BCLME/BENEFIT/CMarZ
REGIONAL ZOOPLANKTON TAXONOMY AND
IDENTIFICATION TRAINING WORKSHOP
Swakopmund, Namibia, 8-19 January 2007
Workshop Report
Compiled by
Hans M Verheye & Anja Kreiner
Participants from Angola, Namibia and South Africa at the Regional Zooplankton
Taxonomy and Identification Training Workshop, held at the Alte Brücke Rest
Camp and Conference Centre in Swakopmund, Namibia, 8-19 January 2007.
The workshop, which was funded by the two regional capacity building
programmes BCLME and BENEFIT as well as by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
(through the Census of Marine Zooplankton), was convened by Drs Hans
Verheye (South Africa) and Anja Kreiner (Namibia), and facilitated by Dr Janet
Bradford-Grieve (New Zealand).
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Introduction
Zooplankton are the diverse assemblage of animals that drift the waters of
the world's oceans. These usually microscopic organisms occupy a key position
in the pelagic food web, as they transfer organic energy produced by
phytoplankton to higher trophic levels, including fish stocks exploitable by man.
Thus, zooplankton plays a pivotal role in the pelagic foodweb by control ing
primary production and shaping pelagic ecosystems.
During the last fifteen years, zooplankton research has globally gained a
fresh impetus and its great significance in food web studies is reflected in a
number of large international research programmes. For instance, within JGOFS
(Joint Global Ocean Flux Study), zooplankton plays an important role in
regulating particle flux to the deep sea, whereas the impact of climate change on
zooplankton population dynamics, which influences the recruitment success of
pelagic fish stocks, forms the main focus of GLOBEC (Global Ocean Ecosystem
Dynamics).
In the coastal upwelling region of the Benguela Current Large Marine
Ecosystem (BCLME) off southern Africa, data on zooplankton have been
collected routinely, primarily in support of fisheries research, since the
development of the pelagic fishing industry in southern Africa in the early 1950s.
Zooplankton monitoring is ongoing in the region, and even if only the biomass
distribution is usually investigated by applying bulk methods like volume or
weight measurements, inspection of the species composition adds valuable
information on the relative abundance, distribution and diversity of taxa.
However, the BCLME region in general, and South Africa in particular, have over
the past two decades suffered an enormous loss of expertise in zooplankton
taxonomy at an exponential rate, to the extent that the very few experts
remaining are on the list of `Endangered Species'. Furthermore, such expertise
has still to be developed to a large extent in Namibia and particularly in Angola.
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The rapid dwindling of zooplankton taxonomic expertise in the BCLME
region over the years has restricted local scientists in their ability to study
changes in zooplankton community structure in detail. Such knowledge is
essential to understand and be able to predict the impact of environmental
changes on fish stock fluctuations. In addition to the harvesting of marine living
resources, the region is a hub of maritime activities, including oil and gas
exploration and production, diamond mining, shipping, ports, and sovereignty
and resource protection. The impacts of these activities on ecosystem health
require judicious management at the ecosystem level, and the Benguela Current
Commission (BCC) was recently established for that purpose. Detailed
zooplankton taxonomic analyses will provide the BCC with practical applications
to a range of policy issues such as climate change, biodiversity, the introduction
of alien species, pollution and eutrophication in addition to fisheries.
The Workshop
To address this situation of a declining critical mass of zooplankton
taxonomists (or rather, parataxonomists), a regional training course in
zooplankton taxonomy and species identification was developed by Dr Hans
Verheye, as part of a BCLME project on `Retrospective Analysis of Plankton
Community Structure in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
(BCLME), to Provide an Index of Long-Term Changes in the Ecosystem' (Ref.
No. EV/PROVARE/02/05). The primary aim of the course was to upgrade the
institutional capacity in the BCLME region.
