Baseline Survey Report
Status of Groundwater and Drought Management in SADC
February 2009













SADC Groundwater and Drought Management Project
Plot 115, Unit 7b, Kgale Mews
Private Bag 282,
Gaborone, Botswana
E-mail: mail@sadc-groundwater.org
Website: www.sadc-groundwater.org

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Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Respondents ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Major findings ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Groundwater Policy .......................................................................................................................... 2
Groundwater Knowledge Management ........................................................................................ 4
Groundwater Awareness ................................................................................................................. 4
Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems .......................................................................................... 5
Gender ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Capacity Building .............................................................................................................................. 5
Use of Survey Findings ....................................................................................................................... 5
Annexes
ANNEX I ­ Survey Questionnaire
ANNEX II ­ Survey Target Population
ANNEX III ­ Respondents
ANNEX IV ­ Summary of Responses


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Introduction
The SADC Groundwater and Drought Management Project's long-term impact is "The
development of consensus on a SADC regional strategic approach to support and enhance
the capacity of its Member States in the definition of drought management policies,
specifically in relation to the role, availability and supply potential of groundwater
resources"; to achieve this it is anticipated that an increased awareness and understanding
of groundwater and groundwater drought management in the SADC Member States must be
realized. This is anticipated to contribute to the incorporation of groundwater principles into
policy development and decision making throughout the SADC region.
The Project's Monitoring and Evaluation Plan identified that a key Project Development
Objective (PDO) Indicator was to measure the changes in awareness by quantifying the
number of key technical officers and policy decision makers in SADC Member States that
have improved awareness of groundwater and drought management and its importance to
the region.
To create the ability to measure the PDO a Survey on the status of Groundwater and
Drought Management in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Member
States was conducted between September 2008 and January 2009 by the SADC
Groundwater and Drought Management Project to establish an information baseline on the
groundwater condition within the region.
The Baseline Survey was conducted using a targeted questionnaire that sought to obtain
comprehensive information about the groundwater condition in al the SADC Member States.
In addition the collected information could be used to gain a greater insight in the best
mechanism to raise awareness with policy makers and facilitate realization of the project
objective.
The GDMP is part of the SADC Groundwater Management Programme (GMP), whose
overall goal is to promote the sustainable development of groundwater resources at a
regional level, incorporating research, assessment, exploitation and protection, particularly
related to groundwater drought management.
The GDMP contributes to the implementation of the SADC Regional Strategic Action Plan
(RSAP) on Integrated Water Resources Development and Management which has a
Groundwater Management Programme as one of its key components on the planning and
management of regional water resources. In addition the results of the Survey maybe used
by others to further develop regional groundwater projects and provide guidance in the
development of the RSAP III.
Methodology
The Project Management Unit (PMU) in recognition of the Project's monitoring framework
created a survey team to develop a questionnaire to set a baseline from which to measure
the awareness impacts of the project. The team was composed of Philip Beetlestone-
SADC GDMP Project Manager, Barbara Lopi ­ SADC GDMP Communications and Events
Associate and Dr. Richard Owen - Independent Consultant.
The questionnaire developed was intended for key technical officers and policy decision
makers in the government ministries in SADC Member States. It was envisaged that
departmental directors and deputy directors in government departments that manage,
protect, control, develop or distribute water and / or groundwater wil complete the
questionnaire. Thus, the questionnaires were specifically addressed to the Ministry
responsible for Water and one or two other ministries that are involved with groundwater
management. Annex I contains the introductory letter and the survey.
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The team also was tasked with identifying several government ministries and/or departments
in each Member State that were involved in the regulating of groundwater (Departments of
water affairs..) or were directly related to groundwater protection or groundwater use
(environment, agriculture...). Annex II lists the identified entities targeted for the survey.
Once finalized the GDMP sent the questionnaires to identified parties in September 2008.
The deadline for submitting the answered questionnaires was set at two weeks from the time
the questionnaire was received. Copies of the questionnaires were also sent to the GDMP
Project Steering Committee (PSC) members to facilitate feedback. Each questionnaire was
also sent out with a cover letter from the SADC Water Division explaining the importance of
the exercise. The returned responses of each questionnaire were tabulated and reviewed by
the survey team; based on their review the team qualitatively assessed the responses.
Respondents
The Survey was distributed in September 2008 and the letter of request stated that
responses would be gratefully received 2 weeks from receipt of the survey. In all cases the
surveys were not received during the 2 week period. As a result several follow-ups and
reminders were sent to Member States via email and telephonically during the months of
October, November and December 2008 as only three countries submitted within the
deadline. By the end of December 2008, 10 Member States had responded. At the time of
consolidating this report in early February 2009, 12 of the 15 Member States had answered
the questionnaire. (Three Member States, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar
and Seychelles did not submit answered questionnaires). The actual respondents to the
survey are listed in Annex III and the compiled results are tabulated in Annex IV.
A total of 12 of the 15 Member States answered the questionnaire, mostly through their
Departments of Water Affairs. Respondents included Directors or Deputies of Water Affairs,
Chief Hydrogeologists or Senior Water Technical staff within the Ministry responsible for
Water. None of the respondents were female, an indication of the gender imbalance in the
water resources management sector.
Only one Member State, Swaziland, submitted more than one answered questionnaire: one,
answered by the Department of Water Affairs, and another, by the Swaziland Environmental
Authority. In South Africa, the Directorate of Environment and Tourism responded that the
Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry was the appropriate respondent to the questionnaire.
Despite several follow-ups non-water ministries in Member States did not respond to the
survey. In almost all the cases the surveys were referred to the ministry responsible for
water in the country.
Major findings
The major Baseline Survey findings in this report focus on the following issues:
Groundwater policy
Groundwater knowledge management
Groundwater awareness
Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems
Gender
Capacity Building
Groundwater Policy
1. There are many different government departments and other groups such as the
parastatals and non-governmental organizations involved in groundwater
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development, use, maintenance and management and this state of affair posed
chal enges in the overall management of groundwater.
2. While there appears to be awareness on the importance of groundwater at the
technical level within the ministries responsible for water in the SADC Member
States, water management practices give little attention to groundwater management
issues. There appears to be a great need for awareness targeting policy and decision
makers within ministries responsible for water, parliamentarians, as well as domestic
and large scale users of groundwater on key groundwater issues. The following were
identified as key groundwater issues to focus awareness activities on:
a. The role of groundwater in livelihood improvement;
b. Sustainable groundwater management and development;
c. Domestic usage of groundwater;
d. Groundwater protection against depletion and quality deterioration;
e. Groundwater quality;
f. Groundwater monitoring;
g. Integrated groundwater management; and
h. Groundwater vulnerability.
3. The SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses and the Regional Water Strategy
recognize groundwater as an integral part of the Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM), but incorporating groundwater principles into the IWRM is
challenging for many countries in the region due to various constraints including
inadequate capacity and knowledge of groundwater's potential towards economic
development. The survey indicated that all member states adhered to the principles
laid out in the documents. However based on SADC's Workshop of Groundwater and
IWRM initiative it revealed that ere is need for short courses on groundwater
management within IWRM.
4. A majority of the Member States, 9 out of 12, indicated that they practiced a holistic
IWRM but groundwater principles are not adequately integrated in their water
resources management programmes due to various chal enges. For instance, the
legal framework governing groundwater is not fully understood and sometimes not
applied correctly. At least 8 Member States responded that they have specific
legislation to protect groundwater quality but most of them are in the early stages of
familiarization and planning on how to benefit from such legislation.
5. There is need to develop a generic strategy for drought mitigation with the specific
role of groundwater identified. Groundwater does not feature in the drought strategies
for many countries. In the drought strategies where groundwater featured it was not
prominent. Only 4 of the 12 countries that answered the questionnaires reported to
have specific drought management strategies within their water department.
6. There is ineffective maintenance, resulting in a large proportion of groundwater water
points remaining inoperative. Many groundwater installations are out of order for
significant periods of time before repairs can be affected, especially in rural areas,
and the user communities bear the burden of this lack of maintenance. Groundwater
managers, policy makers and donors should be made aware of the service provision
efficiency and cost effectiveness of borehole pump and water point maintenance in
comparison to new instal ations. On average, at least 48% of all boreholes in SADC
are not working at any given time, based on the results of this survey.
7. Groundwater management and surface water management need to be integrated. In
most Member States, surface water and groundwater are managed separately not as
interdependent resources.
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Groundwater Knowledge Management
1. Groundwater data collection is absolutely fundamental for any degree of scientifically
viable management of the resource. In many countries, the level of groundwater data
collection is inadequate, resulting in a poor ability to manage the resource effectively.
Where groundwater data is collected information is not often readily useful because
the data is not validated and processed in a way that facilitates groundwater
management and allows data users to readily view a variety of factors associated
with the condition of the groundwater resource.
2. Borehole and groundwater data collection forms should be improved and possibly
standardized across SADC to ensure adequate knowledge of the resource. The
survey indicated that borehole and groundwater data was collected during
drilling/well construction, however based on SADC's workshop of groundwater and
IWRM initiative it revealed that the data was inconsistent and not in a usable format
and technician not trained in data collection.
3. As SADC moves to a more integrated approach towards water resources
management through RBOs an assessment should be carried out into the nature (eg
software, data recorded etc.) of the information management systems used for
groundwater in SADC to facilitate information sharing.
Groundwater Awareness
1. Because of its hidden underground nature, the full potential of groundwater is often
misunderstood and significantly underestimated. There are many opportunities where
groundwater can contribute to development goals without endangering or stressing
the natural environment, hence the need for more awareness activities on different
groundwater management issues.
2. The survey revealed the lack of awareness of both the scale and the nature of
groundwater quality problems in the region. Awareness of these issues needs to be
raised among both the hydrogeological and the lay community.
3. Groundwater awareness needs to be conducted at all levels from community
domestic users of groundwater to large scale users and to policy makers using
suitable types of media for targeted groups.
4. The survey singled out television, radio, brochures, posters and newspapers as the
best media for disseminating information to policy makers while community meetings,
drama, posters and radio were preferred media for awareness activities for rural
communities.
5. Groundwater users need to be made more aware of a wide range of information
pertaining to groundwater at all levels. Al countries have specific groundwater quality
issues or problems which are related to either natural or human made factors.
6. Awareness campaigns are required to ensure that groundwater practioners and
users are aware of the Code of Good Practice for Groundwater Development in the
SADC Region and use it. The SADC Code of Good Practice for Groundwater
Development was adopted in 2002 as a guiding instrument on groundwater
management processes.
a. 7 out of 12 Member States indicated that they used the SADC Groundwater
Code of Good Practice while 3 reported that they did not know much about
the document.

