LAND-OCEAN INTERACTIONS IN THE COASTAL ZONE
September 2000
No. 16
LOICZ NEWSLETTER
sary. A key part of this process was
Integrated Ecological
the development of an integrated,
Economic Modelling of the
dynamic, spatially explicit simulation
model.
Patuxent River Watershed,
Maryland
In the ecological component of the
model, the important processes that
Robert Costanza, Alexey Voinov, Roelof
affect plant communities are simu-
Boumans, Thomas Maxwell, Ferdinando
lated within the varying habitats dis-
Villa, Lisa Wainger, and Helena Voinov In-
tributed over the landscape. The
stitute for Ecological Economics University
of Maryland Center for Environmental Sci-
principal dynamics modeled are: 1)
ence, Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688-0038
plant growth in response to avail-
able sunlight, temperature, nutri-
There has been a major movement
ents, and water; 2) flow of water
over the last decades toward place-
plus dissolved nutrients in three di-
based, ecosystem-based, and
mensions as mediated by ; 3) de-
watershed-based management. To
composition of dead organic mate-
This is the sixteenth newsletter
support this effort to effectively
rial and formation of soil organics.
of the Land Ocean Interactions
manage the complex interactions
Using this approach to incorporat-
in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
between human and natural sys-
ing process-based data at a reason-
International Project of the
tems at the watershed scale, inte-
ably high spatial, temporal and
IGBP. It is produced quarterly
grated (across scales and across
complexity resolution within the en-
to provide news and information
disciplines) scientific and technical
tire watershed, the changing spatial
regarding LOICZ activities.
knowledge and models are needed.
patterns and processes can be ana-
We have developed an integrated
lyzed within the context of altered
modeling framework aimed at ad-
management strategies, such as
dressing these goals. The ap-
with scale.
the use of agricultural Best Man-
proach evolved from work in 3. What are useful ways to mea- agement Practices (BMPs) (e.g. re-
coastal Louisiana and in the Ever-
sure changes in the total value duced tillage).
glades. Current work is focused on
of the landscape including both
the Patuxent river watershed in
marketed and non-marketed The Model
Maryland, one of the best studied
(natural system) components The modeled landscape is parti-
tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay,
and how effective are alterna- tioned into a spatial grid of nearly
and one that has often been used
tive mitigation approaches, 2,500 square unit cells. The model
as a model of the entire Bay sys-
management strategies, and is hierarchical in structure, incorpo-
tem, and on the Gwyns Falls water-
policy options toward increas- rating an ecosystem-level "unit"
shed in urban Baltimore, as part of
ing this value.
model that is replicated in each of
the Baltimore Long Term Ecological
the unit cells representing the land-
Research (LTER) project.
The Patuxent Landscape Model scape. The General Ecosystem
(PLM) was designed to serve as a Model (GEM) which was developed
In particular the modeling frame- tool in a systematic analysis of the for the Everglades Landscape
work is aimed at addressing the interactions among physical and bi- Model (ELM), was modified for use
following general questions.
ological dynamics of the watershed, within the framework of the PLM.
1. What are the quantitative, spa- conditioned on socioeconomic be- The model was reformulated on a
tially explicit and dynamic link- havior in the region. A companion modular basis, with modules repre-
ages between land use and socioeconomic model of the re- senting functional components of
water and nutrient fluxes and gion's land use dynamics was de- the system and capable of being
terrestrial and aquatic ecosys- veloped to link with the PLM and run and calibrated independently.
tem productivity and health.
and provide a means of capturing
2. What are the quantitative ef- the feedbacks between ecological The same unit model structure runs
fects of various combinations and economic systems. Because in each cell. Individual modules are
of natural and anthropogenic of the complex feedbacks and non- parameterized according to habitat
stressors on ecosystems and linear dynamics of this watershed, a type and georeferenced information
how do these effects change "systems" approach was neces- for a particular cell. The habitat-