Five scientists and technicians from each of the three BCLME countries,
viz. Angola, Namibia and South Africa, took part in this training workshop (for a
list of participants and their contact details: see below). They hailed from a broad
spectrum of ethnic, educational and linguistic backgrounds, which at times
4
caused communication to be rather challenging. Their participation was
supported by their respective national government institutions, viz. INIP (National
Institute of Fisheries Research, Luanda, Angola), NatMIRC (National Marine
Information and Research Centre, Swakopmund, Namibia) and MCM (Marine
and Coastal Management, Cape Town, South Africa). Funds covering all costs
for the workshop were sourced from the two regional capacity building
programmes, BENEFIT (Benguela Environment Fisheries Interaction and
Training) and BCLME, as well as from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (USA)
through the Census of Marine Zooplankton, a project of the global Census of
Marine Life, of which Dr Verheye is a Member of the Steering Group. The course
was convened by Dr Verheye (MCM) and Dr Anja Kreiner (NatMIRC), while Ms
Pavs Pillay, the BENEFIT/BCLME Training Officer, took care of all logistical
support.
The course was held at the Alte Brücke Rest Camp and Conference
Centre in Swakopmund, Namibia, during the period 8-19 January 2007. It was
facilitated by Dr Janet Bradford-Grieve, FRSNZ and world authority on copepod
taxonomy from New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research (NIWA) in Wellington, and also a Member of the CMarZ Steering
Group. Practical sessions on taxonomy and microscope identification of different
zooplankton groups were interspersed with lectures on: (i) the Benguela Current
ecosystem by Dr Anja Kreiner (NatMIRC); (ii) zooplankton ecology by Dr Jenny
Huggett (MCM); (iii) sampling devices used in the region for the collection of
zooplankton, (iv) traditional and novel techniques used for sample analysis, and
(v) prospects for the establishment of a regular CPR survey in the BCLME by Dr
Hans Verheye (MCM); and (vi) copepod morphology, (vii) using keys, and (viii)
copepod dissection and observation by Dr Janet Bradford-Grieve (NIWA).
Material used for microscope analysis during the workshop included samples
collected by scientists from the three BCLME countries.
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The focus of the workshop was unavoidably on the identification of
copepods, simply because of their sheer numerical abundance and species
diversity in all plankton samples available at the workshop. After a few days,
each participant was to select a family, genus or species of copepod, note its
main distinguishing morphological characteristics and prepare an oral
presentation to the rest of the group.
During the course of the workshop, a guide to common copepods was
compiled by Drs Huggett and Bradford-Grieve as an informal but useful take-
home tool for the participants (see Appendix 2). It highlights some of the key
features used to distinguish some of the more abundant genera and species in
the region, drawing on a number of more comprehensive references, which are
listed at the end of the guide. It is by no means comprehensive and is intended to
serve as a basis for further laboratory-based learning in each BCLME country.
This copepod guide is also envisioned as the first in a series of
identification guides to other taxa. These taxa include euphausi ds, decapod
larvae, amphipods and chaetognaths, which although often abundant in
zooplankton collections in the region were examined only to a lesser extent
during the workshop. Other, equally important taxa such as the gelatinous
zooplankton taxa (incl. jellyfish, ctenophores, appendicularians, salps, and
doliolids) and the lesser abundant cladocera, were unfortunately not covered
during the workshop owing to a lack of expertise.