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Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems
1. The identification and the hydrological and economic significance of Groundwater
Dependent Ecosystems (GDE's) in SADC is minimal and needs to be expanded.
Respondents indicated that they did not no much about GDEs, their locations and
their extents and in some instances the questions were not answered.
Gender
None of the 12 respondents to the questionnaire, were female, an indication of the gender
imbalance in the groundwater resources management sector.
1. Awareness campaigns should be raised to attract many more women into the field of
groundwater.
2. The important role of women in groundwater management at water point level needs
to be stressed and supported.
3. There is need to improve awareness of the role of women in groundwater use,
protection and management and increase their authority and status in this regard.
4. There is need to improve opportunities and support for women in all sectors of
groundwater training and management.
Capacity Building
1. The region has inadequate human resources capacity at all levels of groundwater
use and management. In the whole region, only 56% of the total posts allocated for
professionally qualified groundwater personnel and 52% for technically qualified
personnel are fil ed.
2. There is need to establish:
a. training on the use of tools, methods and the data requirements needed for
adequate integrated groundwater management;
b. training courses for data base managers;
c. suitable scholarship funding for groundwater study / training, especially for
women; and,
d. Short courses for in house training on a variety of topics should be developed.
Use of Survey Findings
The findings from the survey will enhance the understanding of critical chal enges towards
groundwater and drought management within the SADC Member States. In addition,
information from the Baseline Survey can also be used for:
measuring the success of the Project activities by addressing indicators in the
Project's Monitoring and Evaluation Plan;
reviewing progress of groundwater-related programmes and assist towards
improving future policies and strategies within Member States and the region as a
whole;
developing analysis to provide in-depth information to guide the future direction and
effective management of groundwater and drought by academicians, researchers,
programme personnel and technical staff in water resource management projects;
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Identifying the best mechanism to raise awareness of groundwater and its
management at the policy maker level; and,
identifying, initiating and supporting further groundwater management programmes
and development initiatives for SADC and throughout the Member States.
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ANNEX I ­ Cover Letter and Survey Questionnaire


