Project Proposals on Sustainable Use of Living Resources
ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF
DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
PROJECT NUMBER: RES -1
PROJECT TITLE: Assessment and Mitigation of the Ecological and Socio-economic Impacts of
Destructive Fishing Practices in sub-Saharan Africa
REQUESTING COUNTRIES: Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa.
REQUESTING NATIONAL ORGANIZATION:
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI),
Ministry of Fisheries - Mozambique,
National Environment Agency (NEA) -Nigerian Institute for Oceanography
and Marine Research - Nigeria,
Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ghana,
Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism-South Africa (DEAT)
South Africa.
EXECUTING AGENCIES: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and Fisheries Department
Kenya, Kenya Wildlife Services,
Institute for Development of Small Scale Fisheries (Ministry of Fisheries) -
Mozambique,
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research Nigeria, Federal
Department of Fisheries Nigeria, Nigerian Navy,
Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism - South Africa,
Department of Fisheries Ghana.
POSSIBLE PARTNERS: Kenya: Ministry of Environment, National Environmental Management
Authority, National Museums of Kenya.
Mozambique: Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs, and
Edwardo Mondlane University.
Nigeria: the Federal Ministry of Environment, and Federal Ministry of
Agriculture.
Ghana: Marine Fisheries Research Division, Universities and Research
Institutions, National Canoe Fishermen Association, Commercial Fishing
Companies, Ghana Navy.
REQUIRED NATIONAL PARTNERS: Fisheries Department of Kenya, Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources - Kenya, Kenya Wildlife Services;
National Institute for Fisheries research, National Directorate of Fisheries
Administration - Mozambique;
Fisheries Commission of Ghana, Department of Fisheries, Ghana, Marine Fisheries
Research Division, Ghana;
Local CBOs and NGOs, Fishing Companies, and the local communities in all
participating countries.
KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, Eastern Cape Nature Conservation, Western Cape Nature
Conservation, Northern Cape Nature Conservation, South Africa
PRIORITY ISSUE ADDRESSED: GIWA Issue 14 & 15 Over-exploitation of fisheries and other living
resources, and Destructive Fishing Practices
REGIONAL SCOPE: Countries from Eastern Africa (i.e. Kenya and Mozambique), and from West Africa
(i.e. Ghana, Nigeria), and South Africa. Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau and the Republic
of Guinea could also benefit.
PROJECT LOCATION: The project will cover the following areas:
Malindi Bay, Ungwana Bay, Gazi Bay, Diani Reefs, Wasini channel and Vanga creek
of Kenya;
Coastal settlements especially Quirimbas, Sofala Bank and Maputo Bay all in
Mozambique,
Coastal and estuarine waters (from River Allahein to Cape Point and the adjacent
EEZ), Niger Delta Lagos,
Keta lagoon complex in Ghana
PROJECT DURATION: 6 years
WORKING GROUP OF THE
AFRICAN PROCESS: Sustainable use of living resources
2. SUMMARY
While fishery technology will advance (perhaps in particular the further development of aquaculture) wild
fisheries will never yield more than their long-term sustainable biological yields. There are true limits to growth
in the volumes of fish (at least the major known resources) for food and economic growth, but what is also true
is that our understanding of these limits, and how natural variation and environmental intervention (over which
we have no control) affect them, is relatively poor. Knowledge and understanding, even of the ways in which the
vagaries of the environment affect fish stocks, coupled with good management is the key to attaining optimal
yields from these resources, and achieving national food security goals.
The project aims at maximizing sustainable benefits to the local fishing communities, identification of
fishing practices considered to be most destructive, identification and assessment of impacts of listed fishing
practices, environmental education and awareness programmes to promote community participation and
commitment of government institutions to sustainable fisheries management, and establishment of pilot
programmes to improve the productivity and output from artisanal fisheries. The main activities in this
project will include assessments and monitoring, sensitisation programmes, community empowerment, and
initiation of pilot projects to improve productivity and fisheries management capabilities. The expected
results are: improved understanding of the fishery, improved fisheries management capabilities by
government and non-government institutions, sustainable utilisation of fisheries resources, improved living
standards of the fisher folk and maintenance of ecosystem health. At the sub-regional, regional and global
scales, threats to endangered species such as green turtles, hawksbill turtles, loggerhead turtles, and dugongs
will be minimized. In addition, frequent conflicts arising from transboundary destructive fishing activities
will be curbed, and the FAO code of conduct for responsible fisheries will be fulfilled.
