April 3, 2007


DRAFT

INTERNATIONAL WATERS FOCAL AREA: STRATEGIC PROGRAMMING FOR GEF-4


1. Introduction
The GEF International Waters (IW) focal area addresses sustainable development challenges
faced by states sharing transboundary surface, groundwater, and marine systems. These
cross-border challenges range from pollution, loss of critical habitats, ship waste and alien
species to overuse and conflicting uses of surface and groundwater, over-harvesting of
fisheries, and adaptation to climatic fluctuations (e.g. associated droughts, floods, sea level
rise, reef bleaching).
The 1995 GEF Operational Strategy recognized links between the GEF IW focal area and
Agenda 21 Chapters 17 and 18 on oceans and freshwater. In support of Agenda 21 and the
transition to sustainable development, the IW area also contributes to human well being and
poverty eradication by sustaining livelihoods, securing food sources, promoting equitable
access to water, and reducing water-related health risks as a result of its interventions. With
transboundary complexities, these results take time to produce as trust and confidence must
first be built among states in a bottom-up process before progress can be made on water and
ocean security but does pay off in the ability to sustain collective, multi-country action.

2. Background

A decade of GEF experience with IW projects shows that interventions in multiple countries
with regional projects are more cost-effective than individual country projects in gaining
commitments to transboundary action. In addition, GEF builds trust and confidence for
sovereign states working together on shared water-related concerns in order to avoid
political conflicts among neighboring states and pursue joint development benefits, which
has resulted in building sustainable regional institutions for collective action after GEF
support ends. This strategy of using foundational processes to stimulate political
commitment to collective action and then scaling up with innovative policy, legal and
institutional reforms and demonstrations may take 10 years and successive projects to
achieve.
During GEF 4, the GEF Council-approved mandate of utilizing integrated, ecosystem-based
approaches to management of land-water systems will be continued. This GEF support
places human activities at the center of the transboundary systems and bases interventions
on modifying those human activities so that multiple benefits may be sustained. GEF will
stimulate development of multi-agency collaboration in this focal area to meet water-related
development targets agreed by the international community such as the Johannesburg
targets. Partnerships among agencies will be pursued to assist them in working together
more coherently within comparative advantages consistent with country priorities and the
United Nations reforms currently being undertaken. Such collaboration among agencies

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contributes to increased development effectiveness and synergies among GEF focal areas
and is essential to mobilize the billions of dollars necessary to scale-up GEF work.

3. Strategic objectives
Realizing the complexity of these challenges, the difficulties that even developed states
continue to have in addressing these large transboundary water systems, and the decadal
time frame for results to be measurable in large systems, the GEF Operational Strategy in
1995 adopted a stepwise catalytic approach, which was reflected in the two objectives for
the IW focal area. These two objectives adopted by the GEF Council remain valid today
and serve as the Strategic Objectives (SOs) for GEF 4 as outlined in the following table:

Strategic Objective
Expected Impacts
Indicators
SO-1: To foster


international, multi-state Political commitments to multi-
Multi-country agreements
cooperation on priority
country cooperation supporting

transboundary water
sustainable economic

concerns through more
development opportunities,

comprehensive,
stability, and water-related

ecosystem-based
security in transboundary water
Co-financing Goal- 1:1
approaches to
systems.
management.
SO-2: To play a


catalytic role in
Participating states demonstrate
Trend analysis by GEF-
addressing
the necessary capacity to: reduce
supported Transboundary
transboundary water
over-exploitation of fish stocks,
Waters Assessment
concerns by assisting
reduce land-based coastal
Program and additional
countries to utilize the
pollution, and balance competing
states meet Johannesburg
full range of technical
water uses in basins
targets on sustainable
assistance, economic,

fisheries, IWRM, and
financial, regulatory and
ICM compared to 2006
institutional reforms that

are needed

Co-financing Goal- 3:1



The third independent Overall Performance Study of the GEF (OPS3) in 2005 and internal
reviews have documented success in use of GEF-recommended processes for achieving the
first strategic objective through its special capacity building or foundational projects
(equivalent to GEF enabling activities). OPS 3 reported that outcomes have been robust,
targets set by the Second and Third Replenishment were exceeded, and the focal area had
proven to be an effective agent for policy, legal and institutional reforms and for the creation
of enabling environments. OPS 3 concluded that the IW Focal Area was ready to move
from a testing and demonstration mode to scaling-up of full operations in support of agreed
incremental costs of reforms, investments, and management programs needed to reduce
stress on transboundary freshwater and marine systems. This transition to implementing on-
the-ground reforms and stress reduction measures to meet the second Council-approved
objective is the primary focus of work for International Waters during GEF 4; and with
resources provided, a modest start can be made.