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
dependent information is stored in a more appropriate for the coastal testing at several time and space
parameter database which includes plain region where there are signifi- scales, and for the unit model inde-
initial conditions, rate parameters, cant areas of low relief and tidal pendently of the full spatial model.
stoichiometric ratios, etc. The habi- forces which permit counterflows.
We developed a Model Perfor-
tat type and other location- The ecological model is linked to a mance Index (MPI) to study the
dependent characteristics are refer- companion economic model that model's response to parameter
enced through links to geographic predicts the probability of land use changes. The MPI framework al-
information system (GIS) files. change within the seven counties of lows one to develop an error func-
Thus, when run within the spatial the Patuxent watershed (Bockstael tion which can handle the full range
framework of the PLM, the land- 1996). The economic model allows of variables and data quality that
scape response to hydrology and human decisions to be modeled as usually confront complex models. It
water quality is effectively simulated a function of both economic and employs a multi-criteria approach,
as material flows between adjacent ecological spatial variables. Based which allows user weighing of the
cells. The independent modules on empirically estimated parame- model variables to reflect their de-
and the full unit model have also ters, spatially heterogeneous prob- gree of importance and also weight-
been run in the spatial implementa- abilities of land conversion are pre- ing the data to reflect its quality. It
tion and rigorously tested at the full dicted as functions of predicted can deal with both quantitative and
watershed scale. Sensitivity analy- land values in residential and alter- semi-quantitative information about
sis was used to gain insight about native uses, and costs of conver- the expected behavior of the state
the model dynamics, showing the sion. Land value predictions, them- variables (like the pattern of tempo-
varying response of plant produc- selves, are modeled as functions of ral autocorrelation, boundaries,
tion to different nutrient require- local and regional characteristics. steady state).
ments, with subsequent changes in The predictive model of land use
the soil water nutrient concentra- conversion generates the relative Calibrating and running a spatial
tions and total water hea. Changes likelihood of conversion of cells, model of this level of complexity
in the plant canopy structure re- and thus the spatial pattern of and resolution requires a multi
sulted in differences in transpira- greatest development pressure. To stage approach. We first identified
tion, and consequently water levels predict the absolute amount of new two spatial scales at which to run
and plant production.
residential development, the proba- the model - a 200 m and 1 km cell
bilistic land use conversion model resolution. We then identified a
The spatial model combines the must be combined with models of hierarchy of subwatersheds. The
dynamics of the unit model which regional growth pressure. Linking whole watershed has been divided
are calculated at each time step for the ecological and economic mod- into a set of nested subwatersheds
each cell in the landscape, and els allows the effects of both diect to perform analysis at three scales.
adds the spatial fluxes which con- land use change through human The inclusion of plant and nutrient
trol the movement of water and actions and indirect effects through dynamics improved the model's hy-
materials between cells. Each cell ecological change to be evaluated, drologic performance in compari-
generates stock and flow values as well as the feedbacks between son to the output reported above.
which provide input to or accept the two.
The spatially explicit representation
output from the spatial flux equa-
of plant and nutrient dynamics mod-
tions.
A variety of spatially and temporally ifies the evapotranspiration and in-
disaggregated data is required to terception fluxes in the model, mak-
After the water head in each raster develop and calibrate the PLM ing the model performance more
cell is modified by the vertical fluxes model. The database we have as- realistic. It was also essential for
controlled in the GEM unit model, sembled includes time series, spa- scenario runs that take into account
the surface water and its dissolved tial coverages (maps) and parame- land use and cover changes, in
or suspended components move ters. The model data base contains which these changes modify the
between cells based on one of the the data which drive the model forc- hydrologic fluxes in the watershed.
two algorithms used. In the first ing functions, parameterize equa-
algorithm a certain portion of water tions and provide calibration and Scenarios
is taken out of a cell and added to a verification data for adjusting model The goal of the linked ecological
cell downstream defined by the link parameters and comparing model economic model development was
map. This may not be the adjacent output to the real system. The data to test alternative scenarios of land
cell, but a cell several links down base was developed from exten- use management. A wide range of
the path of the flow. The length of sive data sets collected for the future and historical scenarios may
the flow path is defined by the Patuxent watershed by various gov- be explored using the calibrated
amount of water fluxed and is cali- ernmental agencies, academic in- model. We have developed scenar-
brated so that the water flow rates stitutions and research programs. ios based on the concerns of
match gage data. The other algo- Existing data for the local region county, state and federal govern-
rithm checks that water movement were supplemented with broader ment agencies, local stakeholders
stops when the water heads in two regional data bases.
and researchers. The following set
adjacent cells equilibrate. While
of initial scenarios was considered:
the first algorithm works well for the To adequately test model behavior
piedmont area with significant ele- and to reduce computational time, A group of historical scenarios
vation gradients, the second one is we performed the calibration and based on the USGS reconstruction

