TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS

FOR THE CASPIAN SEA


Volume Three



















THE CASPIAN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME

BAKU, AZ



MARCH 2002


Table of Contents


Volume Three


Annex 3.1 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 1.2 Physical and Biochemical

Characteristics


Annex 3.2 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 1.3 Socio-Economic &Development Setting


Annex 3.3 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 1.4 Legal & Regulatory Setting



Annex 3.4 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.1 Causal Chain Analysis



Annex 3.5 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.2 Stakeholder Analysis &

Questionnaire


Annex 3.6 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.3 Decline in Certain Commercial

Fish Stocks


Annex 3.7 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.6 Water Quality Data for the

Caspian Sea


Annex 3.8 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.6 Sediment Quality Data for the

Caspian Sea


Annex 3.9 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.6 Contamination in Tissue in Seal

Blubber


Annex 3.10 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.6 Selected Graphics from ASTP

Final Report


Annex 3.11 Supplementary Materials for Volume II, Section 2.7 Decline in Human Health



Bibliography


Annex 3.1


Supplemental Material for

Section 3.1 Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics Caspian Sea




Table 3.1-1 Major sensitive habitats in the Caspian Sea Region



Table 3.1-1 Surface Water Salinity during summer in the Caspian Sea (Aubrey, 1994)

Table A2.2-1 Major Sensitive Habitats in the Caspian Sea Region


Country

Sensitive Habitat Name

Status

Area ha x 1000

Importance

Major Species

Significance

Azerbaijan

Kyzylagach

State Reserve

88.4

Protection and reproduction of winter and migratory birds (.5-1 million species/year) and waterfowls

About 250 bird species in the reserve. Among those: Francolinus francolinus, Phoenicopterus ruber, Branta rufolis and others

Global

Azerbaijan

Maly Kizil-Agach

Conservation Area

10.7

Protect and restore wintering, migrating, and wintering waterfowl-wader and coastal birds



Azerbaijan

Shirvan

State Reserve

25.8

Protect and reproduce Gazella subgutturosa, water fowls and specific vegetation of the Shirvan lowland

Gazella subgutturosa, Francolinus francolinus, Otis tarda, Otis tetrax


Azerbaijan

Byandovan

Conservation Area

30.0

Preserve Gazella subgutturosa and birds-migrants.

Gazella subgutturosa


Azerbaijan

Apsheron

Conservation Area

0.8

Protect and restore migratory and wintering waterfowl – wader birds, and Caspian seal rookeries in the Azizbekov district of Baku



Azerbaijan

Glinani Island

Conservation Area

2.0

Protect migratory and wintering waterfowl birds, seagull colonies and Caspian seal rookeries

Migratory and wintering waterfowl birds, seagull colonies and Caspian seal rookeries


Azerbaijan

Gobustan

Historical Conservation Area





Iran

Anzali Wetland

Not officially protected

15.0

Feeding and resting station for breeding, migrating and wintering birds

Submerged vegetation includes species of duckweed (Lemna), pondweeds (Potamogeton), (Elodea), milfoil (Myriophyllum), hornwort (Ceratophyllum) and arrowhead (Sagitaria) reed-beds of Phragmites communis and Typhas spp., with rushes (Scirpus spp. and Cyperus spp.), willow and alder (Salix spp., Alnus spp.) grebe (Podiceps cristatus), black-necked grebe (P. nigricollis), purple gallinule (Porphryio porphyrio), herons (Ardeidae), rail (Rallidae), pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmaeus), whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida), coot (Fulica atra), few duck (Anatidae), swans (Cygnus spp.)

Ramsar site

Iran

Bandar-e-Kiashahr lagoon and the Mouth of Sefid-rood River

Unprotected

0.5

Wintering area for waterfowl

Grebe (Podiceps spp.), dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), herons (Ardeidae), greylag goose (Anser anser), shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), gulls (Laridae) and some wades (Limicolae). It is a breeding site for cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and several species of heron (Ardeidae)

Ramsar site

Iran

Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Reservoirs

Nature Reserve

40

Wintering station

Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), greylag goose (Anser anser), lesser white fronted goose (A. erythropus), swans (Cygnus spp.), red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator) and the rare white- headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala). heron (Ardeidae), pratincole (Glareola pratincola ) in large colonies, Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus), little tern (Sterna albifrons) and a large colony of whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida)

Ramsar site

Iran

Lavandevil

Wildlife Refuge

0.949


Grebe, cormorant, faisan, pintail black alder, Caspian honey-locus, Caucasian walnut


Iran

Selkeh

Wildlife Refuge

0.360


Dalmation pelican


Iran

Siahkeshim

Protected Area

4.5


Cormorant, grebe,

white-fronted goose, pintail, whooper swan


Iran

Khoshkedaran

National Natural Monument

0.227


Herons black alder, Caucasian walnut


Iran

Miankaleh

Wildlife Refuge

68.8


Pelican white-fronted goose, gray lag goose, faisan, greater flamingo, white-headed duck


Kazakhstan

North Caspian Coast, Volga-Ural area




Reed (Phragmites australis), reedmace (Typha angustifolia, T. laxa, T. minima) in water, and Arundineae – scirpus phytocoenosis (Phragmites australis, Bolboschoenus maritimus) on land, white water lily (Nymphae alba), lotus (Nelumbo nuciferum), waterbug trap (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), water chestnut (Trapa natans). Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) – north Caspian Coastal Plain; Pink flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) – northeastern coast of Caspian; Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) – Caspian coastal plain; Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewickii) – stops in North Caspian area during migration; Feruginous pochard (Aythya nyroca) – nests in northern Caspian region; white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) – nests in northern Caspian; steppe eagle (Aquila rapax) ; imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) – northern and eastern Caspian; Pallas’s sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus) ; white-tailed sea-eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) – nests along Ural and northern Caspian coast; purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio); great bustard (Otis tarda); great black-headed gull –(Larus ichthyaetus) – Caspian Sea islands; Pallas’s sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) – Northern and Eastern Caspian coast


Kazakhstan

East Caspian Coast




Short-toed snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus); imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca); golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetus); Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus); saker falcon (Falco cherrug p. 152); black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis p. 188)


Kazakhstan

Karagiye-Karakolsky

State Reserve

137.5




Kazakhstan

Novinsky

Nature Reserve

45.0

To maintain rivers and marshes ecosystems

Water chestnut, Caspian lotus, Astrakhan catchfly, white water lily, must rat, European beaver, Brandt hedgehog, Dalmatian pelican, flamingo, whooper-swan, little egret, squacco heron, spoonbill, scaup


Kazakhstan

Aktau-Buzachinsky

Nature Reserve

170.0

Conserve the fauna hunting species and endemic species

Mouflon, some bird species, milk vetch, Ustyurt wormwood, saltwort, Persian bindweed


Kazakhstan

Emba Delta




Otididae family, sand-grouse, order Gruiformes, birds of prey, Dalmatian pelicans, Anatidae family, swans, herons, appearance of the new species (buff-backed heron, Indian gallinule


Russia

Terek River Delta



Spawning and fattening grounds of valuable fishes, transit routes of migratory and fluvial anadromous fishes, and bird wintering places



Russia

Sulak River delta



Spawning and fattening grounds of valuable fishes, transit routes of migratory and fluvial anadromous fishes, and bird wintering places



Russia

Volga River Delta

1,100

Protection of wetlands

In the northern part of the wetlands there are hayfield hygrophil motley-grass-herbaceous meadows with reeds on alluvial islands. They provide grazing for farm animals, permit stockpiling of hay and are breeding grounds during floods. Waterfowl visit the flooded areas during spring migration. In the south there are reed belts and willow forests, which are habitat for cormorants and various species of herons. River-bed channels are habitat for breeding grounds for wild ducks, common pochard, coot, grey goose and red-nosed swan.

Internation-ally important wetlands

Russia

Astrakhan Biospheric State Reserve

State Reserve

66.8

Conserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena and deltaic plant and animal gene pool, and developing scientific principles of nature protection

Flora survey revealed 278 species: white and French willows, dewberry, commonn reed (Phragmites australis), Digraphis arundinacea (L.) Trin., sedges (Carex and C. acutiformis Ehrh.), Persian nightshade (Solanum persicum), lesser reedmace, simple bur-reed (Sparganium simplex Huds.), flowering rush, East Indian lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), water chestnut, floating heart (Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Ktze.), white water lily, yellow water lily, Salvinia natans (L.) All., lesser duckweed, spiral wild celery, water thyme, holly-leaved naiad, Chara spp., Nitellopsis obtusa enteromorpha, East Indian lotus and water chestnut (chilim), white water lily and yellow water lily. Mammals include about 30 species: insectivorous (3), Chiroptera (6), double-toothed rodents (Duplicidentata) (1), rodents (8), predatory (8), pinnipedes (Pinnipedia) (1) and even-toed ungulates (Arctiodactyla) (3). About 230 bird species are observed in the reserve, including 84 nesting species, 105 migratory and wintering species and about 40 irregular transient species. The group of wetland birds is dominated by Anseriformes (14 species). The nesting birds are: mute swan, grey-leg goose, mallard, red-crested pochard, common squacco, buff-backed, great white herons and little egret, night heron, spoonbill, glossy ibis and European cormorant. The Volga delta is a major area of massive accumulation of birds during seasonal migrations in the European continent. Dalmatian pelican, roseate pelican, spoonbill, glossy ibis, buff-backed heron, osprey, white-tailed eagle, little bustard, black-winged stilt, peregrine, golden eagle, Siberian crane, stone curlew, great bustard, black stork, flamingo, etc.)

61 fish species belonging to 2 classes and 14 families. Cyprinidae: common carp, carp-bream, roach, tench, rudd, white bream, Aspius, bleak, pike, wels, perch, pike-perch, and crucian carp. Migratory fishes, the sturgeons (Russian sturgeon, giant sturgeon, Caspain sturgeon, sturgeon) and herrings (Clupeidae spp.)

Part of the international system of biospheric reserves performing global environmental monitoring, Ramsar site

Russia

Daghestankyi State Natural Reserve

State Natural Reserve

19.06

Preserve the natural state of natural complexes in the Bay of Kizlyar of the Caspian Sea and of Sarykum barkhans with the totality of their components, including animals and plants listed in the Red Books of Russia and Daghestan and valuable game species, as well as to study and protect a major migration route of migratory birds, their nesting and wintering places along the western coast of the Caspian Sea.

Ducks (mallard, pintail, gadwall, teals, etc.), geese (bean goose, grey-lag goose), gulls, etc.; also observable are flamingo, Dalmatian and roseate pelicans, Indian gallinule, red-breasted goose, golden eagle, peregrine, little bustard and great bustard, bald coot, mute swan, mallard, teals, herons, and Charadriiformes. Abundant populations of glossy ibis, lapwing, curlew, etc. feed on swampy meadows. Little bustard and demoiselle crane, wild boar, jungle cat, racoon-dog and semidesert areas (corsac fox, steppe polecat, jerboas, fox, occasional flocks of saiga). Shallow reaches of the bay are habitat for sturgeons, Caspian sturgeon, giant sturgeon habitats and spawning grounds of common carp, carp-bream, wels, tench, perch, roach and other fish species.


Russia

The Caspian Sea coast in Daghestan and relict deltaic ecosystems



The unique feature is the species composition, highly diverse in terms of species number and origin, of aquatic and psammophilous flora that contains Euro-Siberian and Iran-Turanian, Pontian and Ghirkanian, Caucasian and Daghestan, West Transcaucasian, Kolkhidan and Lower Volga relict and endemic species.

