Annex I: Breakdown of Incremental Cost Analysis (ICA)
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
OUTCOME 1: A BENGUELA CURRENT COMMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED TREATY
The absence of an existing regional
Under the Alternative scenario, the
The incremental addition to the
Domestic Benefits
policy and management body for the
primary domestic benefits from this
alternative that GEF will add here will
BCLME prevents the SAP from being
otherwise regional outcome would be a
be the establishment and testing of an
effectively implemented and
standardised policy and governance
appropriate regional policy and
perpetuates current management of fish approach for the BCLME countries which governance structure to drive appropriate
stocks at the purely national level with
would drive the ecosystem approach at
ecosystem-based fisheries management
very limited regional interaction or
the domestic level thereby delivering
procedures and mechanisms. This will
transboundary cooperation
more appropriate operational management capture top policy (Ministerial) level
procedures which should ultimate pay
input through senior governance and
dividends in the long-term sustainability
management to the field and technical
of national fisheries resources
level delivery of EAF, and will include
appropriate and transparent input from
non-government sectors including
community representation. This regional
policy will be supported and under-
pinned by a binding regional Treaty
defining the purpose of the ecosystem
approach and the mechanisms for
cooperation and delivery of appropriate
management, assessment, monitoring
and governance procedures
The BCLME is known to be a highly
The global benefits of adopting this
At the global level, GEF and its co-
Global Benefits
productive and important global
regional structure and associated binding
funding partners would be investing in
ecosystem and the main text provides
agreement or Treaty are clear. I twill
the demonstration of an LME regional
various statements and references to
provide the appropriate level of regional
policy and governance approach from
this effect. The BCLME is also known
policy guidance and oversight driven by
which best lessons and practices can be
to effect global weather patterns
cooperative technical and scientific input
selected for us in other LME situations.
although the exact cause and effects of
that will help to maintain this globally
Such a working regional organisation for
this are still not understood The marine important ecosystem.
a large ecosystem level water body has
environments of the world as a whole
not been tried and proven yet within the
are all under serious threat from over-
marine environment. There is an urgent
exploitation and habitat/environmental
need to provide better management and
degradation. The BCLME is no
protection to the global marine
146
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
exception and is in urgent need of
environment at the ecosystem level and
proper management and protection in
this Project will provide many examples
order to sustain its renewable living
of how this can best be achieved. It also
marine resources. The current baseline
directly addresses GEF's strategic
fails to provide an effective
objectives to stimulation of political
transboundary ecosystem approach to
commitment to collective action and to
the protection and management of these
scale up such action through policy,
global important resources. On top of
legal and institutional reforms which
this the BCLME is a highly variable
encourage integrated ecosystem-based
environment which can shift
approaches to the management of
significantly in physiochemical nature
transboundary water systems
(and thus in biological structure) on a
seasonal and cyclic level. This
demands an adaptive management
approach which is currently absent.
TOTAL: $111,603,588
Baseline: $111,603,588
GEF = $1,195,623
Costs
Incremental: $24,469,969
CO-FUNDS = $23,274,346
TOTAL: $136,073,557
Gov'ts: $19,292,993
Bilateral Donors: $3,973,079
NGOs: $50,274
TOTAL: $24,469,969
OUTCOME 2:
NATIONAL LEVEL POLICY AND MANAGEMENT REFORMS
The current baseline situation in each
The domestic benefits that can be
GEF will support the establishment and
Domestic Benefits
country portrays an independent
expected from the Alternative approach
initial operations of a national
management approach with only
would include closer integration of
institutional centre for each country for
limited cross-sectoral dialogue and
management approaches between various
interacting with and coordinating BCC
interaction and very little non-
government as well as non-government
activities and guidelines. GEF will
government stakeholder participation.
sectors, a more transparent system of
further ensure effective stakeholder
Management decisions are made in the
resource management and governance of
involvement in national management
absence of many of those agencies and
the LME. It would provide an internal
approaches and will translate the
individuals who are most likely to be
national structure for delivering the policy Regional Action Program developed
effected and without adequate
and governance decisions of the BCC at
under Outcome 1 into National Action
reference to other sectoral `partners'
the `field' level, as well as providing a
Programs for each country.
that may have a vested interest in the
mechanism to feed back results and
147
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
ecosystem.
opinions to the BCC from the country
level. This would ultimately benefit the
entire transboundary management strategy
which in turn would ensure the long-term
sustainability of resources and associated
social and economic benefits to each
country
The absence of national sectoral
There are clear global benefits in terms of The global benefits of GEF intervention
Global Benefits
integration into fisheries management
translating regional policy and
at this national level will be realised as
practises along with the lack of
governance guidelines into national
best lessons and practices for adaptive
effective stakeholder participation in
policy, governance and management
ecosystem management by sovereign
the management process is a global
reforms. It aims to provide the appropriate states that can link in with regional
issue inasmuch as fisheries
level of LME adaptive management at the bodies. It will address GEF's global
management within LME is in need of
national level but through transboundary
objectives in international waters in
more effective demonstrations of how
and cross-sectoral vehicles. This can only
relation to the use of foundational
to address these shortcomings. Global
bring positive improvements to the overall processes to stimulate political
it is seen that polluters, other sources of management of the BCLME and provide
commitment; the use of innovative
impacts and, indeed, beneficiaries from good example for other similar LME and
policy, legal and institutional reforms
resource exploitation are not generally
ecosystem management approaches.
and partnerships that contribute to
interacting with those whose
WSSD targets for sustaining fish stocks
responsibility it is to manage and
and will encourage the use of the
protect the resource.
International Code of Conduct for
Responsible Fisheries
TOTAL: $113,651,146
Baseline: $113,651,146
GEF = $947,800
Costs
Incremental: $22,379,714
CO-FUNDS = $21,431,914
TOTAL: $136,030,860
Govts: $18,682,294
Bilateral Donors: $2,669,862
NGOs: $79,758
TOTAL: $22,379,714
OUTCOME 3:
SUSTAINABLE CAPACITY FOR LME MANAGEMENT
At the domestic level there is an overall The Alternative approach will deliver the
The development process for this GEF-
Domestic Benefits
constraint to effective fisheries and
requisite training and capacity building as assisted Project has included the
LME management as a result of
identified by the countries as being
negotiation of a regional Capacity
inadequate human resources, capacity
necessary for them to adopt a regional
Building and Training Strategy that
148
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
and training. This is true throughout the adaptive management approach for the
identifies needs and deliverables to meet
BCLME countries to a greater or lesser LME delivered at a national level. The
those needs. The Full Project will
extent with at least one country
national governments will also work
implement this Strategy at both the
severely constrained by this situation.
closely with stakeholder partners to
national and regional level. The GEF
There is also an absence of dedicated
deliver realistic and sustainable funding
Project further aims to develop a
financial support to maintain effective
mechanisms for such management
sustainable funding program for the
fisheries and LME management that is
approaches and to engage in other levels
regional and national BCC structures
in urgent need of redress. There are few of partnership to fill gaps in necessary
which will become formal and binding
or no effective partnerships to assist in
BCLME management activities. Full
articles within the Treaty. A 5-year
either process (financial or capacity
stakeholder participation in this process is renewable Regional Partnership
sustainability). Finally, the absence of
essential and will be captured through a
agreement will also be developed and
full stakeholder engagement also
carefully negotiated and designed
captured through formal agreements and
threatens attempts at sustainable
mechanism
will include appropriate community
management as such sustainability can
involvement. Again, during the
only be achieved through consensus
development stages for this Project, a
and cooperation of all resource users,
Stakeholder Participation Plan has been
beneficiaries and potential degraders
elaborated, complete with its own
monitoring program to measure its
effectiveness. This will be implemented
through the Full Project. Overall, this
supports the GEF Strategic Objectives
for developing collaborative partnerships
contributing to increased development
effectiveness and encouraging synergies
essential to the mobilisation of funding
necessary to scale-up GEF work. It also
addresses the need to engage the
business community and fishing industry
in the development and implementation
of management solutions
The absence of sufficient capacity,
The Alternative scenario will develop an
It is expected that this GEF assistance
Global Benefits
trained human resources and skills for
environment of cooperative partnerships
intervention will set precedents for other
transboundary LME management
for training, capacity building, financing,
LME regimes. This will address GEF's
within the BCLME region threatens
management etc. which will set a
commitment to achieving sustainability
any chances of establishing an effective precedent for LMEs globally and should
in livelihoods, food security and coastal
adaptive ecosystem management
help to define such strategies for other
habitats as a contribution to marine-
approach within a globally important
similar systems
related Johannesburg targets to assist
149
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
LME. Similarly no provision has been
communities and states to deal with
made for financial sustainability for
fluctuating fish stocks and coastal
this LME in terms of the EAF.
variability.
Effective type two partnerships are
missing and there is inadequate
involvement of appropriate
stakeholders all of which represents a
threat to the management and
maintenance of the ecosystem in the
long-term
TOTAL: $50,224,674
Baseline: $50,224,674
GEF = $1,559,190
Costs
Incremental: $14,916,644
CO-FUNDS = $13,357,454
TOTAL: $65,141,318
Govts: $11,756,997
Bilateral Donors: $1,500,744
NGOs: $99,713
TOTAL: $14,916,644
OUTCOME 4: CAPTURE AND NETWORKING OF KNOWLEDGE AND BEST PRACTICES
Two of the elements missing from any
The Alternative will promote the
GEF assistance to the BCLME countries
Domestic Benefits
attempts at regional management and
establishment of pragmatic procedures for through this Project will focus on the
governance are A. inadequate
the capture and transfer as well as the
capture, assessment processing and
knowledge of the ecosystem functions
replication of lessons and best practices
packaging of pertinent information to
and particularly of fisheries-related
through appropriate evaluation
drive the policy and decision-making
parameters and B. experience in `best-
mechanisms. It will also focus on
process in a two way feedback model
practices' related to adaptive LME
effective processing of LME and
allowing updated information to come
management and the ecosystem
fisheries-related knowledge and
from the `field' and the technical expert
approach to fisheries. This is
information and targeting that information to the senior management and policy
compounded in the region by a lack of
to the right sources, be those political,
level whilst feeding back requests for
established networking mechanisms
managerial or technical. This will provide information and clarification from the
between the African LMEs and the
domestic benefits in terms of the
policy and governance levels to the
need for improved networking within
evolution of more effective and realistic
scientific staff and institutes tasked with
the BCLME in terms of sharing of
management measures between and
monitoring and information gathering.
lessons and best practices. This also
within the BCLME countries.
The GEF project will also strive to
relates to a need for better
capture information from outside of the
interpretation and translation of
region that is pertinent to adaptive
150
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
knowledge and information into
ecosystem and fisheries management.
suitable briefings at various sectoral
levels, but particularly at the policy
level. This urgent need is reflected in
the absence of any identifiable existing
financial mechanisms for capture and
networking of knowledge and best
practices and highlights the need for
GEF assistance in moving the BCLME
program into translating the
considerable efforts and resources that
have already been invested into
knowledge and information capture
into actual policy and governance
reforms in the region
At the global level there is also a need
At the global level, BCLME will take a
Globally, GEF will be networking
Global Benefits
for better knowledge transfer between
lead in developing a networking process
various initiatives within and outside of
regions and across global LMEs as well both within the African LMEs and beyond Africa which will strengthen and support
as between the LMEs and other
to LMEs throughout the world. Again,
the entire GEF LME portfolio. This will
pertinent global initiative and agencies
this network will provide opportunities for also aid in meeting GEF's commitment
such as GOOS, FAO, etc. Absence of
sharing and transfer of information and
to the IW portfolio enhancing south-to-
such mechanisms is hindering the
lessons globally.
south experience sharing and learning,
overall transfer of information and
knowledge management, and capacity
constraining opportunities to gain
building in order to replicate good
experience
practices
TOTAL: $O
Baseline: $0
GEF = $946,007
Costs
Incremental: $4,765,628
CO-FUNDING = $3,819,621
TOTAL: $4,765,628
Govts: $3,506,699
Bilateral Donors: $226,315
NGOs: $86,607
TOTAL: $4,765,628
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The current baseline has an existing
Close coordination between management
GEF Project Management will include
Domestic Benefits
BCLME Program that has managed a
of the PCU and management of the
effective delivery in terms of
151
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
considerable amount of information
Commission at both the regional and
sustainability, capacity building and
and data gathering to improve
national level will ensure that the various
strengthening, negotiation of a Treaty,
understanding of the LME and its
project outputs and outcomes are met. In
etc. It will also provide the necessary
fisheries and has created strong
particular this will help to deliver long-
Project steering through monitoring
partnerships between individuals and
term sustainability of the Commission
processes and mid-term/final
institutions within the three countries
through a binding treaty, through the
evaluations. GEF Project Management
that are responsible for fisheries
adoption of financial mechanisms,
will further ensure proper disbursement
management. The funding for this will
appropriate training and capacity building, of funds and auditing of project financial
be terminated before the BCLME SAP
etc. Effective project management will
activities. In parallel with this the co-
Implementation project starts. Absence further ensure delivery of best lessons and funders will host and support the BCC
of further support for the
practices into the LME approach within
while also providing a number of
implementation of the Benguela
BCLME countries
important posts within the Commission
Current LME Strategic Action Program
itself
for restoring depleted fisheries and
reducing coastal resources degradation
will effectively jeopardise the
investment made to date by a number
of donors and stakeholders that has
raised capacity for LME and fisheries
management
The BCLME Program represents a
Project Management is an essential
Specific global benefits will be derived
Global Benefits
global demonstration of how to develop requirement for an effective GEF project
through the incremental provision of
a TDA and SAP and how to put into
to ensure appropriate monitoring,
funding for networking of the African
place the necessary data and
evaluation and delivery as well as
LMEs and into global fisheries
information gathering processes. It also reporting and auditing. Cooperative co-
restoration projects, specifically using
acts as a global model for partnership
funding will deliver parallel essential
the services of DLIST and IW:LEARN
development and multi-stakeholder
needs in terms of BCC management.
cooperation. Yet this existing baseline
Furthermore, as well as providing best
will fail to provide any long-term
lessons and practices within the BCLME,
global benefits in terms of restoring
the Project management will focus on
depleted fisheries and reducing coastal
delivering these to other LME projects
resource degradation unless this
supported by GEF, and to capturing
process is enshrined in law and
lessons and practices also from other
embraced by policies created as a
LMEs.
regional process through a sustainable
regional body directed by a binding
regional Treaty. In order to arrive at
152
Cost/Benefit
Baseline (B)
Alternative (A)
Increment (A-B)
these objectives it is essential that the
process is steered, monitored and
evaluated through an appropriate
management output
TOTAL: $0 (in absence of a SAP
Baseline: $0
GEF = $489,840
Costs
Implementation Project the effective
Incremental: $7,552,840
management baseline for an LME
CO-FUNDING = $7,063,000
approach to restoring fisheries is lost)
TOTAL: $7,552,840
Govts: $6,098,000
Bilateral Donors: $930,000
NGOs: $35,000
TOTAL: $7,552,840
153
Annex II: BCLME SAP IMP Project Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
OUTCOMES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIO-
PROCESS INDICATOR
STRESS REDUCTION INDICATOR
OUTPUTS
ECONOMIC STATUS INDICATORS
· Commission and all its requisite structures (as defined · New fishing practices required as part of licensing
N.B. These tend to function at the LME
1. A Benguela Current
in the Interim Agreement) fully functional with clearly
conditions by all fleets within BCLME that embody
level rather than at the outcome level and
Commission Infrastructure
defined responsibilities and ToRs
the sustainable and ecosystem approach to fisheries by therefore apply across the project rather
and associated Treaty
· Regional Guidelines for national policy and
end of 3rd year
than specifically to anyone particular
legislative harmonisation and reform which capture a
· Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) part of formal
outcome/output.
1.1 Adoption of a Formal
transboundary management approach of the LME and
Licensing System requirements for all 3 countries by
Regional Structure for a
its fisheries are formally approved and distributed to
Mid-Term Evaluation
One of the specific deliverables from the
Benguela Current Commission
each country
· On-board Scientific and Compliance Observer
project implementation will be the
based on BCLME Program
· Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in
Programs in place for all 3 countries by end of 3rd
identification and adoption of
experiences.
particular adopted by BCC and its objectives reflected
year
Environmental Status and Socio-
in vessel licensing and fishing practices, as well as
· Joint Transboundary Surveys and Assessments of
Economic indicators. All of the Project
1.2.Negotiation and Formal
permit conditions
key resources shared between all 3 countries by end of Stakeholders felt that it was important
Signature of a Regional
· A standardised regional monitoring and
3rd year
that such indicators should A. correspond
Multilateral Binding Agreement
assessment program for the ecosystem and its
· Sustainable Ecosystem-friendly Mariculture
to the actual capability (institutional and
transboundary resources agreed by appropriate organs
Projects are assisting in meeting food demands
individual) at the country level and B.
of the BCC and transmitted to each country for
(thereby taking the strain off BCLME fish stocks) by
address the need for an Adaptive
adoption
4th year of project
Management approach within the LME
· IW Stress Reduction and Environmental Status/
· Monitoring, Assessment and Feedback
that reflects the highly variable and
Socio-economic Indicators adopted by the BCC that
Management Mechanisms rigorously employed by
changing environment. In this context, the
are appropriate and practical in terms of
top 3 industrial mining and petrochemical extraction
following suggested indicators have been
regional/national capacity and which embrace an
entities to reduce their impacts on BCLME LMR by
deliberately kept general at this stage until
Adaptive Management concept in view of high degree
Mid-Term Evaluation
such an exercise in indicator selection can
of environmental variability within the LME
· Trans-frontier MPA plans in place and effectively
be undertaken by the stakeholders in the
· Strategy, Work plan and Funding Program
managed between at least two countries by 3rd year
early stages of the Project. The following
identified and approved for further studies (related to
·
indicator can therefore be treated simply
Oceanic management and Coastal Zonation Areas
the LME, fish population dynamics, associated
as examples at this stage for better
under formal negotiation by 4th Year
habitats and key species) which underpin the evolution ·
elaboration (along with measurable
Information-Driven Regional BCLME
of the overall management and policy approach for the
verification parameters) by a stakeholder
Management Approach using up-to-date inputs and
LME
group as a specific Project activity.
knowledge of transboundary fish-stocks and fish
· Signature and ratification of a binding
populations by 4th year
international LME Treaty and appropriate
EXAMPLES
· Comprehensive BCLME databases in place both
Protocols.