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
of land use in the Patuxent water- land into forested
(corr=0.71), with the total load also
shed:
(16) Conversion of all forested land playing an important role
(1) 1650 ­ pre-development era. into residential
(corr=0.60), whereas the contribu-
Most of the area forested, zero (17) Residential clustering ­ con- tions of individual sources is less
emissions.
version of all low density residential pronounced (septic corr=0.0878;
(2) 1850 ­ agro-development. Al- land use into urban around 3 major decomposition corr=-0.271; atmo-
most all the area under agricultural centers
sphere corr=0.28). Even the
use, traditional fertilizers (marl, river (18) Residential sprawl ­ conver- groundwater concentrations of nu-
mud, manure, etc.), low emissions. sion of all high density urban into trients are closely related to the
(3) 1950 ­ decline of agriculture, residential randomly spread across fertilizer applications (corr=0.89),
start of reforestation and fast urban- the watershed.
however in this case the septic
ization.
loadings play a larger role
(4) 1972 ­ maximal reforestation, The scenarios were driven by (corr=0.59), even a more important
intensive agriculture, high emis- changes in the Landuse map, the one than the total N loading
sions.
Sewers map, patterns of fertilizer (corr=0.44).
(5) Baseline scenario. We use application, amounts of atmo-
1990 as a baseline to compare the spheric deposition, and location The hydrologic response is quite
modeling results. The 1990-1991 and number of dwelling units. We strongly driven by the land use pat-
climatic patterns and nutrient load- compare the model output in the terns. The peak flow (max 10% of
ings were used.
different scenarios looking at nitro- flow) is almost entirely determined
(6) 1997 land use pattern. This gen concentration in the Patuxent by urbanization (corr=0.94). The
data set has just recently been re- River as an indicator of water qual- baseflow (min 50% of flow) is
leased and we used it with the ity, changes in the hydrologic flow somewhat related with the number
1990-1991 forcings to estimate the and changes in the net primary pro- of forested cel s (corr=0.54), but
effect of landuse change alone.
ductivity of the landscape.
obviously many other factors also
(7) Buildout scenario. With the
influence it.
existing zoning regulations, we as- Comparing the effect of various
sumed that all the possible develop- land use change scenarios on the Different land use patterns result in
ment in the area occurred. This water quality in the river shows that quite significant variations in the net
may be considered as the worst there is no obvious connection be- primary productivity (NPP) of the
case scenario in terms of urbaniza- tween the nutrient loading to the watershed, both in the temporal and
tion and it's associated loadings.
watershed and the nutrient concen- in the spatial domains. The prede-
(8) Best Management Practices tration in the river. However some velopment 1700 conditions produce
(BMP) ­ 1997 land use with low- conclusions can be drawn. The ef- the largest NPP, while under Build
ered fertilizer application and crop fects of loadings which are dis- Out conditions NPP is the lowest.
rotation. These management prac- tributed more evenly over the year In the latter case the dynamics of
tices were also assumed in the re- are much less pronounced than NPP is more representative of the
maining scenarios.
those which occur sporadically . agricultural landuse with higher
For example, fertilizer applications NPP values attained later in the
A group of scenarios of change in that occur once or twice a year year as crops mature. Interestingly
land use over the 5 years following increase the average nutrient con- under the BMP scenario with lower
1997 (i.e. for 2003) developed tent and especially the maximum fertilizer applications we still get a
based on the Economic Land Use nutrient concentration quite signifi- higher NPP than under reference
Conversion (ELUC) Model by N. cantly, whereas the effect of, say, conditions of 1997, because of the
Bockstael:
atmospheric deposition is much crop rotation and growth of winter
(9) Development as usual
more obscure. The difference in wheat that matures earlier in the
(10) Development with all projected atmospheric loading between Sce- season than corn.
sewer systems in place
narios (1) and (3) is almost 2 orders
(11) Development with no new sew- of magnitude, yet the nutrient re- The major result of the analysis
ers but contiguous patches of forest sponse is only 5-6 times higher, performed thus far is that the model
500 acres and more protected
even though loadings from other behaves well and produces plausi-
(12) Development with all sewers in sources also increase. Similarly the ble output under significant varia-
place and contiguous forest pro- effect of septic loadings that are tions in forcing functions and land
tected
occurring continuously is not so use patterns. It can therefore be
large.
instrumental for analysis and com-
Another group of hypothetical sce-
parisons of very diverse environ-
narios to study more dramatic The average N concentration is well mental conditions that can be for-
change in land use patterns using correlated (corr=0.77) with the total mulated as scenarios of change
the 1997 land use as the starting amount of nutrients loaded. The and further studied and refined as
point:
effect of fertilizers is also high additional data and information are
(13) Conversion of all agricultural (corr=0.74), while the effect of other obtained. The real power of the
land into residential
sources is much less (septic corr=- model comes from its ability to link
(14) Conversion of all agricultural 0.0075; decomposition corr=- hydrology, nutrients, plant dynamics
land into forested
0.2267; atmosphere corr=0.49). and economic behavior via land use
(15) Conversion of all residential The fertilizer application defines the change. The model allows fairly site
maximum nutrient concentrations specific effects to be examined as