COSTS AND FINANCING (MILLION US $)1
Total costs of the project can only be estimated roughly at this stage and will be worked out in more detail
during Phase 1 of the project, the project development phase. Projected costs and activities for Phase 1 are
shown below.
International & bilateral sources:
US$ (Million)
List required financing by potential source: 10
Subtotal international financing: 10
Co-financing: Governments in cash & kind: 6.4
1 This budget is preliminary and has not undergone a full consultation process with the respective countries.
Therefore, it does not indicate the actual financial commitment that would be provided by participating
countries once the project proposal and its components are finalised.
Subtotal Co-financing: 6.4
Total Project Cost: (Million US $) 16.4
4. GOVERNMENT ENDORSEMENT(S):
The African Process received Government endorsement at the level of Ministers of Environment. In the last
PREPCOM (ministers) meeting in Cape Town in September 2001 this is one of the priority projects in the
thematic group on sustainable use of living resources that received endorsement. The project has further been
prepared in consultation with the officials from the different governments involved. Nationally, this project
will be endorsed by:
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Kenya,
Ministry of Coordination of Environmental Affairs Mozambique,
Ministry of Environment and Science Ghana,
Federal Mistry of Environment Nigeria and
Ministry of Food and Agriculture Ghana,
5. GOVERNMENT FOCAL POINTS:
Director, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
National Director of the Institute for Development of Small Scale Fisheries (Ministry of Fisheries),
Mozambique
Dr. A. Soilarin and Dr. Gbola Akanade - Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
(NIOMR)
Department of Fisheries, Ghana
Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism - South Africa
6. AFRICAN PROCESS WG FOCAL POINT(S):
Country Co-ordinators on the Programme of Interventions of the Partnership Conference of the African
Process:
Kenya:
Mr. Ali Mohammed, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
Mozambique: Dr. Everisto Baquette, MICOA
Tanzania:
Mr. Jeremiah M. Daffa, Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership
Ghana:
Dr. Julius Wellens Mensah, Hydrological Services Department, Ghana
South Africa: Mr. Phakamani Buthelezi, Marine & Coastal Management, Department of Environmental
Affairs & Tourism
Nigeria:
Dr. Larry Awosika, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
Co-ordinator and experts of the Thematic Working Group on the Programme of Interventions of the
Partnership Conference of the African Process
Co-ordinator: Dr. Barry Clark, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, South Africa
Experts: Mr. Jacob Ochiewo, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kenya
Dr. Kwame Koranteng, Marine Fisheries Research Division, Ministry of Food and
Agriculture, Ghana
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
1.
BACKGROUND & JUSTIFICATION:
The coastal and marine environment in Sub-Saharan Africa is a source of food, shelter, transport, energy,
and water for domestic use, and is a sink for human, agricultural and industrial waste. With the human
population growing at rates among the highest in the world, there is increasing competition for fish stocks
that are dwindling and exposed by open access. As a result, destructive fishing practices have increased as
fishermen strive to maximize their catches at the expense of long-term sustainability of fish production and
food security.
Destructive fishing practices have been identified as a most serious issue in a number of countries that
participated in the phase 1 of the African process project. Destructive fishing practices impact severely on
target stocks and are in fact also recognized among the primary causes of modification and loss of
ecosystems. In Tanzania and Mozambique destructive fishing practices are closely linked to degradation of
particular ecosystems such as: coral reefs, mangrove forests and seagrass beds, while in Kenya they are most
frequently associated with overexploitation of fisheries and other living resources. The main destructive
fishing methods that were identified in phase 1 of the African process include the use of mosquito nets (60%
of the total beach seines in Mozambique have mosquito netting), beach seining, use of poison (primarily
traditional plant poison, cyanide and DDT), use of dynamite, artisanal speargun fishing, and other particular
harvesting methods. Dynamite fishing is notably hailed as having caused more damage than any other
fishing practices in fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs.
