4 AUG 1997
PROPOSAL FOR REVIEW
PROJECT TITLE: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC ACTION
PROGRAMME (SAP) FOR THE RED SEA AND GULF OF
ADEN
COUNTRIES:
DJIBOUTI, EGYPT, JORDAN, SAUDI ARABIA *,
NORTHERN SOMALI COAST, SUDAN, YEMEN
*(non-GEF resources)
GEF FOCAL AREA:
International Waters
GEF ELIGIBILITY:
Eligible under para 9 (b) of GEF Instrument
TOTAL PROJECT COSTS: US$
36,606,000
GEF FINANCING:
US$ 19,000,000
GOVERNMENTS' CONTRIBUTION:
US$ 2 million (in cash and in kind)
CO-FINANCING
PERSGA: US$ 4.65 million
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: US$ 6 million
Islamic Development Bank: US$ 5 million (to be
confirmed)
European Commission: US$ 3 million (to be
confirmed)
Government of Japan: US$ 3 million (to be confirmed)
UNDP: US$ 2 million (to be confirmed)
ASSOCIATED PROJECTS:
US$ 271 million (Annex 7)
GEF OPERATIONAL Djibouti: Mr. Mohamed Ali Moumin, Head,
FOCAL POINT:
Directorate of Planning, Land Management and
Environment
Egypt: Mr. Salah Hafez, CEO of Egyptian
Environmental Affairs Agency
Jordan: Ms. Nadia Juhari, Ministry of Planning
Somalia: Not applicable.
Sudan:
Mr. Amin Salih Yasin, Ministry of Finance and
National Economy
Yemen: Mr. Mohsin Al-Hamdani, Chairman of
Environment Protection Council
GEF IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES:
UNDP, UNEP, World Bank
EXECUTING AGENCY:
Regional Organisation for the Conservation of the
Environment of Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA)
LOCAL COUNTERPART AGENCY:
Djibouti: Directorate of Maritime Affairs
Egypt: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Jordan: General Corporation for Environment
Protection
Saudi Arabia: Meteorology and Environment
Protection Agency
Northern coast of Somalia: Local Authority of
Fisheries and Coastal Development, Hargeisa; and
Executive Council of Bari Region, Bosaso
Sudan:
Higher Council for Environment and Natural
Resources
Yemen: Environment Protection Council
ESTIMATED APPROVAL DATE: October
1997
PROJECT DURATION:
Five years
PREPARATION COSTS:
GEF: US$ 340,000 PDF (UNDP, UNEP & World
Bank)
Norway: US$ 100,000
PERSGA: US$ 70,000
UNDP: US$ 50,000
World Bank: US$ 50,000
Page: 1
REGION, COUNTRY AND SECTOR BACKGROUND
1.
Located at the junction of three major biogeographical realms and characterised by an
arid coastal zone with minimal freshwater input, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region
(hereafter called "the Region") contains some of the world's most important coastal and marine
environments and resources. The topography ranges from nearshore, protected shallows, to
exposed sandy and rocky shorelines, and depths of over 2,000 metres, giving rise to complex
ecosystems and high biological diversity. Extensive mangroves, seagrass and macro-algal beds
occur in the Region, forming highly productive habitats for unique species assemblages. The
great variety of reef types in the Red Sea is astounding. The diversity of corals, many of which
are found only in the Red Sea, is greater than anywhere else in the Indian Ocean. More than
1,300 species of fishes have been recorded from the Red Sea, higher than any other enclosed
sea. Endemism at generic, species and sub-species levels in the Red Sea is extremely high,
especially among reef fishes and invertebrates. The Gulf of Aden, one of the biologically least
known branches of the Indian Ocean, is heavily influenced by seasonal upwelling and contains
fishery resources of global importance. Situated at the eastern extreme of the Gulf of Aden, the
Socotra Archipelago is of global significance in terms of island biodiversity and species
endemism. It has been rated as being one of the highest priority areas warranting protective
management in the Arabian Seas region1.
2.
Although the Red Sea is still one of the least disturbed seas relative to other enclosed
international water bodies, it is in increasing jeopardy. The transboundary issues of concern are
wide ranging, from maritime pollution caused by international shipping, to unregulated
exploitation of shared fish stocks, to widespread habitat destruction by uncontrolled coastal
zone development leading to loss of important species. There is a growing risk of marine
pollution, notably from maritime transport of petroleum, and environmental degradation from
rapidly expanding coastal zone development including tourism facilities. In the Gulf of Aden,
the fisheries are under great pressure from over-exploitation and illegal fishing. The rich
cultural heritage of the Region, including a number of significant archaeological, historical and
sacred sites on the coast, may come under increasing risk due to development pressure.
3.
The SAP process supports and facilitates the primary objective of the Jeddah
Convention2 of 1982, which is the conservation of the environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden. The aims of the SAP are to develop and implement a regional framework for protection
of the environment and sustainable development of coastal and marine resources. In view of the
Region's uniqueness, the growing environmental threats, and the necessity for action, the
preparation of the Strategic Action Programme (SAP) for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden was
initiated in October 1995.
4.
The SAP process was led by the Regional Organisation for the Conservation of the
Marine Environment of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) and funded by the GEF
PDF mechanism, with supplemental support from PERSGA, the Government of Norway,
1 Kelleher, G., Bleakley, C. and Wells, S. 1995. A Global Representative System of Marine Protected
Areas. Volume III. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, the World Bank, and the World
Conservation Union (IUCN).
2 Final Act of Jeddah Plenipotentiary Regional Conference on the Conservation of the Marine Environment
and Coastal Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
Page: 2
UNDP and the World Bank. The SAP process was jointly supported by the three GEF partners.
Annexes 4, 5 and 10a describe the SAP process further, as well as its main findings and
recommendations. The GEF funding sought for the present proposal is designed to achieve
global environmental benefits by removing the barriers against implementation of the SAP,
which addresses transboundary issues. GEF funding is also sought to support high priority
preventive actions to reduce navigation risks within the Region.
5.
The development of the SAP used a participatory process which included workshops to
support the development of the Country Reports, Navigation Risk Workshops in Egypt and
Yemen and a Living Marine Resources Workshop in Saudi Arabia. Although the Government
of Eritrea is not a member state of PERSGA and has not been directly involved in the SAP
process, partnerships are being developed between the two through UNDP. The development of
the SAP as well as the present proposal has taken into substantial consideration the significant
marine biodiversity of Eritrea and its ecological role in the regional context. The recently
approved five year GEF project "Conservation Management of Eritrea's Coastal, Marine and
Island Biodiversity" will complement fully the proposed regional SAP and ensure that the SAP
will indeed be a viable and sustainable regional initiative.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
6.
The long term objective of the project is to safeguard the coastal and marine
environments of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region and ensure sustainable use of its
resources. The project will enable the implementation of a series of complementary, preventive
and curative actions identified in the SAP.
7.
The proposed project will be composed of the following objectives.
(a)
Institutional strengthening to facilitate regional co-operation;
(b)
Reduction of navigation risks and maritime pollution;
(c)
Sustainable use and management of living marine resources;
(d)
Development of a Regional Network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs);
(e)
Support for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM);
(f)
Enhancement of public awareness and participation; and
(g)
Monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
8.
The Project Components and their Outputs are described below:
Page: 3
Project Component 1. Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Co-
operation
Output 1.1.
Strengthened Institutional Capacity of the Regional Organisation for
the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden -
PERSGA
Activities:
1.1.1. Establish a Programme Co-ordination Unit (PCU) within PERSGA, consisting
of a Regional Co-ordinator, regional technical experts in the thematic areas of
the SAP, administrative support staff and a Chief Technical Advisor. The PCU
will strengthen the capacity of PERSGA in co-ordinating and implementing
SAP activities, and ensure co-operation with other environmental and
development programmes in the Region. PERSGA will also be responsible for
programme administration, resource mobilisation, and finance management
including procurement and disbursement.
Output 1.2.
Enhanced Regional Co-operation
Activities:
1.2.1. Develop a work plan for region-wide implementation of the SAP.
1.2.2. Continue the existing SAP Task Force and update its terms of reference to
allow it to oversee the implementation and monitor the progress of the full
programme.
1.2.3. Co-ordinate and support the implementation of the national components of the
SAP, and their incorporation into national policies and investment programmes.
1.2.4. Establish and co-ordinate activities of the different thematic Regional Expert
Working Groups envisaged under the other project components, and support
their regular meetings and training workshops.
1.2.5. Develop, at the request of the PERSGA Council, the additional regional
protocols envisaged under the other project components.
1.2.6. Facilitate regional communication, information flow and data exchange through
newsletters, e-mail and internet services, a regional library and a information
database.
Output 1.3.
Developing a Sustainable Financing Strategy
Activities:
1.3.1. Review the opportunities for self-financing of the different components of the
project at regional and national levels, pinpointing the potential economic
sources and mechanisms. Undertake consultations with the co-operating
governments and all stakeholders involved, including the private sector.
1.3.2. Evaluate the establishment of a proposed Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Environmental Fund to support transboundary activities identified in the SAP.
This will involve evaluation of existing economic instruments in the countries
which may contribute to the Fund as well as possible support from donors. This
Page: 4
will include procedures to define disbursement priorities and the legal,
governance and administrative structure of the Fund.
Project Component 2. Reduction of Navigation Risks and Maritime Pollution
Output 2.1.
Strengthened Regional Co-operation and Technical Capabilities
Activities:
2.1.1. Continue the PERSGA Navigation Working Group as a regional forum for
promotion and implementation of "good practices" in navigation risk reduction
and dissemination of "lessons learnt" on a sustained basis.
2.1.2. Co-operative implementation of major maritime conventions on a regional basis
and co-operative development of selected PERSGA Protocols concerning
measures to reduce navigation risks.
2.1.3. Following establishment of a Regional Agreement on Port State Control,
support training of staff in implementation of the agreement to improve the
operational and safety standards of vessels operating in the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden.
2.1.4. Conduct a re-examination of Traffic Separation Schemes (TSS) for the shipping
lanes of the southern Red Sea and the introduction of recommended tracks for
through traffic, in co-ordination with the International Maritime Organisation
(IMO). Also review the need for TSS at entry/exit points into some major ports.
2.1.5. In conjunction with the establishment of the new TSSs, implement surveys to
accurately establish water depths and location of obstacles, and install new
navigational aids in critical locations.
2.1.6. Review the design and planned operation of the Vessel Traffic System (VTS)
for the entry to the Gulf of Suez and the Strait of Tiran and prepare an
evaluation of the technical and financial feasibility of developing a VTS for the
Bab el Mandab.
2.1.7. Develop a Regional Oil Spill Contingency Strategy which is complemented by
Sub-Regional, National and Local Oil Spill Contingency Plans.
2.1.8. Revise the Agreement which established the Marine Emergency Mutual Aid
Centre (MEMAC) in Djibouti to make it a Sub-Regional Centre under the
umbrella of PERSGA, and update its current Sub-Regional Oil Spill
Contingency Plan.
2.1.9. Hold regional training courses for oil spill preparedness and combating
procedures (to be funded under PERSGA work programme).
2.1.10. Evaluate and develop sustainable financing mechanisms to support long-term
operation of navigation systems and oil spill management programmes at the
regional, national and local levels.
Output 2.2.
National Actions at Legislative and Technical Levels
Activities:
2.2.1 Systematic action on the national level to facilitate the timely ratification of key
international maritime conventions for improved navigation standards and
reduction of environmental risks associated with maritime accidents.
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2.2.2. Adoption of Port State Control, following ratification of key conventions, to
allow for routine inspections of vessels that make certain the crews and ships
are properly qualified and equipped, in order to reduce navigation risks in ports
and territorial waters.
2.2.3. Improvement of Traffic Separation Schemes for major ports and their
approaches, including surveys in selected areas and installation of additional
navigational aids.
2.2.4. Updating of port regulations which could be supported by development of
"model port rules" adapted to individual locations.
2.2.5. Dissemination of "good practices" and "lessons learnt" by the PERSGA
Working Group at the local level through workshops.
2.2.6. Preparation of national oil spill contingency plans and related emergency
management systems for countries currently lacking these plans (to be funded
under PERSGA work programme).
2.2.7. Preparation of a "model" local oil spill contingency plan for a selected priority
port which could be used as a basis for development of additional locally
adjusted plans.
Project Component 3. Sustainable Use and Management of Living Marine
Resources
Output 3.1.
Capacity Building for Sustainable Management of Living Marine
Resources
Activities:
3.1.1. Continue the Regional Living Marine Resources (LMR) Working Group
supported by a regional expert based at the PERSGA Secretariat. This Working
Group will meet twice annually to plan joint activities, evaluate progress, and
exchange data and lessons learnt. Its members are the link between the regional
project and the national government agencies concerned with the management
of LMRs. Specific issues will be dealt with by special experts committees.
3.1.2. Support existing fisheries institutions in developing and conducting training
courses for fisheries managers and applied researchers directly involved in
fisheries assessment, monitoring and management.
3.1.3. Implement activities to train fishermen in the collection of landing data and
stocks assessment.
Output
3.2. Development of a Sustainable Management Strategy for
Transboundary Fish Stocks and Invertebrates
Activities:
3.2.1. Develop standardised methods for data collection, statistical analyses and
presentation.
3.2.2. Produce a Species Identification Guide to the Living Marine Resources of the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in co-operation with FAO, as a tool for data
collection, statistics and fisheries management.
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3.2.3. Assess the transboundary stocks of pelagic finfish with special attention to
sharks. These assessments will cover migration routes, major spawning, nursery
areas, fishing pressures and economics. (Scope of activities requires
supplementary resources to those provided by the GEF.)
3.2.4. Analyse the impacts of present shark fisheries on shark populations and local
socio-economic parameters of fishing communities.
3.2.5. Assess stocks of shrimp and lobsters and other exploited invertebrates. Review
the past and present exploitation pressures and economics. (Scope of activities
requires supplementary resources to those provided by the GEF.)
3.2.6. Survey ornamental fish collecting activities for the aquarium trade and develop
a monitoring programme.
3.2.7. Based on the above information and assessment, develop a Sustainable
Management Strategy for Transboundary Fish Stocks and Invertebrates3.
3.2.8. Initiate implementation of the Management Strategy at national and local levels
through the network of fisheries workers trained under Output 3.1.
3.2.9. Develop public awareness programs for fishing communities and other users of
marine resources in support of the Management Strategy.
Output 3.3.
Development of a Regional Conservation Plan for Turtles, Seabirds
and Marine Mammals
Activities:
3.3.1. Educate and train members of coastal communities in the protection and
monitoring of turtles, nesting seabirds and marine mammals.
3.3.2. Conduct seasonal surveys and monitoring of marine turtles, sea birds and
marine mammals, including migration routes, nesting and feeding areas; as well
as exploitation by local communities.
3.3.3. Based on the above findings, develop a Regional Conservation Plan for turtles,
sea birds and marine mammals, building on traditional beliefs and conservation
practices.
3.3.4. Initiate implementation of the Regional Conservation Plan at regional, national
and local levels through extensive public awareness programs, and participation
of the coastal communities involved in the earlier training.
3.3.5. Develop small-scale pilot relief projects for the poorest fishing communities in
Sudan and the northern coast of Somalia to reduce pressure on turtles and
certain other easily accessible nearshore resources.
3 This Management Strategy should include: mechanisms to monitor and regulate fishing activities and
trading; introduction of quota and closed seasons; regulations on fishing gear and methods; and
community-based management, building on the revival and strengthening of traditional fisheries
conservation practices.
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Output 3.4.
Development of a Regional Conservation Plan for Key Habitats:
Mangroves, Seagrass Beds and Coral Reefs
Activities:
3.4.1. Organise a regional workshop on habitat conservation with emphasis on
mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs in order to draft a detailed workplan
for the conservation of key habitats, and integration of habitat conservation into
the management of living marine resources, marine protected areas and coastal
zone management.
3.4.2. Conduct surveys on the status of the Region's mangrove areas to develop a
regional framework for site-specific action, including sustainable use of
mangrove resources, alternative animal fodder, fuel and building materials, and
management of freshwater resources.
3.4.3. Conduct survey of mangrove-associated fauna with special emphasis on
sensitive stages of harvestable resources.
3.4.4. Develop protection, and where necessary, rehabilitation programmes. Establish
local mangrove nurseries and re-plantation schemes, with special attention to
genetic source of seedlings.
3.4.5. Map seagrass beds throughout the Region and assess their status, particularly in
trawlable areas.
3.4.6. Conduct seasonal survey of diversity and biomass of seagrass-associated fauna,
with special emphasis on harvestable fish and shellfish species, as a basis for
the development of a comprehensive management and conservation scheme.
3.4.7. Conduct seasonal survey of selected coral reef areas to determine the degree
and the root causes of widespread deterioration of reef habitats; develop
protection and, where necessary, rehabilitation schemes.
3.4.8. Develop a programme for a sustainable, non-consumptive use of coral reefs by
tourists, including a long-term monitoring scheme.
3.4.9. Develop control mechanism for construction work, dredging and landfill with
regard to the conservation of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs.
Output 3.5.
Establishing the Legal and Policy Framework for Conservation and
Sustainable Management of Living Marine Resources
Activities:
3.5.1. Develop regional agreements and protocols for the sustainable use of
transboundary stocks and protection of threatened and endangered species.
3.5.2. Review and consolidate national regulations on species, size, fishing gear and
seasons of exploitation, and control through licensing and marketing systems, in
line with regional agreements and protocols. Include regulations on the
collection of ornamental fish for the aquarium trade.
3.5.3. Conduct a study on regional fisheries monitoring, surveillance and control
systems, including assessment of possible self-financing mechanisms to support
implementation.
3.5.4. Liaise with governments and concessionaires to find means of enhancing
enforcement of fisheries laws and regulations. Identify possible financial
Page: 8
mechanisms such as licensing and fines to cover the capital and recurrent costs
of enforcement programmes.
3.5.5. Promote integration of fisheries development into coastal zone management.
Project Component 4. Development of a Regional Representative Network of
Marine Protected Areas
Output 4.1.
Establishment of a Regional Network of Experts Specialised in MPA
Planning and Management
Activities:
4.1.1. Establish a Working Group of Marine Protected Area (MPA) planners and
managers supported by a regional expert who will be based at the PERSGA
Secretariat. The Working Group will meet twice annually to plan joint
activities, evaluate progress, and exchange data and lessons learnt. Working
Group members are the link between the regional project and the national
government agencies in charge of MPAs. They are the key counterparts for all
country-based activities within the project.