---------------------------------------------
nationally and regionally by end of 2nd year
·
·
Review of original SAP as well as BCC structure
Reduction in non commercial by-catch
· Initial Biodiversity Audits completed for at least two
and function following at least a 2 year active period,
and trash fish by >5% each year
countries by end of 2nd year
to ensure effective BCC as and capture of SAP intent
· IUU fishing in managed zones
within the Treaty
decreased by 10% per year
· Annual Regional State of the BCLME Reports that
· Landing data shows improvements in
154
OUTCOMES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIO-
PROCESS INDICATOR
STRESS REDUCTION INDICATOR
OUTPUTS
ECONOMIC STATUS INDICATORS
highlight achievements and identify events in relation
welfare of fish-stocks (Length-weight-
to deliverables and indicators
age measurements)
· Critical habitats (nursery,
2. National Level Policy and
· National Coordinating Ministries and Focal Points
· Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries understood and
breeding/spawning and feeding
Management Reforms
identified and active with appropriate staffing and
adopted within appropriate sectors in each country
grounds) show no net reduction in area
support
(and defined in NAPs) by 3rd year
over project lifetime
2.1 Establishment of National
· National Stakeholder Groups with Mandates and
· Priority National MPAs (Top Two) identified and
·
Structures in support of a
Total economic benefit from fisheries
Terms of Reference provided by the BCC
designated by each country that relate directly to
Benguela Current Commission
is statistically shown to have increased
· Annual Nation State of the BCLME Reports
fisheries restoration and reversal of habitat
· Greater emphasis placed on national
highlighting national achievements and events relating
degradation by Mid-Term Evaluation
2.2 Enactment of National Policy
fisheries in the context of financing,
to BCC requirements/directives
· Priority Legislative Reforms incorporating
and Legislative Reforms
human resources, training, etc. (20%
· National Action Plans adopted capturing BCC
regional policy implemented (Top 2 for each
increase in overall investments by Mid-
requirements for policy and legislative reforms, and
country as identified in Policy and governance
Term and no further reduction during
define mechanisms and timing of deliveries
Review) by Mid Term Evaluation
Project
· Ratification Mechanisms for MEAs (with schedule
· Active Enforcement of Principal MEAS relating
· Observer programs reporting positive
for ratification) included in NAPs
to Sustainable Management of Fisheries by 4th year
response to licensing requirements,
· A standardised monitoring and assessment
· Positive Stress Reduction in each country
reduction in trash and by-catch and in
program (as defined by the BCC) adopted and
noticeable and significantly measurable within data
illegal catches.
accepted by each country (to included uniform
collected and packaged for management as part of
· Surveys and assessments confirming
standards for data collection, analysis, packaging and
monitoring and assessment program by 4th year
restoration and replenishment of fish-
transmission) as part of NAPs
stocks quantified through biomass and
· IW Stress Reduction and Environmental Status/
value increase of basket of more
Socio-economic Indicators included as integral part
valuable resources.
of national monitoring program
· Farmed fish meeting national demand
3. Sustainable Capacity for
· Regional TCB Work plan formally adopted and
· Increased Human and Institutional Capacity across
for fish by additional 5% per year
LME Management
implemented by BCC
main sectors for BCLME Management (20% Increase
· Water quality data shows statistical
· National TCB Work plans included in NAPS along
in active staff and institutions) by 4th year
improvements in water quality and
3.1 Implementation of a Training
with identified funding and monitoring mechanisms
· Long-Term Funding for TCB in place (>$100,000
reductions in pollutants (from
and Capacity Building (TCB)
· 3-year Review and Reaffirmation of TCB Regional
per year for 3 years) by Mid-Term Evaluation
Monitoring Program)
Strategy
and National process
· Long-Term Funding for BCC in place and covering
· Domestic pollution levels into the
· Stakeholder Participation Plan Implemented and
at least 3 years beyond end-of-project lifetime by 4th
coastal zones statistically reduced with
3.2 Generation of Financial
judged to be effective by MTE and TE
year
an increase of 10% of coastal waters
Mechanisms at the National and
· 3-year Regional Sustainable Funding Program
· Active Partnerships constitute 20% of BCC/BCLME
meeting WHP standards (faecal
Regional Level to support the
annexed to Treaty as a formal and updatable
activity and funding requirements for stress reduction
coliforms, etc)
LME Management Approach
requirement
by 4th year
· National MPA % increased by at least
· 3-year National Sustainable Funding Programs for
20% by 3rd year
3.3 Evolution of Partnership
each country annexed to NAPs
· TransFrontier Parks independently
Agreements for the BCLME
· 3-year Regional Partnership Matrix with associated
evaluated and found to be effective
Management Approach
bilateral/ multilateral MoUs
· Improved landing facilities at > 10%
· 3-year National Partnership Agreements annexed to
of all coastal fishing communities in
3.4 Coordination and
NAPs
each country within first 24 months
155
OUTCOMES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIO-
PROCESS INDICATOR
STRESS REDUCTION INDICATOR
OUTPUTS
ECONOMIC STATUS INDICATORS
Management of Stakeholder
· Overall loss of biodiversity reduced
Participation
and quantified through area of critical
habitat under management and/or
4. Capture and Networking of
· Increased Awareness at policy and Senior
· Policy and Senior Management Decisions relate
protection
Knowledge and Best Practices
Management levels through better sensitisation using
directly to improvements in fisheries that aim to
· Economic and social studies indicate
up-to-date knowledge and science
reduce stress on fish populations and stocks
4.1 Establishment of Procedures
the benefits of implementation of the
· Annual Review and Definition of Case Studies and
· Networking Process showing Positive Measurable
for the Capture, Transfer and
transboundary approach (e.g.
Best Practices for the LME produced by Secretariat
Stress reduction in fisheries sector within BCLME
Replication of Knowledge,
quantified through changes in average
and Management Advisory Groups of BCC
and other African LMEs by 4th year of BCLME
Lessons and Best Practices
income of fishers and associated
· Use Assessment of Previous Case Studies and Best
SAP-IMP project
workers)
Practices as part of Annual Review
· Regional Management Information System based
4.2 Development of Networking
· Super-Regional LME Networking Process in place
on national and regional databases in place within
Partnerships with other LMEs
between African LMEs
BCC structure by end of 3rd year
· Global Networking Process available on line
· Formal Agreements on Linkages with other
Regional Initiatives (e.g. GOOS)
156
Annex III: Stakeholder Involvement Plan (SIP) for the BCLME SAP
IMP Project
June 15, 2007
Prepared by N. Pinnell, J. Zeidler, and
L. Mlunga
Integrated Environmental Consultants
Namibia
Table of Contents
List of Tables ....................................................................................159
Executive Summary ...........................................................................160
Executive Summary ...........................................................................160
List of Abbreviations...........................................................................162
Acknowledgements ............................................................................163
Introduction......................................................................................164
Methodology .....................................................................................164
Compiling stakeholder lists ...............................................................164
Gathering stakeholder input .............................................................165
BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholder Landscape ................................................165
Stakeholder involvement with BCLME 1 ..............................................165
Stakeholder Influence and Impact .....................................................166
Angolan Stakeholder Landscape ........................................................167
Namibian Stakeholder Landscape ......................................................173
South African Stakeholders Landscape ...............................................182
Stakeholder Participation Plan .............................................................188
Desired Modes of Participation ..........................................................188
Threats/Obstacles to Effective Participation.........................................188
Proposed Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms ..................................189
Proposed Work plan and Budget for Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms
....................................................................................................195
Monitoring and Evaluation for Effective Stakeholder Participation..............195
Stakeholder Feedback Mechanisms ....................................................195
Monitoring and Evaluating Levels of Stakeholder Participation ...............196
Conclusion ........................................................................................196
List of Annexes..................................................................................197
Annex A Stakeholder Contact Lists ....................................................198
Angola Stakeholders Contact List ......................................................198
Namibian Stakeholders Contact List ...................................................209
South African Stakeholders Contact List .............................................217
Annex B Stakeholder Questionnaire ...................................................242
Annex C List of Consultations............................................................247
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for Angola .............................247
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for Namibia............................249
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for South Africa ......................251
Annex D Detailed Stakeholder Consultation Results..............................253
Detailed Consultation Results for Angola.............................................253
Detailed Consultation Results for Namibia...........................................261
Detailed Consultation Results for South Africa .....................................274
Annex E Proposed Work plan for Stakeholder Participation ....................283
Annex F Proposed Budget for Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms.......285
158
List of Tables
Table 1: Influence and impact of BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholder Groups.......166
Table 2 Angolan Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project ..........168
Table 3 Namibian Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project ........173
Table 4 South African Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project...182
Table 5 Proposed Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms sorted by BCLME
SAP IMP Project Outputs and Outcomes ................................................192
Table 6 Contact list for Angolan Stakeholders......................................198
Table 7 Contact List for Namibian Stakeholders ...................................209
Table 8 Contact List for South African Stakeholders .............................217
Table 9 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From
Angolan Stakeholders.........................................................................247
Table 10 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From
Namibian Stakeholders .......................................................................249
Table 11 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From
South African Stakeholders .................................................................251
Table 12- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders - Angola ..........253
Table 13- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders - Namibia ........261
Table 14- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders South Africa ..274
159
Executive Summary
Project Context
This stakeholder participation plan was developed for Implementation of the Benguela Current Large
Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Program for Restoring Depleted Fisheries and Reducing Coastal
Resources Degradation Project (BCLME SAP IMP), which is a full-size Global Environment Facility (GEF)
project currently in the Project Development Phase. The objective of this next phase of the Benguela
Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Program is the implementation of the BCLME Strategic Action
Program (SAP) through the adoption of national policy reforms, the sustainable institutionalising of the
Benguela Current Commission (BCC), and the endorsement and ratification of a binding international
Treaty for the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). This is a regional project that involves Angola, Namibia,
and South Africa.
Methodology
A desktop review of relevant reports, documents, and background information from the first phase of the
BCLME Program (BCLME 1) was used to develop stakeholder lists and subsequently to add new
stakeholders relevant to the BCLME SAP IMP.
In order to capture information regarding stakeholders' desired methods for participation in the BCLME
SAP IMP Project, a detailed questionnaire was developed and sent to as many stakeholders as possible in
each country. Consultations in person or via telephone were then conducted with as many stakeholders as
possible in order to capture their responses to the questions.
New BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholders
One of the important opportunities presented by the BCLME SAP IMP Project is the chance to reach out
and involve "new" stakeholders who were not previously involved in BCLME 1.
Stakeholders that are "new" to BCLME SAP IMP project fall into two major categories:
- Resource users - private sector stakeholders from sectors such as fishing, mining, and offshore oil
and gas
- Ground level/ grassroots stakeholders such as coastal community members
BCLME Stakeholder Landscape
Major stakeholders for Angola include the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment, Ministry of
Fisheries, and Ministry of Petroleum. Major resource user groups include the petroleum industry and
artisanal fishers.
Important government stakeholders in Namibia include the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, the
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, and the Ministry of Works,
Transport, and Communication. Industry stakeholders include the Confederation of Namibian Fishing
Associations (fishing industry) and the Chamber of Mines (mining industry). The petroleum sector is
another important industry/resource user stakeholder for Namibia, especially with the development of the
Kudu offshore gas field.
Major stakeholders in South Africa include the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, fishing
associations, and the mining sector.
Mechanisms for Stakeholder Participation
Almost all stakeholders consulted identified the following modes of participation in the BCLME SAP IMP
project as priorities:
1. Information Updates and Access - There was a strong desire to be kept informed of BCLME SAP
IMP project developments and progress. For new stakeholders, this desire for information
extended to the results and outcomes of BCLME 1.
160
2. Opportunities for Input / Consultations Stakeholders wanted to be given opportunities to provide
input and comments to project processes, especially where the outputs of these processes will
impact their operations. As a number of the BCLME SAP IMP project outputs include policy
changes that may impact the operations of private sector stakeholders, these stakeholders
emphasized the need to provide opportunities for them to provide input to such processes.
A third mode of participation identified by some stakeholders was direct participation in project
implementation. For example, some educational institutions expected to be involved in delivering capacity
building and training for the BCLME SAP IMP. Some government institutions expected to be involved in
negotiating the BCLME Treaty because of the nature of their mandates. In general, most of these
institutions had previously been involved in BCLME 1.
Threats / Obstacles to Stakeholder Participation
The stakeholders consulted identified a number of different threats/obstacles to effective participation in the
BCLME SAP IMP. Some of these obstacles were internal to their institutions, while others were external
factors. In addition to specific threats, considerations regarding appropriate participation mechanisms were
also identified during consultations. These threats and considerations include:
Capacity human resources
Language barriers
Capacity training
Resource limitations
Staff turnover
Stakeholder level
Time constraints
Breadth of topic
Technological limitations
Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms
Given the desired modes of stakeholder participation and taking potential obstacles to stakeholder
participation into consideration, the following proposed mechanisms for stakeholder participation in the
BCLME SAP IMP project were identified:
Process update newsletter, including national activities
New stakeholders briefing meeting/symposium
National and regional sectoral working groups
Email listservs / Group email lists
On-line discussion forums
Web-based information sharing tools
Lessons learned workshops or consultations
Communication strategy development and implementation
International Workshop Fund
Capacity Building and Training Partnerships
A sample budget and work plan for the implementation of these mechanisms was proposed.
Stakeholder Participation Monitoring and Evaluation
In consultations, most stakeholders indicated that they would prefer a combination of mechanisms for
providing feedback regarding their participation in the BCLME SAP IMP. The proposed feedback
mechanisms are email queries via the process update newsletter and annual stakeholder meetings.
Levels of stakeholder participation in the BCLME SAP IMP project could be measured and evaluated by
undertaking a detailed baseline assessment of participation levels at the beginning of the project using
questionnaire-based consultations with a sample of stakeholders from each country. This procedure could
then be followed at two-year intervals during the project, and results could be compared to the baseline to
track changes in participation levels.
161
List of Abbreviations
ACEP
:
African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program
ACWR
:
African Centre for Water Research
ASCLME
:
Agulhas and Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystem
BCC
:
Benguela Current Commission
BCLME
:
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
BCLME 1
:
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Program
BCLME SAP IMP Project:
Implementation of the Benguela Current Large Marine
Ecosystem
Strategic
Action
Program
for
Restoring
Depleted Fisheries and Reducing Coastal Resources
Degradation
Project
BENEFIT : Benguela
Fisheries
Interaction Training Program
CBO
:
Community
Based
Organization
CETN
:
Coastal Environmental Trust of Namibia
CFR
:
Cape
Floristic
Region
CPUT
:
Cape Technikon University of Technology
CSAG
:
Climate Systems Analysis Group
CSIR
:
Council for Scientific & Industrial Research
DEAT
:
Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism
DiMP
:
Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods
D-LIST
:
Distance Learning and Information Tool Benguela
EERU
:
Environmental Education Resource Unit
EIA
:
Environmental Impact Assessment
FAO
:
Food & Agriculture Organization
FAMDA
:
Fishing & Mariculture Association
FOA
:
Fisheries
Observer
Agency
FTTSA
:
Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa
GCLME
:
Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem
GEF
:
Global Environmental Facility
IKM
:
International
Knowledge
Management
IMP
:
Implementation
Project
IUCN
:
World
Conservation
Union
JEA
:
Juventude
Ecológica
Angolana
LEEG
:
Lamberts Bay and Elands Bay Environmental Group
LME
:
Large
Marine
Ecosystem
LRC
:
Legal Resource Centre
MBRI
:
Marine Biological Research Institute
MEET
:
Marine Environmental Trust
MCM
:
Marine & Coastal Management
MFMR
:
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources
MNHN
:
Museu Nacional de História Natural
MMP
:
Managing Marine Pollution Course
NACOMA
:
Namibia Coastal Conservation and Management Project
NAMCOR
:
National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia
NAMFI
:
Namibia Maritime and Fisheries Institute
NGO
:
Non-Governmental
Organization
NNF
:
Namibia Nature Foundation
NORAD
:
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
NRF
:
National Research Foundation
NTB
:
Namibia Tourism Board
ODINAFRICA :
Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa
ORI
:
Oceanographic Research Institute
PASE
:
Partnership
Sustainable
Environment
162
PCU
:
Project Coordination Unit
SA
: South
Africa
SAAMBR
South Africa Association for Marine Biological Research
SADC
:
Southern Africa Development Community
SADCO
:
Southern Africa Data Centre for Oceanography
SAIAB
:
South Africa Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
SANCCOB
:
South African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds
SANCOR
:
South African Network for Coastal & Oceanic Research
SANParks
:
South Africa National Parks
SASSI
:
South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
SEAFO
:
South East Atlantic Organization
SAEON
:
South African Environmental Observation Network
SEED
:
School Environmental Education and Development
SOER
:
State Of Environment Report
SPP
:
Stakeholder Participation Plan
TAC
:
Total Allowable Catches
UNAM
:
University of Namibia
UNDP
:
United Nations Development Program
WWF
:
World
Wildlife
Fund
Acknowledgements
The consultancy team (Nadine Pinnell, Juliane Zeidler, and Lydia Mlunga) would like to thank all
stakeholders who provided input for this report. They would like to acknowledge the contributions of Eco-
Africa Consulting, who conducted consultations and compiled the stakeholder lists for Angola and South
Africa. Thanks also go to David Vousden, Nico Willemse, and Mick O'Toole for their guidance regarding
the project and also for assistance in sourcing relevant information. As well, thanks to Reagan Chunga for
providing support in formatting the final report.
163
Introduction
Stakeholder participation is vital to the success of any project. A stakeholder participation plan is an
important tool for ensuring that effective stakeholder participation occurs throughout a project. It is a
concrete strategy for stakeholder involvement in a project that defines mechanisms for stakeholder
participation and incorporates them in the project design from the beginning.
This stakeholder participation plan was developed for Implementation of the Benguela Current Large
Marine Ecosystem Strategic Action Program for Restoring Depleted Fisheries and Reducing Coastal
Resources Degradation Project (BCLME SAP IMP), which is a full-size Global Environment Facility (GEF)
project currently in the Project Development Phase. The objective of this next phase of the Benguela
Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Program is the implementation of the BCLME Strategic Action
Program (SAP) through the adoption of national policy reforms, the sustainable institutionalising of the
Benguela Current Commission (BCC), and the endorsement and ratification of a binding international
Treaty for the Large Marine Ecosystem (LME).
The SAP to be implemented was developed during the BCLME Program (BCLME 1), a full-size GEF
project implemented in Angola, Namibia, and South Africa from 2002-2007, which had the objective of
sustaining the ecological integrity of the BCLME through integrated trans-boundary management by the
three member countries.
During the implementation of BCLME 1, the majority of the stakeholders involved in the project were
government and research institutions. The low level of industry and grassroots involvement in the project
led to a call for a specific plan for stakeholder participation to be developed during the planning of the
BCLME SAP IMP project. Similarly, the lack of a coherent strategy for capacity building and training
resulted in the development of a capacity building and training strategy being included in the BCLME SAP
IMP project development process.
This report identifies key stakeholders from each of the three participating countries--Angola, Namibia, and
South Africa--and outlines mechanisms for ensuring their effective participation in the project. The plan is
based on input from stakeholders in all three countries and reflects their opinions and concerns.
The BCLME SAP IMP project faces unique challenges and offers exciting opportunities in terms of
stakeholder participation. Its stakeholders come from a wide range of different sectors and levels of power,
from the government minister responsible for fisheries to the interested coastal community member.
Furthermore, these stakeholders are scattered throughout three different countries, adding another level of
complexity to any plans for their involvement. However, the right participation mechanisms can address
these challenges and ensure effective stakeholder participation in the project throughout and beyond its
lifespan.
This report is laid out as follows. In the first section, the methodology for the stakeholder analysis and
participation plan development is laid out. Subsequently, a general overview of the BCLME SAP IMP
stakeholder landscape is given. Summary tables outlining the interests of groups of stakeholders within each
country in the project are then presented. Next the mechanisms identified for stakeholder participation are
explained. Finally, methods for monitoring and evaluating stakeholder participation throughout the project
are outlined.
Methodology
Compiling stakeholder lists
The BCLME SAP IMP project builds on the work of the BCLME Program (BCLME 1), which has been an
ongoing project since the late 1990s. As a result, initial stakeholder lists for each of the three countries were
compiled based on BCLME 1 experience. A desktop review of relevant reports, documents, and
background information was used to develop these lists and subsequently to add new stakeholders relevant
to the BCLME SAP IMP. Members of the current BCLME PCU and of the BCLME SAP IMP Project
Development Team were consulted regarding input as to additional stakeholders to be added. Need to refer
164
to intensive face-to-face consultations here. Finally, these initial lists were submitted at the First
Stakeholders Workshop on May 22 and 23, 2007 in Windhoek, Namibia. Stakeholders present noted
additional stakeholders and suggested changes to the lists which were then implemented in order to derive
the final stakeholders lists presented here (see Annex A for complete contact lists for stakeholders in each
country).
Gathering stakeholder input
In order to capture information regarding stakeholders' desired methods for participation in the BCLME
SAP IMP Project, a detailed questionnaire was developed and sent to as many stakeholders as possible in
each country (see Annex B for complete questionnaire). Prior to being distributed in Angola, the
questionnaire was translated into Portuguese.
Consultations in person or via telephone were then conducted with as many stakeholders as possible in order
to capture their responses to the questions. Where logistics did not permit either a telephonic or personal
consultation, stakeholders were asked to complete the questionnaire on their own and return their responses
via email or fax.
Not all of the stakeholders on the detailed stakeholders contact lists (Annex A) returned their questionnaires
or could be reached for a consultation. Where logistics allowed, attempts were made to get responses from
at least one representative within groups of different types of stakeholders. See Annex C for a complete list
of all the stakeholders who provided feedback in Angola, Namibia, and South Africa.