Destructive fishing practices have been outlawed in East Africa but are still widespread. Attempts by
national fisheries authorities to contain these practices have not been successful partly because the problem is
transboundary in nature often involving fishers from other countries. Transboundary destructive fishing
practices are also a major source of conflicts among artisanal and semi-industrial fishermen in East Africa.
The use of destructive fishing practices in coral reef areas, however, causes widespread degradation and
destruction of coral reefs resulting in reduced productivity. Declines in the productivity and biodiversity of
the coral reefs with the corresponding declining fish catches, have resulted in loss of income to artisanal
fishermen.
In Kenya, it is reported that the annual prawn landings are associated with about 70-80% by-catch in weight,
which includes juveniles of commercial fish species and other marine organisms that include sea turtles and
dugongs. Bottom trawling for peneid prawns adversely impact on productivity and fish diversity, while
excessive by-catch and its disposal is an additional issue of concern. In the whole of the Eastern Africa
Indian Ocean waters, shrimp trawlers have caused widespread disturbance to the seagrass beds. Extinctions
of turtle population and loss of nesting areas has been reported (IUCN-EARO, 1996) e.g. Maziwe Island in
Tanzania. Similarly the Dugong population have suffered serious decline e.g. 50% in Mozambique (Dutton,
1994) and almost 99% in Kenya and Tanzania (WWF, 2001).
Bottom prawn trawling has also raised a lot of concern at national levels in Eastern Africa, due to its impact
on certain ecosystems, notably seagrass beds and prawn fishing grounds. In Nigeria, bottom trawling, use of
explosives and chemicals, and use of wrong mesh sizes have been recognized as major causes of destruction
to the fishing environment.
Fishery indicators of the participating countries
Kenya
Mozam- Nigeria Ghana South TOTAL
bique
Africa
Marine Catch (mt.)
7,000 28,416 250,678 313,725
- 628,219
Export Value (US$,
million)
3.4 100
249
250
-
602.4
Coastline (km)
580
2,700
853
536
-
4,749
Shelf to 200 m (km2) 8,500
68,360
46,300
23,700
- 150,760
Population (millions)
28.7
18
122.5
18
-
188.5
People Dependent on
Fishing (million)
0.15 0.1
1.5
1.8
-
3.58
Per capita fish
consumption (kg)
13 5-7
12.5
-
-
51.5
The use of destructive fishing practices is increasing as fishermen strive to maximize their catches at the
expense of long term sustainability of fish production. The destructive fishing practices may result in
irreversible environmental damage, increased economic hardships to the local fisher communities and
serious health concerns. With the widespread poverty in the coastal areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and
competition for the scarce resources, it is extremely essential to secure funding for this integrated project to
help avert the looming future problems.
2.
OBJECTIVES & EXPECTED RESULTS
This project is aimed at enhancing sustainable utilization of the marine fisheries and the marine and coastal
waters for the benefit of the local population, national economies, and the global community through the
control of destructive fishing practices. The Project also aims at facilitating the development of a proactive
participatory fisheries management regime as a basis for improved management of transboundary and high
value stocks in the East and West Africa Region.
The project objectives are to:
(i) maximize sustainable benefits to the local communities from using the fisheries resources within the
region to generate food, income, and employment; (ii) control and/or eliminate destructive fishing practices
in the region; (iii) promote community participation in and government commitment to fisheries
management; (iv) conserve biodiversity and genetic resources for the benefit of the local, sub-regional and
regional communities, and the global community; (v) harmonize national management programmes in order
to reverse the damage caused by destructive fishing practices in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, and (vi)
establish pilot to improve the productivity and output from artisanal fisheries.
The project will be implemented in two phases of three years each. The first phase (represented by this
proposal) will provide the necessary information to improve the management of threatened fishing grounds
in the coastal and marine environment, establish strategies and/or mechanisms for cooperative management
by the affected countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa, identify and demonstrate practical mitigating measures,
and build capacity for effective fisheries management.
The project will result in the development of policies with greater community participation, and would
ensure long-term availability of fish to the local communities. Other expected results include improved
fisheries management, and better health to the affected coastal communities.