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The Strategic Objectives proposed in December, 2006 have been simplified as a result of the
Council's review comments and work by the Technical Advisory Group. The strategy for
GEF 4 returns to the basics of the 1995 Operational Strategy. With existing resource
constraints, focus will be placed on only a few globally significant transboundary issues in
order to increase the likelihood of significant impacts.

4. Strategic focus in GEF-4
In the past, GEF has supported interventions addressing many different globally significant
transboundary water concerns. With GEF 4 resources being insufficient to continue
addressing all of these transboundary issues, the focal area will focus on four major
transboundary water-related priorities for GEF 4. These global concerns have emerged in
recent assessments such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the GEF Global
International Waters Assessment as posing grave risks to transboundary water ecosystems as
well as serious barriers to achieving sustainable development targets for communities. The
four global concerns are:
(a) Depletion of coastal and marine fish stocks and associated biological diversity
(b) Nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land-based pollution of coastal
waters in Large Marine Ecosystems
(c) Overuse and conflicting uses of water resources in surface and groundwater basins
(d) Melting of ice in high altitude basins and polar systems
As proposed in the GEF Replenishment Programming Paper (GEF/R.4/33), greater
resources will be devoted during GEF 4 to on-the-ground implementation and innovative
demonstration projects to meet Strategic Objective Two--perhaps 75% for implementation
and demonstrations compared to 25% for foundational capacity building and targeted
learning for the portfolio. While other transboundary concerns need to be addressed, GEF 4
resources will be mostly concentrated on these four concerns that represent key global water
challenges. Previously supported projects addressing general cooperation on transboundary
waters, oil-related ship pollution, inland fisheries, general pollution concerns in basins,
transboundary wetlands, and monitoring of transboundary water systems would not be
supported unless one of the programming themes is also involved.
An increased emphasis on targeted experience sharing and learning among the new and
existing GEF IW projects in the portfolio is planned to improve capacity of projects to
achieve objectives and to identify and replicate good practices before project completion.
South-to-South experience sharing among IW projects contributes to quality enhancement
for the GEF IW portfolio, development of knowledge management tools to capture good
practices, and accelerated replication of good practices. With the help of its IW:LEARN
program, its web-based resource center (www.iwlearn.net), and the GEF International
Waters Task Force, this portfolio learning is an important feature of GEF programming and
will be enhanced with a focus on many Africa IW operations now underway.
5. Strategic Programs in GEF-4

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The following sections describe four strategic programs in the international waters focal area
for GEF 4 that focus on the four priority global themes. They concentrate GEF resources on
the four concerns rather than scattering the resources. The two objectives for the focal area
from 1995 remain overarching SOs for GEF 4. The two SOs are applied to the
programming themes to direct GEF level of effort, the outcome of which can be considered
more specific application of the SOs to each strategic program. For consistency with the
GEF 4 Replenishment Programming Paper, project results will be aggregated under each of
the two Strategic Objectives for reporting purposes.


STRATEGIC PROGRAM I: Restoring and sustaining coastal and marine fish stocks and
associated biological diversity ($US 90-95 mil)
Background:
Serious depletion of coastal and marine fish stocks and use of unselective and destructive
fishing practices are threatening coastal economies and the communities depending on them
as well as causing adverse impacts on biological diversity. US$ 60 billion in international
trade in marine fisheries products is at risk from this depletion as the oceans are being
emptied of larger species. In addition, other substances toxic to fish, biodiversity, and
humans (hazardous algal blooms and paralytic shellfish disease) are transferred across
borders in ship ballast water.
The impact of decline of fish stocks and destructive practices has serious implications for
loss of species and biomass of ecosystem structure, integrity and stability. Consequently,
the GEF IW focal area will join forces with Biodiversity during GEF 4 to achieve cost-
effective solutions. Already, 123 different states have requested GEF help to work with
their neighbors in GEF IW foundational capacity building projects for almost one-half (14)
of the planet's Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) that are shared by developing countries in
recognition of these social and economic concerns. GEF recommended processes are
underway toward development of ministerially agreed collective programs of action that
should benefit from use of marine protected areas (MPAs).
Scope:
Where capacity is built and action programs agreed, GEF will support policy, legal, and
institutional reforms and multi-agency partnerships that contribute to WSSD targets for
sustaining fish stocks, including regional and national-level reforms in governance, access
rights, and enforcement, mostly in LMEs in order to utilize ecosystem-based approaches to
assessment and management of fish stocks in these critical systems. Also supported would
be investments in sustainable alternative livelihoods (such as aquaculture), habitat
restoration and limited use designations (including MPAs from the Biodiversity area,
especially in Asia), technical assistance, less destructive gear to reduce stress on wild fish
stocks and biological diversity, and provisions of the 1995 International Code of Conduct
for Responsible Fisheries. Solutions to concerns on the high seas will be pursued as will be
engagement of the business community and fishing industry to develop and implement
solutions and work with GEF IW projects.

