03
Daecheon 1.71 3.22 4.93 0.02
Janghang 6.83 3.98 10.81 0.01
Kunsan 12.0 18.0 30.0 0.30
Mokpo 6.45 1.32 7.77 0.02
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Contamination levels in water and sediments
<Table III-24> Variation of pH in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea
Incheon
Asan
Daecheon
Kunsan
Mokpo
1990 8.0 8.0 - 7.6 8.0
1991 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.0
1992 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.8 7.9
1993 7.9 8.0 8.1 7.7 7.8
1994 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.8 8.0
1995 8.0 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0
1996 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.0
1997 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.1
Ministry of Environment of ROK, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook
<Table III-25> Variation of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea (mg/L)
Incheon
Asan
Daecheon
Kunsan
Mokpo
1990
7.8
8.2
-
7.8
9.1
1991
7.7
6.1
7.9
6.4
9.3
1992
8.4
8.2
8.7
7.3
8.8
1993
8.1
8.5
8.2
8.0
9.3
1994
6.1
8.5
8.8
7.9
8.3
1995
8.9
9.0
9.1
8.3
9.2
1996
6.9
7.5
7.7
7.7
9.5
1997
7.9
7.3
6.5
8.3
7.9
Ministry of Environment of ROK, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-26> Variation of total nitrogen (T-N) in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea (mg/L)
Incheon
Asan
Daecheon
Kunsan
Mokpo
1990 0.499
0.158 - 2.369
0.312
1991 0.824 0.219 0.225 0.335 0.198
1992 1.449 0.220 0.230 0.328 0.224
1993 1.555 0.568 0.729 0.731 0.275
1994 1.217 0.777 0.814 1.200 0.314
1995 0.762 0.782 0.628 0.973 0.611
1996 0.756 0.353 0.200 0.688 0.310
1997 0.515 0.233 0.121 0.471 0.077
Ministry of Environment of ROK, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook
<Table III-27> Variation of total phosphorus (T-P) in the coastal areas of the Yellow Sea (mg/L)
Incheon
Asan
Daecheon
Kunsan
Mokpo
1990
0.050
0.003
-
0.017
0.028
1991
0.047
0.004
0.006
0.019
0.008
1992
0.055
0.009
0.006
0.018
0.023
1993
0.013
0.009
0.002
0.019
0.020
1994
0.014
0.038
0.021
0.031
0.040
1995
0.035
0.018
0.050
0.055
0.019
1996
0.026
0.038
0.041
0.044
0.008
1997
0.025
0.009
0.009
0.025
0.009
Ministry of Environment of ROK, 1998. Environmental Statistics Yearbook
<Table III-28> Range and average concentrations of dissolved metals in the surface waters from
Shiwha, Asan, Kunsan, and Mokpo, west coast of ROK
sampling
Cu
Zn
Cd
Pb
Area
period
(µg/l)
(µg/l)
(µg/l)
(µg/l)
Shiwha Jul-961
0.42-0.79(0.61) 0.37-1.66(0.70) 0.018-0.028(0.022) 0.024-0.086(0.046)
Asan 1991-19922 0.23-1.15(0.61) 0.06-0.99(0.25) 0.013-0.050(0.030) 0.011-0.169(0.034)
Kunsan Apr-923
0.59-0.10(0.78) 0.19-0.55(0.34) 0.019-0.030(0.024) 0.024-0.053(0.037)
May-944
0.52-1.59(1.23) 0.17-0.83(0.51) 0.018-0.031(0.025) 0.021-0.150(0.091)
Apr-965
0.68-1.17(0.89) 0.34-1.69(0.82) 0.012-0.026(0.019) 0.015-0.072(0.029)
Mokpo Feb-944
0.21-1.04(0.42) 0.09-3.78(0.76) 0.010-0.021(0.013) 0.019-0.059(0.033)
1: KORDI (1997), 2: KORDI (1993), 3: KORDI (1992), 4: KORDI (1994), 5: KORDI (1996)
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. III-3> Annual variation of total N concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Incheon
3
2.5
)-1
l
2
g
m
(
n
i
o
t
r
at
n
1.5
e
onc
c
l
N
t
a
1
o
T
0.5
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
<Fig. III-4> Annual variation of total N concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Kunsan
2
1.6
)-1
l
g
m
1.2
t
i
on (
tra
en
onc
c
0.8
l
N
t
a
o
T
0.4
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. III-5> Annual variation of total N concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Mokpo
0.8
0.6
)-1
l
g
m
(
n
i
o
t
r
at
n
0.4
e
onc
c
l
N
t
a
o
T
0.2
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
<Fig. III-6> Annual variation of total P concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Incheon
0.08
0.06
)-1
l
g
m
t
i
on (
tra 0.04
en
nc
o
c
l
P
t
a
o
T
0.02
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Fig. III-7> Annual variation of total P concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Kunsan
0.1
0.08
)-1
l
g
m 0.06
i
on (
t
r
at
n
e
onc
c 0.04
l
P
t
a
o
T
0.02
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
<Fig. III-8> Annual variation of total P concentration in coastal waters adjacent to Mokpo
0.05
0.04
)-1
l
g
m
(
0.03
n
i
o
at
tr
c
en
n
o
c
0.02
l
P
t
a
o
T
0.01
0
86
88
90
92
94
96
YEAR
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-29> Range and concentrations of trace metals in the Yellow Sea including
seasonal variation of trace metal levels (µg/l)
Cu
Sampling
Zn
Cd Pb
period
state
n7
Range and 1991-
0.22-0.53(0.37) 0.06-
0.01-0.05(0.03) 0.02-0.16(0.05) diss6
mean
19961
0.22(0.15)
concentratio 1995-
0.30-0.75
0.015-
<0.005-
diss
n
19972
(0.52)
0.041(0.03)
0.041(0.012)
Feb-863
0.25-0.61
0.11-
0.017-0.045
total
(0.40)
0.93(0.28)
(0.031)
Seasonal
May-95 0.50-0.75
0.031-0.041
<0.005-0.017
diss 12
variation4
(0.60)
(0.036)
(0.010)
Jun-96 0.30-0.66
0.015-0.041
<0.005-0.041
diss 15
(0.50)
(0.034)
(0.019)
Oct-97 0.41-0.66
0.020-0.033
<0.005-0.026
diss 13
(0.51)
(0.026)
(0.012)
Nov-95 0.30-0.59
0.018-0.034
0.005-0.024 (0.015) diss 15
(0.40)
(0.026)
Ocean
0.090-0.278 0.12-
0.007-0.022
diss
Margin5
(0.184)
0.39(0.25)
(0.015)
1: Lee et al. (1998), 2: Choi (1998), 3: Lee (1988), 4: Choi (1998), 5: Martin and Thomas
(1994), range and mean concentrations in the ocean margin (coastal samples are excluded), 6:
dissolved, 7: number of samples
<Table III-30> PCB contamination in surface sediments from various region (ng/g dry wt)
Location
T-PCBs conc.
Sampling Year
Sample No.