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
well as regional impacts so that Sea and does it export CO2 into the chemical modelling database con-
both local water quality and Chesa- Atlantic Ocean thereby acting as tained on the dedicated website
peake Bay inputs can be consid- "continental shelf pump"?
( ht t p : / / d at a . ec o lo g y. s u . se /
ered. The linked ecological eco-
MNODE/) which is also accessible
nomic model is a potentially impor-
through the LOICZ website.
tant tool for addressing issues of
Estuarine Systems of
land use change. The model inte-
East Asia
grates our current understanding of
African and Indian
certain ecological and economic A group of 14 researchers met in
processes to give best available
Ocean Estuaries
Hong Kong, 13-15 June 2000, to
estimates of effects of land use or develop C-N-P nutrient budgets
land management change. The
Sub-saharan Africa and the Indian
and models for estuarine systems
model also highlights areas where
Ocean estuarine systems were the
in the East Asia region. The LOICZ
knowledge is lacking and where
subject of two workshops during
UNEP workshop, one of the LOICZ
further research could be targeted
September 2000. The workshops
regional series supported by the
for the most impact.
involved more than 35 scientist in
Global Environment Facility through both training in estuarine modelling
UNEP, was generously hosted by and in developing more than 20
Prof. Ming Wong and staff from the
The continental shelf
nutrient budgets for estuarine sys-
Hong Kong Baptist University. Par- tems across the extensive region.
pump: a pilot study in the ticipants from Russia, China, Ko-
North Sea
rea, Japan and Taiwan took part in Sixteen scientists from sub-
plenary and tutorial discussions Saharan Africa were hosted by the
Helmuth Thomas
which addressed various modelling Institute of Marine Science, Univer-
and budgetary tools developed to sity of Dar es Salaam on Zanzibar,
The role of coastal seas in the assist the application of the LOICZ 12-14 September, as part of the
global carbon budget and the conti- biogeochemical assessment ap- regional program of workshops su-
nental shelf pump hypothesis will proach to describing the global ported by LOICZ/UNEP-GEF. The
be verified by a pilot study in the coastal zone.
new computer version of
North Sea starting early 2001. The
CABARET for budget calculations,
LOICZ-relevant project - funded by The hands-on elements of the supported by a tutorial booklet, pro-
the Netherlands Organisation for workshop applied the tools and ten vided a base for the training ses-
Scientific Research (NWO) - will be site budgets were fully developed. sions. Nutrient budgets for 13 estu-
carried as international co- Issues of scaling, submarine arine systems from Tanzania,
operation under the direction of the ground water discharge and re- Kenya, Cameroons, Guinea and
Netherlands Institute for Sea Re- gional forcing (including human fac- South Africa were developed during
search (NIOZ), Texel.
tors) were considered. Two addi- the workshop. A number of other
tional tutorial "tools" were devel- systems were identified as having
Emphasis will be on establishing a oped in the workshop, including a necessary data available and the
synoptic field data set comprising way to estimate the estuarine mix- workshop participants are continu-
the relevant carbon and nutrient ing volume across the open bound- ing to extend the site description
parameters with high spatial and ary in the absence of a salt gradient work more widely in their countries
seasonal resolution. Carbon, nitro- and an approach for additional un- and within the region.
gen and phosphorus pools and derstanding of horizontal mixing in
fluxes will be assessed simultane- 2-layer box model systems. The The developed budgets and the re-
ously. Special attention will be given region appears to be relatively data- gional extension of the network of
to the interactions between the car- rich and existing research pro- researchers is a vital element for
bon, nitrogen and phosphorus grams are making further contribu- LOICZ; this and continuing scien-
pools on the one side and hydrogra- tion to understanding nutrient trans- tific assessments will be key contri-
phy on the other side. Considering formations, changing loads and butions to the integration activities
the atmosphere, the North Atlantic fluxes, and applying the scientific in the Africa-Europe thematic work-
Ocean, and the Baltic Sea as understanding to coastal environ- shop planned for mid-2001. Prof
sources and sinks internal conver- mental management issues. Addi- Howard Waldron, University of
sions and transport processes of tion sites have been identified to Cape Town has taken on the role
notably carbon and nutrients into which further work will be applied as Regional Mentor, to continue as
and out of the North Sea will be for LOICZ purposes to increase the a focus point for "budgeteers" from
assessed by data evaluation and number of local descriptions of the region. Dr Amani Ngusara will
eco-system modelling.
coastal lagoon and estuarine take up a LOICZ UNEP scholarship
ecosystems and regional sea nutri- in Manila and Hawaii, to build fur-
Several longstanding open ques- ent processes.
ther on the budgeting and modelling
tions can thus be addressed:
capacities. The new budgets will be
Whether and to what extent do The workshop outcomes will be posted to the LOICZ Biogeochemi-
coastal seas, in this case the North contained in a LOICZ R & S Report cal Budgets and Modelling web site,
Sea, act as sink or source for atmo- currently under preparation, and the and a workshop report is in prepa-
spheric CO
developed and further budgets will ration as part of the LOICZ R&S
2 ? How efficient is the
"biological CO
be contributed to the LOICZ biogeo- series.
2 pump" in the North