Stakeholder responses to the questionnaire and comments from consultations were noted. These responses
were later entered into an Access database created for this purpose. Based on these responses, stakeholder
tables summarizing the interests different stakeholder groups have in the BCLME SAP IMP were created
(see page 12).
Mechanisms for stakeholder participation were also developed based on analysis of stakeholder responses.
An initial version of these mechanisms was presented at the First Stakeholders Workshop held on May 22
and 23, 2007 in Windhoek. Stakeholders present at the meeting made several comments and suggestions
regarding the proposed mechanisms, which were then modified accordingly.
BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholder Landscape
Stakeholder involvement with BCLME 1
One of the important opportunities of the BCLME SAP IMP Project is the opportunity to reach out and
involve stakeholders that were not previously part of BCLME 1. The involvement of new stakeholders has
several advantages for the long-term success and sustainability of the BCLME SAP IMP project. Firstly, by
increasing the involvement of stakeholders such as resource users who will be impacted by changes created
by the project, you increase such stakeholders' "buy in" towards the project--i.e. you increase the likelihood
that these stakeholders will support and even promote such changes. Secondly, increasing the range of
stakeholders involved in the BCLME SAP IMP project allows these institutions to benefit from the valuable
information generated during BCLME 1. This increases the value of this information even further. Finally,
as the BCLME SAP IMP focuses on policy changes, it is vital that political will and support for these
changes be generated and maintained. A wider stakeholder landscape creates more potential supporters who
are aware of the project.
Levels of involvement with BCLME 1 are one useful way of considering the BCLME SAP IMP stakeholder
landscape.
BCLME 1 Stakeholders
The research and science focus of BCLME 1 meant that a relatively small group of stakeholders were
directly involved in the project. In general, this group was limited to government and marine science
institutions.
Consultations with this group of stakeholders revealed that many of them were already aware of the BCLME
SAP IMP project. Most of them assumed that they would be involved in the BCLME SAP IMP project,
essentially as a continuation of their involvement in BCLME 1. A few stakeholders highlighted changes in
165
their role in the BCLME SAP IMP project as compared to the BCLME 1 project. For example, Benguela
Environment Fisheries Interaction Training, or BENEFIT, will end at the end of 2007, and functions that
they performed during BCLME 1 will pass to the Benguela Current Commission (BCC).
It is important to note that although most government stakeholders were previously involved in BCLME 1,
this is not true of all government institutions identified as stakeholders to BCLME SAP IMP.
New BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholders
In general, stakeholders that are "new" to BCLME and had little to no involvement in BCLME 1 fall into
two major categories:
- Resource users - private sector stakeholders from sectors such as fishing, mining, and offshore oil
and gas
- Ground level/ grassroots stakeholders such as coastal community members
A few government and educational institutions were also identified as new stakeholders with little or no
previous involvement in BCLME 1.
Consultations with representative members of these "new" stakeholder groups revealed strong interest in
involvement with the BCLME SAP IMP project. Many stakeholders were grateful for the opportunity to
provide input for this report, as they had attributed their lack of involvement in BCLME 1 to a lack of
interest in their input. It is important that their enthusiasm for involvement in the BCLME SAP IMP should
be used to ensure their ongoing participation in the project.
In general, industry and private sector stakeholders want to be advised of project developments and to be
given the opportunity to provide input on policy changes that will impact them. Grassroots stakeholders
were interested in accessing information on the Benguela Current ecosystem generated by the BCLME 1
and BCLME SAP IMP projects, but were less concerned about being able to provide input to the project.
When considering mechanisms for stakeholder participation, it is important to remember these differences in
stakeholders' experience with and background knowledge of BCLME 1.
Stakeholder Influence and Impact
Another distinction between stakeholders that should be recognized is differences in their influence on the
project and the impact that project outcomes will have on them. Table 1 below indicates where various
stakeholder groups fall along these spectrums.
Table 1: Influence and impact of BCLME SAP IMP Stakeholder Groups
Low influence
High influence
High
Resource users fishing industry, mining,
Government
impact
petroleum
Tertiary educational institutions
Parastatals
Regional and local authorities
Low
Grassroots stakeholders
Donors
impact
International NGOs
Other GEF projects
Stakeholder participation mechanisms can be used to provide increased opportunities for stakeholders that
will be heavily impacted by the project but have little influence over its outcome to provide input to project
processes. This is important because some of these stakeholders may have little direct influence over
immediate project outcomes but may impact the long-term achievement of project goals. For example, the
fishing industry may not be able to affect policy changes but they can directly impact the successful
implementation of these policy changes. As a result, it is important that appropriate stakeholder
mechanisms be used to allow them to provide input to the project and increase their influence over the
project so that they support and comply with policy changes.
166
Angolan Stakeholder Landscape
Major stakeholders for Angola include the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment, Ministry of
Fisheries, and Ministry of Petroleum. Major resource user groups include the petroleum industry and
artisanal fishers.
The interests that these and other Angolan stakeholders expressed in the BCLME SAP IMP project are
summarized below in Table 2.
167
Table 2 Angolan Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
project
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Academic and
Teaching, scientific
- Participation in discussions - Receive English language
- English language is an
- English language
research
research, including in the
and projects
training
obstacle to participation
training
institutions
area of natural resources and - Data received from the
- Receive technical training in
and active involvement
- Information about
environment. Conservation,
BCLME program
e.g. databases
- Financial limitations in
the BCLME
preservation and taxidermal
- Collaboration in preparing
case there is need to
Program more
classification of species,
training material
attend international
easily accessible
including marine species.
- Contribute to information
meetings
to all academic
dissemination
- Limited information
and research
- Interest in participating in
regarding the BCLME
institutions
provision of training, as well as
Program
in research and post-grad
projects especially if in
partnership with other
institutions
- Participation in sharing of best
practices, experiences and
information with other research
and academic institutions
Local authorities
Environmental assessment
- Participation in projects
- Contribute to information and
- Internal institutional
- Participation in
and parastatals
of proposed projects.
(e.g. training trainers'
education campaigns
obstacles (unclear
English language
Reception and export of
program Renascer)
- Exchange of information and
definition of mandate)
training
goods, oil spills control,
- Participation in meetings
experiences in terms of
- English language is an
- Participation in
waste and effluents
and events
important issues for the
obstacle
training programs
management.
- Have received technical
province
- Insufficient human and
documentation on common - Receive training (e.g. ballast
financial resources
environmental problems
waters management, coastal
- Need for continuous
zone management)
training
- Receive English language
training
- Provision of information on what
is being done in Angola and
learning from other countries
- Sharing of experiences with
168
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
project
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Namibia and South Africa
Ministry of Urban
Environmental sanitation,
- Participation in training
- Institutional responsibility in
- Poor legislation in the
- There needs to be
Affairs and
urban environment, waste
programs
terms of the formalisation of the
country and poor
more training in
Environment
management, marine
- Participation in projects
BCC structure
institutional integration
English language
pollution from terrestrial
(e.g. to assess terrestrial
- Important role in terms of cross
- English language
to allow for
sources, environmental
sources of marine pollution)
sectoral integration with regards
- Insufficient human and
stronger
awareness raising and cross
- Participation in meetings
to harmonisation of national
technical resources
involvement and
sectoral integration in terms
and workshops
policies
- Information is currently
more active
of environmental issues.
- Continuous exchange of
- Participation in activities/ efforts
dispersed
sharing
Collection and management
information
towards marine effluent quality
experiences
of information relating to
- Provision of BCLME-
management, education of
- Training and
the ministry's mandate,
related information to
fishermen, monitoring of the
experience
namely: land use planning,
public in general and
marine environment, and coastal
sharing in terms
urban affairs, housing,
students
zone management
of data
environment, and natural
- Responsibility to pass
management and
resources.
information on to other countries
creation of
in terms of Angola's experience
databases
with marine environment issues
- Important point in Angola in
terms of communication
- Information dissemination
- Access and exchange of
information on policies
- Access to training and sharing of
experiences, in order to assist in
the ongoing development of a
database
Ministry of
Promotion of living marine
- Attendance in training and
- It is hoped that BCLME 2 will
- No involvement of
- Workshops with
Fisheries
resources and a better use of
workshops
focus more on management
politicians in workshops
participation of
fisheries and fisheries
- Closer collaboration with
projects to implement the results
on policy harmonisation
managers
products. Promotion and
Namibia and South Africa
of the first phase
during the first phase
- Active awareness
development of artisanal
and enhanced knowledge on - Stronger involvement from
- Different computer
raising directed at
fisheries, both sea and
resources' distribution,
Angolan stakeholders in general
languages used in the
governments so
inland, as well as
(which has facilitated
- Advisory role in terms of
three countries'
that they take
169
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
project
Threats to involvement
Strategy
aquaculture. Policies on
decision making in terms of
harmonisation of national
databases
greater
specialised infrastructure for
fisheries policies)
policies
- Communication
responsibility in
support to fisheries.
- Involvement has
- Participation in biodiversity
problems including poor
terms of funding
contributed to capacity
project: management together
internet, telephone and
and direct
building
with local communities
postal access
investment
- Participation in research
- Make information more easily
- English language
- Convenient to
projects, e.g. Socio-
available (ongoing preparation of - Confidentiality
harmonise the
economic assessment of
data policy and data usage
databases in the
artisanal fishing
regulations)
three countries in
communities in the BCLME - Promote link with the Golf of
terms of their
countries; Assessment of
Guinea LME
computer
statistical data relating to
language
artisanal fisheries in the
BCLME countries;
Assessment of legislation in
force relating to small scale
fisheries in the BCLME
countries; Line fishing by-
catch (seabirds, marine
turtles and sharks))
Ministry of
Protection of ecosystems by - Provision of support and
-
- Confidentiality of
-
Petroleum
preventing pollution through
collaboration in terms of
information and data
the implementation of
technical and scientific
based on contracts and
enabling environmental
information and human
Act of Petroleum
legislation and application
resources
Activities
of appropriate
- Logistical support for
environmental management
organisation of BCLME
systems.
meetings in Angola
NGOs
Environmental education,
- Marine Litter Project
- Contribution to development of
- Political obstacles
Important
beach cleanup activities.
- No involvement from some
networking partnerships with
- Insufficient financial
stakeholder
Promotion of rural
NGOs
other LMEs
resources
participation
development and protection
- Participation in research on the
- Lack of interest from
mechanisms
of the environment.
impact of coastal communities
members
include:
Advocacy and political
on the marine environment
- Limited access to
- briefing sessions;
pressure.
- public
170
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
project
Threats to involvement
Strategy
- Contribution to dissemination of
information about the
consultations;
information on the BCLME
BCLME Program
- civil society
Program, the BCC and the state
- Insufficient/
organisation
of the marine environment to
inappropriate public
"alignment"
communities, partners and other
consultation mechanisms
meetings
civil society actors
in public institutions
- Facilitation of public debates,
(public institutions are
consultation panels, etc
not always open to using
organized by national focal
these sort of
points in Angola
mechanisms)
- Facilitation of public debates,
public consultations for policy
harmonisation process, and
briefing sessions (e.g. about
policies)
- Sharing of experiences,
information and best practices
Oil industry
Oil industry, prospecting
Department of Quality,
Positive participation in events
- Insufficient
-
and production.
Health, Safety and
organized by the BCLME Program
communication among
Development of
Environment was involved
the 3 countries involved
environmental protection
due to language barrier
program for recovery and
- Often communication on
protection of mangroves in
workshops or even
Kwanza River.
decision making
processes is delayed for
technical reasons
GEF implementing Provide support to Angola
BCLME Program's
- Facilitator in various processes
-
-
agencies
based on the Millennium
Implementing agency
(adoption of BCC and Treaty,
Development Goals.
identification of national
Activities in the
structures in support of the BCC)
environmental area through
- Advocacy and facilitation of
technical and financial
process to harmonise national
assistance.
policies
- Provision of technical assistance
171
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
project
Threats to involvement
Strategy
towards training and capacity
building plan
- Following the processes of
identification of financial
mechanisms and partnerships
- Dissemination of lessons learned
and best practices
172
Namibian Stakeholder Landscape
Important government stakeholders in Namibia include the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Ministry of
Environment and Tourism, and the Ministry of Works, Transport, and Communication. Industry stakeholders include the Confederation of Namibian Fishing
Associations (fishing industry) and the Chamber of Mines (mining industry). It is important to note that the petroleum sector is another important
industry/resource user stakeholder for Namibia, especially with the development of the Kudu offshore gas field.
Table 3 summarizes the interests that these and other stakeholders have in the BCLME SAP IMP project.
Table 3 Namibian Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
Academic and
- Education (some
- Most institutions have
- Could play a role in capacity
- Limited staff capacity
- Build money into
training institutions
courses offered in
had little involvement
building and training
low numbers of total staff
the budget for
(eg. Polytechnic of
fisheries UNAM
in the project
- Interested in incorporating
and limited staff with
covering expenses
Namibia, University
and in marine safety,
- SANMARC scientists
research results from BCLME 1
extensive scientific and
for any BCLME
of Namibia -
engineering and
provided input for one
and outcomes of BCLME SAP
technical expertise
SAP IMP training
UNAM, Namibia
navigation NAMFI)
or two BCLME projects
IMP into relevant curricula
- Time constraints
courses offered
Maritime and
- Research on marine
- Interested in making links with
Funding levels eg. the
through these
Fisheries Institute -
and coastal issues
existing research projects for
program in fisheries
institutions.
NAMFI)
(Sam Nujoma Marine
students and faculty
management offered by
- Reflect capacity
and Coastal Research
- NAMFI in particular could play
UNAM is currently
building needs in
Centre UNAM)
an important role in information
funded by the Norwegian
BCLME SAP IMP
sharing as they do ongoing
government but this
capacity building
training for marine workers who
funding will end in 2010.
and training
are on the ground, and who may
strategy
end up being some of the
individuals implementing the
results of both BCLME projects
Community-level
- Resident in coastal
- No real involvement to
- Interested in learning more about - Dispersed nature of this
- Web tools such as
(grassroots)
areas
date
results of BCLME 1 research--
group of stakeholders can
D-LIST give
stakeholders eg.
- Impact coastal and
in the case of schools, interested
make them difficult to
community
community
marine environment
in exposing students to research
reach
members the
members, local
by actions
occurring in local area, possibly
- Limited web access in
opportunity to be
schools
through a website like D-LIST
some communities and
involved without
- Schools are interested in
households
using a lot of
exposing students to marine
project resources.
173
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
researchers in order to raise their
awareness of this field as a
career possibility (could be a
long-term capacity building
strategy if more students are
inspired to enter marine-related
fields)
Local authorities and - (Municipalities)
- some municipal staff
- Interested in sharing data as
- Limited staff availability
- Training and
regional councils
Responsible for
have participated in a
needed
and capacity
capacity building
(eg.
environmental
BCLME workshop in
- Interested in participating in
- Limited financial
- Raise profile of
Municipalities of
management of
the past
research efforts in their
resources
BCLME SAP IMP,
Walvis Bay,
coastal areas within
jurisdictions as needed
- Limited political will and
thereby increasing
Swakopmund,
municipality as per
- Able to share lessons learned
support (Luderitz)
political buy in to
Luderitz, and
part V of act No. 14
from their experience with other
project
Henties Bay;
of 2004, local
coastal jurisdictions
Regional Councils
Authorities
for Erongo, Hardap,
Amendment Act
Kunene, and Karas
2004
regions)
(Regional Councils)
Coordinate activities
within region,
including those
related to coastal
management. Many
have already been
involved with the
Namibian Coast
Conservation and
Management
(NACOMA) project )
174
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
Meteorological
- Climate advisory
- Little previous
- Interested in what monitoring is
- Extremely understaffed
- Training for
services of Namibia
services
involvement with the
being done of the degree of
with few qualified
existing
- Collect, store and
BCLME
upwelling in the system as this
personnel
meteorological staff
analyse climate-
- Member of the oil spill
directly impacts fisheries
- Limited infrastructure
- Training
related data
contingency plan
- Interested in sharing and
(eg. No instrumentation
partnerships (eg.
exchanging data as needed
or buoys for recording
with UNAM) to
- Strong interest in developing a
marine temperature)
produce qualified
marine meteorologist position
graduates
based in Swakopmund
- Infrastructure to be
sourced in
conjunction with
research projects as
needed
Ministry of
- Responsible for water - Have been involved in
- Interested in sharing information - Lack of qualified
- Capacity building
Agriculture Water
quality standards and
several meetings and
as necessary and in contributing
personnel within the
required
and Forestry
enforcement
workshops organized
to the process as needed
ministry
- Web tools need to
Directorate of Water - Deal with freshwater
by the BCLME
- Usually involved when there are - Slow internet connection
have text or
Affairs
pollution that may
cases of oil spills in the sea and
speeds could hinder
reduced-size
then flow into ocean
would want to be consulted and
participation in
versions for users
to provide input on matters
information exchange via
with slow internet
relating to this
websites such as D-LIST
connections
- Interested in accessing expertise
on desalination if possible
Ministry of Mines
- Overall responsibility - Ministry has been
- Data sharing as research projects - Department is critically
- Industry
and Energy
for management,
involved in project from
are carried out
understaffed so staff time
participation in
regulation, research,
the beginning and are
- Provide input to changes in
and availability is
capacity building
Directorates of
and compliance
currently on the steering
Codes of Conduct for Oil and
extremely limited. Loss
and training
Energy
enforcement for all
committee
Gas Extraction and Offshore
of staff to industry is a
initiatives that
(Petroleum
mineral extraction
- Various staff have
Mining
large problem individual
produce skilled
Commission),
activities in Namibia,
participated in projects
- Link with BCLME to facilitate
capacity
workers for both
Diamond Affairs,
including offshore
and workshops
generation of new data all the
government and
and Geological
diamond mining and
time for better management of
industry
Survey
oil and gas extraction
the resources--links with
175
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
BCLME help facilitate this
- Would participate in
standardizing data collection
between countries
Ministry of Fisheries - Responsible for
- Lead institution and on
- Will be represented on the BCC
- Retention of expertise is a - Effective staff
and Marine
management of
steering committee
- Will likely be coordinating
major issue: staff
retention and
Resources
various aspects of
- Various staff have
institution for the BCLME SAP
members are being
information transfer
fisheries and marine
participated in various
IMP project in Namibia
poached from the
strategies need to
Various directorates
resources in Namibia,
projects
- Will likely continue to provide
ministry by mining
be developed
including Resource
including research
- Have provided in kind
office space and support for
companies who are in
- Training and
Management
and monitoring
contributions to project
BCLME activities
need of environmental
capacity building a
(National Marine
- Would take a lead role in
scientists
priority for existing
Information and
negotiations regarding fishing
- High staff turnover means
staff
Research Centre
codes of conduct,
that often there is no
NATMIRC),
standardization of data
overlap between old and
Operations, and
collection, and information
new staff members so
Aquaculture
sharing.
valuable information is
- Technical assistance to different
lost
BCLME projects, depending on
- Gaps in individual
the nature of the specific project.
capacity resulting from
- Perceive benefits from previous
high staff turnover
involvement so eager to continue
- Would provide input to
development of standardized
data collection and enforcement
procedures
- Interested in information
exchange regarding various
issues including monitoring and
compliance and sustainable
aquaculture
Ministry of Trade
- Ministry is involved
- Little involvement
- Would play a role in negotiations - None identified
and Industry
in promoting
for BCLME Treaty
176
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
investment in
- Important source of information
mariculture,
regarding sustainable coastal
aquaculture and
development
fisheries and is
strongly working on
issues of trade,
investment and
industry
development.