Sturgeons, seals, aquatic and psammophilous flora that contains Euro-Siberian and Iran-Turanian, Pontian and Ghirkanian, Caucasian and Daghestan, West Transcaucasian, Kolkhidan and Lower Volga relict and endemic species


Turkmenistan

Khazar Reservation (Krasnovodsk, N. Cheleken bays)

Natural Reserve

262

To maintain the genetic fund of the bird species in danger of extinction

280 species of Aves, 40 species of mammalia, 31 species of lizards and snakes, 2 species of amphibian, 20 species of Pisces, more than 400 species of higher plants

Ramsar sites

Turkmenistan

Ogurchinski Island

Natural Reserve

7




Figure A2.2-1 Surface Water Salinity During Summer in the Caspian Sea (from Aubrey et al., 1994a)


Annex 3.2


Supplemental Material for

Section 1.3 Socio-Economic and Development Setting


Contents


Annex 3.1 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.1 Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics Caspian Sea 1

Table 3.1-1 Major sensitive habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 1

Table 3.1-1 Surface Water Salinity during summer in the Caspian Sea (Aubrey, 1994) 1

Table A2.2-1 Major Sensitive Habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 2

Figure A2.2-1 Surface Water Salinity During Summer in the Caspian Sea (from Aubrey et al., 1994a) 9

Table A3.2-1. UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) – 1999 Data 3

Table A3.2-2. UNDP Human Development Index Trends 3

Table A3.2-3. Population Data (World Bank, 1999) 3

Table A3.2-4. Projected Population Trends (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table A3.2-5. Expenditures for Public Health, Education, and Social Protection in Azerbaijan 4

Table A3.2-6. Population in the Coastal Zone 4

Table A3.2-7. Cities and Towns in the Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-8. Azerbaijan: Dynamics of Population Number in 1999 (Coastal Profile) 5

Table A3.2-9. Education System in Caspian Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-10. Azerbaijan: Characteristics of Education System for 1999 (Coastal Profile) 6

Table A3.2-11. Principal Indices of Education in Azerbaijan 7

Table A3.2-12. Employment Characteristics in Caspian Hinterland 7

Table A3.2-13. Azerbaijan: Labor Resources and Population Employment in 1999 8

Table A3.2-14. Dynamics of Living Standards in CEZ in Russian Federation 8

Table A3.2-15. Employment in Turkmenistan CEZ (Balkan Province) 9

Table A3.2-16. Economic Indicators in Caspian Hinterland 9

Table A3.2-17. Main Social-Economic Indexes of the Development of Kazakhstan Republic 9

Table A3.2-18. Kazakhstan Income Data 10

Table A3.2-19. The industrial mix for CEZ (1999) in Russian Federation 11

Table A3.2-20. Turkmenistan (in the province of Balkan) Industry (5200 manat = $1) 11

Table A3.2-21. Areas Under Cultivation in Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-22. Agricultural Production in the Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-23. Agricultural Output in Iran CEZ 12

Table A3.2-24. Chemical Fertilizer Used in the Northern Provinces of Iran (1990) 13

Table A3.2-25. The Number of Employees in the Agricultural Sector in Iran 13

Table A3.2-26 Agricultural Indices in CEZ of Russian Federation 13

Table A3.2-27 Structure of Livestock Population in All Management Categories in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 14

Table A3.2- 28 Fishing Industry Statistics in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-29 Industrial Production in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-30 Distribution of Industrial Facilities in Iran 14

Table A3.2-31 Industrial Mix for CEZ of the Russian Federation (1999) 15

Table A3.2-32 Oil and Gas Activities in the Caspian Region 16

Table A3.2-33 Production of Oil in Azerbaijan (million tons) 16

Table A3.2-34 Outputs of Oil and Power Complex in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 17

Table A3.2-35 Water Use in the Caspian Coastal Zone 17

Table A3.2-36. Azerbaijan: Generalized Indices on the Centralized Water Supply and Drainage for 1999 (m.m3) 17

Table A3.2-37 Azerbaijan: Irrigated Lands Distribution (thousand ha) 18

Table A3.2-38 Azerbaijan: Indices of Irrigated Lands Use 18

Table A3.2-39 Urbanization Trends (UNDP Human Development 2001 and Country Socio -Economic Reports) 18

Table A3.2-40 Possibilities for Tourism in the Caspian Coastal Zone 19

Annex 3.3 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.3 Legal and Regulatory Setting 1

Table A3.3-2 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan 3

Table A3.3-4 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements Ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan (as of June 1, 2001) 4

Table 3.5-1 Decline in Fisheries 4

Table 3.5-2 Decline in Environmental Quality 6

Table 3.5-3 Decline in Biodiversity 8

Table 3.5-4 Decline in Human Health 10

Table 3.5-5 Decline in Infrastructure 12

Table 3.5-6 Degradation of Coastal Landscape 14

Table 3.5-7 Emerging Issue: Increase in Pollution from Oil and Gas Activities 15

Table 3.5-8 Introduction of Exotic Species 17

Table 3.11-1 Commitment to Health: Access, Services and Resources (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-2 Leading Global Health Crises and Challenges (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-3 Access to Healthcare in Caspian Coastal Zones 4

Table 3.11-4 Survival Rates (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 4

Table 3.11-5 Principal indices of the public health in Azerbaijan 4

Table 3.11-6 Azerbaijan: Deaths attributed to illnesses in 1999. (Number of diseases per 100,000) (Coastal Profile) 5

Table 3.11-7 Disease Rates in Kazakhstan (per 100,000 people) 6




Table A3.2-1. UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) – 1999 Data

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Adult literacy rate (% age 15 and above)

GDP per capita (PPP US$)

Human Development Index Value

HDI Rank

Azerbaijan

71.3

97.0

2,850

0.738

79

I.R. Iran

68.5

75.7

5,531

0.714

90

Kazakhstan

64.4

99.0

4,951

0.742

75

Russian Fed.

66.1

99.5

7,473

0.775

55

Turkmenistan

65.9

98.0

3,347

0.730

83

GDP: gross national product

PPP: per person parity


Table A3.2-2. UNDP Human Development Index Trends

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

1999

Azerbaijan

--

--

--

--

--

0.738

I.R. Iran

0.556

0.563

0.607

0.645

0.688

0.714

Kazakhstan

--

--

--

--

--

0.742

Russian Fed.

--

0.809

0.826

0.823

0.778

0.775

Turkmenistan

--

--

--

--

--

0.730



Table A3.2-3. Population Data (World Bank, 1999)

Population total (millions)

Population density (people per square km)

Population growth (annual %)

Fertility rate (births per woman)

Infant mortality rate (per 1000)

Azerbaijan

8.0

92.2

0.9

2.0

16.2

I.R. Iran

63.0

38.8

1.7

2.7

25.5

Kazakhstan

14.9

5.6

-1.0

2.0

21.7

Russian Fed.

146.2

8.7

-0.4

1.3

16.0

Turkmenistan

4.8

10.2

1.3

2.8

32.7



Table A3.2-4. Projected Population Trends (UNDP Human Development Report 2001)

Pop. total (mill-ions)

1999

Pop. total (mill-ons)

2015

Annual pop. growth rate (%) 1999-2015

Pop. under age 15 (% of total)

1999

Pop. under age 15 (% of total)

2015

Pop. aged 65 and above (% of total)

1999

Pop. aged 65 and above (% of total)

2015

Azerbaijan

8.0

8.7

0.6

30.0

17.5

6.5

8.1

I.R. Iran

69.2

87.1

1.4

38.7

27.2

3.3

5.0

Kazakhstan

16.3

16.0

-1.0

27.6

22.2

6.8

8.1

Russian Fed.

146.2

133.3

-0.6

18.7

13.6

12.3

13.8

Turkmenistan

4.6

6.1

1.7

38.2

28.4

4.2

4.5



Table A3.2-5. Expenditures for Public Health, Education, and Social Protection in Azerbaijan


Expenditures

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Total expenditures in ratio to GDP, including project loans

48.4

55.9

46.0

29.0

21.3

21.3

20.0

24.9

Expenditures for public education









Share of GDP

6.4

7.1

4.9

3.5

3.7

3.6

3.5

4.8

Share of total public expenditures

13.2

12.7

10.7

12.2

17.5

16.8

17.7

19.3

Valid indexes (1992=100)а

100.0

85.3

47.3

30.0

32.1

32.6

35.4

51.8

Public expenditures for public health









Share of GDP

2.7

3.3

2.4

1.4

1.5

1.2

1.0

1.1

Share of total public expenditures




4.8

6.9

5.8

4.8

4.5

Valid indexes (1992=100)а

100.0

94.0

54.9

28.0

30.0

26.5

22.9

28.9

Social Protection Fund









Share of GDP

10.4

16.5

8.6

5.0

5.8

5.3

5.9

6.9

Share of total public expenses

21.4

29.6

18.7

17.3

27.1

25.0

29.3

27.6

Valid indexes (1992=100)а

100.0

122.7

51.2

26.3

30.6

30.0

36.3

45.7

Share of GDP

1.7

3.4

2.6

1.6

2.5

1.8

2.1

0.7

Share of total public expenses

3.4

6.2

5.6

5.6

11.7

8.3

10.5

2.8

Valid indexes (1992=100)а

100.0

159.3

95.3

53.5

82.7

62.1

81.5

29.3

а Using GDP deflator Source: World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Ministry of Finance


Table A3.2-6. Population in the Coastal Zone

Provinces

Population (thousands)

Population density

Population growth rate

Urban population

Rural population

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz

441.5



137.1

304.4

Apsheron

2201.1



2141.3

59.8

Central-Aran

605.4



228.3

377.1

Lenkoran

730.5



730.5

563.0

I.R. Iran

Gilan

2204.0

(1991)

157/km2

0.75%

883.8

1320.2

Mazandaran

3793.1 (1991)


1.65%



Kazakhstan

Atyrau

439.3 (1999)



255.9

183.4

Mangistau

316.3 (1999)



248.5

67.8

Russian Fed.

Astrakhan

1026 (1999)

23.0/km2




Dagestan

2144 (1999)

42.6/km2


900.5

1243.5

Kalmykia

316 (1999)

4.1/km2




Turkmenistan

Balkan

411.3



324.9

86.4



Table A3.2-7. Cities and Towns in the Coastal Zone


Countries and areas

Population in coastal zone (50km strip)

Population in coastal zone (50 to 150km strip)

Number of towns

Population (thousands)

Density (per km2)

Number of towns

Population (thousands)

Density (per km2)

Total

Cities

Total

Cities

Russia, including

23

1

1430

382.8

7

-

125

16.7

Astrakhan

7

1

795

706.6

1

-

5

2.2

Kalmykia

1

-

25

46.2

1

-

5

5.0

Daghestan

15

-

610

1314.6

5

-

115

320.1

Azerbaijan

21

1

3275

1266.9

6

-

130

25.1

Iran

22

-

2005

543.3

9

1

3455

468.1

Turkmenistan

15

-

165

31.8

9

-

135

13.1

Kazakhstan

10

-

230

32.3

10

-

90

6.3

The World Atlas - London: Dorling Kindersley Limited Publishing House, 1997. – p 338.


Table A3.2-8. Azerbaijan: Dynamics of Population Number in 1999 (Coastal Profile)


Population Indices

Economic-geographical regions

Total by coastal zone

Guba-Khachmaz

Apsheron

Central Aran

Lenkoran

Baku and Sumgayit

Rural area

Birth rate

16.5

12.2

14.6

15.8

15.9

15.0

Death rate

6.6

4.9

4.9

6.2

5.9

5.7

Natural population increase

9.9

7.3

9.7

9.6

10.0

9.3

Infant death rate under 1 year (per thousand newborns)

17.6

15.1

14.4

13.1

14.5

14.9


Table A3.2-9. Education System in Caspian Coastal Zone

Country

Province

% of pre-school children provided with education

% of school children provided with education

Number of universities

Literacy rate %

Literacy rate for women %

Govt. funding for education -

% of nat’l expenditure

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz



1



17.5

Apsheron



30




Central-Aran



1




Lenkoran



1




I.R. Iran

Gilan


73.3


74.5

67

20

Mazandaran







Kazakhstan

Atyrau







Mangistau







Russian Fed.

Astrakhan

60

69






Dagestan

30

70






Kalmykia

50

85





Turkmenistan

Balkan









Table A3.2-10. Azerbaijan: Characteristics of Education System for 1999 (Coastal Profile)


Geographic regions

Elementary institutions

Secondary, special institutions

Higher education institutions

schools,

gymnas-iums

number of teachers, per thousand persons

technical secondary school, specialized schools, colleges

number of teachers, per thousand persons

univer-sities, institu-tions

number of teachers, per thousand persons

Guba-Khachmaz, including regions:

426

94.6

4

1.1

1

0.1

Guba

144

29.6

1

0.3

1

0.1

Gusar

90

20.0

1

0.5

-

-

Khachmaz

118

28.8

-

-

-

-

Devechi

48

9.2

1

0.2

-

-

Siazan

26

7.0

1

0.1

-

-

Apsheron, including cities:

465

462.8

26

16.1

30

91.5

Baku

343

372.3

15

12.1

29

88.9

Sumgayit

54

62.6

9

3.6

1

2.6

regions:

Khyzy

14

2.8

-

-

-

-

Apsheron

24

18.1

1

0.3

-

-

Gobustan

30

7.0

1

0.1

-

-

Central Aran

310

130.2

8

1.3

-

-

Including Ali-Bairamly

15

12.9

2

0.5

-

-

regions:

Ajigabul

25

10.1

-

-

-

-

Sabirabad

84

32.1

3

0.4

-

-

Saatly

46

18.5

-

-

-

-

Saliyany

50

23.5

-

-

-

-

Neftchala

55

14.9

3

0.4

-

-

Belysuvar

35

18.2

-

-

-

-

Lenkoran

564

167.9

10

2.7

1

1.7

including regions:

Jalilabad

128

38.1

2

0.3

-

-

Massaly

99

40.4

1

0.2

-

-

Lenkoran

88

41.0

4

0.8

1

1.7

Lerik

111

15.2

1

0.2

-

-

Yardimly

78

12.6

1

0.3

-

-

Astara

60

20.6

1

0.9

-

-

Total by coastal zone:

2129

855.5

48

21.2

32

93.3



Table A3.2-11. Principal Indices of Education in Azerbaijan


Education indices

1990-1991

1998 - 1999

Change (in %)

Total number of enrolled (in thousands)




Pre-school facilities

180.9

116.1

- 35.8

Primary and secondary schools

1.344200

1.606400

-19.5

Specialized secondary

58.0

35.7

-38.5

Vocational schools

73.0

25.4

-65.2

Universities

105.1

85.7

-18.4

Public expenditures for education:




in share to GDP

6.7 (1992)

3.5 (1998)

- 47.8

in share to total public expenditures

13.9 (1992)

17.5 (1998)

25.9



Table A3.2-12. Employment Characteristics in Caspian Hinterland

Provinces

Population

Workforce

Number of Unemployed

Employed in Industrial Sector

Employed in Agricultural Sector

(%)

Employed by Services Sector

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz







Apsheron







Central-Aran







Lenkoran







I.R. Iran

Gilan


631,520 (1996)

70,730

20.48

(39.36)

38.51

Mazandaran


994,425 (1996)

111,376

22.51

(36.52)

39.46

Kazakhstan

Atyrau

439,300 (1999)

195,928


25.1

(8.8)

66.1

Mangistau

316,300

(1999)

148,345


28.9

(8.2)

62.9

Russian Fed.

