LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS IN THE COASTAL ZONE
April `97
No. 3
LOICZ NEWSLETTER
LOICZ Workshop
aquatic, and socio-economic
variables at different geographic
on Typology
scales that could be circulated and
reviewed by LOICZ researchers.
The LOICZ Core Project is
An example from the Gulf of
developing a typology to evaluate
Guinea in West Africa (Figure 1)
similarities among various coastal
displays catchment areas defined
areas. A workshop was held at the
by 5' x 5' grid cells and coastal
Core Project Office in Texel on
units (delineated by the 50 meter
February 24-26 to compile a data
contours) defined by larger 10 x 10
set which could be used for the
cells.
development of an initial typology
(or typologies). This initial
A plan of action was adopted that
typology will be produced in the
involved the following conceptual
next few months and will relate
framework:
primarily to the ongoing
biogeochemical modelling efforts
1. The objectives of identifying
in LOICZ.
fluxes through and transformations
of materials in the estuarine zone
Much of the discussion concerned
This is the third newsletter of
could be effectively achieved by
the need to weigh both short- and
the Land Ocean Interactions in
identifying data sets which might
long-term objectives in the
the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) Core
be functionally used in three
development of a coastal typol-
Project of the IGBP. It will be
component typologies: (a) an
ogy. One view was that it would
produced quarterly to provide
"input" typology representing
be most desirable to initiate a
news and information regarding
natural and anthropogenic fluxes
long-term research project that
LOICZ and related activities.
from land and atmosphere into the
focused on system processes.
Such a product would evolve
over a period of several years.
WEST-AFRICA
Another view was to develop a
R. Niger
multi-use typology that could
include factors such as socio-
R. Benue
economics and natural and
human-induced hazards which
are relevant to the ultimate goal of
integrated assessment (Turner
and Adger 1996).
The conceptual basis for the
typology framework activity
described in the Implementation
Plan was discussed and
suggestions for possible revision
THE GULF OF GUINEA
were considered by the group. A
consensus was reached that a
preliminary coastal typology could
be produced by the end of 1997
after which it will be demonstrated
50
0
50 100 Kilometers
to and reviewed by the larger
LOICZ community. It was agreed
to proceed with the compilation of
data for a number of terrestrial, Figure 1. Map of possible grid cells for LOICZ typology data