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List of Participants
Name Affiliation
E-mail
address
Dr Janet Bradford-Grieve
NIWA
j.grieve@niwa.co.nz
Dr Hans Verheye
MCM
hverheye@deat.gov.za
Dr Jenny Huggett
MCM
jhuggett@deat.gov.za
Ms Susan Jones
MCM
sjones@deat.gov.za
Mr Marco Worship
MCM
mworship@deat.gov.za
Ms Diane Gianakouras
MCM
gianakou@deat.gov.za
Ms Alice Martins
INIP
alicechicunga@hotmail.com
Ms Catharina Ruby
INIP
katyruby@yahoo.com.br
Mr Bernardo Fernandes
INIP
bernadofernandes@hotmail.com
Mr Tito Milagre
INIP
Dr Antonio da Silva
BENEFIT
dasilva@benguela.org
Ms Allie Gumbo
NatMIRC
gumboa@mfmr.gov.na
Dr Anja Kreiner
NatMIRC
akreiner@mfmr.gov.na
Mr Victor Hashoongo
NatMIRC
vhashoongo@mfmr.gov.na
Mr Twalinohamba Akawa
NatMIRC
takawa@mfmr.gov.na
Ms Nelda Katjivena
NatMIRC
neldaka@mfmr.gov.na
Erasmus Kakonya
NatMIRC
ekakonya@mfmr.gov.na
NIWA - National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (incorporating Zew Zealand
Oceanographic Institute),Wellington, New Zealand;
MCM Marine and Coastal Management, Dept of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Cape
Town, South Africa;
INIP National Institute for Fisheries Research, Luanda, Angola;
NatMIRC - National Marine Information and Research Centre, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
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Impressions by workshop participants
At the end of the workshop, participants were given five questions to
answer, and present per country their impressions of the workshop to the
other participants in a concluding plenary session. It should be noted that the
answers given below are the original ones given verbatim by the workshop
participants; they have only been edited for spelling mistakes.
1. What did you learn about the process of identification?
a) Main characteristic features used to differentiate between groups of
zooplankton and/or taxa.
b) The optimal use and the importance of microscopes, esp. the compound
microscope.
c) How to use a key and the importance of using it.
d) Characteristics of species
e) Measuring of specimens
f) Use of a compound microscope
g) Specimen identification using different magnifications. Myself I learned a
lot because I'm still new in the plankton programme, thus I'm not that
familiar with the identification process. The use of identification keys,
preparation of slides, and the use of a microscope to mention but a few
were some of the new identification processes that I learned
h) The presentation also helped me to learn in more detail about the different
types of zooplankton especially the Metridia female that I presented.
i) I did learn how to look at different body structures of the species as well as
the use of the microscope
j) To learn how one can use the keys for the identification of zooplankton
species.
k) We learned to use the computer programmes for the identification of
species
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l) We learned to use lactic acid and some techniques for using a
microscope.
m) About the process of identification I learned some procedure to identify the
zooplankton species, how to better use the microscope and also how to
prepare the animal with lactic acid before analysing it under the
microscope. I learned to use the keys for the identification of zooplankton
species using Boltovskoy and the computer programmes.
n) The procedure to identify the zooplankton species using the keys in the
taxonomic books and in the computer programmes
o) To work with the compound microscope
p) New technical words used for identification.
q) To better use the microscope, like the different light intensities to see
better the animal or parts of it
r) To use the lactic acid
s) To use the keys for the identification of zooplankton species
t) That it is critical to have a compound microscope to assist in identification,
especially for the small species and small details of larger species
u) How to use keys, and how useful they can be
v) That one needs to use more detailed references for the copepod families
in addition to the general guides, such as Janet Bradford-Grieve's guides
w) How to do a temporary mount of copepod specimens in lactic acid, for
viewing under a compound microscope.
x) This process involved a lot of new methods, mainly the use of keys in the
front of the reference book. Close observation to detail is essential with
zooplankton identification as the diagnostic features of each species can
vary by way of a spine or rami in certain areas. Terminology is important,
to understand the various parts of the copepod and to relate to the correct
part.
y) The use of a compound microscope is essential to be able to see each
feature as clearly as possible. It is impossible to use any other.