Astrakhan

1,026,000 (1998)

461,000

73,000 (15.8%)

No data

61,000 (15.7%)


Dagestan

2,144,000 (1998)

703,000

211,000 (30.0%)

107,000 (21.7%)

88,000 (17.9%)


Kalmykia

316,000 (1998)

147,000

45,000 (30.6%)

12,000 (11.8%)

52,000 (51.0%)


Turkmenistan

Balkan



>150,000





Table A3.2-13. Azerbaijan: Labor Resources and Population Employment in 1999

(per thousand) (Coastal Profile)


Region

Labor resources

Employed population

Officially registered unemployed (persons)

Total

Industrial sector

Non-industrial sector

Guba-Khachmaz EGR, including:

221.4

138.5

112.0

26.5

1620

-Guba

66.1

49.7

43.5

6.2

176

-Gusar

40.7

28.9

22.9

6.0

529

-Khachmaz

72.8

37.6

29.3

8.3

437

-Devechi

22.0

12.5

9.0

3.5

355

-Siazan

19.8

9.8

7.3

2.5

123

Apsheron EGR, including:

1192.7

696.6

373.0

323.6

4200

cities:


-Baku

959.5

560.6

311.1

249.5

3865

-Sumgayit

161.7

93.1

29.3

63.8

251

regions:


-Khyzy

5.0

3.4

2.3

1.1

24

-Apsheron

500.0

37.0

28.8

8.2

35

-Gobustan

16.5

2.5

1.5

1.0

25

Central-Aran EGR, including:

297.8

178.6

135.6

43.0

2068

-Ali-Bairamly city

58.2

16.1

6.1

10.0

586

regions:


-Ajigabul

27.6

14.0

7.4

6.6

508

-Sabirabad

73.5

35.2

27.4

7.8

337

-Saatly

47.3

29.0

26.1

2.9

121

-Salyan

42.0

39.7

33.5

6.2

214

-Neftchala

32.5

23.1

17.2

5.9

120

-Bilasuvar

36.7

21.5

17.9

3.6

396

Lenkoran EGR, including regions:

356.3

208.0

165.4

42.6

1700

-Jalilabad

81.6

52.4

46.4

6.0

251

-Masally

83.0

32.0

26.5

5.5

292

-Lenkoran

95.6

54.6

34.8

19.8

617

-Lerik

30.5

19.5

15.8

3.7

66

-Yardymly

24.6

8.6

6.3

2.3

408

-Astara

41.0

40.0

35.6

5.3

146

Total on coastal zone

2068.2

1221.7

786.0

435.7

9588



Table A3.2-14. Dynamics of Living Standards in CEZ in Russian Federation

Population with income under poverty line

Living standard decline

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Daghestan

No data

No data

No data

53,9%:

58,1%

4,2% for 97-98

Kalmykia

37%

60,3%

59,2%

46%

60,1%

23,1% for 94-98 , & 14,1% for 97-98

Astrakhan Province

No data

No data

No data

27,8%

34,4%

6,6% for 97-98



Table A3.2-15. Employment in Turkmenistan CEZ (Balkan Province)


State enterprises and Institutions

Agricultural Associations

Private and Joint Companies, Cooperatives

Households

94,600

19,600

12,600

45,000



Table A3.2-16. Economic Indicators in Caspian Hinterland

Provinces

GDP in USD

GDP per capita

%GDP from Industrial Sector

%GDP from Agricul-tural Sector

%GDP from Services Sector

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz






Apsheron






Central-Aran






Lenkoran






I.R. Iran

Gilan






Mazandaran






Kazakhstan

Atyrau (1999)

1,219,960,000

2,760

67%

(entire CEZ)

1%

(entire CEZ)

17% (entire CEZ)

Mangistau

(1999)

606,410,000

1,910




Russian Fed.

Astrakhan






Dagestan






Kalmykia






Turkmen-istan

Balkan








Table A3.2-17. Main Social-Economic Indexes of the Development of Kazakhstan Republic

(in % of the previous year)

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

87.4

91.8

100.5

101.7

98.1

101.7

Volume of industrial production (works and services)

71.9

91.8

100.3

104.0

97.6

102.2

Overall agricultural production

79.0

45.6

95.0

99.2

81.1

128.9

Investments in the main capital

85.0

57.5

60.1

111.6

141.9

103.8

Retail commodity circulation

47.0

85.6

133.3

129.3

119.1

106.8

Turnover of the foreign trade,

…

145.0

108.1

108.4

91.9

82.0

including:







Export

…

166.9

113.7

107.0

84.1

95.2

Import

…

130.4

103.4

109.7

99.0

71.7

Average money income per person

1431.4

272.7

137.8

120.2

106.0

112.8

Average money expenses per person

1431.4

272.7

137.8

120.2

106.0

112.8

Real disposable money income

…

99.4

100.6

103.0

99.8

104.4

Index of consumer prices (for the end of period in % to December of the previous year)

1258.3

160.3

128.7

111.2

101.9

117.8

Official unemployment level in % to the economically active part of the population (for the end of period)

1.1

2.1

4.2

3.8

3.7

3.9



Table A3.2-18. Kazakhstan Income Data


Income of population

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999
Atyrau Region






Average monthly per capita income of population, in US$ (tenge)

26.21

(1597)

32.38

(2179)

36.88

(2782)

40.28

(3154)

31.61

(3782)

Monetary expenditures of population (monthly average per capita), US$ (tenge)


25.29

(1541)


33.08

(2226)


37.53

(2831)


40.45

(3167)


31.82

(3808)

Average monthly calculated wage of employees in economy, US$ (tenge)

99.66

(6072.7)

130.15

(8758.4)

166.08

(12525.9)

182.83

(14314)

174.15

(20836)
Mangistau Region






Average monthly per capita income of population, in US$ (tenge)

60.93

(2444)

43.27

(2912)

52.06

(3927)

55.23

(4324)

34.48

(4126)

Monetary expenditures of population (monthly average per capita), US$ (tenge)

4101

(2499)

43.46

(2925)

50.94

(3842)

54.22

(4245)

34.36

(4112)

Average monthly calculated wage of employees in economy, US$ (tenge)

163.81

(9981)

215.32

(14489)

241.35

(18203)

220.41

(17256)

160.36

(19186)

Kazakhstan






Average monthly per capita income of population, in US$ (tenge)

28.23

(1720.5)

35.23

(2370.8)

37.77

(2848.9)

38.57

(3020.1)

28.48

(3408.0)

Monetary expenditures of population (monthly average per capita), US$ (tenge)

27.76

(1691.9)

34.44

(2317.7)

36.72

(2769.8)

38.21

(2991.8)

27.81

(3327.3)

Average monthly calculated wage of employees in economy, US$ (tenge)

78.54

(4786)

101.66

(6841)

113.24

(8541)

123.68

(9683)

94.08

(11256)



Table A3.2-19. The industrial mix for CEZ (1999) in Russian Federation

Daghestan

Kalmykia

Astrakhan Province

Commodity output (bln rubles)

3.8

0.91

10.6

Power industry

25.3%

36.7%

No data

Fuel industry

15.7%

23.1%

32.7%

Construction materials

9.3%

9.1%

No data

Engineering

14.1%

6.0%

12.4%

Light industry

4.3%

1.2%

No data

Food industry

22.3%

20%

23.6%

Percentage of unprofitable firms

64.8%

71.5%

47%



Table A3.2-20. Turkmenistan (in the province of Balkan) Industry (5200 manat = $1)


Industry/company

Effective prices for 1999 (billion manat)

Growth rate in 1999 in % to 1998

Electric power

TEPP Turkmenbashi

PA “Balkanenergo”


350.0

22.7


123

34

Oil

TMPP

Oil and gas producing


340.4

1051.9


88

108

Chemical and petrochemical

JV “Turkmensintez”

Boyadag Iodine producing plant

Balkan Iodine producing plant

Khazar Chemical Plant

PA “Gorabogazgolsulfat”


0.8

1.2

6.3

7.1

9.1


124


126

71

79

Engineering

Cable producing plant (Balkanabad)

JV “B/Energoremont”

Railway-car repair works


5.3

1.3

6.9


100

132

106

Building material industry

22.5

104

Food

138.9

143

Light

19.5

113

Printing

1.3

100



Table A3.2-21. Areas Under Cultivation in Caspian Region

Provinces

Agriculture (thousand hectares)

Grain Production (thousand tons)

Cotton Production (thousand tons)

Cattle (thousands)

Sheep and Goats (thousands)

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz






Apsheron






Central-Aran






Lenkoran






I.R. Iran

Gilan

300.5



1,004*

3,445*

Mazandaran

1201.9





Kazakhstan

Atyrau


10.4


91.7

396

Mangistau


0


5.1

300

Russian Fed.

Astrakhan

481 (295 of which are pastrue)



253

862.5

Dagestan

640.4 (185.7 of which are tilled)





Kalmykia





1723

Turkmenistan

Balkan

60 (1999)

111

15

57

993

*For the entire Iranian Caspian region



Table A3.2-22. Agricultural Production in the Caspian Region


Azerbaijan

I.R. Iran

Kazakhstan

Russian Fed.

Turkmenistan


Wheat

Cattle

Cattle

Grain


Barley

Horses

Sheep

Cotton


Beans and peas

Sheep

Horses

Potato


Rice

Fodder

Vegetables

Melon


Vegetables

Wheat

Wheat

Pumpkin


Melons


Corn

Cattle


Herbs


Wine

Sheep


Citrus plants


Rice

Goats




Potato




Table A3.2-23. Agricultural Output in Iran CEZ


Crops

Cultivated Land

(1000 Hectares)

Product

(1000 Tons)

Wheat

349.8

647

Barley

159.5

203

Rice

496.5

2571

Cotton

146

257.8

Oily Seeds

98.5

94.7

Tea

35

278

Total

1285.3

4051.5



Table A3.2-24. Chemical Fertilizer Used in the Northern Provinces of Iran (1990)

Mazandaran

Gilan

Total

Fertilizer

Amount

%

Amount

%

Amount

%

Ura

85675

45.04

31249

60.61

116924

48.36

Amonium Nitrate

1335

0.70

1723

3.34

3058

1.26

Amonium Sulphate

952

0.50

2460

4.77

3412

1.41

Amonium Phosphate

97254

51.12

15576

30.22

112830

46.66

Super Phosphate Tripol

2400

1.26

1

0.001

2401

0.99

Potassium Sulphate

2590

1.36

544

1.05

3134

1.29

Others

11

0.005

-

-

11

0.03

Total (kg)

190217

100

51553

100

241770

100



Table A3.2-25. The Number of Employees in the Agricultural Sector in Iran

Total persons employed more than 10 years


Total

Total agriculture persons employed more than 10 years


Total

Persons employed

in agriculture

sector

% of Total Employed persons


Female

Male


Female

Male


Female

Male


Mazandaran

76097

501745

577843

44015

320427

364442

57.8%

63.8%

63%

Gilan

--

--

612644

--

--

253311

--

--

41.3%

Total

--

--

1190486

--

--

617753

--

--

51.9%



Table A3.2-26 Agricultural Indices in CEZ of Russian Federation

Number of farms by years

(thousands)

Size of farms, ha

Increase in number of farms

in 3 years, %


1994

1995

1996

Russia

270.0

279.2

280.1

42-43

3.7

Povolzhsky economic region, incl.:


37.4


36.6


35.8


81-90


-

Republic of Kalmykia

1.5

1.6

1.8

440-413

14.0

Astrakhan oblast

1.8

1.95

1.95

122-128

6.1

North-Caucasian economic region, incl.:


67.8


73.5


79.2


19-20


16.8

Repubic of Dagestan

11.4

13.6

16.6

3-2

46.0

Share (%) of production of main kinds of agricultural products by farms, 1995 (farms of all categories)



Table A3.2-27 Structure of Livestock Population in All Management Categories in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan


Livestock

Through 01 January 1999

Through 01 January 2000

Total

State owned

Private

Total

State owned

Private

Cattle

55347

4647

50700

57309

5509

51800

Sheep and goats

989348

251148

738200

993382

288082

710300

Camels

29509

4809

24700

33451

5751

27700

Poultry

29038

1938

27100

85746

3146

82600

Horse

3503

1203

2300

3544

1344

2200



Table A3.2- 28 Fishing Industry Statistics in the Caspian Region



Number of fishermen employed

Number of boats in fleet

Capacity of sturgeon hatcheries

Azerbaijan




I.R. Iran

7000

996


Kazakhstan

1500


6.06 million fry

Russian Fed.




Turkmenistan






Table A3.2-29 Industrial Production in the Caspian Region


Azerbaijan

I.R. Iran

Kazakhstan

Russian Fed.