Ref: SADC/8/017/1
September 15 2008
Insert Name and Address

Re: SADC RSAP - Groundwater Management Program ­ Baseline Survey
Dear Colleagues,
At this time there are several initiatives across the African continent and more specifically within the SADC states
that are focused on improved management, development and use of the groundwater resources.
At its Kampala meeting1 in October 2006, AMCOW made specific recommendation to improve the management
and protection of groundwater resources within the framework of the Africa Water Vision 2025. Subsequently at
its 6th ordinary session held in Brazzaville, Congo in May 2007, AMCOW proposed the formation of an Africa
Groundwater Commission (AGWC) to carry this vision forward and AGWC was formed at the AMCOW executive
committee meeting held in Nairobi in November 2007. The indicative budget for AGWC is US$ 9 million per year
for the next 5 years.
Within the SADC states, a similar interest in groundwater has also been manifest. The SADC Regional Strategic
Action Plan (RSAP) on Integrated Water Resources Development and Management has as one of its key
components RWR3: Regional Water Resources Planning and Management ­ Groundwater Management
Program in SADC.
It is within the context of these regional and continental thrusts towards improved groundwater management, that
the Groundwater and Drought Management Project (GDMP), as a component of RWR3, has developed this
questionnaire to establish an information baseline on the groundwater condition within SADC. The information
that you provide via the questionnaire will be used in a follow-up questionnaire in order to determine the nature
and extent of changes in the management of the groundwater resources within SADC over the next 3 years.
We most sincerely request your cooperation in helping us to obtain this groundwater baseline data by fil ing in as
completely as possible the attached questionnaire; it is anticipated to take less than 30 minutes to complete. We
fully believe that the data obtained will provide the necessary base for identifying, initiating and supporting further
groundwater management and development initiatives throughout the SADC states.
Your sincerely




Phera Ramoeli
Senior Program Manager - Water
SADC Water Division
SADC Infrastructure & Services
pramoeli@sadc.int


1 African Ministers Council on Water ­ Conference of Africa River and Lake Basin Organizations, Kampala,
Uganda, October 2006.
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Survey Questionnaire
Date: ________________________
Country Name: _____________________________________
Name of your institution / department: _____________________________________________________
Your name and title: _____________________________________________________
Your job title: _____________________________________________________
Your contact details:
Address: _____________________________________________________________
Email: __________________________ tel: ______________________fax: ___________________

Respondents:
This questionnaire is intended for policy decision makers and key technical officers in government
ministries of SADC Member States. It is envisaged that departmental directors and deputy directors in all
government departments that manage, protect, control, develop or distribute water and / or groundwater will
complete this questionnaire. In addition to the water department, the departments that deal with irrigation,
environment, and natural resources management are also expected to have an interest in responding to this
questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed for the following respondents from each SADC Member State:
1. Water department: Director and Deputy Directors (or equivalent) for
a. Groundwater
b. Planning
c. Hydrology
d. Water quality;
2. Environmental department: Deputy Directors
a) Aquatic environment
b) Pollution
3. Rural Development department: Deputy Director for Rural Water Supply

Questionnaire:
This questionnaire seeks to obtain comprehensive information about the groundwater condition in all the
SADC states in order to aid decision making and policy support for the groundwater sector and future
direction of the SADC Groundwater Programme.
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Survey Notes:
1) Where the respondent is asked to "Rank" his/her answer on a scale of 1 to 5, then 1 indicates least importance or
significance and 5 indicates highest significance for that factor / issue.
2) Do not feel obligated to respond to all questions. The more complete the questionnaire the greater assistance you will
provide the SADC Groundwater Programme.


Groundwater Policy Questions
1. Which government department is responsible for formulating groundwater policy?
Name the key department: ___________________________________
2. Does policy formulation include a process of multi-ministerial / multi-sectoral dialogue?
Yes




No
3. Does groundwater feature prominently in the Water Act? Circle one number. (1 indicates least prominent and 5
indicates highest prominent)
1

2

3

4

5

4. Please indicate the date of your National Water Act.


Year: _________________
5. Please indicate the date of the most recent amendment / policy directives that mentions groundwater.
Date: _________________
6. How many different government departments are involved in groundwater development & management? Please
name them. ___________________________________________________________________
7. Do you feel that technical groundwater issues are adequately represented at policy development level?
Yes




No
8. Does the current policy framework provide adequate groundwater services to the user communities?
Yes




No
9. Do the current policies include specific drought management / mitigation strategies?
Yes




No
10. During periods of drought, to what extent is groundwater used to mitigate supply constraints? Circle one number.
(1 indicates least and 5 indicates highest)
1

2

3

4

5

11. During periods of drought, how much reliance does your government place on water demand management as a
means of mitigating water shortages? Circle one number. (1 indicates least and 5 indicates highest)
1

2

3

4

5

12. Does your departmental water policy adhere to the SADC ­ Regional Water Strategy?
Yes




No Do not Know
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13. Does your department follow the SADC Groundwater Code of Good Practice?
Yes




No Do not Know
14. Does your department have copies of these two documents?
Yes




No Do not Know
15. Additional comments:___________________________________________________________________
Groundwater Management / Integrated Water Resources Management
1. Does your department / ministry actively practice holistic management (IWRM) principles with regards to
groundwater development and groundwater use?
Yes




No
2. Does your country manage its surface water and groundwater resources on a catchment management basis?
Yes




No
3. Does your country use any groundwater management tools or guidelines such as GW-Mate or the SADC guidelines
for groundwater management?
Yes




No
3. Are drilling companies required to obtain drilling permits for all boreholes drilled?
Yes




No
4. Are groundwater users required to obtain abstraction licenses for commercial / community / municipal use of
groundwater?
Yes




No
5. For what time period(s) are these licenses issued?
a. 5 years
b. 10 years
c. 20 years

d. More than 20 years
6. What type of data are the users required to submit to the managing authority?
a. None
b. Abstraction
c. Water levels
d. Water quality
e. Other ---please specify: __________________________________________
7. How frequently must such data be submitted?
a. Annually
b. More frequently

c. Less frequently
8. In any catchment management area, is the rate of groundwater abstraction / use specifically considered when
surface water rights are issued and vice versa?
Yes





No
9. Does your department have a specific drought management strategy?
Yes





No
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10. How prominently does groundwater feature in this strategy? Circle one number. (1 indicates least prominent and 5
indicates highest prominent)
1
2

3

4

5

11. Does your department monitor groundwater levels on a regular basis?
Yes





No
12. Additional comments: __________________________________________________________________

Groundwater Quality Issues
1. Are there specific groundwater quality issues / problems in your country?
Yes





No
2. Are groundwater quality problems in your country related to anthropogenic (man-made factors) or are they derived
from the natural environment?
a. Anthropogenic


b. Natural
3. Does your country have specific legislation to protect groundwater quality?
Yes