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
While the Zanzibar workshop was regional overview on the
sentative range of regional sites
hard work and a great success, it · fluxes of nutrients, sediments through interdisciplinary studies al-
was not without its trauma; the hotel
and other material through the lowing for the development of indi-
venue was badly damaged by fire
whole catchment/coast cas- cators for sustainable use of
immediately following the workshop
cade,
coastal zones. Following the critical
and several of our participants, · how people and economic fac- load concept they are aimed at re-
while unhurt, suffered some loss of
tors as well as other global flecting the human dimensions of
personal property. The hotel is to
change pressures affect those catchment processes and coastal
be rebuilt and will undoubtedly con-
fluxes and
zone response. The projects could
tinue as a first-class venue for · how the changes observed in employ standardised assessment
workshops.
the environmental and social and modelling tools in both the bio-
states feed back on the anthro- geochemical and socio-economic
With the support of APN, START
pogenic system (human dimen- field as developed under LOICZ
and LOICZ, the Sri Lanka IGBP
sions of change).
and build on and partly follow earlier
Committee hosted a second SAS- A comprehensive scientific and in- interdisciplinary efforts such as the
COM workshop on biogeochemical stitutional network was established, modelling of residual productions of
budgeting and socio-economic including representatives of GEF material fluxes as in the South East
modelling for coastal scientists in (Biodiversity and Land Degrada- Asian project, SWOL. The propos-
Colombo, 18-22 September 2000.
tion) , the World Bank (African Wa- als can be developed in consulta-
ter Resources Management Forum tion with other BASINS projects
This training workshop built on an Interim Task Force) and UNEP/ such as. EUROCAT.
earlier meeting in 1999, and ad- DEIA&EW and the Division of Pol-
dressed biogeochemical budgetting icy Development and Law. Divided A major criteria for the site selection
and analysis for nutrients and sedi- in three sub-regional working teams is in their potential for upscaling, i.e.
ments and economic- taking into account the heteroge- to address a set of systems that
environmental modelling. More neous features of North Africa, represent a reasonable coverage of
than 20 scientists, from India, West Africa and East/Southern "types" of DPSIR scenarios and re-
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Mauritius, Africa the network concentrated on lated coastal issues allowing com-
Maldives and Sri Lanka, were aug- establishing a data and information parison on regional and broader
mented by local management base considering the existing scales. While valuable to the LOICZ
agency and NGO representatives knowledge and the major gaps in typology effort, this approach has
during plenary sessions. Both ple- "catchment ­ coastal sea" interac- considerable potential for co-
nary and tutorial sessions were tion issues. The DPSIR (Drivers, operation with other global IGBP
highly interactive and the tools and Pressure, States, Impacts, Re- projects such as BAHC, LUCC and
approaches are being applied to sponse) scheme proved a practical PAGES. Besides their contribution
local and regional issues. In addi- framework facilitating the review of to aspects of global change the
tion, 9 estuarine budgets were de- drivers of change at the catchment studies are expected to be relevant
veloped for sites in the region, with level and the identification and first for the issues of ICAM processes in
more research activities underway efforts to categorise key pressures Africa.
to extend these examples. These on the coastal systems.
In conclusion the AfriBASINS net-
will provide a crucial contribution to The regional assessment will con- work acknowledged the holistic
LOICZ understanding in the region tinue to develop a synthesis of hori- character of the LOICZ BASIN ef-
and will contribute to the wider the- zontal material fluxes and changes fort. The site studies to be devel-
matic workshop addressing Asia of African coastal zone resources oped out of this context can prove
which is planned for 2001. A re- and characteristic system functions valuable to complement the objec-
gional research program was devel- and how they link to pressures on tives of various ongoing or planned
oped by participants and has been the catchments. Where possible it river-catchment initiatives. Potential
submitted for funding.
will be highlighted how changes in for synergies was seen with activi-
the coastal zone may feed back on ties combined under the African
the human system. Following a Water Resource Management Ini-
classification of pressure - state tiative ­ West & Central Africa and
LOICZ AfriBASINS I work- scenarios as well as trend analysis the Integrated Land and Water
shop, 25 ­ 27 July 2000,
on expected change, a set of in- Management Action Program for
dices will have to be developed Africa (initiated mainly through the
In July LOICZ held its first AfriB- where possible to allow regional implementing agencies of the
ASINS workshop in Nairobi, kindly and finally global upscaling of the GEF). For successful implementa-
hosted by UNEP Regional Office for information within the global LOICZ/ tion of a continued AfriBASINS in
Africa and jointly sponsored by BAHC typology effort.
the region, it was however regarded
KNAS/IGBP, LOICZ, PASS,
equally important to strive to enable
START, and UNEP/ROA. In this As in other regional BASINS meet- the African "ownership" of this
third regional BASINS workshop ings the African group identified LOICZ approach. UNEP/ROA of-
some 25 scientists representing all possible demonstration sites in fered to assist in this process and to
major African geographical regions each region for which to start the provide a platform to distribute and
and LOICZ resource persons development of project proposals. communicate the results and pro-
aimed to provide a state- of- the- art The objective is to address a repre- ject proposals to the regional gov-