3.
PROJECT COMPONENTS/ACTIVITIES
The following activities will be undertaken in this project:
Component 1: Improvement of fisheries research and information base: This phase of the project is in
essence project development phase during which the nature and extent of the problem (destructive fishing
practices) will be further defined and plans to address this will be formulated. Activities will include a
synthesis of existing relevant information and data on destructive fishing practices in Sub-Saharan Africa,
actual field studies on ecological, social and economic impacts of these fishing practices, identification of
priority areas for interventions, development of database and GIS for use in decision making and the
development of a plan of action for subsequent component activities of the project. Research during phase
will provide information that will assist in understanding the extent of the problem and formulating optimal
strategies for the alleviation of the problem. Research will concentrate on the hot spots and sensitive areas
that had been identified in the phase I of the African process. Capacity building in terms of training,
acquisition of equipment and development of appropriate infrastructure will be crucial for the success of this
component. Each executing agency will identify and provide training and other capacity building needs.
Component 2: Community participation in fisheries management in the framework of co-management. This
will be essential for the elimination of destructive fishing gears. However, appropriate incentives will be
necessary to achieve this. Establishment of community based viable micro-enterprise programmes/micro-
credit schemes will be a crucial means of facilitating alternative means of livelihood. The capacities of Local
CBOs and NGOs will be strengthened so that they get involved in issues related to fisheries management and
lead the community in adopting sustainable fishing practices. Community-Based Fisheries Management
Committees (CBFMCs) will be formed where they do not exist, but where they exist they will be
strengthened and/or empowered. Education and awareness programmes will be established for the coastal
communities, fishers and government institutions. These programmes will be structured in such a way that
they will promote sustainable fishing practices and the need for environmental protection.
Component 3: Strategic management of fisheries. This component will focus on activities such as review and
evaluation of fisheries management practices in the project countries, review of national laws and regulations
on the fishing industry, preparation of standards for harmonizing laws and regulations within the sub-
regions, revision of policies and regulations to conform to the prepared standard, and establishment of pilot
projects that could be replicated in other places. Strategies that have been successful elsewhere will be
examined to determine their suitability for adoption. To successfully implement this component, training,
capacity building, and technical assistance will be essential.
4.
LINKAGES TO OTHER NATIONAL OR REGIONAL ACTIVITIES/ TRANS-BOUNDARY
ASPECTS
Destructive fishing practices are common in the coastal countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa. Such practices
are widespread within the national waters and have been recognized as an issue that needs to be addressed
urgently. In addition, artisanal fishermen do not respect national boundaries, resulting in frequent complaints
of migrant fishermen crossing into neighbouring countries with their destructive fishing gears such as
dynamite, poison, beach seines or pull seines, small mesh size nets, etc. Destructive fishing practices are
therefore a transboundary problem.
Historically, a number of donor-funded development initiatives have been undertaken in the marine and
coastal environment in sub-Saharan Africa. For example the Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and
Development Program in Tanzania, which is funded by the Irish Aid, with technical support from the World
Conservation Union (IUCN). The Program started in 1994 and is an integrated conservation and
development initiative implemented in a number of three-year phases. The overall goal of the Program is:
Sustainable use of coastal resources in Tanga Region for the benefit of present and future generations of
residents, as well as other people and programs in Tanzania and East Africa. In Mozambique, there are a
number of national initiatives aiming at community-based management of fisheries and other natural
resources. Their main features are: local empowerment in regard to planning, management and conflict
resolution, sustainable use of resources, including use of appropriate nets, conservation of breeding areas and
control of fishing periods (seasons). Of particular importance are two projects: one funded by the African
Development Bank for Nampula Province (still in preparation); and the other jointly funded by GEF/World
Bank in Cabo Delgado and Nampula Provinces.