9
z) The mounting of animals on slides was new to all of us. We learnt how to
select the best specimen and carefully place it in the slide well. A few
drops of lactic acid are used to hold the copepod in its correct position,
before placing the cover slip on top. Care must be taken to avoid trapping
any air bubbles. This process enables the specimen to be seated correctly
for detailed scanning.
aa) The measurement of each species is most important, as the (adult) sizes
can vary so much. This is a big help in the initial identification process.
bb) Accuracy, observation of detail and perseverance: time and patience are
also essential when identifying a species. Collect more than one specimen
(male and female) and photograph if possible. Identify the group and
check against the keys. The Delta program is most useful and works by
eliminating various family characteristics, leaving a choice of diagnostic
features to check on.
2. What will you need in order to progress your learning when you go home?
a) Practice makes perfect
b) By preserving samples for a thorough analysis later will buy us more time
to look at more details
c) Keep/isolate unknown specimens for later identification. This will allow
more time to search in books and use the keys
d) Keep/isolate specimen of known species for reference. Particularly
important when you have damaged specimen and also for demonstrations
e) Test each other during the routine counting and identification so as to be
sure what a colleague says is exactly what is in the samples
f) During sample analysis in the lab, subsamples must be done by two/more
individuals, just for accuracy
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g) What will be needed is much more practice; I mean it will be of no use not
to practice after coming from such an educative course, because a person
might forget what was taught.
h) The approach that I will take to further improve my zooplankton
identification knowledge is to try and do identification using the keys and
the microscope. I will also try and improve more on the usage of the
identification keys and preparation of the slides as I'm a bit new with that.
i) Practicing is the most important tool, the more you practice the more you
will know
j) First of all, we have to acquire a compound microscope. We have to learn
the technical words, in order to facilitate the use of the keys. We would like
to analyse the samples that we have in our Institute, in order to practice
what we learned during the course (learning by doing).
k) After my return to Angola I am going to carry on what I learned during the
course.
l) In order to progress, it is essential to practice in the laboratory with the
samples that already exist. If one species is well identified it can be
isolated, in order to compare with other samples in the future and not to
have to identify it once again.
m) In order to progress my learning when I go home, it is necessary that I
spend more time in the laboratory analysing the samples already existing,
in order that I not forget what I learned during the course.
n) A dedicated compound microscope in the laboratory
o) More detailed taxonomic references, such as Janet Bradford-Grieve's
guides
p) Taxonomic keys available on computer media.
q) Firstly, a compound microscope is essential for identifying the really fine
and detailed parts of the animal. At the moment we are using stereo
microscopes, which, without better objectives cannot give us this detail.
r) We should recap with the knowledge gained from this course on
previous samples and correct any errors found.
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s) Learn the terminology found in the keys and apply it to the copepod
features.
t) Discuss all these points with colleagues and pass on this knowledge and
experience to other students
3. Did this course meet your expectations?
a) Technically, yes. It has improved my knowledge of species identification
b) Expectations were: to be able to identify copepods up to family and genus
level; to know what structures to look at and/or what the main features are;
to know the ecology or trophic role of common copepod species in
Namibian waters
c) Yes, learn key features that we don't know
d) Use of microscopes
e) Very much, I was expecting to further improve my knowledge of using the
microscope; that was well covered during the course.
f) I was expecting the course to be complicated with the identification as I'm
new but everything was of a normal standard.
g) The instructor (Janet) made this course interesting especially for me and
was always available for assisting.
h) To a certain extent, yes. I happened to learn most things I didn't know
such as how to measure the specimen, how to use the key.
i) Yes, we learned a lot of things during these two weeks
j) The course was so interesting that it went over my expectations
k) Yes, because I learned things that I did not know, like using the keys for
the identification of zooplankton species and to fix the sample with lactic
acid, etc.
l) Yes, this course went over my expectations, because I expected that we
analyse the samples like we did in our laboratory. The change of
experience was very good, but the highlight for me during this course, was
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how to use: (1) the lactic acid, (2) the different light intensities of the
microscope, (3) the keys for the identification of zooplankton species and
how to dissect some leg from the animal and count the segments.