---

page 2
LOICZ NEWSLETTER
estuarine zone; (b) a "transform-
potential problems with such
programme and circulated it,
ation" typology which character-
databases were considered. A
together with a registration form,
ises the biogeochemical reactions
second point of concern was that
to the LOICZ Database contacts.
within the zone (e.g., biomineral-
environmental variables should
The initial programme includes
isation, net primary production,
be sampled or estimated at the
topics such as `Terrestrial Inputs
etc.); and (c) an "exchange"
same temporal and spatial scales
to the Coastal Zone', `Coastal
typology representing the
for purposes of inter-comparison.
Typology', `Biogeomorphology -
exchange of material from the
If this was not possible, or if it
The Coral Reef as an Example',
inner shelf, primarily to the outer
would limit the number of input
North Sea coastal science
shelf and ocean, but potentially to
para-meters, certain statistical
sessions on `Socio-Economic
land or air if that is relevant.
and modelling procedures could
Models and Methodologies' and
Inherent in each of these
not be used. Thirdly, the problem
"Biogeochemical Fluxes', and
component typologies is the
of a practical definition of the
other sessions. The deadline for
potential for multiple typology
landward portion of the coastal
registration for the OSM is April
layers.
zone depended on and was
15th. A large number of
constrained by both of the other
applications have been received
2. The immediate objective was to
concerns, as well as by
thus far; applications submitted
develop sets of data which could
operational consider-ations.
after this deadline will only be
be used for testing typologies for
considered in the selection
the estuarine/marine environment
A great deal of discussion in the
procedure on a space-available
and the terrestrial component.
workshop focused on whether to
basis.
Data sets needed for the outer
use a definition of the landward
shelf and exchanges with the
extreme of the coastal zone that
open ocean were being
was based on simple topographic
considered by others and would
criteria (e.g., elevation), or to use
Development of
be handled separately.
a definition that incorporated
contributions from and attributes
LOICZ Integrated
3. The formulation of data sets for
of drainage basins. Although a Modelling Guidelines
typologies relating to "exchange"
drainage-basin approach was
and "transformation" of nutrients
favoured as a more scientifically
and materials is relatively
sound approach for hydrologic, It was recognised in the LOICZ
straightforward and depends on a
sediment, biogeochemical, and Implementation Plan (Pernetta &
number of primarily marine
socio-economic studies, such an Milliman 1995) that to properly
components. In contrast, data for
approach would expand the study the fluxes of water and
the "input" typology deals
definition of the coastal zone to materials in the coastal domain it is
primarily with terrestrial variables
continental scales and greatly essential to integrate natural
and their interactions; thus, the
increase data needs and sciences study with that of the
development is more challenging.
processing requirements. The interactions between socio-
possible use of topographically economic processes and their
4. The short-range objective of
defined coastal basins or of impact on the rates of flux and
the typology exercise is to
coastline assignment to basins changes in these rates over time.
develop a qualitative system to
defined on the basis of divides LOICZ also recognises that in
extrapolate or globalise local and
between major river watersheds addition to these changes in
regional flux estimates that are
was discussed. These approaches biophysical components,
derived from biogeochemical
are being considered for future integrated guidelines should also
budget models. Modelled results
applications to the coastal incorporate realistic scenarios of
will be applied to coastal reaches
typology but they are recognised changing land-use, consumptive
with similar bio-physical and land-
to be conceptually complex and patterns, and demographics in the
use attributes.
coastal zone. The only possible
way of achieving this
5. It was recognised that the initial
LOICZ Open
understanding is to conduct
typology product be as rigorous,
Science Meeting
integrated studies that adequately
versatile, and comprehensive as
balance different data inputs,
possible; however, the time
conceptual models, and outputs of
constraints and application to
The preparations for the 3rd
both the natural and socio-
biogeochemical flux globalisation
LOICZ Open Science Meeting
economic disciplines. This requires
were given priority by the
are moving forward. As
the development and application of
workshop.
announced in our last edition in
models that can use common
January, the OSM will be held
currencies to describe material
Three related issues were
from October 10-13th, 1997 at
flux, human welfare and human
discussed in detail by the
the Leeuwenhorst Conference
values.
workshop participants. Firstly, the
Centre in Noordwijkerhout, The
nature of readily available digital
Netherlands. In February, the
The LOICZ Core Project is in the
databases, scalar properties (both
Organising Committee for the
process of developing a document
spatial and temporal), and
Meeting prepared an initial
to address these integration needs.

