EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
Technical Report on Irrigation
Development in the Namibia Section of
the Okavango River Basin
P.J. Liebenberg
June 2009
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
TECHNICAL REPORT ON IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE
NAMIBIA SECTION OF THE OKAVANGO RIVER BASIN
REPORT COMPILED BY
P.J. LIEBENBERG
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
CONTENTS
TABLES: ................................................................................................................................................. 3
APPENDIXES: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: ....................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION: ............................................................................................................................... 5
2. CURRENT AND FUTURE IRRIGATION SITUATION: ............................................................................ 6
3. ESTIMATED DEMAND ....................................................................................................................... 9
4. IRRIGATION AND SOIL .................................................................................................................... 13
5. FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................... 15
6. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS: ............................................................................................................... 17
7. CONCLUSION: ................................................................................................................................. 19
8. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 20
TABLES:
TABLE 1: WATER DEMAND UPSTREAM OF THE CUITO ............................................................................ 7
TABLE 2: WATER DEMAND DOWNSTREAM OF THE CUITO ...................................................................... 8
TABLE 3: PEAK DAILY DEMAND AND VOLUME OF WATER USED PER HECTARE ANNUALLY .................... 9
TABLE 4: DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS .................................................................................. 10
TABLE 5: CHARACTERISTICS OF OKAVANGO RIVER FLOW 2 .................................................................. 10
TABLE 6: WATER DEMAND FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 11
TABLE 7: TOTAL COST BENEFIT FROM IRRIGATION COMPARING IRRIGATION OF AROMATIC OILS TO
GRAIN PRODUCTION. .................................................................................................................... 18
APPENDIXES:
APPENDIX 1: APPENDIX A ....................................................................................................................... 21
APPENDIX 2: APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................... 23
APPENDIX 3: APPENDIX C ....................................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX 4: APPENDIX D ....................................................................................................................... 27
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
The following persons are acknowledged for their contributions to the report by
supplying data to the writer:
a. Mr. Leon Hugo, Green Scheme Agency for information on Current and Future
Water Demand figures.
b. Mr. Dirk Prinsloo, Green Scheme Agency for plant programmes and fertiliser
costs for maize and wheat.
c. Mr. Albert Calitz, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry for references on
essential Oils.
d. Ms Celesti Espach, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry for the
compilation of the water demand map.
d. Mr Guido van Langehove, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry for
information regarding flows in the Okavango River.
d. Mr. Werner Bester, EDE essential distillation equipment for prices on distillers
and information on essential oils.
e. Mr. Daan van der Merwe, Hoffman's Farm Implements for prices of tractors and
implements
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
PREAMBLE
The easiest way to represent all the data available / needed for this report is in
table format. Great effort was done to ensure that it is comprehensible to the
widest forum possible.
1. INTRODUCTION:
Overall Namibia is a dry country and water is very scarce. Therefore it is of the
utmost importance for the country that the limited resources it possesses are
utilised as effectively and sustainably as possible. The country is surrounded by
perennial rivers bordering it (of which the Okavango river is one), but none flow
through the country. Thus, the Government of Namibia must seek to build good
relationships with its' neighbouring countries in an effort to utilise these shared
resources in a sustainable way and to mutual benefit.
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
2. CURRENT AND FUTURE IRRIGATION SITUATION:
Currently there are only a few irrigation projects in existence, but the Government of
the Republic of Namibia (GRN) has embarked on a course to utilise most of the
potentially irrigable land within Namibia by the year 2030 to reach its Vision 2030. To
reach this, the Government will endeavour to develop an additional 27 000 ha over
the next 16 years with the biggest emphasis on the Kavango Region.
Potentially unlimited land is available for this in the Kavango Region, if distance from
the river were not a factor, but development is restricted to the volume of water
available. A further restriction (and the most severe) is the seasonal flow pattern of
the Okavango River, in that the flow upstream of the Cuito is highly seasonal,
whereas the downstream flow is more uniform due to the smoother inflow from the
Cuito.
During deliberations between the Department of Agriculture and the Department of
Water Affairs (Policy Document No. 7/2/10/3), a decision was reached that limited
the abstraction rate out of the Okavango River upstream of the confluence with the
Cuito to 5.5 m /s, anddownstream to 27 m /s, for use by Namibia. Taking that into
account, a development scenario was developed by the Green Scheme Agency
which allowed for the equal and fair distribution of this water allocation between the
different Tribal Areas.
Much more water is available downstream of the confluence with the Cuito than
upstream, thus more development can take place downstream of the Cuito. To
calculate the area that can be developed, a figure of 125 m /day/ha (ETO = 12.5 mm
per day) was used to ensure a safe margin. However, to be on the safe side and to
be more realistic about the volume that would actually be likely to be abstracted
during peak demand periods, a figure of 100 m /day/ha was used. The current and
future irrigation development together with the abstraction rate each represents, is
shown in Tables 1 & 2. A map showing the present irrigation water demands, is
attached as Appendix A.