4.1.2. Develop a Regional Master Plan as framework for site specific Management
Plans.
4.1.3. Adapt existing regional guidelines for the establishment and management of
MPAs to regional conditions, including consideration of the specific abiotic,
biotic and socio-economic conditions of the region.
4.1.4. Integrate findings of surveys and assessments described under Project
Component 3 into MPA scheme.
Output 4.2.
Increased Human Capacity in MPA Management through Regional
Training and Exchange Programmes
Activities:
4.2.1. Conduct a series of training courses, one basic and one advanced each, in
sanctuary management, survey and monitoring, and marine rangers duties.
These courses will be held at various sites throughout the Region, partly
building on the experience of existing MPAs. They are based on the guidelines
described under 4.3.1.
4.2.2. Organise exchange programmes and study tours for current and proposed MPA
managers, scientists and rangers in different countries of the Region to enhance
the transfer of experience within and outside the Region.
4.2.3. Provide formal overseas professional training to selected candidates, followed
by on-the-job training in home countries. (Scope of activities requires
supplementary resources to those provided by the GEF.)
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Output 4.3.
Completion of Site-Specific Management Plans, supported by detailed
habitat, biodiversity and resource use surveys, public consultation, and
commitments from the respective governments
Activities:
4.3.1. Organise national meetings to evaluate the current legislative framework for
MPA management, review required resources for enforcement of regulations at
existing priority MPAs, and initiate the legal process for designation of new
MPAs of regional priority.
4.3.2. Conduct detailed habitat, biodiversity and resource use surveys at four selected
sites which lack current information--Djibouti, northern coast of Somalia,
Sudan and Yemen (Annex 6). Consult local stakeholders on their views on
management throughout the process. Surveys of Socotra in Yemen and areas in
Egypt, Eritrea and Saudi Arabia will be covered by other projects (Annex 7),
and Sanganeb in Sudan has already been studied.
4.3.3. Develop site specific Management Plans for all network MPAs except the
Farasan Islands and Ras Muhammad where such plans already exist, and
Socotra where such a plan will be developed under another GEF project.
Output 4.4.
Effective Implementation of a Network of Representative MPAs
Activities:
4.4.1. Provide basic equipment, facilities and on-the-job training for MPA
management.
4.4.2. Conduct national and local consultations and workshops to initiate
implementation of the Management Plans.
4.4.3. Develop public awareness and participation programmes for various target
groups at each site, in the context of the respective Management Plans.
4.4.4. Carry out studies on suitable and viable economic instruments for financing the
operations of MPAs in the long run, including eco-tourism potential.
4.4.5. Offer alternative livelihood to local fishing communities at Saba Wanak
(northern coast of Somalia), Iles des Sept Frčres (Djibouti) and Dungonab
(Sudan), including fishing gear that is non-destructive and suitable for
exploitation of pelagic resources, alternative housing and fuel, and revenue
from eco-tourism. (Scope of activities requires supplementary resources to
those provided by the GEF.)
4.4.6. Carry out long-term monitoring activities to check progress and impacts of the
Management Plans at each site, and propose adjustments where needed.
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Project Component 5. Support for Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Output
5.1.
Enhanced Regional Exchange in Expertise, Experience and
Information
Activities:
5.1.1. Establish a Regional Working Group on ICZM with experts from each
participating country to facilitate this component and to exchange lessons learnt
from national experience through periodic workshops.
5.1.2. Conduct a series of regional training workshops on ICZM and related subjects
which would include, but not be limited to, the following: planning and
implementation of ICZM, use of environmental assessment in ICZM, resource
and economic valuation in coastal areas, mechanisms for improved co-
ordination, participatory approaches to planning in coastal areas and methods
for conflict resolution. The proposed training programmes would be co-
ordinated with complementary activities included under other project
components.
5.1.3. Review the present database and GIS systems in the Region that contain data
relevant to ICZM. Provide technical advice and support to harmonise the
different systems to facilitate information exchange.
Output 5.2.
Strengthened National Capacity in Developing National ICZM
Activities:
5.2.1. Establish or consolidate national ICZM working groups in each of the
participating countries, represented by all major relevant government agencies,
academic institutions, community leaders, NGOs and the private sector. The
cross-sectoral working groups will meet regularly to review progress of
activities and exchange lessons learnt in different areas of management within
the countries.
5.2.2. In countries without ICZM Plans, organise week-long, national, cross-sectoral
workshops and brain-storming sessions to trigger Government and public
dialogue and interest in ICZM, identify key environmental issues and potential
solutions, and assess present capabilities and needs.
5.2.3. Provide short-term applied training opportunities to selected candidates who are
or will be involved in ICZM.
5.2.4. Develop national frameworks for ICZM including issues such as tourism
development and environmental standards for fish and shrimp farms.
5.2.5. In co-ordination with other components of the programme, develop sustainable
financing mechanisms focusing also on coastal investment opportunities which
could support the implementation of ICZM.
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Project Component 6. Public Awareness and Participation
Output 6.1.
Strengthened Networks for Environmental Awareness Activities in the
Region
Activities:
6.1.1. Establish a Regional Working Group on Public Awareness and Participation
with representatives from each country and supported by a regional expert at
the PCU.
6.1.2. Establish linkages among environmental and community groups participating in
the project, through the production of a newsletter and periodic regional
workshops that encourage exchange of news, good practices and lessons learnt.
6.1.3. Produce a series of awareness and educational materials focusing on regional
issues for distribution to all participating countries. Electronic media and web-
pages will be utilised, where feasible, for out-reach within and beyond the
region. Linkage with the UNDP/GEF Initiative, IW: LEARN will be
established.
6.1.4. Develop regional awareness programmes whereby concerted activities are
launched in the countries and publicised by the media to increase impacts.
6.1.5. Building on the experience and expertise gained from the GEF Small Grant
Programmes, as well as those from the micro-grants schemes in the Danube
River Basin and the Black Sea programmes, develop micro-grant programmes
to provide support to local environmental and community groups to undertake
micro-projects which integrate environmental awareness with sustainable
resource development objectives in coastal and marine areas.
Output 6.2.
Strengthened National and Local Environmental Awareness in Support
of the SAP
Activities:
6.2.1. Initiate dialogues with and among relevant Government agencies to trigger
interest in environmental awareness programmes.
6.2.2. Organise targeted workshops for representatives of Ministries of Education and
other government bodies to review the potential for increased coverage of
environmental management of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden in their
programmes and curricula.
6.2.3. In countries where environmental NGOs or community groups do not exist or
are at the infant stage, assess current needs for training in developing awareness
programmes. Following the needs assessment, provide training to the local
groups.
6.2.4. Involve local groups in developing and implementing awareness programmes in
support of other components of the project; targeting different stakeholders
such as fishermen, coastal villagers, ship owners/operators and harbour
workers.
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Project Component 7. Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
Output 7.1.
Development of a Regional Monitoring and Evaluation Programme
Activities:
7.1.1. Develop a model annual report for PERSGA, design a structured work plan and
schedule for report preparation, and establish standard reporting formats for
tables.
7.1.2. Define the performance and progress indicators and the specific environmental
and socio-economic indicators needed to measure the achievements of the
different components in relation to the set objectives and expected outputs. This
should be done by PERSGA with the technical expertise of the PCU and
guidance from the GEF implementing agencies. This will reflect the evolving
guidance being developed by the GEF Secretariat.
7.1.3. Design a monitoring programme with well defined methodology of data
collection and analysis, and a structured database for time series data. The
monitoring programme will form an integral part of the different components of
the project.
7.1.4. Organise regional training workshops for the five thematic expert working
groups on monitoring and evaluation, and specifically on the methodology
involved.
7.1.5. Analyse all data collected from the co-operating countries periodically. Review
the results for overall evaluation as well as evaluation by component.
Disseminate the results annually.
7.1.6. Conduct an independent mid-term and final evaluation and facilitate effective
dissemination of the findings and lessons learnt.
Output 7.2.
Implementation of the Monitoring and Evaluation Programme at
National Levels
Activities:
7.2.1. Supervise and co-ordinate implementation of the monitoring programme at the
national level through the national PERSGA focal points, supported by
members of the Expert Working Group.
7.2.2. Collate and submit the monitoring data to PERSGA for monitoring and
evaluation purposes.
RATIONALE FOR GEF FINANCING
9.
The co-operatively prepared Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden provides a sound technical basis for a prevention oriented project to address priority
activities under GEF Operational Programme Number 9, "Integrated Land and Water Multiple
Focal Area Operational Programme4." The objective of this Operational Programme is to
support "better use of land and water resource management practices on an area wide basis."
4 Global Environment Facility (April 1997). GEF Operational Programmes.
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Under this Operational Programme, activities are supported which have an "area wide focus,
and with biodiversity considerations often included in project objectives, more proactive
interventions aimed at the protection of international waters with important biodiversity are
common." A major focus of this Operational Programme is to support measures for "prevention
of damage to threatened waters..." and these focus on "preventive measures to address threats
rather than remedial, highly capital intensive measures." The project would also support
measures to address these issues in a group of African countries identified as a priority area in
the guidance provided by GEF.
10.
The objective of the proposed project is to achieve global environmental benefits
through implementation of the SAP, which has a major emphasis on cost-effective preventive
actions for the conservation of the coastal and marine environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden. The GEF funding sought for the proposed project would "operationalize [a] sustainable
development strategy" for the Region and support incremental costs needed to remove barriers
to implementation of the SAP, including additional transaction costs for joint planning
activities, development of common approaches to sectoral policies, data collection and analyses,
and co-ordination of efforts among the participating countries. Consistent with the objectives of
the GEF, the proposed project supports complementary policy and technical measures on a
regional basis for the reduction of navigation risks and associated maritime pollution;
management of important living marine resources which are shared by the co-operating
countries; development of a network of representative Marine Protected Areas to conserve
unique biodiversity; and support for Integrated Coastal Zone Management to protect the critical
interface between the terrestrial and marine environments. The proposed project also has a high
potential for replication of key elements, such as the activities for navigation risk and the
management of living marine resources, in other international waters programmes of the GEF.
11.
The proposed project, consistent with GEF guidance, would contribute significantly to
the "reduction of stress to the international waters environment" in this Region and would
support PERSGA and the co-operating countries in "making changes in their sectoral policies,
making critical investments, [and] developing necessary programmes" to achieve these
objectives. The long-term commitment on the part of the concerned governments is
demonstrated by the Jeddah Convention, support for PERSGA, participation in the SAP Task
Force, and a direct role in the Country Reports and Regional Studies which co-operatively
identified priority actions. The support of GEF will play an important catalytic role in the
project, and the participation of the European Community, international financial institutions,
donors and the private sector will also contribute to this multi-country and multi-stakeholder
effort. Linkages with the UNDP/GEF initiative IW:LEARN will provide for sharing and
replication of successful practices in the international waters field. The emphasis in the
individual project components on the evaluation of sustainable mechanisms for self-financing
of a number of activities would contribute to the long-term financial sustainability of project
initiated actions.
SUSTAINABILITY AND PARTICIPATION
Government Commitment
12.
The co-operating Governments have demonstrated their commitment to regional co-
operation for conservation of coastal and marine resources though their approval of the Jeddah
Convention, establishment of PERSGA and participation in development of the SAP. The
Page: 14
development of the SAP was initiated at the "Sea to Sea Conference," held in Jeddah in October
1995, which reviewed the challenges and opportunities for conservation of the Red Sea and
Gulf of Aden. The proposed project has been designed to support implementation of agreed
priority actions identified in the SAP. The Ministerial level PERSGA Council has fully
endorsed the outcome of the SAP process and has authorised the PERSGA Secretariat to pursue
the implementation of the SAP and its related initiatives. The project brief has incorporated the
comments and suggestions gathered in the Fourth SAP Task Force Meeting and has received
the official endorsement of all participating countries (Annex 2). Government commitment is
further demonstrated in their financial contribution as listed in the finance section and the
budget.
Stakeholder Commitment and Participation
13.
The development of the SAP has been a participatory process demonstrating the broad
based commitment of a wide range of stakeholders in conservation of the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden. Country Reports were prepared for all co-operating countries with the direct participation
of diverse local experts from a range of disciplines. In addition, field surveys were conducted in
Djibouti, the northern coast of Somalia, Sudan and Yemen, where baseline data are limited. As
part of this process, informal consultations were held with coastal communities in several
locations. With the support of UNDP, consultations were also held with the Government of
Eritrea. To widen participation and facilitate consensus building, national workshops were
conducted to support development of the Country Reports and to identify priority actions
required by each country to address environmental threats. A wide range of stakeholders
participated, including representatives of national and local government, academic and applied
research institutes, non-governmental organisations, and community groups. The activities of
the Regional Navigation Working Group benefited from workshops held in Egypt and Yemen
while the Regional Living Marine Resources Working Group held a workshop in Saudi Arabia.
These workshops provided input from regional groups of specialists for the planning and
implementation of the proposed GEF project.
Financial Sustainability
14.
Member countries have provided annual contributions in cash to support the work of
PERSGA including implementation of the SAP. The budget of PERSGA for fiscal year 1996
included contributions of US$930,000 from member countries. This was complemented with
supplemental support from various international and regional sources. The Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia also provides PERSGA with offices and covers selected operational costs. The
anticipated support of SAP implementation by the Jeddah-based Islamic Development Bank, an
international financial institution, provides a regionally based source of support for the project.
The planned participation of the European Commission in SAP implementation brings the
experience and resources of the European Union to support proposed priority actions. As noted
in the SAP, there also exists significant potential for participation of internationally and
regionally based private sector organisations through contributions in cash and kind. All
operational components of the proposed Project include activities to develop appropriate
resource mobilisation measures to allow for full or partial funding of routine operational costs.
Page: 15
LESSONS LEARNT FROM TECHNICAL REVIEWS
Technical Review
15.
An independent technical review was prepared by a STAP Roster expert. The reviewer
endorsed the project in positive terms, and made a number of constructive suggestions for
further strengthening of the proposal. These proposals have been incorporated into the present
text, as described below.
16.
The reviewer suggested that IMO be involved in the navigation risk component. This
suggestion is extremely well received, and the World Bank, which will be handling this
component, will ensure IMO's involvement in the implementation.
17.
The reviewer further noted that the component for the sustainable management of living
resources did not sufficiently address non-harvesting uses, but was rather limited to the fisheries
sector only. This is considered an extremely useful observation and the present Output 3.4 was
added in response to the reviewer's suggestions. In addition, the symbiotic linkages between the
components addressing fisheries, ICZM and the MPAs has been further strengthened to ensure
that these are not implemented in isolation.
18.
The reviewer's suggestion that a technical expert advisory group be established is well
taken. The Red Sea Task Force will serve this function and this has been further strengthened in
the text.
Lessons Learnt from Similar Initiatives
19.
To support preparation of the SAP, the World Bank prepared a review of the "Lessons
Learnt" from regional environmental programmes and evaluated their specific application to the
work of PERSGA5 . The review included evaluation of lessons learnt to date from planning and
implementation of regional environmental programmes for the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and
Mediterranean Sea and also benefited from experience from the Aral Sea and Danube River
Basin. This review was presented at the "Sea to Sea Conference" which was used to launch the
SAP and its findings were discussed with members of the Task Force. During development of
the SAP, a co-operative review of the experience in ICZM in the Mediterranean was initiated
under the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (METAP) whose
preliminary results were also used to support development of the proposed GEF project6.
20.
Based on the above, therefore, key lessons learnt which have been incorporated into the
SAP and the proposed GEF project include the following:
(a)
Leadership [by] the Convention Secretariat. Experience has demonstrated the
key role which can be played by an effective Convention Secretariat in the
5 Lintner, S.F.; Arif, S., and Hatziolos, M. 1996. The Experience of the World Bank in the Legal,
Institutional and Financial Aspects of Regional Environmental Programmes: Potential Applications of
Lessons Learned for the ROPME and PERSGA Programmes. World Bank
6 The World Bank.: An Assessment of ICZM Initiatives in the Mediterranean: Experience from METAP
and MAP, 1988 - 1996 (in preparation).
Page: 16
development of the SAP and in co-ordination of its implementation. The
Secretariat needs to have a clear work programme which can be implemented
with available resources. Local funding for the core expenses of the Secretariat
is critical to maintain the operational effectiveness of the organisation.
PERSGA was responsible for preparation of the SAP, has been authorised by
the PERSGA Council to co-ordinate implementation activities and has its core
costs covered by payments from members and the contribution of selected
headquarters costs by Saudi Arabia.
(b)
Critical Role of a Task Force. Preparation and implementation of the SAP and
related projects should be supported by a formally established Task Force
comprised of representatives of the contracting parties to the Convention and
other interested parties who may take a direct role in supporting its
implementation. The Task Force should use the SAP process to develop an
integrated understanding of transboundary environmental issues and to identify
priority actions. The SAP and the proposed Project were prepared with the
support of a PERSGA chaired Task Force which will continue to operate during
the implementation phase
(c)
Adoption of a Long-Term Approach. Given the nature of transboundary
environmental problems, a long-term approach is required, allowing for a series
of complementary actions to be undertaken in a phased manner over several
years. For this approach to be effective, specific measures should be taken to
develop and sustain political commitment and public ownership of regional
environmental programmes. The SAP and proposed project have adopted such
an approach, which emphasises a range of complementary actions, including a
major programme to support public awareness and participation.
(d)
Support for Preventive and Curative Measures. Successful programmes include
complementary measures which support both preventive measures to avoid or
minimise future environmental problems and curative measures to remedy
existing ones. Given the current status of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, the
SAP and proposed project place very high emphasis on preventive action
through improved environmental planning, coastal zone management and
interventions to reduce navigation risks. Curative measures are focused on
improved management of living marine resources and management of water,
wastewater and solid waste in coastal areas.
(e)
Co-operative Planning and Implementation. Experience from previous
programmes has demonstrated the importance of co-operative approaches in
planning and implementation, in development of a regional vision, and in
sustaining support. The SAP and proposed project have included the use of a
Task Force which has been complemented by the participation of a diversity of
organisations and individuals in the preparation of Country Reports and the
activities of the Working Groups.
Page: 17
PROJECT FINANCING AND BUDGET
21.