Turkmenistan


Food, tobacco

Oil production


Electroenergetics


Wood products

Gas production


Construction


Chemical

Uranium mining


Oil production


Oil production



Food production


Coal production



Engineering


Paper and printing



Myrabolyte


Machinery production



Bromine


Textile



Iodine


Mineral products



Technical carbon



Table A3.2-30 Distribution of Industrial Facilities in Iran


Industry

Mazandaran

Gilan

Total

Coastal

non-coastal

Coastal

Non-coastal

Food, tobacco and drinking

Textile, clothing and leather

Wood and products

paper, cardboard and printing

Chemical, oil and coal

Non-metallic mineral product

Metallic product

Equipment and machinery

Handicraft

Others industry

Total number of industries

597

796

741

34

16

107

13

929

80

118

3431

1198

1527

1413

75

15

208

51

2245

207

231

7170

295

261

216

11

12

61

1

265

1937

10

3069

953

1301

676

39

14

137

11

990

3120

88

7329

3043

3885

3046

159

57

513

76

4429

5344

447

20996



Table A3.2-31 Industrial Mix for CEZ of the Russian Federation (1999)


Federation Unit

Daghestan

Kalmykia

Astrakhan Province

Volgograd Province

Commodity output (bln rubles)

3.8

0.91

10.6

41.2

Power industry

25.3%

36.7%

No data

18.9%

Fuel industry

15.7%

23.1%

32.7%

No data

Construction materials

9.3%

9.1%

No data

5%

Engineering

14.1%

6.0%

12.4%

14%

Light industry

4.3%

1.2%

No data

No data

Food industry

22.3%

20%

23.6%

12%

Percentage of unprofitable firms

64.8%

71.5%

47%

59.1%



Table A3.2-32 Oil and Gas Activities in the Caspian Region

Provinces

Extractable Oil reserves

Gas reserves

Fields under development

Azerbaijan

Guba-Khachmaz




Apsheron




Central-Aran




Lenkoran




I.R. Iran

Gilan




Mazandaran




Kazakhstan

Atyrau

1529081 thousand tons

198733 mln. m3

38

Mangistau

702542 thousand tons

157730 mln. m3


Russian Federation

Astrakhan




Dagestan




Kalmykia




Turkmenistan

Balkan






Table A3.2-33 Production of Oil in Azerbaijan (million tons)


Years

Offshore

Onshore

Total

1981

9,371

4,703

14,074

1982

8,247

4,666

12,913

1983

8,409

4,286

12,695

1984

8,447

4,057

12,504

1985

9,233

3,909

13,142

1986

9,419

3,902

13,321

1987

10,069

3,734

13,803

1988

10,324

3,417

13,741

1989

10,136

3,023

13,159

1990

9,931

2,582

12,513

1991

9,492

2,249

11,741

1992

9,225

1,970

11,195

1993

8,321

1,974

10,295

1994

7,778

1,785

9,563

1995

7,440

1,760

9,200

1996

7,680

1,420

9,100

1997

7,500

1,600

9,100

1998

9,700

1,700

11,400

1999

Not found

Not found

14,400

Source: State Committee of Azerbaijan on Statistics (SOCAR)

Table A3.2-34 Outputs of Oil and Power Complex in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan


Product

1999

1998

%

Electric energy, m. KW/hour

1593.0

1486.0

107

Oil, including gas condensate, thousand tons

6803.0

6141.0

109

Oil

6683.0

6141.9

109

Gas condensate

119.8

99.1

121

Natural gas, million m3

4086.3

4008.7

102

Including: natural, million m3

3461.9

3355.4

103

Oil gas, million m3

624.4

653.3

96

Initial refining of oil, thousand tons

4120.7

4985.5

83

Gasoline, thousand tons

743

682.3

109

Diesel fuel, thousand tons

1185.0

1432.8

83

Furnace fuel oil, thousand tons

1348.1

2063.3

65

Petroleum coke, thousand tons

123.3

96.8

127

Furnace fuel, thousand tons

186.8

114.7

162

Liquefied gas, thousand tons

12.7

17.2

74

Kerosene (burning and technical), thousand tons

104.5

81.1

128

Oil asphalt, thousand tons

54.9

56.3

98



Table A3.2-35 Water Use in the Caspian Coastal Zone

Total Consumption

Domestic Consumption

Agricultural Consumption

Industrial Consumption

Raw Sewage Emitted into Caspian Sea

Treated Sewage Emitted into Caspian Sea

Azerbaijan





169.11 m.m3

240.49 m.m3

I.R. Iran







Kazakhstan







Russian Fed.







Turkmenistan

1.1billion m3


935 million m3 (85%)




Table A3.2-36. Azerbaijan: Generalized Indices on the Centralized Water Supply and Drainage for 1999 (m.m3)


EGR

Water Consumption

Drainage

Circulating water-supply

total

including

total

including

drinking

industrial

other

non-refined sewage

normative clean sewage

normative refined sewage

Guba-Khachmaz

9.67

8.79

0.86

0.02

3.36

1.0

0.14

2.22

0.46

Apsheron,

767.37

359.01

373.96

34.40

544.48

159.73

147.64

237.11

266.05

including: Baku

522.42

288.00

228.72

5.70

440.64

155.00

76.13

209.51

163.55

Sumgayit

208.45

50.38

129.42

28.65

100.19

1.08

71.51

27.60

102.50

Central-Aran,

37.87

25.85

4.84

7.18

7.49

7.24

-

0.25

5.41

incl. Ali-Baitamly

24.02

18.05

0.74

5.23

3.42

3.18

-

0.24

2.65

Lenkoran

2.78

2.44

0.10

0.24

2.05

1.14

-

0.91

-

Total:

817.69

396.09

379.76

41.84

557.38

169.11

147.78

240.49

271.92



Table A3.2-37 Azerbaijan: Irrigated Lands Distribution (thousand ha)


Economical-geographical regions

Total area

Irrigated soils area

Irrigated lands

orchard and

country plots

forests

total

% of total area

total

including

long-standing plantations

plough-land

hayfield

pastures

long-fallow land

Guba-Khachmaz

696.5

131.2

18.8

124.5

28.3

84.2

4.6

6.8

0.6

6.7

-

Apsheron

664.0

22.9

3.4

19.4

4.0

12.8

-

2.6

-

2.1

1.4

Central Aran

873.7

274.1

31.4

253.5

0.2

234.5

-

14.1

4.7

19.9

0.7

Lenkoran

606.9

39.1

6.4

38.9

8.6

29.6

0.2

0.5

-

0.2

-

Total:

2841.1

467.3

16.4

436.3

41.1

361.1

4.8

24.0

5.3

28.9

2.1



Table A3.2-38 Azerbaijan: Indices of Irrigated Lands Use


Economical-geographical regions

Area of irrigated lands, total

thousand ha

Area of irrigated lands in 1999,

thousand ha

Water volume used for irrigation, thousand m3

Water volume for land unit, m3/ha

Guba-Khachmaz

131.2

76.1

187,122

2458.9

Apsheron

22.9

11.4

46,267

4085.5

Central Aran

274.1

204.5

1,075,720

5260.2

Lenkoran

39.1

18.3

46,936

2564.8

Total:

467.3

310.3

1,356,045

4370.1



Table A3.2-39 Urbanization Trends (UNDP Human Development 2001 and Country Socio -Economic Reports)

Total Urban Population

1975

Total Urban Population

1999

Total Urban Population

2015

Urban Population in Coastal Zone

1999

Azerbaijan

51.5

56.9

64.0


I.R. Iran

45.8

61.1

68.8

6.0 (1991)

Kazakhstan

52.2

56.4

60.6


Russian Fed.

66.4

77.3

82.0


Turkmenistan

47.5

44.7

49.9





Table A3.2-40 Possibilities for Tourism in the Caspian Coastal Zone

Current number of resorts

Current number of beds

Current number of tourists annually

Potential number of tourists annually

Azerbaijan





I.R. Iran

62

2482

325477


Kazakhstan

4

4000



Russian Fed.





Turkmenistan

17

2615




Annex 3.3


Supplemental Material for

Section 3.3 Legal and Regulatory Setting


Table 3.3-1 Government organizations responsible for carrying and legislation or the protection and management of Caspian Sea Resources


Table 3.3-2 International Environmental Connections ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan


Table 3.3-3 International Environmental Connections ratified by the Islamic Republic of Iran


Table 3.3-4 International Environmental Connections ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan


Table 3.3-5 International Environmental Connections ratified by the Russian Federation


Table 3.3-6 International Environmental Connections ratified by Turkmenistan


Conclusions and ?????



Table A3.3-1 Government organizations responsible for carrying out legislation on protection and management of the Caspian Sea’s natural resources


Azerbaijan



Iran



Kazakhstan



Russia



Turkmenistan






Table A3.3-2 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan



Name of Convention

Date of Ratification

Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage

December 6, 1993

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Rio-de-Janeiro, 09.05.92

January 10, 1995

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone Layer. Montreal, 16.09.87. Amendments to Protocol: London, 29.06.90; Copenhagen, 25.11.92

May 31, 1996

International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. London, 1973/1978

April 22, 1997

Protocol to the Agreement of CIS countries on mutual activities in the area of hydrometeorology and on the authority, work procedure and funding of the Intergovernmental Council and Executive Committee of the Council for Hydrometeorology involving state-signatories of said Agreement.

February 17, 1998

UN Convention to combat desertification in those countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, especially in Africa. Paris, June 17, 1994

April 24, 1998

Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna (CITES). Washington, March 3, 1973

June 23, 1998

Resolution of countries-signatories to the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna "On protection of sturgeon". Harare (Zimbabwe), June 9-20, 1997

June 23, 1998

Convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context. Espo (Finland), February 25, 1991

February 1, 1999

Convention on conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. Bern, September 19, 1979

October 28, 1999

UN Convention on access to information, public involvement in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters. Aarhus (Denmark), June 25, 1998

9 ноября 1999

Convention on biological diversity. Rio-de-Janeiro, 05.06.92

March 14, 2000

Convention on the protection and uses of transboundary watercourses and international lakes. Helsinki, 17.03.92

March 14, 2000

Plant Protection Convention. Rome, 06.12.1951

March 14, 2000

Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Montreal, 15-17.09.97

July 18, 2000

Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on climate change. Kyoto, 11.12.97

July 18, 2000

UNESCO Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitats. Ramsar, 02.02.71

18 июль 2000

Amendments to UNESCO Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitats. 28.05.87

July 18, 2000

Convention on control of transboundary movements of dangerous wastes and their disposal. Basel, 1989

16 февраля 2001


Table A3.3-3 International Environmental Convention Ratified by the Islamic Republic of Iran



Table A3.3-4 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements Ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan (as of June 1, 2001)


Name of Convention, Agreement

Document, Substantiating Ratification of Convention/Agreement By Republic of Kazakhstan (RK)

Convention on the world meteorological organization

Resolution of RK Supreme Council “On joining the WMO Convention,” dated 18.12.1992. Decision of the Cabinet of Ministers, issued on 13.04.1993, “On joining the WMO Convention.” Ratified on 13.04.1993.

International convention on civil liability for oil pollution damage

Decision of the RK Cabinet of Ministers, issued on 04.03.1994, “On joining international conventions adopted under the aegis of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and to the convention on IMO.” Ratified on 05.06.1994.

Convention on safety of marine living organisms

Decision of RK Council of Ministers, issued on 04.03.1994, “On joining international conventions adopted under the aegis of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and to the convention on IMO.” Ratified on 07.06.1994.

Convention on biological diversity

Decision of RK Council of Ministers No. 918, issued on 19.08.94, “On ratification by RK of the Convention on biological diversity and organization of compliance with its provisions.” Ratified on 06.09.1994.

Convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage

Adopted and ratified on 29.07.1994.

UN Framework Convention on climate change

Decree of RK President “On ratification of UN Framework Convention on climate change,” dated 4.05.1995. Ratified on 17.05.95.

UN Convention to combat desertification

Senate Resolution, dated 28.06.97.

RK law “On ratification of UN Convention to combat desertification,” enacted on July 7, 1997, No 149-13 РК.

Ratified on 09.07.97.

Vienna Convention to protect the ozone layer

RK law “On RK joining the Vienna convention to protect the ozone layer,” October 30, 1997.

Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer

RK law “On RK joining the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer,” October 30, 1997.

London amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer

RK law “On ratification of amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, London, June 27-29, 1990,” May 7, 2001, No. 191 – II.

Agreement and Protocol to the Energy Charter on energy efficiency issues and corresponding environmental aspects

Presidential Decree “On ratification of the agreement and protocol to the Energy Charter on energy efficiency issues and corresponding environmental aspects,” dated 18.10.1995.


Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna

Presidential law “On ratification by the Republic of Kazakhstan of the Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna, dated April 6, 1999. Ratified on April 19, 2000.

Convention on prohibiting the military or any other hostile use of environment modification techniques

Resolution of RK Supreme Council, dated 20.02.1995, “On ratification by RK of the Convention on prohibiting the military or any other hostile use of environment modification techniques,” dated 13.04.1993.