The current area under irrigation is 2,197 ha and future possible area is
13,462 ha, totalling 15,659 ha.
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Table 1: Water Demand Upstream of the Cuito
No Tribal
Place (If Known)
Existing
Future
Abstraction
Flow
Area
Area
Planned Rate m /s 3 Balance
under
Irrigation
m /s 3
irrigation
(ha)
(ha)
Maximum Abstraction Rate
5.50
1 Kwangali
a. Musese &
300
200
0.58
4.92
Maguni
b. Simanya
0
200
0.23
4.69
c. Sihete
0
200
0.23
4.46
d. Other
0
200
0.23
4.23
Total
1,100
1.27
2 Mbunza
a. Sikondo
0
800
0.93
3.30
b. Other
0
300
0.35
2.95
Total
1,100
1.27
3 Sambyu
a. Rundu
60
0
0.07
2.88
b. Kaisosi
36
0
0.04
2.84
c. Vungu-Vungu
285
0
0.33
2.51
d. Mashare
60
0
0.07
2.44
Irrigation
Training Centre
e. Mashare CFU
80
30
0.13
2.32
f. Mashare
0
574
0.66
1.65
Total
1,125
1.30
4 Gciriku
a. Ndonga Linena
400
400
0.93
0.73
b. Shankara
20
0
0.02
0.70
c. Shitemo
400
0
0.46
0.24
Total
1,220
3.38
1,641
2,904
Total Development Upstream from
4,545
Cuito
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Table 2: Water Demand Downstream of the Cuito
No Tribal Area Place (If Known)
Existing
Future
Abstraction
Flow
Area under
Planned
Rate m /s 3 Balance
irrigation
Irrigation
m/s3
(ha)
(ha)
Maximum Abstraction Rate
21.50
4 Gciriku
a. Other
0
3,500
4.05
17.45
Total
3,500
4.05
5 Mbukushu a. Shadikongoro
400
0
0.46
16.99
b. Bagani Gardens
40
0
0.05
16.94
c. Divundu Prisons
116
40
0.18
16.76
d. Katondo
0
4,000
4.63
12.13
e. New Projects
0
3,018
3.49
8.64
Total
7,614
8.81
556
10,558
Total Development Downstream from
11,114
Cuito
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
3. ESTIMATED DEMAND
To calculate the estimated demand for low, medium and high irrigation development
scenarios, two different crop mixes were used, to present a worse case scenario and
an average scenario. The peak water demand and the average water use per
hectare per year are calculated for both crop mixes. Table 3 shows the peak daily
demand and average volume of water used per hectare per year whilst Table 4
shows the area for different scenarios on either side of the Cuito confluence.
Table 3: Peak daily demand and Volume of water used per hectare annually
Peak Demand
Volume of Water
(mm/day)
needed per hectare per
year
Crop mix 1:
Full area planted with Maize & Wheat
10.0
15,000
Crop mix 2:
1/3 of area with Maize & Wheat
10.0
15,000
1/3 of Area with Fruit Trees
6.7
12,000
1/3 of Area with Vegetables &
6.7
12,000
Aromatic Oils
Average
7.8
13,000
The following development were accepted for the different irrigation development
scenarios: Low development scenario Y 2 x Current Situation = 4,394 ha Medium
development scenario Y 9,000 ha High development scenario Y 15,659 ha
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Table 4: Different Development Scenarios
Scenario
Irrigation Development in
hectare
Upstream
Downstream
Total
Low
2,461
1,933
4,394
Medium
3,600
5,400
9,000
High
4,545
11,114
15,659
To calculate the percentages of the different scenarios against low flow conditions
and average flow the flow rates given in Table 5 were used:
Table 5: Characteristics of Okavango River flow 2
Site
Min Daily Flow
Annual Flow in Mm /a3
in m /s 3
in Mm /a 3
Average
Minimum
Rundu
11
345
5,200
2,260
Mukwe
80
2,520
9,350
5,635
Table 6 gives projected water volumes and flow rates needed for each crop mix for
each development scenario and calculates the percentages that this is of total
average flow, minimum flow and minimum daily flow rates.
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Table 6: Water Demand for different Scenarios
Scenario
Crop Mix 1
Crop Mix 2
UPSTREAM OF Cuito
LOW DEVELOPMENT - 2,461 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
36.92
32.00
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
0.71%
0.62%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
1.63%
1.42%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
2.85
2.22
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
25.91%
20.20%
MEDIUM DEVELOPMENT - 3,600 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
54
46.8
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
1.04%
0.90%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
2.39%
2.07%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
4.17
3.25
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
37.91
29.55
HIGH DEVELOPMENT - 4,545 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
68.18
59.09
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
1.31%
1.14%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
3.02%
2.61%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
5.26
4.10
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
47.82
37.27
DOWNSTREAM OF Cuito
LOW DEVELOPMENT - 4,394 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
65.91
57.12
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
0.71%
0.61%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
1.17%
1.01%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
5.09
3.97
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
6.36%
4.96%
MEDIUM DEVELOPMENT - 9,000 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
135
117
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
1.44%
1.25%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
2.40%
2.08%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
10.42
8.13
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
13.03%
10.16%
HIGH DEVELOPMENT - 15,659 ha
Volume of Water Needed per year (Mm ) 3
234.89
203.57
As % of Total Average Flow Volume
2.51%
2.18%
As % of Minimum Flow Volume
4.17%
3.61%
Peak Abstraction Rate (m /s) 3
18.12
14.14
As % of Minimum Daily Flow
22.65%
17.68%
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From Table 6 it is clear that even under the High Development Scenario, the total
volume of water abstracted is relatively little of the available water in the system. For
the most likely situation, that of the Crop Mix 2, it will only amount to 2.18% of the
total average flow per year.