The five year programme is estimated at a total cost of US$ 36,606,000. Of this
amount, US$ 19,000,300 is being sought from the Global Environment Facility, US$ 5,995,000
will be secured from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, US$ 1,307,000 from PERSGA, and US$
2.0 million (in cash and in kind) from the co-operating countries. Additional co-financing is
being sought from the European Commission, the Governments of Denmark and Japan and the
Islamic Development Bank. Parallel financing from associated projects amounts to US$ 271
million (Annex 7). See budget table for cost allocation by components.
INCREMENTAL COSTS
22.
The incremental costs analysis, following GEF guidelines, is attached in Annex 1.
ISSUES, ACTIONS AND RISKS
23.
During the implementation of the PDF SAP project, PERSGA has proven that it has
provided an effective forum for regional co-operation, especially at the technical level, despite
complex relationships between the countries in the region. The present project will further the
work of this regional body in facilitating co-operation on a diversity of topics of mutual concern
and interest. Moreover, the bottom up approach, whereby technical bodies at the working level
in the countries act as the main driving force in the design and implementation of independent
and collaborative activities, will keep the momentum going in times of conflicts.
24.
Broad-based public participation and sustainable financing are two important elements
of the project which will reduce the project's dependence on governments in adverse situations.
In this context, it is important to stress that UNDP has a fully operational programme in
northern Somalia with active project offices in Bosaso, Hargeisa, Berbera, Johar and Belet
Wayn. These offices are staffed with both international and national UNDP staff. UNDP's total
programme in northern Somalia is presently at US$ 37 million for the period 1997-1999. The
programme focuses on port rehabilitation and improved revenue collection, local governance,
infrastructure rehabilitation (water, schools, clinics, etc.), and income generation. In addition, it
should be noted that the UN operates an airplane which has daily flights between Nairobi and
one of the above mentioned cities. In the Sudan, UNDP supports an active programme, which
for 1997-1999 is at the US$ 40 million mark. The UNDP programme in northern Sudan focuses
on Area Development Schemes, which address poverty issues at the local level, working
directly with local communities. The "area development" approach is also being introduced in
the southern part of the country, in the form of "Area Rehabilitation Schemes". In addition,
UNDP's programme supports basic education, especially for girls, renewable energy (biomass,
wind and solar), and natural resource management activities, especially community based
projects to combat desertification.
25.
In view of the active programme mentioned above, it is considered that PERSGA's
regional outreach coupled with UNDP's on-the-ground presence in the countries afflicted by
insecurity, will be well able to address any risks which might be associated with a project such
as the present one.
Page: 18
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
26.
Building on the successful implementation of the PDF phase, the full project will
continue to be jointly implemented by the three GEF partners, each with its specialised
expertise and comparative advantage in the Region. PERSGA will become the Executing
Agency of the full project. The Project Co-ordination Unit (PCU) to be established at PERSGA
will provide technical and managerial support to PERSGA. It will be responsible for
contracting, resource mobilisation, fund management, procurement, disbursement, programme
administration and monitoring. It will consist of a Regional Co-ordinator, regional technical
experts in the areas of the SAP, administrative support staff and a Chief Technical Advisor. At
the country level, the PERSGA national focal points will also play an important role in co-
ordinating national and regional activities of the programme.
27.
The Regional Task Force will consist of PERSGA representatives from each
participating country, the three GEF partners and the Islamic Development Bank. The Task
Force will continue to oversee the direction and progress of the programme and ensure co-
operation among countries, international financial institutions and donors. The Expert Working
Groups on Navigation and Living Marine Resource formed during the PDF will continue to be
the driving force of these two programme components. New Expert Working Groups supported
by the respective regional experts at the PCU will be formed for the other components of the
programme.
28.
As this is a truly joint programme supported in equal part by the three GEF
Implementing Agencies, the relative strengths of each agency has been drawn upon for the
design of the present project. The backstopping, management and support to the project will
draw equally on the comparative advantage of each GEF Implementing Agency. In line with
this, therefore, the three partner agencies will implement the project components as follows:
(a)
Institutional strengthening to facilitate regional co-operation (UNEP).
(b)
Reduction of navigation risks and maritime pollution (World Bank).
(c)
Sustainable use and management of living marine resources (UNDP).
(d)
Development of a Regional Network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
(UNDP).
(e)
Support for integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) (World Bank).
(f)
Enhancement of public awareness and participation (UNDP).
(g)
Monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts (UNDP).
Regional Institutions
29.
Based in Jeddah, PERSGA is responsible for the development, implementation, co-
ordination, monitoring and evaluation of regional programmes for the protection and
conservation of the marine environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Major functions of
PERSGA include the implementation of the Jeddah Convention, the Action Plan for the
Conservation of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden,
and the Protocol Concerning Regional Co-operation in Combating Pollution by Oil and Other
Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency. The role of PERSGA has been instrumental in the
development of the SAP during the PDF as it has provided a basis for co-operation with
international financial institutions, donor agencies and other potential sources of funding. The
experience of PERSGA in managing the Red Sea Regional Framework Plan under the GEF
Page: 19
project for the Red Sea Coastal Ecosystems of Yemen has led to the development of
institutional mechanisms and capacity for international co-ordination and co-operation in the
Region. PERSGA has recently supported regional workshops concerning environmental impact
assessment, marine protected areas, living marine resources, and navigation risks. In addition,
the series of national workshops which facilitated the development and finalisation of the SAP
Country Reports were co-ordinated by PERSGA.
National Institutions
30.
A large number of national government and non-government institutions will
participate in the different components of the project (Annex 9).
Page:20
Budget for the Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
1. Institutional Strengthening for Regional Cooperation
1.1. Strengthening capacity of PERSGA
1,230,000
0
0
20,000
0
0
1.2. Enhanced regional cooperation
700,000
66,000
22,000
64,000
70,000
68,000
1.3. Developing a sustainable financing strategy
0
60,000
0
0
10,000
5,000
GEF-Contribution
1,930,000
126,000
22,000
84,000
80,000
73,000
Non-GEF
195,000
0
443,000
0
0
400,000
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
2. Reduction of Navigation Risks and Maritime Pollution
2.1. Regional Cooperation & Technical Capacity
200,000
154,000
1,500,000
800,000
200,000
200,000
2.2. National Actions at Legislative and Technical Levels
108,000
48,000
200,000
90,000
GEF-Contribution
200,000
262,000
1,500,000
848,000
400,000
290,000
Non-GEF
0
40,000
0
24,000
0
0
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
3. Conserv. & Sustain. Use & Management of LMR
3.1. Capacity building for LMR management
200,000
190,000
440,000
540,000
100,000
160,000
3.2. Sustainable Management of Transboundary Fish Stocks
0
324,000
120,000
310,000
0
160,000
3.3. Regional Conservation Plan for Turtles, Seabirds & Mamm
0
180,000
0
150,000
0
90,000
3.4. Legal and Policy Framework
0
252,000
80,000
0
70,000
0
GEF-Contribution
200,000
946,000
640,000
1,000,000
170,000
410,000
Non-GEF
8,062,000
1,100,000
270,000
240,000
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
4. Representative System of MPAs
4.1. Regional Working Group & Master Plan
200,000
108,000
0
0
100,000
140,000
4.2. Regional training & exchange programs
0
168,000
50,000
440,000
0
20,000
4.3. Site-specific Management Plans
0
336,000
65,000
95,000
30,000
90,000
4.4. Effective Implementation of Management Plans
0
108,000
820,000
80,000
90,000
80,000
GEF-Contribution
200,000
720,000
935,000
865,000
220,000
330,000
Non-GEF
500,000
1,072,000
1,250,000
1,280,000
0
1,030,000
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
Page:21
contract
ment
Misc.
5. Support for ICZM
5.1. Regional networking and training
200,000
168,000
210,000
230,000
100,000
41,000
5.2. Developing national capacity in ICZM
120,000
302,000
50,000
280,000
180,000
229,000
GEF-Contribution
320,000
470,000
260,000
510,000
280,000
270,000
Non-GEF
0
250,000
50,000
0
0
0
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop Op/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
6. Public Awareness & Participation
6.1. Regional Networking & Support
200,000
1,012,000
60,000
160,000
100,000
590,000
6.2. National & Local Environmental Awareness
0
168,000
20,000
216,000
0
20,000
GEF-Contribution
200,000
1,180,000
80,000
376,000
100,000
610,000
Non-GEF
0
0
0
0
0
0
Component Outputs & Activities
Personnel
Sub-
Equip-
Training
Workshop O/M &
contract
ment
Misc.
7. Monitoring and Evaulation
7.1. Development of Regional M & E Programme
0
96,000
0
60,000
190,000
40,000
7.2. Implementation of M & E Programme
0
60,000
0
0
0
50,000
GEF-Contribution
0
156,000
0
60,000
190,000
90,000
Non-GEF
400,000
300,000
300,000
200,000
0
200,000
Net GEF Contribution
3,050,000
3,860,000
3,437,000
3,743,000
1,440,000
2,073,000
Project Support Services
232,833
232,833
232,833
232,833
232,833
232,833
Total GEF Contribution
3,282,833
4,092,833
3,669,833
3,975,833
1,672,833
2,305,833
Total non-GEFcontribution
1,095,000
9,724,000
3,143,000
1,774,000
0
1,870,000
GRAND TOTAL
4,377,833
13,816,833
6,812,833
5,749,833
1,672,833
4,175,833
Page:22
Sub-Total
1,250,000
990,000
75,000
2,315,000
1,038,000
Sub-Total
3,054,000
446,000
3,500,000
64,000
Sub-Total
0
1,630,000
914,000
420,000
402,000
3,366,000
9,672,000
Sub-Total
0
548,000
678,000
616,000
1,178,000
3,270,000
5,132,000
Sub-Total
Page:23
0
949,000
1,161,000
2,110,000
300,000
Sub-Total
0
2,122,000
424,000
2,546,000
0
Sub-Total
0
386,000
110,000
496,000
1,400,000
17,603,000
1,397,000
19,000,000
17,606,000
36,606,000
Implementation of the Strategic Action Programme for the Red Sea & Gulf of Aden
Indicative Consolidated Work Plan
No.
Components/Activities
1998
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Preparations & Regional Coordination
1.1 Recruitment of Staff
1.2 Set up the PCU
1.3 "Launching Workshops"
1.4
Regional
Task
Force
Meetings
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
1.5 Review opportunities for
financing
1.6
Red
Sea
Environment
Fund
Navigation & Maritime Pollution
2.1 Establish Navigation WG & meeting
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2.2 Baseline study for Maritime Conventions
2.3 Reporting and consultation on MC
2.4
Ratification
of
IMO
+
ILO
conventions
2.5 Review developments on PSC
2.6 Decide required measures
X
2.7 Draft & implement MoU on PSC
2.8 Review proposals for TSS
2.9 Discuss with IMO and report to the WG
2.10
Define
provisions
2.11 Implement TSS
2.12 Define 2 areas for hydrographic surveys
2.13 Study costs and report to the WG
2.14
Contract
and
execute
2.15
Define
and
implement
the
programme
2.16 Prepare TOR for study of VTMS
2.17 Consult authorities/Report to WG
2.18
Execute
feasibility
study
2.19 Evaluate study and its
financing
2.20
Contract
and
execute
2.21 Prepare TOR for study of Regional OSCP
2.22 Carry out study and report
2.23
Implement
the
strategy
2.24 Prepare TOR for MEMAC
No.
Components/Activities
1998
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2.25 Update its contingency plan
2.26 Decide on its future actions
2.27
Provide
training
Living Marine Resources
3.1 Establishment of the WGs and meetings
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.3 Standardized methods for data collection
3.2 Design & conduct Fisheries mgmt. courses
3.4 Produce Identification Guide to LMR
3.5 TOR for transboundary stock assessment
3.6 Assess financing opportunity for 3.5
3.7 Socio-economic assessment of shark fisheries
3.8 Develop & implement Management Strategy
for transboundary stocks
3.9
PA
in
support
of
3.8
3.10
Training
on
conservation
issues
3.11 Seasonal surveys for key species
3.12
Develop
&
implement
conservation
plan
3.13 Develop small-scale relief projects
3.14 Regional Habitat Conservation Plan
3.15 Organize regional workshops
3.16 Survey status of key habitats
3.17 Develop conservation programme for 3.17
3.18
Control
mechanism
to
habitat
exploitation
3.19 Regional agreements/protocols on
habitat/stock/wildlife conservation
3.20 Feasibility study on regional fisheries
monitoring and surveillance
3.21 Study Financing
opportunities
for
3.21
Regional Network of MPAs
4.1 Establishment of WG and meetings
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4.2 Develop Region-specific MPA guidelines
4.3 Develop a Regional Master Plan
4.4 Conduct MPA training & exchange prog.
4.5
Develop
&
implement
site-specific
MPs
No.
Components/Activities
1998
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
5.1 Establishment of WG and meetings
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
5.2 Regional training workshops
5.3 Establishment of national working groups
5.4 Design model ICZM studies
5.5
Prepare
model
ICZM
studies
5.6 Review GIS at regional level
5.7 Design regional GIS network
5.8
Prepare
national
GIS
information
5.9
Prepare
regional
GIS
information
Public Awareness and Participation
6.1 Establish WG and meetings
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6.2 Produce & disseminate PA materials
6.3 Develop Micro-Grant Programme
6.4 Organise workshops & initiate dialogue
6.5 Assess & NGOs participation
Monitoring & Evaluation of Prog. Impacts
7.1 Define performance & progress indicators
7.2 Develop model annual report
7.3 Design a monitoring programme
7.4 Conduct regular monitoring and evaluation
Mid-term Eval.
Final Eval.
4 AUG 1997
ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS AND INDICATIVE BUDGET
ANNEX 2: LETTER OF COUNTRY ENDORSEMENT BY DESIGNATED OPERATIONAL
FOCAL POINT
ANNEX 3: TECHNICAL REVIEW
ANNEX 4: TABLE OF REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
ANNEX 5: TABLE OF REGIONAL PRIORITY ACTIONS
ANNEX 6A: TABLE OF SITE-SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS AND PRIORITY ACTIONS NEEDED FOR
THE 13 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK
*ANNEX 6B: TABLE OF ALL KNOWN EXISTING, PROPOSED AND SUGGESTED MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS IN THE REGION
ANNEX 7:
LIST OF RELEVANT, ONGOING AND PLANNED PROJECTS IN THE REGION
ANNEX 8:
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PROPOSED PROGRAMME COMPONENTS AND THE
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
ANNEX 9:
RELEVANT LOCAL INSTITUTIONS TO BE INVOLVED IN THE PROGRAMME
ANNEX 10A: PERSGA, 1997. STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME OF THE RED SEA AND GULF
OF ADEN - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (PREPARED WITH SUPPORT FROM GEF-PDF
MECHANISM, JOINTLY IMPLEMENTED BY UNDP, UNEP, WORLD BANK)
*ANNEX 10B: PERSGA, 1997. STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME OF THE RED SEA AND GULF
OF ADEN - FULL DOCUMENT WITH TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSES.
*ANNEX 11: COUNTRY REPORTS OF DJIBOUTI, EGYPT, JORDAN, NORTHERN COAST OF
SOMALIA, SAUDI ARABIA, SUDAN AND YEMEN (PREPARED UNDER THE PDF
PHASE OF THE SAP - EXCEPT SAUDI ARABIA)
ANNEX 12: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
* Materials available upon request.
ANNEX 1
PAGE 1 OF 10
INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS
Regional Context and Broad Development Goals
In the last three decades, many countries in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region have had
to address the consequences of war, civil strife, drought and famine, as well as the challenges
of environmentally and socially sustainable development. In addition, demographic changes
and pressures have remained major constraints. During this same period, the countries of the
Region have included among the lowest in per capita income, while some have had good
rates of economic growth, and one has a very high record of providing donor assistance. In
spite of these significant economic, social and political differences, the countries of the
Region share several environmental problems and threats. These shared concerns have
provided a firm justification for regional collaborative efforts.
The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Region, with its characteristic arid coastal zone, contains some
of the world's most unique and diversified coastal and marine environments and resources. The
topography ranges from nearshore, protected shallows, to exposed sandy and rocky shorelines,
to depths of over 2,000 meters, giving rise to complex ecosystems and high biological diversity.
Extensive mangroves, seagrass and macro-algal beds occur in the Region, forming highly
productive habitats for unique species assemblages. The great variety of reef types in the Red
Sea is astounding. The diversity of corals, with many species found only in the Red Sea, is
greater than anywhere else in the Indian Ocean. Endemism at generic, species and sub-species
levels in the Red Sea is extremely high, especially among reef fishes and reef associated
invertebrates. Over 1,300 species of fishes have been recorded from the Red Sea, which is more
than any other enclosed sea. The Gulf of Aden, one of the biologically least known branches of
the Indian Ocean, is heavily influenced by seasonal upwelling and contains fishery resources of
global importance.
Development activities in the Region are heavily concentrated in coastal areas and depend on a
combination of fragile terrestrial and marine resources. While the coastal and marine
environments of the Region are globally among the least disturbed, its living and non-living
resources are under increasing jeopardy. The Red Sea is one of the busiest marine transport
regions of the world--estimated at 60 tankers daily. The risk of maritime pollution and
environmental degradation is paramount and increasing due to the rapidly expanding energy
development and maritime activities. Throughout the Region, fisheries are under pressure from
over-exploitation, and in some areas, illegal fishing is causing serious impacts. Coastal habitat is
being converted to urban and industrial development and limited freshwater resources are under
intense pressure. Tourism and recreational use are expanding quickly in the coastal areas of
some countries, especially adjacent to coral reef areas. The basic social needs of many coastal
communities are yet to be met.
These shared concerns and threats have provided a firm justification for regional collaborative
efforts and integrated approaches. The key institutional framework for regional environmental
co-operation consists of the Jeddah Convention and the Regional Organisation for the
Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA). The Jeddah
Convention of 1982 was the result of a UNEP supported regional inter-governmental
conference which also adopted a Programme for the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of
Aden. PERSGA serves as the official regional organisation responsible for the development and
ANNEX 1
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implementation of regional programmes for the protection and conservation of the marine
environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.
PERSGA has been the main driving force for the development of the Strategic Action
Programme for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (SAP), supported by the PDF mechanism of the
GEF and other contributions. The SAP presents an overview of the environmental trends and
threats on a regional basis and recommends a programme of complementary "preventive" and
"curative" actions to address current and emerging issues. It delineates key measures for
institutional strengthening, human resource development and expansion of public awareness at
the regional, national and local levels. The SAP also reviews opportunities for the mobilisation
of domestic and international resources, both public and private, to undertake the programme.
