ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND INTEGRATED
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE GUARANI
AQUIFER SYSTEM - GAS



GEOTHERMAL PROJECT COMPONENT



AN ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY UTILISATION












Organisation of American States

Contract No. R-20226
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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CONTENTS
PAGE

1. Introduction
1


1.1. Underlying data base
1

1.2. The Academicians' report
2

1.3. Area and population
2
1.4.
Illustrations
4

2. Salient depositional and structural features
4

2.1.
Depositional
features
4
2.2.
Structural
features
5

3. Aquifer rock characteristics
5

3.1.
Lithology
5
3.2.
Petrophysical
characteristics
6
3.3.
Volumetric
assessment
7
3.4.
Temperature
7
3.5.
Pressure
8
3.6.
Aquifer
water
composition
9

4. Geothermal energy potential
9

4.1.
Heat-in-place
10
4.2.
Heat
reserves
10

4.3. Economic heat energy asset
11

5. Thermal energy utilisation
12


5.1. Sustainable utilisation of geothermal energy
12

5.2. Auxiliary utilisation of geothermal energy
13
5.3.
Constraints
13

6. Environmental and social economic benefits
13
7. Cost assessment
15

7.1.
Capital
expenditures
15
7.2.
Operating
cost
16

8. Pilot project(s)
16
9. Regulatory framework
17
10. Institutional arrangements
17
11. The task force
18
12. References
19
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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TABLES

TABLE 1 : Guarani aquifer complex, aquifer areal extent and distribution as deduced inside aquifer

boundaries
3
TABLE 2 : Guarani aquifer complex, areal extent and distribution of geothermal potential at top aquifer

level
4
TABLE 3 : Pertinent petrophysical characteristics
6
TABLE 4 : Volumetric assessment
7
TABLE 5 : Useful energy conversions
10
TABLE 6 : Geothermal heat-in-place and allocation to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
10
TABLE 7 : Technical geothermal heat reserves and allocation to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay 11
TABLE 8 : Economic asset values for technical heat reserves in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay
11
TABLE 9 : Environmental and social economic benefits related to the substitution of fossil fuel by

geothermal heat supply at 500 TJ p.a.
14
TABLE 10 : CAPEX for geothermal plant supplying 500 TJ p.a. from aquifer at 1,600m (GL)
15

FIGURES

Fig. 1 : Location of the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins and indicated extent of the Guarani Aquifer Complex
Fig. 2 : Stratigraphic succession and lithostratigraphic correlation, Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins
Fig. 3 : Stratigraphic succession and lithostratigraphic correlation, northern Uruguay
Fig. 4 : Simplified geological map, Paraná Basin

ENCLOSURES

Encl. 1 : Salient structural features
Encl. 2 : Regional cross sections
Encl. 3 : Structure at top aquifer
Encl. 4 : Aquifer thickness
Encl. 5 : Isothermal map at top aquifer
Encl. 6 : Potentiometric surface

DRAWINGS

Drawing 1 : Location map and area of investigation
Drawing 2 : Volumetric assessment
Drawing 3 : Composite area versus temperature plot
Drawing 4 : Synopsis for geothermal development
Drawing 5 : Regulatory framework
Drawing 6 : Concession area subdivision and location of tentative areas for geothermal development Block 2352
Drawing 7 : Concession area subdivision and location of tentative areas for geothermal development Block 2553
Drawing 8 : Concession area subdivision and location of tentative areas for geothermal development Block 2755
Drawing 9 : Concession area subdivision and location of tentative areas for geothermal development Block 3359

ANNEXES

Annex 1 : Aide Memoire, Consultant's mission No. 1
Annex 2 : Guarani Geothermal Task Force, terms of reference
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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GUARANI AQUIFER SYSTEM
GEOTHERMAL PROJECT COMPONENT

AN ASSESSMENT OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY UTILISATION

1. INTRODUCTION

This report is presented pursuant to the Agreement executed on the 24th April, 2001 between the
Organisation of American States, Washington D.C., USA (OAS) and Petroleum Geology Inves-
tigators/v Lars Tallbacka, Copenhagen, Denmark (Consultant). In accordance with the Agree-
ment Consultant performed a mission in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay during the
2nd-12th May, 2001 with the primary purpose to assess the technical basis upon which geother-
mal development(s) could be pursued as well as to acquire an understanding of the institutional
and policy issues that need to be addressed in connection with such development. The outcome
of Consultant's mission was summarised in a draft Aide Memoire that was submitted on the 16th
May, 2001 to all parties met during the mission as well as to OAS and The World Bank (the
Bank), Washington D.C. Consultant's draft Aide Memoire is enclosed in Annex 1 of this report.

An important issue for discussion in connection with Consultant's mission comprised the possi-
bilities for the establishment of the Guarani Geothermal Task Force (the Task Force) with a view
to provide a technical concept document upon which an investment operation could be launched
aiming at the implementation of a geothermal energy utilisation demonstration programme
within the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS). Draft terms of reference (TOR) with regard to the
Task Force were prepared by Consultant and forwarded to OAS and the Bank, Washington D.C.,
on the 29th May, 2001. A copy of the draft TOR is furthermore enclosed in Annex 2 of this re-
port.

A location map highlighting the extension of the area of investigation is shown in Drawing 1.

1.1. Underlying Data Base

In connection with the mission Consultant was provided with a number of recent publications
on the Guarani Aquifer System with accompanying maps highlighting the structural, thick-
ness and temperature characteristics as well as the potentiometric conditions within the re-
gion. Consultant also received a copy of the "Proposal for Project Development Funds"
(PDF) and selected parts of the "Project Background Document" (PBD) from the Bank, later
supplemented by OAS, Montevideo. The PDF and PBD together with the works published by
Araújo et al (1999) provided the basis for Consultant's technical evaluation and assessments
with a view to the introduction of the Geothermal Project Component.

In addition to the above Consultant acquired US Defence Operational Navigational Charts
(ONC) and Tactical Pilotage Charts (TPC) in the scales 1:1,000,000 and 500,000, respec-
tively. The projection and geographical grid as well as the locations of urban and rural areas
shown in the Drawings accompanying this report are taken from the TPC maps. The same ap-
plies to any altitudes stated by Consultant in this report. Depths below ground level (GL)
were based on Araújo et al (1999) combined with the altitude information in the TPC maps.

There is a vast number of publications and reports available on the Guarani Aquifer System
and generally speaking, all pertinent aquifer parameters have been addressed and evaluated at
various degrees of concept and detail. However, there exist serious inconsistencies and con-
fusing features and there is a pronounced lack of adequate test data and evaluation in the data
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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base. One particularly serious aspect in this context is the use of the term "Guarani Aquifer
System", i.e. implying the existence of one contiguous aquifer over an area of approximately
1,200,000 square kilometres. There is no support to the existence of such an aquifer system in
the data perused by Consultant. On the contrary there is ample evidence for the existence of
more than one aquifer system within the area, i.e. comprising stratigraphic correlation indices,
reported variation with regard to pressure, volume and temperature (PVT) conditions as well
as the variations in the chemical composition of analysed aquifer waters.

In view of the above it is recommended to change the term Guarani Aquifer System to
"Guarani Aquifer Complex" for future reference. Misconceptions of the actual aquifer condi-
tions could result in erratic water management (for any purpose) and deterioration of existing
aquifer system(s) in the long term. In the following the term "Guarani Aquifer System" has
been changed and referred to as the Guarani Aquifer Complex.

The systematic arrangement of the data retrieved from the aquifer complex and subdivision
into aquifer systems and aquifer zones comprises one of the most important work assignments
for the proposed Task Force. In this context it is emphasised that the access to detailed under-
ground data may be attributed by various constraints in the four countries. For example all
data on the sedimentary basins of Brazil are retained by the Agencia Nacional do Petroleo
(ANP). Access to and utilisation of these data requires the previous authorisation of ANP
(Ref. Section 10).

1.2. The Academicians' Report

In connection with the mission's visit in Montevideo, Uruguay Consultant was shown a copy
of the "Academicians' Aquifer Evaluation Report", apparently considered of limited signifi-
cance in the continued preparation of the overall aquifer management project. It is beyond
Consultant's ability to determine the overall strategic significance of this report. It is however
recommended that the Academicians' Report be regarded as a key document for the further
preparation of the Geothermal Project Component.

1.3. Area And Population

As deduced at the aquifer formation boundary the Guarani Aquifer Complex extends over ap-
proximately 1,200,000 square kilometres and straddles the territories of four countries, i.e.
Argentina (19%), Brazil (71%), Paraguay (6%) and Uruguay (4%).