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
ernments through the African Minis-
terial Conference for the Environ-
ment, AMCEN, in order to seek
IPO notes
endorsement for implementation.
While temporary arrivals and de-
The proposals and preparation of
partures are commonplace within
the terms of reference for the AfriB-
the IPO, recently there have been
ASINS II workshop foreseen for mid
more permanent happenings. Mil-
2001 was dedicated to an interim
dred is making the most of mater-
regional Steering Committee. The
nity leave having produced a son
task list adopted comprises identifi-
(Jordan Llewellyn) and is now un-
cation of gaps in the current scien-
dergoing various sociological adap-
tific understanding of the BASINS
tations. Cynthia is taking up a new
processes and in particular to find
challenge with a commercial bank
and involve the socio-economy ex-
from the end of October. She will be
perts needed for a holistic regional
pursuing an expanding career in
synthesis in AfriBASINS II. Special
information technology and training,
emphasis will have to be on the
and will be sorely missed from the
development of a scheme of in-
IPO.
dices for the "pressure ­ critical
load" links on an African scale. The
The LOICZ SSC met in Arcachon,
meeting will also have to improve
France 2-6 October 2000. Recent
the analysis of major trends of
initiatives and progress across all
coastal change and related land
areas of LOICZ and strategies for
based processes and resource use
the shift of LOICZ into "synthesis"
and to develop tools for integrated
phase and related planning domi-
modelling and scenario analyses.
nated the meeting. Details on these
and other items will be a major topic
The regional focal points agreed
for the December newsletter.
together with PASS, LOICZ and
UNEP to facilitate the collection and
The SSC held a joint meeting with
dissemination of AfriBASINS infor-
members of the French PNEC.
mation to all relevant and interested
Common areas of research interest
people and organizations and to
and opportunities for closer collabo-
investigate the options to cover the
ration were identified, including the
various capacity building needs.
plan for a joint workshop on coastal
The network will further identify po-
system modelling in 2001. The
tential project spin-offs which can
PNEC mandate for coastal re-
add value to other regional pro-
search and application to manage-
grams/initiatives and help attracting
ment utility is a good fit to the
potential funding partners (e.g. NO-
LOICZ purpose and we look for-
RAD, ENRICH; GEF).
ward to further developments.
The Submarine Groundwater Dis-
charge initiatives being taken by the
SCOR LOICZ Working Group has
received added impetus from the
International Oceanographic Com-
mission. The IOC is co-funding a
field campaign aimed at intercali-
bration of methods used to mea-
sure SGD; this should provide a
firm basis for comparison of exist-
ing discharge measures made in
different parts of the world albeit
with different methodologies. The
first study will be held in Perth
Western Australia in early Decem-
ber 2000.