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4. IRRIGATION AND SOIL
4.1. SOILS:
Geologically most of the Kavango soils comprise Cenozoic deposits of the Kalahari
Group that overlay extensive basalt sheets of the Stormberg Series. The deposits of
the Kalahari Group consist mostly of light coloured sands, chalcedonic limestones,
silicified sandstones and ochreous sands. The last mentioned forming the Kalahari
Sandveld in Namibia. 3
The Okavango River area consists out of two distinguishable landforms namely, the
inland sand plateau and, the river terrace system. The riverine landform consists out
of a floodplain that is partially under water during the rainy season and therefore not
considered suitable for intensive irrigation purposes. The terrace is situated ± 6 to 7
metres above the riverbed. The parent material of the inland sand plateau is
composed predominantly of infertile aeleon sands of the Kalahari Group with a low
organic matter content. Along the terraces the sandy soil is enriched with clay and silt
deposits by seasonal floods.
Due to the sandy nature of the soils and low clay and organic matter content, the
soils are well drained, have a high infiltration rate and a low water retention
capability. This can be mitigated by incorporating a good deal of compost and other
organic material into the soil. Typically, this soil has a useful water retention
capability of ± 30mm which is just enough water for three to four days during the
peak demand periods. The farmer and irrigation designer therefore has to take this
into account when designing the irrigation systems and irrigation scheduling. On the
other hand, this also makes it a very easy soil to manage because drainage is not a
problem and the right amount of water and fertilizer can be applied when needed. A
good deal of initial fertilizer however is needed to bring the soil fertility a good level
after which only regular maintenance fertilizer application is needed.
4.2. DRAINAGE:
Due to the high drainage capacity of the sandy soils, the farmer must take care that
no over-irrigation takes place, because he will leach his expensive fertilizers out of
the soil. In seasons with abnormal rainfall, this will happen naturally in the sandy soils
and therefore, the essential application of organic matter cannot be over
emphasised. To manage the scheduling of his irrigation correctly, he is advised to
gauge soil moisture regularly to indicate when and how much to irrigate. Continued
over-irrigation will also lead to contamination of groundwater and high return-flows to
the river. The danger for this can however be reduced dramatically if the farmer
applies only the right amount of water when it is needed.
The relatively high rainfall, coupled to the high drainage capacity of the soils, has
also led to natural leaching of most of the calcium in the soils. This also needs to be
rectified before cultivation of the land can begin.
At certain sites, an impermeable layer of calcium or other hard rock may underlay the
topsoil and will prevent the drainage of irrigation water as well as rain water. Such
soils are clearly not suitable for irrigation purposes as it will clearly pose a problem
with drainage and drowned conditions will occur. To avoid this, proper site
investigations must be executed before any development starts. Despite this, if such
an impermeable layer is encountered, it can be rectified with sub-surface drainage or
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
surface drainage but at a high cost to the project. Subsurface drainage water must
be treated before it is allowed to flow back into the river. This can be done by
directing it into a settling dam where the excess water can evaporate and the salt can
be collected and removed or by diverting the water through a reed bed, which will
take care of the nutrients in the water.
4.3. EROSION:
In such a flat area, it is not foreseen that irrigation will pose a problem regarding
erosion as such, but the fact that an irrigation project is at a certain place, may attract
more people to the surrounding area. Their land-use practices can lead to erosion
during heavy rainfall or even wind-erosion because of over-grazing and
deforestation. This can be mitigated by good Agricultural Extension work and
awareness campaigns, to show farmers the results of such unsustainable land-uses
practices and to teach ways to prevent it. It will also be good practice to prevent any
land clearing within 150m from the river bank for cultivation purposes. This will
ensure that if erosion does start, soil and nutrients will not wash into the river with
subsequent detrimental results to the ecology downstream.
Another good practice will be to teach farmers to incorporate all organic material
harvested on the land back into the soil, instead of burning it or using it as fodder for
their livestock. (This also applies to the initial land clearing operation). In this way,
they will enhance the water holding capacity of the soil and the soil will not be prone
to wind or water-erosion. A better practice still will be to manufacture compost from
this material and the manure from cattle. This will also lead to higher crop yields due
to the higher nutrient content and better water holding capacity of the soils which will
be an added benefit for subsistence farmers.