In Kenya, WWF is helping to develop and strengthen the network of marine protected areas. WWF is
assisting the Kenya Wildlife Service to develop the Chale Marine Reserve, an area of exceptional
biodiversity. Further south, WWF has helped establish Mafia Island as Tanzania's first marine park. As at
Chale, one of the priorities is to protect the ecological integrity of the marine ecosystems for the benefit of
local people, who rely on them for their livelihood. Nearby, at Menai Bay in the neighbouring island of
Zanzibar, WWF is identifying priority areas for conserving and managing marine resources in an area that
has been heavily hit by illegal dynamite fishing. In South Africa, WWF is investigating the distribution and
ecology of linefish, helping establish coastal and marine conservation areas, and studying the fish resources
of St Lucia Bay and Tsitsikamma Reef, as well as undertaking a number of projects on marine mammals,
turtles, and shellfish
Outside Sub Saharan Africa, lessons learnt from Coastal Community Empowerment Project (CCEP) in
Philipines will be useful to this project. CCEP is International Marinelife Alliance's (IMA's) initiative that
empowers coastal communities with a long history of dependence on destructive fishing practices to turn a
new leaf and become active defenders of the sea. It was adopted by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) as a component of its five-year Coastal Resources Management
Program in the Philippines. Other initiatives include the ProMOLA in Indonesia whose objectives as stated
in the grant agreement with Packard Foundation are: to identify problems in local level related to marine
resource management; to develop local capacity to conduct investigation and monitoring of illegal and
destructive practices, analyze the results, and effectively utilize them for policy work; to develop a
mechanism for a joint effort of institutions and individuals to monitor marine resource management in
Indonesia; and to promote the integration of marine and coastal resource management into the Community
Based Coastal Resource Management approach through local and national policy advocacy and campaign.
Some of these initiatives have addressed priority environmental and socio-economic concerns, but only in
small areas but not in a holistic or coordinated manner. Lacking coordinated management and the required
capacity for information sharing across the entire region and at sub-regional levels, these smaller projects
have often not realized optimal output, even though they could have succeeded in their own contexts. This
project is an integrated research and management initiative that seeks to obtain a comprehensive
understanding of the impacts of destructive fishing practices, and to establish sustainable management
systems across the region.
This project addresses the concerns of both the Nairobi and Abidjan Conventions. Poverty is pervasive
among the fishing communities in the Sub-Saharan Africa and is a major underlying cause of destructive
fishing practices. Fishermen need to be educated as to the long-term impacts of destructive fishing practices
and require assistance to convert to more sustainable harvesting practices. Management efforts need to be
coordinated and harmonised across the sub-region in order to provide effective and efficient intervention.
Since many projects/programmes have been implemented successfully in some regions, lessons learned from
some of the successful programmes in Sub-Saharan Africa as well as other projects in Philippines and
Indonesia, will be useful to this project.
5.
DEMONSTRATIVE VALUE & REPLICABILITY
Since the problem of destructive fishing practices is widespread, the project has the potential of being
replicated in other countries that are experiencing the same problem.
6.
RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY
No major problems are anticipated in the implementation of the project. Since sustainability requires
stakeholder ownership and continuous provision of funds. The Sub-Saharan Africa countries involved in this
project have researchers and natural resources managers who are currently involved in fisheries research and
management, and who have actively participated in the African process from inception. With active
facilitation by ACOPS, IOC-UNESCO and UNEP, the countries involved prepared the project proposal
themselves, and in the process demonstrated their technical competence, strong sense of collaboration and
ownership, all of which are essential for the implementation of the project.
This project will therefore strengthen and harmonize the ongoing initiatives in the region. The project fits in
the mandates of the various fisheries research and management institutions, and ministries of environment in
the region. The research institutions will help in developing and demonstrating technical options necessary
for linking ecological stability of the fishing environment with economic satisfaction of the coastal fishing
communities. This will be achieved through multidisciplinary and participatory research, and education and
awareness. The research institutions will be charged with the full responsibility of implementing the
research, which is the first phase of the project. The fisheries management authorities will help in
implementing fisheries extension, strengthen and harmonize policies and laws, and enforcement. They will
take full responsibility for implementing the management phase of the project. Full collaboration of the
fisheries authorities/departments at sub-regional level will be fundamental to the achievement of this phase.
Throughout the project, arrangements will be made to involve local communities.