Kyeonggi Bay
<0.99-580
1995
54
5.4-491.8
1998
17
Namyang Bay
<0.99-2.5
1996
5
Lake Shihwa
2.7-28
1996
4
Kwangyang Bay
4-60.7
1995
6
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
< Table III-31> Concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments in the Coastal areas of the Yellow Sea (1998)
Chunsoo Bay (12 Stn)
Janghang
Kunsan-1
Kunsan-2
Manlipo
Mokpo
Min
Max
Avg
Naphthalene
nd 7.21 5.26 nd nd
7.80
73.73
20.16
2-Methylnaphthalene 3.48 8.68 6.02 14.80
19.53
8.03
83.68
23.25
1-Methylnaphthalene 1.08 0.00 0.00 nd 13.77
4.04
48.99
10.27
Biphenyl 9.12
10.62
10.19
36.26
8.93
2.54
25.18
7.40
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene 4.36 4.56 2.90 19.37 21.10 3.43
40.81
10.67
Acenaphthylene nd nd nd nd
8.26
nd
4.35
0.55
Acenaphthene
nd nd nd nd
10.37
nd
5.84
0.97
2,3,5-Trimethylnaphthalene nd
2.86 1.71 3.24 0.00 nd 2.29 0.66
Fluorene
2.82 4.93 5.56 9.55
15.69
3.20
28.41
9.19
Phenanthrene nd
9.81
3.02
13.05
18.45
6.35
66.96
18.08
Anthracene nd
5.75
1.14
9.77
9.46
1.16
34.61
5.08
1-Methylphenanthrene 1.38 7.93 2.02 3.12
15.36
0.85
24.52
3.90
Fluoranthene 10.30
41.08
14.91
33.73
143.56
1.39
62.24
10.04
Pyrene 7.52
34.97
13.85
25.82
155.76
1.64
49.50
8.68
Benz[a]anthracene 3.53
14.68
3.87
14.33
121.08
0.52
26.16
3.82
Chrysene 4.02
13.06
4.07
16.27
64.73
0.50
44.45
5.82
Benzo[b]fluoranthene 6.94 15.63 9.63 29.27
152.33
1.15
32.70
6.25
Benzo[k]fluoranthene 4.79 14.51 9.09 23.20
133.26
nd
13.52
2.84
Benzo[e]pyrene 3.98
9.17
7.94
18.62
120.39
0.76
23.01
3.88
Benzo[a]pyrene 3.17
10.96
8.82
19.69
207.18
nd
25.35
4.87
Perylene nd
nd
2.29
2.90
9.17
nd
14.07
1.44
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 3.29 5.28 4.71 9.79
112.00
nd
20.69
4.18
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene 1.23 1.88 1.89 4.12
31.78
nd
6.62
0.82
Benzo[ghi]perylene 3.18 6.46 4.79 9.92
104.60
nd
22.29
4.42
Total PAHs
74.22
230.04
123.67
316.82 1496.77 44.70 777.68 167.08
<Table III-32> Comparison of organochlorine contamination in surface sediments
collected from various region(ng/g dry wt)
Location (Year)
T-HCHs
T-CHLs
T-DDTs
Kyeonggi Bay (Dec. 1995)
<0.19-1.2
<0.065-130
<0.046-32
Namyang Bay (Feb. 1996)
<0.19-0.67
<0.065-0.40
0.088-0.38
Lake Shihwa (Feb. 1996)
0.59-2.4
0.10-0.92
0.62-2.3
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
People's Republic of China
Similar information is available from the PRC shore of the Yellow Sea, though not entirely
equivalent. PRC has performed a preliminary analysis of land-based sources of pollution,
separated by City or Province (Table III-33 through III-35). Water quality assessments for
nutrients and other parameters are available for selected areas (Tables III-36 to III-38),
whereas tissue concentrations in marine biota are presented in Tables III-39 to III-43. A
summary of pollutant concentration trends in the Bohai and Yellow seas from the databases
from 1990 to 1997 show, for the Yellow Sea, increases in mercury and arsenic, but decreases
in cadmium, lead, PCBs, DDTs, and petroleum hydrocarbons.
Inventory of Land-based Pollution Sources
<Table III-33> Discharge and treatment of industrial wastewater by
major coastal areas along Yellow Sea coast (Unit: ×104 t)
Include
Total
Treated
City
volume of Direct to
Rate of
Up to
Rate up-too Treated
up to
Or
industrial
Sea
Treated
Treatment discharge Standard
up to
Standard
Province Wastewater
%
Standard
%
Standard Rate %
Discharge
Tianjin 20446 803 394087 94.80 15157 74.1 4798 12.2
Hebei 80826 3060 158587 90.26 57062 70.6 24342 15.4
Liaoning 124544 23896 155617 85.60 84184
67.6
35394 22.7
Jiangsu 219677 3478 139416 74.95
151859 69.1 46618 33.4
Shandong
101018 7873 204184 85.03 47849 47.4 24459 12.0
Refer to China Marine Statistical Yearbook 1997, China Ocean Press 1997
<Table III-34> Industrial wastewater and contaminants discharged in coastal cities(1996)
Volume
Discharge of contaminants in industrial wastewater(t)
into the
city
sea
Hg Cd Cr(VI) Pb As Oil COD TSP
(104t)
Dalian 22068 0.62 0.01 0.79
726.11
20618
34250
Yantai 2575
0.01
0.09
1.15 0.20 1.05 85.12 61273 14536
Qingdao 4539 0.11
0.01 3.53 0.19 6.19 150.11
51682 20329
Lianyungan
1721 0.01 11.69
14.02
22467
9968
g
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-35> Industrial solid wastes generated in coastal cities(1996, unit: 104t)
In which
Total
city
Harmful
Smelt
Coal
Amount
Cinder Gangue Tailings Others
wastes
dregs
ash
Dalian 232 14
65 61 19
72
Yantai 664
15
97
40
39
425
48
Qingdao 338 2 18
131
73 27
87
Lianyungan
129 6
50 20 11
43
g
<Table III-36> Inorganic N in coastal seawater of Jiangsu Province
Year
1993
1994
1995
Rates exceeding
51 76 78
standards(%)
Standardized index
1.45
1.47
2.90
<Table III-37a> Assessment of water quality in Qinghai Bay
COD
P
N
Oil
Hg
Items
Salinity
pH
(mg/l)
(·mg/l)
(·mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
Means
31.268 8.16 0.87 0.029 0.013 0.013 0.0002
Pollution
0.47 0.29 1.93 0.13 0.26 0.40
index
<Table III-37b> Assessment of water quality in Rushan Bay
Items
Means
Pollution Index
Salinity 31.436
PH 8.09 0.31
DO (mg/l)
7.02
0.71
COD (mg/l)
0.78
0.26
P (·mg/l) 0.0096 0.64
N (·mg/l) 0.082
0.82
Oil (mg/l)
0.037
0.74
Cd (mg/l)
0.00004
0.01
Pb (mg/l)
0.0097
0.19
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-37c> Assessment of water quality in Dingzi Bay
Items
Means
Pollution Index
Salinity 28.932
PH 8.09 0.31
DO (mg/l)
8.36
0.60
COD (mg/l)
0.70
0.23
P (·mg/l) 0.016 1.07
N (·mg/l) 0.036
0.36
Oil (mg/l)
0.021
0.42
Cd (mg/l)
0.0001
0.02
Pb (mg/l)
0.00886
0.18
<Table III-37d> Assessment of water quality in Bei Bay
Items Means
Pollution
Index
Salinity
30.72
PH 8.11 0.36
DO (mg/l)
7.66
0.65
COD (mg/l)
0.58
0.19
P (·mg/l) 0.0078 0.52
N (·mg/l) 0.0017
0.02
Oil (mg/l)
0.009
0.18
Cd (mg/l)
0.00005
0.01
Pb (mg/l)
0.009
0.18
<Table III-37e> Assessment of water quality in Jiaozhou Bay
Items
Jan. May Sep.