- Coordinates activities
between the SADC
countries and
bilateral levels
- Also responsible for
the quality and
standard of fish
exported
Ministry of Works,
- Responsible for
- Represent the ministry
- Interest in providing input to
- Limited infrastructure for
- infrastructure
Transport and
dealing with ship-
on the steering
relevant policies
monitoring ship-based
development
Communication -
based pollution
committee and have
- A high priority for the ministry
pollution (eg. Luderitz
Directorate of
attended most
is better solutions for vessel
office does not have any
Maritime Affairs
workshops.
waste disposal
vessel to use for
- Have formulated groups
monitoring)
to work on projects and
- Limited staff time
attended capacity
- Limits in staff's ability to
building workshops.
use internet facilities for
information exchange
Ministry of
- Have mandate for
- Involved in
- MET would have an interest in
- MET has more focus on
Capacity building
Environment and
environmental
development and
issues relating to coastal areas
land conservation so its
Tourism
protection and
implementation of oil
within parks
staff are not specialized
Directorate of
conservation
spill contingency plan
- Interested in being informed
and often lack
Environmental
- Deal with marine
about issues within their
background on marine
Affairs
pollution via the
mandate (eg. marine pollution,
issues
177
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
Environmental
conservation areas)
Management Act
(still in draft form,
has not been enacted)
- Responsible for parks
and protected area's
along coast, thus deal
with issues related to
shoreline in these
areas
Fisheries Observer
- Observe and report
- No direct involvement
-Able to share information and
- FOA operates under an
- Change agreement
Agency
what is happening on
in BCLME
data as needed.
agreement with MFMR.
if needed
the fishing vessels.
-Would be impacted by changes in
Scope of additional
Collect biological
monitoring procedures so would
involvement would need
information or
want to provide input on these
to be checked against this
research monitoring
issues
agreement.
of compliance with
fisheries act.
Parastatals (eg.
Various mandates:
- Some involvement in
- Interested in being informed
- Lack of staff time
- Early notification
National Petroleum
NAMCOR advisory
workshops and
about issues impacting their
- Perceived benefits to
of meetings
Corporation of
role on petroleum to
meetings
mandates
institution must outweigh
-
Namibia
Ministry of Mines and
- Interested in opportunities for
costs for staff
NAMCOR,
Energy, NAMPORT
collaboration where relevant
involvement
Namibian Port
control ships +
- Interested in providing data and
Authorities
activities including
input where needed and on
NAMPORT,
pollution within port
issues that affect their mandates
NamPower Kudu
waters, NAMPOWER
Project)
developing land-based
power plant for Kudu
Gas Field
178
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
NGOs Namibian
-Involved in various
None
- Interested in collaborating where None
(eg. Coastal
coastal and marine
relevant projects overlap with
Environmental Trust
conservation projects
BCLME SAP IMP
of Namibia,
- Interested in being informed
Namibia Nature
about BCLME SAP IMP
Foundation)
processes
Commercial Fishing - Fish harvesting
- Very little previous
- Wish to be informed of BCLME - Reticent nature of some
- Early involvement
Industry (eg.
within regulations
involvement in BCLME
SAP IMP projects and processes
industry members
in BCLME SAP
Confederation of
and guidelines set by
- strong interest in having - Recognize importance of
- Lack of faith that their
IMP activities is
Namibian Fishing
government
more involvement with
involvement in sustainable
comments and inputs are
essential to
Associations)
BCLME SAP IMP
resource management
valued and will be taken
demonstrate good
- Data sharing as needed
seriously
faith, and the
- Involvement in developing codes
importance of their
of conduct and negotiating
inputs
regulation changes
- Information networking
Artisanal Fishers
- artisanal /community- - none
- Want to gain information and
- Communication
- Training
(eg. Hanganeni
based small-scale fish
learn from others. Also want to
limitations - no access to
- Use alternate
Fishing Association)
harvesting
be kept informed of the latest
internet or fax
communication
developments. (e.g. code of
- staff capacity
methods
conducts)
- financial limitations
Oil Industry
- Interested in
- Some involvement and
- Data sharing
- can be difficult to get
exploring and
awareness
- Input to codes of conduct
information from
harvesting offshore
(industry already adheres to high
companies operating in
oil and gas resources
international standards as it
Angola
applies strict regulations from
other jurisdictions in other
countries.
Mining Industry
- Offshore diamond
- Little involvement in
- Currently are establishing
- Staff availability
- Early notification
Offshore Diamond
mining
BCLME to date
various codes of conduct for
of meetings
Mining (eg.
mining operations so would be
- Use of alternate
Chamber of Mines)
interested in ensuring that any
modes of
codes of conduct developed for
communication
179
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
BCLME SAP IMP are in line
(email, phone) to
with these
get information
- Beginning a capacity building
and training program for mining
industry including government
so could collaborate with
BCLME SAP IMP where
appropriate
- Interested in sharing information
and data as needed
Marine Tourism
- Conduct tours
- None
- Provide input on any codes of
- None
-
Industry (egl.
focussed on marine
conduct for marine mammal
Marine Tour
mammal species
viewing
Association of
- Disseminate information
Namibia)
gathered during BCLME 1 and
BCLME SAP IMP by
communicating it to customers
- Provide data on marine mammal
and bird sightings to researchers
as needed
Other GEF Projects
- Vary
- Where relevant, have
- Work together on projects where - None
- None
(eg. Namibia Coast
collaborated in the past
mandates overlap, especially
Conservation and
capacity building and training
Management Project
initiatives
(NACOMA))
- Coordinate to ensure work builds
on each other's accomplishments
rather than being counter-
productive
International NGOs
- Depends on
- Have collaborated on
- Continued collaboration on
-None
and IGOs (eg.
organization
various projects
matters of mutual concern.
South East Atlantic
- SEAFO manages
Fisheries
fisheries outside
Organization
Namibia's Exclusive
(SEAFO), UN Food
Economic Zone
180
Stakeholder Group Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME Interests in BCLME SAP IMP
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation Strategy
marine issues
1
Threats to involvement
and Agricultural
(EEZ)
Organization
(FAO))
181
South African Stakeholders Landscape
Major stakeholders in South Africa include the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, fishing associations, and the mining sector.
Summaries of the interests of these and other South African stakeholders in the BCLME SAP IMP project can be found below in Table 4.
Table 4 South African Stakeholder Interests in BCLME SAP IMP project
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
Academic
Research and teaching.
- Distance learning course in
- Distance learning course in Env. Eng. - CPUT merger
- Capacity building
institutions
Certain programs include
Environmental
via DLIST-Benguela
implications
and training
environmental management,
Engineering--Sustainable
- Replication of Env. Eng. distance
- Willingness of other - Effective
environmental science.
Development in Coastal
learning course in other LMEs,
partners in BCLME
stakeholder
Areas via DLIST-Benguela
learning from other LME programs,
and other LMEs to
participation
- Involvement with BCLME
replication of distance learning
network and co-
mechanisms
projects through BENEFIT
programs from other LMEs
operate
designed to
and IOI-SA
- Establishment of Environmental
- Language barriers
encourage
- Active involvement with
Resource Centre at CPUT as an
- Funding support for
network and
the Environmental
additional resource for the web
distance learners
cooperation
Variability Group through a
community and distance learners
- Declining capacity
between BCLME
number of contracts
- UCT Oceanography to continue
in the Department
stakeholders
managed by the Marine
contributing to the EEWS of the
of Oceanography
- Language
Research institute (MA-RE
BCC.
and within UCT in
training and
at UCT)
- Continue to build capacity in Physical
General
translation as
Oceanography and coupled ocean-
necessary
atmosphere modeling
- UCT MCM MOU
- UCT Oceanography will play a
leading role in the ASCLME.
- Some contact with GCLME
Local authorities
Provincial input to policy,
- None directly
- Wherever BCLME activities overlap
Capacity
- Capacity building
management decisions
- DLIST-Benguela
with their mandate for local economic
and training
relating to coastal
participants
development/IDP
environment. Manage IDP.
- Time contribution as stakeholder in
Coastal management. To
the processes of adoption of BCC,
182
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
develop and market regions
negotiation of Treaty, adoption of
as tourism destinations.
capacity building plan, and
assessment of financial mechanisms
- Time contribution as stakeholder and
partner in negotiation of partnership
agreements
- Time contribution as stakeholder and
provision of best practice examples
- Support stakeholder participation
process towards harmonisation of
national policies and adoption of
partnership agreements
- Awareness raising
Department of
Sustainable management of
Extensive involvement
- Participation of scientists and/or
- Inexperienced or
- Management
Environmental
marine resources,
managers in process to adopt BCC
uncommitted
training offered
Affairs and
conservation of biodiversity,
- Involvement of senior managers at
management staff
to staff
Tourism
sustainable coastal
DEAT and Dept. Min. in negotiation
- Budgetary
- Recruitment
management, pollution
of Treaty
constraints persist
strategy for
control.
- Appointment of policy and technical
into the future
management
focal points, from senior staff in the
- Research and
personnel
two departments
management posts
- Senior staff to re-examine policies
are not filled
(towards harmonisation of policies)
- Training officer to undertake specific
training and capacity building actions
for BCC
- Commitment of funds to BCC
/Ecosystems advisory group
- Active role in ensuring partnerships
for sustainable utilization of marine
resources
- Active involvement with the ASLME
and SWIOPF in the Western Indian
183
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
Ocean
Protected Areas
Biodiversity conservation
- No direct involvement, only Provide input on DLIST-Benguela
- Remote eastern
-
support
edge of study area
- Local community
- Institutional budget
involvement through
constraints
DLIST-Benguela
Fishing
Advocacy to secure
Collaborate on compiling
- Support development of policy and
- Reliant on
- Fishing
associations
livelihood rights of artisanal socio economic profile of
frameworks relating to artisanal
partnership with
associations
fishers. Close collaboration
artisanal fishing communities
fishing
MCM SA and their
listed and
with MCM
along the west coast as part of - Stakeholder awareness
capacity to support
consulted as
BCLME study, conduct
- Support the capturing and
artisanal fishing
stakeholders in
interviews and workshops.
disseminating of best practice as
issues
their own right
relates to the field of artisanal fishing
during
consultative
processes
Environmental
To protect natural
No direct involvement, only
- Support stakeholder participation
No obstacles as such,
- Face-to-face
NGOs
environment from
informed through DLIST-
process towards harmonisation of
but awareness of
meetings vital to
Elandsbay to the Olifants
Benguela
national policies
specificities of
reach grassroots
River Mouth, Friends of
- Support stakeholder participation
reaching grassroots
stakeholders
DST help implement
process towards capture of lessons
stakeholders
- Consider using
funding for a number of
learned and best practices
DC audio, or
community based projects
- Awareness raising
video briefings
in the area.
(more rich
content delivered
first hand rather
than filtered)
Research
Co-ordinate and facilitate
- Various involvement
- IOI-SA is in a position to offer 2
- Capacity
- Capacity building
marine science, engineering
through the SANCOR
training courses, one on Municipal
- Funding
- Development of
and technology in South
Network
Wastewater Management and its
partnerships to
Africa. Develop and offer
- Development of the
influence on the marine environment
support research
capacity building and
Benguela Plankton Portal
and the Managing Marine Pollution
where applicable
research programs.
- The BCLME sponsored
Course (MMP)
participants at the
- A possible MSc in Ocean
184
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
"Managing Marine
Management and
Pollution" course delivered
Administration
by IOI-SA
- IOI-SA participated in the
consultative meeting on
Training and Capacity
Building for Effective
Management of the
BCLME
- Development and
maintenance of the
BCLME website
Mining sector
Marine diamond
- Contribution of data e.g.
- Information sharing on marine
-
-
prospecting and mining
Project BEHP/CEA/03/02
mining and environmental practices
company. Certified
- Involvement in workshops
(towards harmonisation of national
ISO14001 Environmental
policies)
Management System
- Information sharing on
environmental practices in the sector
- Participation in partnerships where
relevant
- Capture and transfer of marine
mining environmental practices
Environment and
Project implementation
- Involved in BCLME 1 only - Specialist consulting and feedback
Lack of information
Proper
development
inside the Richtersveld
through DLIST-Benguela
into processes of adopting the BCC
and feedback
introductions of
consultants
Community Conservancy.
- BCLME SOER
and identifying national focal points
BCLME Program
Impact assessments and
- BCLME Training and
- To harmonise, where there is
to stakeholders
environmental management
Capacity Building Study
mandate, project approach and
specifically in
in marine science fields.
- Field work and Training of
outcomes with that of the BCLME
South Africa
Coastal conservation,
students in Angola,
- To disseminate BCLME related
development and
Namibia and South Africa
information through existing
policy/management
(linked to BENEFIT)
stakeholder networks, and through
processes.
- Conducted an assessment
ongoing projects/processes To assist
of potential involvement of
with the capturing of lessons learnt
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Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
coastal communities in
and best practice through DLIST and
BCLME program;
other information sharing networks
- Conducted a BCLME
- To capture stakeholder input to the
funded marine litter
various BCLME activities
program in Namibia and
- To facilitate information
Angola;
sharing/exchange between BCLME
- Through the DLIST project
and other LME and coastal/marine
for example a formal
management projects
consultation to introduce
BCLME to wider audience
in coastal communities;
- Develop IPA (Angolan
Institute for Development
of Artisanal Fisheries)
communication materials
Other GEF funded
To support information
Extensive :
- Support the work of Management
Would require
-
projects
sharing among stakeholders
- dissemination of results,
Advisory Committees, as well as
funding for tasks
along the BCLME coastline, - collaborate on marine litter
Ecosystem Working Groups by
which reach beyond
to support the development
program,
offering information sharing
existing scope of
of equitable, effective and
- distance learning and
mechanisms
DLIST activities
sustainable governance
- stakeholder engagement at
- Facilitate stakeholder access to
practices especially at local
various levels
working documents, guidelines etc
level
- Support each National BCLME
Stakeholder Group in similar way
- provide opportunity for stakeholder
participation/input to
policy/management reforms where
appropriate
- Assist in the development of learning
materials and distance learning
courses, in partnership with CPUT.
DLIST field offices can help facilitate
training activities
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Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
Group
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
- Working closely with appropriate
regional level bodies (the MACs
advised by the Ecosystem Working
Groups) to capture outputs and assist
to pass these on to the countries,
including case studies, guidelines,
best practices and lessons learnt
- Assisting in transfer of best practice
between BCLME and other LME's,
as well as partner institutions
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Stakeholder Participation Plan
Desired Modes of Participation
Almost all stakeholders consulted identified the following modes of participation in the BCLME SAP IMP
project as priorities:
3. Information Updates and Access - There was a strong desire to be kept informed of BCLME
SAP IMP project developments and progress. For new stakeholders, this desire for information
extended to the results and outcomes of BCLME 1.
4. Opportunities for Input / Consultations Stakeholders wanted to be given opportunities to
provide input and comments to project processes, especially where the outputs of these processes
will impact their operations. As a number of the BCLME SAP IMP project outputs include policy
changes that may impact the operations of private sector stakeholders, these stakeholders
emphasized the need to provide opportunities for them to provide input to such processes.
A third mode of participation identified by some stakeholders was direct participation in project
implementation. For example, some educational institutions expected to be involved in delivering
capacity building and training for the BCLME SAP IMP. Some government institutions expected to be
involved in negotiating the BCLME Treaty because of the nature of their mandates. In general, most of
these institutions had previously been involved in BCLME 1.
Threats/Obstacles to Effective Participation
The stakeholders consulted identified a number of different threats/obstacles to effective participation in the
BCLME SAP IMP. Some of these obstacles were internal to their institutions, while others were external
factors. In addition to specific threats, considerations regarding appropriate participation mechanisms were
also identified during consultations. These threats and considerations include:
· Capacity human resources Many government institutions face severe staff shortages, especially
in terms of technical and scientific staff. This issue is especially acute in departments dealing with
mining and petroleum due to the high demand for qualified staff from private sector companies. (NB:
Capacity and a variety of related issues were consistently mentioned as threats to stakeholder
participation. Different aspects of the capacity issue are listed separately here as they have different
implications for stakeholder participation mechanisms)
· Capacity training A related issue is the level of training and education of staff in various
institutions. In some cases, the available staff do not have any background or training in marine issues.
In others, the level of training and education of available staff restricts their understanding of technical
and scientific issues.
· Staff turnover For a number of reasons, staff turnover in many stakeholder institutions, especially
government departments, is very high. This leads to high losses of institutional knowledge. BCLME
SAP IMP participation is jeopardized partly because of this loss of knowledge, and partly because the
connection with the institution is often lost if the staff member who is the BCLME focal person leaves
the institution.
· Time constraints Staff at stakeholder institutions have many demands on their time, among which
participation in BCLME SAP IMP is one. Depending on the priorities of the institution and focal
person, participation in BCLME SAP IMP may not be allocated much time or attention.
· Technological limitations Access to internet and email is an issue for some stakeholders who do not
have access to either. Other stakeholders have internet access via an extremely slow connection, and
thus are unable to open large websites or email attachments. Others (eg. Namibian government
stakeholders) have issues with email messages consistently bouncing and not reaching their accounts.
· Language barriers Language is an issue for many Angolan stakeholders, especially those at the
ground level. In order to ensure their participation, written materials in Portuguese must be made
188
available and relevant meetings and consultations must either take place in Portuguese or offer
translation services.
· Resource limitations Lack of resources was another potential threat often identified by stakeholders.
Possible ways in which this issue might manifest itself range from lack of travel funds for attendance at
BCLME meetings to lack of equipment to collect data required by the BCLME SAP IMP. Private
sector stakeholders noted that their institutions might be reluctant to commit staff time and financial
resources to participation in the BCLME SAP IMP without assurance that they will see some benefit
from this investment.
· Stakeholder level This is more of a consideration for stakeholder participation mechanisms. The
BCLME SAP IMP includes stakeholders at various levels, from government ministers to community
members. Stakeholders at different levels will interact with the project differently; thus, it is important
that stakeholder participation mechanisms be targeted at stakeholders at a particular level rather than
attempting to engage all stakeholders in the same fashion.
· Breadth of topic Similarly, the BCLME SAP IMP spans a number of different sectors, from fishing
to mining to education. Stakeholders from one sector are not necessarily interested in material relevant
to stakeholders from another sector.
Proposed Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms
Given the desired modes of stakeholder participation and taking potential obstacles to stakeholder
participation into consideration, the following proposed mechanisms for stakeholder participation in the
BCLME SAP IMP project were identified:
· Process update newsletter, including national activities This newsletter, produced in English and
Portuguese, would help address the issue of informing stakeholders about the activities of the BCLME
SAP IMP project and would inform them of opportunities for involvement and input to the project.
Distributed quarterly, it would include a list of dates for upcoming meetings and other opportunities for
stakeholder input along with contact information in case a stakeholder is interested in participating in
one of these events. It would also include information on the outcome of national and regional project
activities that took place since the last newsletter.
It is important to note that this newsletter is not be intended as a means for introducing members of the
general public to the BCLME SAP IMP project.
The process update newsletter would be sent out by email, fax or mail to all stakeholders, with email as
the preferred method except for those stakeholders with no email access. Stakeholders with slow
internet access would have the option of receiving a text-only version of the newsletter so that they
would be able to access it through their email.
In cases where the email, fax, or letter containing the newsletter does not go through, the stakeholder
would be contacted by phone to determine the cause. This process would ensure that stakeholder
contact lists contain accurate information and would alert BCC staff to focal person changes at
stakeholder institutions.
· New stakeholders briefing meeting/symposium At the beginning of the BCLME SAP IMP project,
a meeting would be held specifically for new stakeholders with little previous involvement in the
BCLME project. Results and outcomes of BCLME 1 would be presented at this meeting, as well as an
overview of the way forward via the BCLME SAP IMP project.
This meeting would serve several purposes. It would introduce new stakeholders to the BCLME and
vice versa. It would introduce new stakeholders to each other, laying the groundwork for sectoral
working groups that may be called for later in the project. It would provide an opportunity to
summarize some of the lessons learned from BCLME 1. It would also provide an opportunity to
disseminate some of the strong scientific information developed through the BCLME 1 to a wider
audience. Finally, it would provide an opportunity to raise the profile of the BCLME SAP IMP by
including media representatives in the meeting.
· National and regional sectoral working groups Establishing working groups for the three major
resource use sectors (mining, petroleum, and fishing) for each country will facilitate the participation of
189
resource users in BCLME SAP IMP processes. More specifically, these groups will provide a forum
for such stakeholders to provide input to processes such as BCLME treaty negotiation and national
policy harmonization that directly impact their operations.