Selected pertinent information concerning the distribution of the aquifer complex as allocated
to the various provinces and states of the four countries is shown in TABLE 1 below.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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TABLE 1 : Guarani aquifer complex, aquifer areal extent and distribution as deduced in-
side aquifer boundaries

AREA,
km2 POPULATION CAPITAL URBAN/RURAL
1. ARGENTINA


Missiones

Buenos
Aires
Corrientes

Buenos
Aires
Entre Rios

Buenos Aires
Total Argentina

225,500
Buenos Aires
2. BRAZIL


Mato
Grosso

26,400
Cuiabá
Goiás

55,000
Goiãnia
Minas
Gerais

51,300
OAS
Horizonte
OAS
Mato Grosso do Sul

213,200
Campo Grande
São Paulo

155,800
São Paulo
Paraná
131,300
ided by
Curitiba
ided by
Santa
Catarina

49,200
Florianópolis
Rio Grande do Sul

157,600
Porto Alegre
o
be prov
o
be prov
T
T
Total Brazil

839,800
Brasilia
3. PARAGUAY


Eastern
Territory

71,700
Asunción
4. URUGUAY


Northwest
Territory
45,000
Montevideo
TOTAL AREA
1,182,000


The compilation in TABLE 1 clearly reveals the predominantly Brazilian proportion of the
aquifer complex. The Brazilian dominant control of the aquifer becomes further accentuated
in terms of geothermal energy. Hence as deduced at the 40°C isotherm as mapped at the top
aquifer level (Araújo et al, 1999) Brazil's part of the aquifer complex increases from 71%
(deduced at aquifer boundary level) to 81%. At the 60°C and higher isotherms the geothermal
energy potential is more or less entirely confined within Brazilian territory. This must be
taken into account when determining the nature and extent of contribution by the four coun-
tries in the continued preparation of the Geothermal Project Component.

The areal extent of the aquifer complex as deduced at the 25°C, 40°C and 50°C isotherms and
corresponding percent distributed between the four countries are summarised in TABLE 2 be-
low.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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TABLE 2 : Guarani aquifer complex, areal extent and distribution of geothermal potential
at top aquifer level

25°C (772,500 km2)
40°C (424,000 km2)
50°C (213,200 km2)
TERRITORY
AREA, km2 (% DISTR.)
AREA, km2 (% DISTR.)
AREA, km2 (% DISTR.)
Argentina
93,500
(12)
71,500
(16.4) 49,000
(23)
Brazil

626,000
(81)
343,500
(81)
160,000
(75)
Paraguay
21,000
(3)
2,500
(0.6)
nil
Uruguay
32,000

(4)
6,500
(2) 4,200
(2)

A total population of approximately 15 million is confined within the areas occupied by the
aquifer complex. An interpretation of the ONC and TPC maps indicates that most of this
population, i.e. approximately nine million, is confined in a large number of rural areas (vil-
lages and rural developments). The remaining six million population is confined within an in-
dicated 28 urban areas and developments (areas of primary energy demand). 24 of these ur-
ban areas are located in Brazil. Once again the requirement for major Brazilian content in the
Geothermal Project Component becomes apparent.

1.4. Illustrations

Three types of illustrations accompany this report referred to as "Figures", "Enclosures" and
"Drawings". Figures are illustrations directly copied from the published material and reports
received by Consultant and enclosed with this report, Enclosures are illustrations taken from
the same material however modified or combined by Consultant for the purpose of clarifica-
tion, the Drawings are illustrations independently prepared by Consultant, basically address-
ing economic considerations, geothermal energy utilisation and the regulatory/legislative is-
sue. All illustrations are separately enclosed following the main text of this report.

2.
SALIENT DEPOSITIONAL AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES

2.1. Depositional
Features

The Guarani Aquifer Complex is contained within the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná sedimentary
basins extending northeast-southwest and subparallel with the major Andes Mountains to-
wards the West. The basin complex measures approximately 2,000 kilometres along strike
and 800 kilometres across (dip), i.e. covering 1,600,000 square kilometres (Ref. Fig. 1). The
Guarani Aquifer Complex occupies 1,200,000 square kilometres, i.e. covering 75% of the
combined basin area.

The basin fill comprises sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cambrian-Recent in age with ma-
jor unconformities at the top of Middle Silurian, Late Devonian, Early Triassic and Early Cre-
taceous sequence boundaries. Maximum depth to the crystalline basement ranges between
4,000m (Chaco-Paraná) to 6,000m, (Paraná). Major volcanic activity took place during early
Cretaceous resulting in the extrusion of the extensive and locally thick plateau basalt referred
to as the Serra Geral Formation (SGF). The SGF directly overlies the late Jurassic-Early Cre-
actous eolian sandstones that represent the most important aquifer system of the Guarani Aq-
uifer Complex.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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A less significant aquifer system of Permo-Triassic age underlies the eolian sandstones how-
ever separated at the Late Permian-Early Triassic unconformity. The time span between the
deposition of the two aquifer systems equals approximately 100 million years.

The stratigraphic succession of the basin deposits and lithostratigraphic correlation between
the Paraná and Chaco-Paraná basins are shown in Figure 2. A corresponding stratigraphic
compilation with regard to the Uruguayan portion of the Paraná Basin is shown in Figure 3.
The geological map of the basin is shown in Figure 4.

For more elaborate descriptions of the depositional features of the basin areas reference is
made to Araújo et al (1999), Milano & Filho (2000) and Montaño et al (1998).

2.2. Structural
Features

The major structural feature comprises the two slightly displaced northeast-southwest trend-
ing Paraná and Chaco Paraná Basins, the displacement is possibly due to transcurrent move-
ment along or at least related to the Rio Grande Arch in the south. Balanced subsidence and
uplift along the basin margins resulted in extensive outcropping of the late Jurassic-early Cre-
taceous Botucatu/Tacuarembó sandstones with widths between 10-30 kilometres across that
extend approximately 3,500 kilometres along the basin margins.

The basin areas are intersected by a number of northwest-southeast trending ridge like fea-
tures referred to as "arches" in the literature. It is possible that these counter regional arch fea-
tures represent a reactivated and uplifted archean grain of the predrift structural configuration
of the area. Aquifer areas located adjacent to and along these arches could conceivably have
increased geothermal gradients due to increased exposure to basement induced heat flow. Lo-
cal Postjurassic tectonic inversion is indicated in areas of thick aquifer deposits at high struc-
tural position and vice versa.

The salient structural configuration of the aquifer complex area in its geographic framework
is shown in Enclosure 1. The structural style of the Postpaleozoic section is highlighted in
cross sections A-A' to C-C' in Enclosure 2. Further reference is made to the top aquifer struc-
ture map and the aquifer thickness map shown in Enclosure 3 and 4 respectively.

3.
AQUIFER ROCK CHARACTERISTICS

3.1. Lithology

The aquifer complex consists of an upper sequence consisting of predominantly fine to me-
dium grained, well sorted and subrounded eolian quartz sandstones of excellent aquifer qual-
ity, unconformably overlying a thick sequence of coarser, less differentiated subarkosic de-
posits and of lesser apparent significance as a candidate for initial geothermal development.
This lower sequence is referred to as i.a. the Pirambóia and Buena Vista formations in the lit-
erature. The upper superior aquifer system comprises the Botucatu and Tacuarembó forma-
tions as confined within the Paraná Basin and the Chaco-Paraná Basin, respectively.

The separate mapping (structure, thickness, temperature) and detailed lithological evaluation
of the above mentioned aquifer rock sequences are basic requirements for the continued
preparation of the Geothermal Project Component. Conducting the related work and the sys-
tematic presentation of the results of this work are important work tasks for the proposed
Task Force (Ref. Annex 2).
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Additional aquifer rock sequences of Postbasalt origin are present in the late Cretaceous-
Cenozoic section, i.e. represented by the Bauru Group in the Paraná Basin and by the Manano
Boedo and Chaco Group predominantly sandstones in the Chaco-Paraná Basin (Ref. Fig 1).
The utilisation of these shallower positioned rocks for heat and cold aquifer storage carries
considerable economic significance in a continued geothermal development scenario.

A fourth potentially existing aquifer system comprises the basalts of the Serra Geral Forma-
tion. Although poorly described in the literature retained by Consultant, fractured basalt could
prove important geothermal energy sources, both from the viewpoint of sustainable energy
production as well as heat and cold storage for utilisation pursuant to seasonal energy demand
(Ref. Section 5).

3.2. Petrophysical
Characteristics

The petrophysical characteristics of the major upper (Botucatu/Tacuarembó) and the lower
(Pirambóia/Buena Vista) aquifer systems were presented by Araújo et al (1999) and by Silva
Busso (1999) and are summarised in TABLE 3 below.

TABLE 3 : Pertinent petrophysical characteristics

PARAMETER
UPPER AQUIFER
LOWER AQUIFER
Gross aquifer thickness, m
nil-500
25-770
Porosity, %
17-30
14-24
Permeability, Darcy
8-17
2
Transmissivity, Darcymetres
2-550
not available

The depth at top aquifer ranges between ground level (GL) and 1,800 metres below mean sea
level (MSL). Maximum elevation at ground level is located in the State of Santa Catarina,
Brazil where the outcropping Botucatu sandstone is located at 800 metres above mean sea
level (aMSL). Maximum depth at top aquifer is located in the southwestern Saõ Paulo State,
Brazil, i.e. corresponding to 1,800m (MSL) or approximately 2,225m (GL).

The top aquifer structure and isopach map adjusted to the geographical framework are shown
in Enclosures 3 and 4.