PH 8.27-8.26
7.99-8.08
8.15-8.12
DO
11.34-10.54
7.10-8.36
7.39-7.03
COD
1.11-1.68
2.13-1.17
1.65-0.76
N
0.113-0.138 0.154-0.038 0.101-0.019
Oil 0.48 0.081
0.034
Hg
2.4x10-5 2.5x10-4
Pb
0.025 0.020 0.027
Cd 1.8x10-4 4.2x10-4 1.0x10-4
Cr 5.8x10-3 3.5x10-3 2.1x10-3
Phenol 2.5x10-3 3.1x10-3 6.7x10-3
666 3.8x10-5 1.2x10-4 1.2x10-4
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-37f> Assessment of water quality in Tangdao Bay
Items Means
Pollution
Index
Salinity
30.003
PH 8.24
DO (mg/l)
6.86
0.73
COD (mg/l)
0.99
0.33
P (·mg/l) 0.002 0.13
N (·mg/l) 0.006
0.06
Oil (mg/l)
0.023
0.46
0.92 0.00046
Cd (mg/l)
0.0001
0.02
Pb (mg/l)
0.01
0.2
<Table III-37g> Assessment of water quality in Cuijialu Bay
Items Means
Pollution
Index
Salinity
31.530
PH 8.15
DO (mg/l)
9.24
0.54
COD (mg/l)
0.97
0.32
P (·mg/l) 0.01 0.67
N (·mg/l) 0.006
0.06
Oil (mg/l)
0.025
0.5
Cd (mg/l)
0.00006
0.012
Pb (mg/l)
0.007
0.14
<Table III-37h> Assessment of water quality in Chenjiagong Inner Bay April
Items
Means
Pollution Index
Salinity
31.307
PH 7.99
DO (mg/l)
8.84
0.57
COD (mg/l)
1.00
0.27
P (·mg/l) 0.004 0.20
N (·mg/l) 0.02
0.36
Oil (mg/l)
0.018
0.002
Cd (mg/l)
0.00001
0.14
Pb (mg/l)
0.007
0.10
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-38> Monitoring results in coastal waters of Dalian City mg/l
Areas
Dalian Bay
South Sea Area
Items N Oil COD P N Oil COD P
1995 0.724 0.075 0.81 0.016 0.198 0.048 1.23 0.0361
1996 1.1 0.055 1.09 0.0129 0.229 0.029 1.13 0.0226
Residue levels of pollutants in organisms
<Table III-39> The mean contents of heavy metals in organisms from Yellow Sea
Mean concentration 10-6wet weight
Species or class
Hg Cd Pb As
Ruditapes philippniensis
0.008 0.14 0.12 0.489
Scapharca subcrenata
0.008 1.14 0.12 0.397
Shellfish
0.011 0.56 0.11 0.423
Ulva pertuna
0.006 0.04 0.27 0.370
Fish
0.024 0.02 0.08 0.340
<Table III-40> The mean contents of petroleum hydrocarbons in organisms from Yellow Sea
Organism
Mean concentration 10-6wet weight
Ruditapes philippniensis
20 4
Scapharca subcrenata
13 7
Shellfish 19 5
Fish 2 01
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-41> Contents of PAHs in shellfish, fish and alga from Yellow Sea
Mean concentration 10-9wet weight
G. Pollutants
shellfish Fish Ulva pertuna
naphthalene 1.7
6.1 2.5
fluorene 1.0
2.0
0.7
phenanthrene 3.3
3.5 3.5
anthene 2.0
1.5
2.5
fluoranthene 4.2
1.4 1.7
pyrene 3.9
0.7
3.1
chrysene 39.4
-
21.2
benzo(a)anthracene 82.7 -
-
benzo(a)pyrene -
-
-
benzo(e)pyrene -
-
-
PAHs 22.0
13.2
18.9
<Table III-42> Mean concentrations of DDT and PCBs in organisms from Yellow Sea 10-9wet weight
Organisms DDTs PP'-DDE
PP'-DDT
PP'-DDD
OP'-DDT
PCB
Ruditapes
6.1683
0.7393 3.6
362 2.7228 0.0874 1 6331
philippniensis
Scapharca
1.0486
0.8391 0.2489 0.2805 0.2320 5 2587
subcrenata
Shellfish 16.9342
1.3370 1.5650 1.5848 1.4646 1 8243
Fish
8.2660
2.3527 1.6233 4.7879 0.3067 0 9346
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table III-43> The rates over standard of pollutant contents in shellfish and fish from Yellow Sea
standard1)
The rates over
Organis
Pollutant
10-6wet
standard %
m
weight
Hg
Shellfish 0.3
0
Fish 0.3
0
Cd
Shellfish2
2.0 Some
exceeding
)
standard
Fish 0.1
0
Pb
Shellfish 1.0
0
Fish 1.0
0
As
Shellfish 1.0
0
Fish 0.5
0
DDTs
Shellfish 0.1
Some
exceeding
standard
Fish 0.1 Some
exceeding
standard
PCBs3)
Shellfish 0.1
0
Fish 0.1
0
Petroleum hydrocar-bons4)
Shellfish 20
Some
exceeding
standard
Fish 20
0
Note:1
China food standard 2 WHO food standard 3 IJC Aquatic Life
Guideline 4
Project of organism qualities(No. 3 marine institute SOA)
<Table III-44> The results of t-test from the database of 1997 and 1990 of Bohai and Yellow Sea
Pollutant Bohai
and
Yellow Sea
Yellow Sea
Hg Decreased
Increased
Cd Decreased
Decreased
Pb Significantly
increased
Decreased
=0.05
As Significantly
increased
Significantly increased
=0.05
=0.05
PCBs Decrease
Decreased
DDTs Decreased
Decreased
Petroleum hydrocarbons
Decreased
Decreased
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Area IV.
Water Quality and Human Health
Republic of Korea
Water quality and human health is less of a transboundary issue in the Yellow Sea. However,
some data are presented in this Preliminary TDA to demonstrate the general quality
indicators. In the ROK, beach monitoring for various years from 1996 through 1999 are
presented, including COD, ammonia, and suspended solids (Table IV-1). Pesticides in food
are shown in Tables IV-2 to IV-5. Trace metals in food are shown in Table IV-5.
<Table IV-1> National wide beach water quality investigation for four years (KFEM, 96-99)
COD(mg/l) NH3-N(mg/l) SS(mg/l)
Beach
96' 97' 98' 99' M 96' 97' 98' 99' M 96' 97' 98' 99' M
Taechun 1.2
2.4
4.6
1.0
2.3 0.03 0.48 0,45 0.03 0.24
2 12 7 17 9
Manripo 0.4
5.2
3.4
1.4
2.6 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.03
4 22 4 6 9
Mongsanpo 1.8 4.6 4.4 1.4 3.0 0.03 0.28 0.13 0.01 0.11
3 25 8 6 10
Pyunsan 1.6
5.6
4.6
2.4
3.5 0.02 0.17 0.22 0.06 0.26
3 11 9 10 8
Kyeogpo 2.0
9.0
2.4 1.8
3.8 0.03 0.41 0.06 0.01 0.12
4 7 7 6 6
West
Sea
Mean 1.4 5.3 3.8 1.6 3.0 0.02 0.27 0.18 0.02 0.12 3 15 7
9
8
Songjung 0.8
2.6 1.6 2.2 2.2 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.32 0.11
3 8 5 6 5
Kwanganri 1.6
3.6 2.4 2.2 2.2 0.03 0.17 0.28 0.11 0.14
4 21 16 7 12
Haeundae 1.4
4.8 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.02 0.52 0.10 0.14 0.19
3 13 5 8 7
Yulpo 1.4
4.6
0.8
1.4
2.0 0.05 0.09 1.59 0.42 0.53
4 11 15 3 8
Daekwang 1.0
1.6 3.6 3.0 3.0 0.10 0.18 0.01 0.04 0.08
3 14 11 6 8
Sangju 1.8
2.8
3.2
1.0
1.0 0.01 0.91 0.05 0.07 0.26
3 4 6 7 5
Wahyun 1.8
2.6
2.0
2.4
2.4 0.02 0.23 0.04 0.19 0.12
4 4 4 5 4
Hakdong 0.6
1.2
2.0 1.2
1.2 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.11 0.07
2 4 7 7 5
Narodo 3.2
8.4
1.2
2.4
2.4 0.07 0.38 0.09 0.25 0.19
5 15 5 8 8
Namildae 2.6
7.6 4.8 1.8 1.8 0.15 0.29 0.09 0.05 0.14
5 18 8 5 9
South Sea
1.6 3.9 2.2 2.0 2.4 0.04 0.28 0.24 0.17 0.18 3 11 8
6
7
Mean
Jungmun 1.0
1.2
2.4 1.0
1.4 0.02 1.5 0.08 0.04 0.42
3 5 10 8 6
Hamduk 1.6
2.0
2.4
1.2
1.8 0.03 0.35 0.10 3.99 1.11
2 8 9 8 6
Hyupjae 1.2
1.0
1.6
1.8
1.4 0.03 0.56 0.06 0.14 0.19
3 10 8 7 7
Pyosun 1.4
1.0
3.6
1.6
1.9 0.01 0.50 0.15 0.03 0.17
3 4 5 6 4
Cheju
Mean 1.3 1.3 2.5 1.2 1.5 0.02 0.74 0.10 1.05 0.47 3
7
8
7
6
Ilsan 0.4
3.8
5.6
2.4
3.0 0.01 1.92 0.33 0.07 0.58
2 15 8 6 7
Hwajinpo 2.4
1.6 1.2 2.0 1.8 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.02 0.05
5 6 5 6 5
Naksan 1.0
3.2
0.8
1.4
1.4 0.02 0.20 0.07 0.16 0.11
4 8 6 8 6
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
Hachodae 2.0
2.4 1.6 1.6 1.9 0.04 0.31 0.05 0.25 0.16
3 13 11 2 7
Kyeonpodae 2.0 1.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 0.04 0.59 0.15 0.12 0.22
3 4 6 16 7
Okgye 0.4
3.4
1.6
1.6
1.7 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.28 0.13
3 6 5 4 4
Mangsang 0.6
2.4 2.0 1.2 1.5 0.06 0.20 0.11 0.13 0.11
3 7 13 7 7
Maengbang 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.3 0.01 0.51 0.25 0.05 0.20
3 5 5 7 5
Taejin 1.8
1.4
0.4
1.8
1.3 0.04 0.13 0.06 0.05 0.07
3 4 5 6 4
Kwansung
0.03 1.33 0.07 0.04 0.36
2 12 3 8 6
Jinha
0.04 0.17 0.09 0.09 0.09
3 16 4 8 7
East sea Mean 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 0.03 0.51 0.12 0.11 0.19 3
9
6
7
6
Total mean 1.1 3.2 2.6 1.5 2.1 0.03 0.45 0.18 0.32 0.24 3 11 7 7 7
<Table IV-2> Pesticides residues detected in domestic products
Domestic products
Range & Avg.