No
4. Is groundwater quality monitored and groundwater protected?
Yes





No
5. Does your country use specific guidelines for well head protection design and for borehole construction standards?
Yes





No
6. Who monitors these standards? __________________________________________
8. Do any of the large cities in your country suffer from an urban groundwater quality or salinization problem?
Yes





No
9. Does your country map groundwater vulnerability using any of the standard tools and techniques such as eg: the
DRASTIC method?
Yes





No
10. Additional comments:___________________________________________________________________


Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems (GDE's)
1. Are there any known Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems (GDE's) in your country and have they been
hydrogeologically assessed?
Yes





No
2. Are any of these GDE's significant for:
tourism

agriculture

environment / wildlife
water supply
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3. How great is the seasonal variability of these GDE's? Circle one number. (1 indicates least and 5 indicates highest)
1
2

3

4

5

4. Do these GDE's continue to function during periods of drought?
Yes





No
5. Are any of the GDE's monitored and protected?
Yes




No
6. What is the nature of their interaction with surface water bodies or streams?
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Additional comments: ____________________________________________________________________

Awareness of Groundwater Issues
1. How many times in the past two years has the groundwater technical presentation been made to/by your
department? Circle one option.
a. 0
b. 1

c. 2

d. 3

e. 4

f. 5
2. Has your department or any other government departments or any other organization produced/disseminated
awareness materials on groundwater (quality and quantity) in your country such as?
a. Posters

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
b. Brochures

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
c. Flyers

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
d. T shirts

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
e. Newsletters

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
f. Radio programmes
Yes

No
Which Department_________________
g. TV programmes
Yes

No
Which Department_________________
h. Websites

Yes

No
Which Department_________________
i. Other ... please specify ________________________________________________________
3. What is the best way to disseminate information/knowledge on groundwater resources to:
Professional/technical officers; Policy makers; urban communities; and rural communities? Select from the
following methods: (for example ­ Radio for policy makers; communities...)
Policy Makers
Rural Communities
Urban Communities
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a) Radio
h) Radio
o) Radio
b) Posters
i) Posters
p) Posters
c) TV
j) TV
q) TV
d) Brochure
k) Brochure
r) Brochure
e) Community meetings
l) Community meetings
s) Community meetings
f) literature/newspaper articles m) literature/newspaper articles
t) literature/newspaper
g) Other ... please specify
n) Other ... please specify
articles
____________________
____________________
u) Other ... please specify
____________________

4. In your opinion what key groundwater issues should the following groups be more aware off?
a. Policy makers __________________________________________________________________
b. Domestic users of groundwater ____________________________________________________
c. Large scale users of groundwater____________________________________________________
5. Additional comments: ____________________________________________________________________

Funding for Groundwater
1. From the previous water budget what percentage is allocated to:
a. Groundwater ________________
b. Surface water ________________
2. Is donor funding a significant component of groundwater development / management?
Yes




No
If yes, what percentage of the groundwater development / management expenditure is from:?
a. Government funding________________b. Donor funding________________
5. Additional comments. _______________________________________________________________
Groundwater Demand and Major Users of groundwater
1. Rank the importance of groundwater use to the following sectors:
a. Municipal water supplies

1
2
3
4
5
b. Private urban use


1
2
3
4
5
c. Rural water supply


1
2
3
4
5
d. Irrigation



1
2
3
4
5
e. Mining



1
2
3
4
5
f. Industry



1
2
3
4
5
g. Environment


1
2
3
4
5
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2. Identify from the list above those sectors that experience problems with their uses of groundwater.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the types of problems that are experienced from the list below:
over-pumping
declining environmental flows
natural water quality problems
desiccation of wetlands
declining water levels
salinity
pollution and contamination

Other ...please specify ____________________________________________________
4. Additional comments: ___________________________________________________________________

Maintenance of Groundwater Installations
1. Who is responsible for borehole maintenance for rural water supplies?
2. Does national government provide funds for maintenance of rural water supply boreholes?
Yes




No
3. What is the average percentage of rural water boreholes that are operational at any given time? __________
4. What is the average time taken for a rural water point to be repaired? ______________________________
5. If wells are installed outside of the government system (e.g. by NGO's) who is responsible for their maintenance?


a. The NGO

b. The Community

c. Government structures
6. Additional comments. : ___________________________________________________________________

Groundwater Data Collection
1. Is groundwater data collected:


Yes

No
a. At the time of drilling/installation
Yes

No
b. Subsequently



Yes

No
i. monthly
ii. Annually
iii. Other ... please specify.
2. Is there an electronic groundwater information database?
Yes

No
3. Are drilling / surveying companies required to submit drilling data by law? Yes
No
What types of data are collected?
a. Geological log



Yes

No
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b. Geophysical data


Yes

No
c. Static water level


Yes

No
d. Borehole id and geographical location
Yes

No
e. Borehole construction information (depth, diameter, casing etc) Yes

No
f. Water strikes



Yes

No
g. Well yield



Yes

No
h. Water quality (PH, EC, Temperature, etc) Yes

No
4. Does regular groundwater monitoring occur:
a. Quality




Yes

No
b. Static water level


Yes

No
c. Abstraction



Yes

No
5. Additional comments: ___________________________________________________________________
Groundwater Information Management
1. Who is tasked with groundwater information management?
2. Is it managed in a GIS style format?



Yes
No
3. Are groundwater maps/bulletins available?


Yes
No
At what scales? _______________________________________
4. Is groundwater data from the database available free of charge?

Yes
No
Additional comments: _____________________________________________________________________

Staffing in the Groundwater Sector
1. What is the number of posts allocated in your department / ministry for:
a) Professionally qualified groundwater personnel: _______________
b) Technically qualified groundwater personnel: _______________
2. How many are currently in post for:
a) Professionally qualified groundwater personnel: _______________
b) Technically qualified groundwater personnel: _______________
3. Additional comments:___________________________________________________________________

Educational Opportunities in the Groundwater Sector
1. In your country what educational opportunities are available for groundwater professionals:

a) Technical training
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i. Diploma programs in borehole pump technologies
Yes
No
ii. Diploma programs in drilling


Yes
No
iii. Water chemistry




Yes
No
a) Under-graduate degree programs with hydrogeology / geophysics Yes No
b) Dedicated post-graduate degree programs for hydrogeology and/or geophysics Yes
No
2. Are there in-house training opportunities for hydrogeology / geophysics?
Yes
No
3. Additional comments:___________________________________________________________________