---

page 3
LOICZ NEWSLETTER
This document will describe
integration guidelines, two
simplest level is the issue of
several conceptual/analytical ap-
complementary approaches were
coastal land use conflicts.
proaches to the integration of
identified: one beginning from the
Examples include reclamation of
socio-economic and natural
human health and welfare
land from the sea to support
science research in the coastal
perspective focusing on the
housing development, expansion
zone. The methodologies being
supporting role of natural and
of ports, and industrial facilities.
developed represent a continu-
environmental resources and a
The next level of complexity was
ation of the previous LOICZ
second approach that attempts to
identified as representing tourism
guideline documents dealing with
evaluate the environmental
pressures. This example includes
coastal zone resource analysis
resources and link them to the
issues related to sewage disposal,
(Turner & Adger, 1995) and
resultant socio-economic benefits
impacts on fishing and
biogeochemical budget modelling
and impacts.
navigational areas, potable water
(Gordon et al. 1996). In addition
supplies, nature conservation,
to identifying links between these
coastal geomorphology, and
LOICZ approaches, this
effects on local economies. Next,
document will identify several
LOICZ Workshop in the impacts of natural (and
high priority issues and scenarios
Norwich, UK on
human-induced) hazards were
to be evaluated by integrated
considered. The most relevant
modelling. The development of
Integrated Modelling examples to human welfare are
common conceptual frameworks
Guidelines
land-fall typhoons, earthquake-
and analytical techniques will
related (including tsunami)
allow more or less independent
events, and oil spills. Here the
researchers the opportunity to
From 17-19 March 1997, LOICZ
interactions with humans, land
generate comparable results that
sponsored a workshop on
use, and infrastructure are most
can be scaled up to regional and
"Integrated Modelling Guidelines"
important. At a higher level of
global estimates of the interaction
held in Norwich, United Kingdom.
complexity is the case of
of human actions and their
The workshop was chaired by
integrated estuaries and
impacts on coastal systems.
Professor Kerry Turner of the
catchments. To evaluate this
Centre for Social and Economic
system in a socio-economic
The guidelines will not be
Research on the Global
context, both temporal and spatial
proscriptive in the sense that they
Environment (CSERGE) at the
trends in land-use, demographics,
can be applied to all coastal
University of East Anglia. A mixed
and water, sediment and nutrient
systems and situations. In almost
group of 17 natural and socio-
transport must be estimated in the
all cases individual researchers
economic scientists participated
coastal zone. This requires the
will have to use techniques and
in the workshop to formulate
use of existing models and
methodologies specific to their
preliminary generic guidelines for
remote sensing techniques.
interests. The goal is to provide a
the interdisciplinary assessment
Finally, at the highest level of
framework such that their results
of coastal zone resources with
complexity, is the case of linked
can be compared and compiled
reference to sustainable
coastal sub-systems. This
with those from other areas and
management strategies and
scenario involves a detailed
regions of the world. Development
human welfare issues.
quantification of the cascading
of these guidelines implies a
effects of population growth in
number of scientific compromises
The basic concept required to
coastal areas on food supply
or simplifications. Because the
address the integration modelling
(especially related to fisheries)
methodologies should be globally
issues involves the scoping of
and related socio-economic and
applicable, they must be more
various problems in the contexts
biophysical impacts.
general in nature those typically
of "Pressure - State - Impact -
used by researchers evaluating
Response" scenarios. With this
In addition to developing the
specific socio-economic or natural
common background, a number
outlined set of case examples for
science issues. In most situations
of environmentally significant
inclusion in the integrated
the simple, generalised results
illustrative contexts, representing
modelling guidelines, the particip-
can and will be generated from
various levels of complexity, were
ating scientists outlined data
the typical, more detailed studies.
developed. The contexts were
gaps, existing models and
In this sense, LOICZ supports and
recognised as simplifications of
analytical tools, and institutional
encourages local and regional
real world situations that would
support needed for successful
studies that can be used to
allow the LOICZ Project to
implement-ation of such a
generate input into the global
develop useful methodologies in
programme. The LOICZ CPO has
models and analyses.
both short and longer terms.
scheduled a follow-up workshop
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from
Development of methodologies
The simpler contexts generally
July 28-30, 1997, to further
for the integration of natural
would have accessible data and
develop these integration
sciences and socio-economic
good understanding of system
modelling guidelines and to
sciences is a challenge that
processes, whereas the more
include examples relevant to
requires linkages between the two
complex cases require significant
southeast Asia.
fields. In the discussions leading
model development and data
up to the preparation of the
collection and compilation. At the