In order to ensure that these inputs are also translated to the regional level, regional working groups for
each sector would also be established. These regional working groups would include representatives
from each national working group so that information can be easily communicated among national
working groups and lessons learned can be shared.
Working groups for each sector at both the national and regional level should include resource user
representatives and representatives from relevant government ministries and institutions. Wherever
possible, umbrella groups for various industries should be included in such groups. Attempts should
also be made to include relevant grassroots stakeholders as well as higher level decision makers in these
groups.
Meeting schedules and modes of communication for these groups could be flexible depending on each
group's needs and demands for their input. A possible schedule would include at least 2-3 meetings
during the course of the BCLME SAP IMP, with communication and work between these meetings
occurring in smaller groups or via email or the internet. Clear outcomes and outputs for each meeting
(eg. agreement on a code of conduct for responsible fish harvesting) should be agreed upon beforehand.
· Email listservs / Group email lists Although not all stakeholders have easy email, email-based
participation mechanisms are still valuable mechanisms for facilitating stakeholder participation in the
BCLME SAP IMP. The strength of these tools is that they offer stakeholders opportunities to
participate or not participate in consultative processes at will, with low cost to both the stakeholder and
the BCLME SAP IMP project.
Based on stakeholder contact lists compiled for this study, a group email list or list-serv for all BCLME
SAP IMP stakeholders should be developed and used for communicating with these stakeholders (a
separate fax/mail list for stakeholders without email access should also be developed and used for
communicating for such stakeholders). From this master list, sector- and stakeholder type-specific lists
should be developed for each country. These more specific lists should be distributed to members of
such groups to facilitate communication and information-sharing between stakeholders. Working group
communication between meetings could thus could occur primarily via email. Online discussion
forums with access restricted to members of the working group would be another alternative for
working group communication between meetings.
· On-line discussion forums - Similar to group email lists, on-line discussion forums offer an
opportunity for stakeholders to participate and provide input at their convenience. Given the lack of
time of many stakeholders and the broad scope of the BCLME SAP IMP project, specific web-based
discussion forums should be developed for different sectors (eg. science, mining, fishing, petroleum).
The other important area where an online discussion forum would be useful would be for grassroots
stakeholders. For example, D-LIST Benguela 1currently has a discussion forum on coastal management
that is open to members of the public in Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. A similar discussion
forum on marine management should be developed and targeted at community members in the three
countries.
· Web-based information sharing tools A web-based information-sharing tool, for example D-LIST,
could be used to facilitate several aspects of stakeholder participation in the BCLME SAP IMP project.
It could serve as a means for stakeholders to access relevant documents, provide input to BCLME SAP
IMP processes, share lessons learned and best practices with other stakeholders and with stakeholders in
other LMEs. Furthermore, it could be used to deliver on-line training and courses on specific marine
management
issues.
In order for D-LIST or another web-based tool to fulfill these functions, training on website use must be
offered to relevant stakeholders. Ideally, short training sessions for stakeholders would be conducted in
major cities and coastal centres in each of the three countries.
1 D-LIST Benguela (Distance Learning and Information Sharing Tool) is a GEF-funded
web-based information sharing tool focussing on coastal development issues in
Angola, Namibia, and South Africa, essentially in the BCLME. (www.dlist-
benguela.org)
190
Care would also have to be taken to ensure that, wherever possible, information is available in English
and Portuguese.
· Lessons learned workshops or consultations The strength of face-to-face meetings and
consultations is their immediate nature. Unlike emailed requests for information, meetings and
consultations are difficult to ignore once participants are present. Thus workshop attendees are
compelled to consider the issues at hand and to provide feedback.
In order to best capture lessons learned and best practices throughout the project, lessons learned
workshops with the projected outcome of the development of lessons learned reports should be held
once every two years. Where appropriate, this workshop could be incorporated into meetings of
sectoral working groups in order to limit the breadth of the issues considered.
These workshops should include opportunities for discussion and consideration of issues in smaller
groups so that the opinions of all stakeholders present can be captured. If possible, audio and/or video
technology should be used to ensure that valuable information from workshop discussions is captured
completely.
· Communication strategy development and implementation The development and implementation
of a communication strategy for the BCC is key to maintaining ongoing stakeholder participation in the
Commission and its activities long after the BCLME SAP IMP project has ended. This long-term
strategy would define strategies and mechanisms for external communication (communicating
information about the BCC and its activities to the public) and internal communication (within the
BCC). Defining external communication strategies is particularly important as the long-term survival
of the BCC is dependent on political will within the three member countries. An effective external
communication strategy will raise the profile of the BCC among members of the public in all three
countries, creating opportunities for increasing public support for the BCC and leading to increased
political support for the BCC in the long run.
· International Workshop Fund In order to facilitate stakeholder participation in the exchange of
lessons learned and best practices with other LMEs, a fund specifically to facilitate the presentation of
such information by stakeholders at international workshops should be established. Eligible
stakeholders would need to present specifically on lessons learned from the BCLME SAP IMP project.
Participation could be funded for at least one stakeholder from each country every year. If possible,
stakeholders from different sectors would be funded each year so that lessons learned from all sectors
would be shared.
· Capacity Building and Training Partnerships Capacity is one of the key threats to stakeholder
participation identified by almost all stakeholders consulted. Although some elements of this issue will
be addressed through the BCLME SAP IMP Capacity Building and Training Work plan, the needs are
so great that this will not satisfy all of them. One way to address this issue would be to foster
partnerships between stakeholders at differing levels of capacity. Through the sectoral working groups,
linkages between institutions with expertise to offer and institutions with capacity needs in that area.
Furthermore, information about capacity building opportunities outside the BCLME, such as industry
capacity building initiatives, could be shared with all relevant stakeholders at these meetings or through
the process update newsletter.
Table 5 relates the stakeholder participation mechanisms identified above to specific BCLME SAP IMP
outcomes and outputs.
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Table 5 Proposed Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms sorted by BCLME SAP IMP Project Outputs and Outcomes
Draft Output
Mechanisms / Approaches for Stakeholder Participation
Activities
Outcome 1 - Regional Level Implementation of the BCLME SAP through the adoption of a Benguela Current Commission infrastructure and associated Treaty
·
·
Output 1.1 - Adoption of a
Consultations that took place during the development of the
Suggestions for membership for the advisory groups to be
Formal Regional Structure for a
Stakeholder Participation Plan (SPP) informed stakeholders
collected from stakeholders via a request for submissions in
Benguela Current Commission
about the proposed structure for the BCC, and alerted them to
the first process update newsletter.
based on BCLME Program
available roles.
· Information regarding any changes in the BCC structure and
experiences
· Identification of key members for advisory groups should be
representation to be included in process update newsletter to
participatory.
provide opportunities for stakeholder feedback.
· Information about the BCC structure, the roles of different
groups, and the current composition of the BCC should be
made available to the public on the BCC website.
·
·
Output 1.2 -Negotiation and
Involvement of private sector and other stakeholders (resource
Working groups to be established for each sector in each
Formal Signature of a Regional
users) is essential in order for the proposed treaty to be
country. Series of initial workshops/meetings to be held for
BCLME Treaty or similar
successfully implemented in each country.
each working group to gather information and input to the
Multilateral Binding Agreement
·
BCLME Treaty Process.
Existing policies, including those developed by relevant
industry bodies which are not currently part of relevant
· Email lists to be established for each working group and for
national laws, must be taken into account by relevant national
all members of each sector within the region in order to
negotiating authorities.
facilitate communication between working group members.
· If possible, representatives of sectoral working groups should
be included in national negotiating teams.
· Updates on the progress of negotiations to be communicated
to all stakeholders via process update newsletter
· Communications strategy for the BCC to be developed.
Strategy must take into account the differing national
contexts of the signatory countries and must identify methods
for informing the public about the BCLME Treaty.
Outcome 2 - National Level Implementation of the BCLME SAP through Policy and Management Reforms
Output 2.1 - Identification of
· Previous experiences of the BCLME have set precedents for
· Selected focal points to be communicated to stakeholders via
National Structures in support of
the relevant government ministries from which focal points
process update newsletter
a Benguela Current Commission
will be chosen, as many stakeholders indicated during
· Focal points and coordinating institutions to receive
consultations.
stakeholder contact lists in order to facilitate communication
· In order to increase BCLME ownership in other ministries,
with stakeholders
focal points for specific sectors could be identified within
192
Draft Output
Mechanisms / Approaches for Stakeholder Participation
Activities
relevant line ministries.
· Emphasis on facilitating communication of focal points with
stakeholders
Output 2.2 -Adoption of National
· In order for policy and legislative reforms to be successfully
· National working groups including key stakeholders from
Policy and Legislative Reforms to
implemented, stakeholder ownership of this process is vital.
industry and technical staff from line ministries (staff
reflect Country Commitments to
· Information needs to flow in two directions--stakeholders
responsible for policy implementation) to be convened for
the Regional BCC Treaty (as well
should be able to provide input to policy and legislative
different sectors. Where possible, working groups should
as other Pertinent International
reforms while institutions driving the reform process must
include stakeholders from different decision-making levels.
and Regional Agreements)
communicate with affected stakeholders about the reforms.
· Email listservs (group email lists) to be established for each
· Need for effective communication and participation by all
national working group.
three countries
· To facilitate communication between working groups in the
- Creation of links between stakeholders in similar thematic
three countries dealing with the same thematic area, establish
areas in Namibia, South Africa, and Angola
regional email lists or discussion forums for each sector.
Outcome 3 - Sustainable Capacity Secured for Long-Term Maintenance of the LME Management Components
Output 3.1
Adoption and
· Strong need among stakeholders for increased capacity in
· Draft Capacity Building and Training Work plan to be sent to
Implementation of a Strategic
order to ensure the ability of the institution to participate in and
all stakeholders during PDF-B phase
Work-Plan and Associated
contribute to the BCLME.
· Identify existing initiatives dealing with capacity and training
Benchmarks for Delivery of
· Participatory approaches to training and capacity building to be
and provide information on these to stakeholders via the
Requisite Training and Capacity
emphasized (staff exchanges between stakeholders in different
process update newsletter
Building
countries, inclusion of private sector staff in initiatives where
· Staff exchange/job shadowing opportunities between
appropriate)
government and private sector and between government staff
· Coordination with existing private and public sector initiatives
in different countries to be identified and facilitated
in order to add value to these initiatives
· Emphasis on creating partnerships between all stakeholders
- where possible, utilize existing expertise from one
stakeholder in training and capacity building for other
stakeholders
- in this way, capacity gaps can be narrowed and less-
advantaged stakeholders empowered
Output 3.2
Assessment,
· Financial support for the BCC and associated structures will be
· All stakeholders to be informed of the need for long-term
Identification and Adoption of
easier to generate if the project develops significant
funding mechanisms for the BCC
Fiscal and Financial Mechanisms
stakeholder buy-in. Stakeholders who feel involved and
· Regular communication with stakeholders along with
at the National and Regional
committed to the project will be able to lobby the relevant
significant opportunities for stakeholder participation to
Level to support the LME
government ministries for funds more effectively.
increase stakeholders' sense of project ownership
193
Draft Output
Mechanisms / Approaches for Stakeholder Participation
Activities
Management Approach (including
· Raising public awareness of the BCC and the role it plays
· BCC communications strategy to include actions that will
the BCC and associated national
could increase the political will available for committing funds
raise the public profile of the BCC
structures)
to the project
Output 3.3
Negotiation and
· Build on existing informal partnerships that stakeholders
· Use forums such as the process update newsletter and
Formal Adoption of Partnership
have in place
stakeholder meetings to query stakeholders regarding
Agreements and Linkages for the
·
relevant partnerships
BCLME Management Approach
Outcome 4 - Overall Capture of Knowledge Products and Best Practices, and Information Networking
Output 4.1
Capture of
· Targeted tools to facilitate regional information sharing,
· Consultative workshops to capture lessons learned and best
Lessons and Best Practices for
transfer of information between stakeholders in the same
practices to be held on a regional level for each thematic are
Transfer and Replication within
thematic areas nationally, and between thematic areas where
· Short training sessions to be held in various coastal areas and
BCLME (Including IW:LEARN
relevant
for various stakeholders to introduce them to the use of
and D-LIST)
· Emphasis on communicating and sharing information derived
relevant information-sharing tools
through BCLME with grassroots stakeholders and members of
· Information about relevant web-based information sharing
the public. Important opportunity for raising public profile of
tools to be highlighted in BCC communications strategy
BCC and BCLME treaty, and for including smaller
implementation.
stakeholders in project.
· List of relevant grassroots stakeholders who may be
interested in information about the BCLME to be compiled.
Information about web-based tools to be shared with groups
on this list. Discussion forum for such stakeholders to be
established on D-LIST.
Output 4.2 - Development of
· Emphasis on linking BCLME stakeholders with other LME
· Use consultation results from PDF-B phase to identify
Networking Partnerships with
stakeholders as well as on linking the BCLME Project
stakeholders with existing links with other LME's that could
other LMEs
Coordination Unit (PCU) with other LME PCU's
be built upon
· Build on existing networking partnerships between
· Help facilitate and encourage participation of BCLME
stakeholders and institutions in other LMEs
stakeholders in international meetings and forums that
include stakeholders from other LMEs (establish fund to
which BCLME stakeholders could apply for travel support if
they are presenting on lessons learned).
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Proposed Work plan and Budget for Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms
A proposed work plan and budget for the implementation of the stakeholder participation mechanisms
outlined above can be found in Annexes E and F. However, it is important to note that these activities and
costs will change depending on the level at which stakeholder participation is addressed and the approach
that is taken. The impact of stakeholder participation mechanisms will depend partly on the investment that
is made in this area.
Monitoring and Evaluation for Effective Stakeholder Participation
Stakeholder Feedback Mechanisms
Feedback is a key component in ensuring effective stakeholder participation. It allows potential issues to
be identified before they come to a head, as well as highlighting mechanisms for stakeholder involvement
that are functioning effectively. Furthermore, in creating opportunities for stakeholders to voice their
opinions and raise their concerns, the importance that the BCLME SAP IMP Project places on stakeholders
is communicated to the stakeholders themselves.
In consultations, most stakeholders indicated that they would prefer a combination of different mechanisms
for providing feedback to the PCU. The following are the proposed actions identified for capturing
stakeholder feedback:
The process update newsletter sent to all stakeholders quarterly would include a query regarding any
concerns that stakeholders might wish to raise or feedback they would like to provide to the project.
o In order to be effective, any concerns or feedback generated would need a quick response.
Stakeholders must feel not only that they are providing feedback, but also that it is being
heard.
o The process update newsletter would update all stakeholders on BCLME activities as well as
well as providing an opportunity for stakeholders to raise urgent or time-sensitive issues.
o The process update newsletter would also provide an opportunity for stakeholder contact lists
to be updated (eg. as emails bounce back, Activity Centres would be alerted of the need to
follow up with the institution to determine if the relevant staff person has left the organization
or their contact details have changed.)
As quite a few stakeholders experience high staff turnover, these email updates could also be
a point of contact for new staff who are not familiar with the project, and who could respond
with any questions they have regarding the BCLME SAP IMP project.
Annual meetings where stakeholders can be briefed in more detail on project progress and activities,
provide feedback to the project, and interact with other stakeholders.
o In order for these forums to effectively capture stakeholder feedback and lessons learned, a
combination of facilitated group discussions, opportunities for written feedback (eg. via
written surveys), and presentations by existing stakeholders should be incorporated in the
meeting. Video and audio technology should be used to capture details of the meeting as
accurately as possible.
o If needed, these meetings provide PCU staff with the opportunity to speak with individual
stakeholders on a one-on-one basis for a few minutes before, during, or after the formal
meeting.
o Where time allows, these workshops would also provide an opportunity to consult
stakeholders about project initiatives and to collect stakeholder input as needed.
o Many stakeholders emphasized the importance of face-to-face opportunities to provide
feedback to the BCLME. They felt that the nature of email communication made it easier to
ignore, whereas meetings or direct consultations force people to reflect on the questions being
asked and provide feedback.
195
o In order to have the widest possible range of stakeholders participate in these meetings,
separate meetings should be held in each country. However, information about activities in
all participating countries should be shared with stakeholders. Thus, these meetings will also
provide an opportunity for a wide range of national stakeholders to learn about activities
occurring on a regional level and in other participating countries.
Monitoring and Evaluating Levels of Stakeholder Participation
Levels of stakeholder participation in the BCLME SAP IMP Project could be measured and evaluated
throughout project implementation using the following procedure. A detailed baseline assessment of
levels of stakeholder participation could be undertaken at the beginning of the BCLME SAP IMP project.
This assessment would build on information collected for this study. A questionnaire would be developed
specifically to measure participation levels. This questionnaire would be used in consultations with a
sample of stakeholders for each country selected from the stakeholder lists compiled for this study. Effort
would be made to ensure that the stakeholders sampled included representatives from each of the various
types of stakeholders.
A similar procedure could then be applied at annual or biennial intervals, with the same questionnaire being
used to measure participation levels in a sample of stakeholders from each country. The results of these
annual or biennial consultations could then be compared to the baseline established during the initial stages
of the BCLME SAP IMP project to monitor changes in stakeholder participation levels. Proportionate
stakeholder involvement and proportion of stakeholders involved at various levels in each country could
thus be tracked throughout the project.
Conclusion
Development of this stakeholder participation plan for the BCLME SAP IMP project involved the
identification of a wide range of stakeholders from a variety of different sectors and at a variety of different
decision-making levels. Consultations with representatives from various stakeholder groups yielded
considerable information on stakeholder priorities and preferred roles within the BCLME SAP IMP project.
Based on this information, proposed mechanisms for stakeholder participation in the project were
identified. A sample work plan and budget for stakeholder participation were developed for these
mechanisms.
However, stakeholder participation in any project is a combination of opportunity--stakeholders are given
opportunities for meaningful participation in the project--and will--stakeholders decide that it is in their
interest to participate in the project. The mechanisms outlined earlier in the report will provide
opportunities for stakeholder participation in the BCLME SAP IMP project, with the level of opportunities
partly defined by the level of investment in these activities. However, it is the stakeholders will that will
determine the level to which they take advantage of these opportunities and participate in the BCLME SAP
IMP project.