These findings and recommendations, as well as the entire process of the SAP, have been
endorsed officially by the Ministerial level PERSGA Council. The PERSGA Council has also
delegated responsibility to the PERSGA Secretariat to work with donor organisations and
countries to develop projects stemming from the SAP.
Baseline
PERSGA and the co-operating countries would continue to work on a limited scale within
the framework of the Jeddah Convention to address regional environmental issues and would
take a limited number of actions to implement the SAP. PERSGA would provide a forum for
periodic meetings to discuss transboundary issues and common problems concerning the
coastal and marine environment. Implementation of the SAP would focus on a number of
small-scale regional activities and a series of independent national level activities. The
majority of support for the management and conservation of coastal and marine environments
in the Region would continue to be on a national basis, which significantly limits the ability
of PERSGA and the co-operating countries to effectively address major transboundary
environmental issues. This is especially the case with regard to the management of navigation
risks and their associated maritime pollution, living marine resources, and Marine Protected
Areas, all of which require effective co-operation at the regional level. In addition, the
adoption and implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management would remain a major
common problem since co-ordinated actions to manage this zone are critical to effectively
addressing issues related to navigation, living marine resources and Marine Protected Areas.
Support for regional activities by international financial institutions and donor organisations
would continue to be restricted to conferences and training courses. International support for
environment and natural resources activities may continue at current levels and be focused on
addressing national and local issues.
Global Environmental Objective
The global environmental objective of the proposed project is to support the conservation of
the unique coastal and marine environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. This would be
accomplished by GEF provision of catalytic support for incremental costs associated with
implementation of the SAP, which provides a sound technical basis for a prevention oriented
project to address priority activities, consistent with the guidance for GEF Operational
Programme Number 9, "Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area Operational
Programme." The objective of this Operational Programme is to support "better use of land
and water resource management practices on an area wide basis." Under this Operational
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Programme, activities are supported which have an "area wide focus, and with biodiversity
considerations often included in project objectives, more proactive interventions aimed at the
protection of international waters with important biodiversity are common." A major focus of
this Operational Programme is support of measures for "prevention of damage to threatened
waters..." and these focus on "preventive measures to address threats rather than remedial,
highly capital intensive measures."
GEF Alternative
The GEF alternative would support a proposed project to "operationalize [a] sustainable
development strategy" for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. This would be accomplished
through GEF support to facilitate key measures for implementation of the SAP, combined
with additional resources from a large number of domestic and international sources. The
participation of GEF would provide support for incremental costs needed to remove barriers
to implementation of the SAP, including additional transaction costs for joint planning
activities, development of common approaches to sectoral policies, data collection and
analyses, and co-ordination of efforts among the participating countries. Consistent with the
objectives of the GEF, the proposed project supports complementary policy and technical
measures on a regional basis for the reduction of navigation risks and associated maritime
pollution; management of important living marine resources which are shared by the co-
operating countries; development of a network of representative Marine Protected Areas to
conserve unique biodiversity; and support for Integrated Coastal Zone Management to
protect the critical interface between the terrestrial and marine environments.
The proposed project, consistent with GEF guidance, would contribute significantly to the
"reduction of stress to the international waters environment" in this region and support
PERSGA and the co-operating countries in "making changes in their sectoral policies,
making critical investments, [and] developing necessary programmes" to achieve these
objectives. The long-term commitment on the part of the concerned governments is
demonstrated by the Jeddah Convention, support for PERSGA, participation in the SAP Task
Force, and a direct role in the Country Reports and Regional Studies which co-operatively
identified priority actions. The support of GEF will play an important catalytic role in the
project, and the participation of the European Community, international financial institutions,
donors and the private sector will also contribute to this multi-country and multi-stakeholder
effort. The emphasis in the individual project components on the evaluation of sustainable
mechanisms for self-financing of a number of activities would contribute to the long-term
financial sustainability of project initiated actions.
The GEF alternative would support a regionally led initiative to promote the management
and conservation of the coastal and marine resources of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. It
would greatly facilitate the ability of PERSGA and the co-operating countries to address
transboundary environmental issues and common natural resources management concerns at
the regional level. The GEF alternative would allow for the realisation of a dynamic action
oriented work programme for implementation of the SAP, to be undertaken on an accelerated
basis with support from a variety of sources. These goals would be realised through support
for the following specific project objectives:
ANNEX 1
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1.
Institutional strengthening to facilitate regional co-operation
This project component will strengthen PERSGA's capacity in policy planning,
programme management and regional co-ordination, which are essential for the effective
implementation of the SAP. It will make use of active participation of national and
regional expert groups in fulfilling PERSGA's responsibilities in the SAP, hence further
enhancing regional co-operation and technical transfer among the countries involved.
The component will also provide technical support to the national PERSGA focal
points, facilitating the effective implementation and co-ordination of programme
activities at the national level.
2.
Reduction of navigation risks and maritime pollution
This component places emphasis on cost-effective preventive measures to reduce
navigation risks in the Region, including Port State Control, Traffic Separation
Schemes, Vessel Traffic Systems, navigation aids, and supportive training and
awareness promotion. The project will capitalise on the PERSGA Navigation Working
Group which supported the preparation of the Navigation Risk Assessment and
Management Plan for the Region.
3.
Sustainable use and management of living marine resources
This component is designed to develop strategies for the management of transboundary
living marine resources, including threatened or endangered migratory species. The
component will strengthen the capacity for management and monitoring of the
resources through technical assistance and training. Special effort will be made to
promote the participation of fishermen in these activities. Support will be provided to
develop the legal and institutional framework for regional co-operation in the
management of transboundary resources.
4.
Development of a Regional Network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
During the SAP process, thirteen declared and proposed/suggested MPAs, representing
different ecosystem types and biodiversity richness and uniqueness, have been
identified as regionally or globally important. The proposed component will emphasise
institutional and capacity building, including resource mobilisation, for effective
management of these MPAs. It will focus on these priority sites while at the same time
retaining a regional approach in planning, management and provision of training.
5.
Support for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
This component will enhance the exchange of lessons learnt between countries at
different stages of practising ICZM, and provide cost-effective regional training in
related fields, including environmental assessment, monitoring and evaluation. It will
also aim at reinforcing the capacity of national and local governments, including
environmental and other sectoral ministries, in developing and implementing ICZM.
Effective national ICZM will contribute to the management of the globally significant
coastal environments and biodiversity of the Region.
6.
Enhancement of public awareness and participation
This component will promote broad-based public awareness initiatives, facilitate
dialogues among local environmental NGOs, community groups, private sector and the
Governments. The activities of this component will be developed in line with the
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thematic areas of maritime pollution, sustainable use of living resources and coastal
zone management, and will provide support for other components of the project.
7.
Monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts
This component will develop regional, standardised procedures with specified
indicators to monitor and evaluate progress and impacts of the different components of
the programme in line with the evolving GEF monitoring and evaluation guidance. This
is essential for the insurance of effective project implementation and provides timely
warning for needed adjustments and improvements.
System Boundary
The time boundaries for this project are the five year project period during which it will be
implemented. Some of the benefits will clearly continue to accrue beyond this time boundary.
However, all the listed benefits will be achieved during the five year implementation period.
The geographic boundary of the project is defined by the area of the Jeddah Convention, which
includes the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
The issues to be dealt with within the boundary of the project are:
(a)
inadequate institutional capacity for the management of transboundary
environmental issues;
(b)
navigation risks and maritime pollution;
(c)
exploitation of living marine resources;
(d)
lack of management capacity for Marine Protected Areas of regional/global
importance;
(e)
coastal habitat destruction and environmental degradation;
(f)
low public awareness and participation in environmental and resource
management; and
(g)
lack of recognised methodology for project monitoring and evaluation.
The design of the proposed project has taken into full consideration its complementarity with
other existing projects in the Region and is developed to maximise regionality and holistic
management by ecosystems and issues.
Incidental Domestic Benefits
While PERSGA has made a good start in regional co-operation, significant support over the
short and medium-term is required to overcome institutional, human resource and
information barriers to successful management of transboundary and common environmental
issues in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Over the long-term, a variety of domestic benefits
would occur through implementation of the proposed project; however, these benefits would
not be realised without critical catalytic transitional support from GEF. The most valuable
domestic benefits to be gained from the project are associated with substantially strengthened
institutional and human capacity in environmental planning, natural resources management
and regional co-operation. Long-term domestic benefits associated with the proposed project
would include the reduction of navigation risks in international and national waters of the
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Region. This would result in lower shipping costs and obviate the need for major
expenditures for emergency management and clean-up activities. Potential domestic benefits
from measures for the management of living marine resources and Marine Protected Areas
would be realised only after project supported activities are fully adopted and used as the
basis for management programmes. In the case of coastal zone management, benefits may be
realised in the medium-term through implementation of decisions which improve spatial
planning and avoid unsustainable development patterns in these fragile area. These benefits
would be significantly greater if, as planned under the project, there is support for widespread
adoption of Integrated Coastal Zone Management throughout the Region.
Costs
The incremental costs required to achieve all outputs of the project amount to US$ 36,606,000,
of which US$ 19,000,000 is being sought from the GEF. The GEF contribution will be
allocated as follows:
Project
Component
US$
1.
Institutional strengthening for regional co-operation
2,315,000
2.
Reduction of navigation risks and maritime pollution
3,500,000
3.
Sustainable use and management of living marine resources 3,366,000
4.
Development of a Regional Network of MPAs
3,270,000
5.
Support for ICZM
2,110,000
6.
Enhancement of public awareness and participation
2,546,000
7.
Monitoring and evaluation of programme impacts
496,000
Project Support Cost
1,390,000
TOTAL
19,000,000
Incremental Cost Matrix
See below.
Agreement
The technical contents of the project, including the incremental cost analysis, have been
negotiated with the Governments of Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia (non-GEF funding),
Sudan and Yemen, and the local authorities of the northern Somalia coast.
ANNEX 1
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Incremental Cost Matrix and Calculation
Project Component
Cost
Cost
Domestic Benefits
Global Environmental Benefits
Category ($million)
1. Institutional
Baseline 4.842
Most
countries in the Region have some forms of
The key existing regional environmental framework is the
Strengthening for
institutional framework including national legislation,
Jeddah Convention which is implemented by the Regional
Regional Co-
environmental strategies and projects, for the
Organisation for the Conservation of the Environment of the
operation
protection of their own coastal and marine
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).
environments.
Alternativ
8.195 Effective implementation of national activities within
A greatly strengthened regional body and enhanced
e
the SAP and integration of these environmental
regional co-operation essential to the effective
activities into national policies and investment
implementation of the SAP and its global environmental
programmes. Strengthened institutional and human
objectives.
capacity through training and active involvement of
national experts in the SAP.
Increment
3.353
(GEF)
(2.315)
2. Reduction of
Baseline 94.895
Few
countries have ratified MARPOL and no regional Weak implementation of existing protocols and an absence
Navigation Risks and
agreement has been developed on Port State Control.
of a Regional Agreement of Port State Control. Reduction
Maritime Pollution
Navigation aids have been installed at main traffic
of navigation risk at the entry of the Gulf of Suez and
lanes and port entrances, but they are few and poorly
Strait of Tiran through installation of planned Vessel
maintained. Most but not all countries have national
Traffic Systems (VTS); however, major risks would occur
oil spill contingency plans. Some training for
in the southern Red Sea where a Traffic Separation
preparedness and combating of oil spills, and port
Scheme (TSS) is needed and in the Bab al Mandab which
management at national levels but far from adequate.
requires a VTS. Hazardous navigation conditions in the
vicinity of some ports due to weak rules, limited training
of staff and outdated charts. Regional co-ordination for oil
spill response remains underdeveloped.
ANNEX 1
PAGE 8 OF 10
Project Component
Cost
Cost
Domestic Benefits
Global Environmental Benefits
Category ($million)
Alternativ
98.459 Reduced local navigation risks and maritime
Major reduction in risks of global/regional
e
pollution. Ratification and implementation of
environmental degradation from maritime traffic and
international conventions would support improved
pollution through establishment and implementation of
navigation and safety standards. Support provided
an effective "prevention" oriented programme.
for development and implementation of Port State
Technical co-ordination of the programme by a Regional
Control, preparation of updated port rules, and
Working Group which can conduct activities beyond the
training of specialised personnel. Improved TSS,
life of the project. Key benefits would include: expanded
communications, navigation aids, charts and
ratification of international conventions; development of a
emergency procedures for major ports in the region
Regional Agreement on Port State Control and training of
would reduce local risks. Working Group would
personnel to implement this agreement; establishment of a
share lessons learnt and disseminate good practices
TSS and VTS to reduce risks in the southern Red Sea and
at the national level.
Bab al Mandab; preparation of national and port oil spill
contingency plans; strengthened regional and sub-regional
co-operation for emergency management; and
identification and dissemination of good practices.
Provides a model which can be replicated in other areas.
Increment
3.564
(GEF)
(3.500)
3. Sustainable Use
Baseline
43.665 Stocks assessment information is lacking, limited or
Threatened and endangered migratory species are protected
and Management of
out dated in most countries. National fisheries
on a very small scale by some local traditions which prevent
Living Marine
legislation exist in all countries but capacity for
hunting of turtles and dugongs, or killing of sharks for their
Resources
enforcement is weak in most cases. Traditional
fins only. Assessment of transboundary stocks is practically
management practices are retained in some areas.
non-existent.
Alternativ
56.703 Increased baseline information and strengthened
Sustainable use of transboundary stocks building on
e
national capacity for sustainable marine resource
sound stocks assessment, region-wide monitoring and
management.
management plans. Conservation of threatened and
endangered species emphasising public awareness and
participation.
Increment
13.038
(GEF)
(3.366)
4. Development of a
Baseline
37.000 All countries in the Region have designated MPAs,
One MPA of regional importance is adequately managed.
Regional Network of
but they are few and only one or two of them are
Marine Protected
adequately managed. Many of the current and/or
Areas (MPAs)
proposed protected areas are under high pressure from
fishing and tourism. Others are at risk from navigation
and development activities in the adjacent area.
ANNEX 1
PAGE 9 OF 10
Project Component
Cost
Cost
Domestic Benefits
Global Environmental Benefits
Category ($million)
Alternativ
45.402 Strengthened capacity to manage individual MPAs.
A network of adequately managed MPAs of
e
Well managed MPAs may benefit fishermen nearby in global/regional significance, supported by both government
the long run, and may generate alternative income
and community commitments, scientifically sound
such as tourism.
management strategy and capability, and sustainable
financing mechanisms. System of MPAs provides a model
which can be replicated in other areas
Increment
8.402
(GEF)
(3.270)
5. Support for
Baseline
55.898 Poorly co-ordinated development of valuable coastal None
Integrated Coastal
zones predominates in most countries of the Region
Zone Management
and institutional capacity to address these issues is
weak. This results in unnecessary degradation of
important coastal habitats with significant adverse
secondary impacts on marine habitats. Inadequate
consideration of environmental issues in coastal zone
development results in insufficient investment in
management of water, wastewater and solid waste.
Tourism is often developed without attention to
impacts and infrastructure requirements.
Alternativ
58.308 Strengthened institutional and human capacity in each Adoption of common regional approaches to ICZM
e
country to develop and implement national ICZM.
results in reduced environmental degradation and loss of
coastal habitats for migratory species and global
biodiversity; by catalysing the development and
implementation of national ICZM through regional training,
exchange of lessons learnt and sustainable financing.
Supportive environments provided for components 2, 3 and
4.
Increment
2.410
(GEF)
(2.110)
6. Public Awareness
Baseline
4.100 Highly varied extent and effectiveness of public
Regional issues are rarely covered by awareness
and Participation
awareness programmes in different countries of the
programmes in the Region.
Region. Several of the countries have active
environmental NGOs. Public participation in resource
management and coastal development decisions is
generally weak.
ANNEX 1
PAGE 10 OF 10
Project Component
Cost
Cost
Domestic Benefits
Global Environmental Benefits
Category ($million)
Alternativ
6.646 Increased environmental awareness at the national and Increased public awareness and support for regional
e
community levels. Local environmental NGOs and
environmental issues. Enhanced overall effectiveness of
community groups obtain grants to carry out micro-
environmental awareness programmes by the
projects.
organisation of region-wide concerted activities, and
exchange of lessons learnt through an active regional
network of NGOs and community groups.
Increment
2.546
(GEF)
(2.546)
7. Monitoring and
Baseline
30.594 Limited, relevant data in restricted locations available
None
Evaluation of
as part of the baseline for subsequent monitoring and
Programme Impacts
evaluation.
Alternativ
32.490 Standardised methodology and indicators for each
Effectiveness of the project is monitored, thus allowing
e
country to monitor environmental, resource and social continuous efforts or improvements to achieve global
trends and to evaluate the impacts of the project.
environmental objectives through the SAP. Credibility of
Results of this process will help improve the
the project will leverage further support and commitment
effectiveness of this project and other related
for other environmental initiatives for the Region.
environmental initiatives in the countries.
Increment
1.896
(GEF)
(0.496)
Project support
Increment
1.397
services
(GEF)
(1.397)
Totals
Baseline
270.994
Alternativ
307.600
e
Incremen
$36.606
t
($19.000)
(GEF)
Footnotes to Incremental Cost Matrix:
Sources of Non-GEF funding that contribute to the baseline costs include the Danish, Dutch, German, Japanese, US and Saudi Arabia Governments, the Governments of the
participating countries, and multi-lateral donors and international agencies including the EU, IFAD and World Bank. The list of projects relevant to the different components of
the proposal is presented in Annex 7.
Sources of Co-financing that contribute to the incremental costs of the programme include contributions under negotiation from the participating countries, European
Commission, Islamic Development Bank, Japan , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , PERSGA and UNDP.
ANNEX 3
PAGE 1 OF 3
TECHNICAL REVIEW
DJIBOUTI, EGYPT, JORDAN, SAUDI ARABIA, NORTHERN SOMALI COAST, SUDAN, YEMEN:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAMME (SAP)
FOR THE RED SEA AND GULF OF ADEN
MEMBER OF STAP ROSTER OF EXPERTS
DR. RICHARD KENCHINGTON
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK AUTHORITY
1. Overall impression
I find that this is a well considered and comprehensive proposal which provides an excellent
basis for addressing conservation, sustainable use and management of natural resources in a
global region of great significance in terms of economic and biodiversity considerations.