As for the lithological evaluation (Ref. Section 3.1) separate petrophysical evaluations and as-
sessments are required for the upper and lower aquifers for each individual project consid-
ered, also comprising petrophysical assessments for the Postbasalt potential aquifers and the
Serra Geral Formation, as applicable.

3.3. Volumetric
Assessment

The isopach map as presented by Araújo et al (1999) was planimetered and an area versus
thickness plot was prepared, shown in Drawing 2. Based on this exercise and applying an av-
erage porosity at 20% for the Guarani Aquifer Complex the gross and net aquifer rock vol-
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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umes as well as the water volume contained in the pore space were calculated. The result of
this volumetric assessment is shown in TABLE 4.

TABLE 4 : Volumetric assessment

PARAMETER VOLUME
Gross aquifer rock volume

368 x 1012 m3
Water-in-place at porosity 20%

92 x 1012 m3
Net aquifer rock volume

276 x 1012 m3

The above assessed water-in-place volume exceeds the volume quoted in the PDF by 52 x
1012 m3 or 130%. This is serious and stresses once again the requirement for the Task Force.
As for the lithological and petrophysical evaluations separate volumetric assessments are re-
quired for the upper (Botucatu/Tacuarembó) and lower (Pirambóia/Buena Vista) geothermal
aquifer systems.

3.4. Temperature

Temperature data from 322 deep wells located within the aquifer complex area were used by
Araújo et al (1999) and an isothermal map at top aquifer level was presented, shown in its
geographical framework in Enclosure 5. The map reveals top aquifer temperatures ranging
between 25°-70°C. An average geothermal gradient has been reported at 2.9°C/100m, how-
ever locally as low as 2.0°C/100m. This low gradient is believed to be the result of the cool-
ing effect due to the annual surface water recharge of the aquifer. Other areas have a consid-
erably higher geothermal gradient, e.g. in the northern Paraná Basin (State of Goiás) where
the geothermal gradient has been recorded at 5.5°C/100m and believed to be due to high heat
flow from the crystalline basement directly underlying the aquifer in this area (Ref. Encl. 2,
cross section A-A').

The above implies that produced geothermal water temperatures would be considerably
higher than the top aquifer temperature in areas of thick aquifer deposits. Two such areas are
present in the aquifer isopach map (Ref. Encl. 4), i.e. one area located adjacent to Campo
Grande in Brazil with a maximum aquifer thickness of 600 metres and one area located in the
Chaco-Paraná Basin straddling the Corrientes and Entre Rios provinces in Argentina as well
as part of the western State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil with a maximum aquifer thickness
of 800 metres (i.e. indicating a difference between top and bottom aquifer temperatures of
nearly 25°C).

The above reveals the requirement for the preparation of additional isothermal maps at top
lower aquifer level and at the bottom of the Guarani Aquifer Complex, consideration should
also be given to the preparation of maps showing the geothermal gradient distribution and the
regional heat flow in the area.

3.5. Pressure

There is an apparent lack of reported actual aquifer pressure measurements in the literature.
However a potentiometric surface map (pressure surface map) has been presented by Araújo
et al (1995 and 1999). The potentiometric surface represents the static head of the aquifer wa-
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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ter and is defined at the level to which the water will rise in a well. The pressure surface map
in its geographical framework is shown in Enclosure 6, also depicting the trajectories of cross
sections A-A' to C-C' (Ref. Encl. 2).

Assuming datum at MSL the pressure surface map reveals that the static water level ranges
between 50m-800m (aMSL) in the area and that pressure balance is principally controlled by
the major recharge areas located along the eastern basin margin and the discharge areas pre-
dominantly located along and between the major Uruguay and Paraná rivers. The annual re-
charge of the aquifer is reported at 138 x 109m3 (Araújo et al 1999)

For the most the aquifer pressure appears as hydrostatic or slightly underpressured, i.e. with a
static geothermal water level located at or just below ground level. However artesian wells
and gushers are locally present within the area, i.e. conclusively confirming that the pressure
surface is locally located above ground level. Furthermore, indicated areas of potentially ex-
isting artesian conditions have been indicated in Araújo et at (1995). One such area of particu-
lar interest is the town of Presidente Prudente located in the southwestern State of São Paulo,
Brazil. Here the potentiometric surface appears to be located above ground level in an area of
maximum reported aquifer temperature (60°-70°C). Although the superior Botucatu sand-
stone aquifer has reduced thickness in this area (around 100m) the excellent permeability of
this formation (Ref. Section 3.2) suggests that a sustainable geothermal energy production
could be maintained at relatively low operating costs. In this context the production index (PI)
for the Botucatu sandstone was assessed by Consultant to range between 52-148m3/hr/bar as
based on Silva Busso (1999). This implies that at a drawdown of 10 bars (100m) a geothermal
water flow rate could be achieved ranging between 520-1,480m3/hr/well.

The above reveals a requirement for detailed analysis of the pressure surface and available
aquifer test data from wells previously drilled in the area, an exercise to be conducted by the
Task Force.

It is suggested that comparisons between the potentiometric surface and ground level eleva-
tion should take into account the altitude information provided in the TPC maps.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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3.6. Aquifer Water Composition

Based on the data evaluated by Consultant there is evidence for the existence of at least three
types of aquifer water within the Guarani Aquifer Complex, i.e. a) typically fresh water with a
total mineralisation not exceeding 0.25 g/l and confined within the Botucatu/Tacuarembó aq-
uifer system(s), b) brackish-saline waters with a total mineralisation ranging between 1-10 g/l
and confined within the Piramboia/Buena Vista aquifer system and c) alkaline, fluorine bear-
ing waters of believed magmatic origin, confined locally in the predominantly lower aquifer
systems.

For the purpose of simplicity and systematic arrangement of aquifer characteristics it is rec-
ommended that waters pursuant to points "a" and "b" above are referred to as geothermal wa-
ter and that waters pursuant to point "c" be referred to as hydrothermal water in the future.

The difference in aquifer water composition suggest a reduced recharge impact with regard to
the lower aquifer system(s) and furthermore imply that tentative geothermal development of
the lower aquifer system should take place in doublet configuration (production-heat re-
trieval-injection) under closed system conditions.

The Botucau/Tacuarembó aquifer/recharge system is by far the most important candidate for
geothermal development in view of the fresh composition of the geothermal water, hence car-
rying the opportunity for single well development and multiple utilisation of the water after
heat energy retrieval. The increased salinity of the lower aquifer system(s) suggest reduced
rates of recharge water and furthermore emphasises geothermal development in doublet con-
figuration, hence without opportunities for utilisation of the water after heat energy retrieval.

4.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY POTENTIAL

An assessment of the geothermal energy potential of the Guarani Aquifer Complex has been car-
ried out through volumetric calculations based on the aquifer thickness map by Araújo et al,
1999 (Ref. Section 3.3) applying average porosity and temperature values for the aquifer at 20%
and 40°C, respectively. Specific heat capacity values for rock matrix and aquifer water were es-
timated at 2.2 and 4.5 Megajoules per cubic metre and degree centigrade (MJ/m3/°C). In this re-
port heat energy is consistently expressed in Joules, electric energy (power) is expressed in
kilowatt hours (kWh), as applicable. Effect is calculated assuming maximum constant energy off
take during 8,500 hours per year. Useful energy conversions are shown in TABLE 5 below.

TABLE 5 : Useful energy conversions

TO
Btu Cal Joule
kWh
FROM
Btu

1

252.0

1,055
2.93 x 10-4
Cal

0.00397

1

4.186
1.16 x 10-6
Joule

9.48 x 10-4

0.2389

1
2.78 x 10-7
kWh
3,413

8.60
105

3.60 x 106
1

kilo (k) = 103, mega (M) = 106, giga (G) = 109, tera (T) = 1012, peta (P) = 1015, exa (E) = 1018

4.1. Heat-in-place

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Based on the pertinent parameter values quoted in Section 4 above the geothermal heat-in-
place (the geothermal heat resource) was calculated and allocated to the four countries par-
ticipating in the project in accordance with the percentage distribution shown at the 40°C iso-
therm in TABLE 2. The result of this exercise is summarised in TABLE 6.

TABLE 6 : Geothermal heat-in-place and allocation to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and
Uruguay

PARAMETER TOTAL
ARGENTINA
BRAZIL
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
Rock volume, 1012m3
276 45
233
2
6
Water volume, 1012m3
92 15.1 74.5 0.6 1.8
Heat-in-place, EJ
41,000
6,724
33,210
246
820

The total heat-in-place value at 41,000 EJ corresponds to approximately 1,000 billion tons
fuel oil equivalent (toe) assuming a heat value for fuel oil at 41 GJ/ton. The natural gas
equivalent value equals to approximately 1,200 x 1012 normal cubic metres (1,200 trillion cu-
bic metres) assuming a heat value for natural gas at 35 GJ per thousand normal cubic metres
(tcm).