Convention on access to information, public involvement in decision-making and access to justice on environmental matters

RK law No. 92-II on ratifying the convention, enacted on 23.10.2000

Convention on environmental impact assessment in a transboundary context

RK law No 86-II on ratifying the convention, enacted on 21.10.2000

Convention on transboundary effects of industrial accidents

RK law No. 91-II on ratifying the convention, enacted on 23.10.2000

Convention on the protection and uses of transboundary watercourses and international lakes

RK law No. 94-II on ratifying the convention, enacted on 23.10.2000

Convention on long-range transboundary air pollution

RK law No. 89-II on ratifying the convention, enacted on 23.10.2000


Table A3.3-5 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by the Russian Federation



Table A3.3-6 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by Turkmenistan





Annex 3.4


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.1


Casual Chain Analysis


CCA for Decline of Environmental Quality


CCA for Decline in Biodiversity


CCA for Water Level Fluctuations


CCA for Damage to Coastal Infrastructure


CCA for Landscape Degradation



This Causal Chain Analysis were prepared by participants of the second TDA workshop held in Baku in December 2000.

Decline in Environmental Quality




Decline in Environmental Quality




Decline in Environmental Quality





Decline in Environmental Quality





Decline in Environmental Quality






Decline in Environmental Quality






Biodiversity Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Introduction of Exotic Species and
Water Level Fluctuation / Climate Change




Biodiversity Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Loss of Species / Loss of Genetic Biodiversity




Biodiversity Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Degredation of Habitats




Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Reduced Human Conditions


Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Damage to Shore Zone Infrastructure


Casual Chain Environmental Impacts
Landscape Degredation


Annex 3.5


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.3 Stakeholder Analysis



Results of Regional Stakeholder Analysis Survey


Contents


Annex 3.1 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.1 Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics Caspian Sea 1

Table 3.1-1 Major sensitive habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 1

Table 3.1-1 Surface Water Salinity during summer in the Caspian Sea (Aubrey, 1994) 1

Table A2.2-1 Major Sensitive Habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 2

Figure A2.2-1 Surface Water Salinity During Summer in the Caspian Sea (from Aubrey et al., 1994a) 9

Table A3.2-1. UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) – 1999 Data 3

Table A3.2-2. UNDP Human Development Index Trends 3

Table A3.2-3. Population Data (World Bank, 1999) 3

Table A3.2-4. Projected Population Trends (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table A3.2-5. Expenditures for Public Health, Education, and Social Protection in Azerbaijan 4

Table A3.2-6. Population in the Coastal Zone 4

Table A3.2-7. Cities and Towns in the Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-8. Azerbaijan: Dynamics of Population Number in 1999 (Coastal Profile) 5

Table A3.2-9. Education System in Caspian Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-10. Azerbaijan: Characteristics of Education System for 1999 (Coastal Profile) 6

Table A3.2-11. Principal Indices of Education in Azerbaijan 7

Table A3.2-12. Employment Characteristics in Caspian Hinterland 7

Table A3.2-13. Azerbaijan: Labor Resources and Population Employment in 1999 8

Table A3.2-14. Dynamics of Living Standards in CEZ in Russian Federation 8

Table A3.2-15. Employment in Turkmenistan CEZ (Balkan Province) 9

Table A3.2-16. Economic Indicators in Caspian Hinterland 9

Table A3.2-17. Main Social-Economic Indexes of the Development of Kazakhstan Republic 9

Table A3.2-18. Kazakhstan Income Data 10

Table A3.2-19. The industrial mix for CEZ (1999) in Russian Federation 11

Table A3.2-20. Turkmenistan (in the province of Balkan) Industry (5200 manat = $1) 11

Table A3.2-21. Areas Under Cultivation in Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-22. Agricultural Production in the Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-23. Agricultural Output in Iran CEZ 12

Table A3.2-24. Chemical Fertilizer Used in the Northern Provinces of Iran (1990) 13

Table A3.2-25. The Number of Employees in the Agricultural Sector in Iran 13

Table A3.2-26 Agricultural Indices in CEZ of Russian Federation 13

Table A3.2-27 Structure of Livestock Population in All Management Categories in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 14

Table A3.2- 28 Fishing Industry Statistics in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-29 Industrial Production in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-30 Distribution of Industrial Facilities in Iran 14

Table A3.2-31 Industrial Mix for CEZ of the Russian Federation (1999) 15

Table A3.2-32 Oil and Gas Activities in the Caspian Region 16

Table A3.2-33 Production of Oil in Azerbaijan (million tons) 16

Table A3.2-34 Outputs of Oil and Power Complex in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 17

Table A3.2-35 Water Use in the Caspian Coastal Zone 17

Table A3.2-36. Azerbaijan: Generalized Indices on the Centralized Water Supply and Drainage for 1999 (m.m3) 17

Table A3.2-37 Azerbaijan: Irrigated Lands Distribution (thousand ha) 18

Table A3.2-38 Azerbaijan: Indices of Irrigated Lands Use 18

Table A3.2-39 Urbanization Trends (UNDP Human Development 2001 and Country Socio -Economic Reports) 18

Table A3.2-40 Possibilities for Tourism in the Caspian Coastal Zone 19

Annex 3.3 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.3 Legal and Regulatory Setting 1

Table A3.3-2 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan 3

Table A3.3-4 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements Ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan (as of June 1, 2001) 4

Table 3.5-1 Decline in Fisheries 4

Table 3.5-2 Decline in Environmental Quality 6

Table 3.5-3 Decline in Biodiversity 8

Table 3.5-4 Decline in Human Health 10

Table 3.5-5 Decline in Infrastructure 12

Table 3.5-6 Degradation of Coastal Landscape 14

Table 3.5-7 Emerging Issue: Increase in Pollution from Oil and Gas Activities 15

Table 3.5-8 Introduction of Exotic Species 17

Table 3.11-1 Commitment to Health: Access, Services and Resources (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-2 Leading Global Health Crises and Challenges (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-3 Access to Healthcare in Caspian Coastal Zones 4

Table 3.11-4 Survival Rates (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 4

Table 3.11-5 Principal indices of the public health in Azerbaijan 4

Table 3.11-6 Azerbaijan: Deaths attributed to illnesses in 1999. (Number of diseases per 100,000) (Coastal Profile) 5

Table 3.11-7 Disease Rates in Kazakhstan (per 100,000 people) 6









The following tables present results of the Regional Stakeholder Analysis Survey (See Annex 2.6b)


Survey participants were asked to rank their level of agreement with statements in the stakeholder analysis questionnaire (SHAQ). The scale was from 9 to 1, with 9 being “agree strongly”, 1 being “disagree strongly” and 5 being “no opinion”.


*Stakeholder groups are given (1) a measure of low, medium or HIGH, which represents the overall prioritization of an issue by level of agreement within the specific stakeholder group, (2) the average/mean ranking of participants within a specific stakeholder group and (3) the standard deviation, which is in parenthesis.


HIGH was measured for strong agreement 9-7.5, or strong disagreement, 1-2.5. Medium represents averages from 7.4-6.0 for agreement and 4.0-2.6 for disagreement. Low is 5.9-4.1 for the lowest level of prioritization


The average for each stakeholder group was calculated from surveys that answered the particular section of questions, and non-answers were discarded.


The standard deviation is a calculation of how widely spread the variation is away from the average among respondents. Thus, the lower the standard deviation, the closer the consensus on an issue.


SHAQ followed by a numeral (e.g., SHAQ 30) indicates the question number in the survey.





*Stakeholder groups that did not respond in significant numbers were not given these ratings.





Table 3.5-1 Decline in Fisheries


  1. I think it is safe and healthy to eat fish from the Caspian.


  1. Radiation is the primary reason there are fewer fish in the Caspian.


  1. The fishermen benefit most from the fish they catch.


  1. An enforced system of mutually agreed upon fishing limits would be effective for reducing over-fishing in the Caspian.



Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries



Fishing limits









Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries







Safe to eat Caspian fish



Safe to eat Caspian fish


Regional and Municipal Governments



Fishermen benefit









Scientific Community









Radiation



Industries












Multinational Corporations

Fishing limits


Fishing limits

Fishing limits





Radiation



NGO







Safe to eat Caspian fish



Safe to eat Caspian fish


Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents














Table 3.5-2 Decline in Environmental Quality


Unless there is a severe environmental crisis, care for the environment will not be a priority for the people.


There is adequate scientific knowledge about the causes of environmental decline in the Caspian.


Private industry should take all responsibility for reversing environmental degradation of the Caspian.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries


Environmental crisis


Environmental crisis



Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community












Industries


Environmental crisis


Environmental crisis



Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Environmental crisis

Multinational Corporations

Private industry responsibility

Private industry responsibility


Private industry responsibility


Private industry responsibility



Private industry responsibility



NGO












Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen

Scientific knowledge











Coastal Zone Residents













Table 3.5-3 Decline in Biodiversity


It is more important for people to use the Caspian resources that they need than it is to leave them untouched because of environmental concerns.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries

Use needed resources

Use needed resources


Use needed resources

Use needed resources




Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community












Industries

Use needed resources

Use needed resources


Use needed resources

Use needed resources




Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Multinational Corporations

Use needed resources

Use needed resources


Use needed resources

Use needed resources




Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Use needed resources

NGO

Use needed resources

Use needed resources


Use needed resources

Use needed resources




Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Use needed resources

Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents












Table 3.5-4 Decline in Human Health


Air quality is a significant problem in the Caspian region.


The government should spend money on the basic needs of people, like housing, health care and good jobs, before it spends money on protecting the environment.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries



Basic needs

Basic needs






Basic needs


Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries












Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community



Basic needs

Basic needs






Basic needs


Industries



Basic needs

Basic needs






Basic needs


Multinational Corporations



Basic needs

Basic needs






Basic needs


NGO



Basic needs

Basic needs

Air quality




Air quality

Basic needs


Air quality

Air quality

Air quality

Public Healthcare Providers



Basic needs

Basic needs






Basic needs


Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents














Table 3.5-5 Decline in Infrastructure


Mining activities reduce the water quality of the Caspian.


Sea level fluctuation has been responsible for most damage to the coastal infrastructure.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries

Mining activity

Mining activity


Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Mining activity

Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community












Industries












Multinational Corporations

Sea level fluctuation


Sea level fluctuation

Sea level fluctuation








NGO












Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents














Table 3.5-6 Degradation of Coastal Landscape


There should be fees for water used in the irrigation of crops.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries












Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community



Fees for irrigation









Industries



Fees for irrigation









Multinational Corporations












NGO












Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents












Table 3.5-7 Emerging Issue: Increase in Pollution from Oil and Gas Activities


The preservation of the Caspian eco-system cannot take place at the same time as oil drilling activities.


Multinational Corporations and the energy industry do not care about the environment.



Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries












Regional and Municipal Governments


Care about environment








Care about environment


Scientific Community












Industries

Preservation vs oil activity

Preservation v oil activity

Care about environment






Preservation vs. oil activities

Preservation vs. oil activities


Care about environment

Care about environment

Multinational Corporations


Care about environment








Care about environment


NGO












Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents













Table 3.5-8 Introduction of Exotic Species


I have seen unusual creatures in the Caspian that were not there ten years ago.


Agree



Disagree

Environmental

Ministries

Agriculture

and Fishing Ministries

Energy Ministries

Regional and Municipal Governments

Scientific Community

Industries

Multinational Corporations

NGO

Public Healthcare Providers

Fishermen

Coastal Zone Residents

Environmental Ministries












Agriculture and Fishing Ministries












Energy Ministries


Unusual creatures



Unusual creatures




Unusual creatures

Unusual creatures


Regional and Municipal Governments












Scientific Community












Industries












Multinational Corporations


Unusual creatures



Unusual creatures




Unusual creatures

Unusual creatures


NGO












Public Healthcare Providers












Fishermen












Coastal Zone Residents












Annex 2.6b


Questionnaire for CEP Regional Stakeholder Analysis

Questionnaire for CEP Regional Stakeholder Analysis


This survey is an important contribution to the Caspian Environment Programme’s Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis. The Caspian Environment Programme (CEP) is a regional programme established by the Caspian littoral states and international agencies including The World Bank, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). A goal of the Caspian Environment Programme is to improve the lives of the people in the Caspian region by improving the environment of the Caspian Sea.


The Caspian Environment Programme is eager to develop a set of realistic, achievable objectives that enhance the condition of the Caspian Sea. In order to best serve the Caspian community, it is important to identify its stakeholders.


In order to determine what groups have active interests in the environment of the Caspian Sea, what these interests are, and how these interests relate to other interests in the region, your assistance with this survey is needed. Your answers will be tabulated with others from the region and analyzed to determine those environmental interests that are most pervasive in the region. No individual survey or participant will be identified in any report. Please answer the questions below to the best of your ability, by writing the number of your response in the space provided.


General Information

  1. What state are you from? (Please circle one)

Azerbaijan IR Iran Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Other:__________________


  1. What type of organization do you represent? (If you represent more than one category, please list these as well.)

    1. Environmental Ministry

    2. Foreign Affairs Ministry

    3. Economic Ministry

    4. Agriculture/Fisheries Ministry

    5. Energy Ministry

    6. Regional Government

    7. Municipal Government

    8. Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)

    9. State owned industry

    10. Private industry

    11. Multinational corporation

    12. Scientific community

    13. Educator

    14. Public health providers

    15. International organization

    16. Student

    17. Farming/fishing large industry

    18. Farming/fishing artesanal industry

    19. Other ____________________



  1. How large is your organization (number of people in the Caspian Region)?

    1. 1-10 people

    2. 10-50 people

    3. 50-100 people

    4. 100-500 people

    5. 500 + people


  1. How long has your organization existed?

    1. Less than 1 year

    2. Between 1 and 5 years

    3. Between 5 and 10 years

    4. Between 10 and 30 years

    5. More than 30 years



Perceived Problems and Issues

National experts from Caspian Countries have identified 6 major perceived problems and issues and two emerging problems and issues. Below are a series of statements. We are interested in your opinions regarding these perceived problem and issues. These perceived problems and issues are: decline in certain fish stocks, degradation of the coastal landscape, threats to biodiversity, decline in overall environmental quality, decline in human health, damage to coastal infrastructure and amenities. The emerging perceived problems and issues are: potential damage from oil and gas activities and threats from invasive, exotic species of living organisms.