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5. FINANCIAL VIABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
The first irrigation projects in the Kavango were started during the 1960's - 70's.
These schemes had their ups and downs as far as financial sustainability was
concern. One of the main reasons for this was the approach followed to manage the
projects. All of them were managed by a salaried manager from the Development
Corporation. The staff/labourers were all under a typical Government organizational
structure which resulted in a very expensive labour force for the projects after a few
years. Furthermore, the Corporations overheads were pushed down onto the
projects, which overburden the projects. Another constraint was that the managers
worked under instruction from the Head Office and could not respond to an
emergency as quickly as they should have. Further, the managers worked for fixed
salaries and had no incentive to do more (or anything other than grain production) on
the project because of no direct benefits.
It was only during the late nineties that the projects were leased out to private
entrepreneurs or managers that received no salary, but only shared in the profit, that
this has changed. Even so, the projects did not necessarily immediately turn into
success stories.
One of the reasons for this is that the managerial skills of the manager on the
ground, must be of the highest quality and he must have a free hand as to the day to
day decisions and purchases to be made. The success of any irrigation project/farm
depends mostly on these skills, more than on technical knowledge and skills. A
manager should have a sound understanding of financial matters or the right staff in
service to cater for that. A further prerequisite is a clear understanding of the market
systems into which the farm is producing. This is especially true for entering into
some niche market opportunities.
One such project's audited income statements showed a turnover of N$ 60 million
over 10 years, while the operational profit was N$ 14 million during the same period.
This means a gross margin of N$ 1.16 mil per year or N$ 3,800 per hectare. This can
be increased by utilising the equipment available to cultivate additional land under
rain-fed (dryland) conditions or to supply services to the surrounding communities.
Although it is commonly known that it is not really viable to produce any staple food
under irrigation, it is still done, because it has some strategic value for the
Government to have producers irrigate staple food crops. Two reasons for this are:
A.
To have food readily at hand and not be dependent on imports (Strategic
importance);
B.
The variety of downstream benefits derived from the production of food.
To demonstrate the financial viability/or non-viability of irrigation in the region, a pre-
feasibility study was carried out with maize and wheat as main crops and as an
alternative crop, aromatic oils (essential oils). The production of vegetables, fruits,
nuts and many other crops can also prove to be profitable, some more than others,
but to execute this exercise, more than the available time would be needed. Some of
these crops will fetch a higher price on the international markets if it is organically
produced. This study indicated that it is possible to produce a crop under irrigation
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
and make a profit from it, and again proved that production of staple foods under
irrigation is not viable, although the gross margin is positive.
In each case a 100 ha unit was taken and all development costs calculated. All
operational costs were estimated and a profit/loss balance sheet created for a 20-
year period. As a departure point it was assumed that all capital for the
development, as well as all operational cost were borrowed at a 10% interest rate.
Any positive balance was also invested at an interest rate of 5%.
This exercise showed that for a higher value crop, like aromatic oils, the project
can recover all of its capital costs at market related prices within 13-years, while
staple foods like maize and wheat are not capable of recovering their capital
development costs. (Although, if a person develops such a project with his own
capital, it will also be viable, but the return on investment will be very low.)
(Appendix B & C).
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6. COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS:
An interesting point to discuss is the multiplier effect of any development in a region.
This means that for every dollar that is created in a development project, whether it is
agriculture, industry or tourism, additional value is created in the surrounding area
and the country as a whole. In case studies all over the world, different multiplier
coefficients have been calculated but they differ widely.
In a study in Oklahoma, United States of America, the following statements were
made:
Multiplier analysis is useful to determine the total impact on an economy of
some change caused by an external force or decision, such as location of a
new business or government facility. The total impact of any basic industry on
an economy consists of direct, indirect, and induced impacts. Direct impacts
are the immediate effects of the impacting industry; for example, the jobs
created to fill certain positions within the firm and the payroll to pay those new
employees. Indirect impacts are the effects that occur in the sectors as a
result of the input purchases made by the impacting industry. Induced effects
are the changes in other sectors brought about by the increased consumer
spending, due to the initial direct and the following indirect effects. In brief, the
initial jobs are created and income is spent in ways that tend to create further
employment and income in other sectors of the local economy.
In this study a coefficient of 2.51 were calculated for Agriculture Crop Production.
This means that for every dollar created, an additional 1.51 dollars is created in the
direct, indirect and induced effects around such development. This however does not
mean that this figure will be accurate for the Kavango Region or Namibia, but in the
absence of a proven local figure, it can be used to illustrate this example.
In Table 7 the multiplier factor is applied to the information obtained from the
feasibility studies in Appendixes B & C.
Tables 8 & 9 show, Cost/Benefits matrixes created to show the more obvious
benefits derived from Irrigation Development, but there are many benefits that can
not be predicted, because opportunities in further processing to be done or services
that can be delivered down the line, are not always seen and maximized by each
entrepreneur.