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List of Annexes
Annex A Stakeholder Lists with contact information for focal people
Annex B Questionnaire
Annex C Lists of Consultations
Annex D Detailed consultation results for individual stakeholders
Annex E - Work Plan for stakeholder participation mechanisms
Annex F Budget for stakeholder participation mechanisms
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Annex A Stakeholder Contact Lists
Angola Stakeholders Contact List
Table 6 Contact list for Angolan Stakeholders
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Civil Society Organisations
President
Marcelino Caminha
ADECOR Associação de Defesa do
Rua Ché Guevara, 63, R/C
Cell phone: +244 923 339053
Consumidor
Maculusso
Cell phone: +244 912 339053
Consumer's Association
adeconsumidor@yahoo.fr
Member
Luís Alberto
ADECOR Associação de Defesa do
Rua Ché Guevara, 63, R/C
Cell phone: +244 923 696690
Consumidor
Maculusso
Cell phone: +244 912 511153
Consumer's Association
adeconsumidor@yahoo.fr
Director
Sérgio Calundungo
ADRA Acção para o
Praceta Farinha Leitão, 27
Telephone: +244 222 396683
Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiente
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 399312
Action for Rural Development and
info@adra-angola.org
Environment
s.calundungo@adraao.org
President
Fernando Pacheco
ADRA Acção para o
Praceta Farinha Leitão, 27
Telephone: +244 222 396683
Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiente
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 399312
Action for Rural Development and
pcd.adra@angonet.org
Environment
President
Orlando António
CEFA Clube Ecológico Futuro de
Maianga
Cell phone: +244 925 973363
Angola
Ecological Club
Director Allan
Cain
Development
Workshop
Rua Rei Katiavala 113
Telephone: +244 222 448371
(DW)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 449494
allan.dwang@angonet.org
Member Manuel
Gomes
Grémio ABC
Cabinda
Cell phone: +244 923 667169
Agostinho Chicaia
achicaia@hotmail.com
198
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
President
Abias Huongo
JEA Juventude Ecológica Angolana
Rua Revolução de Outubro,
Telephone: +244 222 355715
Ecological Youth of Angola
nº 2, 2nd floor
Cell phone: +244 912 504379
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 923 325668
huongoam@hotmail.com
jea@netangola.com
General Secretary Cláudio Aguiar
JEA Juventude Ecológica Angolana
Rua Revolução de Outubro,
Telephone: +244 222 355715
Ecological Youth of Angola
nº 2, 2nd floor
Cell phone: +244 912 359110
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 924 911640
kanjingombe@yahoo.com.br
jea@netangola.com
Secretary for
Constantino Mendes
JEA Juventude Ecológica Angolana
Rua Revolução de Outubro,
Telephone: +244 222 355715
Cooperation
Ecological Youth of Angola
nº 2, 2nd floor
Cell phone: +244 923 326476
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 803938
constantino.mendes@supernet.ao
Provincial
Fernando Bueia
JEA Juventude Ecológica Angolana
Benguela
Telephone: +244 272 332494
Delegate
Ecological Youth of Angola
Fax: +244 272 332308
Cell phone: +244 923 878060
fmetusal26@yahoo.com.br
Director
Pedro Vaz Pinto
Fundação Kissama
Rua Cónego Manuel das Neves, 206, Cell phone: +244 923 318989
Kissama Foundation
1º andar, esq
pedrovazpinto@gmail.com
Luanda
Coordinator Simão
dos
Santos
Futuro
Verde
Cell phone: +244 923 456330
Green Future
simão_grilo@yahoo.com.br
General Secretary Januário Augusto
Rede Maiombe
Rua Cónego Manuel das Neves, 206, Cell phone: +244 923 326476
Maiombe Network
1º andar, esq
redemaiombe@hotmail.com
Luanda
Executive
Reis Luís
Rede Terra
Rua João de Deus, 45
Cell phone: +244 923 409345
Director
Land Network
1º andar, Luanda
Reisluis2000@yahoo.com.br
Carlos António
Associação de Pescas
Telephone: +244 264 261202
Fishing Association
Fax: +244 264 261087
Cell phone: +244 916 461000
electromae.nbe@supernet.ao
Oil Industry
199
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Director
Laurentino Silva
Angola LNG
Avenida Lenine,
Telephone: +244 222 692600 Ext. 1245
58, 2º andar, Edifício AAA
Fax: +244 222 692600
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 507067
silvaml@chevron.com
HSE Ronnie
Gallagher BP
Rua Rainha Ginga, 128
Telephone: +244 222 637727
Edifício FINA
Cell phone: +244 912 212330
Luanda
Ronnie.Gallagher@bp.com
HSE Director
Jan Tucker
BP
Rua Rainha Ginga, 87
Telephone: +244 222 637727
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 637386
Cell phone: +244 912 641440
jan.tucker@bp.com
HSE Manager
Jorge Leon
BP
Rua Rainha Ginga, 87
Telephone: +244 222 637476
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 637386
Cell phone: +244 912 704200
jorge.leon@bp.com
Environmental
Angelino Manuel
BP
Edifício De Beers
Telephone: +244 222 637476
Advisor
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 637386
angelino.manuel@bp.com
Yolanda Gomes
BP
Telephone: +244 222 637556
Cell phone: +244 923 600045
yolanda.gomes@bp.com
Environmental
Luís Anapaz
Chevron
Fax: +244 222 326061
Officer
Cell phone: +244 912505160
anapalf@chevron.com
Environmental
Luísa da Silva Bonfim
Chevron
sieu@chevron.com
Officer
Supervisory
Brent Pasula
ESSO
Rua Rainha Ginga, nº. 128
Telephone: +244 222 679000 (Ext. 2116)
Regulatory &
11st floor
Fax: +244 222 679000 (Ext. 2168)
Environmental
Luanda
Brent.j.pasula@exxonmobil.com
Environmental
Armando Afonso
ESSO
Rua Rainha Ginga, 128
Telephone: +244 222 335058
Advisor
Edifício FINA
Fax: +244 222 391583
armando.f.Afonso@exxonmobil.com
200
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Director Tim
Clifton
ROC
OIL
Ilha de Luanda
Telephone: +244 222 309091
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 309219
Cell phone: +244 925 293160
tclifton@rocoil.com.au
QHSE Director
Vicente Inácio
Sonangol
Rua Rainha Ginga, 77
Telefax: +244 222 632317
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 502053
vicente.inacio@sonangol.co.ao
QHSE Engineer
Garcia Sozinho
Sonangol
Rua Rainha Ginga, 77
Telefax: +244 222 334496
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 205193
garcia.sozinho@sonangol.co.ao
Environmental
Maria Ângela Correia
Sonangol
Rua Rainha Ginga, 77
Maria.correia@sonangolpp.com
Officer
Luanda
Raúl Silva Francisco
Sonagol
Rua Rainha Ginga, 77
Telephone: +244 222 353037
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 925 140797
raul.francisco@sonangolPP.com
Environmental
Patrícia Cruz
TOTAL
Rua Rainha Ginga
Cell phone: +244 923 575858
Officer
Luanda
patricia.cruz@total.com
Donors and Funders
Head Mathieu
Bousquete European
Commission
Rua Rainha Ginga, 45
Telephone: +244 222 391277
Food Security and Environment
3rd floor
Fax: +244 222 390825
Mathieu.bousquete@cec.eu.int
Representative
Anatólio Ndong Mba
Food and Agriculture Organization
Rua Major Kanhangulo, 197
Telephone: +244 222 393532
(FAO)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 331225
fao-ao@fao.org
Program Officer
Odílio Fernandes
Food and Agriculture Organization
Rua Major Kanhangulo, 197
Telephone: +244 222 393532
(FAO)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 331225
Cell phone: +244 912 244032
odilio.fernandes@fao.org
Director
Gita Welch
United Nations Development Program Rua Major Kanhangulo, 197
Telefax: +244 222 338111
(UNDP)
Luanda
gita.welch@undp.org
201
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Program Officer
Gabriela do Nascimento
United Nations Development Program Rua Major Kanhangulo, 197
Telefax: +244 222 338111
(UNDP)
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 510272
gabriela.nascimento@undp.org
Program Officer
Camilo Ceita
United Nations Development Program Rua Major Kanhangulo, 197
Telefax: +244 222 338111
(UNDP)
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 923 506025
gita.welch@undp.org
First Secretary
Lars Ekman
Royal Norwegian Embassy
Miramar
Telephone : +244 222 447522/ 922
Norwegian Development Agency
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 446248
(NORAD)
Cell phone: +244 923 640197
lars.ekman@mfa.no
Government Institutions (Provinces)
Administrator
Joaquim Bernardo
Kissama Municipality
Rua Direita da Muxima
Cell phone: +244 912 516997
Bengo
Cell phone: +244 923 560242
Capitain
Cabinda's Port Authority
Porto de Cabinda
Cabinda
Head of
Natalino Mateus
Luanda's Port Authority
Porto de Luanda
Cell phone: +244 923 469959
Department
Luanda
nmateus@portoluanda.co.ao
Head of Section
Kanga Miala
Luanda's Port Authority
Porto de Luanda
Telephone: +244 222 311453
Maritime Safety
Cell phone: +244 912 517752
Luanda
Capitain
Henrique Pedro
Lobito's Port Authority
Av. da Independência n.º 100
Telefax: +244 272 222401
2nd floor
Cell phone: +244 917 230527
Lobito
Cell phone: +244 923 429204
Provincial
Carlos Filomeno Martinó
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Benguela
Telefax: +244 272 32619
Director
Fisheries and Environment
Cell phone: +244 917 230246
Head of Section
Fernando Jacinto José
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Benguela
Telefax: +244 272 32619
Fisheries and Environment
Cell phone: +244 917 279310
Provincial
Neslon da Costa Matos
Instituto Desenvolvimento Florestal
Benguela
Telefax: +244 272 33979
Director
(IDF)
Cell phone: +244 923 398948
Forestry Development Institute
202
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Centre Director
Kumbi Kilongo
Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira
Restinga do Lobito
Fax: +244 272 32633
(INIP)
Lobito
Cell phone: +244 923 319481
National Fisheries Research Institute
kkilongo@gmail.com
Lobito Research Centre
Provincial
Celso Cunha
Provincial Directorate for Urban
Bengo
Cell phone: +244 923 602726
Director
Affairs and Environment
Head of
Augusto Andrade
Provincial Directorate for Urban
Bengo
Cell phone: +244 923 975316
Department
Affairs and Environment
Head of Section
Domingos Gamboa
Provincial Directorate for Urban
Bengo
Affairs and Environment
Director
Aléctor Araújo
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Cabinda
Telephone: +244 2312 22435
Fisheries and Environment
Fax: +244 2312 22200
Cell phone: +244 913 145782
Head of
Daniel Tati
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Cabinda
Telephone: +244 2312 22435
Department
Fisheries and Environment
Fax: +244 2312 22200
Cell phone: +244 923 667166
tatiluemba@hotmail.com
Alfredo Gabriel Buza
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Cabinda
Cell phone: +244 923 444581
Fisheries and Environment
buzaalfredo@hotmail.com
Provincial
Francisco Kapassola
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Kwanza Sul
Director
Fisheries and Environment
Head of
José Tunguno João
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Kwanza Sul
Cell phone: +244 923 620935
Department
Fisheries and Environment
Provincial
Eugénio Francisco João
Instituto Desenvolvimento Florestal
Kwanza Sul
Cell phone: +244 923 347893
Director
(IDF)
Forestry Development Institute
Provincial
Santos
Provincial Directorate for Urban
Luanda
Director
Affairs and Environment
203
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Provincial
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Namibe
Director
Fisheries and Environment
Head of Section
José Ngola
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Namibe
Telephone: +244 2642 61592
Fisheries and Environment
Cell phone: +244 916 462352
Centre Director
Quilanda Fidel
Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira
Namibe
Cell phone: +244 923 520539
(INIP)
fisofide@gmail.com
National Fisheries Research Institute
Namibe Research Centre
Provincial
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Zaire
Director
Fisheries and Environment
MINISTRY OF URBAN AFFAIRS AND ENVIRONMENT (Ministério do Urbanismo e Ambiente)
Director
João Vintém
Direcção Nacional do Ambiente
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 923 319468
National Directorate for Environment Luanda
vintem42@hotmail.com
minua@snet.co.ao
Head of
Maria Paulina
Direcção Nacional do Ambiente, Dpt
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cellphone: +244 924 100952
Department
Qualidade Ambiental
Luanda
National Directorate for Environment,
Environmental Quality Dpt.
Director
Soki Kuedikuenda
Direcção Nacional de Recursos
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 924 319465
Naturais
Luanda
sokikuedikuenda@yahoo.com.br
National Directorate for Natural
Resources
Director
Carlos Santos
Gabinete de Estudos, Pesquisa e
Rua Frederich Engels, 93
Cell phone: +244 923 319466
Estatística (GEPE)
3º Andar
c.santos@snet.co.ao
Office for Studies, Research and
Luanda
Statistic
204
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Director
Manuel Zangui
Direcção Nacional de Ordenamento de Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Território e Desenvolvimento Urbano
Luanda
(DNOTU)
National Directorate for Urban Affairs
and Development
Director
Santos Virgílio
Centro de Documentação e Informação Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 912 513777
(CDI)
Luanda
santos.virgilio@ebonet.net
Documentation and Information Centre
Director
Cabibi
Instituto Geográfico e Cadastral de
Largo Bressane Leite, 29
Angola (IGCA)
Luanda
Angolan Institute for Geodesy and
Cartography
Coordinator
Vladimir Russo
Unidade de Gestão e Coordenação da
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 912 226938
Biodiversidade
Luanda
mjicky@yahoo.com.br
Biodiversity Management and
Coordination Unit
Head of
Joaquim Lourenço
Direcção Nacional de Recursos
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 912 226938
Department
Naturais
Luanda
mjicky@yahoo.com.br
National Directorate for Natural
Resources
Head of
Nascimento António
Direcção Nacional de Recursos
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 30
Cell phone: +244 912 527053
Department
Naturais
Luanda
kidimambeko@yahoo.com.br
National Directorate for Natural
Resources
Co-coordinator
António Matias
Unidade Nacional de Ozono
Rua Fernando Brique, 78
Telephone: +244 228 740415
National Ozone Unit
Mutamba
Fax: +244 228 740414
Cell phone: +244 923 404351
unozono@nexus.ao
MINISTRY OF FISHERIES (Ministério das Pescas)
205
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Director
Francisca Delgado
Instituto Nacional de Investigação
Rua Mortala Mohamed
Telephone: +244 222 309007
Pesqueira (INIP)
Ilha de Luanda
Fax: +244 222 309078
National Fisheries Research Institute
Luanda
iim-directora-geral@angola-
minpescas.com
Director
Nkosi Luyeye
Instituto Nacional de Investigação
Rua Mortala Mohamed
Telephone: +244 222 309005
Pesqueira (INIP)
Ilha de Luanda
Fax: +244 222 309731
National Fisheries Research Institute
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 641731
nkluyeye@hotmail.com
Researcher
Domingos da Silva Neto
Instituto Nacional de Investigação
Rua Mortala Mohamed
Cell phone: +244 912 705326
Pesqueira (INIP)
Ilha de Luanda
vougadasilva@yahoo.com
National Fisheries Research Institute
Luanda
Head of
Bomba Bajika
Instituto Nacional de Investigação
Rua Mortala Mohamed
Cell phone: +244 912 450965
Department
Pesqueira (INIP)
Ilha de Luanda
Bsangolay2001@yahoo.com.br
National Fisheries Research Institute
Luanda
Director
Agostinho Duarte
Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da
Rua José Pedro Tuca
Telephone: + 244 222 334112
Pesca Artesanal e Aquicultura (IPA)
No. 36/38
Fax: + 244 222 393039
Institute for Development of Artisanal Luanda
Cell phone: + 244 923 318032
Fisheries and Aquaculture
ipartesanal@snet.co.ao
aduarte18@hotmail.com
Head of Division Pedro Kingombo
Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da
Rua Jose Pedro Tuca
Telephone: + 244 222 334112
Pesca Artesanal e Aquicultura (IPA)
No. 36/38
Fax: + 244 222 393039
Institute for Development of Artisanal Luanda
Cell phone: + 244 924 171716
Fisheries and Aquaculture
kingombo@hotmail.com
Júlia Airosa Ferreira
Ministry of Fisheries
Cell phone: + 244 924 822254
fjairosa@hotmail.com
Maria Francisca da Silva
Ministry of Fisheries
Fax: + 244 222 310911
Conceição
Cell phone: + 244 923 460305
mariafrancisca09@hotmail.com
Director
Maria de Lourdes Sardinha
BCLME Centre of Activity for
Rua Mortala Mohamed
Telefax: +244 222 309330
Biodiversity Health Ecosystem and
Ilha de Luanda
milu_sardinha@yahoo.com
Pollution
Luanda
bclme.behp@nexus.ao
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (Ministério da Agricultura)
206
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
Director
Tomás Caetano
Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal Largo António Jacinto
Telephone: +244 222 323934
(IDF)
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 516048
Forestry Development Institute
Deputy Director
Nazaré Veloso
Departamento do Ambiente
Largo António Jacinto
Cell phone: +244 912 213801
Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal Luanda
nazadom12@yahoo.com.br
(IDF)
Department of Environment, Forestry
Development Institute
MINISTRY OF PETROLEUM (Ministério dos Petróleos)
Director
Amadeu Azevedo
Direcção Nacional dos Petróleos
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 105
Telephone: +244 222 397277
National Directorate for Petroleum
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 396277
a.azevedo@snet.co.ao
Director Manuel
Xavier
Departamento
do
Ambiente Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 105
Cell phone: +244 924 254824
Environmental Department
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 396277
Staff
Ema Gomes
Departamento do Ambiente
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 105
Cell phone: +244 912 519026
Environmental Department
Luanda
marron_pt@yahoo.com
Staff
Helena André
Departamento do Ambiente
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 105
Cell phone: +244 912 519026
Environmental Department
Luanda
marron_pt@yahoo.com
MINISTRY OF DEFENSE (Ministério da Defesa)
Director
Força
Naval
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTS (Ministério dos Transportes)
Director
Direcção Nacional da Marinha
Mercante
Director
Gualberto João
Serviço Nacional de Meteorologia
Morro Bento
Nacional Meteorology Service
Luanda
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (Ministério da Educação)
Director
Instituto Nacional de Investigação e
Largo dos Ministérios
Desenvolvimento da Educação
Ministério da Educação, R/C
National Institute for Educational
Luanda
Research and Development
207
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
MINISTRY OF HOTELS AND TOURISM (Ministério da Hotelaria e Turismo)
Director
Januário Marra
Direcção Nacional de Actividades
Av. 4 de Fevereiro
Turísticas
Palácio de Vidro
National Directorate for Tourist
Luanda
Activities
Director
Lutete Nzinga
Direcção Nacional de Intercâmbio
Av. 4 de Fevereiro
Cell phone: +244 924 911812
National Directorate for Interchange
Palácio de Vidro
Fax: +244 222 310629
Luanda
lutenzi@yahoo.com.br
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS (Instituições de Pesquisa)
Coordinator
Elizabeth Matos
Centro Nacional de Recursos
Av. Revolução de Outubro
Telephone : +244 222 325673
Fitogenéticos (CNRF)
Luanda
Cellphone: +244 923 937353
Genetic Resources Centre
fitogen@ebonet.net
Curator
Pedro Moçambique
Centro Nacional de Recursos
Av. Revolução de Outubro
Telephone : +244 222 325673
Fitogenéticos (CNRF)
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 912 218865
Genetic Resources Centre
pedromocamb@hotmail.com
Head of
Evaldina Pedro
Centro Nacional de Recursos
Av. Revolução de Outubro
Telephone : +244 222 325673
Information
Fitogenéticos (CNRF)
Luanda
Cell phone: +244 923 607939
Genetic Resources Centre
cnrf@ebonet.net
Researcher
Manuela Pedro
Herbário de Luanda
Av. Revolução de Outubro
Cellphone: +244 923 512749
Luanda's Herbarium
Luanda
Director
Ana Paula Victor
Museu Nacional de História Natural
Rua da Muxima, 47
Telephone: +244 222 334055
(MNHN)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 338907
National Natural History Museum
hist.nat@netangola.com
Head of Section
Ana da Costa Lavres
Museu Nacional de História Natural
Rua da Muxima, 47
Telephone: +244 222 334055
(MNHN)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 338907
National Natural History Museum
Cell phone: +244 923 557537
alavres@yahoo.com
Head of
Francisca da Costa
Museu Nacional de História Natural
Rua da Muxima, 47
Telephone: +244 222 334055
Department
(MNHN)
Luanda
Fax: +244 222 338907
National Natural History Museum
Cell phone: +244 923 314991
hist.nat@netangola.com
208
Title / Position
Name
Department / Organisation
Location / Address
Contact Information
(Telephone, Fax, E-mail)
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS (Instituições Universitárias)
Dean
Orlando da Mata
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 80
Cell phone: +244 925 489071
Agostinho Neto
Luanda
orlandomata@yahoo.com
Faculty of Sciences, Agostinho Neto
University
Lecturer
Augusta Silva
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 80
Cell phone: +244 924 395269
Agostinho Neto
Luanda
augustasilva@yahoo.com
Faculty of Sciences, Agostinho Neto
University
Biologist
Michel Morais
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 80
Cell phone: +244 923 410186
Agostinho Neto
Luanda
dikunji@yahoo.com.br
Faculty of Sciences, Agostinho Neto
University
Biologist
Carlos Andrade
Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade
Av. 4 de Fevereiro, 80
Cellphone: +244 923 308210
Agostinho Neto
Luanda
calucarlos@hotmail.com
Faculty of Sciences, Agostinho Neto
University
Dean
Nuno Gomes
Faculty of Engineering Sciences and
Rua da Missão
Telephone: +244 222 338970
Technology, Universidade
Bairro Morro Bento II
Fax: +244 222 338968
Independente
Corimba
Cell phone: +244 912 690860
Faculdade de Ciências de Engenharia e Luanda
ngomes@unia.ao
Tecnologia, Independent University
Namibian Stakeholders Contact List
Table 7 Contact List for Namibian Stakeholders
Organization Name
Position
Telephone
Fax
E-mail
Address
Educational Institutions
Kuisebmund
P.Dausab Geography
064 - 205329
kuisebmundss@yahoo.co.uk P.O.Box 84
Secondary School
Teacher
064 - 206780
Walvis Bay
Kuisebmund
David O.