4.2. Heat
Reserves

Heat reserves comprise the portion of the heat-in-place that could be retrieved at surface and
can be subdivided into technical and economical heat reserves. Technical heat reserves are
simply calculated as a portion of the heat-in-place assessed, the economical heat reserves can
only be calculated pursuant to known surface energy demand and to type of utilisation and
preferred technological solutions for the related heat based energy supply. An assessment of
economic heat reserves can not presently be carried out, the technical heat reserves are shown
in TABLE 7 below based on heat recovery at 30% of the heat-in-place together with the allo-
cation to the four countries involved.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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TABLE 7 : Technical geothermal heat reserves and allocation to Argentina, Brazil, Para-
guay and Uruguay

PARAMETER TOTAL
ARGENTINA
BRAZIL
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
Heat-in-place, EJ

41,000

6,724
33,200

246

820
Technical heat reserves, EJ

12,300

2,017
9,963

74

246
Fuel oil equivalent, 109 toe

1,000

164

810

6

20
Natural gas equivalent, 1012m3 1,170
192
948
7
23

The heat reserves were calculated in terms of oil equivalent and volume natural gas equiva-
lent for the purpose of establishing a basis for the calculation of the economic energy asset
value, attributed to the geothermal heat reserves as allocated to the four countries.

A preliminary weighted average potential energy content within the area of the 25°C isotherm
was assessed at 8 PJ/km2 or, as expressed in terms of effect, at 260 MW/ km2.

4.3. Economic Heat Energy Asset

Most companies and organisations operating within the field of exploitation of underground
energy resources regard such resources as an economic asset. In this report the economic as-
set value was calculated based on the conversion of the technical heat reserves (Ref. Section
4.2) into tons fuel oil equivalent with a heat value at 41 GJ/ton and applying a fuel oil price
assessed at USD 120/ton. The result of this exercise is summarised in TABLE 8 below and
further highlighted in the composite area versus temperature plot in Drawing 3.

TABLE 8 : Economic asset values for technical heat reserves in Argentina, Brazil, Para-
guay and Uruguay

PARAMETER TOTAL
ARGENTINA
BRAZIL
PARAGUAY
URUGUAY
Heat reserves, EJ

12,300

2,017

9,963

74

246
Fuel oil equivalent, 109
toe

300
49

243
2
6
Asset value, 1012 USD

36

5.88

29.16

0.24

0.7
Population,
million

204
35

160
5
4
Asset value per capita, USD
176,400

168,000
182,000

48,000
175,000

The economic asset values shown in TABLE 8 above only serves the purpose to highlight the
importance of the Guarani Aquifer Complex as a national energy resource and should not be
directly applied in national economic considerations without previous and critical scrutiny.
However it is Consultant's considered opinion that the enormous thermal energy resource of
the Guarani Aquifer Complex carries a vast economic impact in the future in view of ex-
pected increased greenhouse effects and ozone layer deterioration.

5.
THERMAL ENERGY UTILISATION
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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In connection with the performance of this contract Consultant met with and discussed the cur-
rent state of the art with recognised expertise in the field of geothermal energy utilisation. Based
on these discussions it can be concluded that ample opportunities exist for geothermal energy
supply within the entire temperature range of the aquifer water (20°-80°C).

A basic requirement for the tentative geothermal development is that implementation of the un-
derground development predominantly takes place in doublet configuration, i.e. implying the
construction of both production and injection wells and the establishment of geothermal water
loops as closed systems. Any diversions from this scenario is pending conclusive and properly
documented existence of an effective recharge system as well as the environmentally acceptable
composition of any geothermal aquifer water produced.

Heat retrieval is principally limited to heat exchange and the utilisation of heat driven absorption
pumps (chillers).

5.1. Sustainable Utilisation Of Geothermal Energy

Major sustainable supply of geothermal energy could be applied in the fields of district heat-
ing and cooling (including the provision of air conditioning and ventilation), provision of hot
tap water, provision of heating and cooling for industrial processes and finally, the provision
of power.

The aquifer water temperature required for the provision of air conditioning and power gen-
eration, i.e. the driving heat for absorption pumps and the heat for the driving of steam tur-
bines, must exceed 50°C and preferably be in the range 80°-100°C(+). As mapped at the top
aquifer level (Ref. Encl. 3) the geothermal temperature does not exceed 70°C, hence implying
the requirement for boosting the aquifer water temperature at surface prior to heat retrieval.
This boosting of the temperature could be achieved through utilisation of oil or gas driven hot
water or steam boilers. A preferred solution in this context comprises however the utilisation
of solar energy for the purpose of boosting the geothermal water temperature prior to heat re-
trieval. Ongoing research with regard to the utilisation of solar energy for the driving of ab-
sorption heat pumps is performed through the International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris,
France. Reference is made to www.iea-shc.org, search for Task 25.

It is beyond the scope of this report to go into further detail with regard to solar supported air
conditioning and power generation systems or "geosolar" energy combi systems. Consultant
retains however ad hoc arrangements with leading expertise connected to the IEA and could
therefore readily provide in-depth evaluations and proposals for practical applications regard-
ing solar energy supported geothermal demonstration or pilot projects.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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5.2. Auxiliary Utilisation Of Geothermal Energy

Excess heat or cold resulting from the sustainable geothermal development discussed in Sec-
tion 4.1 can be utilised for the provision of heating and cooling for a considerable number of
applications requiring phased temperature regulation and ventilation due to seasonal varia-
tion. Such applications comprise i.a. cold storage, greenhousing, fish farming, tourist facili-
ties, crop drying, balneotherapy etc., none of which could justify an investment for geother-
mal development on its own merits. However possible multipurpose applications combined
with thermal energy storage (aquifer and/or borehole storage) could present future prolific
opportunities for development. In this context it is of paramount importance to assess in detail
the climate conditions attributed to areas of interest for potential auxiliary geothermal devel-
opment. The same applies to the sustainable scenarios (Ref. Section 4.1).

A composite synopsis summarising the opportunities for geothermal energy utilisation as dis-
cussed in Section 5.1 and 5.2 above is shown in Drawing 4.

5.3. Constraints

There are some apparent constraints related to the readily introduction of sustainable geo-
thermal energy supply in the region, basically due to the climatic conditions combined with
the relatively low aquifer temperature which prevents an effective utilisation of geothermal
energy for the supply of cooling and air conditioning. Further constraints are related to the
general absence of energy demand in areas of superior geothermal aquifer conditions as well
as the lack of existing infrastructure for heating and cooling (air conditioning) supply and dis-
tribution in areas suitably located within the aquifer area.

However, existing artesian conditions and an effective recharge system combined with re-
quirements for multipurpose utilisation of geothermal heat provide ample opportunities for
environmentally sound and economically viable development of the aquifer. Although such
development carries unconventional and partly unique technological solutions, the economic
significance and importance of the Guarani Aquifer Complex as an energy source is beyond
doubt, in Consultant's opinion. The above mentioned constraints merely accentuate the re-
quirement for a careful and balanced approach with regard to the continued preparations for
the Geothermal Project Component.

6.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Environmental and social benefits are related to the substitution by geothermal energy for ther-
mal energy alternatively generated through the burning of fossil fuels with resulting atmospheric
emissions of predominantly CO2, SO2 and NOx gasses as well as the outlet of solid particulates
in connection with the incineration process. The reduced emissions are calculated in tons per
year and given monetary values in accordance with rates previously provided by the Bank (and
GEF). The following calculation (Ref. TABLE 9) is based on the assumption that 500 TJ of geo-
thermal heat is supplied annually into an established heating/cooling system from a tentative
geothermal pilot plant.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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TABLE 9 :Environmental and social economic benefits related to the substitution of fossil
fuel by geothermal heat supply at 500 TJ p.a

PARAMETER
FUEL OIL
NATURAL GAS
COAL
Heat value
41 GJ/ton

35 GJ/tcm

24.4 GJ/ton
Efficiency
0.85

0.9

0.8
Gross heat production
588 TJ

555 TJ

625 TJ
CO2 emission
78 kg/GJ

57 kg/GJ

95 kg/GJ
SO2 emission
0.5 kg/GJ

nil

1.2 kg/GJ
NOx emission
0.2 kg/GJ

0.1 kg/GJ

0.3 kg/GJ
Annual CO2 emission
45,864 tons

31,635 tons

59,375 tons
Annual SO2 emission
294 tons

nil

750 tons
Annual NOx emission
118 tons

56 tons

188 tons
Particle outlet
0.03 kg/GJ

nil

n.a.
Total particle fallout
18 tons

nil

n.a.
CO2 emission cost
USD 7/ton


SO2 emission cost
USD 600/ton


NOx emission cost
USD 250/ton


Particle fallout cost
USD 1,000/ton


Environmental benefit (CO2 + fallout)
USD 339,048

USD 221,455

USD 475,625*
Social benefits (SO2 + NOx)
USD 205,900

USD 14,000

USD 497,000

* Includes ash disposal cost at USD 60,000.

The environmental and social economic benefits are credited in the economical analysis for the
purpose of the assessment of a project's economic rate of return (ERR) on capital expenditure
(investment).