Pesticide
(no. of detection)
(ppm)
carbaryl
rice (1), potato (1), soy bean (1), red bean (1), garlic (1),
0.001-0.007
radish (1), chinese cabbage (1) and grape (1)
0.002
isoprocarb
Barley (3), red bean (3), rice (2), radish (2), chinese cabage 0.001-0.019
(2), tomato (2), potato (1), green bean (1), red pepper (1),
0.004
carrot (1), garlic (1), water melon (1) and grape (1)
carbofuran
soy bean (3), red bean (2), red pepper (2), garlic (2),
0.001-0.011
pumpkin (2), rice (1), potato (1), sweet potato (1), carrot
0.002
(1), spinach (1), tomato (1) and grape (1)
aldicarb
green bean (4), barley (3), carrot (3), garlic (3), tomato (3), 0.001-0.027
orange (3), water melon (3), grape (3), rice (2), soy bean
0.004
(2), green bean (1), onion (1), cucumber (1) and apple (1)
oxamyl
grape (4), carrot (2), green bean (1), radish (1), spinach (1), 0.001-0.021
onion (1), pumpkin (1), persimmon (1) and orange (1)
0.005
ethiofencarb
barley (9), rice (4), red bean (4), garlic (3), sweet potato
0.001-0.007
(2), pumpkin (2), apple (2), grape (2), potato (1), soy bean
0.002
(1), red pepper (1), carrot (1), radish (1), lettuce (1),
spinach (1), tomato (1), orange (1) and peach (1)
pirimicarb
red pepper (3), orange (3), spinach (1), peach (1), grape (1) 0.010-0.248
0.048
cyhalothrin
peach (3), red pepper (1), carrot (1) and onion (1)
0.002-0.066
0.029
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
cypermethrin
soy bean (5), lettuce (4), chinese cabbage (3), tomato (3),
0.001-0.075
peach (3), barley (2), red bean (1), spinach (1) and
0.016
cucumber (1)
permethrin
onion (5), red pepper (1), carrot (1), garlic (1), orange (1),
0.013-0.0125
water melon (1) and grape (1)
0.046
deltamethrin
rice (7), chinese cabbage (3), lettuce (3) and apple (1)
0.021-0.052
0.027
bendiocarb
grape (3), garlic (3), water melon (2) rice (1), sweet potato 0.001-0.015
(1), red bean (1), chinese cabbage (1) and red pepper (1)
0.003
<Table IV-3> Pesticides residues detected in imported products
Pesticide Imported
products
Range & Avg.
(no. of detection)
(ppm)
carbaryl
Banana (3), grape fruit (2), oat (1), lemon (2), almond (1),
0.001-0.182
orange (1) and pineapple (1)
0.038
isoprocarb
wheat (3), grape fruit (2), lemon (1), banana (1), almond (1), 0.001-0.135
orange (1), and pineapple (1)
0.017
carbofuran
Pineapple (3), lemon (2), banana (2), grape fruit (2) and
0.001-0.007
almond (2)
0.002
aldicarb
Orange (4), lemon (3), pineapple (3), kiwi fruit (2), wheat
0.001-0.254
(1) and almond (1)
0.029
oxamyl Wheat
(1)
0.001
ethiofencarb
grape fruit (5), banana (3), wheat (3), lemon (3), almond (3), 0.001-0.130
orange (3), pineapple (3) and kiwi fruit (1)
0.018
cypermethrin Almond (4), mango (1), lemon (1), kiwi fruit (1) and
0.017-0.406
pineapple (1)
0.085
permethrin
Mango (1) and kiwi fruit (1)
0.028-0.072
0.050
bendiocarb
grape fruit (4), orange (3), lemon (2), pineapple (2), banana
0.001-0.037
(2), wheat (1), mango (1), kiwi fruit (1) and almond
0.008
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table IV-4> Maximum level of pesticide residue level found in ROK
Pesticide
Max level (ppm)
Year
Source
alpha-BHC
0.0155
1977
KFDA
gamma-BHC
0.015
1970, 1971
KFDA
total BHC
0.03326
1973
KFDA
Heptachlor epoxide
0.002
1972
KFDA
Endrin
0.002
1972
KFDA
Dieldrine
0.0005
1972
KFDA
Aldrin
0.004
1972
KFDA
DDT
0.006
1993
KFDA
Diazinon
0.086
1989
NIAST
MEP
0.1626
1983
KFDA
Malathion
0.090
1988
KFDA
EPN
0.083
1988
KFDA
MPP
0.0972
1988
KFDA
PAP
0.0625
1983
KFDA
Dimethoate
0.0494
1988
KFDA
Captan
0.1143
1991
KFDA
NAC
0.836
1989
KFDA
Folpet
0.014
1991
KFDA
Carbofuran
0.001
1995
KFDA
Methyl bromide
0.58
1991
KFDA
Tiophanate-methyl
0.005
1991
KFDA
Isoprothiolan
1.14
1995
NIAST
Tricyclazole
1.36
1995
NIAST
Edifenphos
0.13
1995
NIAST
IBP
0.09
1995
NIAST
BPMC
1.00
1995
NIAST
Fenobucarb(BPMC)
0.019
1996
UNU
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table IV-5> Range and mean values of trace metals in cereals, pulses, potatoes, vegetables and fruits in
ROK
sample
No. of
Metal
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
sample
value(mg/kg) value(mg/kg) value(mg/kg)
Rice 20
Hg
0.002 0.005
0.004
Pb 0.02
0.31
0.11
Cd 0.009
0.044
0.026
As 0.31
1.89
1.05
Cu 0.03
0.21
0.1
Mn 1.27
9.21
4.52
Zn 2.38
11.36
6.61
Barley 20
Hg
0.001 0.003 0.002
Pb 0.04
0.25
0.13
Cd 0.008
0.041
0.021
As 0.53
4.08
1.68
Cu 0.03
0.24
0.09
Mn 2.14
12.08
6.81
Zn 3.03
18.77
10.18
Wheat 20
Hg
0.001 0.004 0.002
Pb 0.03
0.27
0.12
Cd 0.007
0.053
0.021
As 0.41
4.01
1.66
Cu 0.03
0.26
0.12
Mn 3.14
11.63
6.57
Zn 3.27
16.23
8.27
Green bean
20
Hg
0.001
0.004
0.003
Pb 0.01
0.28
0.11
Cd 0.013
0.072
0.031
As 0.69
4.67
2.42
Cu 0.03
0.26
0.11
Mn 2.14
12.82
7.47
Zn 5.91
19.71
12.04
Soy bean
20
Hg
0.001
0.003
0.002
Pb 0.03
0.28
0.12
Cd 0.011
0.098
0.030
As 1.11
5.57
2.72
Cu 0.03
0.18
0.08
Mn 4.92
19.77
10.34
Zn 6.61
26.55
14.58
Red bean
20
Hg
0.001
0.002
0.002
Pb 0.04
0.31
0.15
Cd 0.016
0.045
0.031
As 0.51
4.51
1.86
Cu 0.04
0.29
0.13
Mn 3.97
13.24
7.43
Zn 4.88
18.15
9.79
Potato 20
Hg
0.001 0.002 0.002
Pb 0.03
0.15
0.10
Cd 0.012
0.035
0.020
As 0.11
1.78
0.93
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table IV-5> Range and mean values of trace metals in
cereals, pulses, potatoes, vegetables and fruits in ROK (continued)
Cu 0.02
0.16
0.08
Mn 0.35
3.16
1.15
Zn 1.29
6.11
3.60
Sweet Potato
20
Hg
0.001
0.003
0.002
Pb 0.02
0.19
0.10
Cd 0.007
0.031
0.016
As 0.32
2.91
1.30
Cu 0.02
0.16
0.08
Mn 1.07
7.83
4.36
Zn 0.66
3.67
1.64
Red pepper
20
Hg
0.0006
0.0022
0.0010
Pb 0.004
0.038
0.014
Cd 0.003
0.041
0.015
As 0.39
1.63
0.86
Cu 0.003
0.029
0.013
Mn 0.38
5.31
2.67
Zn 1.74
4.54
3.01
Carrot 20
Hg
0.0005 0.0067
0.0013
Pb 0.003
0.051
0.014
Cd 0.001
0.041
0.014
As 0.16
0.82
0.42
Cu 0.002
0.028
0.012
Mn 0.27
2.63
0.90
Zn 1.11
4.47
2.05
Garlic 20
Hg
0.0006 0.0044
0.0014
Pb 0.002
0.037
0.012
Cd 0.004
0.053
0.022
As 0.58
2.07
1.08
Cu 0.015
0.040
0.025
Mn 0.43
4.13
1.79
Zn 1.43
5.51
2.91
Radish 20
Hg
0.0005 0.0010
0.0009
Pb 0.002
0.019
0.009
Cd 0.003
0.016
0.009
As 0.06
0.43
0.21
Cu 0.006
0.036
0.015
Mn 0.21
3.71
1.26
Zn 0.96
2.28
1.52
Chinese Cabbage
20
Hg
0.0006
0.0017
0.0010
Pb 0.004
0.041
0.011
Cd 0.004
0.020
0.001
As 0.15
0.98
0.39
Cu 0.005
0.033
0.013
Mn 0.98
14.47
4.84
Zn 0.98
4.94
2.49
Lettuce 20 Hg
0.0006 0.0022
0.0014
YSLME TDA Draft 9
11/11/01