END.
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ANNEX II ­ Survey Target Population
Target Population
Ministry of Energy and Water Affairs
Angola
Ministry of Urbanisation and Environment
Democratic Republic
Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Tourism
of Congo

Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Resources
Botswana
Department of Geological Survey

Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism
Lesotho
Ministry of Natural Resources

Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Culture
Madagascar
Ministry of Environment, Water and Forest
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs
Malawi
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development
Ministry of Public Utilities - Head of the Water Resources Unit
Mauritius
Ministry of Environment and National Development Unit
Ministry of Public Works& Housing - National Directorate of Water,
Mozambique
National Director of Environmental Management
Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA)
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
Directorate of Rural Water Development and Planning
Namibia
Deputy Director: Geohydrology
Ministry of Environment & Tourism - Directorate of Environmental Affairs
Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry
South Africa
Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy - Water Affairs Department
Swaziland
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Communication- Director of
Environment
Seychelles
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (M.EN.R)

Tanzania
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Ministry of Energy and Water Development
Zambia
Ministry of Tourism, Environment, Natural Resources
Ministry of Environment and Tourism
Zimbabwe
Ministry of Local Government, Public Works & Urban Development
Ministry of Water Resources & Infrastructural Development
17

---

ANNEX III ­ Respondents

Respondents
Angola
Chefe de Departamento dos Recursos Hídricos (DRH) - Ministry of Energy
and Water Affairs
Botswana
Deputy Director Department of Water Affairs - Ministry of Mines, Energy and
Water Resources
DRC

Lesotho
Senior Engineer, Department of Water Affairs - Ministry of Natural Resources
Madagascar

Malawi
Director of Water Resources - Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development
Mauritius
Water Resources Unit - Ministry of Public Utilities
Mozambique
Director for Water Affairs - Ministry of Public Works& Housing
Namibia
Deputy Director, Geohydrology - Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
Seychelles

South Africa
Director Hydrological Services - Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry
Swaziland
HydroGeologist - Ministry of Natural Resources and Energy
Tanzania
Assistant Director - Ministry of Water and Irrigation
Zambia
Assistant Director (Ground Water) - Ministry of Energy and Water
Development
Zimbabwe
Groundwater Manager - Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA)
18

---

ANNEX IV ­ Summary of Responses
Table 1
Groundwater Policy Questions

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Name of govt dept
National
Dept of Water
Dept of Water
Min of
Water Resources
National
Dept of Water
Dept of Water
Dept of Water
Min of Water
Dept of Water
Dept of Water
responding to the
Directorate of
Af airs (DWA)
Af airs (DWA)
Irrigation &
Unit in the
Directorate for
Af airs and
Af airs and
Af airs (DWA)
and Irrigation,
Af airs (DWA)
Resources
1
survey
Water (DNA)
Water
Ministry of
Water Af air
Forestry
Forestry
Water
Renewable
(DNA)
Geohy-drology
(DWAF)
Resources
Energy and
division
Division
Public Utilities
(DWAF)
Which government
National
Dept of Water
Water
Water
Ministry of Public
National
Dept of Water
Dept Water
Dept of Water
Water
Dept of Water
Dept of Water
department is
Directorate of
Af airs
Commission
Resources
Utilities/ Water
Directorate of
Af airs and
Af airs and
Af airs (DWAF)
Resources
Af airs (DWA)
Resources in
responsible for
Water (DNA)
Resources Unit
Water Af air
Forestry
Forestry
Division. Water
consultation
2
formulating
Geohy-drology
(DWAF)
Policy of 2002
with the
groundwater policy?
division
groundwater
(DWAF)
Dept of ZINWA
Does policy
formulation include a
3
process of multi-
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
ministerial / multi-
sectoral dialogue?
Does groundwater
4
feature prominently in
5
2
3
5
5
3
5
3
5
3
1
4
the Water Act?
Please indicate the
No Date
5
date of your National
Water Act.
available
1967
1978
1969
Not yet prepared
1991
2004
1998
2003
1974
1948
1998
Please indicate the
Process to
date of the most
enact Water
recent amendment /
2008 policy
2007 Water
directive that
Resources Act
6
policy directives that
Jun-02
None
In process
2005


None
in which
N/A
N/A
mentions
Policy
mention
groundwater
groundwater
groundwater.
will feature is
on going
Which government
National
DWA;
DWA and Dept
Water
Central Water
DNA, Regional
DWAF plus 7
Dept. of Public
Geology Dept,
Water
DWA
Dept of Water
departments are
Directorate of
Geological
of Rural Water
Resources
Authority/Ministry
Water
other ministries Works, Dept of
DWAF, Rural
Resources
Resources in
involved in
Water
survey; district
Supply
Dept
of Public
Administration
and paras-
Local Govt;
Water Supply
Division
consultation
7
groundwater
councils & the
Utilities/Water
Authorities
tatals
Dept. of
Branch
with the
development &
WUC
Resources Unit
Agriculture ­
Groundwater
management?
Dept of ZINWA
Do you feel that
technical groundwater
8
issues are adequately
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Partly
represented at policy
development level?
19

---

Does the current
policy framework
9
provide adequate
groundwater services
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
to the user
communities?
Do the current
policies include
10
specific drought
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
management /
mitigation strategies?
During periods of
drought, to what
11
extent is groundwater
1
5
1
5
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
used to mitigate
supply constraints?
During periods of
drought, how much
reliance does your
government place on
12
water demand
2
4
2
5
3
3
2
4
5
3
4
5
management as a
means of mitigating
water shortages?
Does your
departmental water
13
policy adhere to the
Yes
Don't know
Don't know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Do not know
SADC ­ Regional
Water Strategy?
Does your
department follow the
14
SADC Groundwater
Yes
Don't know
No
Yes
Do not know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Do not know
Code of Good
Practice?
Does your
15
department have
Yes
Don't know
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
copies of these two
documents?
Additional comments:
Namibia ­ The Code of Good practice is largely followed
RSA ­ The groundwater issues are also addressed in the national water resources strategy.
Swaziland ­ Groundwater unit currently under Geology is being merged with Rural Water Supply Branch and is from 2009 they will operate under the newly formed Water Af airs Dept.
Tanzania ­ You may please send copies of the Code of Good Practice, GW-Mate and SADC guidelines for groundwater management to our division in electronic form.
Zambia ­ There is a Draft Bill in place awaiting enactment.
Zimbabwe ­ No information with regards to nos. 13 and 14 has been submitted to us hence the response.