Other social economic benefits are related to the locationing or relocationing of heating or cool-
ing requiring industry that may be attracted by the availability of "green" and cheap energy for
its production or manufacturing processes. This could furthermore contribute to the off loading
in other areas of the strained hydropower supply system. Needless to say a sustainable supply of
air conditioning (and heating) and hot and cold tap water would improve the residential comfort
and sanitary conditions, hence carrying improvements in the health sector.

7. COST
ASSESSMENT

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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The following assessment of costs was made for the tentative implementation of a geothermal
pilot project located within the area of maximum aquifer temperature (Ref. Encl. 5). This area is
principally located within the southwesternmost State of São Paulo, Brazil. Maximum tempera-
ture at top aquifer is reported at 70°C, the total aquifer thickness is around 300 metres with
depths to the top aquifer located between 1,400m-2,000m (GL). Flowing well head temperature
was reported by the Departamento de Aquas e Energia Elétrica at 63°C from a well drilled to a
total depth of 1,800m (GL) at the town of Presidente Prudente in the 1980's. Whether this well
could be re-entered and used in connection with a pilot project is not known, neither is the well
configuration or current well status.

The cost assessment assumes the construction of two vertical geothermal water wells (one pro-
ducer and one injector) connected by a flow line at surface, geothermal energy is primarily re-
trieved via heat driven absorption pumps, heat required for the driving of the absorption pumps
is provided by fuel oil driven boilers, excess heat and cold is stored in the aquifer(s). The geo-
thermal water flow rate is estimated at 320 m3/hr and maintained by a downhole submersible
production pump and surface installed injection pump(s). The net annual geothermal energy
production equals 500 TJ.

7.1. Capital
expenditures

The capital expenditures (CAPEX) are summarised in TABLE 10 below.

TABLE 10 : CAPEX for geothermal plant supplying 500 TJ p.a. from aquifer at 1,600m
(GL)

ITEM
DESCRIPTION
COST, USD thousands

1

Well construction (2)

3,600

2

Clean up and testing

500

3

Plant and flowline

2,200
4
Production/injection
pumps

450

5

Absorption heat pumps

1,300

6

Cables and electric equipment

280
7
Mechanical/electric
installations

540

8

Control and regulation system

110

9

Filters and miscellaneous

310
10 Sub
total

9,290

11

Heat/cold distribution system

6,000
12 Grand
total

15,290

The above budget is based on "Western" costs and carries considerable reductions pending
geothermal water composition and recharge system as well as the opportunity to use solar
heat for the driving of the absorption heat pumps. Hence production of fresh geothermal wa-
ter would reduce item 1 to USD 1.8 million, item 2 to USD 0.25 million and remove the re-
quirement for flowline and injection facilities (total around USD 0.7 million) and reduce
items 6-9 by 50%, i.e. a total saving of USD 0.62 million and bring item 10 down to USD
6.72 million. The opportunity to use an already existing well entirely removes item 1 from the
budget (a further deduction of USD 1.8 million) however changing item 2 to "Re-entry and
geothermal completion" which would probably bring the cost for item 2 back up to USD 0.5
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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million. Hence pending fresh water composition of the aquifer combined with the utilisation
of an already existing well would bring item 10 down to USD 5.2 million.

The budget does not reflect equipment required for the driving of the absorption heat pumps
(boilers or solar heat). However if all heat required for the driving of the absorption heat
pumps was to be provided from boilers a corresponding budget item would be to the tune of
USD 0.8 million.

The cost estimate for a distribution system assumes the establishment of 5 km of main line at
USD 0.66 million per kilometre plus USD 2,500 per household for the required connections
comprising approximately 1,000 households. A potential reduction of these costs is pending
local cost levels.

7.2. Operating
Cost

The operating cost (Opcost) for the geothermal plant as outlined in Section 7.1 above would
range between USD 700,000-900,000 p.a. based on experience from elsewhere and pending
the cost for power required for pumps and electric equipment. As the cost for boilers was ex-
cluded in the CAPEX the Opcost does not include fuel cost for boilers.

8. PILOT
PROJECT(S)

In view of the constraints related to the readily geothermal heat utilisation for other sustainable
applications besides heat and hot tap water supply (Ref. Section 5.3) areas for preferred pilot
project implementation are restricted to areas of sustainable heat demand. It appears reasonable
to assume that such areas would tend to be located within the southernmost part of the aquifer
area. Towards the north the overruling demand would comprise cooling and air conditioning re-
quirements and for which the utilisation of the Guarani geothermal heat resource becomes ques-
tionable due to the relatively low aquifer temperature and related thermodynamic constraints.
However solar supported air conditioning and power generation systems combined with thermal
storage could be of interest for application in the northern area. Thermal aquifer storage in this
context may not necessarily involve the utilisation of the Guarani aquifer.

Based on Consultant's best judgement in light of this assessment two areas of primary interest
for tentative geothermal development could be considered, i.e. the town of Presidente Prudente,
Brazil for the predominately supply of cooling and air conditioning and the areas of the towns of
Salto, Uruguay and Concordia, Argentina for the predominantly supply of heating and hot tap
water.

The locations of the above two areas for tentative pilot project implementation are shown in
Drawings 6 and 9 in the proposed regulatory framework (Ref. Section 9).

A third area that could be of interest with regard to pilot development could be the city of P.N.
Iguazú located at the triple border junction between Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay within the
central-western part of the aquifer area. Here the temperature at top aquifer level is reported be-
tween 30°-40°C (Ref. Encl. 5) at a top aquifer depth of 400m (MSL) or between 600m-700m
(GL). The reported aquifer thickness is 300m (Ref. Encl. 4).

The size of a pilot project and related capital expenditures can be scaled down based on the dis-
cussion in Section 7 above.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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The tentative pilot areas are highlighted in the composite maps shown in Enclosures 1 and 3-6
and furthermore in Drawings 1 and 5.

9. REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK

A regulatory framework for the Geothermal Project Component is proposed to be in compliance
with the geographical grid in accordance with the TPC maps (scale 1:500,000). The framework
consists of 22 concession block areas covering 2° latitude x 2° longitude each and are defined in
the southwest corner in latitude/longitude (west Greenwich). Each concession block has been
subdivided into quadrants (roman I-IV) measuring 1° latitude x 1° longitude which have been
further subdivided in 16 "leases", each measuring 15' latitude x 15' longitude and covering an
area of approximately 688 square kilometres, i.e. representing a potential geothermal energy as-
set of 5.5 EJ (134 x 106 toe).

The proposed regulatory framework is shown in Drawing 5, four selected concession block areas
were furthermore prepared based on the TPC maps and depict the systematic subdivision as well
as the population density within these concession block areas (Ref. Drawings 6-9).

The areas considered for tentative pilot project implementation (Ref. Section 8) are included in
these maps, i.e. Lease No. 2352/II-03 (Ref. Drawing 6), Lease No's 3359/I-08 and 3359/II-05
(Ref. Drawing 9) and Lease No's 2755/I-06 and I-10 (Ref. Drawing 8).

Legislative requirements pursuant to the overruling water management of the Guarani aquifer
are not addressed in this report although it is Consultant's impression that such legislation could
be adopted from the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Geothermal legislation issues should be ad-
dressed in connection with the preparation of a geothermal model concession upon which deci-
sions on legislative requirements could be based. It is believed that such requirements could
partly be based on available hydrocarbon exploration and production legislation.

10. INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS

It may be considered pre-mature to enter into time consuming institutional arrangements for the
Geothermal Project Component until conclusive evidence can be presented justifying the re-
gional and economically viable development of the Guarani Aquifer Complex. In view of the
uncertainties attributed to sustainable heat and hot tap water demand in the region and the cur-
rently unexploited opportunity for solar energy supported cooling and air conditioning systems a
balanced approach is recommended with regard to the continued preparation for the Geothermal
Project Component.

In view of the above it appears reasonable to scale down the Task Force, say only to comprise
the three tentative pilot areas discussed in Section 8. Although this would not affect the content
of the work tasks it would considerably reduce the time and cost frames, i.e. from 10 months and
USD 500,000 to say three months and USD 150,000, respectively. The balanced approach would
also tend to defer the requirement for the addressing of the "heavier" policy issues, hereunder the
declaration of priority by the four countries concerning the utilisation of geothermal energy. A
second issue in this context concerns the question of focal point for the Geothermal Project
Component. As relevant underground data and information is controlled by the energy authori-
ties and as the primary aim of the Geothermal Project Component is to utilise geothermal energy
and not the water it could be considered whether the focal point for the major water management
project and the Geothermal Project Component should be the same.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Institutional arrangements in the short term are proposed to comprise although not necessarily be
limited to a) the entry by the four countries of a Task Force Agreement including the commit-
ment to comply with the recommendations to be provided by the Task Force, b) the acquisition
of permission of access and utilisation of all relevant underground data required for the Task
Force assessment and c) the preparation of a geothermal model licence upon which future legis-
lative requirements could be based.

A further issue for consideration in the short term could be to establish a group of experts with
the purpose to assess the current and forecasted sustainable heating and cooling demands in the
region, to provide detailed assessments of related climatic conditions and to establish contact and
possible cooperation with institutions and organisations involved in the field of solar support for
the driving of absorption heat pumps and related models for thermal energy storage.

