Figure 5 - Causal chain for the issue of eutrophication
Key:
Industry Root Causes
Mining Immediate Causes
Urbanisation Impacts
Energy
Transport
Fishery/Aquaculture
Agriculture
 Link to root causes
Inadequate technology/ poor infrastructure
Pollution by return waters from fish ponds
Poor pond siting in river channels/
catchments
Lack of planning
Growth in industry
URBANISATION
TRANSPORT
FISHERY/
AQUACULTURE
Deposition of pollution from transport
Failures in operation and maintenance
AGRICULTURE
Budget/ expenditure for operation and maintenance
Failures in operation and maintenance
Lack of adequate finance
Increased role of mining for export income
Lack of incentives
Inadequate or lacking water/waste management systems
Growth in production of waste
Inadequate economic instruments/tariffs
Inadequate implementation of clean technologies
Lack of human/ technical capacity
Limited capital Investment
Ineffective national/regional policies/management plans
Deficiencies in implementation of regulations, monitoring and enforcement
Deficiencies in legislation
Exploitation of new mineral deposits
Lack of cultivation margins
Lack of adequate finance
Inefficient practices
Lack of human/ technical capacity
Limited capital
Investment
Ineffective national/regional policies/management plans
Deficiencies in implementation of regulations, monitoring and enforcement
Lack of incentives (subsidies)
Erosion of soils
Poorly or untreated sewage waste
No sewage collection
Lack of adequate finance
Limited capital Investment
Ineffective national/regional policies/management plans
Deficiencies in implementation of regulations, monitoring and enforcement
Deficiencies in implementation of regulations, monitoring and enforcement
Ineffective national/regional policies/management plans
Operational discharge of liquid and gaseous effluents including cooling waters
Emissions from storage or disposal of liquid wastes
Point sources of pollution
Diffuse sources of pollution
Emissions from storage or disposal of solid wastes
Deterioration of water
quality due to intensive algal blooms
Changes in redox capacity
Changes in structure and
functions of aquatic ecosystems
8. EUTROPHICATION
Inadequate waste treatment technology
Inefficient old technologies and inherently polluting processes
Poor waste disposal practices from small businesses
Lack of human/technical capacity
Sewage pricing
Limited ability of users to pay
Poorly or untreated return waters
Failures in operation and maintenance
Lack of incentives
Inadequate technology
Inadequate tariffs
Lack of capacity
Intensive livestock production
Concentration of agro-industrial facilities
Over application/ incorrect use of fertilisers in agriculture
Over ploughing
Inadequate waste management
Power generation
Runoff
Lack of alternative industrial processes
Limited capital Investment in industry
Location and concentration of industrial complexes
Lack of implementation of sustainable practices
Lack of land tenure
Inadequate economic sanctions (taxes)
Demand for cheap food
Deficiencies in institutional capacity
Deficiencies in legislation
Deficiencies in institutional capacity
Deficiencies in legislation
Deficiencies in institutional capacity
Design and location of waste disposal sites
See industry sector
Changes in species composition and productivity of native fish
Operational discharge of liquid and gaseous effluents including cooling waters
Discharges of cooling waters*
*Enhances impacts of eutrophication. Cooling waters are not a cause of eutrophication
ENERGY
Deficiencies in legislation
Deficiencies in institutional capacity
Lack of storage facilities for liquid and solid wastes
Extensive area of shallow water sections in the reservoir chain
Construction/poor design of reservoir chain
Socio-economic causes
Institutional/Legal causes
Policy
Legislation
Governance
Social
Economic