These matrixes are developed for grain production on the one hand and for high
value crops on the other, using the figures from the aromatic oils as basis. Please
take note that although the transport cost for aromatic oils is almost non-existent, it is
a huge factor with vegetables and some fruits because their volume of produce far
outstrips that of grains. Tomatoes for instance have a yield of between 100 to 200
tons per hectare. Couple this to the fact that they need special transport to prevent
spoilage, it is clear that this will also have huge costs associated with it as well as
downstream benefits for other people.
The downstream benefit to the Government form sales of fuel to transport the
products, fertilizer and fuel alone is given in Appendix D.
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Table 7: Total Cost Benefit from Irrigation comparing irrigation of aromatic oils to grain
production.
Description:
Aromatic Oils 5
Grain Production
Development Cost in N$ per
230882
131740
ha
Operational cost in N$ per ha
37097
40792
Income per ha (N$)
74629
45850
After multiplier effect
187319
115084
Years to break even
13
-
Job opportunities per ha
0.28
0.07
(permanent)1
No of Casual working days
24
1
per Year per ha
Benefit for the region/Country
18731900
11508400
per 100 ha unit per year (N$)
Benefit for the region/Country
2,933 mil
1,802 mil
for 15,659 ha development per
year(N$)
Possible Permanent Job
4384
1096
opportunities with 15,659 ha
of development
Possible Casual work days
375816
15659
per year with 15,659 ha of
development
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
7. CONCLUSION:
It is clear from this report, that such water use from the Okavango River could have
huge benefits, not only for the irrigation farmers, but for the region and country as
well. However, development of any irrigation project should be undertake with
caution and only after a detailed feasibility study that includes an environmental
impact assessment is done to ensure that all relevant options are fully addressed.
This should include detailed sustainable management and environmental
management plans. Evaluation and monitoring of these plans should be done at
regular intervals to ensure that the projects is managed on sound and sustainable
principles. It is advisable that only high value crops like aromatic oils, vegetables,
nuts, fruits, pineapples, etc., be irrigated to ensure that the water is used as
efficiently as possible.
This is for large commercial farming with aromatic oils. For small scale farmers,
where they will do the harvesting by hand, a much higher figure of ± 1 job per
hectare could be reached.
The total area that can be irrigated with minimal effect on the river in low flow
conditions, is ± 16,000 hectares. Of this, only 4,545 ha may be upstream of the
confluence with the Cuito. The rest must be downstream of the confluence. This will
result in an abstraction of ± 2.17 % of the average flow per year and a maximum low
flow abstraction rate upstream of the Cuito confluence of of 37.27 % (i.e. more than a
third of the water flowing in the river at low flow.)
The most likely development scenario that will happen is a scenario where different
crop mixes are cultivated with grain production as an integral part of it. For the best
use of the water however, it is not recommended that grain be irrigated. If only high
value crops are planted, the return on investment will be highest and the water used
the most beneficially.
Erosion and drainage should pose no problems, but it is recommended that a
detailed soil investigation be carried out, before an area is selected for a project. It is
furthermore important that effective irrigation scheduling be implemented to ensure
that no leaching of nutrients take place and that these do not wash down into the
river as back flows that could let to future enrichment or even eutrophication of these
nutrient poor waters.
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8. REFERENCES
Information as compiled by the Green Scheme Agency.
1. Information from the Department of Water Affairs - File 11/5/3/1.
2. Project to support the Agro-Ecological Zoning Programme (AEZ) in
Namibia, The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development
and the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation.
3. Song, B., Woods, M.D., Doeksen, G.A., Schreiner, D., Multiplier Analysis
for Agriculture and other Services, Oklahoma Cooperative
Extension Services, USA.
4. Market News Service (MNS), Division of Market Development,
International Trade Center. The Joint Agency of the World Trade
Organization and The United Nations.