<Table IV-5> Range and mean values of trace metals in
cereals, pulses, potatoes, vegetables and fruits in ROK (continued)
Lettuce Pb
0.002 0.024
0.011
Cd 0.004
0.074
0.023
As 0.14
1.11
0.43
Cu 0.004
0.040
0.017
Mn 0.57
15.12
4.56
Zn 1.35
13.45
4.13
Spinach 20 Hg
0.0010 0.0038 0.0024
Pb 0.003
0.039
0.013
Cd 0.008
0.077
0.032
As 0.26
3.64
1.59
Cu 0.006
0.041
0.018
Mn 1.34
12.12
4.41
Zn 1.26
18.13
7.80
Onion 20
Hg
0.0005 0.0013
0.0009
Pb 0.001
0.046
0.014
Cd 0.003
0.043
0.019
As 0.09
0.82
0.31
Cu 0.006
0.047
0.018
Mn 0.68
5.42
2.12
Zn 1.01
5.01
2.22
Cucumber 20 Hg
0.0005 0.0015 0.0008
Pb 0.002
0.051
0.024
Cd 0.001
0.016
0.008
As 0.23
0.99
0.50
Cu 0.002
0.024
0.012
Mn 0.56
5.55
1.69
Zn 0.47
3.09
1.58
Tomato 20 Hg
0.0005 0.0010 0.0009
Pb 0.004
0.061
0.018
Cd 0.001
0.034
0.008
As 0.34
0.75
0.52
Cu 0.002
0.018
0.008
Mn 0.49
2.57
1.09
Zn 0.45
1.58
0.90
Pumpkin 20 Hg
0.0005 0.0010 0.0007
Pb 0.007
0.091
0.028
Cd 0.002
0.013
0.006
As 0.22
1.15
0.52
Cu 0.003
0.019
0.009
Mn 0.41
4.63
1.33
Zn 0.57
4.56
2.16
20
Hg
0.0015
0.0082
0.0042
Pb
0.006
0.042
0.018
Angelica keiskei
Cd
0.008
0.048
0.022
Koidz
As
1.02
3.91
1.92
Cu
0.003
0.041
0.021
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<Table IV-5> Range and mean values of trace metals in
cereals, pulses, potatoes, vegetables and fruits in ROK (continued)
Mn
0.31
5.83
2.88
Zn
0.81
6.37
3.61
Tangerine 20 Hg
0.0005 0.0011 0.0009
Pb 0.003
0.024
0.010
Cd 0.001
0.019
0.006
As 0.16
0.41
0.25
Cu 0.002
0.041
0.017
Mn 0.46
1.41
0.84
Zn 0.23
2.63
0.88
Peach 20
Hg
0.0005 0.0020
0.0009
Pb 0.009
0.092
0.023
Cd 0.003
0.023
0.009
As 0.15
0.86
0.52
Cu 0.003
0.017
0.009
Mn 0.39
1.72
0.90
Zn 0.42
1.77
0.87
Apple 20
Hg
0.0006 0.0027
0.0013
Pb 0.003
0.410
0.016
Cd 0.001
0.008
0.003
As 0.05
1.02
0.42
Cu 0.004
0.038
0.016
Mn 0.48
1.71
0.89
Zn 0.12
1.06
0.40
Water melon
20
Hg
0.0005
0.0014
0.0008
Pb 0.003
0.021
0.008
Cd 0.001
0.011
0.004
As 0.28
0.80
0.45
Cu 0.002
0.210
0.010
Mn 0.33
1.56
0.93
Zn 0.46
1.63
1.12
Grape 20
Hg
0.0005 0.0016
0.0009
Pb 0.006
0.051
0.018
Cd 0.002
0.017
0.009
As 0.12
1.28
0.48
Cu 0.004
0.034
0.014
Mn 0.44
2.84
1.27
Zn 0.10
6.42
2.58
Persimon 20 Hg
0.0006 0.0024 0.0012
Pb 0.002
0.048
0.016
Cd 0.003
0.016
0.008
As 0.06
0.74
0.31
Cu 0.011
0.072
0.035
Mn 0.75
12.77
4.66
Zn 0.08
0.89
0.35
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People's Republic of China
For the PRC, the quality of coastal waters is indicated by exceedence areas (e.g., oil,
inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus), and an index is developed along with a water
quality class range (Table IV-6). No data on contaminants in foodstuffs was available for the
preliminary TDA.
<Table IV-6> The comprehensive quality status of coastal waters in Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea in 1996
Sea areas
Items exceeded
Comprehensive index
Water quality
standards
class range*
Liaodong Bay
IN,IP,Oil
0.74
B1
BohaiSea Bay
IN,Oil
0.81
B2
Laizhou Bay
IN,IP,Oil
0.92
B2
Middle Bohai sea
0.34
A1
Dalian Bay
IN
0.90
B2
North Yellow Sea
IN,Oil
0.90
B2
South Yellow Sea
0.33
A1
Jiaozhou Bay
IN,Oil
0.65
B1
Jiangsu coast
IN
2.04
C2
Changjiang Estuary
IN,IP
2.29
C2
*note: A - the first order sea water; B - the second order sea water; C - the third order sea water;
D - below the third order sea water. Superscript1: near to the low limit of this criteria,
supercrispt2: near to the super limit of this standard. IN- inorganic nitrogen, IP - inorganic
phosphorus.
Source: Chinese marine statistics yearbook 1997 China Ocean Press(1997) pp161
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ANNEX A
List of Acronyms/Abbreviations
CD
Compact
Disc
DBMS
Data Base Management System
DPRK
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
GEF
Global
Environment
Facility
GIS
Geographic
Information
System
GLOBEC
Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics
HAB
Harmful
Algal
Bloom
IMO
International
Maritime Organization
IOC
Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission
LME
Large Marine Ecosystem
NGOs
Non-Governmental Organizations
NOWPAP
Northwest Pacific Action Plan
PDF
Project Development Facility
PICES
North Pacific Marine Science Organization
PRC
People's Republic of China
PTDA
Preliminary Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
ROK
Republic of Korea
SAP
Strategic Action Program
SOA
State
Oceanic
Administration
TDA
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
YSLME
Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem
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ANNEX B
List of Organizations
Contributing to the National Reports
Republic of Korea Governmental Organizations
Ministries
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Ministry of Science and Technology
Ministry of Environment
Local Governments
Inchon Metropolitan City
Kyunggi-Do Province
Chollabuk-Do Province
Chollanam-Do Province
Chungchongnam-Do Province
Pyongteek City Hall
Agencies
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
National Oceanographic Research Institute
Republic of Korea Scientific Organizations
Research Institute
Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute
Korea Maritime Institute
Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
Korea Basic Science Institute
Universities
Chonnam National University, College of Natural Sciences
Chungnam National University, Department of Oceanography
Dong-A University, Department of Planning and Landscape
Ewha Womans University, Division of Natural Sciences-Biological Sciences
Hannam University, College of Natural Science, Biology
Hanyang University, Department of Earth and Marine Science
Kunsan University, Department of Oceanography
Mokpo University, Department of Marine Resources
Inha University, Department of Oceanography
Pukyung National University, Department of Marine Biology
Pusan University, Department of Oceanography
Seoul National University, Department of Oceanography
The University of Suwon, Department of Biology
Woosuk University, Department of Biology
Yosu National University, Department of Marine Science and Technology
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Private Sector
Sam Woo Environmental Consultant Corporation, Marine Environment Research Institute
ROK Environmental Research Center for Hydrosphere Co., Ltd.