Science
064 - 205329
064 - 206780
kuisebmundss@yahoo.co.uk P.O.Box 84
209
Secondary School
Ajayi
Teacher
Walvis Bay
Kuisebmund
Sedekia
Principal 064
-
205329
kuisebmundss@yahoo.co.uk P.O.Box 84
Secondary School
Gottlieb
064 - 206780
Walvis Bay
Namibian Maritime Polli Andima
Director
064 20 6274
064 - 220945
andima@namfi.net
1st St East Old Navel Base
& Fisheries
Walvis Bay
Institute
Namibian Maritime Cornelius
Training
064 20 6274
mbunje@namfi.net
1st St East Old Navel Base
& Fisheries
Mbunje
Officer
Walvis Bay
Institute (NAMFI)
064 - 220945
Polytechnic of
P.
Head of
061 - 2072188
061 - 2072143
p.cunningham@polytechnic.
Polytechnic of Namibia
Namibia Nature
Cunningham
Department
edu.na
Private Bag 13388 Windhoek
Conservation
University of
K.S. Kavee
Lecturer
Namibia Fisheries
& Marine Science
061 - 20 3648
kauvee@unam.na
Windhoek, Namibia
University of
Lawrence
Mariculture
064 502 631
loellermann@unam.na
P.O.Box 462
Namibia Henties
Oellermann
Specialist
Henties Bay
Bay Research
Centre
(SANUMARC)
Fisheries
Confederation of
Volker
Chairman /
064 218422
064 218499
volker.kuntzsch@olfitra.com
Hangana Seafood (PTY) LTD
Namibian Fishing
Kunschzt
Managing
.na
58 Ben Amathila Ave.
Associations /
Director
Walvis Bay
Hangana Seafood
P.O. Box 26, Walvis Bay
Hanganeni Fishing
Dominique
Chairperson
064 500082
Nicky Iyambo Street,
Association
None
None
Hentis Bay
Novanam LTD
Estelle Sleidl
Management 063 20 2891
estellesleidl@novanam.com.
Erf 524 Industry Road
Groups of
na
P.O.Box 601 Luderitz
Companies
Government
Aquaculture,
Ekkelhard
Director
064 410 1000
ekkehardkl@mfmr.gov.na
Ministry of
Klingerhoeffer
R. Kasingo street opposite
Fisheries and
development bank, old BCLME
Marine resources
063-2002028
offices Windhoek
210
Min of Fisheries
Peter Shivute
Inspectorate
064 2016111
1st St East Old Navel Base,
and marine
Officer
P.O.Box 1595
resources
064 205008
Walvis Bay
Ministry of Mines
Kennedy
Diamond
061 - 2848320
khamutenya@mme.gov.na
Min. of Mines & Energy
and Energy
Hamutenya
Commission
061 2848380
1 Aviation Road, P/Bag X 13297,
er
Windhoek, Namibia
Directorate of
Petroleum
imulunga@mme.gov.na
Min. of Mines & Energy
Energy( Ministry of Immanuel N.
Commission
1 Aviation Road, P/Bag X 13297,
Mines and Energy)
Mulunga
er
061 2848212
061 2848200
Windhoek, Namibia
Min of Mines and
Joseph Iita
Permanent
061 284 8312
jiita@mme.gov.na
Min. of Mines & Energy
Energy
Secretary
1 Aviation Road, P/Bag X 13297,
061 220386
Windhoek, Namibia
Min. of
Teo Nghitila
Deputy
061 249015
061 240339
nghitila@dea.met.gov.na
Min. of Environment & Tourism
Environment &
Director,
F G I Building, Post St Arcade,
Tourism
Environment
Windhoek
al Affairs &
P/Bag 13346, Windhoek, Namibia
Tourism
Ministry of
Peter
Director:
061 205 3009
pamutenya@mfmr.gov.na
Windhoek
Fisheries and
Amutenya
Operations
Marine resources
(Operations)
061 2045031
Min. of Fisheries & Anna Erastus
Director:
061 2053121/3127
aerastusd@mfmr.gov.na
Min of Fisheries and Marine
Marine Resources
Policy,
Resources,
planning and
Economics
061 244161
Min. of Fisheries & Moses
Director of
064 4101132
061 2053015
mmaurihungirire@mfmr.gov
Min. of Fisheries & Marine
Marine Resources
Maurihungirire Management
.na
Resources
Resources
Strand Street, P.O. Box 912,
Swakopmund, Namibia
Min. of Fisheries & Nangula
Adv
061 2053007
061- 224566
nmbako@mfmr.gov.na
Min. of Fisheries & Marine
Marine Resources
Mbako
Permanent
Resources
Secretary
Brendan Simbwaye Square, Uhland
Str.
P/Bag 13355, Windhoek, Namibia
Min. of Mines &
Gabi
Director,
061 2848111
061 -249144
gschneider@mme.gov.na
Min. of Mines & Energy
211
Energy Schneider
Geological
1 Aviation Road, P/Bag X 13297,
Survey
Windhoek, Namibia
Min. of Works
Japhet Iitenge
Directorate
061 2088111
jiitenge@mwtc.gov.na
Min. of Works, Transport &
transport
of Maritime
Communication.
communication
Affairs(depu
Bell Str, Windhoek
ty director
P/Bag 13341, Windhoek, Namibia
operations
061 2848200
Dr. J.S. de Wet Director:
061 2087160 or
Ministry of
Directorate
2087149 wets@mawrd.gov.na
Agriculture, Water,
of Resource
Government Park Luther Street
and Forestry
Management 061
2087161
P/Bag 13184 Windhoek
Sinvula S.
Director:
Ministry of Finance
Budget 061-2092921
061-
221436
asinvula@mof.gov.na
Ministry of
Gosbert
Aquaculture
063 20 2415
Krepline Street, Shark Island
Fisheries and
Hamutenya
technician
Luderitz
marine resources
(Resource
management)
063 202495
Ministry of Trade
Andrew
Permanent
and Industry
Ndishishi
Secretary
061 283 7332
061 220227
Urland Road, Gutter Street
Ministry of Works,
Abraham
Maritime
Tel: 063 203969
German Hostel 2nd floor Office
transport &
Kazeundjwa
Affairs
Block, Luderitz
communication
063 203970
Namibian
Hage Geingob
Chairman of 061 2882595
061 224327
Parliament Building, Windhoek
Parliament
the
Parliamentar
y Standing
Committee
on
Economics
and Natural
Resources
Namibian Police
J.N.
Office of the 061 2094356
Windhoek
Protected Resource
Kamwanha
Inspector
Unit
General
061 2094331
212
National Marine
Ben Van Zyl
Deputy
064 4101000
064 404385
bvanzyl@mfmr.gov.na
Strand Street, P.O.Box 912,
Information and
Director
Swakopmund
Research Centre
(NatMIRC)
Local Government
Luderitz Town
Aunie
Manager
063 202041
063 202971
P.O.Box 19, Luderitz
Council
Gebhard
Economic
Developmen
t
aunie@itc.com.na
Municipality of
Derek Klazen
Walvis Bay
063 2013268
dklazen@walvisbaycc.org.na Civic Center, Nangolo Mbumba
Walvis Bay
Municipal
Dve,
Mayor
P/Bag 5017, Walvis Bay
Municipality of
David
Environment
064 214300
064 214310
duushona@walvisbaycc.org.
Civic Center, Nangolo Mbumba
Walvis Bay
Uushona
al Manager
na
Dve,
P/Bag 5017, Walvis Bay
Municipality of
Henties Bay 064 502 000
Jakkalsputz Road
Henties Bay
Municipal
P.O.Box 61 Henties Bay
Mayor
Swakopmund
Rosina
Mayor
064 4104204
064 4104213
swkmun@swkmun.com.na
P.O.Box 53 Swakopmund
Municipal Mayor
//Hoabes
Erongo Region
Samuel
Governor
064 - 4105700
064 - 4105704
nuuyoma@erc.com.na
Acasia Building
Nuuyoma
Tobias Hainyeko Street
Private Bag 5019
Swakopmund, Namibia
Mining
Chamber of Mines
Vincent
General
061 - 237925
061 - 222638
malango@iway.na
Channel life building, 4th floor,
Malango
Manager
post street mall
De Beers Marine
Fiona Olivier
Environment
061 - 2978215
fiona.olivier@debeersgroup.
P.O.Box 23016 Windhoek
Namibia
al Manager
061 - 2978120
com
Namibia
Mineral
resource
NAMDEB Bob
Barel
manager
063 - 235322
063 - 238378
Oranjemund
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
213
Coastal
Chairman
064 - 205057 (C) 081 064 - 200728
P.O. Box 786
Environmental
Keith Wearne
269 3280
Walvis Bay
Trust of Namibia
cetn@iafrica.com.na
(CETN)
Namibia Nature
Executive
061 - 248345
061 - 248344
P.O.Box 245
Foundation
Chris Brown
Director
4th floor
Kenya House
cb@nnf.org.na
Robert Mungabe Avenue
Windhoek
Food and
Agriculture
Mokati
Organization
061 204 6111
Parastatals
Marine Tourism
Association
Marco
064 200798
(Catamaran
VanVeeren
Chairman
0811295393
064 200598
seawolf@iway.na
Charters)
P.O.Box 434 Walvis Bay
Fisheries Observer
Dr Lizette
Head:
064 219514
1274, 1st Street East, P.O.Box
Agency
Voges
Information
Cell: 0811244130
064 219547
ivoges@foa.com.na
2903, Walvis Bay
Management
Meteorological
Climate &
Tel: 061 2877012 /
061 - 2877085
12 C Hugel Street Private bag
Services of
S. Mwangala
Data Bank
2877016
smwangala@yahoo.co.uk
13224 Windhoek
Namibia
National Petroleum
Health &
Corporation of
M. Kavendji
Safety,
061 2045021
061 20450330
1 Aviation Road, Petroleum House
Namibia (
Enviro
mkavendjii@namcor.com.na Private Bag 13196
NAMCOR)
Officer
Windhoek
National Petroleum
Robert
Engineering 061 2045043
061 20450330
mwanarob@namcor.com.na
1 Aviation Road, Petroleum Hous
Corporation of
Mwanachileng
Manager
Private Bag 13196
214
Namibia (
a
Windhoek
NAMCOR)
Namibia Ports
Raymond
Manager
064 208 2111
064 - 2082323
Raymond@namport.com.na
No 17 Rikumbi Kandanga Road
Authority
Visagie
SHREQ
P.O.Box 361 Walvis Bay
(NAMPORT)
Namibia Ports
Tim Eiman
Management 064 208 2339
064 - 2082333
tim@namport.com.na
No 17 Rikumbi Kandanga Road
Authority
Representati
P.O.Box 361 Walvis Bay
(NAMPORT)
ve
Namibia Tourism
Consumer
06s1 - 2906018
081 254848
infonguza@namibiatourism.
Ground Floor, Ssanlam Centre
Board
Services
com.na
&WernerList Street
Officer
Private Bag 13244
Nguza
Windhoek
Siyambango
Namibia
Namibian Ports
Widux
Port
063 - 2002018
Hafen Street P.O.Box 836
Authority
Kachenje
Manager
widux@namport.com.na
Luderitz
(NAMPORT)
Mutwa
Tel: 063-2002017
NAMPOWER Margaret
van
Kudu
061 - 2052338 061 -
061 - 2059338 061 -
Margaret.van.der.merwe@na
Nampower Centre, 15 Luther Street
der Merwe
Project
2054111
2052449
mpower.com.na
P.O.Box 2864 Windhoek Namibia
Leader
0811247978
South East Atlantic
Hashali
Executive
064 - 220387
064 - 220389
hamukuaya@seafo.org
South Eastern Atlantic Fisheries
Fisheries
Hamukuaya
Secretary
Organisation
Organization
Savvas Building,
(SEAFO)
C/o Nangolo Mbumba & 11th
Road,
P.O. Box 2496, Walvis Bay
Tullow Oil
Gerard Kegge
Special
Cell: 0811270895 061 - 249501
kegge@africaonline.com.na
18 Liliencron Street Unit 4,
Advisor
061 - 376601
Windhoek, Namibia P.O.Box
86593, Eros
Tullow Oil
Peter Owens
General
Cell: 0811222327
061 - 249501
Peter.owens@tullowoil.com
18 Liliencron Street Unit 4,
Manager
061 - 376602
Windhoek, Namibia P.O.Box
86593, Eros
Projects
215
Benguela Current
Frederick
Director,
064 - 4101107/6
fwbotes@benguela.org
Benguela Current Large Marine
Large Marine Eco-
Botes
LMR AC
Eco-
system Program,
system Program,
Living Marine
Living Marine Resources Activity
Resources Activity
Center,
Center
061 225 726
c/o Min. of Fisheries & Marine
(Swakopmund)
Resources,
Strand Street, Swakopmund
P.O. Box 525,
Benguela
Neville Sweijd Director
064 - 4101162
064 - 405913
nsweijd@benguela.org
BENEFIT SECRETARIAT
Environment
c/o Min. of Fisheries & Marine
Fisheries
Resources
Interaction &
Strand Street, P.O. Box 912,
Training Program
Swakopmund, Namibia
(BENEFIT)
Benguela
Pavitray Pillay Training
064 - 4101167
064 405913s
pavs@benguela.org
BENEFIT SECRETARIAT
Environment
and Capacity
c/o Min. of Fisheries & Marine
Fisheries
Building
Resources
Interaction &
officer
Strand Street, P.O. Box 912,
Training Program
Swakopmund, Namibia
(BENEFIT)
Namib Coast
Timo Mufeti
Project
064 - 403905 (C) 081
064 - 403906
tmufeti@nacoma.org.na
Standard Bank Building
Conservation and
Coordinator
124 4417
1st Floor, Swakopmund
Management
(NACOMA) project
216
South African Stakeholders Contact List
Table 8 Contact List for South African Stakeholders
Name
Department
Activities/Description
Location
Contact Person
Contact Details
Government
Department of
Marine and Coastal MCM is the regulatory authority responsible for
National Johann
Augustyn
augustyn@deat.gov.za
Environmental Affairs
Management
managing all marine and coastal activities.
and Tourism
Allocates and manages fishing rights, Regulates
recreational fishing, Manages marine protected
areas, Protects and monitors our coastal and
estuarine resources, Conducts research into fish
stocks, advises on the status of fish stocks,
Controls vehicle use on beaches, promotes fish
farming or mariculture.
Coastcare
The CoastCare program consists of projects and
National
Dr D E Malan
tel: 021 402 3911 fax:
products that contribute to the goals and objectives
021402 3009 email:
of the coastal policy.
czm@deat.gov.za web:
www.deat.gov.za or
www.seacoast.uwc.ac.za
The Department of
The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is
National
Mr MAR Khan
Tel: (021) 950 7100
Water Affairs and
the custodian of South Africa's water and forestry
Fax: (021) 946 366
Forestry
resources. It is primarily responsible for the
Cell: 082 809 2218
formulation and implementation of policy
khanr@dwaf.gov.za
governing these two sectors. It also has override
responsibility for water services provided by local
government
217
The Department of
The DST strives toward introducing measures that
National Gilbert
Siko
Science Platforms Unit
Science and Technology
put science and technology to work to make an
Gilbert.Siko@dst.
Science and Technology
impact on growth and development in a sustainable
gov.za
Expert Services
manner in areas that matter to all the people of
Department of Science and
South Africa.
Technology
Private Bag X894, Pretoria,
0001
Tel: +27 (0)12 843 6859
Cel: +27 (0)82 806 3552
Fax: +27 (0)86 681 0198
The Department of
The purpose of the department is to ensure the
National
Minerals and Energy
optimal utilisation and safe exploitation of mineral
and energy resources and the rehabilitation of the
surface.
The Department of
The South African
National
SA
Navy
Public
Department of Defence,
Defence
Navy
Relations:
Navy Office
Captain K.S.
Private Bag X104,
Wise, SM, MMM PRETORIA, 0001
Street: 224 Visagie Street,
PRETORIA
Fax: 012 339 4349
sanpro@telkomsa.net
Department of Education Office of the
National
Magister
Building
Minister
Room 910
123 Schoeman Street
Pretoria 0002
Tel: (012) 326 0126
Fax: (012) 323 5989
218
Western
Cape
Generating positive action through creating
Cape Town
Ms Sigi Howes
tel: 021 762 1622 fax: 021
Education
environmental awareness and influencing attitudes
762 8690 email:
Department -
of learners and teachers
postmaster@cce.wcape.scho
Centre for
ol.za
Conservation
Education
Northern
Cape
Imparts knowledge and awareness mainly due to
Kimberely
tel: 053 832 2143 fax: 053
Environmental
the people of the Northern Cape.
831 3530
Education
elameyer@grand.gov.ncape.z
Deaprtment
a
Department of Trade and Industry
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Transport
Department of Communications
Department
of
Defence
Ministry of Health
City of Cape Town
Environmental
Cape Town
Gregg Oelofse -
gregg.oelofse@capetown.gov
Management
Manager
.za tel: 021 487 2239
The Richtersveld Local
The vision of the Richtersveld Local Municipality
Richtersveld
Mr. Joseph Cloete
Municipality South
is to continuously strive to develop all the
Private Bag X 113
Africa
resources of the Richtersveld, including its natural,
Port Nolloth, , Republic of
cultural heritage
South Africa 8280
Tel: 027 851 8229
Fax: 027 851 8366
Email: port@lantic.co.za
Port Nolloth
Port Nolloth
Leander Phillips
Private Bag X 113
Municipality
Port Nolloth 8280
Tel: 027 851 8229
Fax: 027 851 8366
port@lantic.co.za
219
Kamiesberg Local
P.O Box 38
Municipality South
Garies, 8220
Africa
(027) 652 8000
Saldanha Bay
Saldanha
Bay
Basil
January
tel: 022 703 6111
Municipality
Berg River Local
bergmun@telkomsa.net
Municipality
Swartland
Municipality
swartlandmun@swartland.or
g.za
Breede Valley
Mr A Paulse -
apaulse@breedevallei.gov.za
Municipality
Municipal
Manager
Bitou Municipality
Plettenberg Bay
seitisho@plett.gov.za
Swartland
Municipality
swartlandmun@swartland.or
g.za
Cape Agulhas Local
Bredasdorp
Francois
Kotze
tel: 028 425 1157
Municipality
George Local
George
GW Louw -
tlotter@george.org.za
Municipality
Acting Manager
Cape Winelands District
mm@bolanddm.co.za
Municipality
Drakenstein
Municipality
ceo@drakenstein.gov.za
Knysna Municipality
Knysna
Mr J Douglas
jdouglas@knysna.gov.za
Matzikamma
munman@matzikamamun.co
Municipality
.za
Mossel
Bay
Municipality
admin@mosselbaymun.co.za
Overberg Municipality
W A Ekermans -
wekermans@odm.org.za
Municipal
Manager
Overstrand Local Municipality
Joe Koekemoer -
jkoekemoer@overstrand.gov.