m) Yes, in that we were given the tools to identify small copepods, our main
difficulty. However, we did not spend as much time with actual specimens
as we had hoped, so did not leave the course proficient in their
identification (perhaps an unrealistic expectation)
n) An unqualified YES!!! It was a quantum leap forward for us all. As a group,
we all benefited in different areas: Diane studied Pareucalanus sewellii
and Subeucalanus pileatus from our Indian Ocean samples. Susan felt
more confident regarding Parvocalanus crassirostris and presented
Undinula vulgaris (male & female) during the course. Marco learnt a lot
about microscopes and quickly found an aptitude for identification. He was
able to present Rhincalanus nasutus at the workshop. Hans was able to
concentrate on the larger species, particularly euphausiids and
amphipods. To end the course, a guide to some common copepods was
compiled by Jenny Huggett and Janet Bradford-Grieve as an informal and
most useful take-home reference guide. It was really well co-ordinated and
will be referred to a lot.
4. What could have been done better by the course leaders?
a) Inadequate books. I think borrowing more books from elsewhere can solve
this
b) Already have sorted the specimen to be identified either by species and
size beforehand
c) More time should have been spent on copepods (major species of
zooplankton)
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d) The South Atlantic Zooplankton book that was used for identification was
not enough; the same applies to the Laptops, this causes a delay in the
process. I think for the future if we can improve on that it will be better.
e) In general, the course leader tried her utmost best to do what she could,
even though I tend to agree with the colleagues who mention that too little
time was spent on small species of copepods which are difficult to identify.
f) All leaders were excel ent, especially Janet. She was tireless and very
patient
g) The course leaders were excel ent. They showed us competence. It is to
underline the knowledge from Janet. She was very kind.
h) The leaders should orientate the course in order to identify more
copepods species. For example, we spend a lot of time to identify
amphipods and it was for me very difficult.
i) The leader of the course was an exemplary person. She was patient and
tireless. The time was not sufficient to learn more, because I think she is
very experienced and has much more to teach.
j) More compound microscopes would have been useful
k) The handouts (Janet's notes) were really useful but were reproduced at
too small a resolution to be legible by the BENEFIT Secretariat (6
Powerpoint slides per A4 page, instead of perhaps 2 per page)
l) Would have been useful to have the copepod guide (Huggett & Bradford-
Grieve) available for reference during the course [Huggett: I spent so
much time preparing this guide that I missed out on sessions dedicated to
identifying other taxa]
m) Should have had more copepod specimens sorted prior to the course
n) More tasks or projects during the course would have been beneficial, as
some people lost focus during the day
o) More time spent on identifying small copepods
p) More experts on other taxa (although time and funds! were limited for
this)
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q) Maybe more copies of literature and reference books could have been
made available. With 15 participants, some time was wasted in waiting for
them to become available.
r) A few more compound microscopes would have speeded things up and
kept interest peaked.
s) A few more projects to work on and to present as we tended to drift at
times.
t) Although sample material was supplied, other areas would have been
beneficial to vary the species.
u) We found that some of the diagrams included in the manual initially
supplied, proved to be rather on the small side and could perhaps have
been enlarged for clarity.
v) Some participants thought that 2 weeks for the workshop, was rather a
long period of time for long hours of daily concentration.
5. Any other comments?
a) Such workshop should take place every year in order for the three
countries to exchange new ideas on zooplankton
b) Still need to be convinced that there are no Calanus males in our waters
c) What I need is for the course to be continuous, not to have another in five
years time, but if funds can be readily available we can even have the
course twice a year.
d) It's my hope that a follow-up to this workshop could be held on a regional
level.
e) The time was not sufficient to identify more species. We recommend
organizing another workshop with the three countries, if possible this year.
f) It should be good, if we could have the possibility to participate in another
course this year. I suggest for the next course more taxonomic books, like
Boltovskoy and more computers with keys programmes for the
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identification of species. We spent 3 days to identify the amphipod. I think
we could take 1 day of the 3, in order to identify another zooplankton
species.