11. THE TASK FORCE

With a view to perform the Geothermal Guarani Project Assessment (GUAPA), it has been re-
commended by Consultant to establish a Task Force that could carry out this assessment within
the same premises and within previously determined time and cost frames.

The Task Force is defined as a group of geoscientists comprising one Member from each coun-
try plus a Coordinator who shall be responsible for all extramural contacts and communications
required by the Task Force during its performance of GUAPA.

The primary objective of GUAPA comprises the detailed evaluation and systematic arrangement
of available underground data and information and the presentation of the results in a previously
agreed upon regulatory framework (Ref. Section 9).

Draft terms of reference (TOR) for the Task Force were previously forwarded to OAS and the
Bank, Washington D.C. and are furthermore enclosed in Annex 2 of this report. Issues related to
the Task Force in connection with Consultant's Mission No. 1 are further summarised in the
Aide Memoire enclosed in Annex 1.

The findings of this report reveals a high degree of complexity attributed to the Geothermal Pro-
ject Component, strengthening the requirement for a careful and balanced approach to the further
preparations with regard to this component. In this context a scaling down of the currently pro-
posed extent of GUAPA, i.e. only to comprise the tentative pilot project areas discussed in this
report (Ref. Section 8) is recommended. The pilot areas were chosen in order to satisfy the mul-
tinational participation in the project as well as to provide a diversified basis for considerations
on preferred solutions for geothermal energy retrieval.

12. REFERENCES

Araújo L.M., França A.B. and Potter P.E. Aquifero gigante do MERCOSUL no Brasil, Argenti-
na, Uruguai e Paraguai; Mapas hidrogeológicos dos Formações Botucatu, Pirambóia Rosá-
rio do Sul, Buena Vista, Misiones e Tacuarembó. Univ. Fed. Paraná, Bibl. Ciênc. Tecnol.,
Centro Politéc., Curitiba (1995).

Araújo L.M., França A.B. and Potter P.E. Hydrogeology of the Mercosul aquifer system in the
Paraná and Chaco-Paraná Basins, South America and comparisions with the Navajo-
Nugget aquifer system, USA. Hydrogeol. Journ., No. 7 (1999).

Forlin M. and Rosa Filho E.F. Mapa de isotermas do Aquifero Guarani. From PBD (2000).
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Milani E.J. and Filho T. Carta estratigráfica das bacias do Paraná e Chaco-Paraná. From PBD
(2000).

Montaño J., Tujchneider O., Auge M., Fili M., Paris M., D'Elia M., Pérez M., Nagy M.I., Colla-
zo P. and Decoud P. Sistema Aquifero Guarani. Univ. Nac. del Litoral, Arg. (1998).

Paulipetro. Mapa geológico simplificado da Bacia do Paraná. From PBD (2000).

Silva Busso A.A. Geologic and hydrogeologic aspects of the thermal aquifer system in the Ar-
gentinean eastern Chacoparanense Basin. PNTAS, Inst. Aqua y Ambiente Arg. (2000).

Project Background Document (PBD). Received from World Bank (2001).

Proposal for project development funds (PDF).Received from World Bank (2001).

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Environmental Protection and Integrated Sustainable Management of the Guarani Aqui-
fer System - GAS.

Geothermal Project Component
Aide Memoire

Consultant's Mission No. 1, 2nd-12th May, 2001

INTRODUCTION

1.
Pursuant to Contract No. R-20226 executed on the 24th April, 2001 between the General
Secretariat of the Organisation of American States (GS/OAS), Washington DC., USA and Lars
Tallbacka (Consultant), Copenhagen, Denmark, Consultant visited Brasilia and São Paulo, Rio
de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Asunción, Montevideo and Brasilia between the 2nd-12th May, 2001
(the Mission) with the objective to investigate the opportunities to launch a geothermal compo-
nent under the major project entitled "Environmental Protection and Integrated Sustainable
Management of the Guarani Aquifer System" (GAS). The GAS is being executed by the Gov-
ernments of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with GS/OAS acting as regional execut-
ing agency and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the Bank) as im-
plementing Agency. Funds for the GAS are being provided by the Global Environment Facility
(GEF). The terms of reference (TOR) and the actual schedule of activity for the Mission are en-
closed in Attachment 1.

2.
In connection with the Mission Consultant met with representatives of the governments
and relevant local authorities of the countries visited as well as representatives of the GS/OAS,
Consultant wishes to express its appreciation for the cooperation, hospitality and courtesy ex-
tended to Consultant during the Mission. A list of participants that attended the various discus-
sions and meetings held during the Mission is enclosed in Attachment 2.

3.
The primary objective of the Mission is to highlight and promote the utilisation of geo-
thermal generated heat as an indigenous, environmentally sound and cost effective source of en-
ergy with particular emphasis on the technical/economical and financial/institutional aspects at-
tributed to geothermal development under recognised legal/regulatory framework(s).

4.
A further objective comprised the establishment of a geothermal task force and agreed
upon TOR with a view to the preparation and presentation of a concept document upon which an
investment operation could be launched for the implementation of a geothermal demonstration
operation, comprising relevant geothermal pilot project(s).

5.
The contents of this Aide Memoire was discussed and agreed upon in principle in connec-
tion with wrap-up meetings held in Montevideo, Uruguay and Brasilia, Brazil on the 9th and
11th May, respectively between Consultant and representatives of the GS/OAS and the Govern-
ments of Uruguay and Brazil.

6.
This Aide Memoire is subject to final confirmation by the GS/OAS and the Bank in Wash-
ington, D.C. upon Consultants return to Copenhagen.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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PROJECT COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

7.
Main topics for discussion focused on:

a).
alternative scenarios for utilisation of the geothermal heat reserves, cur-
rently assessed at 2,100 Exajoules (50 billion tons oil equivalent).
b).
the establishment of a Geothermal Task Force (the Task Force) for the con-
tinued preparation of the Geothermal Project Component, hereunder the performance
and completion of the Geothermal Guarani Project Assessment (Geo-GUAPA), in-
cluding staffing requirements and arrangements for office facilities and support etc.,
required for an orderly and time effective completion of the Geo-GUAPA.
c).
The presentation of TOR for the Task Force together with proposed scope
of work and schedule of activity, as applicable.

8.
The potential opportunities for utilisation of geothermal energy within the region as based
on currently available documentation and state of the art were highlighted. The characteristics of
the geothermal aquifer water reveal temperatures ranging between 20°-70°C, hence excluding
high enthalpy application, e.g. geothermal power generation. Consultant mentioned however on-
going research with a view to boosting the temperature of the produced geothermal water at sur-
face prior to heat retrieval through utilisation of solar energy, an application requiring further in-
vestigation and evaluation.

9.
Currently considered application for utilisation of geothermal heat is limited to the agricul-
tural sector (irrigation, drainage of various crops, soya and mushroom production etc.,), food
manufacture and processing (chicken and pig farming, beer and beverage production), the tourist
sector (spas and recreation activities) and the health sector (balneotherapy).

10. Other applications include the provision of residential hot tap water, substituting currently
power generated residential hot water supply and improving comfort for potentially large groups
of population, the pre-heating of make-up water used for the supply of industrial heat (steam)
hence substituting part of the currently used fossil fuels (oil, gas) for steam generation. Pending
the boosting of the geothermal aquifer water temperature at ground surface through utilisation of
solar energy carries the opportunity for provision of air conditioning and cool storage.

11. All parties engaged in the discussions acknowledged the importance attributed to a bal-
anced development of the geothermal heat resource. In this context experimental geothermal ac-
tivities planned pursuant to GAS at existing artesian occurrences (e.g. Salto, Uruguay) shall be
carefully monitored and considered for application in a continued geothermal development.

12. A total of 15 million population is confined within the area occupied by the Guarani aqui-
fer system. Assuming that five million people could benefit from the advantage of the aquifer
heat at a rate of heat demand at say 200 Gigajoules per capita per annum would suggest the re-
quirement for a geothermal heat supply to the tune of one Exajoule per annum, i.e. correspond-
ing to less than one per mille of the currently assessed geothermal heat reserves. One Exajoule of
energy corresponds to the energy generated from the incineration of 25 million tons fuel oil. The
economical significance of the Guarani geothermal heat resource becomes apparent.

13. The launching of the Task Force Project has been suggested by Consultant and was fur-
thermore endorsed by both the Bank and the GA/OAS. The project is expected to take 10
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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months to complete and shall be performed by a coordinator and one member each from the
countries under GAS. The works shall comprise although not necessarily be limited to the com-
pilation, evaluation and assessment of relevant surface and aquifer information as well as the
identification of areas of interest for geothermal development and recommendations for geo-
thermal pilot project(s) implementation.

14. Constraints and perspectives related to the Task Force were discussed with representatives
of the governments and relevant ad hoc organisations in the four countries visited during the
Mission. All four countries expressed their interest in principal to establish and proceed with the
Task Force as presented by Consultant and as briefly described in the above.