2. Relevance and priority
The proposal has been developed within the framework of the Jeddah Convention. Executed
successfully it would deliver substantially on the objectives of that Convention at the regional
and at the participating national levels. I am not well informed about established national
priorities, although the PERSGA process appears to address them directly. If the project is
implemented successfully it would address priority issues in terms of securing the natural
resource base and long term sustainability of resource use of the nations of the region.
3. General Approach
I consider that the general approach is appropriate and that the systematic and consultative
way in which it has been developed is an important element which should be continued
strongly in the implementation phase.
There are several relatively minor issues and opportunities which are mentioned against the
relevant project component or output numbers.
2.1 This is an important element. There may be merit, as the programme develops, in
looking at a regional approach to IMO regarding possible identification of Particularly
Sensitive Areas to be avoided by shipping and of compulsory vessel reporting to minimise
the risk of shipping traffic accidents.
3.1 The concept of sustainable management of living resources appears to have been
solely limited to fisheries. I consider that it should also be integrated or linked to other
non-harvesting uses such as tourism.
3.2 Following from the point above, my major concern is that the sustainable management
and transboundary considerations focus on harvested or potentially harvestable species
with no specific consideration of their habitat or of associated but non-target species. The
habitat and associated species may well have important ecological linkages to the ability
of the environment to sustain production of those species which are harvested. If such
factors are not considered there is unnecessary and unpredictable risk of fishery collapse.
ANNEX 3
PAGE 2 OF 3
It is also relevant to note that in a relatively enclosed marine environment such as the Red
Sea there are many life cycle linkages which extend across national boundaries even
though use or harvest of adult species may occur within single jurisdictions.
4. Marine Protected Areas.
The program is well thought out. Consistent with my earlier comments, I am concerned
that MPAs may be being considered in isolation from fisheries management. In keeping
with the ICZM focus of the project and in recognition of the FAO Code of Practice for
Responsible Fisheries it is important that MPAs be considered also in the context of
reference areas, sanctuaries and sensitive life-cycle stage protection of marine living
resources in the broad sense. It is important that MPAs are seen as part of the integrated
whole not as a use competing with resource harvest.
7. Development of Monitoring and Evaluation.
The project is ambitious and it is inevitable that rates of progress and success will vary
between project elements and projected timelines. This will need some degree of
consultative flexibility to consider and reorder priorities in response to experience and
success. I would advocate that in addition to the formal project evaluation process needed
for contributor project monitoring, there also be a small expert technical advisory group.
Such a group would be informed on but not directly involved in the project and could act
as a mentor group to provide advice to project managers on issues relating to changing
project circumstances or relative priorities.
4. Objectives
The project objectives are valid and generally well focused. Subject to earlier comments on
the need for dynamic management of the scale and ambition of the programme I consider that
the objectives can be achieved.
5. Background and Justification
The background information is reasonable for the scale of the project and establishes the
justification and urgency. It is clear that such a project must be undertaken in order to address
increasingly important issues of conservation and sustainability of marine resources on a
regional and national scale.
6. Activities
The list of activities is comprehensive. Clearly the timing and rate of conduct of individual
activities will depend upon the development of capacities and skills. The sequencing is not
spelt out in detail but the conceptual design is systematic and provides a solid basis for
effective and responsive project management.
7. Project Funding
I have little experience of costs and consequent funding needs for activities in the Red Sea
region. With that qualification and against my experience in other areas the cost structure
appears to be reasonable.
8. Timing.
The project has many objectives, many can be achieved within the time-frame. Others
establish the early steps in what will have to be an ongoing, indeed perpetual, framework for
ANNEX 3
PAGE 3 OF 3
sustained conservation and use of living marine resources. Some objectives depend on
achieving earlier objectives in the area of community education and information sharing. The
program will consequently have to be dynamic in order to respond to actual progress and to
maximise achievements in the light of progress.
9. Rationale for GEF Support
I consider the proposal establishes a strong case for GEF support under the criteria.
10. Summary
I consider this to be a well developed proposal. It addresses issues of major importance in an
area of great global significance. The project is ambitious and its management would need to
be dynamic to respond to changing circumstances and progress. The progress achieved by the
PERSGA partners in developing the proposal to this stage is impressive. I consider that it
demonstrates a solid basis for developing fuller regional collaboration through
implementation of the proposal. In a project in this area and of this scale there is an inevitable
element of risk, but there are good prospects for success in many if not most objectives. I
advocate support of the project.
ANNEX 4
PAGE 1 OF 7
TABLE OF REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Habitat Destruction:
Coastal
Extensive dredging
Large-scale urban
Inadequate
Localised,
Moderate
development
and filling; change of
and industrial
environmental
throughout the
to severe
currents and coastal
development; port
planning guidelines
region;
processes; destruction
development and
for coastal
concentrated in
of coral reefs,
maintenance
development. Lack
urban,
intertidal areas,
dredging; tourist
of enforcement.
industrial,
lagoons, seagrass beds development
Limited use of
tourism areas
and sabkhas
environmental
and free zones
assessment. Limited
awareness
Beach mining
Disturbance of sandy
Sand collecting
Lack of regulations,
Localised Low
to
and quarrying
beaches, increased
and quarrying for
and lack of
moderate
sedimentation,
coral rock
enforcement
smothering of seagrass
and corals
Mangrove
Deterioration of
Landfill, camel
Mangroves exist
Regional Moderate
destruction
mangrove habitats;
grazing, wood
under sub-optimal
to severe
decreased fish and
collection, shrimp
conditions; lack of
shrimp catches;
farm construction,
regulations and
reduced water quality;
decreased
management, lack of
coastal erosion
freshwater supply
awareness, damming
of wadis and rivers;
increased population
pressure
Destruction of
Signs of physical
Trawling,
Lack of adequate
Localised,
Moderate
seagrass beds
disturbance; loss of
including illegal
regulations and
adjacent to
to severe
and other
seagrass-associated
trawling by
enforcement; limited
urban and
subtidal
species
foreign vessels;
awareness; limited
industrial areas;
habitats
coastal dredging
knowledge of
trawling
and filling; release seagrass distribution
impacts severe
of untreated waste
in Gulf of Suez,
waters from
southern Red
municipalities and
Sea and Gulf of
shrimp/fish farms
Aden
Physical
Loss of coral habitat
Anchor damage,
Poor navigational
Regional Moderate
damage to
by collision and
coral mining, ship
control systems and
to severe
coral reefs
removal; indirect
groundings
error; lack of
impacts through
moorings; lack of
siltation; declining
awareness;
reef-associated fauna
inappropriate mining
operations;
inadequate training
Damage to
Coral breakage by
Trampling of
Lack of education
Northern Red
Moderate
coral reefs by
visitors; decrease in
shallow reef flats,
about sensitivity of
Sea and western to severe
visitors
live coral cover;
breaking of corals, marine ecosystems;
Gulf of Aden;
decline in reef-
collecting of
lack of management;
problem
associated fauna;
marine souvenirs;
lack of enforcement
anticipated to
presence of solid
anchor damage
spread region-
waste
wide
ANNEX 4
PAGE 2 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Exploitation of Living Marine Resources:
Overfishing of Decline in landings,
Increased fishing
Lack of stock
Regional Moderate
finfish for
decrease in average
efforts, landing
assessment and
to severe
local and
size
beyond Maximum
reliable statistics
export markets
Sustainable Yield
hampers fisheries
management.
Mangroves
destroyed. Lack of
surveillance and
enforcement of
existing regulations
Capture of
Decline in shark
Increased fishing
Lack of surveillance
Regional Severe
sharks for
stocks. Other impacts
effort, use of nets
and enforcement of
sharkfin
include by-catch of
in shark fisheries,
existing regulations.
market,
turtles, dolphins and
high profits
Expanding demand
frequently in
finfish
outside the Region
areas beyond
for shark fins
territorial
waters
Overfishing of Decline in catches,
Increased fishing
Lack of monitoring
Gulf of Aden
Severe
shrimp and
decrease in average
effort, illegal
and enforcement of
and southern
lobster for
size
fishing
existing regulations.
Red Sea
export markets
Lack of stock
assessment hampers
resource
management.
Destruction of
nursery habitats
(mangroves and
seagrasses). Illegal
trawling
Overfishing of Decline in catches
Fishing effort
Lack of monitoring
Gulf of Aden
Severe
cuttlefish for
beyond Maximum
and enforcement of
export markets
Sustainable Yield,
regulations. Lack of
improper fishing
trained staff for
practices
surveillance
Overfishing of Decline in landings
Increased fishing
Lack of stock
Southern Red
Severe
Strombus for
efforts
assessment hampers
Sea
local markets
resource
management
Overfishing of Decrease in average
Increased fishing
Lack of stock
Southern Red
Low to
sea cucumber
size
efforts in limited
assessment hampers
Sea and Gulf of
moderate
for export
areas
resource
Aden
markets
management
Turtle capture
Decrease in nesting
Need for
Lack of public
Southern Red
Severe
and egg
populations
subsidiary food
awareness, lack of
Sea and Gulf of
collection by
supply in areas of
alternative food
Aden
local
poor fish
sources. Lack of
fishermen and
resources.
enforcement and
communities;
Economic returns
stock assessment.
sale of shells
from sales to
Lack of protection of
to tourists and
tourists. By-catch
eggs from stray dogs
for export
of turtles in
fisheries. Lack of
turtle-excluding
devices
Collection of
Breakage of corals
Unregulated
Expansion of
Regional,
Moderate
corals and
and decline of live
collection of
tourism; lack of
especially the
to severe
molluscs for
coral cover; decline in
corals and
awareness; lack of
central and
souvenir trade
reef-associated fauna
molluscs
regulations and
southern Red
enforcement
Sea
ANNEX 4
PAGE 3 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Ornamental
Potential decrease in
Potential
Lack of stock
Localised,
Presently
fish collection
reef fish populations,
overfishing of
assessment,
throughout the
low
for export
damage to the reef
individual species, monitoring and
Region
destructive fishing management. Lack
methods
of collector training
Conservation
Potential decline in
Accidental capture Lack of awareness
Regional
To be
of marine
populations (dugong
in fisheries
determine
mammals
as an endangered
d
(especially
species)
dugong)
Spearfishing
Decline in size and
Indiscriminate
Lack of enforcement
Localised,
Locally
stocks of reef fish;
spearing of many
of existing
throughout the
severe
reef fish avoid divers
species of reef
regulations. Lack of
Region
fishes, of all sizes; relevant legislation
often in dive sites
in some countries
Shrimp and
Irreversible
Pond construction; Lack of regulations
Currently
Severe
fish farming
conversion of coastal
mangrove
and poor planning
localised with a
habitats; mangrove
destruction
growing
destruction; declining
resulting in
potential
water quality;
reduced water
throughout the
modification of
quality; use of
Region
coastline
chemicals,
hormones and
nutrients
Navigation Risks and Maritime Transport:
Regional
Extensive and routine
Limited
Complex
Regional, with
Moderate
navigation
risks of ship collisions
navigational
navigational hazards
serious issues in to severe
risks
and groundings in
devices and
combined with
the Gulf of
major international
poorly separated
heavy maritime
Suez, Gulf of
traffic lanes
traffic; weak
traffic, including
Aqaba and the
regional co-
large-scale
Bab al Mandab
ordination on
movement of oil and
navigation issues;
other cargoes
inaccurate
navigational
charts
Local
Extensive and routine
Limited
Complex
Significant
Moderate
navigation
risks of ship collisions
navigational
navigational hazards
problems in
to severe
risks
and groundings in
devices and
due to limited depth
areas of major
approaches to major
poorly separated
of shipping channels
ports and key
and minor ports, oil
traffic; weak
and approaches to
oil loading
loading facilities and
regional and
ports. Large volumes facilities.
near coral reefs
national co-
of maritime traffic
Anticipated to
ordination on
which includes a
become a
navigation issues;
variety of vessels
concern in areas
inaccurate
operating with a
adjacent to
navigational
wide range of safety
proposed free
charts; increasing
standards
ports and free
local traffic by
zones.
small vessels
ANNEX 4
PAGE 4 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Petroleum and Mineral Development and Transport:
Oil and gas
Construction debris;
Capped wells as a
Normal risks
Gulf of Suez,
Moderate
exploration
tar balls and slicks on
navigation hazard; associated with oil
northern Red
to severe
and
beaches and in water
seepage of oil;
exploration and
Sea and
production
production
production, made
southern Red
emergencies
worse by poor
Sea
including blow-
operator
outs; pipeline
performance and
breakages
poor field procedures
Small oil
Beach contamination,
Discharge of
Lack of reception
Localised,
Moderate
spills
damage to coastal and
ballast and bilge
facilities at ports;
throughout the
(< 20 tons)
marine biota
water, bunker oil
inadequate control,
region
spill
lack of enforcement
Medium oil
Beach contamination,
Discharges from
Inadequate control
Localised,
Moderate
spills
damage to coastal and
pipelines or
and monitoring of
throughout the
to Severe
(< 100 tons)
marine biota
terminals, small
procedures,
region
accidents at sea
equipment and
personnel.
Inadequate training
Potential large
Destruction of coastal
Rupture of oil
Insufficient tanker
Localised,
Severe
oil spills and
and marine habitats
tanks in collision
safety specifications.
throughout the
disasters
and biota, devastation
or wreckage
Poor navigation aids
region
of beaches
Industrial Activities:
Surface and
Excessive exploitation Use of industrial
Allocation of limited
Regional,
Moderate
groundwater
for industrial use and
technology often
surface and
especially in
to severe
use
cooling; re-allocation
with inadequate
groundwater sources
coastal urban
to industrial uses;
concern for water
for industrial use
areas
draw-down of limited
conservation and
with limited regard
groundwater
excessive
for overall usage
resources; saltwater
pumping of
needs and inadequate
intrusion into coastal
groundwater
pricing; lack of
aquifers
resources
incentives for water
conservation; poor
regulation of water
exploitation
Industrial
Health risk, potential
Accidental spill
Inadequate
Localised,
Moderate
chemical spills damage to marine life
during transport,
monitoring and
vicinity of
to severe
storage or use of
control of hazardous
chemical
chemicals
substances
industrial
installations
Cooling water
Increased
Release of high
Inadequate thermal
Localised in the
Low
discharges
temperatures,
temperature
pollution control
vicinity of
alteration of marine
cooling waters
standards
power plants,
environment
from power
industries and
plants, industries
desalinisation
and desalinisation
plants
plants
Hypersaline
Increased salinity near Release of
Inadequate salinity
Localised,
Low
water
outfalls, alteration of
hypersaline water
control standards
vicinity of
discharges
marine environment
from desalination
seawater
plants
desalination
plants
Phosphate
Decreased coral
Release of
Inadequate pollution
Local Low
dust emissions growth
phosphate dust
control standards,
during port
monitoring and
operations
enforcement
ANNEX 4
PAGE 5 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Industrial
Decline in water
Chronic release of
Lack of regulations
Localised in the
Presently
pollution
quality, marine life
pollutants
and enforcement.
vicinity of
moderate
affected
Inadequate
industrial zones
technology
and at
individual
facilities
Pollution from Consolidation of
Deposition of
Lack of controls and
Localised Severe
cement
beach sands. Altered
cement dust
inadequate
factories
coastal and marine
technology
sediments. Hampered
turtle nesting
Waste oil
Soil and groundwater
Improper disposal
Lack of proper oil
Localised,
Moderate
disposal
impacts
of used motor oil,
disposal or recovery
throughout the
to severe
use of oil as dust
options; lack of
region
suppressant
effective regulations
and enforcement
Urban and Tourism Development:
Surface and
Excessive exploitation Use of water
Allocation of limited
Regional, in
Moderate
groundwater
of surface and
distribution and
surface and
municipal areas
to severe
groundwater for
household systems groundwater sources
municipal use; re-
often with
for municipal use
allocation of surface
inadequate
with inadequate
water to municipal
concern for water
regard for
uses; draw-down of
conservation and
conservation
limited groundwater
excessive
measures including
resources; saltwater
pumping of
maintenance of
intrusion into coastal
groundwater
distribution systems
aquifers
resources
and household
plumbing;
inadequate pricing of
water; lack of
incentives for water
conservation
Urban land
Destruction of coastal
Extensive
Inadequate
Regional Moderate
use
areas and adjacent
development of
development
to severe
marine habitats
coastal areas often planning and coastal
with limited
zone management;
regard to
lack of co-ordination
availability of
between ministries;
water resources;
limited enforcement
inadequate
of regulations
infrastructure and
development in
areas with fragile
coastal ecology
Discharge of
Raised water table,
Lack of sewage
Inadequate pollution
Localised in the
Severe
untreated or
groundwater impacts,
treatment plants or control regulations,
vicinity of
insufficiently
eutrophication and
lack of
monitoring and
coastal urban
treated sewage alteration of marine
maintenance of
enforcement
areas and large
(municipal,
environment, threats
existing sewage
tourist
hospital,
to public health
treatment plants
developments
slaughter
house)
ANNEX 4
PAGE 6 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Disposal of
Deterioration of
Improper garbage
Lack of adequate
Localised in the
Moderate
solid waste
aesthetics, alteration
disposal, beach
waste disposal
vicinity of
of coastal habitats,
litter
regulations and
coastal urban
physical damage to
enforcement,
areas, coastal
coastal and marine
inadequate public
villages,
life; contamination of
awareness
tourism
groundwater from
developments
landfill
and adjacent to
major shipping
lanes
Tourism
Destruction of coastal
Intense tourism
Limited use of
Regional; with
Low to
development
areas and adjacent
development;
coastal zone
current
severe
marine habitats
over-exploitation
planning and
problems in the
of available water
infrastructure
Gulf of Suez,
resources; poor
planning; limited
Gulf of Aqaba
infrastructure
awareness of adverse and northern
linkages;
tourism impacts;
Red Sea.
excessive use of
unregulated tourism
Problems are
marine habitat;
activities and access
developing in
landfilling
the central and
southern Red
Sea
Degradation
Direct and indirect
Inadequate
Lack of adequate
Regional,
Moderate
of Cultural
adverse impacts to
evaluation of
recognition of the
especially in
to severe
Heritage
archaeological,
potential impacts
importance of
coastal urban
historical and sacred
to cultural
cultural heritage,
areas and along
sites. Destruction of
heritage in the
limited application
traditional
unique and non-
planning, design,
of Antiquities Laws
transportation
renewable cultural
construction and
in the co-operating
routes
heritage sites in
operation of
countries and poor
coastal areas with
investments.