g) The course was interesting. Janet was marvellous, tireless and very
patient. Sometimes, more people were needed to help at the same time
and she could manage it very well. It should be good, if we could have the
possibility to participate in another course this year, in order to continue
the learning process, because the two weeks were not sufficient. We
spent a lot of time to identify amphipod instead of more copepods. I am
grateful to participate in this course, because I had the opportunity to
improve my knowledge concerning zooplankton identification.
h) Would be extremely useful to have regional workshops, or bilateral visits,
in order to confirm species identifications. During the course it emerged
that the Namibians have been mis-identifying Nannocalanus as Calanus.
Closing remarks and recommendations for future training courses
In summing up the workshop, Dr Bradford-Grieve highlighted the
importance for local parataxonomists to have access to a good-quality compound
microscope with camera lucida, as this will enable them to produce detailed
drawings of specimens, which could inter alia be very useful in correspondence
with experts abroad to assist with or confirm species identification. She echoed
several of the points noted by the participants, as listed above, including the
availability of course material prior to the course in the future, the importance of
establishing an archive of voucher specimens for future reference, and the need
for quality control of identifications.
There was a general consensus by all present that this regional
zooplankton workshop should not be seen as a once-off event, but rather as the
first in a series of several follow-up workshops, where both progress made since
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this workshop should be assessed and zooplankton groups other than copepods
should be tackled in detail. The role of the respective national governments of
Angola, Namibia and South Africa and possibly also the Benguela Current
Commission in supporting and funding such workshops in the future will be
instrumental for building on the achievements made during this first workshop
with respect to the identification of Benguela Current zooplankton.
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the fol owing people, organisations, institutions and
programmes for their respective contributions, which made this first regional
zooplankton taxonomy and identification workshop a success: Dr Janet Bradford-
Grieve for facilitating this workshop in a most energetic and committed manner,
which undoubtedly has instilled a great deal of enthusiasm and perseverance in
the participants; the regional BENEFIT and BCLME programmes and the Alfred
P. Sloan Foundation (through Prof. Ann Bucklin, Chair of CMarZ) for providing
generous funding; the governmental fisheries research and management
agencies of Angola, Namibia and South Africa for supporting their staff to attend
this important training and capacity building event; the University of Namibia, and
both NatMIRC and MCM for making their microscopes available; Ms Pavs Pillay
and the BENEFIT Secretariat for making all necessary arrangements in respect
of international travel, accommodation and sustenance; Dr Antonio da Silva and
Mr Victor Hashoongo for their sustained efforts in translating from English into
Portuguese for the Angolan participants; the management and staff of the Alte
Brücke Rest Camp and Conference Centre for putting up with us converting their
conference facility into a temporary formalin-smelling plankton laboratory...
17
Appendix 1
Useful plankton identification references (by J Bradford-Grieve)
General
Boltovskoy D. 1999. South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1705 pp.
The Synopsis of British Fauna series may be useful although they deal with a limited set
of species.
Ctenophora
MILLS, C.E. 2000: Phylum Ctenophora: List of all valid species names. Electronic internet document
available at http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophore.html. Web page established
March 1998, last updated 8 February 2000.
HARBISON, G.R.; MADIN, L.P. 1982: Ctenophora. Pp. 707-715, pls 68-69 in Parker, S.P. (ed.)
Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms, 1. McGraw-Hill, New York.
HARBISON, G.R. 1985: On the classification and evolution of the Ctenophora. Pp 78-100 in
Conway-Morris, S.C.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (eds) The Origin and Relationships of
Lower Invertebrates. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 394 p.
Cnidaria
Boltovskoy D. 1999. South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 1705 pp.