Korea Ocean Science and Engineering Corporation
Republic of Korea Other
UNDP ROK
People's Republic of China Governmental Organizations
The Committee of Environment and Resources, State Congress
The State Environmental Protection Agency
The Ministry of Land and Resources
State Oceanic Administration and the North Sea Branch, SOA
The Ministry of Agriculture (the Fisheries Administration)
The Ministry of Transportation (the Port Administration, and the Bureau of Maritime Affairs)
The branches of these organizations in the provinces Liaoning, Shandong, Jinagsu and the
Shanghai City
The navy departments concerning the marine environment
People's Republic of China Institutions and Universities
Ocean University of Qingdao
School of Aquaculture, Shandong
The Center of Fisheries Information, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
The Center of Marine Environment Forecasting
The Center of Marine Standards and Metrics
The Center of Ocean Information, SOA
The Dalian College of Fisheries
The Dalian University of Science and Technology
The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA
The Institute of Fisheries Science, Dalian
The Institute of Fisheries, Hebei
The Institute of Mariculture Research, Shandong
The Institute of Marine Development Strategy, SOA
The Institute of Marine Environment Protection, SOA (The Center of Marine Environment
Monitoring)
The Institute of Marine Fisheries, Liaoning
The Institute of Marine Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources
The Institute of Marine Meterology, Dalian
The Institute of Marine Resources, Liaoning General University
The Institute of Marine Techniques
The Institute of Ocean Information Techniques, Dalian Maritime University
The Institute of Oceanology, Academic Sinica
The Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
People's Republic of China Associations and Non-governmental organizations
The Chinese Society of Oceanography
The Chinese Society of Environment Sciences
The Chinese Society of Ecology
The Chinese Society of Fisheries
The Chinese Society of Oceanography and Limnology
The Chinese Association of Wild Animal Protection
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The committees of scientific and technological cooperation in the coastal cities and provinces
of Yellow Sea
The Qingdao Society of Ecology
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ANNEX C
Ongoing and Past Projects
Relevant to The Implementation Of The SAP
GEF/UNDP Projects
Preparation of a Strategic Action Programme (SAP) and Transboundary Diagnostic
Analysis (TDA) for the Tumen River Area, its coastal regions and related Northeast
Asian Environs (approved)
The purpose of this project is to prepare a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and a
Strategic Action Programme (SAP) for the Tumen River Economic Development Area. The
implementation of the SAP will assist in the implementation of the Memorandum of
Understanding among the Tumen River Area Development Programme member states by
integrating and applying sound land and water resource management strategies. The
implementation of the SAP will also entail a number of interventions focused on the
conservation of biodiversity designed to obtain national, regional and global benefits, with
GEF financing their incremental cost. The SAP will provide a common framework for the
identification and formulation of strategies, programmes and projects, responding primarily to
transboundary issues of environmental management.
Building Partnerships for the Environmental Protection and Management of the East
Asian Seas (approved)
The East Asian Seas Region faces serious transboundary environmental challenges to the
sustainable development of its coastal and marine areas. Existing national management
approaches are still sectoral and actions tend to focus on problems that are visible and of
immediate concern, and are geared towards responding to environmental crises. Regional
action plans have yet to be effectively implemented. This project attempts to reduce or
remove the critical barriers (e.g., inadequate policy; limited investment; disparate institutional
capacity) to effective environmental management. The project design is based on two
management frameworks tested in the GEF pilot phase, namely: a) integrated coastal
management, which addresses land-water interactions and the negative impacts of human
activity; and b) risk assessment/risk management which focuses on human activities and their
impact in sub-regional seas. The project integrates these two management frameworks,
thereby providing comprehensive coverage of the marine and coastal environment, and the
related land- and sea-based environmental issues. These activities, reinforced with
appropriate coastal/marine policy and environmental investment options, will enable the
deployment of a strategic approach to address multi-focal environmental concerns through a
sustainable regional mechanism, especially transboundary environmental issues arising from
population pressure and national economic development. This project is part of a GEF
programmatic approach to the East Asian Region where multiple international waters projects
are being targeted to reverse transboundary environmental degradation of the shared waters.
The global environmental benefits to be derived from the project are the cumulative
environmental improvements at the site, national and regional levels that will be achieved
mainly through intergovernmental, interagency and inter-sectoral partnerships.
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Wetland Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use in PRC (approved)
PRC has over 25 million hectares of natural wetlands, supporting high global biodiversity. Rates
of wetland degradation are high due to human development pressures, and nearly 40% of all
wetlands of international importance are under threat. Wetlands have also assumed an added
importance in the light of recent catastrophic flooding throughout PRC. The Biodiversity
Conservation Action Plan, Agenda 21 and the draft National Wetland Conservation Action Plan
provide the foundation for the conservation and better management of PRC's wetland resources.
However, barriers to effective conservation of global wetland biodiversity remain. The proposed
project will remove barriers at four representative but different sites with high global biodiversity
importance (Sanjiang Plain, Ruoergai Marshes, Yancheng Coast and Dongting Lakes). A
national coordination component will also ensure that lessons learned from this project will be
appropriately transferred to other wetlands in PRC. To complement the protection of
biodiversity, the project will work with local communities to develop improved, sustainable
livelihoods and alleviate poverty in and around the wetland areas. GEF support will be closely
allied with new Government programmes that conserve biodiversity, ensure locally sustainable
development and relieve future flooding events.
Reversing Degradation Trends in the South China Sea (awaiting approval)
Major outcomes will include an approved Strategic Action Programme that will include, a
targeted and costed programme of action and a recommended legal framework for improved
regional co-operation in the management of the environment of the South China Sea; a series
of national and regional management plans for specific habitats and issues; 9 demonstration
management activities at priority transboundary sites; a regional management plan for
maintenance of transboundary fish stocks; pilot activities relating to alternative remedial
actions to address priority pollutants and adopted water quality objectives and standards.
Activities include national level analyses and reviews and management of demonstration
activities and regional harmonisation and co-ordination of national level actions.
Conservation of Globally Significant Wetlands in the Republic of Korea (PDF B)
The overall objective of the PDF-B project is to undertake the necessary preparatory work for
the development of a full GEF project to conserve globally significant wetlands and the
biodiversity along the west coast of the Republic of Korea. These wetlands have tremendous
global significance for conservation because they serve as breeding, resting and wintering
sites for migratory and rare bird species in the East Asian region.
The full GEF Project shall strengthen the relation and cooperation efforts between
government and local communities to protect and manage the selected globally significant
wetlands. The project will develop and implement a well-defined strategic plan for the
conservation and management of the coastal wetlands. The plan will include the
identification and classification of wetland biological resources and socio-economical
assessments, review and analysis of present wetland conservation policies and related legal
instruments. Education and public awareness campaigns for wetlands conservation will also
be undertaken.
· To be executed by the Ministry of Environment
· PDF-B request of US$345,500 with US$156,500 govt. co-financing
· PDF-B to be submitted to March 2000 bilateral review
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Biodiversity Management in the Coastal Area of DPRK's West Sea (approved)
Goal: The planned and sustainable development of the coast of the Gulf of West ROK, with a
focus on globally significant biodiversity, human health and quality of life, thus securing a
balance between protection of natural resources and environmentally-sound development.
Objectives:
The project has 5 main objectives as follows:-
1. Strengthened planning process for effective wetlands management at national and local
levels.
2. A strengthened Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.
3. Enhanced public awareness of natural resources and biodiversity values through
increased participation in protected areas management.
4. Implementation of the Integrated Coastal Area Management Plan in Mundok County to
demonstrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development.
5. Improved management practices in industries and other sectors with potential
environmental impacts
Other Projects:
Coastal Biodiversity Management of DPR Korea's West Sea (MSP)
This Project will protect globally significant biodiversity in the wetlands of the DPR Korea's
West Sea Coast and will operate on three broad levels. At the Provincial and National level
planning processes will be enhanced through capacity building, increased public involvement
and the development of broad-scale planning processes for South Pyongan Province. At the
County level a fully developed ICAMP will be implemented in the Mundok County coastal
zone, and finally at the local level demonstrations of effective and integrated coastal zone
management plans will be implemented for the biodiversity conservation, agriculture and
other related sectors, focussing on and around the Mundok MBWR.
The project expects to remove specific barriers and threats to biodiversity conservation within
the project area principally through the strengthening of coastal planning and management in
South Pyongan Province.
The broad goal of the project is the planned and sustainable development of the coast of the
Gulf of West Korea, with a focus on globally significant biodiversity, human health and
quality of life, thus securing a balance between protection of natural resources and
environmentally-sound development.
Four immediate objectives have been identified, these are:-
1. Planning process for wetlands management effective at national and local levels.
2. Public awareness of natural resources and biodiversity values achieved through increased
participation in protected areas management.
3. Implementation of the Integrated Coastal Area Management Plan in Mundok County to
demonstrate biodiversity conservation with sustainable development.
4. Management practices in agriculture and other sectors with potential environmental
impacts improved.