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A number of these interventions are appropriate for implementation within the frameworks
of Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). Consistent with the ecosystem-based approach in
addressing multiple stresses through ICM and linkages to upstream basin management
through Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), the focal area will pursue
collaboration on inter-linkages among GEF focal areas (especially Biodiversity) that can
sustain livelihoods, food security, and coastal habitats as a contribution to marine-related
Johannesburg targets. These approaches can assist communities and states to adapt to
fluctuating fish stocks and coastal climatic regimes. Where SIDS are located in LMEs with
continental states, they will be supported as active participants in the GEF LME
interventions as well as in areas of high seas.
Where capacity and agreement among states is not yet achieved for reducing depletion of
living resources, an enabling environment for action will be created through foundational
projects in states sharing a few additional LMEs and limited demonstrations addressing
invasive species in ship ballast water. Targeted learning projects will be undertaken for the
IW portfolio to enhance South-to-South experience sharing and learning, knowledge
management (KM), and capacity building to replicate good practices.
STRATEGIC PROGRAM II: REDUCING nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion
from land-based pollution of coastal waters in LMEs consistent with the GPA
($US 90-95 mil)
Background:
Global assessments identify land-based pollution of coastal and marine waters and resulting
eutrophication as creating economically and ecologically problematic "dead zones" of
oxygen-deficient water. The problem is worsening globally and is caused by excessive
levels of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution and oxygen-demanding substances from
agriculture, human sewage, and industrial effluents. Recent projections forecast a doubling
of nutrient loadings by 2050 in some areas such as Asia, with major impacts on communities
and coastal economies. Many bilateral and multilateral programs focus on sanitation and
ignore sewage and agricultural runoff which are major contributors to the growing problem
that contributes to the decline of marine fisheries. As a result of projections showing major
concerns developing in Asia, the GEF IW area will join forces with Land Degradation on
this in East Asia.
Scope:
GEF will foster ecosystem-based approaches to assessment and management of LMEs that
include land-based pollution and the resulting eutrophication of coastal "dead zones" in
support of the GPA. Where capacity is built and collective action agreed, support will be
provided for national/local policy, legal, institutional reforms to reduce land-based inputs of
nitrogen and other pollutants consistent with agreed transboundary action programs and the
GPA. This includes incorporation of nutrient reduction into ICM strategies. Innovative
partnerships, investments and financing will be pursued (including use of revolving funds
and investment funds) addressing agriculture, municipal, and industry sector pollution and
for wetland restoration/enhancement (including use of locally acceptable ecological
sanitation and simple treatment in support of Johannesburg targets--especially in SIDS). A
focus on Asia with the Land Degradation area will be targeted to incorporate nutrient