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Appendix A
APPENDIX 1: Appendix A
21
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
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EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX 2: Appendix B
CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT - MAIZE & WHEAT AS MAIN CROP
ITEM
UNIT
QTY
RATE
TOTAL (N$)
1
De-bush & Ripping
ha
100
7,000.00
700,000.00
2
Initial Soil Preparation
ha
100
3,000.00
300,000.00
4
Pump Station
sum
1
2,000,000.00
2,000,000.00
5
Main Pipelines
sum
1
820,000.00
820,000.00
Power Connection -
7
sum
1
800,000.00
800,000.00
1x200kVA
Irrigation System 25ha
8
ea
4
418,500.00
1,674,000.00
Centre Pivots
9
Roads
sum
1
300,000.00
300,000.00
10
Fencing
km
5
20,000.00
100,000.00
11
Houses
ea
1
500,000.00
500,000.00
12
Office Block
sum
1
350,000.00
350,000.00
13
Sheds
ea
3
300,000.00
900,000.00
15
Tractor - 82 kW
ea
1
621,000.00
621,000.00
16
Tractor - 58 kW
ea
1
418,000.00
418,000.00
18
Trailer - 5Ton
ea
2
95,000.00
190,000.00
20
Disc - 2.3m
ea
1
125,000.00
125,000.00
21
Ripper - 2 tines
ea
1
21,000.00
21,000.00
22
Chisel Plough - 7 tines
ea
1
60,000.00
60,000.00
23
Boom Sprayer - 12m
ea
1
60,000.00
60,000.00
24
Workshop Equipment
ea
1
100,000.00
100,000.00
Light Delivery Vehicle -
25
ea
1
180,000.00
180,000.00
1 ton
27
Combine Harvester
ea
1
2,400,000.00
2,400,000.00
28
Meaze Planter
ea
1
230,000.00
230,000.00
29
Wheat Planter
ea
1
325,000.00
325,000.00
TOTAL
13,174,000.00
SALARIES & WAGES
1
Manager
ea
1
300,000.00
300,000.00
2
Section Manager
ea
0
150,000.00
0.00
3
Team Leader
ea
1
30,000.00
30,000.00
4
Labourers
ea
5
24,000.00
120,000.00
5
Admin Officer
ea
0
75,000.00
0.00
6
Casuals - days
ea
100
50.00
5,000.00
Total
455,000.00
RECURRENT COST
Seed - Maize
ha
100
1,033.85
103,385.00
Seed - Wheat
ha
100
288.00
28,800.00
1
Fertilizer -
ha
100
8,498.68
849,868.00
Maize
2
Fertilizer -
ha
100
9,153.66
915,366.00
Wheat
Micro Elements - Maize
ha
100
119.58
11,958.00
Micro Elements - Wheat
ha
100
358.74
35,874.00
3
Pesticides -
ha
100
2,063.83
206,383.00
Maize
23
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Pesticides - Wheat
ha
100
488.81
48,881.00
Herbisides - Maize
ha
100
352.00
35,200.00
Herbicides - Wheat
ha
100
447.87
44,787.00
Marketing - Maize
ha
100
3,830.00
383,000.00
Marketing - Wheat
ha
100
2,500.00
250,000.00
4
Water & Electricity
ha
100
2,637.08
263,708.00
5
Transport - LDV's
km
36,000
1.63
58,680.00
6
Diesel
R
10,000
7.50
75,000.00
Maintenance- Pump S
8
sum
1
40,000.00
40,000.00
tation - 2%
9
- Main pipe line - 2%
sum
1
16,400.00
16,400.00
10
Irrigation System - 3% -
sum
1
50,220.00
50,220.00
11
Buildings - 1% -
sum
1
17,500.00
17,500.00
Trac tors & Equipment -
12
sum
1
189,200.00
189,200.00
4% -
Total
3,624,210.00
INCOME
Unit
Qty
Yield - Ton/ha
Tons
Price per ton
Total
1
Maize
ha
100
10.00
1,000
2,500.00
2,500,000.00
2
Wheat
ha
100
6.00
600
3,475.00
2,085,000.00
Total
200
1,600
4,585,000.00
24
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX 3: Appendix C
BALANCING SHEET - MAIZE
AND WHEAT
YEA
R
ITEM
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
INCOME
Product
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
4,585
Sold
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
OPERATI
ONAL
COST
1 Capital
13,17
Cost
4,000
2
Recurrent
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
3,624
Cost
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
455,0
3 Salaries
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
5
Replacem
360,0
860,0
500,0
2,400
540,0
ent of
00
00
00
,000
00
Equipment
13,17
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
TOTAL
4,000
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
,210
INTERES
1,317
1,398
1,487
1,586
1,694
1,848
1,983
2,130
2,293
2,472
2,754
2,979
3,227
3,499
3,148
3,023
2,670
2,352
2,066
1,809
T
,400
,561
,838
,043
,068
,896
,207
,948
,464
,232
,876
,784
,184
,323
,812
,352
,437
,815
,954
,680
25
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development
Own
Capital
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,17
13,98
14,87
15,86
16,94
18,48
19,83
21,30
22,93
24,72
27,54
29,79
32,27
34,99
31,48
30,23
26,70
23,52
20,66
18,09
16,32
BALANCE
4,000
5,610
8,381
0,429
0,682
8,960
2,066
9,483 4,641 2,315 8,757
7,842 1,837 3,230 8,117 3,516 4,374
8,147 9,542 6,798 1,328
26
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
Appendix D
APPENDIX 4: Appendix D
Down Stream benefit to the Transport
Industry per annum
Produc
Total
Freig
Pric
Total Cost
Km
Litre/k
Pric
Total Cost
t
Yield/
ha
Ha
Plante
tons
No of
30
ht km
e
Inside
m
Liters
of
e
N$
Tax N$ on
Fuel alone
d
ton
drive
per
Namib
diesel
per
truc
n per
km
ia per
used
Litr
ks
trip
N$
trip
e
loads
Maize
10
15,659 156,59
0
5,220
700
30
109,613,000.