15. In connection with the Mission Consultant met with representatives of Petrobras in its head
offices located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The opportunity of locating the Task Force at the Petro-
bras premises in Rio de Janeiro would carry considerable benefits to the geothermal project
component in view of Petrobras's internationally recognised skills with regard to underground
development as well as the benefit of access to Petrobras's in-house expertise required for a
credible assessment of the Guarani aquifer (system). An agreement by Petrobras to participate in
the Task Force is pending an official request by the Brazilian Minister for Mines and Energy and
the subsequent approval by Petrobras' Board of Directors.

16. It is envisaged that all four countries participating in the GAS shall commit to compliance
with the recommendations by the Task Force, such commitments to be submitted in writing in
due time prior to the initiation of the project.

17. Uruguay expressed concern with regard to Petrobras potentially significant involvement in
the Task Force and emphasised the importance for a balanced approach, i.e. reflecting the cir-
cumstance that a mere five per cent of the aquifer occupies nearly 50% of Uruguay whereas 70%
of the aquifer confined within Brazil only occupies ten per cent of its total territory.

18. It was unanimously agreed that the Task Force shall constitute a dedicated technical pro-
ject to be performed and completed without bias or disturbance of institutional or political char-
acter.

ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

19. At this preliminary stage the total outlay for the performance of the Task Force is esti-
mated at USD 500,000.00, i.e. including salaries, office facilities and expenses for the Task
Force Coordinator and Members as well as costs related to the reprocessing of geo and petro-
physical data in connection with the Task Force and the preparation and submittal of the final
concept document presenting the Task Force findings and recommendations for geothermal pilot
project implementation.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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FINANCING

20. The financing of the Geothermal Project Component (including the Task Force) is ex-
pected to be provided by the GEF.

INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ISSUES

21. It was agreed between the four countries under GAS and the Mission that appropriate insti-
tutional and policy arrangements need to be considered with a view to support and sustain the
long term objectives of the Geothermal Project Component, i.a. comprising the cost effective
development of the indigenous geothermal energy resources and the reduction of the emission of
greenhouse gasses through the substitution of fossil fuels with geothermal energy. All parties
also recognise that comprehensive and meaningful arrangements would have to be defined based
on acquired experience from the geothermal demonstration operation (the pilot projects).

22. Arrangements to be considered in the short term (in parallel with the Task Force) should
comprise the declaration by the four countries concerned with regard to the development of the
indigenous geothermal resource as a Priority under the National Energy Strategies.

23. Given the national importance of the Geothermal Project Component an action plan is re-
quired that establishes the institutional and policy arrangements addressing the allocation of re-
sponsibility for:

a).
the time and cost effective implementation of the geothermal demonstra-
tion operation.
b).
the future promotion of the new technology and its benefits.
c).
mechanisms which would secure the financial strength of the implementing
entity(s) and its commercial success as based on appropriate and recognised pricing
policies.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGISLATIVE ISSUES

24. The implementing entity(s) shall be prepared to submit licence application(s) for geother-
mal development to relevant National Authorities (Ministry of Environment, Ministry of En-
ergy) in order to acquire environmental clearance and permission for geothermal heat production
and utilisation. The application(s) should comprise the principal project design concept, specifi-
cation of project site(s) and a description regarding the removal of environmental problems as
applicable.

25. Clarification is required with regard to the exemption of taxes (state tax, VAT etc.,) and
customs fees related to the implementation of geothermal pilot projects financed through the
GEF or The World Bank.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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Environmental Protection and Integrated Sustainable Management of the Guarani Aqui-
fer System - GAS

Guarani Geothermal Task Force
Terms of Reference


I. BACKGROUND

1.
Pursuant to Contract No. R-20226 executed on the 24th April, 2001 between the General
Secretariat of the Organisation of American States (GS/OAS), Washington D.C., USA and
Lars Tallbacka (Consultant), Copenhagen, Denmark. Consultant visited São Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro, Buenos Aires, Asunción, Montevideo and Brasilia between the 2nd-12th May,
2001 (the Mission) with the objective to investigate the opportunities to launch a geother-
mal component under the major project entitled "Environmental Protection and Integrated
sustainable Management of the Guarani Aquifer System" (GAS). The GAS is being exe-
cuted by the Governments of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, with GS/OAS act-
ing as regional executing agency and the International Bank for Reconstruction and De-
velopment (the Bank) as implementing Agency. Funds for the GAS are being provided by
the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

2.
A draft Aide Memoire with regard to the Mission was issued by Consultant on the 16th
May, 2001 and forwarded to all parties met in connection with the Mission as well as to
GS/OAS and the Bank, Washington D.C.

3.
An important issue for discussion during the Mission comprised the proposal for the
establishment of the Guarani Geothermal Task Force (the Task Force) for the performance
of the Geothermal Guarani Aquifer Assessment (GUAPA).

4.
Agreement in principle was reached between Consultant and the Governments of Argen-
tina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to establish the Task Force consisting of one Coordina-
tor and four Members (one Member for each country participating in GAS).

5.
It has furthermore been unanimously agreed that GUAPA shall constitute a dedicated
technical project to be performed and completed without bias, interference or other distur-
bance of institutional or political character.

6.
It is envisaged that all four countries participating in GAS shall commit to compliance
with the recommendations by the Task Force.

7.
The Task Force Coordinator and Members should be selected with a view to represent
recognised professional skill and integrity of their respective countries.

8.
The Task Force shall be supported without limitation by the governments participating in
GAS and their relevant ad hoc organisations, local authorities and consultants as well as by
international consultants within the field of geothermal development and energy supply.

9.
It is envisaged that the Task Force shall result in the establishment of local corps of ex-
pertise required for the future, continued economic development of the geothermal energy
resource stored in the Guarani Aquifer System.

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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10.
The opportunity of locating the Task Force at the premises of Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.
(Petrobras) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil would carry considerable benefits to the project in
view of Petrobras's internationally recognised professional skills with regard to under-
ground development as well as the benefit of access to Petrobras's in-house expertise in
the fields of geoscientific evaluation and assessment.

II OBJECTIVES

11.
The primary objective of the Task Force is to prepare and present a concept document
upon which an investment operation could be launched for the implementation of a geo-
thermal energy demonstration programme, comprising relevant geothermal pilot project(s).
12.
A second although equally important objective comprises the establishment of effective
routes of liaison and communication between the Task Force and relevant government and
local authorities, consultants etc., required for the time and cost effective performance and
completion of GUAPA.
13.
Institutional and national policy issues for an effective implementation of the geothermal
demonstration programme should be addressed in parallel with the Task Force by relevant
national authorities assisted by international consultant(s) with previous experience of such
activity.
III SCOPE OF WORK
14.
The performance of GUAPA by the Task Force is expected to take ten months to com-
plete with a planned date of issue for the final report (the concept document) two months
later. Assuming a Start Date on the 2nd October, 2001 would hence indicate a Completion
Date around the 2nd October, 2002.
15.
GUAPA can be subdivided into five basic components, i.e. comprising a) the predomi-
nantly geo-scientific evaluation and assessment of geothermal heat-in-place and reserves
for selected areas of tentatively considered geothermal development, b) the predominantly
technical evaluation and assessment of potential possibilities for utilisation of geothermal
heat and related technological solutions including the presentation of the basic design and
heat production forecasts for such solutions, c) the performance of financial and economi-
cal analyses based on assessments of environmental and socio-economic benefits and capi-
tal expenses and operating costs for tentatively considered geothermal development (pilot
projects), d) the rating and ranking of identified areas for tentatively considered geother-
mal development and recommendations for further work and e) the preparation and issuing
of required project reports.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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15.1. Underground
assessment

Major work tasks comprise:
i.
Geological (stratigraphic and lithologic) compilations and descriptions of
the aquifer formation(s).
ii.
Petrophysical compilations and descriptions, based on wireline log, core
analyses, temperature and test data from previously drilled wells in the re-
gion.
iii.
Hydrochemical and physical compilations and descriptions of aquifer water
composition and physical properties.
iv.
The preparation of relevant location maps in the scale 1:500,000 highlight-
ing a) the position, areal extent and population of urban areas, industrial
complexes and agricultural areas for potential geothermal development and
b) the position of previously drilled wells that penetrated the aquifer indi-
cating well designation, year drilled, total depth below ground level (GL)
and top and bottom of the aquifer in metres (GL) together with the location
of available seismic data within the region.
v.
The preparation of detailed structure maps at top aquifer level in the scale
1:500,000 for areas of tentatively considered geothermal development,
depth contours in meters (GL).
vi.
The preparation of aquifer zone isopach maps in the scale 1:500,000 for ar-
eas of tentatively considered geothermal development, recommended con-
tour interval is 10 metres.
vii.
The preparation of isothermal maps in the scale 1:500,000 at the top and
bottom aquifer levels for areas of tentatively considered geothermal devel-
opment, contour interval in °C to be decided.
viii.
The preparation of relevant geothermal cross sections, preferably extending
along structural dip through areas of tentatively considered geothermal de-
velopment, clearly revealing depths (GL) and temperatures at top and bot-
tom of aquifer.
ix.
The preparation of anticipated sections for the construction of geothermal
wells (producers and injectors) for areas of tentatively considered geother-
mal development, clearly indicating stratigraphic succession and
lithostratigraphic subdivision, main lithologic composition, suggested cas-
ing programme, proposed wireline logging programme and short descrip-
tions of testing and completion procedures.
x.
The description of conceptual pilot project development and the prepara-
tion of composite project panels for areas of tentatively considered geo-
thermal development.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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15.2 Surface
development