Please rank order how you would prioritize the perceived problems and issues listed below from a rank of 8 the most important perceived problem and issue to a rank of 1 for the least important perceived problem and issue

  1. Decline in certain fish stocks

  2. Degradation of the coastal landscape

  3. Threats to biodiversity

  4. Decline in overall environmental quality

  5. Decline in human health

  6. Damage to coastal infrastructure and amenities

  7. Potential damage from oil and gas activities

  8. Threats from invasive, exotic species of living organisms

  9. Is there a perceived problem or issue that should be added to this list? If so, what is it? (You may list more than one, please answer below)



Root Causes

A “root cause” is the reason that something happens, distilled to the most basic level. National experts from the Caspian Countries have identified root causes for the perceived problems and issues listed above. Often several of these perceived problems and issues share the same root cause. Please help us by telling us how important you feel these root causes are to environmental problems in the Caspian.


Please prioritize the root causes, listed in numbers 14 to 25 for level of importance, with 1 = least critical, 2=critical, 3= most critical:


  1. Non-sustainable use of resources

  2. Lack of advanced technologies

  3. Regional poverty

  4. Regional over population

  5. Abuse of power

  6. Lack of sufficient enforcement of current environmental laws

  7. Undefined legal status

  8. Lack of property rights

  9. Sea level change

  10. Lack of public awareness of environmental problems

  11. Weakness in civil society

  12. Weakness in rule of law

  13. What root causes have not been identified in this list? (Please answer below)


Environmental Attitudes

Below are a series of statements designed to gauge how people think about the environment. We would like to know how strongly you agree or disagree with these statements. Please assign a number to each statement based on this scale of agreement:

Strongly agree No opinion Strongly disagree

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1


  1. It is more important for people to use the Caspian resources that they need than it is to leave them untouched because of environmental concerns.

  2. The environment of the Caspian must be protected at all costs.

  3. It is possible to develop programs that balance human needs with care for the environment.

  4. People will not care about protecting and preserving the environment if they are hungry and need shelter.

  5. If the economy were stronger, the environment would be cleaner.

  6. The preservation of the Caspian eco-system cannot take place at the same time as oil drilling activities.

  7. There are fewer fish in the Caspian than there used to be because of recent oil drilling.

  8. The environment can be protected without a strong economy.

  9. Government, industry and the public can all agree about how to care for the Caspian Sea.

  10. Multinational Corporations and the energy industry do not care about the environment.

  11. Unless there is a severe environmental crisis in the Caspian region, care for the environment will not be a priority for governments.

  12. Unless there is a severe environmental crisis, care for the environment will not be a priority for the people.

  13. People will not change their lifestyles to protect endangered species.

  14. The government should spend money on the basic needs of people, like housing, health care and good jobs, before it spends money on protecting the environment.

  15. It is more important to protect natural habitats than it is to enhance economic development.

  16. It is possible to have economic growth and environmental protection at the same time.


Regional stakeholders

  1. Which one of perceived problems and issues most strongly affects your organization?

      1. Decline in certain fish stocks

      2. Degradation of the coastal landscape

      3. Threats to biodiversity

      4. Decline in overall environmental quality

      5. Decline in human health

      6. Damage to coastal infrastructure and amenities

      7. Potential damage from oil and gas activities

      8. Threats from invasive, exotic species of living organisms


  1. Which of the other issues in question 43 also affect your organization?


  1. My organization/group might be a contributing factor to which of the issues in question 43?


  1. In your opinion, which single group listed below is most responsible for improving the condition of the Caspian environment?

      1. Local industries

      2. International industries

      3. Municipal governments

      4. Regional governments

      5. Federal governments

      6. International organizations

      7. Citizen groups/ NGOs

      8. Coastal Communities

      9. Fishermen

      10. Educators

      11. Other: ___________________________


  1. In your opinion, which group in question 46 is the most likely to bring about positive environmental change in the Caspian environment?


  1. In your opinion, which group in question 46 will benefit the most from positive change in the Caspian environment?


  1. With which groups in question 46 does your organization work on a regular basis?


  1. With which groups in question 46 does your organization desire to work?


  1. Of the groups listed in question 46, please list all of the groups you believe would be eager to collaborate with your organization with regards to improving the environment?


  1. Does your group work with groups in other Caspian countries? If so, which countries? (Please answer below)




Thank you for your time and effort!




Optional Questions

There are a set of optional questions below, targeting certain perceived problems and issues. You may choose which sets of questions (if any) you would like to answer, or you may answer all of these. We are very interested in your opinions.


These questions are in statement form. We would like to know how strongly you agree or disagree with these statements. Please assign a number to each statement based on this scale of agreement:


Strongly agree No opinion Strongly disagree

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1



Decline in Certain Fish Stocks

  1. My grandparents ate more food from the Caspian waters than I do.

  2. I eat fish from the Caspian at least three times per week.

  1. I think it is safe and healthy to eat fish from the Caspian.

  2. Pollution is the primary reason that there are fewer fish in the Caspian.

  3. Radiation is the primary reason there are fewer fish in the Caspian.

  4. Even if it is illegal, some fish will still be caught for profit.

  5. The fishermen benefit most from the fish they catch.

  6. People, other than fisherman, make money from the illegal fishing of some species.

  7. An enforced system of mutually agreed upon fishing limits would be effective for reducing over-fishing in the Caspian. Careful… there is one, right?

  8. There are enough hatcheries to support all commercial fishing stocks.

  9. All barriers to fish migration should be removed.


Degradation of Coastal Landscape

  1. Farmers using herbicides and pesticides should be taught natural ways to reduce use of these chemicals. (For instance: organic farming methods, crop rotation, more appropriate crop selection based on climate and soil, genetically engineered crops, training, education, other chemicals or synthetics)

  2. It would be helpful to have coordinated coastal management plans in the Caspian region to help preserve the environment.

  3. There should be fees for water used in the irrigation of crops.

  4. There should be limits on some activities in certain zones of the coastal region.

  5. Landscape degradation is mostly due to human activities, such as oil drilling and pesticide use.

  6. Communities in the Caspian region use forest resources wisely.

  7. Current laws are not strong enough to protect natural resources around the Caspian.


Threats to Biodiversity

  1. There should be a network of marine and wetland nature preserves all around the Caspian.

  2. My organization supports strengthening laws protecting sensitive areas even if it limits access to those areas.

  3. There is no problem with how agriculture or industrial chemicals are stored near the Caspian waters.

  4. Agricultural and industrial wastes flowing into the Caspian threaten marine and coastal species.

  5. It is necessary to protect fish spawning sites in the Caspian

  6. There is sufficient sharing of information about environmental quality between groups concerned about the Caspian environment.

  7. The environment of the Caspian is not suffering.


Decline in Overall Environmental Quality

  1. There is adequate scientific knowledge about the causes of environmental decline in the Caspian.

  2. There should be more environmental monitoring projects that involve NGOs, scientists and private sector collaboration.

  3. Private industry should take all responsibility for reversing environmental degradation of the Caspian.

  4. Air quality is a significant problem in the Caspian region.

  5. Better technology for environmental preservation would enhance the Caspian region.


Human Health

  1. In the Caspian region, the biggest threat to the human population is the lack of safe drinking water.

  2. If there were a stronger economy, people would be healthier in the Caspian region.

  3. People are healthier today than they were 20 years ago in the Caspian region.

  4. Industrial runoff has caused people to be sick.

  5. There is nothing that can be done about human health in the region.

  6. Public health must be the concern of the government.

  7. Radioactive materials have led to a decline in human health.

  8. People would be healthier if the environment were cleaner.


Damage to Coastal Infrastructure and Amenities

  1. Soil erosion contributes to the decline in environmental quality of the Caspian.

  2. Coastal cities and towns dump most municipal wastes into the water on the Caspian

  3. Mining activities reduce the water quality of the Caspian.

  4. Sea level fluctuation has been responsible for most damage to the coastal infrastructure.


Oil and Gas Sector Based Contamination

  1. The Caspian environment would be improved if all oil and gas activities used best available technologies.

  2. A petroleum industry based legal agreement for marine pollution from oil would reduce oil pollution in the Caspian.

  3. There are adequate oil reception facilities in the Caspian region.


Invasive Species

  1. I have seen unusual creatures in the Caspian that were not there ten years ago.

  2. All steps should be taken to limit invasive species that threaten the ecosystem.

  3. Invasive species are creating significant environmental degradation in the Caspian.




Thank you for your participation in this survey!



If you have questions or comments, please contact Mary M. Matthews at:

E-mail: caspianenvironment@hotmail.com

Or contact the individual who distributed this questionnaire to you.



The completed Regional Stakeholder Analysis will be available on the CEP web page later this year. Please visit: http://www.caspianenvironment.org

Annex 3.6


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.3


Decline in Certain Commercial Fish Stocks


Contents


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue 3

Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue 4

Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue 5

Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue 6

Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue 7

MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard) 2

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water 3

Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water 4

Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water 5

Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water 6

Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water 7

Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water 8

Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water 9

Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water 10

Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water 11

Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water 12

Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water 13

Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water 14

Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water 15

Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments 3

Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments 4

Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments 5

Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments 6

Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments 7

Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment 8

Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment 9

Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment 10

Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment 11

Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment 12

Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment 13

Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment 14

Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment 15

Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment 16

Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment 17

Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment 18

Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment 19

Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment 20

Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment 21

Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment 22

Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment 23

Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment 24

Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment 25

Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment 26

Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment 27

Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment 28

Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment 29

Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment 30

Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment 31

Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment 32

Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment 33

Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment 34

Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment 35

Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment 36

Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment 37

Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment 38

Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment 39

Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment 40

Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber 3

Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber 4

Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber 5

Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber 6

Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber 7

Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments. 3

Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B). 4

Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis. 5

Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea. 6

Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated. 7

Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 8

8

Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia.. 9

9

Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 10


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue


Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue


Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue


Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue


Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue


Annex 3.7


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.6


Water Quality Data for the Caspian Sea

(from EIAs and Baseline Studies submitted by the Oil and Gas industries)


Contents


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue 3

Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue 4

Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue 5

Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue 6

Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue 7

MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard) 2

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water 3

Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water 4

Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water 5

Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water 6

Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water 7

Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water 8

Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water 9

Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water 10

Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water 11

Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water 12

Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water 13

Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water 14

Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water 15

Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments 3

Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments 4

Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments 5

Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments 6

Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments 7

Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment 8

Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment 9

Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment 10

Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment 11

Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment 12

Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment 13

Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment 14

Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment 15

Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment 16

Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment 17

Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment 18

Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment 19

Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment 20

Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment 21

Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment 22

Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment 23

Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment 24

Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment 25

Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment 26

Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment 27

Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment 28

Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment 29

Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment 30

Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment 31

Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment 32

Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment 33

Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment 34

Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment 35

Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment 36

Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment 37

Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment 38

Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment 39

Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment 40

Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber 3

Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber 4

Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber 5

Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber 6

Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber 7

Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments. 3

Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B). 4

Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis. 5

Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea. 6

Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated. 7

Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 8

8

Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia.. 9

9

Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 10


MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard)

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water


Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water


Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water


Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water



Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water



Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water


Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water


Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water


Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water



Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water


Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water


Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water



Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water



Annex 3.8


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.6


Sediment Quality Data for the Caspian Sea


Contents


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue 3

Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue 4

Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue 5

Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue 6

Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue 7

MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard) 2

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water 3

Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water 4

Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water 5

Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water 6

Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water 7

Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water 8

Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water 9

Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water 10

Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water 11

Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water 12

Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water 13

Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water 14

Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water 15

Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments 3

Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments 4

Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments 5

Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments 6

Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments 7

Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment 8

Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment 9

Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment 10

Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment 11

Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment 12

Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment 13

Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment 14

Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment 15

Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment 16

Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment 17

Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment 18

Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment 19

Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment 20

Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment 21

Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment 22

Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment 23

Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment 24

Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment 25

Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment 26

Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment 27

Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment 28

Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment 29

Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment 30

Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment 31

Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment 32

Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment 33

Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment 34

Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment 35

Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment 36

Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment 37

Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment 38

Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment 39

Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment 40

Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber 3

Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber 4

Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber 5

Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber 6

Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber 7

Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments. 3

Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B). 4

Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis. 5

Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea. 6

Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated. 7

Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 8

8

Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia.. 9

9

Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 10


Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments


Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments


Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments


Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments


Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments


Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment


Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment


Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment


Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment


Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment


Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment


Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment


Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment


Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment


Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment


Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment


Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment


Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment


Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment


Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment


Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment


Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment


Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment


Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment


Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment


Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment


Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment


Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment


Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment


Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment


Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment


Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment


Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment


Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment


Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment


Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment


Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment


Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment


Annex 3.9


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.6


Contamination in Tissue in Seal Blubber

(from ECOTOX project)