20

---

Table 2
Groundwater Management/Integrated Water Resources Management

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Does your department / ministry
actively practice holistic
management (IWRM) principles
1
with regards to groundwater
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Partly
development and groundwater
use?
Does your country manage its
surface water and groundwater
Yes ­ At
2
resources on a catchment
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes ­ surface
water only
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Basin Water
Yes
Yes
management basis?
Level
Does your country use any
groundwater management tools
Yes but not
3
or guidelines such as GW-Mate
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (Own)
No
or the SADC guidelines for
GW-Mate
groundwater management?
Are drilling companies required to
No ­ In the
4
obtain drilling permits for all
process of
boreholes drilled?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
developing
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
policy
Are groundwater users required
Yes those
to obtain abstraction licenses for
Yes (in the
using water
5
commercial / community /
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
form of water
No
for
municipal use of groundwater?
right)
commercial
purposes
For what time period(s) are these
No period.
licenses issued?
However, new
Industrial 1 yr,
5yrs, 20yrs,
legislation will
6
5yrs
More than
5yrs
10yrs
agriculture 3

5yrs
More than 20
5 yrs
set period limit
N/A
Varied
20yrs
yrs
yrs
of 5 yrs. Then
subject to
review.
What type of data are the users
Water levels &
Borehole
Abstraction &
Abstraction,
Monthly


Abstraction
Abstraction
Abstraction
Abstraction
Abstraction
required to submit to the
water quality
depth; Rest
Water levels
Water levels &
abstraction
Water levels &
water levels,
Water levels &
water levels,
Water levels &
managing authority?
water level;
Water quality
returns on
Water quality
water quality,
water quality
water quality
water quality,
7
Tested yield;
daily volume
Drilling log
other ­
Proposed
abstracted -
geology,
usage
chemical
coordinates,
purpose
How frequently must such data
More
Less
Less
Less
More

Quarterly
Annually
More
More
Annually,
Annually or for
8
be submitted?
frequently
frequently
frequently
frequently
frequently
frequently
frequently
More
a specified
monthly
frequently
period
21

---

In any catchment management
area, is the rate of groundwater
9
abstraction / use specifically

No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
considered when surface water
rights are issued and vice versa?
Does your department have a
10 specific drought management
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
strategy?
How prominently does
11 groundwater feature in this

1
N/A
3
3

N/A
4
1

N/A

strategy?
Does your department monitor
Yes in few
12 groundwater levels on a regular
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
basis?
places
No
Yes
Additional comments
Botswana ­ Abstraction licences are issued by an independent Water appointment board (WAB); Data submission is only done once, at the time of applying, unless there is a change of ownership; Period of issue is indefinite unless otherwise stated.
Malawi ­ We are currently working on the establishment of ground water monitoring network in the country.
Namibia ­ We are at the initial stages of IWRM
RSA ­ The water use licenses are being reviewed after every five years.
Swaziland ­ Encourage submission of borehole data.
Tanzania ­Groundwater development, utilization and management is to receive prominence in the new Water Resources Act to be enacted soon.
Zambia ­ Major challenges include human, financial and material resources unavailability.
22

---

Table 3
Groundwater Quality Issues

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Are there specific
1
groundwater quality issues /
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
problems in your country?
Are groundwater quality
Natural
Anthropogenic
Natural
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic
Natural
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic
Both but
problems in your country
& natural
& Natural
& Natural
& Natural
& Natural
& Natural
mostly natural
2
related to anthropogenic
(man-made factors) or are
they derived from the natural
environment?
Does your country have
3
specific legislation to protect
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
groundwater quality?
Is groundwater quality
4
monitored and groundwater
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes, on a
protected?
limited scale
Yes
Yes
Yes ­ in a few
selected areas
Yes
Yes
Does your country use
specific guidelines for well
5
head protection design and
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
for borehole construction
standards?
Who monitors these
Using
DWA
N/A
Water Quality
Water

DWAF ­
Borehole
National
Basin Water
DWA
Dept of water
standards?
piezométros
services
Resources
Geohdrology
Water
Water
Of ices and the
Resources
6
and testing of
Division
Unit/Central
division for
Association;
Authority
Water
and the
water quality
Water
groundwater
DWAF &
through the
Resources
Groundwater
Authority
Regional
DWA
Division
Dept of
Of ices
ZINWA
Do any of the large cities in
7
your country suf er from an
urban groundwater quality or
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
salinization problem?
Does your country map
groundwater vulnerability
8
using any of the standard

Yes
No
No
No

No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
tools and techniques such as
eg: the DRASTIC method?
Additional comments
Botswana­ In 1996 the Department of Geological survey produced the National Groundwater
Malawi ­ The monitoring of groundwater is on ad hoc basis. However ef orts are now being made to establish the quality of most drilled groundwater points.
RSA ­ Item # 8: Smaller town and some rural villages however do have groundwater quality problems due to high nitrate concentration
Tanzania ­ Groundwater potential maps are not yet to be prepared for 8 to 9 Basins due to limited groundwater monitoring network and financing. Water quality problems include salinity in the hard rocks areas, fluoride in basement and volcanic rocks and
pollution in major cities, towns, mining areas and industries.
Zambia ­ Process of groundwater mapping in progress.
23

---

Table 4
Awareness of Groundwater Issues

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
How many times in the
past two years has the
groundwater technical
1
presentation been
2
5
3
1
1

5
5
3
5
2
2
made to/by your
department?
Has your department or
Posters by
Poster by
Brochures
None
Posters,
Posters;
Poster, flyer,
Posters,
Posters;
Posters &
Posters by
Flyers, T shirts,
any other government
UNICEF
DWA/WUC, &
Brochures,
Brochures; T-
T-shirts Radio
Brochures
Brochures,
Brochures
Gres/SWA;
Newslet ers by
departments or any
rpts by central
Flyers &
shirts;
& Tv
,Flyers, T
Flyers; T shirts;
Radio & TV by
Brochure by
ZINWA
other organization
statistics and
websites
Newslet ers by
programwebsi
shirts,
& Newslet ers
water
DWA
2
produced/disseminated
dept of
DNA
te (all by
Newslet ers,
by DWA,
Resources
awareness materials on
environmental
DWAF)
Radio TV,
Geology
Division
groundwater (quality
af airs
websites by
and quantity) in your
DWAF
country such as?
What is the best way to
Posters and
Brochures for
Brochures for
Brochure for
Posters &
Radio, TV, &