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LOICZ NEWSLETTER
be involved together with land use search and its contributions to un-
Capacity Building and
and cover change driven forcing derstanding change in the coastal
functions and finally the monetari- systems of the world. Importantly,
Training
sation of effects on ecosystem the ful peer-review processes con-
goods and services under changing solidates the credibility of the core
Capacity building and training have pressure can be included on vari- project and adds to the authority of
grown into an important item on the ous scales.
the research findings and interpre-
LOICZ agenda: The Leonardo da Experiences made in these capac- tations. Other special issue journal
Vinci Summer School on ICZM in ity building exercises are encourag- opportunities are being sought and
Bologna early July, the IHDP/ ing and complement those already it is expected that as LOICZ moves
START International Human Di- employed in the LOICZ biogeo- further into its integration and syn-
mensions Workshop 2000, Bonn, chemical and integrated modelling thesis phase, this avenue for com-
dealing with Changes in the Coastal efforts (see African and Indian Es- munication will be extended.
Zone as well as the most recent tuaries ­ this newsletter). These
ICZM conference called by UN- commitments will therefore remain
ESCO in September in an important LOICZ activity in fu-
St.Petersburg, Russia, provided a ture.
vital platform for multitargetgroup
discussions on deliverables of the
LOICZ global change synthesising
experiment against coastal man-
Good Response
HAVE YOU SEEN.......
agement issues.
for Special
Issue Journals
Taking ICZM's main objective to be
Socioeconomic aspects of fluxes
managing people and their using of
of chemicals into the marine envi-
LOICZ researchers have re-
coastal and inland resources stan-
ronment - workshop report,
sponded strongly to the invitation to
dardised tools and scientific meth-
Kjeller, Norway 8-10 March 2000.
publish in several special issues of
ods developed and applied through
Eds. Jozef M. Pacyna, Hartwig
journals. Contributed papers are
the global LOICZ community such
Kremer, Nicola Pirrone and Klaus
being prepared and edited for two
as the biogeochemical budgeting,
Guenther Barthel. European
special issues of international peer-
the coastal typology needed for
Commission EUR 19089. 2000.
reviewed journals including the
comparison and upscaling of envi- Journal of Sea Research, and Re-
ronmental states and coastal
Managing a Sea: the ecological
gional Environmental Change.
change scenarios (see LOICZ
economics of the Baltic. Eds: Ing-
newsletter No.15) where open for
Marie Gren, Kerry Turner, Fredrik
Research presentations at the
review for their applicability on vari-
Wulff. Earthscan Publications Ltd,
LOICZ 4th Open Science Meeting in
ous management levels. Address-
UK. 2000.
late 1999 provided a foundation for
ing whole catchment scales as a the contributed papers. At the
coastal domain of concern, like in
Proc. South Asia Regional Work-
close of the submission period,
the LOICZ BASINS core project,
shop on Estuarine Modelling and
more than 30 manuscripts had
and setting the stage for stake-
Coastal Zone Management.
been received for consideration in
holder advisory boards involving
START-LOICZ-IGBP SL 28-30
the JSR and REC. Papers will deal
multidisciplinary scientific teams as
April 1999 Colombo. Ed: Janaka
with the wide spectrum of LOICZ
provided by an increasing number
Ratnasiri. Sri Lanka National Com-
activities from river catchment pro-
of LOICZ projects, were identified
mittee of IGBP. 2000.
cesses, estuarine biogeochemistry,
to be most suitable for issue driven continental shelf systems and inte-
exploitation of typical LOICZ re-
Bibliography of the Coastal and
gration and scaling approaches
sults. The catchment perspective
Marine Environment of the Western
such as typology developments.
was seen to further enable better
Indian Ocean Region. Ed: Edna
Manuscripts are in the process of
acknowledgement of the institu-
Nyika, Julius Francis. Institute of
in-house assessment and editorial
tional dimensions involved when
Marine Sciences, University of Dar
processing before being sent for
dealing with transboundary issues
es Salaam. 1999.
peer review. Journal publication is
of changes in coastal zones.
planned for late 2000 or early 2001. Eric Wolanski has edited a new
Participants involved in the work-
scientific book on physics-biology
continental shelf systems and inte-
shops representing various scien-
in coral reefs and adjoining man-
gration and scaling approaches
tific disciplines covering natural and
groves and seagrass. This book
such as typology developments.
social sciences as well as young
has relevance to tropical coastal,
Manuscripts are in the process of
executives and NGOs particularly
mangrove, seagrass and coral reef
in-house assessment and editorial
considered the application of a rela-
management and will be published
processing before being sent for
tively simple framework such as the
soon by CRC Press. Further infor-
peer review. Journal publication is
DPSIR advantageous when trying
mation on:
planned for late 2000 or early 2001.
to encompass the many aspects of
http://www.crcpress.com/us/
change interactions in the coastal
prodct.asp?sku=0833+++&dept%5
These publications, provide one vi-
zone. C, N, P and sediment fluxes
Fid=1
tal window on collective LOICZ re-
as key environmental features can

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page 8
LOICZ NEWSLETTER

LOICZ UNEP Asia and Aus-

CoastGIS 2001: 4th Interna-
tralasia thematic workshop on
tional Conference on Computer
LOICZ PUBLICATIONS
upscaling and assessment of
Mapping and GIS for CZM ­
nutrient fluxes in coastal estu-
Managing the Interfaces. 18-20
arine systems. January 2001.
June 2001, Halifax, Nova Sco-
[Available as printed copies or
Brisbane, Australia (by invita-
tia, Canada. More information
from the LOICZ web site:
tion). Contact: LOICZ IPO.
on http:\\agc.bio.ns.ca/coast-
www.nioz.nl/loicz/]
gis2001