---

page 4
LOICZ NEWSLETTER
NEW SCIENTIFIC
NEW PUBLICATION
CPO STAFF
JOURNAL
Proceedings of International Con-
ference on Coastal Change. Inter- ROY C. SIDLE,
The initial issue of the scientific governmental Oceanographic
Executive Officer
journal "Mangroves and Salt Commission Workshop Report No. PAUL R. BOUDREAU,
Marshes" was published by SPB 105 Supplement, 1023 p., IOC-
Project Scientist
Academic Publishing, UNESCO, Paris, 1996.
CYNTHIA PATTIRUHU,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands in Chief Editor: Prof. E. Duursma
Office Administrator
December 1996. The chief editors
MILDRED JOURDAN,
are:
The Conference addressed as-
Secretary
pects of coastal change leading to MARTIJN VAN DER ZIJP
Dr. Eric Wolanski (physical impact assessment and the predic-
Data Analyst
processes); Australian Inst. of tion of future changes. Outputs of REGINA FOLORUNSHO
Marine Science, PMB 3, the Conference are useful to man-
GIS Analyst
Townsville M.C., Qld. 4810, agers, technical experts and
Australia.
decision-makers, as well as to the
scientific community, due to the in-
LOICZ 1997 CALENDAR
Prof. Bill Wiebe (ecological creased awareness of the impor-
processes); School of Marine tance of the coastal marine envi-
Programs, Univ. of Georgia,
- LOICZ SSC6 Meeting May 28-
ronment and its socio-economic
Athens, GA 30602-2206 USA.
30, Ensenada, Mexico.
implications (Agenda 21, Chapter - LOICZ Budget Modelling
17). In this framework, the coastal
Prof. Yoshihiro Kohda (man-
Workshop, June 2-3, Ensenada,
zones of developing countries are
agement topics); ISME, College
Mexico.
studied with particular care.
of Agriculture, Univ. of Ryukyus,
- LOICZ Second Workshop on
Nishihara, Okinawa 903-01,
Integrated Modelling, July 28-30
To receive the Proceedings please
Japan.
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
contact:
- Coastal Margins Task Team,
IOC-UNESCO
This is an important new journal
(CMTT) Workshop, October 8-
1, Rue Miollis
for scientists and managers
10, Texel, The Netherlands.
working with mangroves and salt
- LOICZ Open Science Meeting,
marshes. It has been recognised
FOR MORE INFORMATION,
October 10 -13, Noordwijkerhout,
that these eco-systems are
PLEASE CONTACT:
The Netherlands.
hydrodynamically and
- LOICZ SSC7 Meeting, October
ecologically similar, yet the
13-14, Noordwijkerhout, The
LOICZ CORE PROJECT OFFICE
lessons learned from one have
Netherlands.
NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA
seldom been applied to the other.
- SARCS/WOTRO/LOICZ P.I.
RESEARCH
Both of these systems are
Meeting, November 24-28, The
PO BOX 59
disappearing world-wide: the
Philippines.
1790 AB DEN BURG - TEXEL
present destruction of mangroves
THE NETHERLANDS
in many tropical countries
***
replicating the past destruction in
PHONE: 31-222 369404
Europe and North America, but at
"Classical understanding is concerned
FAX:
31-222 369430
with the piles (of sand) and the basis for
an accelerated pace. The journal
E-MAIL: LOICZ@NIOZ.NL
sorting and interrelating them.
offers researchers and managers
WWW HOME PAGE:
Romantic understanding is directed
the opportunity to express their
toward the handful of sand before the
findings in a format focused on
sorting begins. Both are valid ways of
tidal wetlands world-wide and to
NEW LOICZ PUBLICATIONS
looking at the world although
learn from each others
irreconcilable with each other.
experiences related to know-ledge - Report of the Second LOICZ What has become an urgent necessity is
gained in studies of mangroves Executive Committee Meeting.
a way of looking at the world that does
and salt marshes. Contributions to Texel, The Netherlands, Nov `96. violence to neither of these kinds of
the new journal are invited and LOICZ/EXCOMM.2.
understanding and unites them into one.
instructions for authors can be Meeting Report No. 19.
Such an understanding will not reject
obtained from one of the three - Report of the Typology
sand-sorting or contemplation of
chief editors. The journal Workshop
unsorted sand for its own sake. Such an
publishes original research
understanding will instead seek to direct
Texel, The Netherlands, Feb `97.
papers, discussion papers, and
attention to the endless landscape from
Meeting Report No. 21.
short reports. Multidisciplinary
which the sand is taken. ..."
papers are encouraged.
(LOICZ Meeting Reports are not
Robert M Pirsig, from Zen and the Art of
available for general distribution).
Motorcycle Maintenance

---