integration of these
serious pressure on
Limited use of
concerns into the
historic urban areas
"chance find"
planning process
procedures to
address the
discovery of
unknown buried
artifacts during
construction
Special Concerns:
Illegal
Threat to marine biota
Intentional
Lack of control
Southern Gulf
Severe
disposal of
and human health
disposal of
mechanisms and
of Aden
harmful
hazardous waste at enforcement
substances
sea
Sedimentation
Depletion of
Overgrazing by
Inadequate
Central and
Low to
from
vegetation cover
livestock,
management of
southern Red
moderate
agriculture
resulting in
especially sheep
coastal grazing
Sea and Gulf of
and grazing
mobilisation of
and goats
areas; increased,
Aden
formerly stabilised
unregulated access to
sand sheets and dunes;
imported feed
smothering of seagrass
supplements; use of
and corals
tankers for
supplemental water
supplies
ANNEX 4
PAGE 7 OF 7
Issue
Symptoms / Impacts
Immediate
Root Causes
Scale
Severity
Causes
Discharge of
Detection of pesticides Occasional run-off Lack of control and
Southern Red
Low
pesticides and
in sediments and
from agricultural
management of
Sea
fertilisers
biota, fish kills,
areas after
agrochemicals
eutrophication
torrential floods;
dust storms
Coral die-off
Large areas of dead
Unknown
Unknown, but could
Southern Red
Severe
coral reefs, decrease in
be natural and
Sea
coral associated
related to unusual
organisms and
sea temperatures; no
fisheries
apparent human
cause
Pollution from Declining water
Mangrove
Lack of planning,
Localised Moderate
shrimp and
quality
destruction; use of
regulations and
fish farming
chemicals and
enforcement
nutrients
Marine vessel
Localised marine and
Direct discharge
Inadequate on-board
Regional Moderate
sewage
beach pollution
from ships
treatment, lack of
to severe
port reception
facilities
Ship discharge Solid waste on
Discharge of solid
Inadequate disposal
Regional Low
to
of solid waste
shoreline, mangroves,
waste from ships
facilities; excessive
severe
seagrass and coral
fees for on-shore
reefs; aesthetic
disposal; lack of
impacts on recreation
awareness;
and tourism; risks
inadequate
from ingestion to
surveillance and
marine animals
enforcement
ANNEX 5
PAGE 1 OF 3
TABLE OF REGIONAL PRIORITY ACTIONS
Environmental
Priority Action
Scale
Emphasis
Urgency
Issue
Long-term
High-level commitment by government
Regional
Commitment
***
commitment
to achieve long-term goal of conservation National
Public awareness
and sustained use of the Red Sea and
Local
Gulf of Aden
Public awareness
Development and implementation of a
Regional
Capacity building
***
regional programme for environmental
National
Public awareness
awareness, including educational
Local
materials, media information, training
International
Ratification of MARPOL Convention
International
International
***
agreements
Civil Liability Convention (CLC) 1969
Regional
framework
and 1992 Protocol
National
Preventive action
The Fund Convention (FUND) 1971 and
1992 Protocol
Maritime
Adoption of Port State Control by
Regional
National
***
transport
countries in the Region
National
framework for
maritime
supervision
Preventive action
Environmental
Strengthened capacity of Governments to Regional
Preventive action
***
management
regularly use environmental assessments
National
Capacity building
in development decisions and project
Local
Planning studies
implementation
Environmental
Strengthened regional capacity for
Regional
Preventive action
***
management
development and implementation of
National
Capacity building
coastal zone management programmes
Local
Planning studies
Environmental
Preparation and dissemination of
Regional
Management
**
management
guidelines for standardisation and routine National
information
updating of Geographic Information
Capacity building
Systems data collection , input and
Technical
display to allow for a compatible spatial
development
data base
Habitat
Development of a regional programme
Regional
Management
***
conservation
for the conservation of key bird habitats
National
information
and conservation of species in the coastal Local
Management
and marine zones
programme
Capacity building
Enforcement
Habitat
Survey and development of conservation
Regional
Management
***
Conservation
programme for mangrove and seagrass
National
Conservation
habitats and associated living marine
Local
Capacity Building
resources
Habitat
Development of institutional capacity
Regional
Management
***
conservation
and framework for a regional network of
National
programme
marine protected areas
Capacity building
Living marine
Regional stock assessment of pelagic
Regional
Management
***
resources
species and development of regional
National
information
management programme
Management
programme
Living marine
Development and implementation of
Regional
Management
***
resources
management programme for shark
National
information
fisheries
Local
Management
programme
ANNEX 5
PAGE 2 OF 3
Environmental
Priority Action
Scale
Emphasis
Urgency
Issue
Living marine
Development and implementation of
Regional
Management
***
resources
management programme for turtles
National
information
Local
Management
programme
Living marine
Strengthened enforcement capacity for
Regional
Management
***
resources
fisheries regulations
National
programme
Local
Technical
development
Living marine
Development and implementation of
Regional
Management
**
resources
marine mammal management and
National
information
conservation programme
Local
Management
programme
Living marine
Development and implementation of
Regional
Management
**
resources
management program for reef fisheries
National
information
Local
Management
programme
Living marine
Development of a regional research
Regional Management *
resources
programme on coral reef management,
information
including coral die off, fisheries
Capacity building
dynamics and environmental monitoring,
using indicator species
Living marine
Development of regulations and control
National Enforcement *
resources
mechanisms for the collection of corals
Public awareness
and shells for souvenir trade
Living marine
Development of regulations and control
Regional
Legislative
*
resources
mechanisms for collection of and trade in National
framework/
ornamental fish
Enforcement
Public awareness
Navigation risk
Development of improved Traffic
Regional
Preventive action
***
Separation Schemes in co-ordination
Sub-Regional Capacity building
with IMO
National
Management
information
Navigation risk
Development and implementation of sub-
Sub-Regional Preventive action
**
regional vessel traffic systems for Gulf of National
Capacity building
Suez, Gulf of Aqaba , Bab-al-Mandab
Technical
development
Navigation risk
Review of current navigation charts,
Regional
Capacity building
***
conduct hydrographic surveys and
Sub-Regional Technical
prepare updated charts for key areas
National
development
along shipping routes and in vicinity of
Local
Management
major ports
information
Navigation risk
Establishment of a radio communication
Regional
Preventive action
**
network to support GMDSS
Sub-Regional Capacity building
National
Technical
Local
development
Management
information
Navigation risk
Upgrading of existing marine navigation
Regional,
Preventive action
**
aids in Main Red Sea, Gulf of Aqaba and
Sub-Regional Technical
Bab-al-Mandab
National
development
Management
information
Petroleum
Development and implementation of a
Regional
Capacity building
***
development and
regional oil spill contingency plan
Sub-Regional Technical
transport
National
development
Local
ANNEX 5
PAGE 3 OF 3
Environmental
Priority Action
Scale
Emphasis
Urgency
Issue
Petroleum
Expand system of Sub-Regional Marine
Regional
Capacity building
***
development and
Emergency Mutual Aid Centres by
Sub-Regional Technical
transport
establishing the planned centre at
National
development
Hurghada, in Egypt, strengthening the
Management
existing MEMAC in Djibouti and
information
upgrading national capacities in
emergency response
Urban and industrial Increased priority for management of
Regional
Capacity building
***
development
surface and groundwater, through
National
Technical
technical and non-technical
Local
development
interventions, to promote water
Public awareness
conservation and reuse of treated
wastewater
Urban and industrial Increased priority for management of
Regional
Capacity building
**
development
solid waste, through technical and non-
National
Technical
technical interventions, including public
Local
development
awareness activities
Public awareness
Urban development
Development and implementation of
Regional
Management
***
measures for conservation of the rich
National
information
cultural heritage of the coastal zone,
Local
Management
including archaeological, historical and
programme
sacred sites
Enforcement
Public awareness
Applied research
Preparation and dissemination of species
Regional
Basic scientific
**
identification guides to living coastal and
National
information
marine resources of the region in a
Capacity building
variety of languages
Management
information
Public awareness
Applied research
Strengthening of environmental
Regional
Management
**
laboratory and monitoring capacity,
National
information
including standardisation of sample
Capacity building
collection, testing and reporting
Technical
procedures on a regional basis
development
ANNEX 6A
PAGE 1 OF 4
TABLE OF SITE-SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS AND PRIORITY ACTIONS NEEDED FOR THE
THIRTEEN MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK
Country:
Protected
Size/
Site description and regional significance
Impacts and conflicts
Proposed activities/
Area
Year
Priority action
Djibouti:
Undefined/
Group of high aspect, rocky islands and adjacent coastal
Recreation pressure presently low
Develop management plan following
Iles des Sept
Suggested
stretch with mangrove-fringed bay; diverse coral reef and to medium, but anticipated to
detailed surveys; regulate fisheries and
Frčres and
rich reef associated fish and invertebrate fauna at the
increase; unregulated recreation;
utilisation of mangrove; develop
Ras Siyan
junction between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden;
anchor damage; fishing; poaching
tourism plan; ban visits to islands at
nesting seabirds, marine mammals
by foreign fishermen; siltation and
bird breeding season; set up moorings
ship-based pollution caused by
for tourist boats; offer alternative
large volume of vessels passing
livelihood for local fishermen;
through the Strait of Bab al-
establish presence of marine rangers;
Mandab
study possibilities of reducing siltation
by passing vessels; provide basic
equipment for MPA management
Egypt:
480 kmē/
Area of scenic beauty at southernmost tip of Sinai
Very high recreation pressure
Undertaken by existing EC project.
Ras
1992
Peninsula; low cliffs of raised fossil coral reef, rocky and
mainly from diving tourists;
Mohammed
sandy shores, creek, mangrove, seagrass beds; shallow
insufficiently regulated fishing;
National Park
reef flat and drop-offs to ledges at 70 and 100 m depth;
potential of spills from oil terminals
high density and diversity of corals; rich reef associated
further north
fish and invertebrate fauna, giant clams (Tridacna spp.)
common, turtles; first established marine park in Egypt,
with high degree of management, important for
environmental education
Egypt:
Undefined/
Group of islands off the western coast north of Hurghada
Considerable recreation pressure;
To be undertaken by EC and GEF/WB
Giftun Islands
1997
and south of entrance to Gulf of Suez, including the
fishing; reef erosion from large
project.
and Straits of
islands of Gubal, Tawila, Siyul, Shadwan, Sha'ab Abu
populations of sea urchins
Gubal
Shiban; well-developed and diverse coral reefs, high
coral cover and rich reef-associated fauna; turtle nesting
ANNEX 6A
PAGE 2 OF 4
Country:
Protected
Size/
Site description and regional significance
Impacts and conflicts
Proposed activities/
Area
Year
Priority action
Eritrea:
Undefined/
Archipelago of large number of low-lying islands, some
Fishing; egg collecting; grazing by
To be undertaken by GEF/UNDP
Dahlak
Suggested
of which are considered for protection; high number of
livestock on larger islands resulting
Eritrea project.
Islands
mangrove swamps, seagrass beds, coral reefs above all
in erosion; recreation pressure
on outer islands, seagrass beds; fish abundance and
expected to grow rapidly
diversity high; nesting populations of green and
hawksbill turtles; important bird nesting area; dugongs
Jordan:
Undefined/
Complex and diverse fringing reefs with a rich reef-
High development and recreation
To be undertaken by GEF/WB Jordan
Aqaba coral
Proposed
associated fauna of invertebrates and fishes at the
pressure; rapidly increasing number project.
reefs
northern tip of the Gulf of Aqaba; one of the
of SCUBA divers in the area; reef
northernmost coral reef areas world-wide; probably the
fisheries
best developed and most complex reef on earth at this
latitude; seagrass beds; garden eels abundant
Saudi
Undefined/
Scenic area including Tiran, Sanafir and Burqan islands
Small part of the area used by
An agreement between Saudi Arabia
Arabia/
Proposed
and adjacent coastal stretches; very clear water and drop-
tourists from Egypt; constant threat
and Egypt should be reached for the
Egypt:
offs down to 500 m; extensive and well-developed coral
of pollution and damage to reefs
management of the area: regulate
Strait of Tiran
reefs with diverse reef associated fauna of invertebrates
from ships passing through the
recreational use; set up moorings at
and fish in transition area between Gulf of Aqaba and
narrow Strait of Tiran; otherwise
popular dive sites; establish presence
northern Red Sea; sharks and manta rays are common;
pristine area
of marine rangers.
important turtle nesting and bird breeding areas; dugong
To be undertaken jointly by the two
governments.
Saudi
2840 kmē/
Particularly high diversity of habitats; rocky islands up to
Collection of turtle and bird eggs;
Develop management plan following
Arabia:
Proposed
60 m high in deep water; sandy islets with mangroves
fishing, including lobster fisheries;
detailed surveys; regulate artisanal
Wajj Bank,
(Avicennia and Rhizophora); large mudflats and
otherwise pristine area which
fisheries; co-ordinate management of
Sharm
mangrove areas on shoreline; extensive shallow water
should be protected before threats
MPA with local community; regulate
Habban and
area with fringing reefs and patch reefs, 50 km long
come up
recreational use; establish presence of
Sharm
barrier reef complex; most extensive coral reef system in
marine rangers.
Munaybirah
the Red Sea; diverse reef associated fauna; seagrass beds;
To be funded by national budget and
important turtle and bird nesting sites; key area for
JICA.
dugongs
ANNEX 6A
PAGE 3 OF 4
Country:
Protected
Size/
Site description and regional significance
Impacts and conflicts
Proposed activities/
Area
Year
Priority action
Saudi
3310 kmē/
Terrestrial and marine reserve, archipelago of numerous
Fishing pressure from artisanal and
Implement existing management plan;
Arabia:
1996
shallow reefs and more than 80 islands, several of which
industrial fisheries; increase in
establish presence of marine rangers.
Farasan
are elevated Pleistocene reefs; extensive mangrove areas
recreational use expected; military
Islands
(Avicennia and Rhizophora); wide range of coral-
use
To be funded by national budget.
dominated and algae-dominated reef habitats; complex
coral reefs with high life coral cover above all at outer
islands; unique reef-associated fauna; important fishing
grounds and nursery areas for commercially important
fish species; macro-algal and seagrass beds; marine
mammals including dugong; nesting seabirds; the
terrestrial fauna of the islands includes an endemic snake
and an endemic gazelle
Somalia:
ca 300 kmē/
Two low-lying mangrove islands with probably largest
Fishing, including lobster fisheries
Develop management plan following
Aibat & Saad
Suggested
coral reef area in Gulf of Aden; diverse and unique reef-
at rapidly increasing rates;
detailed surveys; regulate fishing and
ad-Din
associated fauna; coastal wetland area with 27 water
collection of ornamental fish for the collection of marine invertebrates;
Islands, Saba
courses running off the Ogo Mountains over 44 km of
aquarium trade is planned; egg
offer alternatively livelihood for local
Wanak
coastline; reed and willows around pools; largest salt-
collection; collection of corals and
fishermen; regulate use of mangroves;
marsh, swamp and mangrove area in Gulf of Aden;
coral associated invertebrates;
restrict access to islands during birds
Rhizophora and Avicennia; saltings between sand dunes
clearing of mangroves for fuelwood and turtle nesting season; establish
and the sea, intermittent sand spits and sand bars
and timber; areas that remain are
presence of marine rangers; provide
enclosing lagoons, large mud flats exposed at low tide;
under great pressure
basic facilities for MPA management
very important nesting site for seabirds, well over 20,000
seabirds were reported from this site; probably turtle
nesting
Sudan:
12 kmē/
Submerged oval reef area of about 6 km length and 2 km
Recreation pressure presently low
Develop management plan; regulate
Sanganeb
1990
width on top of rocky base which rises to the surface
to medium, but expected to increase recreational use; establish on-site
Marine
from 800 m depth; highly complex and diverse coral
significantly in the future; anchor
infrastructure for research, monitoring
National Park
reefs; drop-offs down to a depth of 800 m, stony corals
damage from tourist boats;
and environmental education; set up
down to 200 m; diverse and unique reef associated fauna; otherwise very pristine area which
moorings at popular dive sites;
many species of reef and open water sharks, marine
due to its offshore position is not
establish presence of marine rangers;
mammals, manta rays; only typical atoll in the Red Sea;
influenced by development in the
consider inclusion of adjacent reef
the site has a field research station belonging to the Red
coastal zone
areas in the park; provide basic
Sea University and offers unique research opportunities
equipment for MPA management
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 1 OF 10
TABLE OF EXISTING AND PROPOSED MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
(areas proposed for representative network are marked with an asterisk)
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Djibouti Maskali
Sud ca 3 kmē
1972
Coral reef and rich reef-associated
High recreation
Low National
Integral
fish and invertebrate fauna
pressure, trampling of
Reserve
reefs, collecting of
corals, spearfishing,
Djibouti Musha
ca 10 kmē
1980
Coral reef and rich reef associated
High recreation
Low National
Territorial
fish and invertebrate fauna,
pressure, trampling of
Park
mangroves
reefs, collecting of
corals, spearfishing
Djibouti
Godoriya
Undefined
Suggested
Extensive mangrove area,
Grazing and wood
None National
Rhizophora and Avicennia, rich
collecting
mangrove associated fauna
Djibouti
Iles des Sept
Undefined
Suggested
Group of high aspect, rocky islands
Recreation pressure,
None Regional
*
Frčres and Ras
and adjacent coastal stretch with
fishing, siltation
Siyan
mangrove-fringed bay, diverse coral
caused by passing
reef and rich reef associated fish and
vessels
invertebrate fauna at the junction
between the Red Sea and the Gulf of
Aden, nesting seabirds
Egypt Abu
Gallum 120 kmē
1992
Rocky coast, coral reef, seagrass
Recreation pressure
Medium,
National
Multiple Use
beds, important for fish, birds and
supported by
Management
terrestrial mammals, mountainous
EU project
Area
areas near the coast
Egypt Ashtom
El-
1200 kmē
1988
Sandy shore, wetlands, birds, fish and Medium
Local
Gamil
small mammals
Egypt Ras
480 kmē
1992
Coral reef, mangrove, sandy areas,
High recreation
High,
Regional *
Mohammed
fish, turtles, important for
pressure
supported by
National Park
environmental education
EU project
Egypt
Nabq
500 kmē
1992
Northernmost mangrove area in the
Recreation pressure,
Medium,
National/
Red Sea, coastal wetlands, seagrass
shrimp farm
supported by
Regional
beds, coral reef
EU project
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 2 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Egypt
El-Zaranik
700 kmē
1985
Sandy, wetland, migratory birds,
Medium
National
reptiles and mammals
Egypt Giftun
Islands
Undefined
Proposed
Group of islands off the western coast Recreation pressure,
GEF-Egypt
National/
and Straits of
with well-developed and diverse
anchor damage, fishing and EU
Regional *
Gubal
coral reefs and rich reef-associated
projects
fauna, turtle and bird nesting
Egypt Safaga
Island
Undefined
Suggested
Small nearshore island off Safaga,
Safaga port shipping,
GEF-Egypt
National
mangroves, coral patches, birds
possibly fishing
and USAID
projects
Egypt
Wadi Gamal
Undefined
Proposed
Large terrestrial area, coastal
Hunting, plant
GEF-Egypt
National
wetland, mangroves, islands,
collection, seasonal
and USAID
migratory birds
flooding
projects
Egypt
Sharm al-Lulu
Undefined
Suggested
Small bay with corals on both sides
Unknown, possibly
GEF-Egypt
Local
tourism
project
Egypt
Ras Banas
Undefined
Suggested
Lagoon with mangroves in inner area
Fisheries GEF-Egypt
Local
and corals at tip
and USAID
projects
Egypt Dedalus
Island
Undefined
Suggested
Small island 40 km offshore, diverse
Potential damage from
GEF-Egypt
Local
coral reef
diving
and USAID
projects
Egypt Zabareged Undefined
Suggested
Small island, coral reefs, turtle
Potential damage from
GEF-Egypt
Local/
Island
nesting site
divers
and USAID
National
projects
Egypt Brother
Undefined
Proposed
Coral islands with rich coral reefs
Extensive diving
GEF-Egypt
Local/
Islands
and USAID
National
project
Egypt Offshore
reefs
Undefined
Suggested
Extensive and complex submerged
Anchor damage, coral
GEF-Egypt
National
near al-Qusair
offshore reefs, diverse reef-associated collection, possibly
and USAID
fauna
damage from diving
projects
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 3 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Egypt/
Gabal Elba
30000
1986
Terrestrial part with mountains and
Fishing GEF-Egypt
Regional/
Sudan
Conservation
gently sloping plains, 22 offshore
and USAID
Global
Area
islands of the Siyal and Rawabel
project
groups; extensive fringing reefs,
mangrove, seagrass, , fish and
mammals
Eritrea
Dahlak Islands Undefined
Proposed
Low-lying islands, mangroves, coral
Fishing, egg collecting
GEF-Eritrea
Global*
reefs, seagrass beds, turtle nesting,
project
important bird area, dugongs
Eritrea
Dur Gaam &
Undefined
Suggested
Representative land flora and fauna,
Fishing, diving tourism GEF-Eritrea
Regional
Dur Gella
known turtle nesting beaches,
project
Islands
interesting diving & snorkelling
locations, minimum conflict with
human users
Eritrea Fatuma
Island
Undefined
Suggested
First recipient of Gulf of Aden &
Turtle hunting, fishing
GEF-Eritrea
Regional
group
Indian Ocean effects, thus a good
project
monitoring point; mangrove, Suaeda
saltbush, important nursery area for
sharks & other resources, potential
turtle nesting beaches
Eritrea Museri
Island Undefined
Suggested
Three species of mangrove, Suaeda
Limited human use
GEF-Eritrea
Regional
group
saltbush, extensive patch coral areas,
project
diver fish communities, significant
bird breeding areas including large
Crab Plover colony and others.