Considering continuity of project implementation in the longer term, there is a risk posed by weakening
economies of the Sub-Saharan Africa countries. In as much as these countries are willing to give full support
to the project, the performance of their economies cannot allow them to allocate higher budgets to sustain a
regional fisheries management initiative in the long-term. However, since the countries involved have
collaborated well during the preparation of the project, and the project provides for low risk options for
collaboration on technical and management issues. Confidence will be steadily built during implementation.
However, the level of risk associated with the proposed project is considered "acceptable" in the context of the
clear need to support this renewable natural resource sector in the Sub-Saharan Africa and the stated
commitment to this process.
1. A number of measures have nevertheless been incorporated into project design to mitigate this risk where
possible:
The objectives of the project are clear and accepted by the Region as realistic in the project time frame
The approach to identification of the linkages with other initiatives has been highly participatory and
inclusive and the design reflects this;
The conduct of pilot projects during implementation before attempting to implement their results in
appropriate ways region-wide will allow a flexible approach to project management;
Maximization of National and Regional expertise, and
An emphasis on both internal and external monitoring should reduce the risk of failure.
2. For the purposes of risk management, minimum acceptable levels of project performance are set out below.
The project will fail if:
activities at the national and regional levels are not co-ordinated with all participants, including other
assistance partners; and
there is no broad agreement on the respective roles and responsibilities of governmental and non-
governmental service providers by the end of the project.
3. To assist in the assessment of risk, a table of risks and assumptions as identified in the Logical Framework is
prepared in table below. In this, informed judgements on the probability of occurrence of the identified
risk/assumption were assessed and a level of impact of that risk assigned. The conclusion of this exercise was
that the project should be considered to be "low " risk.
The project risks are identified in the logical framework. In terms of conditionality, it is expected that the
national governments and other parties (donors, private sector, NGOs) will ensure that their participating
institutions are provided with adequate budgetary means in the future to maintain the data
gathering/processing stock assessment and approaches to collaborative management of transboundary stocks
established through project support.
7.
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
The research institutions and fisheries departments (fisheries regulatory authorities) will play a central role in
the implementation of the project. The National Environmental Management Authorities from the respective
countries will play oversight roles. It is recognized that involvement of local communities will be crucial to
the success of the project and the capacity of a number of CBOs and NGOs that have interests in the marine
environment will be strengthened accordingly to enable them lead the communities in adopting wise fishing
practices. The local beach management units will be strengthened where they exist as a means of involving
communities in co-management. The Governments of the participating countries will contribute both
financially and in kind to the implementation of this project. The international community and donor
agencies will be approached and asked to provide financial support for the implementation of the project.
The donor agencies would as well appoint a panel of experts who would regularly review progress of the
project.
Local community participation in the management of coastal areas through integrating conservation and
development activities builds on the principle that local communities must be involved in devising and
implementing ways to protect the environment.
Such processes often result in more comprehensive, efficient and successful management than would occur
otherwise.
Community groups can play an important part in the enforcement of environmental legislation. The success
of such approaches depends on readily available information, in non-technical terms, to help the public - and
particularly community groups - to monitor their environment and seek redress if necessary.
Typical approaches in obtaining participation though consultation include:
· the creation of consultative committees;
· public meetings;
· informal consultations with stakeholders;
· the publication of discussion papers; and
· the use of public media to inform and provide a forum for discussion and promotion of the active
role of local NGOs.
Components of "PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT PLAN"
· Stakeholder
identification;
·
Information dissemination and consultation;
·
Stakeholder participation; and
·
Social and participation issues.
8.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT & IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
1 Institutional Arrangements
One of the most frequent constraints on achieving the project goals and objectives, is the lack of appropriate
institutional arrangements. Project management and implementation require a high level of integration within
and between institutional structures. A high level of horizontal integration is particularly necessary
between sectoral institutions at the planning stage and a high level of vertical integration is necessary
within institutions at the implementation stage.
The linkages between the participating institutions have to be created or strengthened. Where no such
institutions exist, a new institutional arrangement may need to be created.
Existing institutional structures may be composed of government and local authority representatives. The
successful achievement of the project will require the active participation of the stakeholders in the public
and the private sectors in many of the institutional arrangements. This generates the need for building
human resources capacity.