Radio &
Radio, TV &
Radio, posters,
Radio,
Radio, TV,
disseminate
Community
policy makers;
policy makers;
Policy
literature/newsp
Literature/newsp
Community
literature/newsp
TV, Brochure,
Brochure &
Brochure for
information/knowledge
meetings for
radio for rural
Radio, Posters
Makers;
aper articles for
aper article for
meetings for
aper articles for
literature/newsp
literature/new
Policy Makers.
on groundwater
rural
communities
and community
Radio for
Policy Makers;
Policy Makers;
Policy Makers;
Policy Makers.
aper articles for
spaper for
Radio, Posters,
resources to:
communities
and TV for
meetings for
Rural
Radio, Posters,
Radio, posters,
Posters &
Radio, TV &
Policy Makers.
Policy
Community
Professional/technical
Radio,
urban
rural
Communities
TV, Brochure &
Community
Community
Community
Radio,&
Makers.
meetings, plays
of icers; Policy makers;
Posters, TV,
communities
communities:
& Radio, TV & Literature/news
meetings for
meetings for
meetings for
Community
Radio,
and cinema for
urban communities; and
Brochure &
Posters,TV,
Brochure for
paper articles
Rural
Rural
Rural
meetings for
Posters &
Rural
rural communities?
newspapers
Brochures &
Urban
for rural
Communities;
Communities;
Communities.
Rural
Community
communities.
3
for urban
literature/newsp
communities
Communities;
Radio, posters,
Radio &
Radio, Posters,
Communities.
meetings for
Radio, Posters,
communities
apers articles
Radio, Posters,
TV, Brochure,
literature/newsp
TV &
Radio, posters
Rural
TV,
for urban
TV Brochure
Literature/newsp
aper articles for
literature/newsp
TV, Brochure &
Communities.
literature/newsp
communities
Literature/news
apers for Urban
Urban
aper articles for
literature/newsp
Radio,
aper article for
paper articles
Communities.
Communities
Urban
aper articles for
Posters &
Urban
for Urban
Communities.
Urban
Community
Communities.
Communities
Communities.
meetings for
Urban
Communities.
In your opinion what

Protection








key groundwater issues
against
should the following
depletion and
groups be more aware
quality
of ?
deterioration,

water
4
-Policy makers
Domestic
Proper
Catchment
Sustainable
Integrated
Groundwater is
Policies,
Pollution
Groundwater
conservation,

usage of
groundwater
and
groundwater
Groundwater
a dependable &
Strategies and
control,
resources are a
demand
groundwater
development
groundwater
management
Management
reliable source
Legislation.
exploitation &
finite resource
management,
protection
and
and integrated
yet finite and
location of
and thus need
environmental
development
governance.
must be
aquifers.
regulating.
degradation,
protected from
groundwater
contamination.
24

---

-domestic users of

mining and
Over-
Ground water
Pollution
Quality
Groundwater is
Water sources
Monitoring of
Groundwater
groundwater
environmental
abstraction and
Quality and
ef icient use
management
a dependable &
protection,
levels and
quality
impacts
contamination
Protection,
of
and protection
reliable source
water permits,
quality.
Resource
groundwater,
yet finite and
water quality,
management
groundwater
must be
and catchment
awareness
protected from
conservation.
campaigns
contamination.
-large scale users of



Groundwater
Sustainability
Pollution
Water sources
Over
Groundwater
groundwater
level
and resource
awareness,
protection,
exploitation,
quantity, quality
monitoring,
management.
protection from
water permits
Recharge,
and permitting
groundwater
contamination.
and catchment
monitoring of
vulnerability,
conservation.
levels and
ef icient use
production
demand
output,
management
quality.
Additional comments
RSA ­ Groundwater is part of hydrological cycle and cannot be managed in isolation and it is renewable.

25

---

Table 5
Groundwater Dependant Ecosystems (GDEs)

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Are there any known
Groundwater
Dependant
Yes - Partly,
Ecosystems (GDE's)
1
on a small
in your country and
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
and initial
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
have they been
stage
hydrogeologically
assessed?
Are any of these

Agriculture;
Environment/Wi
Tourism;
Environment
Environment/Wild

Environment/Wi
Environment/wil
Tourism,
Tourism,

GDE's significant for
environment/wil
ldlife
agriculture;
life
ldlife ; water
dlife; Water
environment/wil
Agriculture,
2
dlife
environment/
supply
supply
dlife
Environment/
wildlife; water
Wildlife,
supply
Water Supply
How great is the
Not sure, Too
3 seasonal variability of
2
4
Not assessed
2
3
3
lit le work
3
3
3
3

these GDE's?
done
Do these GDE's
continue to function
Not sure, Too
4 during periods of

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
lit le work
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

drought?
done
Are any of the GDE's
5 monitored and
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

protected?
What is the nature of

The sand river
Wetlands
They are


Not sure
Provide base
Majority of
Groundwater ­


their interaction with
aquifers are
discharge into
dependable
flow in outlet
these are
surface water
surface water bodies
recharged
rivers and
as
zones
independent or
interaction; fed
or streams?
during river flow
streams during
groundwater
at the beginning by groundwater
drought
and surfaces
of streams
especially
6
water
during dry
interchange
season.
within their
formation
cycle
Additional comments:
Malawi ­ As of now the GDE"S are not monitored but we are in a process of starting to establish the monitoring system as funding has just been given for the first time.
RSA ­ The department has commissioned a project on the groundwater ecosystem dependent and it is being implemented in phases.
Tanzania ­ Some are RAMSAR sites eg. Malagarasi and Kilombero swamps.
Zambia ­ GDEs: Common at d-ground water discharge zones, i.e. Springs.
26

---

Table 6
Funding for Groundwater

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
From the previous












water budget what
GW 4% SW
percentage is
4% Water
1
allocated to
Resources 4%
Groundwater


11%
11%
34%
32%

10%
28%
0.20%
40%

Surface water

89%
12%
66%
68%

8%
72%
1.80%
60%

Is donor funding a
significant component
of groundwater
2
development /
Yes
No

Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
management?
If yes, what
percentage of the
groundwater
development /












3
management
expenditure is from?
Govt
70%


70%


70%
75%

50%
50%

donor
30%


30%


30%
25%

50%
50%


27

---

Table 7
Groundwater Demand and Major Users of Groundwater

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Rank the importance of












groundwater use to:
-Municipal water supplies
2
2
4
4
4
4
5
3
1
4
5
2
-Private urban use
1
2
3
3