Jordan Aqaba
coral Undefined
Proposed
Complex and diverse fringing reefs
Reef fisheries,
GEF-Jordan
Regional/
reefs
with a rich and diverse reef-
recreation pressure,
project
Global *
associated fauna at the northern tip of
development pressure
the Gulf of Aqaba
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 4 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Saudi
Strait of Tiran
Undefined
Proposed
Islands and extensive coral reefs with
Small part of the area
None Regional
*
Arabia/
diverse reef associated fauna in
used by tourists from
Egypt
transition area between Gulf of
Egypt
Aqaba and Red Sea, turtle nesting,
dugong
Saudi
Ras Suwayhil
267 kmē
Proposed
Pristine and diverse coral reefs and
Unknown None
Regional
Arabia
reef associated fauna, prime example
of Gulf of Aqaba reefs, high cliffs,
and scenic features, seabirds, dugong
Saudi
Sharm Zubayr
80 kmē
Proposed
Coastline and sharm with fossil reef
Construction of
None National
Arabia
coast
cliff, narrow reef flats and fringing
causeway
reef, northernmost mangroves in
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Ghubbat
33 kmē
Proposed
Sharm and coastline with reefs,
Unregulated recreation
None
National
Arabia
Bal'aksh
particularly high coral diversity,
seagrass beds, osprey, low hills
inland
Saudi
Sharm
70 kmē
Proposed
Scenic lagoons with fringing reefs,
Fishing and recreation
None
National
Arabia
Dumagyh,
seagrass beds, mangrove areas, green
Sharm Antar
and hawksbill turtles, osprey, area
backed by hills
Saudi
Wajj Bank,
2840 kmē
Proposed
Extensive shallow water area with
Collection of turtle and None Global
*
Arabia
Sharm Habban
mainland coast and offshore islands,
bird eggs, fishing
and Sharm
most extensive coral reef system of
Munaybirah
entire Red Sea, diverse reef
associated fauna, seagrass beds,
mangroves (Avicennia and
Rhizophora), turtles, bird nesting
sites, key area for dugongs
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 5 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Saudi
Qalib Island
included in Proposed
Series of low lying, sandy islands,
Collection of turtle and None National
Arabia
chain
Wajj Bank
seagrass beds and coral reefs,
bird eggs
lagoons, important nesting site for
turtles and seabirds
Saudi
al-Hasani,
Undefined
Proposed
High aspect islands with shallow and
Egg collection
None
National
Arabia
Libanah
deep fringing reefs, high quality coral
Islands
reefs, important nesting site for
turtles and sea birds
Saudi
Ras Abu
Will be
Proposed
Scenic sharms and high quality
Fishing activities
None
National
Arabia
Madd, Sharm
combined
fringing reefs, fossil reef terraces,
Hasi
with
osprey
previous
area
Saudi
Ras Baridi,
30 kmē
Proposed
Sand beaches, small islands, high
Pollution from
None Regional
Arabia
Sharm al-
quality coral reefs, seagrass beds,
industrial source
Khawr
most important mainland nesting
beach for marine turtles (green and
hawksbill), bird nesting area, dugong
Saudi
Sharm Yanbu
50 kmē
Proposed
Deep, sheltered, bi-lobed lagoon,
Recreation activities
None
National
Arabia
mangrove and seagrass beds, fringing
reefs, osprey, dugong
Saudi
Yanbu Royal
ca 5 kmē
Estab-lished Mangroves and good quality fringing
Unknown Medium
Local
Arabia
Commission
reef, osprey
protection area
Saudi
Shi'b al-Qirin
15 kmē
Proposed
High quality inshore and offshore
Unknown None
National
Arabia
Reef
reef complexes, osprey
Saudi
Marsa al-
30 kmē
Proposed
Shallow lagoons surrounded by dense Livestock grazing on
None National
Arabia
Usalla, Marsa
stands of halophytes, mangrove,
inland halophytes
Tawil
seagrass beds, algal beds, osprey,
migratory birds
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 6 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Saudi
Mastura beach
30 kmē
Proposed
Low lying shoreline with stands of
Recreation pressure
None
National
Arabia
reed (Phragmites) and palms, rare
freshwater dependent vegetation site
Saudi
Marsa as-
200 kmē
Proposed
Largest land-locked lagoon on Saudi
Agricultural
None National
Arabia
Sarraj
Arabian Red Sea coast, seasonally
development,
inundated, stands of mangroves,
fishing
halophytes, seagrass beds, high
quality reef, osprey, important coastal
wetland
Saudi
Marsa Umm
67 kmē
Proposed
Shallow bay with extensive seagrass
Unknown None
National
Arabia
Misk
beds, small stands of mangrove,
osprey, dugong
Saudi
Haramil Island included in Proposed
Small elongated island, densely
Island used by
None National
Arabia
previous
vegetated by halophytes, dugong,
fishermen
area
osprey, nesting bridled terns and
brown noddies
Saudi
Ras Hatiba
ca 450 kmē
Proposed
Large shallow lagoon, sand and
Recreation pressure,
None Local
Arabia
coraline spits, small mangrove stands, unregulated
offshore reefs, high diversity of
development
habitats, prime site for education and
extension
Saudi
Jeddah salt
100 kmē
Proposed
Marshland and coral reef, key site for
Oil pollution and other
None National
Arabia
marsh
birds: large concentration of waders,
waste disposal,
osprey, spoonbill, flamingos
possibly development
Saudi
ash-
ca 100 kmē
Proposed
Large lagoon with extensive
Cutting of mangrove,
None Local
Arabia
Shu'aybah,
mangroves, fossil reef terrace and
unregulated
Mastabah
good quality offshore reefs, bird
development of
breeding area, osprey
recreational amenities
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 7 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Saudi
Qishran
Undefined
Proposed
Complex of reefs, coral spits,
Development for
None National
Arabia
seagrass beds and extensive
recreation, possible
mangroves, important seabird site,
corniche development
osprey, dugong
Saudi
Inner Farasan
Undefined
Proposed
Low lying, seasonally inundated
Unknown None
National
Arabia
Bank
mainland coastline, fringing
mangroves, islands, birds nesting and
dugong area
Saudi
Outer Farasan
Undefined
Proposed
Major reef and island system with
Unknown at present
None
National
Arabia
Bank
diverse habitats, mangrove, seagrass
beds, coral reefs, bird and turtle
nesting area, representative of central
Red Sea
Saudi
Umm al-
2 kmē
1977
Two small islands off the Red Sea
None Low
National
Arabia
Qamari
coast, with thousands of resident
birds such as collared doves, herons,
pelicans, gulls and sooty falcon
Saudi
Marka Island
Undefined
Proposed
Low, sandy island with dense
Island used by
None National
Arabia
halophyte vegetation, good quality
fishermen, possible
reefs, bird breeding site
egg collection
Saudi
Ras Tarfa
230 kmē
Proposed
Coastal and terrestrial reserve, large
Possibly hunting
None
National
Arabia
spit with associated mangrove and
seagrass beds, key site for numerous
marine and terrestrial habitats,
important bird area
Saudi
Farasan
3310 kmē
1996
Terrestrial and coastal reserve,
Fishing, development,
Terr: high
Global *
Arabia
Islands
archipelago of coral islands,
recreational pressure
Mar: low
mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass
expected to increase
beds, marine mammals, nesting
seabirds, two species of mangroves,
endemic gazelle
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 8 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Saudi
Khawr Amiq,
Undefined Suggested Lagoons,
osprey
Unknown
None
Local
Arabia
Khawr Raqa
Saudi
Khawr
ca 33 kmē
Proposed
Lagoon with fringing corals, seagrass
Presently unknown
None
National
Arabia
Nahoud
beds, mangroves, dugong, important
bird site, osprey
Saudi
Khawr Itwad
ca 70 kmē
Suggested
Lagoon, abundant seagrass, extensive Unknown None
Local
Arabia
mangrove stands, fringing corals
Saudi
Shi'b Abu al-
140 kmē
Suggested
Small lagoonal areas with abundant
Unknown None
Local/
Arabia
Liqa,
mangroves, coral reefs
national
Shi'b al-Kabir
Saudi
Khawr
27 kmē
Proposed
Representative saltmarsh with
Grazing None
National
Arabia
Wahlan
halophytes, significant coastal
wetland area
Saudi
Duwayyimah
160 kmē
Proposed
Productive shallow lagoon, seagrass,
Unknown None
National
Arabia
mangroves, osprey, dugong
Somalia Daloh
Forest 2510 kmē
Proposed
Rocky evergreen Juniperus forest
Grazing and collection
None National,
Reserve
with Afroalpine vegetation, sandy
of wood
(local for
coastal plain with grasses, gazelles,
marine
Somali wild ass, (terrestrial part very
section)
important)
Somalia
Maidh Island
ca 1 kmē
Proposed
Rocky island with an estimated up to
Guano collection
None National/
100,000 breeding birds, very large
outside breeding
Regional
breeding colony of noddy (Anous
season
stolidus)
Somalia
Aibat & Saad
ca
Suggested
Low-lying mangrove islands with
Fishing, egg collection, None Global*
ad-Din
300 kmē
probably largest coral reef area in
collection of corals
Islands, Saba
Gulf of Aden, coastal area with 27
Wanak
water courses, largest salt-marsh,
swamp and mangrove area in Gulf of
Aden, Rhizophora and Avicennia,
very important nesting site for
seabirds and probably turtles
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 9 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Sudan Sanganeb 12 kmē
1990
Atoll with highly diverse and
Recreation pressure,
Low Global
*
Marine
complex coral reefs, diverse reef
anchor damage from
National Park
associated fauna, sharks, marine
tourist boats
mammals, manta rays, only typical
atoll in Red Sea
Sudan
Shuab Rumi
ca 4 kmē
Proposed
Highly diverse offshore reef with
Low recreation
None National/
unique reef-associated fauna, sharks,
pressure, shark fishing
Regional
marine mammals
Sudan Mukkawar 300 kmē
Proposed
Coral reefs, whale sharks, largest
Shark fisheries, oyster
None Regional
*
Island and
schools of manta rays in entire Red
culture
Dungonab
Sea, bird nesting sites, oyster beds
Bay
Sudan Suakin
Undefined
Proposed
Coral reefs, diverse fish fauna,
Shark fisheries, turtle
None National/
Archipelago
important turtle and bird nesting area
and bird egg collecting
regional
Sudan Khor
Kilab 2 kmē
Proposed
Estuary (khor) area with mangrove
Unknown None
National
Bird
and salt marsh, important for
Sanctuary
migratory birds
Sudan Abu
Hashish ca 5 kmē
Proposed
Coral reefs, fishes
Pollution, recreation
None Local
Recreational
pressure, fishing
Park
Yemen Socotra
3625 kmē
1996
Island group with outstanding
Fishing GEF-Socotra
Global *
Islands
terrestrial plant and animal
biodiversity
endemism; diverse and largely
project
pristine marine environments and
biota
Yemen Ras
Sharma Undefined Proposed
Beach and steep rocky headlands,
turtle egg collecting,
None National/
important nesting site for green
possibly slaughtering
Regional
turtles
of turtles
Yemen Dhobbah
Undefined Proposed Shady
beaches, important turtle
turtle egg collecting,
None National
(Shihr)
nesting site
possibly slaughtering
of turtles
ANNEX 6B
PAGE 10 OF 10
Country Protected
Size
Year of
Major habitats and
Impacts and conflicts
Management/ Priority
area
declaration
regional significance
Projects
Yemen
Belhaf and Bir Undefined
Proposed
Coastal stretch and group of high
Tourism development,
None Regional
*
Ali area
aspect islands, scenic coastline,
fishing activities
extensive coral reefs and rich fishing
area, bird and turtle nesting, crater
lake with mangroves
Yemen Ras
Isa/
Undefined
Proposed
Coral reefs with diverse reef
Oil terminal and
None National
Kamaran
associated fauna, mangroves
chronic oil pollution,
Island
threat of major oil
spill, reef fisheries for
the aquarium trade
Yemen Khor
Umaira Undefined Suggested
Mixed seagrass and coral habitat;
Fisheries None
National
semi-enclosed lagoon with turtle
nesting beaches
Yemen Bab
al-
Undefined
Suggested
Extensive mangrove stands, dense
Major shipping lane,
None National
Mandab and
seagrass beds,
pollution, siltation,
Perim Islands
cutting of mangrove
Yemen Ras
Isa/
Undefined
Proposed
Coral reefs with diverse reef
Oil terminal and
None National
Kamaran
associated fauna, mangroves
chronic oil pollution,
Island
threat of major oil
spill, reef fisheries for
the aquarium trade
Annex 7
Page: 1 of 3
Annex 7 List of Relevant On-going and Planned Projects in the Region
COUNTRY PROGRAMME/PROJECT
YR
BUDGET US$
FUNDING AGENCY LOCATION & ISSUES ADDRESSED COMPONENT OF RELEVANC
DJIBOUTI
Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
97-99
0.558 GEF/UNDP
National, Institutional Strengthening
1 (GEF)
National Environmental Action Plan
96-ongoing
0.442
National, Management planning
1
Fisheries Resource Assessment
93-96
0.200 GTZ
Assessment
3
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
0.642
EGYPT
Red Sea Coastal & Marine Resource Mgmt Project
95-99
4.7 GEF/WB &Govt'
Red Sea Coast, ICZM, LMR
5 (GEF)
Organisational Support Program
97-00
3.9 Danida
National, Inst.strengthening
1
North Sinai Governorate Env. Action Plan
96-97
0.5 Danida
North Sinai
1
Establishment of Mini-Labs in Regl Branch Offices of EEAA
JICA
Institutional Strengthening
1
Updating of National Oil Spill Contingency Plan
96-98
1.6 Danida
National, Oil Spill
2
Oil spill Emergency Response Centre
97-
6.2 EC
Oil Spill
2
Vessel Traffic System/Gulf of Suez
97-00
5 Govt
Navigation Risk
2
Vessel Traffic System/Strait of Tiran
97-00
3 Govt
Navigation Risk
2
Aqaba Protectorates Dev.Program (Ras Mohammed N.Park)
96-00
10.3 EC
MPAs, ICZM
4
Protected Red Sea Islands and Env. Sustainable Devt
97-
20 USAID
Red Sea Coast, MPAs
4
Consensus Building for ICZM
94-97
0.6 Danida,Dutch
National, ICZM
5
Tech. Ass. To Coastal Research Inst. & Hydraulic Research Inst.
97-00
9 Danida
ICZM
5
Environmental Education & Training Program
95-99
4.1 Danida
National, Pub. Awareness
6
Environmental Information & Monitoring Program
95-00
12.3 Danida
National, Inst.strengthening
7
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
76.5
*ERITREA
Conservation Mgmt of Eritrea's Coastal, Marine & Island Biodiv.
98-02
5 GEF/UNDP,
National, ICZM, LMR, MPA
3 (GEF)
Port rehabilitation
prop.