Chaetognatha
http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/chaetognatha.php
Ostracods
http://www.eti.uva.nl/products/catalogue/cd_detail.php?id=41&referrer=search
Windows 95/98, will work with Windows XP
Cladocera
https://www.ices.dk/products/fiche/Plankton/SHEET143.PDF - to obtain paper key to genera
Copepoda
Published literature
Definition of all Copepod families
Boxshall, G.A.; Halsey, S.H. 2004. An Introduction to Copepod Diversity. The Ray
Society, London. 2 vols.
18
Keys
http://www.crustacea.net/intro.htm
Dr Jim Lowry's Crustacea website, uses DELTA software for the production of keys to
crustacean. DELTA and IntKey can be accessed through this web site.
Bradford-Grieve, J.M.; Markhaseva, E.L.; Rocha C.E.F.; Abiahy, B. 1999. Copepoda. In:
Boltovskoy D. (ed.) South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The
Netherlands, pp. 869-1098.
Mauchline, J. 1998. The biology of calanoid copepods. Advances in Marine Biology 33,
710 pp.
Databases
http://copepodes.obs-banyuls.fr/
Razouls C., de Bovée F., Desreumaux N., 2005-2006. Diversity and Geographical
Distribution of Pelagic Copepoda. Site in French and English
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/iz/copepod/
Bibliography, Wilson Copepod Library, USNM types, Genera, Species, Techniques,
Researchers
Amphipoda
Crustacea.net updated electronic key on a CD
VINOGRADOV, M.E.; VOLKOV, A.F.; SEMENOVA, T.N. [1996] 1982: Hyperiid Amphipods (Amphipoda, Hyperiidea) of the
World Oceans. Science Publishers, Lebanon, New Hampshire. 632 p. [I have only the Russian version]
Mysidacea
Crustacea.net Key to families - I will bring on a CD
MAUCHLINE, J.; MURANO, M. 1977: World list of the Mysidacea, Crustacea. Journal of the Tokyo University of Fisheries 64:
39-88.
Euphausiids
http://www.eti.uva.nl/products/catalogue/cd_detail.php?id=23&referrer=search
Windows 95/98, will work with Windows XP
BRINTON, E. 1962a: The distribution of Pacific euphausiids. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of
California 8: 51-270.
MAUCHLINE, J.; FISHER, L.R. 1969: The biology of euphausiids. Advances in Marine Biology 7: 1-454.
SHEARD, K. 1953: Taxonomy, distribution and development of the Euphausiacea (Crustacea). Report of the British and New
Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition, ser. B (Zoology and Botany) 8: 1-72.
19
Appendicularia
FENAUX, R. 1993: The classification of Appendicularia (Tunicata): History and current state.
Mémoires de l'Institute Océanographique, Fondation Albert 1er, Prince de Monaco 17: 1-123. [has keys]
THOMPSON, H. 1948: Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Commonwealth Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research, Australia, Melbourne. 196 p, 75 pls. [has keys]
FRASER, J.H. 1981: British Pelagic Tunicates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 57 p. Synopsis
of the British Fauna N.S. 20. [limited number of species but has keys]
Thaliacea
THOMPSON, H. 1948: Pelagic Tunicates of Australia. Commonwealth Council for Scientific and
Industrial Research, Australia, Melbourne. 196 p, 75 pls. [has keys]
FRASER, J.H. 1981: British Pelagic Tunicates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 57 p. Synopsis
of the British Fauna N.S. 20. [has keys limited number of species]
SOEST, R.W.M. VAN 1974: Taxonomy of the subfamily Cyclosalpinae Yount, 1954 (Tunicata,
Thaliacea), with the description to two new species. Beaufortia 288: 17-55. [key]
SOEST, R.W.M. VAN 1981. A monograph of the order Pyrosomatida (Tunicata, Thaliacea). Journal of
Plankton Research 3: 603-631. [key]
20
Appendix 2
`Guide to some common copepods in the Benguela Current LME'
compiled by Jenny Huggett & Janet Bradford-Grieve (pdf)
21