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management and cycling in agriculture. The business community will be engaged in
solutions, and attention will be paid to environmental flows in rivers to ensure sustenance
for downstream coastal ecosystems.
Where capacity is not yet built to address these GPA-related concerns, an enabling
environment for action will be created though foundational projects for a number of new
transboundary systems, and targeted learning will be undertaken for the IW portfolio to
enhance South-to-South experience sharing and learning, knowledge management, and
capacity building to replicate good practices.
STRATEGIC PROGRAM III: Balancing overuse and conflicting uses of water resources in
transboundary surface and groundwater basins ($US 110-115 mil)
Background:
Overuse and conflicting uses of water resources in transboundary surface and groundwater
basins result in significant ecological and economic damage, reduced livelihoods for the
poor, and increased political tensions among upstream and downstream states. With more
frequent droughts and floods, the conflicts and water scarcity increase dramatically.
Additionally, shallow groundwater over-extraction and saline intrusion along coasts are
becoming major global threats to human development and environmental sustainability.
Use of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies has been identified as the
answer to balancing competing and conflicting uses of water resources to inform and
consider tradeoffs between different socio-economic development objectives and ecosystem
protection. Targets related to IWRM were adopted at the Johannesburg Summit. Links
between IWRM in basins and ICM at downstream coasts are of pivotal importance as
transboundary cooperation contributes to securing global public goods that benefit all
stakeholders.
Through GEF assistance, capacity is being built in many African states through foundational
projects in one dozen transboundary surface/groundwater basins to take the next steps on
implementing IWRM and other modern water resource management policies to improve
water security for communities, reduce conflicts among states, improve ecological flows in
basins, and to adapt to fluctuating climatic regimes. Over time, these interventions
contribute to improved community livelihoods, increased crop yields where unsustainable
irrigation practices are used, improved environmental flows, and reduced health risks where
pollutants create such risks. The global water crisis results from a crisis of governance that
has to be addressed at the transboundary scale in addition to the national and local scales.
Scope:
Where capacity is built to work jointly in transboundary surface and groundwater basins,
GEF will support: the balancing of conflicting/competing water uses through application of
IWRM, enhanced functioning of joint management institutions; integrated natural resources
management across focal areas; groundwater being systematically incorporated into surface
water management; improved flow regimes from infrastructure developed; protected water
supplies; enhanced groundwater recharge, and increased resilience to fluctuating climatic
regimes. Priority is also accorded to integrated approaches across GEF focal areas where
multiple benefits may be generated because of inter-linkages such as with sustainable forest

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management. This may entail reforestation to protect groundwater recharge areas or to
control erosion and soil loss in the upper reaches of watersheds with benefits in flow
regulation and the hydrological balance of upper watersheds.
A limited number of sectoral demonstration activities will be undertaken to test innovative
approaches, financing, and technologies for introducing IWRM as well as to protect/enhance
groundwater supplies, especially in SIDS where multiple benefits can be gained in
protecting drinking water supplies; reducing coastal pollution, and adopting ICM strategies.
Groundwater-related and water reuse demos in the North Africa/Middle East region would
be pursued in joining forces with the GEF Land Degradation focal area.
Where capacity is not yet built, an enabling environment for IWRM will be pursued in states
sharing transboundary freshwater systems. Additionally, targeted learning will be
undertaken for the IW portfolio to enhance experience sharing and learning, knowledge
management, and replication of good practices that contribute to sustaining livelihoods as
well as food and water security.
STRATEGIC PROGRAM IV. Adapting to Melting Ice in High Altitude Basins and
Polar Systems ($US 25-40 mil)
Background:
Ice is a dominant characteristic of frozen transboundary waters in polar and high altitude
ecosystems. Recent global assessments identify significant accelerated reduction of the
spatial extent and mass of polar and glacial ice, creating significant ecological and economic
changes of global significance and water stress for downstream communities and
downstream states in transboundary basins. The problem is worsening globally and is
accelerated by global warming that affects the national productivity of goods and services of
marine polar ecosystems and the ice-water balance of high altitude glacial basins. With
literally billions of people depending on slow ice and snow melt for downstream water
supplies, the future stability and sustainability of their cities and villages are at risk.
Adding to the stress on polar systems and downstream water supplies are toxic compounds
like heavy metals that settle out in cold regions from distant sources as a result of rapid
industrialization and energy use. Many of these compounds are toxic to animals, persist in
the environment, and cross national borders to: (a) bio-accumulate in freshwater and ocean
food chains and (b) pose risks to ecosystem and human health. While POPs are a small
subset of 12 such compounds, persistent toxic substances (PTS) pose significant health risks
in food such as finfish, shellfish, and wildlife consumed by predators ranging from birds to
polar bears and humans as well as locally in water supplies and through inhalation pathways.
In 1995, the GEF Council included demonstration projects to reduce releases of these PTS in
the International Waters focal area and subsequently in Operation Program # 10. With many
waters becoming unusable because of toxic pollutants, increased contamination of cold
regions from PTS with its risks to animals and humans, and complex socioeconomic
implications presented by the melting ice, demonstration projects undertaken in GEF 4 on
this programming theme may take on more significance in future GEF cycles.
Scope:

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GEF will foster ecosystem-based approaches to the assessment of and sectoral adaptation to
ice reduction effects in polar Large Marine Ecosystems and glacially dominated high
altitude river basin systems, including the reduction of PTS as part of the GEF Chemicals
Strategy. Consequently, this programming theme will be jointly addressed by the
International Waters, Climate Change, and POPS focal areas joining forces in action.
Ecosystem-based approaches involving the LMEs and basins from headwater ice to
downstream countries and downstream coastal areas (consistent with IWRM strategies)
would be utilized to undertake the demonstration projects. Where capacity can be built and
collective action agreed among States in transboundary settings (or among ministries in
national basins), support will be provided for national/local policy, legal, institutional
measures for adaptive management to adjust to the reductions in ice cover and glacial melt.
In basins draining high altitude ice, development of basin-specific IWRM adaptive
management plans will provide a tool for downstream sectors and communities to adjust to
new realities of water availability and drought management planning. Limited assessments
would be supported, including mainstreaming assessments of polar marine systems and
headwater ice fields into the GEF Transboundary Waters Assessment Program.
With regard to PTS, a limited demonstration program beyond POPS will be supported to test
effectiveness of policies, innovative instruments, and technologies for reducing releases of
these toxic substances and to engage the business community in developing solutions to
demonstrate cost-effectiveness and pollution prevention pays strategies in support of the
GEF Sound Chemicals Management Strategy. A number of economic sectors and
transboundary river basins with risks from PTS or defined source areas of PTS to high
elevation and polar systems would be subject to pilot demonstrations, with the results and
experiences compiled for possible future GEF application.
SUMMARY TABLE: OUTCOMES OF INTERNATIONAL WATERS PROGRAMS
Strategic Program
Expected Outcomes
Indicators
*National inter-ministry committees
SP-1: Restoring and
*Political commitments made to

sustaining coastal and
ecosystem-based joint action on
*Ministerially agreed action programs and
marine fish stocks and
sustainable fisheries and Integrated
local ICM plans adopted.
Coastal Management (ICM).

associated biological
*Regional, national and local policy, legal,
diversity
*Institutional reforms introduced to
institutional reforms adopted; evaluations
catalyze implementation of policies

show implementation effectiveness
reducing over-fishing and benefiting

Initial attention on global hot spots to communities.
*Fish stock and habitat assessments.
in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast

Asia/Pacific, and Latin

*Per capita income.
America/Caribbean Large Marine


Ecosystems (LMEs) and
*Incorporation in CAS, UN frameworks,
accelerated entry into force of the
*Multi-agency partnerships catalyze
PRSPs, One UN
global ship ballast water/ invasive
replication of innovations

species convention.

*Increased coverage of MPAs in national
*MPAs effectively managed
PA systems
SP-2: Reducing nutrient
*National inter-ministry committees
*Political commitments made to
over-enrichment and

nutrient and other pollution reduction *Ministerially agreed LME and basin action
oxygen depletion from
and ICM
programs and local ICM plans adopted
land-based pollution of
* Institutional and policy reforms

coastal waters in LMEs
introduced to demonstrate capacities
* National and local policy, legal, institutional
consistent with the GPA
of states to catalyze coastal pollution reforms adopted; evaluations show

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reduction measures including ICM.
implementation effectiveness.
Initial efforts expected on nutrient


and land-based pollution reduction
*Levels of nutrient releases at demo sites
in East Asian LMEs and the
*Multi-agency partnerships catalyze

Mediterranean Sea LME as well as replication of reforms and innovative *Joint action adopted by regional institutions
creating an enabling environment
investments for nutrient reduction.
on nutrient reduction.
for action elsewhere.


*Incorporation in CAS, UN Frameworks, One
UN, Bilateral programs
Strategic Program
Expected Outcomes
Indicators
SP-3: Balancing overuse
*National inter-ministry committees.
*Political and legal commitments
and conflicting uses of

made to utilize IWRM policies
*Ministerially-agreed action programs and
water resources in
towards sustainable water use in
basin IWRM plans adopted.
transboundary surface and transboundary basins

groundwater basins

* National water resource and IWRM

reforms/policies adopted; evaluations show

* Institutions and reforms introduced effectiveness.
to catalyze implementation of

Requests expected for the great
policies for basin-scale IWRM and
*Regional/basin agreements and institutions
basins of South America
increased water use efficiency
adopted; evaluations show effectiveness.
experiencing climatic fluctuations

with additional work in African


basins and the Mekong to

*Level of water use efficiency in
introduce IWRM policies. Special
*Communities benefit from access to demonstrations.
focus on SIDS included for
water-related benefits in tests of

protecting community surface and
innovative demonstrations of
*Per capita access to water resource benefits
groundwater supplies while
balancing water uses.
in demonstrations.
reducing sewage releases.