Institutional arrangements are needed at three different levels for taking specific responsibilities:
· National
· Sub-regional
· Regional
For efficient implementation of the project, there is need for an overall management structure in the form of
a regional steering committee to undertake coordination. This committee will appoint an executive
secretary/officer who will be supported by a modest staff. The committee would liase with the executing
organizations and governments and be responsible for overall monitoring, and preparation of progress
reports for decision making about the whole project. The secretariat would organize meetings to appraise
progress and resolve disputes if any.
At national level, a lead institution will be identified to oversee implementation of the research phase.
Another institution, especially the main institution responsible for the management of fisheries in each
country, will implement the fisheries extension, strengthen policies and laws, and undertake enforcement.
In Kenya, the research phase of the project fits into the mandate of the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research
Institute (KMFRI). KMFRI has a long history of undertaking multidisciplinary research on fisheries and
other marine sciences in the country, and will provide laboratory space for the project. Currently KMFRI has
40 researchers handling different aspects of marine sciences and will provide ideal manpower for the project.
In Mozambique, there is a small group of researchers who are currently involved in marine research. In
addition, Mozambique has one of the oldest marine research stations in the West Indian Ocean region,
located at Inhaca. In Tanzania, the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS) has a long history of research in
fisheries and other marine sciences. A number of multidisciplinary studies have been undertaken here and
this project should tap on this. The Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research in Lagos is
known for excellent research in marine sciences and the phase I of the project fits in its mandate. The in-
country project manager and head of the project implementation unit. He will be responsible for the day-to-
day implementation and management of the project. He will report to the Agriculture and Natural Resources
(ANR), a working national structure that has coordinates and gives policy guidance and general oversight of
such projects. NEA is the Secretariat of this Working Group. At the sub regional level the Sub regional
Fisheries Commission will coordinate the initiatives developed within this project using the relevant
equipment and materials available within the Commission.
Regarding fisheries management, the Fisheries Department in Kenya is responsible for administration and
enforcement of fisheries regulations in the country. Nigeria has the Federal Department of Fisheries that is
responsible for fisheries management with full support from the Nigerian Navy, while in South Africa, the
Department of Environmental affairs and tourism will be responsible for implementation of the project.
9. PROJECT FINANCING & DURATION
The total cost of the project is estimated at US$16.4 million as shown in the table below. The governments
would contribute US$6.4 million to the project. However, this budget is preliminary and has not undergone
a full consultation process with the respective countries. Therefore, it does not indicate the actual financial
commitment that would be provided by participating countries once the project proposal and its components
are finalised
Component & Activity Financing
(US$ millions)
External Source of Funds
National Government (s)
Total
Source
1
Source 2
Source 3
Cash
In-kind
(Million
(Million
(Million
(Million
(Million
(Million
US$)
US$)
US$)
US$)
US$)
US$)
Component 1: Improvement
1.2 1 0.9 0.6 1.5 5.2
of fisheries research and
information base
Synthesis of existing data &
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8
information
Ecological
studies
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.8 2.2
Socio-economic
studies 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.4
Database
&
GIS
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8
Component 2: : Community
0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 1.1 3.6
participation in fisheries
management
Strengthening CBOs & NGOs,
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 1.5
and Community-Based
Fisheries Management
Committees (CBFMCs)
Education & awareness
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.1
programmes
Incentives to fishers/viable
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 1
micro-enterprise programmes/
credit schemes
Component 3: Strategic
1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 2
7.6
management of fisheries
Review and evaluation of
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.5
fisheries management practices
Review of national laws and
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.5
regulations on the fishing
industry
Preparation of standards for
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 1
harmonization of policies
within sub-regions and revision
of national policies and
regulations
Pilot projects/ transfer of
1.2 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.4 5.6
technology & lessons learned
TOTAL
3.5 3.3 3.2 1.8 4.6 16.4
10.
MONITORING, EVALUATION & DISSEMINATION
The project is a combination of fisheries research, capacity-building, support to fisheries management
authorities for effective extension, monitoring, control and enforcement, co-management, and joint strategic
management of fisheries to eliminate destructive fishing practices and enhance sustainable utilization of
fisheries resources. The main concern is to eliminate or minimize destructive fishing practices in the region.