Major work tasks comprise:
i.
Description of past and current utilisation of geothermal heat and/or aquifer
water within the region.
ii.
Description of current state of the art with regard to the development of
low enthalpy geothermal energy resources and proposed scenarios for sur-
face heat retrieval and utilisation scenarios for areas of tentatively consid-
ered geothermal development.
iii.
Assessment of current and forecasted heat demand for areas of tentatively
considered geothermal development, based on information provided by the
UNPP's pursuant to questionnaires issued by the Task Force.
iv.
Description of unique and novel applications for utilisation of geothermal
energy, hereunder a) the heating of excrements from major areas of pig and
chicken farming for the purpose of recycling methane gas and subsequent
power generation and b) the boosting of the produced geothermal water
temperature at surface through the utilisation of solar energy for the pur-
pose of driving absorption heat pumps and generation of air condition (and
cool storage facilities) and possible steam generation and subsequent power
production.
15.3 Financial and economical evaluation

Major work tasks comprise:
i.
Compilation of current heat and power production costs as well as heat and
power tariffs for residential and industrial utilisation, based on information provided
by the UNPP's pursuant to questionnaires issued by the Task Force.
ii.
Assessment of environmental and social economic benefits related to the
reduced emissions of CO2, SO2, and NOx due to substitution of fossil fuels (oil, gas,
coal) by geothermal energy, monetary values for gas emissions to be provided by
GEF or the Bank.
iii.
Assessment of capital expenditures and operating costs related to areas and
design for tentatively considered geothermal development.
iv.
The performance of financial and economic analyses based on points "i"-
"iii" above and the calculation of the financial and economic rates of return (FRR
and ERR) for areas of tentatively considered geothermal development.
15.4 Rating, ranking and recommendations

The major work task comprises the assessment by the Task Force of procedures for rating
and ranking of identified areas for tentatively considered geothermal development that can
be unanimously agreed upon by the four countries participating in GAS.

Pending the availability of unanimously agreed upon procedures for rating and ranking the
Task Force shall provide a set of conclusive recommendations leading to an investment
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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operation for the implementation of a geothermal demonstration programme within the re-
gion of the Guarani aquifer system.
15.5 Reporting

Reporting activities shall comprise the preparation and issuing of four bimonthly progress
reports (items "i"-"iv"), a draft final report (item "v") and the issuing of the final report
(item "vi") around the 2nd October, 2002.
IV. SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITY
16. It is somewhat premature to present the detailed timing and phasing for the activities to be
undertaken by the Task Force. However, based on an assumed Start Date on the 2nd Octo-
ber, 2001 a preliminary Schedule of Activity for the major work pursuant to Section 15 in
the above is shown below.

ITEM ACTIVITY
COMPLETION
DATE
15.1
Underground
assessment
02/07/2002
15.1.i
Geological
compilations
15/11/2001
15.1.ii
Petrophysical
15/12/2001

15.1.iii

Hydrochemical and physical
15/12/2001
15.1.iv
Location
maps
15/12/2001
15.1.v
Structure
maps
02/04/2002
15.1.vi
Isopach
maps
02/04/2002
15.1.vii
Isothermal
maps
02/04/2002
15.1.viii Cross
sections
02/05/2002

15.1.ix

Anticipated well sections
02-05/2002
15.1.x
Concepts
presentation
02/07/2002
15.2
Surface
assessment
15/06/2002
15.2.i
Description
15/11/2002
15.2.ii
Utilisation
15/04/2002

15.2.iii

Assessment heat demand
02/05/2002
15.2.iv
Novel
applications
15/06/2002
15.3
Financial/economical
02/08/2002

15.3.i

Costs and tariffs
02/07/2002
15.3.ii
Environmental/social
benefits
02/07/2002

15.3.iii

Capex and opcost
02/07/2002
15.3.iv
Financial/economical
analyses
15/07/2002

15.4

Rating/ranking and recommendations
02/08/2002
15.5
Reporting
02/10/2002

15.5.i

Progress report 1
02/12/2001

15.5.ii

Progress report 2
02/02/2002

15.5.iii

Progress report 3
02/04/2002

15.5.iv

Progress report 4
02/06/2002

15.5.v

Draft final report
02/08/2002
15.5.vi
Final
report
02/10/2002

17. The diversity of the various project items of the Schedule of Activity carries an inherent
circulation of Task Force Members during the performance of the project. In this context
the Task Force shall never exceed four members. The balanced national composition of the
Task Force shall remain unchanged for the entire duration of the project.

V. COST
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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18.
A total budget for the performance of the Task Force is currently estimated at USD
517,000.00 allocated as follows:

SALARIES US
dollars
One Coordinator and four Members, ten months

250,000.00
EXPENSES

Travel, accommodation

60,000.00
Reprocessing, seismic and petrophysical

35,000.00
Core and water analyses

15,000.00
Local consultants

25,000.00
Translation services

10,000.00
Extramural computer services

10,000.00
Drafting services and reproduction

35,000.00
Transportation and communications

20,000.00
Miscellaneous
10,000.00
Sub total

470,000.00
Contingency (10%)

47,000.00
Grand total, Task Force

517,000.00

19. The contingency budget is primarily to cover the extra costs attributed to circulation of
Task Force Members during the project.
Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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PARTIES AND PEOPLE MET

1.
ARGENTINA ,BUENOS AIRES

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Maria J. Fioriti

MoECO

Executive Secretary
Victor Pochat

MoECO

Head of Department
Jorge N. Santa Cruz

INAA

Coordinator
Ignacio Mendez

SdEN

Coordinator
Abel H. Pesce

SGMA

Head of Department
José A. Repar

ENARGAS

Vice President

MoECO
: Ministry of Economy, Subsecretaria de Recursos Hidricos
INAA
: Instituto Nacional del Agua y del Ambiente
SdEN
: Secretaria de Energia
SGMA
: Servicio Geologico Minero Argentino
ENARGAS
: Ente Nacional Regulador del Gas

2. BRAZIL

2.1. SÃO
PAULO

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Nelson da Franca Ribeiro dos Anjos

OAS

Coordinator
Claudio Vidal

CPRM

Associate
José C. Ferreira

CPRM

Superintendent
Armando T. Takahashi

CPRM

Manager
Omar Y. Bitar

IPT

Director
José L.A. Filho

IPT

Geologist
Renato L. Prado

IPT

Geophysicist
José D.F. Gallas

IPT

Geophysicist
Aldo da Gunha Rebouças
-

Consultant

2.2. Rio de Janeiro

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Edison J. Milani

PBR

Manager
Laury M. Araújo

PBR

Geoscientist
Nelson da Franca Ribeiro dos Anjos

OAS

Coordinator
Claudio Vidal

CPRM

Associate

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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2.3. BRASILIA

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Julio T.S. Kettelhut

MoENV

Director
Luiz Amore

MoENV

Coordinator
Ivaldo Frota

MoENE

Assessor
Emanuel T. de Lueirox

MoENE

Coordinator
Luis A.S. Villalba

MoPCC

Deputy Minister
João Salles

CPRM

Director
Nelson da Franca Ribeiro dos Anjos

OAS

Coordinator

MoENV
: Ministry of Environment
MoENE
: Ministry of Energy
MoPCC
: Ministry of Public Construction and Communications
PBR
: Petróleo Brasileiros S.A. (Petrobras)
CPRM
: Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (Geological Survey)
IPT
: Institutos de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, São Paulo
OAS
: Organisation of American States

3. PARAGUAY,
ASUNCIÓN

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Fabio Lucantonio
MoENE

Head of Department
Pablo Flugfelder
MoPCC

Director
Rafael Franco
MoPCC

Geologist
Daniel H. Garcia Segredo
-

Consultant
Wilson Rojas
-

Interpreter

MoENE
: Ministry of Energy
MoPCC
: Ministry of Public Construction and Communications

4. URUGUAY,
MONTEVIDEO

NAME ORGANISATION
POSITION
Luis E. Loureiro

MoTPC

Director
Carlos A. Arcelus

MoTPC

Director
Enrique M. Segui

UGS

Agroengineer
Luis Silveira

UOR

Professor, Agriculture
Pablo Decoud

AOSE

Director
Lourdes Rocha
-

Consultant
Jorge M. Xavier
-

Consultant
Roberto E. Kirchheim

OAS

Consultant

MoTPC
: Ministry of Transportation and Public Construction
UGS
: Uruguayan Geological Survey
UOR
: University of the Republic
AOSE
: Administratión de las Obras Sanitarias, Montevideo
OAS
: Organisation of American States

Petroleum Geology Investigators/Lars Tallbacka
10th July, 2001

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