3
4
3
1
3
4
4
-rural water supply
5
5
5
5

5
5
1
5
5
5
4
1
-irrigation

3
1
2
2
2
4
2
1
2
4
3
-mining

5
1
1

2
4
3
1
4
3
2
-Industry
3
2
1
2
4
2
4
5
2
3
4
3
-Environment

4
1
5
3

3
4
2
2
3

Identify from the list above
Rural water
Rural water
Municipal
Municipal
Municipal
Rural Water
Rural water
Rural water
Irrigation
Private urban
Industry,
Irrigation,
those sectors that
supply
supply
Water supply
water supplies,
Industry
Supply
supply &
supply
use, Irrigation
Municipal
Industry
2
experience problems with
Private urban
Municipal
(sustainability)
& Mining
water supply.
their uses of groundwater
use & Irrigation
Water supply
Identify the types of












problems that are
experienced from the list
below:
-Declining water levels
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes





Yes
Yes
-Over pumping

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

-Natural water quality

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


3
-Pollution

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes


-Contamination

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes

-salinity

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Yes
Yes


- desiccation of wetlands




Yes


Yes
Yes
Yes


- declining environmental



Yes


Yes
Yes

Yes


flows,
Additional Comments:
Botswana ­ municipalities with the exception of Jwaneng and sowa town, are supplied by the water utilities corporation from dams in the eastern part of the country.
RSA ­ There is a perception that groundwater use is meant for poor rural communities and this is at ributed by poor management. This perception needs to be addressed by ensuring that there are groundwater management plans.
Tanzania ­ Drilling costs very high, prohibiting groundwater development. Private drilling companies still poor in equipment and quality personnel.
Zambia ­ Intrusion into aquifers (of excreta latchets from unplanned set lement in peri-urban areas).
28

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Table 8
Maintenance of Groundwater installations

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Who is responsible for
Groups of
District
Dept of Rural
Govt and
Central Water
Local
Geohydrology
Local
Government
Users and
Government
Rural District
borehole maintenance
Rural Water
councils under
Water Supply
Users
Authority
Communities
division
Municipalities
User entities
facilitates
councils
1
for rural water
&Sanitation
the ministry of
supplies?
NGOs
local
government.
Does national
government provide
funds for maintenance
2
of rural water supply
Yes
Yes
yes
No


Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
boreholes?
What is the average
percentage of rural
3
water boreholes that
20%
100%

53%


85%
75%
50%
50%
80%
60%
are operational at any
given time?
If wells are installed
The
Govt structures
Govt structures
The

The Community
Government
The NGO
Government
The community
The
The community
outside of the
Community
Community
structures ­
structures
Community
government system
NGOs
4
(e.g. by NGO's) who
is responsible for their
maintenance?

29

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Table 9
Groundwater Data Collection

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Is groundwater data collected
1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes

2
At the time of
drilling/installation
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes (ZINWA)
3
Subsequently
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes



Yes

Monthly/annually / other
Semi annual monthly


Monthly,

Daily (loggers), Monthly,

Monthly;


fortnightly,
monthly
annually, Data
monitoring
4
quarterly
loggers, hourly
wells. Or when
problem occur
with the source
Is there an electronic
5
groundwater information
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
database
Are drilling / surveying
6
companies required to submit
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
No
Yes
Yes

No but through
drilling data by law?
the client
What types of data are
collected












-Geological log
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Geophysical
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes


Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Static water level
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Borehole id and
7
geographical location



Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Borehole construction
information
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
- Water strikes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Well yield
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Water quality (PH, EC,
Temp, etc)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Does regular groundwater
monitoring occur:












8
- Quality
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
No
- Static water level
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
No
-Abstraction
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes

Yes
No
Additional comments
Angola - The collection of data on groundwater in Angola is only made in places of high consumption (eg in the city of Lubango)
Malawi ­ Ground water monitoring is to start now.
RSA ­ Most of the data collected reaches the National data base after three months
Swaziland ­ Increase frequency of data capture
Tanzania ­ Monitoring is made regularly where groundwater network is installed at specific areas/well fields with substantial withdrawal of groundwater.
Zambia ­ electronic data base being constructed.

30

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Table 10
Groundwater Information Management

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Who is tasked with
DNA and the
DWA for govt
DWA
Water
Water

Geohydrology
DWAF and
DWA
Division of Water
DWA
ZINWA
groundwater
Geological
boreholes;
Resources
Resources
division of
District Muni.
Resources,
1
information
Institute of
geological
Board and
Unit
DWA
Rural/Community,
management?
Angola
survey for
Ground water
Basin Water
private ones
division
Of ices and Urban
Water Utilities
Is it managed in a
2
GIS style format?
No
No
Yes
Yes
No

Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Partly
Are groundwater
maps/bulletins
3
available?
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes in 1 basin
Yes
No
At what scales?
1:1milion
1:1million

1: 250,000
1:1million 1: 25
1:1million

1:500 000
1:250 000
1: 1,300,000
1:250 000

4
000; 1:50 000
series
Is groundwater data
from the database
5
available free of
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
charge?
Additional comments
Angola - The data management of groundwater, is still incipient in absence of appropriate legislation or by lack of regulation
Botswana ­ a ministerial national Integrated Geographic Information system (NIGIS) is under construction. There are plans to start selling data to users as a cost recovery measure.
RSA ­ Data Management is still a problem.
Tanzania ­ data base needs to be improved.
Zambia ­ Payment to be determined in the new bill.

31

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Table 11
Staffing in the Groundwater Sector

Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
RSA
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
What is the number of












posts allocated in your
department / ministry
for:
1
-Professionally qualified
groundwater personnel
2
15
7
24
11

12
30
2
40
10
14
- Technically qualified
groundwater personnel
8
31
6
32


7
30
5
100
9
28
How many are currently
in post for












-Professionally qualified
groundwater personnel
2
15
4
12
8

8
10
0
25
10
2
2
- Technically qualified
groundwater personnel
8
31
4
2


4
12
3
60
9
0
Additional comments
Botswana ­ the groundwater division has technical support staf comprising 13 technical assistants, 20 plant operators, 6 welders and 36 drivers.
Malawi ­ Currently the Ground water division is under staf ed
Mozambique ­ Of icially there is no defined number of professional staf on ground water.
RSA ­ DWAF also extensively uses trained Auxiliary Of icers to support professional and technicians. The department also works in close cooperation with Council for Geosciences, WRC, University of Free State, University of Western Cape and CSIR in
groundwater research projects.
Swaziland ­ Funding for training professional staf is critical.
Tanzania ­ Additional personnel through training and recruitment are needed.
Zambia ­ Need to expand on staf ing levels.
Zimbabwe ­ There is a high staf turnover due to the economic hardships which the country is going through. Staf is leaving the country.


32

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