SAMBAS II workshop on South
Estuarine Systems of the South
American Basins and

IGBP Open Science Confer-
American Region: C, N, P Fluxes.
Caribbean catchments/ coastal
ence. 10-14 July, 2001, Ams-
2000. LOICZ UNEP workshop re-
fluxes and human dimensions .
terdam, The Netherlands.
port. Eds. V. Dupra, S.V. Smith,
January 2001, Caracas,
Contact: igbp@congrex.nl,
J.I. Marshall Crossland and C.J.
Venezuela. (by invitation) Con-
www.sciconf.igbp.kva.se
Crossland. LOICZ R&S no. 15.
tact: LOICZ IPO

3rd International Conference
LOICZ Web site: Typology (http://

LOICZ-UNEP-EU Medittera-
on Land Degradation and
water.kgs.ukans.edu:8888/public/
nean, Black Sea, North Africa
Meeting of the IUSS Subcom-
Typpages/index.htm)
workshop on biogeochemical
missionC ­ Soil and Water
modelling of estuarine sys-
Conservation. 24-28 Septem-
LOICZ Web site: Biogeochemical
tems. February 2001, Athens,
ber 2001, Rio de Janeiro,
Budgets and Modelling - new
Greece. (by invitation)
Brazil. More information on
sites and tutorial materials (http://
www.cnps.embrapa.br/ICLD
data.ecology.su.se/MNODE/)

LOICZ UNEP Americas the-
matic workshop on upscaling

Joint IAPSO-IABO Assembly
LOICZ Web site: BASINS - draft
and assessment of nutrient
and XII Colloquium: 2001 - an
version available under: (http://
fluxes in coastal estuarine sys-
Ocean Odyssey, Mar del Plata,
www.nioz.nl/loicz/basins/)
tems. April 2001. Kansas, USA
Argentina, 21-28 October 2001
(by invitation). Contact: LOICZ
Contact: gmperill@criba.edu.ar
SURVAS Web site: Synthesis &
or iado@criba.edu.ar
Upscaling of Sea-level Rise Vul-
LOICZ UNEP Africa and Eu-
nerability Assessment Studies
rope thematic workshop on up-
(http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk)
scaling and assessment of nu-
IPO STAFF
trient fluxes in coastal estuar-
ine systems. July 2001. The
CHRIS CROSSLAND
Netherlands (by invitation).
Executive Officer
Contact: LOICZ IPO.
HARTWIG KREMER
LOICZ CALENDAR
Deputy Executive Officer

LOICZ Scientific Steering
CYNTHIA PATTIRUHU,
Committee Meeting. 7-8 July
Office Manager

APN/SURVAS/LOICZ Confer-
2001, Amsterdam. Contact:
MILDRED JOURDAN,
ence on Coastal Impacts of
LOICZ IPO.
Office Assistant
Climate Change and Adapta-
MAARTEN SCHEFFERS
tion in Asia Pacific Region. 14-
The Third World Fisheries
Liaison Officer
16 November 2000. Contact:
Congress. 31 October-3
Prof. Nobuo Mimura
November 2000, Beijing, P.R.
(mimura@hcs.ibaraki.ac.jp) or
of China.
FOR MORE INFORMATION,
Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi
PLEASE CONTACT:
(tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp)
LOICZ INTERNATIONAL

East Asia BASINS I workshop
PROJECT OFFICE
on catchments/coastal fluxes
NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR
and human dimensions. 12-14
OTHER MEETINGS
SEA RESEARCH
December 2000. Hong Kong
PO BOX 59
(by invitation). Contact: LOICZ
1790 AB DEN BURG - TEXEL
IPO

GEOTROP 4th International
Conference on Environmental
THE NETHERLANDS

LOIRA Meeting. 5-8 December
Chemistry & Geochemistry in
2000. Moscow, Russia
the Tropics. 7-11 May 2001,
PHONE: 31-222 369404
Contact: Dr V.V. Gordeev,
Townsville, Australia. Contact:
FAX:
31-222 369430
(gordeev@geo.sio.rssi.ru)
Greg Brunskill
E-MAIL: LOICZ@NIOZ.NL
(g.brunskil@aims.gov.au) or
WWW HOME PAGE: HTTP://
www.tvl.clw.csiro.au/
geotrop2001/
WWW.NIOZ.NL/LOICZ/

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