· To be UNOPS executed, (thus strengthening links to YSLME Project Brief)
· Total Budget US$1,238,513: GEF request US$742,523
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· Project duration: 4 years
· MSP Brief substantially complete and will be submitted in the near future.
Coastal Resource Conservation and Environmental Management Project for the Bohai
Sea
This project, funded by the Asian Development Bank and executed by the Ministry of
Agriculture of the PRC, focuses on the establishment of a Bohai Sea Coastal Resources
Management Plan. It includes elements of objectives, management principles, strategy for
management, and recommended actions. The recommended actions include institutional
coordination, public participation and awareness, environmental monitoring and information
systems, marine pollution control, capture fisheries management, mariculture development,
ecosystem conservation, harmful algal blooms, and research. This project forms a solid basis
for ecosystem-based management that complements the proposed GEF project for the
remainder of the YSLME.
China-GLOBEC Study
China-GLOBEC II, entitled "Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainable Utilization of Living
Resources in the East China Sae and the Yellow Sea", has been approved as a programme of
National Key Basic Research and Development Plan in China, with funding of $4.5 M for the
period of 1999-2004. Nine academic institutions and about 100 scientists are involved in the
programme and the major institutions are Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Second Institute of Oceanography of State Oceanic Administration,
Institute of Oceanology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Ocean University of Qingdao.
The programme goals are to
1. identify key processes of ecosystem dynamics, and improve predictive and modeling
capabilities in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea; and
2. provide scientific underpinning for the sustainable utilization of marine living resources
and rational management system of fisheries and other marine life.
The scientific objectives of the programme are to:
1. determine the impacts of key physical processes on biological production;
2. determine the cycling and regeneration mechanisms of biogenicelemnet;
3. determine the basic production processes and zooplankton role in the ecosystem; and
4. determine the food web trophodynamics and shift in dominant species.
NEAR-GOOS
NEAR (North-East Asian Region)-GOOS is a regional pilot project of GOOS in the North-
EastAsian Region, implemented by PRC, Japan, the ROK and the Russian Federationas a
WESTPAC Activity. Oceanographic data and relevant products within the NEAR-
GOOSsystem are open to all users free of cost.
NEAR-GOOS demonstrates the usefulness of a regional ocean observing system for the
purpose of encouraging such efforts for the rest of the world as part of the strategy of GOOS.
NEAR-GOOS was established further to Draft Resolution 57 (DR.57) at the 27th Session of
the General Conference of UNESCO in 1993. A detail of the planning is found in the Initial
Phase of an Implementation Plan for North-East Asian Regional GOOS. More information on
the Implementation Plan can be obtained through the GOOS Project Office in Paris.
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The first aim of NEAR-GOOS is to share oceanographic data in real time via the Internet to
support daily mapping of sea conditions in marginal seas bordered by NEAR-GOOS
countries.
The goals of the NEAR-GOOS are as follows:
i)
to improve ocean services in the region,
ii)
to provide data and information useful in the mitigation of the effects of natural
disasters caused by waves, storm surges, and sea ice,
iii)
to increase the efficiency of fishing vessels,
iv)
to provide information useful in pollution monitoring
v)
to monitor parameters useful to mariculture, particularly with regards to harmful algal
blooms,
vi)
to provide information on the health of the coastal zone for recreation purposes,
vii)
to provide data sets required for data assimilation, modeling and forecasting.
NORTHWEST PACIFIC ACTIN PLAN (NOWPAP)
The Action Plan for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal
Environment of the Northwest Pacific Region (NOWPAP) and three Resolutions were adopted
at the First Intergovernmental Meeting (Seoul, 14 September 1994), which was attended by
Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea and Russian Federation.
The implementation of the Action Plan will comprise a number of projects running in parallel.
These projects will be entrusted to national institutions to the extent that the institutions are
capable. In this, the institutions will be supported by relevant regional and international
organizations, particularly those that are already active in the region. Where necessary, national
institutions will be strengthened to enable them to participate effectively in the various projects.
In view of the multiple projects that are possible and the scattered nature of the various
activities, as well as the wide scope of input possible from both within and outside the region,
implementation of the Action Plan must be coordinated. A network of participating institutions
coordinated by regional activity centres will be established for this purpose." Four Regional
Activity Centres (RAC's) are proposed to be created to cover activities listed in the Action Plan:
Activity Centre 1: Regional Marine and Coastal Information Management. The priority
project, NOWPAP/1: Comprehensive Database and Information Management System is in its
first phase, namely, preparation of proposals. The Centre will be in charge of implementing the
NOWPAP/1 phase II in cooperation with IOC and UNEP-EAP/AP for establishment of a
comprehensive database and regional information management system. Although concrete
activities should be determined during the first phase of NOWPAP/1, activities relevant to
maintenance of a regional informational system, collection of GIS maps and images, training
activities on data and information management are considered to be main activities of the
Centre. From the perspective of use of database and information to be collated, this Centre
should be located closer to the NOWPAP Regional Coordinating Unit (NOWPAP/RCU) when
it is established.
Activity Centre 2: Monitoring and Assessment of Marine, Coastal and Associated Freshwater
Environments. The priority project, NOWPAP/3: Regional Monitoring System is in its first
phase, namely, preparation of proposals. The Centre will be in charge of implementing the
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NOWPAP/3 phase II for establishment of a regional monitoring network. Also, it is entrusted to
carry out routine assessment of the state of the marine, coastal and associated freshwater
environments. Therefore, although details of the NOWPAP/3 Phase 2 is being discussed, the
main tasks of the Centre will include development of pilot regional monitoring activities,
development and implementation of regional data quality and analytical control methods,
training courses relevant to monitoring methodologies and data and analytical control.
Activity Centre 3: Marine Pollution Preparedness and Response. Under NOWPAP/4, the
NOWPAP Forum on Marine Pollution Preparedness and Response has been established. This
Centre will be charged with secretariat function for this NOWPAP Forum with technical support
from UNEP and IMO. The initial tasks of the Forum were defined at the First Forum meeting in
Toyama, July 1997, and the Centre will coordinate the initial and subsequent tasks of the Forum.
Close cooperation should be maintained with IMO, as well as NOWPAP RCU.
Activity Centre 4: Biodiversity and Specially Protected Areas. Although no activity has been
initiated in this field, considering that the NOWPAP region has maintained an important
ecosystem relevant to marine, coastal and associated freshwater environments, it is
recommended to initiate activities and to create a Centre in this field.
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ANNEX D
List of Conventions and Agreements
Republic of Korea
With respect to pollution in the marine environment, the solution to this common problem
must be found in global, regional, and bilateral frameworks. To this end, ROK has been
implementing a total of twenty-four international legal instruments in efforts to prevent,
control and reduce marine pollution.
However, as indicated in the following tables, most of the international legal instruments were
introduced or adopted only during the past two decades, due to then ROK's immature and still
developing economic situation. Now, as a member of the contributing global society, ROK is
participating in international environmental treaties and is also planning to implement more of
such treaties as soon as her domestic enforcement mechanisms are in place.