Contents


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue 3

Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue 4

Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue 5

Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue 6

Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue 7

MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard) 2

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water 3

Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water 4

Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water 5

Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water 6

Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water 7

Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water 8

Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water 9

Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water 10

Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water 11

Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water 12

Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water 13

Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water 14

Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water 15

Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments 3

Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments 4

Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments 5

Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments 6

Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments 7

Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment 8

Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment 9

Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment 10

Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment 11

Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment 12

Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment 13

Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment 14

Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment 15

Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment 16

Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment 17

Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment 18

Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment 19

Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment 20

Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment 21

Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment 22

Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment 23

Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment 24

Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment 25

Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment 26

Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment 27

Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment 28

Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment 29

Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment 30

Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment 31

Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment 32

Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment 33

Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment 34

Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment 35

Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment 36

Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment 37

Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment 38

Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment 39

Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment 40

Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber 3

Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber 4

Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber 5

Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber 6

Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber 7

Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments. 3

Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B). 4

Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis. 5

Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea. 6

Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated. 7

Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 8

8

Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia.. 9

9

Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 10


Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber


Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber


Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber


Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber



Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber



Annex 3.10


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.6


Selected Graphics from the ASTP Final Report


Contents


Figure 3.6-1 Arsenic in Fish Tissue 3

Figure 3.6-2 Cadmium in Fish Tissue 4

Figure 3.6-3 Copper in Fish Tissue 5

Figure 3.6-4 Mercury in Fish Tissue 6

Figure 3.6-5 Zinc in Fish Tissue 7

MPC: Maximum permitted concentration (CIS standard) 2

Figure 3.7-1 Arsenic in Water 3

Figure 3.7-2 Barium in Water 4

Figure 3.7-3 Cadmium in Water 5

Figure 3.7-4 Chromium in Water 6

Figure 3.7-5 Copper in Water 7

Figure 3.7-6 Iron in Water 8

Figure 3.7-7 Lead in Water 9

Figure 3.7-8 Mercury in Water 10

Figure 3.7-9 Nickel in Water 11

Figure 3.7-10 Vanadium in Water 12

Figure 3.7-11 Zinc in Water 13

Figure 3.7-12 Phenols in Water 14

Figure 3.7-13 Total Hydrocarbons in Water 15

Figure 3.8-1 a HCH in Sediments 3

Figure 3.8-2 Aldrin in Sediments 4

Figure 3.8-3 Alpha Endosulfan in Sediments 5

Figure 3.8-4 Aluminum in Sediments 6

Figure 3.8-5 Aroclor 1254 in Sediments 7

Figure 3.8-6 Arsenic in Sediment 8

Figure 3.8-7 b HCH in Sediment 9

Figure 3.8-8 Barium in Sediment 10

Figure 3.8-9 Beta Endosulfan in Sediment 11

Figure 3.8-10 Cadmium in Sediment 12

Figure 3.8-11 Carbonate in Sediment 13

Figure 3.8-12 Chromium in Sediment 14

Figure 3.8-13 CIS Chlordane in Sediment 15

Figure 3.8-14 Copper in Sediment 16

Figure 3.8-15 d HCH in Sediment 17

Figure 3.8-16 Dieldrin in Sediment 18

Figure 3.8-17 Endosulfan Sulfate in Sediment 19

Figure 3.8-18 Endrin in Sediment 20

Figure 3.8-19 Fines 62-10 in Sediment 21

Figure 3.8-20 HCB in Sediment 22

Figure 3.8-21 Heptachlor Epoxide in Sediment 23

Figure 3.8-22 Heptachlor in Sediment 24

Figure 3.8-23 Lindane in Sediment 25

Figure 3.8-24 Mercury in Sediment 26

Figure 3.8-25 Methoxychlor in Sediment 27

Figure 3.8-26 Nickel in Sediment 28

Figure 3.8-27 Silver in Sediment 29

Figure 3.8-28 Total DDT in Sediment 30

Figure 3.8-29 Total HCH in Sediment 31

Figure 3.8-30 Total Hydrocarbons in Sediment 32

Figure 3.8-31 Total Organic Carbon in Sediment 33

Figure 3.8-32 Total PAHs in Sediment 34

Figure 3.8-33 Total PCBs in Sediment 35

Figure 3.8-34 Trans Chlordane in Sediment 36

Figure 3.8-35 Unresolved Aliphatics in Sediment 37

Figure 3.8-36 Unresolved Aromatics in Sediment 38

Figure 3.8-37 Vanadium in Sediment 39

Figure 3.8-38 Zinc in Sediment 40

Figure 3.9-1 Chlordane –related compounds in Seal Blubber 3

Figure 3.9-2 DDT –related compounds in Seal Blubber 4

Figure 3.9-3 Dieldrin in Seal Blubber 5

Figure 3.9-4 HCB in Seal Blubber 6

Figure 3.9-5 HCHs in Seal Blubber 7

Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments. 3

Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B). 4

Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis. 5

Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea. 6

Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated. 7

Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 8

8

Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia.. 9

9

Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea. 10


Figure 3.10-1.5 Al (g g-1), Ca (g g-1) and carbonate (%) as a function of the percentage of fine material in Caspian Sea sediments.




Figure 3.10-2.4 Plots of sedimentary concentrations of Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM, g g-1) and ratios to resolved aliphatics (UCM/R) and n-alkanes (UCM/n-alkanes) for stations in Azerbaijan (A) and Iran (B).


Figure 3.10-2.6 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of PAHs from different sources (fossil oil, combustion products and natural biological activity) and distinguished on a country basis.




Figure 3.10-2.8 Ternary diagram showing the relative amounts of DDT (i.e. fresh input) and its breakdown products DDD and DDE for sediments samples from throughout the Caspian Sea.





Figure 3.10-2.26 A plot of the Goldberg Index for coastal sediments from throughout the Caspian Sea, together with the concentrations of  PCBs to  DDTs from which it is calculated.




Figure 3.10-3.3 Ba plotted against Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea.




Figure 3.10-3.6 Cr as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) in Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan and Russia..




Figure 3.10-3.9 Co and Pb as a function of Al concentrations (g g-1) for all sites in the Caspian Sea.




Annex 3.11


Supplemental Material for

Section 2.7 Decline in Human Health



Contents



Annex 3.1 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.1 Physical and Biogeochemical Characteristics Caspian Sea 1

Table 3.1-1 Major sensitive habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 1

Table 3.1-1 Surface Water Salinity during summer in the Caspian Sea (Aubrey, 1994) 1

Table A2.2-1 Major Sensitive Habitats in the Caspian Sea Region 2

Figure A2.2-1 Surface Water Salinity During Summer in the Caspian Sea (from Aubrey et al., 1994a) 9

Table A3.2-1. UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) – 1999 Data 3

Table A3.2-2. UNDP Human Development Index Trends 3

Table A3.2-3. Population Data (World Bank, 1999) 3

Table A3.2-4. Projected Population Trends (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table A3.2-5. Expenditures for Public Health, Education, and Social Protection in Azerbaijan 4

Table A3.2-6. Population in the Coastal Zone 4

Table A3.2-7. Cities and Towns in the Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-8. Azerbaijan: Dynamics of Population Number in 1999 (Coastal Profile) 5

Table A3.2-9. Education System in Caspian Coastal Zone 5

Table A3.2-10. Azerbaijan: Characteristics of Education System for 1999 (Coastal Profile) 6

Table A3.2-11. Principal Indices of Education in Azerbaijan 7

Table A3.2-12. Employment Characteristics in Caspian Hinterland 7

Table A3.2-13. Azerbaijan: Labor Resources and Population Employment in 1999 8

Table A3.2-14. Dynamics of Living Standards in CEZ in Russian Federation 8

Table A3.2-15. Employment in Turkmenistan CEZ (Balkan Province) 9

Table A3.2-16. Economic Indicators in Caspian Hinterland 9

Table A3.2-17. Main Social-Economic Indexes of the Development of Kazakhstan Republic 9

Table A3.2-18. Kazakhstan Income Data 10

Table A3.2-19. The industrial mix for CEZ (1999) in Russian Federation 11

Table A3.2-20. Turkmenistan (in the province of Balkan) Industry (5200 manat = $1) 11

Table A3.2-21. Areas Under Cultivation in Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-22. Agricultural Production in the Caspian Region 12

Table A3.2-23. Agricultural Output in Iran CEZ 12

Table A3.2-24. Chemical Fertilizer Used in the Northern Provinces of Iran (1990) 13

Table A3.2-25. The Number of Employees in the Agricultural Sector in Iran 13

Table A3.2-26 Agricultural Indices in CEZ of Russian Federation 13

Table A3.2-27 Structure of Livestock Population in All Management Categories in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 14

Table A3.2- 28 Fishing Industry Statistics in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-29 Industrial Production in the Caspian Region 14

Table A3.2-30 Distribution of Industrial Facilities in Iran 14

Table A3.2-31 Industrial Mix for CEZ of the Russian Federation (1999) 15

Table A3.2-32 Oil and Gas Activities in the Caspian Region 16

Table A3.2-33 Production of Oil in Azerbaijan (million tons) 16

Table A3.2-34 Outputs of Oil and Power Complex in the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan 17

Table A3.2-35 Water Use in the Caspian Coastal Zone 17

Table A3.2-36. Azerbaijan: Generalized Indices on the Centralized Water Supply and Drainage for 1999 (m.m3) 17

Table A3.2-37 Azerbaijan: Irrigated Lands Distribution (thousand ha) 18

Table A3.2-38 Azerbaijan: Indices of Irrigated Lands Use 18

Table A3.2-39 Urbanization Trends (UNDP Human Development 2001 and Country Socio -Economic Reports) 18

Table A3.2-40 Possibilities for Tourism in the Caspian Coastal Zone 19

Annex 3.3 1

Supplemental Material for 1

Section 3.3 Legal and Regulatory Setting 1

Table A3.3-2 International Environmental Conventions Ratified by the Republic of Azerbaijan 3

Table A3.3-4 International Environmental Conventions and Agreements Ratified by the Republic of Kazakhstan (as of June 1, 2001) 4

Table 3.5-1 Decline in Fisheries 4

Table 3.5-2 Decline in Environmental Quality 6

Table 3.5-3 Decline in Biodiversity 8

Table 3.5-4 Decline in Human Health 10

Table 3.5-5 Decline in Infrastructure 12

Table 3.5-6 Degradation of Coastal Landscape 14

Table 3.5-7 Emerging Issue: Increase in Pollution from Oil and Gas Activities 15

Table 3.5-8 Introduction of Exotic Species 17

Table 3.11-1 Commitment to Health: Access, Services and Resources (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-2 Leading Global Health Crises and Challenges (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 3

Table 3.11-3 Access to Healthcare in Caspian Coastal Zones 4

Table 3.11-4 Survival Rates (UNDP Human Development Report 2001) 4

Table 3.11-5 Principal indices of the public health in Azerbaijan 4

Table 3.11-6 Azerbaijan: Deaths attributed to illnesses in 1999. (Number of diseases per 100,000) (Coastal Profile) 5

Table 3.11-7 Disease Rates in Kazakhstan (per 100,000 people) 6


The attached tables, derived from published reports from the UNDP and other sources, illustrate some of the human health issues. Data for Iran comes partly from their excellent Coastal Profile (IRI, 2001). Table 3.11-1 shows the commitment to health of the Caspian countries. In general, Iran has fewer physicians per capita than other countries, and expends less of their budget on public health.


Table 3.11-1 Commitment to Health: Access, Services and Resources (UNDP Human Development Report 2001)

Pop. using adequate sanitation facilities ( %) 1999

Pop. using improved water sources (%) 1999

Physicians (per 100,000 people) 1990-99

Public health expenditure per capita (% of GDP) 1998

Azerbaijan

--

--

360

1.6

I.R. Iran

81

95

85

1.7

Kazakhstan

99

91

353

3.5

Russian Fed.

--

99

421

--

Turkmenistan

100

58

300

4.1


Table 3.11-2 shows some of the major health crises in the countries, including undernourishment, infants with low birth rates, adults living with HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Undernourishment is high in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan compared to other Caspian countries, whereas Iran leads the region in infants with low birthweight. HIV/AIDS data are not thought to be accurate, so comparison is difficult. Tuberculosis is a major issue in Kazakhstan, particularly in Atyrau Oblast (which has the highest rate of tuberculosis in Kazakhstan), and Aktau Oblast (fifth place).



Table 3.11-2 Leading Global Health Crises and Challenges (UNDP Human Development Report 2001)

Undernourished people (% total)

1996/98

Infants with low birthweight (%)

1995-99

Adults living with HIV/AIDS

1999

Tuberculosis cases (per 100,000)

1998

Azerbaijan

32

6

<0.01

61

I.R. Iran

6

10

<0.01

18

Kazakhstan

5

9

0.04

126

Russian Fed.

6

7

0.18

82

Turkmenistan

10

5

0.01

89


Access to healthcare in Caspian coastal zones is listed in table 3.11-3. Data are not complete for the region.


Table 3.11-3 Access to Healthcare in Caspian Coastal Zones

Pop. with adequate access to healthcare (%)

Ratio of doctors to residents (per 10,000)

Number of hospital beds (per 10,000)

Azerbaijan




I.R. Iran

92%

10.8

12

Kazakhstan


32.2

79.6

Russian Fed.