Groundwater protection strategies
*In SIDS, water-related health risks
*Levels of sewage treatment and water supply
would be tested.
reduced through protected water
protection measures in SIDS.
supplies.
SP-4 Adapting to Melting

*Adaptive management measures
Ice in High Altitude Basins
* Ministerially-agreed action programs and
identified, agreed, and tested in a
basin IWRM plans adopted.
and Polar Systems
limited number of basins with high


altitude headwaters and polar LMEs.

A limited program testing

*Reduction of human and ecosystem
strategies to adapt to melting ice
*Level of PTS releases at demonstration sites
health risks from PTS at demo sites.
and to reduce releases of Persistent

Toxic Substances (PTS) to inform
*Incorporation of pollution
*Industry codes of conduct, company policies.
future GEF Replenishments.
prevention strategies for PTS into

private sector operations


6. Inter-linkages with other focal areas

While one priority theme will serve as a focus for an international waters operation, there will be
opportunities to address interlinked transboundary concerns as part of the ecosystem approach and
provide multiple global environment benefits across focal areas through the inter-linkages. Cost
effective approaches of joining forces among focal areas for multiple benefits will be pursued with
certain strategic programs, and partnerships will be catalyzed to leverage the billions of dollars of
resources necessary to secure the socio-economic benefits that transboundary water systems provide
to the communities that depend on them. The cost-effectiveness of such joint operations will be
documented to inform GEF operations for future Replenishment periods.

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Ten components of the Strategic Programs are proposed to address the four priority programming
themes that have been identified. The individual projects in these components will be consistent
with the GEF IW ecosystem-based approach to management, and partnerships will be stimulated
with innovative financing to scale-up interventions into the billions of dollars needed to turn the
corner on sustaining socio-economic benefits of transboundary water systems. Additionally, a
number of projects involving SIDS in the IW pipeline will be combined with activities of other GEF
focal areas into larger programs for regional groupings of SIDS. Experience sharing and learning
projects for the IW portfolio will be utilized to support the four strategic programs to build capacity
and encourage replication of good practices in a spirit of adaptive management. These range from
institutional and science-based learning to thematic and regional experience sharing such as
initiatives for the Africa IW portfolio and building on almost completed work in Eastern Europe.
The following summary table presents the range of GEF resources expected to be available for each
strategic program and lists the components that may be pursued. Focal area inter-linkages proposed
under each program for GEF 4 are included in the table. The IW focal area proposes joining forces
with other GEF focal areas within eight of the ten components to achieve objectives more
completely and perhaps in a more cost effective manner.

Strategic Program 1: Restoring and sustaining coastal and marine fish stocks and associated
biological diversity. (entire program joint with Biodiversity focal area)

* $90-95 mil: (a) Africa Regional LME Component (joint with Biodi), (b) Latin America/Carib
Regional LME Component(joint with Biodi), and (c) Global Component (joint with Biodi, with
special attention to East Asia/Pacific and reducing invasive species in ship ballast water).

Strategic Program 2: Reducing nutrient over-enrichment and oxygen depletion from land-
based pollution of coastal waters of Large Marine Ecosystems consistent with the GPA.

* $90-95 mil: (a) East Asia Regional LME Component (joint with Land Degradation) (b)
Mediterranean Sea LME Component (IW/ POPs/ Biodi) and (c) Global Component
Strategic Program 3: Balancing overuse and conflicting uses of water resources in surface
and groundwater basins

* $110-115 mil: (a) South America Basin Component (joint with Climate Change Adaptation and
in the Pantanal basin, joint with Biodi and Land Degradation), (b) Groundwater component
including NENA Regional Component (joint with Land Degradation), and (c) Global Component

Strategic Program 4: Adapting to melting ice in high altitude basins and polar systems

* $25-35 mil: Joint with Climate Change Adaptation and POPS.


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