00
700
0.5
3,653,7
67
7.50 27,403,250.
00 13,701,625.
00
Wheat
6
15,659 93,954 3,132
700
30
65,767,800.0
0
700
0.5
2,192,2
60
7.50 16,441,950.
00 8,220,975.00
Fertiliz
er
1.3
15,659 20,357
679
700
30
14,249,690.0
0
700
0.5
474,990
7.50 3,562,422.50 1,781,211.25
Fuel
(R/ha)
100
15,659
1,566
52
700
30
1,096,130.00
700
0.5
36,538
7.50
274,032.50
137,016.25
Total
270,90
1
9,030 2,100
190,726,620.
00
6,357,5
54
47,681,655.
00 23,840,827.
50
27
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
The Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis Technical Reports
I
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis to establish a
n 1994, the three riparian countries of the Okavango
base of available scientific evidence to guide future
River Basin Angola, Botswana and Namibia
decision making. The study, created from inputs from
agreed to plan for collaborative management of the
multi-disciplinary teams in each country, with
natural resources of the Okavango, forming the
specialists in hydrology, hydraulics, channel form,
Permanent Okavango River Basin Water
water quality, vegetation, aquatic invertebrates, fish,
Commission (OKACOM). In 2003, with funding from
birds, river-dependent terrestrial wildlife, resource
the Global Environment Facility, OKACOM launched
economics and socio-cultural issues, was
the Environmental Protection and Sustainable
coordinated and managed by a group of specialists
Management of the Okavango River Basin (EPSMO)
from the southern African region in 2008 and 2009.
Project to coordinate development and to anticipate
and address threats to the river and the associated
The following specialist technical reports were
communities and environment. Implemented by the
produced as part of this process and form
United Nations Development Program and executed
substantive background content for the Okavango
by the United Nations Food and Agriculture
River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Organization, the project produced the
Final Study
Reports integrating findings from all country and background reports, and covering the entire
Reports
basin.
Aylward, B.
Economic Valuation of Basin Resources: Final Report to
EPSMO Project of the UN Food & Agriculture Organization as
an Input to the Okavango River Basin Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis
Barnes, J. et al.
Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis:
Socio-Economic Assessment Final Report
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment Project
C.A.
Initiation Report (Report No: 01/2009)
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment EFA
C.A.
Process Report (Report No: 02/2009)
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
C.A.
Guidelines for Data Collection, Analysis and Scenario Creation
(Report No: 03/2009)
Bethune,
S.
Mazvimavi,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
D. and Quintino, M.
Delineation Report (Report No: 04/2009)
Beuster, H.
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
Hydrology Report: Data And Models(Report No: 05/2009)
Beuster,
H. Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
Scenario Report : Hydrology (Report No: 06/2009)
Jones, M.J.
The Groundwater Hydrology of The Okavango Basin (FAO
Internal Report, April 2010)
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
C.A.
Scenario Report: Ecological and Social Predictions (Volume 1
of 4)(Report No. 07/2009)
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
C.A.
Scenario Report: Ecological and Social Predictions (Volume 2
of 4: Indicator results) (Report No. 07/2009)
King, J.M. and Brown,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
C.A.
Scenario Report: Ecological and Social Predictions: Climate
Change Scenarios (Volume 3 of 4) (Report No. 07/2009)
King, J., Brown, C.A.,
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment
Joubert, A.R. and
Scenario Report: Biophysical Predictions (Volume 4 of 4:
Barnes, J.
Climate Change Indicator Results) (Report No: 07/2009)
King, J., Brown, C.A.
Okavango River Basin Environmental Flow Assessment Project
and Barnes, J.
Final Report (Report No: 08/2009)
Malzbender, D.
Environmental Protection And Sustainable Management Of The
Okavango River Basin (EPSMO): Governance Review
Vanderpost, C. and
Database and GIS design for an expanded Okavango Basin
Dhliwayo, M.
Information System (OBIS)
Veríssimo, Luis
GIS Database for the Environment Protection and Sustainable
Management of the Okavango River Basin Project
Wolski,
P.
Assessment of hydrological effects of climate change in the
Okavango Basin
Country Reports
Angola
Andrade e Sousa,
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
Biophysical Series
Helder André de
Okavango: Módulo do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório do
Especialista: País: Angola: Disciplina: Sedimentologia &
Geomorfologia
Gomes, Amândio
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
28
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
Okavango: Módulo do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório do
Especialista: País: Angola: Disciplina: Vegetação
Gomes,
Amândio
Análise Técnica, Biofísica e Socio-Económica do Lado
Angolano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cubango: Relatório
Final:Vegetação da Parte Angolana da Bacia Hidrográfica Do
Rio Cubango
Livramento, Filomena
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
Okavango: Módulo do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório do
Especialista: País: Angola: Disciplina:Macroinvertebrados
Miguel, Gabriel Luís
Análise Técnica, Biofísica E Sócio-Económica do Lado
Angolano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cubango:
Subsídio Para o Conhecimento Hidrogeológico
Relatório de Hidrogeologia
Morais, Miguel
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Análise Rio
Cubango (Okavango): Módulo da Avaliação do Caudal
Ambiental: Relatório do Especialista País: Angola Disciplina:
Ictiofauna
Morais,
Miguel
Análise Técnica, Biófisica e Sócio-Económica do Lado
Angolano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cubango: Relatório
Final: Peixes e Pesca Fluvial da Bacia do Okavango em Angola
Pereira, Maria João
Qualidade da Água, no Lado Angolano da Bacia Hidrográfica
do Rio Cubango
Santos,
Carmen
Ivelize
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
Van-Dúnem S. N.