1.6 WB and others
Local, NavigationRisk / Pollution
2
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
1.6
JORDAN
Implementation of Gulf of Aqaba Env. Action Plan
96-99
2.7 GEF/WB &Govt'
National, ICZM
5 (GEF)
Oil Spill Project
5.6 Japan
Aqaba
2
Oil Spill Project
2 EC
Aqaba
2
Marine Park support
0.2 USAID
MPA
4
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
7.8
SAUDI
National Oil Spill Contingency Plan
96-00
50 Govt'
National, Oil Spills
2
ARABIA
Chemical Industries Study
97-00
0.24 Govt'
National, Industrial pollution
2
Desalination Plant Study
97-00
0.16 Govt'
National, Industrial pollution
2
Establishment of Database for Oil Contingency Plan
98-00
0.167 Govt'
National, Oil Spills
2
Mangrove conservation, Red Sea coast
92-ongoing
0.8 Govt'
Red Sea Coast MPAs, LMR
3
Marine turtle monitoring
90-ongoing
0.4 Govt'
Ras Baridi LMR
3
Intertidal survey of northern Red Sea
97-99
3.2 Govt'-NCWCD & JICRed Sea north of Jeddah LMR
3
Establishment ofFarasan MPA
88-ongoing
3.5 Govt'-NCWCD
Farasan Islands MPA
4
Establishment of other MPAs on Red Sea coast
88-ongoing
3 Govt'
Red Sea Coast MPAs
4
Waste Management Program
95-00
6.265 Govt'
National, Marine pollution
5
National Coastal Zone Management
95-00
7.5 Govt'
National, ICZM
5
City Files
95-00
0.133 Govt'
Jeddah Region, Pollution monitoring
5
Monitoring of the Marine Env & Pollution Sources
95-00
6.04 Govt'
National Marine Pollution Monitoring
7
Mobile & Stationary Environmental Labs
95-00
11 Govt'
National, Inst. Strengthening
7
COUNTRY PROGRAMME/PROJECT
YR
BUDGET US$
FUNDING AGENCY LOCATION & ISSUES ADDRESSED COMPONENT OF RELEVANC
Annex 7
Page: 2 of 3
Tide Gauge System
96-
0.138 Govt'
National, Jeddah, Alwajh, Hagl, Jizan
7
Sharm Obhor Study
97-
0.05 Govt'
Jeddah Region, Marine monitoring
7
Background Pollution Monitoring
97-00
0.8 Govt'
Red Sea, Pollution Monitoring
7
Voluntary Ship Program
on-going
0.266 Govt'
Red Sea, Port Meteorology Officer
7
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
93.659
SOMALIA
Rehabilitation of Somali Ports Management
93-98
5.1 UNDPEC
Bosaso, Berbera Port Management
2
(Mogadishu, Kismayo, Bosasso, Berbera)
Survey of hazardous waste disposal
97-
FAO
Entire Coast of Somalia/Pollution
2
Berbera fisheries rehabilitation project
93-ongoing
COOPI
Northwest Coast LMR, Inst. Cap. Buildin
3
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
5.1
SUDAN
Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
97-98
0.334 UNDP/GEF
Institutional Strengthening
1 (GEF)
Devt of Port Sudan as Rescue Co-ordination Centre
97-ongoing
Govt'
Port Sudan/Navigation Risk, Pollution
2
Marine research project/Red Sea Univ. & Univ. Khartoum
95-99
0.02 Govt'
LMR, Pollution
2
Dev. of National MaritimeLaw
95-97
0.008 Govt'
Navigation Risks, Oil Pollution
2
Dev. of Oil Spill Contingency Plan for Port Sudan
Prop.
Navigation Risks, Oil Pollution
2
Species Inventory/Ecosystem Research Sanganeb Marine Nat. Park
Prop.
0.065
MPA, LMR
3
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
0.093
YEMEN
Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
97-98
0.29 UNDP/GEF
National,Institutional Strengthening
1 (GEF)
Protection of Marine Ecosystems of the Red Sea Coast
96-99
2.8 GEF &Govt'
LMR, Marine Pollution, ICZM, MPA
3 (GEF)
Conservn & Sustainable Use of Biodiversity of Socotra
97-01
4.9 GEF &Govt'
LMR, MPA
3 (GEF)
Pollution Control Vessel for Aden
97-98
3 Govt
Navigation Risk, Oil Spill management
2
Pollution Control Vessels for Hodeida and Mukalla
prop.
6 tbd
Navigation Risk, Oil Spill management
2
Assessment of Yemeni Ports
prop.
0.2 UNDP
Navigation Risk
2
Aden Container Terminal Port/Oil Spill Contingency, CZM.
97-00
5 WB and private sectoNavigation Risk, Oil Spill management
2
EC/IFAD Fisheries Development Project
96-98
39 EC, WB,Govt'
LMR
3
Conservation & Management of Turtles
prop.
EC
3
Purchase of three boats for surveillance
prop.
Govt' (Nat.5 Yr Plan) LMR, Marine Pollution
3
Agricultural/Environmental Management for Tihama region
97-01
30 IFAD
LBS Pollution,coastal erosion
5
Small Town Waste and Env. Management
98-00
2.4 WB
ICZM, LMR, LBS, Pollution
5
Total Costs of known non-GEF projects:
85.6
Summary of Associated Projects for which project total is known (by component):
US$
Component 1:
4.842
Component 2:
94.895
Component 3:
43.665
Component 4:
37.000
Component 5:
55.898
Component 6:
4.100
Component 7:
30.594
Grand total:
270.994
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 1 OF 7
Strategic Action Programme
for the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Regional Organization for the
Conservation of the Environment of the
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
PERSGA
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 2 OF 7
Executive Summary
Background
jeopardy. There is a growing risk of marine
pollution, and environmental degradation from
The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden contain some of
rapidly expanding maritime activities. Coastal
the world's most important coastal and marine
habitat is being converted for urban and
environments and resources. There is a great
industrial development. Tourism and recreation
variety of reef types in the Red Sea with a
usage are rapidly expanding. In the Gulf of
structural complexity unmatched on Earth. The
Aden the fisheries are under great pressure from
diversity of corals is greater than anywhere else
over-exploitation and illegal fishing, and there
in the Indian Ocean, and the number of species
are reports of toxic waste dumping by foreign
that are confined to the Red Sea and found
vessels.
nowhere else is extremely high. The Red Sea is
one of the most important repositories of marine
Goals and Objectives
biodiversity on a global scale and features a
range of important coastal habitats. The Gulf of
In view of the environmental uniqueness of the
Aden, one of the biologically least known
coasts and waters of the Region, the threats it is
branches of the Indian Ocean, holds fishery
facing, and the necessity for actions, the
resources of international importance. The preparation of the Strategic Action Programme
Socotra Archipelago contains unique aquatic
(SAP) for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden was
and terrestrial ecosystems and species, with
initiated in October 1995. The SAP process,
limited impact from human activities. The rich
coordinated by the Regional Organization for the
cultural heritage of the Region, especially in the
Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea
narrow coastal zone, includes large numbers of
and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) is underway with
significant archaeological, historical and sacred
support from the countries of the Region, the
sites which are increasingly at risk from Global Environment Facility (GEF) selected
development pressure.
international development institutions and donor
organizations.
Although the Red Sea is still one of the
least ecologically disturbed seas relative to
The SAP supports and facilitates the
other enclosed water bodies, it is in increasing
primary goal of PERSGA, which is the
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 3 OF 7
conservation of the environment of the Red Sea
were compiled and the work plan developed.
and Gulf of Aden. The aims of the SAP are to
The second meeting reviewed the technical
develop a regional framework for the protection
progress and agreed on the follow-up activities
of the environment and the sustainable for the remaining stages of the SAP. The third
development of coastal and marine resources.
and fourth meetings focused on technical
These aims are achieved by preventive and
discussion of recent findings, the preparation of
curative actions.
the final report including recommendations, and
The SAP is a significant process for
associated projects.
reaching agreement concerning the
Preparation of the SAP has been
environmental trends, threats and priorities at a
supported by regional studies on navigation and
regional level. It is also a product in the form of
fisheries. A Navigation Risk Assessment and
an Action Programme which provides a Management Plan has been prepared to examine
framework for continued cooperation in regional, national and local issues. The Plan has
reaching short, medium and long-term goals
been prepared with the support of a Working
through a series of complementary actions at all
Group of regional experts on maritime and port
levels. The Programme outlined in the SAP
management, which has held meetings in Egypt
focuses on both preventive and curative
and Yemen. The regional study on living and
measures required to maintain the rich and
marine resources has assessed their current status
diverse coastal and marine resources of the Red
and has been prepared with the support of a
Sea and Gulf of Aden. The SAP document will
meeting of regional experts held in Saudi Arabia.
be implemented through a continuous,
consultative and cooperative process among the
Country Participation
littoral countries.
The development of the SAP has been a
The SAP Task Force
collaborative process whereby national experts
have cooperated to produce reports which
The development of the SAP has been overseen
analyze environmental issues of regional,
by an ongoing Task Force which includes
national and local significance. National reports
representatives of the PERSGA Secretariat and
were prepared by all cooperating countries and
Member States, the Islamic Development Bank,
field surveys were conducted in countries where
the United Nations Development Programme
baseline data are limited. To widen participation
(UNDP), the United Nations Environment further and to facilitate consensus building, a
Programme (UNEP), and the World Bank. The
pilot national workshop was held in Jordan in
Government of Eritrea has also been invited to
August 1996 to review the country report. This
join the Task Force and to work as a partner in
was followed by a series of national workshops
the SAP process. Under the chairmanship of the
in other countries to finalize the country reports
Secretary General of PERSGA, the Task Force
and to develop priority actions required by each
has developed and supervised the work country to address the environmental threats
programme, reviewed the results of the identified.
programme, and provided technical and
The coastline of Eritrea occupies a
administrative input. Four meetings of the Task
considerable portion of the western Red Sea, and
Force have been held: in Jeddah (October
its diverse range of marine habitats contains
1995), Amman (April 1996), Sana'a (January
species unlike those found in the central and
1997), and Jeddah (May 1997). During the first
northern Red Sea. For these reasons, Eritrea holds
meeting, the Task Force's Terms of Reference
a significant place in the overall marine
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 4 OF 7
biodiversity of the Red Sea and its participation in
practices. Most of the threats and impacts which
the SAP, as an active partner working alongside
have been identified can be prevented by proper
the other states, is critically important. This will
environmental planning and management, use
be facilitated through the development of a strong
of environmental assessments, and also through
and equal working partnership between the the enforcement of appropriate regulations,
Government of Eritrea and PERSGA. The most of which are already in place.
Secretary General of PERSGA, through the
The SAP process has identified a number
assistance of UNDP, is actively discussing the
of major threats to the environment, and to the
modalities for such a partnership with coastal and marine resources of the Region:
representatives of the Government of Eritrea, so
that the Programme will be a truly regional
WIDESPREAD HABITAT DESTRUCTION:
process which reflects the needs of each country.
· Unplanned coastal development
Regional Threats
· Extensive dredging and filling
· Destruction of coral reefs
The environment and resources of the Red Sea
and Gulf of Aden are threatened by a variety of
· Destruction of mangroves
human activities. The rate of population and
· Destruction of seagrass beds
economic growth in the coastal zones of the
Region has resulted in increased pressure on the
NON-SUSTAINABLE USE OF LIVING MARINE
environment, from dredging and filling RESOURCES:
operations, from the disposal of domestic and
· Overfishing for local and export markets
industrial effluent, and from the unsustainable
use of freshwater resources. A major · Illegal shark fisheries for the East Asian
contributor to growth in the coastal zone, and
shark fin market
the consequent impacts, is the rapidly · Turtle exploitation and egg collection
expanding tourism industry. Marine resources
are being exploited in a non-sustainable way
· Incidental capture of marine mammals in
and also illegally.
fishing nets
The global importance of petroleum and
NAVIGATION RISKS, PETROLEUM TRANS-PORT
the resulting maritime traffic in the Red Sea and
AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTION:
Gulf of Aden pose a serious threat to the fragile
· Extensive risk of ship collision and
coastal and marine environments. Routine
grounding in major traffic lanes
operational leaks and spills from production in
· Discharge of sewage from vessels
the Gulf of Suez and the transport of oil
constitute the major source of marine pollution
· Ship discharge of solid waste
in the Region. At the same time, the growing
· Oil spills from exploration, production, and
risk of oil traffic-related accidents creates a
transport
major demand for emergency response
combined with management skills to minimize
IMPACTS OF URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL
risks and control major spills. Emerging issues
DEVELOPMENT:
will need to be addressed in a preventive
· Excessive use of surface and groundwater
fashion.
resources
These threats highlight the need for
effective use of environmental management
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 5 OF 7
· Destruction of coastal and marine habitats
management of development in the coastal
during construction
zone, limited use of environmental assessment
procedures in making investment decisions, and
· Discharge of partially treated and untreated
municipal wastewater
the inadequate enforcement of existing laws.
Living marine resources need to be managed
· Industrial pollution
effectively so that their long-term sustainable
· Hazardous wastes
use is assured. Reducing the risks of navigation
accidents will eliminate an additional threat to
· Cooling water discharge
the marine environment. The management of
· Waste oil disposal
coastal tourism and increased public awareness
about the value of the marine environment will
RAPID EXPANSION OF COASTAL TOURISM:
promote habitat and resource conservation.
· Surface and groundwater extraction
Areas in which management is hampered by a
lack of information can be addressed by
· Destruction of coastal and marine habitats
appropriate applied research. The SAP process
during construction
has identified the following actions to address
· Inadequate sewage and solid waste disposal
these threats:
· Disturbance to wildlife and habitats by
ENHANCING GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT AND
tourists
PUBLIC AWARENESS:
· Illegal collection of corals and molluscs for
· Long-term high level commitment to
souvenir trade
protection of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
OTHER CONCERNS:
· Ratification of MARPOL Convention
· Illegal disposal of toxic substances by
· Development and implementation of
foreign vessels in the Gulf of Aden
regional programme for environmental
awareness
· Sedimentation from agriculture and grazing
in some locations
IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING,
MANAGEMENT, AND ENFORCEMENT:
· Risks from pesticides and fertilizers in some
locations
· Strengthening the capacity for planning and
management
EMERGING ISSUES:
· Strengthening the capacity for coastal zone
· Development of free zones
management
· Improperly managed expansion of small and
medium industries
· Strengthening the capacity for environmental
assessment
· Exploitation of offshore mineral deposits
· Strengthening the capacity for enforcement
· Shrimp and fish farming
of existing regulations
· Ornamental fish collecting
· Strengthening regional environmental
information systems through the
Actions to Address Regional Threats
standardization and updating of databases,
including those maintained on geographic
Many of the threats which have been identified
information systems (GIS), to facilitate data
are related to a lack of planning and
exchange
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 6 OF 7
PROMOTING HABITAT CONSERVATION:
· Adoption and implementation of Port State
Control
· Effectively implementing coastal zone
management programmes
· Development and implementation of
regional and sub-regional vessel traffic
· Development of a regional network of
marine protected areas
system
· Upgrading existing marine navigation aids in
· Development of conservation and
management programmes for coral reefs
the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
· Upgrading existing navigation aids in narrow
· Development of conservation and
management programmes for mangroves
passage areas and high risk areas
· Development and implementation of a
· Development of conservation and
management programmes for seagrass beds
regional oil spill contingency plan
· Preparation or upgrading of national oil spill
· Development of conservation and
management programmes for coastal
contingency plans
wetlands
· Upgrading of existing Marine Emergency
Mutual Aid Centers and the establishment of
· Rehabilitation of mangrove stands
similar facilities in other sub-regions
MANAGING LIVING MARINE RESOURCES:
REDUCING IMPACTS FROM URBAN AND
· Stock assessment programme for the INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT:
development of a fisheries management
strategy
· Improving urban and industrial planning
· Improving coastal zone management
· Development and implementation of a
management programme for shark fishery
· Routine use of environmental assessment
· Development of a regional research and
· Development of control mechanisms for
management programme on coral reefs
construction work, dredging and reclamation
· Development and implementation of a · Increased priority for management of surface
programme for marine turtle conservation
and groundwater resources
· Development and implementation of a · Strengthening the capacity to manage
programme for marine mammal conservation
municipal wastewater and industrial
effluents
· Development and implementation of a
programme for seabird conservation
· Strengthening the capacity to manage solid
and hazardous waste
· Strengthening the enforcement capacity for
existing fisheries regulations
· Conservation of the cultural heritage of the
coastal zone
· Development and implementation of
environmental guidelines for fish and shrimp
· Environmentally sound development of free
farming
zones
· Development of mechanisms for controlling
· Environmentally sound development of
the collection of corals and molluscs
small and medium industries
REDUCING NAVIGATION RISKS AND OIL SPILLS:
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 7 OF 7
· Development of regional environmental projects designed to address the identified
guidelines for the development of non-
issues. These projects will be implemented on a
petroleum offshore mineral deposits
short, medium and long-term basis according to
the nature of the issue being addressed. The
IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL TOURISM:
SAP may be periodically updated to reflect
· Development of control mechanisms for
progress in implementation and to identify new
construction work, dredging and reclamation
measures to address emerging issues or
· Strengthening the capacity to manage unanticipated events. It is envisaged that the
wastewater discharge from coastal resorts
process will not end with the completion of the
initial SAP document, but will continue through
· Development of mechanisms to prevent the
further cooperation between the Task Force and
over-exploitation of fish and shellfish for
PERSGA, with the Task Force acting as an
tourist consumption
advisory body to PERSGA. The process will
· Enforcement of existing regulations also continue through the establishment of
prohibiting the collection of corals, molluscs,
Working Groups at the Regional and Sub-
and other marine life
Regional level, whose function will be to
address transboundary issues. National Working
· Development of awareness programmes to
Groups will also be established to deal with the
reduce disturbance to wildlife and habitats
implementation of projects and activities at the
by tourists
national and local levels.
· Proper site selection and planning for
tourism developments
· Establishing reasonable capacity limits for
tourism developments
PROMOTING APPLIED RESEARCH:
· Preparation and dissemination of a species
identification guide for fishery purposes and
environmental management
· Strengthening the capacity for applied
research and monitoring
· Strengthening of environmental laboratory
capacity
· Biodiversity studies and species inventories
The SAP: A Framework for Action
The Strategic Action Programme process
provides a framework and a mechanism to
enhance regional environmental management
through a series of complementary policy,
institutional strengthening and investment
actions. The product will be the Strategic
Action Programme, which will be supported by
ANNEX 10A
PAGE 8 OF 7