Turkmenistan


29.3

137.1


Table 3.11-4 shows the birth-related and youth mortality rates for the Caspian states. Results are mixed across countries, though mortality rates are higher than in most developed countries.


Table 3.11-4 Survival Rates (UNDP Human Development Report 2001)

Life expectancy at birth (years)

1995-2000

Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births) 1999

Under-five mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 1999

Maternal mortality rates reported (per 100,000 live births)

1980-99

Azerbaijan

71.0

35

45

43

I.R. Iran

68.0

37

46

37

Kazakhstan

64.1

35

42

70

Russian Fed.

66.1

18

22

50

Turkmenistan

65.4

52

71

65



Table 3.11-5 shows data on Azerbaijan public health sector. It indicates a marked increase in general mortality, child mortality, and maternity deaths following independence. State expenditure for public health meanwhile dropped considerably. Analogous data were not available for the other Caspian states.


Table 3.11-5 Principal indices of the public health in Azerbaijan


Public health indices

Before and immediately after independence

After independence

Change rate (in %)

General mortality (for 1,000 people)

6.0 (1990)

6.4 (1996)

6.7

Child mortality (per 1,000 births)

23.0 (1990)

37.0 (1997)

60.9

Maternity death (per 100,000 births)

29.0 (1988)

70.0 (1994)

141.4

State expenditure for public health (in % of GDP)

2.9 (1991)

1.6 (1997)

- 44.8


Table 3.11-6 shows some disease statistics for Azerbaijan, whereas Table 3.11-7 shows some statistics for Kazakhstan. Data for other Caspian states were not available. These data are broken out by geographic location along the coast. In general, people living in Baku or on the Apsheron peninsula are less healthy than those living in other parts of the coast. In Kazakhstan, the coastal regions (Atyrau and Aktau) have generally higher disease rates than other parts of the country.


Table 3.11-6 Azerbaijan: Deaths attributed to illnesses in 1999. (Number of diseases per 100,000) (Coastal Profile)


Diseases

economical-geographical region

Guba-Khachmaz

Apsheron

Central Aran

Lenkaran

Baku and Sumgayit

rural regions

Infection and parasitic

3348

4665

2089

1443

2852

New emergence

170

228

22

77

73

Diseases of endocrine system, indigestion, disorders of immunology

671

937

98

208

711

Blood disease, and hematologicorgans

1165

794

205

356

459

Psycologic disorder

73

826

48

228

65

Diseases dealing with nervous system and sense organs

849

6144

1225

2068

1172

Diseases of blood circulation

1192

1340

2236

5255

1220

Respiration organs diseases

15874

23759

23100

9886

19932

Diseases dealing with indigestion

1321

2783

3935

788

1474

Diseases dealing with urinogenital

928

1367

3497

423

1019

Complications dealing with pregnancy and births

481

457

1978

71

237

Derma and hypodermic cellulose diseases

1470

2469

2571

911

4556

Osseous-muscular diseases

122

620

-

539

122

Inner anomalies

29

176

-

221

50

Infants diseases under 1 years old

52

629

-

708

154

Non-clarified symptoms features

270

496

6

341

1810

Trauma-poisoning

5847

2083

17577

5359

9236

Total:

33862

49773

58587

28882

45142



Table 3.11-7 Disease Rates in Kazakhstan (per 100,000 people)

1995

1995

1996

1996

% increase



Pre-Caspian

Region

Other

Pre -Caspian

Other

Pre -Caspian

Region

Other

The initial sickness rate per 100,000:







Total diseases

47000

51000

43100

46000

91

90

Infectious and parasitic diseases

4700

2700

4600

2700

99

92

Neoplasm

175

390

146

401

83

139

Diseases of the endocrine system; immune system

and

398

380

398

471

100

124

Diseases of blood and blood-producing organs

1015

664

1140

716

112

108

Mental illness

270

413

331

391

123

95

Diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs

3900

4900

3800

4900

97

100

Diseases of the circulatory system

957

1100

1100

1100

120

98

Diseases of the respiratory organs

18400

21400

15600

17300

85

81

Diseases of the digestive system

3100

3500

2800

3000

92

86

Diseases of the urine-genital system

2100

2600

1600

2800

77

107

Complications while pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period

4500

4300

4700

3800

104

89

Skin diseases and subcutaneous cellular tissue

5900

4600

4900

4400

83

95

Skeletal and muscular diseases

1100

1800

1000

1700

92

98

Congenital abnormalities

74

90

106

110

142

123

Injuries and cases of intoxication

3500

5000

3800

4500

107

90

Demographic parameters:

Birth-rate, for 1000 people

20

16

20

15

96

92

Death-rate, for 1000 people

8

10

8

10

100

100

Infant mortality rate per 1000 born births

33

27

33


98

-


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Caspian Regional Thematic Center on Pollution Control, 2001. Environmental Management in the Caspian Oil Industry. Tacis, Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ, 27 pp.


Caspian Regional Thematic Center for Water Level Fluctuation, 2001. Modeling Framework. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Charalambous, A., 2001. End of Mission Report. Tacis, Caspian Environment Programme CRTC PC, Baku, AZ, 49 pp.


Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,,2000. Sixteenth Meeting of the CITES Animals Committee, Shepherdstown, USA, 11-15 December 2000. Implementation of Resolution Conf. 8.9 (Rev.) – Acipenseriformes.


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De Mora, S. and M.R. Sheikholeslami, 2002. ASTP: Contaminant Screening Programme, Final Report: Interpretation of Caspian Sea Sediment Data. Caspian Environment Programme, CRTC ERACL, Baku, AZ, 27 pp. + figures and tables.


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Environment & Resource Technology, Ltd., 1999. Kashagan East Post-Berm Construction Monitoring Report – Winter 1998. Prepared for OKIOC. Edinburgh, Scotland.


Environmental Resources Management, 1999. Dragon Oil Block II Field Development Project: Environmental Impact Assessment, London.


ERT Caspian, 1998. Shah Deniz Exploration Project - Environmental Impact Assessment. Final Report.


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EU/Tacis, 2000. Monitoring and Information Exchange Under the Caspian Marine Convention. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Farshchi, P., 2001. Meeting Summary of National Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, National Caspian Action Plan, and National Core Group, Tehran, I.R. Iran, 26-28 May 2001. Tehran. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group on Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 1997. Opportunistic settlers and the problem of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi invasion in the Black Sea. Rep. Stud. GESAMP, (58):84pp.


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Global Environment Facility (GEF), 1998. United Nations Development Programme, Project Development Facility (PDF-B), Caspian Environment Programme, Caspian Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Framework. New York, New York, USA.


Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service, FAO, 1997. Review of the State of World Aquaculture. Report FAO Fisheries Circular Number 886 (Rev. 1), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 145 pp.


I.R. Iran, 1974. The Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act of 1974. Department of Environment, Tehran, I.R. Iran.


I.R. Iran, 1998. National Report Iran. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


I.R. Iran, 2000. Assessment of Deforestation Impact on Biodiversity of Caspian Coastal Area in I.R. Iran (Draft).


I.R. Iran, 2001. Habitat and Biodiversity of Caspian Sea. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


I.R. Iran, 2001. National Coastal Profile. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


I.R. Iran, 2001. Socio- Economic Report - Iran. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Ivanov, V.P. and D.N. Katunin, 2001. Report on the Results of the Caspian Marine Expedition. Tacis, Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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IWACO, 2001. Integrated Water Resources Management Plan, Crash Program for one year of surface water quality monitoring. Final Report. Prepared for The World Bank. Rotterdam.


Kelleher, K., 2000. Proposal for a Management System for the Transboundary Fishery Resources of the Caspian Sea, TACIS (Caspian Environment Programme), Baku, AZ. 75pp.


Kajiwara, N., S. Nimi, M. Waatanabe, Y. Ito, S. Takahashi, S. Tanabe, L.S. Khuraskin, N. Miyazaki, 2001. Organochloride and organotin compounds in Caspian seals (Phoca caspica) collected during an unusual mortality event in the Caspian Sea in 2000. ECOTOX Report, Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Kaplin, P., 1997. Geo-ecological changes resulting from changes in Caspian Sea levels. Report number 1, Moscow State University, Russian Federation.


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Kazakhstan, 2000. National report of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Integrated Coastal management. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


KazNIRKH, 2001. Caspian Flora and Fauna Species Checklist. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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Kosarev, A.N. and E.A. Yablonskaya, 1994. The Caspian Sea. SPB Academic Publishing. The Hague, 259 pp.


Krasnova, I., 2001. Legal, Regulatory, and Institutional Measures for the Protection and Sustainable Management of the Caspian Sea Ecosystem in the Riparian States. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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Kvaerner Environmental Ltd., 2001. Kashagan East post-drill environmental monitoring survey, September 2000. Prepared for OKIOC, Almaty, Kazakhstan.


Mahmudov, R.H., 2001. Rapid Assessment of Pollution Load from Point Sources in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Mason, P., 2002. An Economic Analysis of the Problems of the Sturgeon Depletion in the Caspian Sea. Prepared for Environmental Valuation Workshop. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Matthews, M.M. and D.G. Aubrey, draft. Corporate citizenry in the Caspian Sea: Is the oil industry greening up its act?


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Minister for Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakstan, 1998. National Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan for PDF-B Phase. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1999. National Environmental Action Plan for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Almaty, KZ.


Ministry of Natural Resources Use and the Environment Protection of Turkmenistan, 1998. National Report for the PDF-B Phase. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Mirkoo, N., 2001. Agrochemical Application in Iranian Caspian Area. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Mitrofanov, I.V., 2001. Review and evaluation of impact on fauna of invertebrates, fish, birds, and marine mammals of Kazakhstan part of the Caspian Sea by heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. Caspian Environment Program, Baku, AZ, 36 pp.


Mitrofanov, V., ed., 2001. Kazakhstan Action Plan Conservation of Caspian Sea Habitats. Caspian Environment Program, Baku.


Moscow State University, 2001. Assessment of the Impact of the Major River Impoundments on the Long-term Health of the Deltas in the Caspian Sea Region. Caspian Environment Program, Baku, AZ.


Nezami, Shaban A., Ahmad Savari, Mahyar Sakari, and Mohamad Alizadeh, 2000. National Report – Biodiversity in the Caspian Coastal Zone. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Offshore Kazakhstan International Operating Company (OKIOC), 1997. North Caspian Sea Pre-Drilling Environmental Baseline Survey, May 1996 – Final Report. Prepared for Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources of the Republic of Kazakhstan.


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Ogar, N.P., 2002. Regional Action Plan for Protection of Caspian Habitats. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan.


Oguz Operating Company, 2000. Oguz Contract Area Exploration Drilling Environmental Impact Assessment.


Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1999. Environmental Performance Reviews – Russian Federation. Paris, France.


Panin, G. N., 2000. Further Caspian Sea Evaporation Studies. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan.


Puzachenko, Y., (ed.), 2000. Status of Protection of the Biodiversity of the Caspian Sea. National Report of Russian Federation. Center for International Projects. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan.


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Raymakers, C., 2001. Study on the Social and Economic Aspects of Illegal Fishing in the Caspian Sea. Interim Report. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, Azerbaijan.


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Salmanov, M.A. 1999. Ecology and biological productivity of the Caspian Sea. Institute of Zoology, Baku, AZ. 398pp.


Schrader, F., 2001. Caspian Sea Potential Inundation and Impacts on Human and Natural Environment. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ, 39 pp.


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Shell Corporation, 2001. Appendices for the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis to be Performed by each National Oil Spills Work Group by April 2001.


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Tacis, 1998. Review of Hydrometeorological Data Collecting Stations Adjacent to the Caspian Sea. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 1999. Caspian Sea Monthly Water Balance Studies. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Assessment of Data Availability of Ambient Monitoring Data of Sea and Rivers. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Assessment of Pollution Control Measures - Azerbaijan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Assessment of Pollution Control Measures - Kazakhstan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Assessment of Pollution Control Measures – Turkmenistan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Data Collection Scheme, Pollution Load Database, and GIS Development. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Draft Preliminary Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Design of a Decision Support System for the Caspian Sea. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Industrial Survey. Part II: Pollution Loads and Assessment of Environmental Performance and Pollution Prevention Measures. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Main Results of the Study of the CRTC for “Combating Desertification” Phase 1 Evaluation and Mapping of Desertification Processes. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Municipal Wastewater – Load Inventory and Abatement Scenarios. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Oil Contamination of the Caspian Sea. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Pollution Load Industry of the Caspian Sea: A Demonstration of the Decision Support System. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2000. Summary Report of the Caspian Centre for Pollution Control. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Tacis, 2001. Bibi-Heyat Oil Field Restructuring and Remediation Project Identification (Draft). Project sponsored by SOCAR. Azerbaijan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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Turkmenistan, 2001. Caspian Habitats Action Plan – Turkmenistan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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Turkmenistan, 2001. The Summary of the Meeting on National TDA, 13-14 March, 2001, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


Turkmenistan National Coastal Profile, 2001. Overall Planning of Transboundary Coastal Zone Management. Caspian Environment Programme, Baku, AZ.


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United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Committee on Environmental Policy. 2000. Environmental Performance Reviews – Kazakhstan. Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 8. United Nations Publications. New York and Geneva.


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