<Table 4-1> ROK and global environmental treaties
( Date : Day/Month/Year)
Date of
Date of
Date of
entry into
Title
ratification/
Signature
force for
accession(a)
ROK
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954(as amended in 1962
-
31 07 78(a)
31 10 78
and in 1969)
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol
-
23 07 84(a)
23 10 84
of 1978 relating thereto
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at
- - -
Sea,1960
1972 Amendments to the 1960 International
-
29 07 77(a)
29 07 77
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,
-
31 12 80(a)
31 03 81
London, 1974
Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Geneva
-
-
-
Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958, Geneva
-
-
-
International Convention Relating to Intervention on
the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties,
- - -
1969, Brussels
Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in
Cases of Marine Pollution by Substances other than
- - -
Oil, 1973, London
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil
-
18 12 78(a)
18 03 79
Pollution Damage, 1969, Brussels
International Convention on the Establishment of an
International Fund for Compensation of Oil Pollution
-
08 12 92(a)
08 03 93
Damage, 1971, Brussels
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<Table 4-1> ROK and global environmental treaties (continued)
International Convention on the Liability of Operators
- - -
of Nuclear Ships, 1962, Brussels
Convention Relating to the Civil Liability in the Field
of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Materials, 1971,
- - -
Brussels
International Convention Relating to the Limitation of
the Liability of Owners of Sea-going Ships, 1959,
- - -
Brussels
Protocols Amending the International Convention
Relating to the Limitation of the Liability of Owners of
- - -
Sea-going Ships, 1979, Brussels
Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime
- - -
Claims, 1976, London
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
-
21 12 93(a)
20 01 94
Dumping Wastes and Other Matters, 1972, London
Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the
Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water, 1963,
-
24 07 64(a)
24 07 64
Moscow, London, Washington
Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of
Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass
-
25 06 87(a)
25 06 87
Destruction on the Seabed and Ocean Floor and in the
Subsoil thereof, 1971, London, Washington, Moscow
Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other
Hostile Use of Environmental Modification
-
02 12 86(a)
02 12 86
Techniques, 1977, Geneva
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species
- - -
of Wild Animals, 1979, Bonn
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
-
07 09 93(a)
07 10 93
Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, 1973, Washington
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
14 03 83
29 01 96
28 02 96
1982, Montego Bay
International Convention for the Regulation of
-
29 12 78(a)
29 12 78
Whaling, 1946, Washington
International Convention for the High Seas Fisheries of
- - -
the North Pacific Ocean, 1952, Tokyo
Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific
- - -
Fur Seals, 1957, Washington
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971(as amended in
-
28 03 97(a)
28 07 97
1982 and in 1987)
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
-
14 09 88(a)
14 12 88
Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, Paris
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
-
27 02 92(a)
27 05 92
Layer, 1985, Vienna
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
-
27 02 92(a)
27 05 92
Ozone Layer, 1987
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<Table 4-1> ROK and global environmental treaties (continued)
London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on
-
10 12 92(a)
10 03 93
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1990
Copenhagen Amendment to Montreal Protocol on
-
02 12 94(a)
02 03 95
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1992
Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centres in
- - -
Asia and the Pacific, 1988, Bangkok
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal,
-
28 02 94(a)
29 05 94
1989, Basel
International Convention on Maritime Search and
-
04 09 95(a)
04 10 95
Rescue, 1979, Hamburg
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
13 06 92
14 12 93
21 03 94
Change, 1992, New York
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, Rio de
-
03 10 94(a)
01 01 95
Janeiro
International Plant Protection Convention, 1951, Rome
-
08 12 53(a)
08 12 53
The Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution
Damage Resulting from Exploration of Seabed
- - -
Mineral Resources, 1977, London
People's Republic of China
There exist no special international agreements on the protection of the Yellow Sea
Environment at present. International legal system related to the protection of the Yellow Sea
environment is composed of universal international conventions which are applicable to the
Yellow Sea. Among these conventions, the main ones are:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Concluded in New York on 22 May 1992 and effective as of 21 March 1994. Chinese Premier
signed the convention on 11 June 1992. The Standing Committee of the National People's
Congress of China ratified this convention on 7 November 1992. China deposited the
instrument of ratification on 5 January 1993.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Concluded in Nairobi on 1 June 1992 and effective as of 29 December 1993. Chinese
Premier signed the convention on 11 June 1992. The Standing Committee of the National
People's Congress of China ratified this convention on 7 November 1992. China deposited
the instrument of ratification on 5 January 1993 and the convention entered into force for
China on 29 December 1993.
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertificaton in those Countries Experiencing
Serious Drought and /or Desertification, Particularly in Africa
Concluded in Paris on 14 October 1994 and effective as of 27 September 1996. The Standing
Committee of the National People's Congress of China ratified this convention on 30
December 1996. China deposited the instrument of ratification on 18 February 1997 and the
convention entered into force for China on 19 May 1997.
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Concluded in Washington on 3 March 1973 and effective as of 1 July 1975. China deposited
the instrument of accession on 8 January 1981 and the convention entered into force for China
on 8 April 1981.
Amendment to Article XXI of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Concluded on 30 April 1983. China deposited the instrument of acceptance on 7 July 1988.
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Concluded at Montego Bay on 10 December 1982 and effective as of 19 November 1994.
The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China ratified this convention
on 15 May 1996. China deposited the instrument of ratification on 7 June 1996 and the
convention entered into force for China on 7 July 1996.
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution By Dumping of Wastes and other
Matters
Concluded in London, Washington, Moscow and Mexico on 29 December 1972 and effective
as of 30 August 1975. China deposited the instrument of accession on 14 November 1985
and the convention entered into force for China on 15 December 1985.
1989 Amendment of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution By Dumping
of Wastes and other Matters
China accepted by acquiescence and the Protocol entered into force for China on 19 May
1990.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
Concluded in Brussels on 29 November 1969 and effective as of 19 June 1975. China
deposited the instrument of acceptance on 30 January 1980 and the convention entered into
force for China on 30 April 1980.
Protocol to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage
Concluded in London on 19 November 1976 and effective as of 8 April 1981. China
deposited the instrument of accession on 29 September 1986 and the convention entered into
force for China on 28 December 1986.
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution From Ships
Concluded in London on 17 February 1978 and effective as of 2 October 1983. China
deposited the instrument of accession on 1 July 1983 and the convention entered into force
for China on 2 October 1983.
Protocol of 1978 to Amendment of 1973 International Convention for Prevention of
Pollution From Ships and Appendix I(MARPOL73/78)
Concluded in London on 17 February 1978 and effective as of 7 September 1984. China
accepted by acquiescence on 7 January 1986 and the convention entered into force for China
on the same date.
Protocol of 1990 to Amendment of 1973 International Convention for Prevention of
Pollution From Ships and Appendix I.V(MARPOL73/90)
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China accepted by acquiescence and the Protocol entered into force for China on 17 March
1992.
International Convention Relating to intervention on the High Seas in Case of Oil
Pollution
Concluded in Brussels on 29 November 1969 and effective as of 6 May 1975. China
deposited the instrument of accession on 23 February 1990 and the convention entered into
force for China on 24 May 1990.
Protocol Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Case of Marine Pollution By
Substances other than Oil
Concluded in London on 2 November 1973 and effective as of 30 March 1983. China
deposited the instrument of accession on 23 February 1990 and the convention entered into
force for China on 24 May 1990.
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Concluded on 2 December 1946 and effective as of 10 November 1948. China acceded to this
convention by notice on 24 September 1980 and the convention entered into force for China
on the date of notification.
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
and Their Disposal
Concluded in Basel in 1989 and effective as of 5 May 1992. China signed this convention on
22 March 1990, deposited the instrument of ratification on 17 December 1991 and the
convention entered into force for China on 5 May 1992.
Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks
Concluded in New York on 4 August 1995 and has not become effective. China signed this
convention on 6 November 1996.
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Concluded on 2 February 1971 and effective as of 21 December 1975. China deposited the
instrument of accession on 31 March 1992 and this convention entered into force for China on
31 July 1992.
Convention on the International Maritime Organization
Concluded on 6 March 1948. China deposited the instrument of acceptance on 1 March 1973
and the convention entered into force for China on the same date.
International Maritime Organization Convention as Amendment in 1991
Concluded in London on 7 November 1991 and has not gone into effect. China deposited the
instrument of acceptance on 27 October 1994.
Convention establishing International Maritime Organization as Amended in 1993
Concluded on 4 November 1993 and has not become effective. China deposited the
instrument of acceptance on 27 October 1994.
Convention on the International Maritime Satellite organization
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Concluded in London on 3 September 1976 and effective as of 16 July 1979. China signed
the convention on 13 July 1979 and the convention entered into force for China on 16 July
1979.
Operation Agreement on the International Maritime Satellite organization
Concluded in London on 3 September 1976 and effective as of 16 July 1979. China signed
the convention on 13 July 1979 and the convention entered into force for China on 16 July
1979.
Protocol of 1984 to Amendments of the International Convention on Civil Liability for
Oil Pollution Damage
Concluded in London on 25 May 1984 and has not gone into effect. China signed the
Protocol on 22 November 1985.
Convention for A North Pacific Marine Science organization
Concluded in Ottawa on 12 December 1989 and effective as of 24 March 1992. China signed
the convention on 22 October 1991 and the convention entered into force for China on 24
March 1992.
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation
Concluded on 30 November 1990 and effective as of 13 May 1995. China deposited the
instrument of accession on 30 March 1998 and the convention entered into force for China on
30 June 1998.
Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Concluded on 11 December 1997 and has not gone into effect. China signed the convention
on 29 May 1998.
Protocol of 1992 to Amendments of the International Convention on Civil Liability for
Oil Pollution Damage (1969)
Concluded in London on 27 November 1992 and effective as of 30 May 1996. China
deposited the instrument of accession on 5 January 1999 and the Protocol will enter into force
for China on 5 January 2000.
Protocol 1992 to Amendment of the International Convention on the Establishment of
an International Fund for Compensation for oil Pollution Damage ( 1971)
Concluded on 27 November 1992 and effective as of 30 May 1996. With respect to China,
this Protocol is now only applicable to Hong Kong; China deposited the instrument of
accession on 5 January 1999 and the Protocol will enter into force for China on 5 January
2000.
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ANNEX E
Map of the YSLME Region
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ANNEX F
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