Project monitoring and evaluation will be both participatory and continuous with quarterly progress reporting
and reviews at both national and sub regional levels. A mid term project review will be conducted with a
view to determining the validity of the initial assumptions, and where necessary re-orient the project as
appropriate to reflect the prevailing situations on the ground. Both quantitative and qualitative indicators will
be used in the process of monitoring and evaluation.
Performance indicators will include: assessment reports on the different types and forms, extent, and degree
of destruction on fishing grounds, and fishing effort; plans designed to address the problem of destructive
fishing practices developed and implemented; and number of joint and integrated investigations conducted.
Other indicators of success will include reduced/increased number of reported cases of destructive fishing
practices, establishment of research information base for fisheries management, building capacity within the
executing/implementing agencies and their national partners for ecological and socio-economic analyses, and
mitigation of destructive fishing practices, effective community participation in fisheries management in the
framework of co-management, establishment of functional pilot projects, and development of a long term
fisheries management strategy for the Sub-Saharan Africa.
11. WORK PLAN AND TIMETABLE
Year 1
2
3
Quarter
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Component 1: Improvement of fisheries
research and information base
Synthesis of existing data & information
Ecological studies
Socio-economic studies
Establishment of database & GIS
Component 2: Community partic-ipation in
fisheries management
Strengthening CBOs & NGOs, and Community-
Based Fisheries Management Committees
(CBFMCs)
Education & awareness programmes
Incentives to fishers
Component 3: Strategic management of
fisheries
Review and evaluation of fisheries management
practices
Review of national laws and regulations on the
fishing industry
Preparation of standards for harmonization of
policies within sub-regions and revision of national
policies and regulations
Logical framework analysis
Summary
Objectively verifiable indicators
Means of verification (monitoring
Critical assumptions
focus)
Overall goal of the
Rate of exploitation vs. optimal
Participatory and continuous
Support from the development partners
intervention
exploitation levels, net benefits
monitoring
Total commitment by the implementing agencies
accruing to the communities
Reviews at national & sub-regional
levels
Objectives of the relevant
Assessment reports on different types,
Participatory and continuous
Financial support from both the development partners and the
National Programmes and the forms, extent & degree of destruction
monitoring
participating governments
country/regional strategy
on the fishing grounds.
Outcomes that lead to the
· Reduced/increased number of
Participatory and continuous
· Financial support from both the development partners
achievement of the outlined
reported cases of destructive
monitoring
and the participating governments;
regional and national
fishing practices
Reviews at national & sub-regional
objectives. Changes due to
levels
· Commitment by the implementing agencies
intervention (project impact)
· Establishment of research
· Full community participation in the implementation
information base for management
process
· Capacity building within
implementing agencies
· Effective community participation
in fisheries management
· Establishment of functional pilot
projects
Development of long term fisheries
management strategy for Sub Saharan
Africa.
Results to be delivered by
Assessment reports on different
Participatory and continuous
As above.
project which will enable
impacts of destructive fishing practices
monitoring
necessary changes (project
Plans designed to address the problems
outputs)
Components/Activities to be
· Joint & national investigations
· Participatory and continuous
· Adequate funding
implemented in order to
monitoring with reviews at
obtain planned results
national & sub-regional levels
(project components)
· Quarterly reporting of research
· No. of established databases &
· Commitment by researchers
results
GIS capacity
· Establishment of database and GIS · No. of community/ stakeholder · Effective cooperation with local fisher communities
facilities
training workshops
· Training of communities
· No. of CBOs & NGOs involved · NGOs & CBOs will be committed to the intervention
and the level of support given to
them
· Support to CBOs & NGOs
· Level of success of micro-
· Funds will be available for the establishment of micro-
enterprise programmes/ credit
enterprise programmes/credit schemes, & communities
schemes
will be trained to ensure effective management of these
programmes.
· Micro-enterprise programmes
· No. of successful meetings/
· Commitment by the review team
workshops
· Review meetings/work-shops for
· Sub regional collaboration, and · Collaboration between all participating countries
national laws
documentation of standards
· Performance of the pilot projects
· Documentation of standards for
harmonization of policies and
regulations
· Establishment of pilot projects