Okavango: Módulo do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório de
Especialidade: Angola: Vida Selvagem
Santos, Carmen Ivelize
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
Van-Dúnem S.N.
Okavango:Módulo Avaliação do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório de
Especialidade: Angola: Aves
Botswana Bonyongo, M.C.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Botswana: Discipline: Wildlife
Hancock, P.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module : Specialist Report: Country:
Botswana: Discipline: Birds
Mosepele,
K. Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Botswana: Discipline: Fish
Mosepele, B. and
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Dallas, Helen
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Botswana: Discipline: Aquatic Macro Invertebrates
Namibia
Collin Christian &
Okavango River Basin: Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Associates CC
Project: Environmental Flow Assessment Module:
Geomorphology
Curtis, B.A.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report Country:
Namibia Discipline: Vegetation
Bethune, S.
Environmental Protection and Sustainable Management of the
Okavango River Basin (EPSMO): Transboundary Diagnostic
Analysis: Basin Ecosystems Report
Nakanwe, S.N.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Namibia: Discipline: Aquatic Macro Invertebrates
Paxton,
M. Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist
Report:Country:Namibia: Discipline: Birds (Avifauna)
Roberts, K.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Namibia: Discipline: Wildlife
Waal,
B.V. Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report: Country:
Namibia:Discipline: Fish Life
Country Reports
Angola
Gomes, Joaquim
Análise Técnica dos Aspectos Relacionados com o Potencial
Socioeconomic
Duarte
de Irrigação no Lado Angolano da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio
Series
Cubango: Relatório Final
Mendelsohn,
.J.
Land use in Kavango: Past, Present and Future
Pereira, Maria João
Análise Diagnóstica Transfronteiriça da Bacia do Rio
Okavango: Módulo do Caudal Ambiental: Relatório do
Especialista: País: Angola: Disciplina: Qualidade da Água
Saraiva, Rute et al.
Diagnóstico Transfronteiriço Bacia do Okavango: Análise
Socioeconómica Angola
Botswana Chimbari, M. and
Okavango River Basin Trans-Boundary Diagnostic Assessment
Magole, Lapologang
(TDA): Botswana Component: Partial Report: Key Public Health
Issues in the Okavango Basin, Botswana
29
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
Magole,
Lapologang
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Botswana Portion of
the Okavango River Basin: Land Use Planning
Magole, Lapologang
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) of the Botswana p
Portion of the Okavango River Basin: Stakeholder Involvement
in the ODMP and its Relevance to the TDA Process
Masamba,
W.R.
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Botswana Portion of
the Okavango River Basin: Output 4: Water Supply and
Sanitation
Masamba,W.R.
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Botswana Portion of
the Okavango River Basin: Irrigation Development
Mbaiwa.J.E. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the Okavango River
Basin: the Status of Tourism Development in the Okavango
Delta: Botswana
Mbaiwa.J.E. &
Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Tourism Activities
Mmopelwa, G.
and their Economic Benefits in the Okavango Delta
Mmopelwa,
G.
Okavango River Basin Trans-boundary Diagnostic Assessment:
Botswana Component: Output 5: Socio-Economic Profile
Ngwenya, B.N.
Final Report: A Socio-Economic Profile of River Resources and
HIV and AIDS in the Okavango Basin: Botswana
Vanderpost,
C.
Assessment of Existing Social Services and Projected Growth
in the Context of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of the
Botswana Portion of the Okavango River Basin
Namibia
Barnes, J and
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Wamunyima, D
Environmental Flow Module: Specialist Report:
Country: Namibia: Discipline: Socio-economics
Collin Christian &
Technical Report on Hydro-electric Power Development in the
Associates CC
Namibian Section of the Okavango River Basin
Liebenberg, J.P.
Technical Report on Irrigation Development in the Namibia
Section of the Okavango River Basin
Ortmann, Cynthia L.
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis:
Environmental Flow Module : Specialist Report Country:
Namibia: discipline: Water Quality
Nashipili,
Okavango River Basin Technical Diagnostic Analysis: Specialist
Ndinomwaameni
Report: Country: Namibia: Discipline: Water Supply and
Sanitation
Paxton,
C.
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis: Specialist Report:
Discipline: Water Quality Requirements For Human Health in
the Okavango River Basin: Country: Namibia
30
EFA Namibia Irrigation Development.
1
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