Municipal
za
Manager
220
Eden District
mc@edendm.co.za
Municipality
Academic Institutions
Cape Technikon
Department of
Cape
Town
Mr
Conrad
sparksc@cput.ac.za tel: 021
University of
Oceanography
Sparks
460 3766
Technology (CPUT)
Department
of
Cape Town
Dr F Shillington
Oceanography
Department
of
Bellville
Cape
Mr Ilyas Omar
omari@cput.ac.za
Engineering
Town
University of Cape Town Department of
Cape Town
Prof Frank
tel: +27 (0) 21 650-3277
Ocean and
Shillington
shill@ocean.uct.ac.za
Atmosoheric
Sciences
Department
of
Cape Town
Kevin Winter
Tel: (021) 650 2875
Environmental and
winter@enviro.uct.ac.za
Geographical
Sciences
Marine
Remote
Cape
Town
Department
of
Oceanography
Sensing Unit
UCT, Private Bag X3
Rondebosch, Cape Town
South Africa, 7701
Tel: +27 (0) 21 650-3277
Fax: +27 (0) 21 650-3979
hodsea@ocean.uct.ac.za
www.sea.uct.ac.za
221
The
Centre
for
The Centre is a co-ordinator and facilitator of Cape Town
Mr
Geoff Centre for Marine Studies,
Marine Studies
multidisciplinary projects and workshops, and
Brunditt
University of Cape Town,
promotes marine, maritime and coastal studies and
Private Bag, Rondebosch,
job creation in southern Africa. Furthermore, the
7701
Centre offers a consultancy service that draws on
Tel:(21) 650-3283/3278
the diverse resource of highly skilled specialists in
Fax: SA (21) 650-3283
marine and coastal sciences amongst the
cms@ocean.uct.ac.za
University's teaching and research staff
Marine
Biology
The Marine Biological Research Institute (MBRI) Cape Town
Prof C Griffiths
Tel:
021
650
3610
Research Institute
co-ordinates and stimulates marine biological
Fax: 021 650 3301
research at the University of Cape Town. Scientists
Email: clgriff@pop.uct.ac.za
in the MBRI work on the ecology and physiology
of rocky and sandy shore organisms, and estuarine
organisms; fisheries and mariculture issues;
marine-protected areas; pollution; invertebrate
systematics; and the biology of the Benguela
upwelling system.
The
Avian
Its mission is to contribute to the understanding of Les
Underhill
email:
lgu@adu.uct.ac.za
tel:
Demography Unit
bird populations, especially population dynamics,
(021) 650-3434
and thus provide input to their conservation. We
achieve this through mass participation projects,
long-term monitoring, innovative statistical
modelling and population-level interpretation of
results. The emphasis is on the curation, analysis,
publication and dissemination of data.
Environmental
Involved in Fisheries and Coastal management
Rondebosch Cape Merle Sowman
http://www.eeu.uct.ac.za tel:
Evaluation Unit
Town
021 650 2866
Climate
Systems
CSAG is a dynamic group of multi-disciplinary Rondebosch Cape Bruce Hewitson
Tel (021) 650 27 84
Analysis Group
scientists with research projects linked to all Town
climate@enviro.uct.ac.za
aspects of the climate system
222
DiMP - Disaster
The unit encourages the integration of disaster
Rondebosch Cape
Dr Allison
holloway@enviro.uct.ac.za
Mitigation for
mitigation strategies with development programs,
Town
Hoolloway
Sustainable
particularly those targeted to economically
Livelihoods
vulnerable communities. DiMP carries out its
mission in three principal areas: collaborative
research, policy advocacy, education & training
University of the
Department of
The faculty of science involves cutting edge
Bellville Cape
Mark Gibbons
Tel: +27 21 959 2475
Western Cape
Biological and
research in areas such as Water Studies,
Town
Email: mgibbons@uwc.ac.za
Conservation
Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Population
Sciences
Studies, Mariculture, and Environmental Science.
The university also collaborates with leading
research institutions such as the South African
National Bioinformatics Institute and the
International Ocean Institute.
Program
for
Land
Post graduate teaching and research
Bellville Cape
Dr Moenieba
tel: 021 959 37333 fax: 021
and Agrarian
Town
Isaacs
959 3732 email:
Studies
misaacs.ac.za web:
EERU
-
The EERU has focused, over the years, on
Bellville Cape
Chermaine Klein
Tel. +27 21 959 2498
Environmnetal
developing a successful environmental education
Town
Fax. +27 21 959 5484
Education
program, a chief component of which, has been the
Website:
Resource Unit
development of resources
http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/ee
ru/
University of
Department of
Stellenbosch
Proff
JH
van
de
tel: 021-8083103
Stellenbosch
Geology,
Merwe
jhvdm@sun.ac.za
Geography and
Environmnetal
Studies
Research Institutions
223
International Ocean
Develops and offers high quality capacity building Cape Town
Kim Prochazka -
Dr Kim Prochazka
Institute - SA
and research programs that improve upon the
Director
Director, IOI-SA
sustainable livelihoods of poor and underprivileged
Department of Biodiversity
people living in coastal areas
and Conservation Biology
University of the Western
Cape
P. Bag X17, Bellville, 7535
Tel: +27 21 959 2594
Fax: +27 21 959 1213
http://www.ioisa.org.za/
Council for Scientific
Focuses on the biophysical aspects of coast, water, Stellenbosch Dr
Marius mclaasse@csir.co.za
and Industrial Research
terrestrial in Environmental Assessment, Air &
Claasen
Tel: +27 128412385
(CSIR)
Energy (air quality and environmental health
studies), of sustainable development, integrated
strongly with social and economic aspects
Oceanographic Research
The Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) is a Durban Allison
Moor
amoor@ori.org.za
Institute (ORI)
division of the South African Association for
Marine Biological Research (SAAMBR) which
strives to stimulate community awareness of the
marine environment through education and
promote wise, sustainable use of marine resources
through scientific investigation
The Two Ocean
Cape Town
Tel: + 27-21-418-3823
Aquarium
Fax: + 27-21-418-3952
aquarium@aquarium.co.za
224
South African
A non-government not-for-gain marine
Durban
PO Box 10712, Marine
Association for Marine
conservation organisation which also incorporates
Parade, Durban 4056
Biological Research
the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) and
Telephone: (031) 338-8222
(SAAMBR)
Sea World Education Centre
Fax: (031) 328-8188
E-mail: info@saambr.org.za
http://www.seaworld.org.za
South African Institute
Serving Africa's needs through Grahamstown Director
South African Institute for
for Aquatic Biodiversity
understanding fishes and aquatic
Prof Paul H Aquatic Biodiversity
(SAIAB)
environments.
Skelton,
Private Bag 1015
P.Skelton@ru.ac.
Grahamstown, 6140,
za
South Africa
tel: +27 46 603 5800
Fax: +27 46 622 2403
The UCT Partnership for Department of
The UCT Partnership for a Sustainable Cape Town
Cheryl de la Rey - Tel +27 (0)21 650 2173
a Sustainable
Research and
Environment (PASE) will work to ensure that UCT
Vice chancellor Fax +27 (0)21 686 0475
Environment
Innovation UCT
is identified as the internationally recognised leader
of research
delareyc@bremner.uct.ac.za
of research, teaching and outreach in the field of
environmental sustainability within the African
context.
225
SADCO - The Southern
SADCO stores, retrieves and manipulates multi-
Dr.
Marten
Telephone: +27 21 888 2520
African Data Centre for
disciplinary marine information from the areas
Gründlingh,
Oceanography
around southern Africa. SADCO is presently
Manager,
Fax: +27 21 888 2693
configuration and hosted by the CSIR and funded
SADCO
by a number of marine organisations in SA and
email: mgrundli@csir.co.za
Namibia, namely CSIR, SA Navy, Namibian
Ministry for Fisheries and Marine Resources, NRF,
http://sadco.csir.co.za
Marine and Coastal Management. SADCO is a
facility representing and serving virtually all
marine organisations in southern Africa. SADCO
is also recognised by the IOC as the official South
African mouthpiece in terms of international
exchange of marine data.
ACEP - African
http://www.acep.co.za
Coelacanth Ecosystem
Program
SANCOR
The South African Network for Coastal and
National
Ms Annette Schnetler
Oceanic Research (SANCOR) is a non-statutory
Email: annette@nrf.ac.za
body that generates and communicates knowledge
Tel: +27 (12) 481 4107
and advice. It promotes the wise and informed use
and management of marine and coastal resources
and environments.
ODINAfrica - Ocean
The goal is to improve the management of coastal
Mr
Mika
Odido
-
Project Manager
Data and Information
and marine resources and the environment in
Project Manager
Mr Mika Odido
Network for Africa
participating countries by: enhancing data flows
(m.odido@unesco.org
into the national oceanographic data and
information centres in the participating countries,
strengthening the capacity of these centres to
analyze and interpret the data so as to develop
products required for integrated management of the
coastal areas of Africa, and increase the delivery of
services to end users.
226
South African Wite
Cape Town
Jytte Ferraira
PO Box 50775, V&A
Shark Research Institute
Waterfront Cape Town 8002
tel: 021 552 9794 fax: 021
552 9795 email:
whiteshark@iafrica.com
web: www.whiteshark.co.za
The Orca Foundation
Facilitates the protection of Plettenberg bay by
Plettenberg bay
Sam Kaine
tel: 044 533 4897 cell: 082
(ocean research and
creating a multi user approach to managing the
880 2604 email:
conservation africa)
Bay. The main focus is on research, education and
info@orcafoundation.com
monitoring.
web:
www.orcafoundation.com
NGOs and CBOs
Lamberts Bay and
Lamberts Bay, Elands Bay environmental group.
Lambert Bay
James Duffus
Address: PoBox 244,
Elands Bay
Community group focusing on protecting the
Lamberts Bay
Environmental Group
sandveld natural heritage.
Phone:0836586677
(LEEG)
Email: duffus@telkomsa.net
The Endangered Wildlife
Conserves threatened species and ecosystems in
Johannesburg
Bernice Mclean
tel: 011 486 1102 email:
Trust
Southern Africa.
bernicem@ewt.org.za
Oceans of Africa
Cape Town
Belinda Ashton
The Whale Studio
PO Box 760 Noordhoek
7979 Cape Town
Tel +27 21 781 0456
Mobile 082 382 2118
oceansofafrica@iafrica.com
www.oceansofafrica.co.za
227
Wildlife and
Working directly with the public, local, provincial
Cape Town
Shaune
shaune@wessa.wcape.school
Environment Society of
and national government and other environmental
Rogashnig
.za tel: 021 701 1397
South Africa
organizations to press for effective environmental
planning and legislation, to offer better protection
of the environment.
Richtersveld Community
The people of the Richtersveld endeavored to set
Richtersveld Joani
Cloete joani@richtersveld.net
Conservancy
aside a portion of their land as a conservancy to be
conserved and used for research and tourism.
Marine Environmental
Cape
Town
Terry
Corr
-
meet@mweb.co.za
Trust - MEET
Director
SeaWatch
Concerned with the conservation of marine and
Betty's Bay
Mike Tannet -
Richards@gloablocean.co.za
coastal habitats, monitoring and reporting of
Coordinator
suspected marine crimes
SASSI - The South
SASSI was initiated in November 2004 in order to
jbarendse@wwf.org.za
African Sustainable
inform and educate all participants in the seafood
Seafood Initiative
trade, from wholesalers to restaurateurs through to
seafood lovers. The 3 primary objectives of SASSI
are:
1. Promote voluntary compliance of the law
through education and awareness
2. Shift consumer demand away from over-
exploited species to more sustainable options
3. Create awareness on marine conservation issues
The South North
The South-North Tourism Route is a string of
West Coast
Volenti van der
Joani
Tourism Route
community based tourism attractions, products and
Westhuizen
Tel : 027 851 7108
services stretching from Cape Town to the
Fax :027 851 7108
Richtersveld. The South-North Tourism Route
Association aims to market its members, as well as
E-mail: info@south-
ensure that tourism development occurs in line
north.co.za
with the principles of sustainable, equitable and
responsible tourism
228
Doringbaai Multi
The purpose of the MPRC is to provide a platform
Doringbaai Peter
Owies
doring@techtonic.co.za
Purpose Resource Centre
for sustainable development and to empower the
local community by providing access to
information and technology, education and
training, and by placing them at the forefront of
responsible tourism, small-scale farming and small
enterprise development
Hondeklipbay Multi
The purpose of the MPRC is to provide a platform
Hodeklipbaai Elize
Hough dog@hondeklip.co.za
Purpose Resource Centre
for sustainable development and to empower the
local community by providing access to
information and technology, education and
training, and by placing them at the forefront of
responsible tourism, small-scale farming and small
enterprise development
Peace Parks Foundation
Peace Parks Foundation facilitates the
Stellenbosch
Telephone: +27 (0)21 887
establishment of transfrontier conservation areas
6188
(peace parks) and develops human resources,
Telefax: +27 (0)21 887 6189
thereby supporting sustainable economic
e-mail: parks@ppf.org.za
development, the conservation of biodiversity and
regional peace and stability
SEAWaste Network
'Southern and East Africa Waste Management
Cape Town
Brenden
Tel +27 21 959 2074
Network'
Whittington Jones Fax +27 21 959 1213
Email bwhittington-
jones@uwc.ac.za
International Knowledge
IKM was created by an innovative and growing
Joseph
Stephanus
3 Bishop Road, Observatory,
Management (IKM)
group of people who are eager to provide a
7925, Cape Town
networking mechanism and a platform on which
pereb@iafrica.com.na
NGOs, CBOs and other organisations and
institutions can rely for addressing their needs
without creating dependencies and bottlenecks.
229
FAMDA Fishing and
Denver Baron
Fishing and Mariculture
Mariculture
Development Officer,
Development
Tel: +27 27 8518430
Association, South
Fax: +27 27 8518432 cell:
Africa
0824113970
Fair Trade in Tourism
Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa (FTTSA) is a
National
Jennifer Seif
South Africa
non-profit marketing organisation under the
jennifer@fairtourismsa.org.z
auspices of IUCN-SA (the World Conservation
a
Union - South Africa), which aims for Fair Trade
in the tourism industry. FTTSA promotes the
concept Fair Trade as well as the tourism activities
of related products. One of FTTSA's objectives is
to promote and strengthen the six Fair Trade in
Tourism South Africa principles in South Africa:
Fair Share;Democracy; Respect for human rights,
culture and environment; Reliability;
Transparency; Sustainability.
Noordhoek
Cape Town
Glenn Ashton
tel: 021 789 1751 email:
Environmental Action
ecogaia@iafrica.com
Group
Richtersveld Community
Richtersveld
Willem
floors@kingsley.co.za
Property Association
Diergaard,
Carmen Cloete
Richtersveld Traditional
Richtersveld
Gert
Links
gertlinks@lantic.net
Nama Council
Friends of die Swart
NGO environmental group, creating awareness
Doringbaai Name:Suzanne
du
Address:PO Box 191
Tobie
from Doringbaai to the Olifants River mouth
Plessis
Doringbaai 8151
Tel:0272151685
Phone:0272151685 Email:
Email:
kwela@intekom.co.za
kwela@intekom.c
o.za
230
Cape West Coast
Civil society on the West Coast recognised that
Darling
Gary de Kock
tel: +27 22 492 2750 CBR, P
Biosphere Reserve
urgent action was necessary to ensure that
O Box 283, DARLING 7345
appropriate development plans be put into place.
http://www.capebiosphere.co
The decision was therefore made to proclaim the
.za
Cape West Coast Biosphere, supported by all three
spheres of government.
Africa Health and
Green Clippings is a free weekly electronic news
Stellenbosch Richard
Weeden
P.O.Box 680
Development
service containing executive summaries of the
Stellenbosch, Western Cape,
Organisation
most critical and predominantly South African
Republic of South Africa
environmental news reported in the media.
7599
Tel: 021 8833935
Email:
gc@greenclippings.co.za
Web:
http://www.greenclippings.co
.za
Port Nolloth Heritage
Port Nolloth
Grazia de Beer
bedrock@icon.co.za
Trust
Port Nolloth Museum
Port Nolloth
Grazia de Beer
bedrock@icon.co.za
Strandlopers
Port Nolloth
Grazia de Beer
bedrock@icon.co.za
Alexander Bay Museum
Alexander Bay
Helene
Richtersveld Community
Richtersveld
Henley
Strauss
henleys@lantic.net
Based Natural Resouce
Management Program
School Environmental
Facilitating a broad based teacher and school
Cape Town
Leigh Brown
Tel: 021 447 7686 fax: 447
Education and
driven movement.
7686 seed@myafrica.com
Development (SEED)
231
Seal Alert - SA
Involved in addressing the historical imbalances
Hout Bay
Francois Hugo
Tel: 021 790 8774 cell: 072
caused by exploitation, disturbance and
5793154 email:
commercial sealing.
sealalert@arcticonline.net/sa
sealion@wam.co.za web:
www.sealalert.co.za
Knysna Estuarine
To raise awareness and educate the general public
Knysna Jim
Morel
tel: 083 400 3266 fax: 044
Aquarium
on the uniqueness of estuarine biodiversity
382 6302 email:
knysnaseahorse@cyberperk.c
o.za
MTN Whale Route
Promoting Whale Tourism, whale education and a
Knysna
Greg Vogt - CEO
whalemaster@mweb.co.za
healthy marine ennironment
web: cape-whaleroute.co.za
The Dolphin Action
National educational fundraising campaigns,
Cape Town
Nan Rice -
tel: 021 782 5854
Protection Group
protection and conservation.
Secretary
Qolweni Community
Community project in connection with the ORCA
Plettenberg bay
Sam Kaine
tel: 044 533 4897 cell: 082
Development Trust
foundation
880 2604 email:
info@orcafoundation.com
web:
www.orcafoundation.com
South African
Cape Town
Alan Jardine
tel: 021 557 6155 fax: 021
Foundation for the
557 8804 email:
Conservation of Coastal
info@sanccob.co.za web:
Birds (SANCCOB)
www.sanccob.co.za
Enviro-iafrica
Enviro-iafrica's mission will be to promote and
Alexander Bay
Winston Matthys
Address:Delwerskamp,
protect our living and natural resources along the
Posbus 372, Alexander Bay
Orange River wetlands
Phone:0735237652
Email:
winsonmatthys@hotmail.co
m
232
Zandvlei Estuary Nature
A functioning estuary along the false bay coastline
Cliff Dorse -
tel: 021 701 7542 fax: 021
Reserve
rich in plant, marine, bird and animal life
Reserve Manager
701 7542 email:
spmzandvlei@sybaweb.co.za
web:
www.zandvleitrust.org.za
The Zandvlei Trust
The Zandvlei Trust aims to conserve the
Vincent
tel: 021 788 3011 fax: 021
indigenous fauna and flora of the Zandvlei and to
Marincowitz -
788 5909 email:
enhance this natural resource for the benefit of all.
Chair
cincrntm@iafrica.com web:
www.zandvleitrust.org.za
Hondeklip Bay Abalone
Developed by the University of Stellenbocsh
Hondeklip Bay
Project
Private Sector
South African Ports
managing and Controlling the 7 ports of South
National
P
O
Box
32696
Authority
Africa
Braamfontein
2017
South Africa
Tel : +27 11 351 9001
Fax : +27 11 351 9023
Chamber of Mines
The Chamber of Mines of South Africa is a
Johannesburg
Mr Nikisi Lesufi - tel: 011 498 7661 fax: 011
prominent industry employers' organisation which
Environmental
498 7429 email:
exists to serve its members and promote their
Advisor
nlefusi@bullion.org.za web:
interests in the South African mining industry
www.bullion.org.za
SANParks Knysna
National
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Knysna Mr
Peet
Joubert
P.O. Box 314
Lake Area
manages a system of parks which represents the
seahorse.knysna
SANParks, Knysna, 6570.
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
@pixie.co.za
SANParks Building
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
Thesen Jetty, Thesen Island
Long Street Extention
Knysna
Cell 083 630 4594
Tel 044 382 2095
233
Namaqua
National
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Kammieskroon Priscilla
P O Box 117
Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Magerman -
Kamieskroon, 8241
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
People and
Tel: 027 672 1948
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
Conservation
Fax: 027 672 1015
Officer
priscillam@sanparks.org
West
Coast
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Noel
daniels
Park Manager
National Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Community
xolam@sanparks.org
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
Development in
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
West Coast
National park or
Richtersveld
Ai
Ai
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Mr Andy Davies
Tel: +27 (0)27 831 1506
Transfrontier Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Fax: +27 (0)27 831 1175
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
andyd@sanparks.org
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
Agulhas
National
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Cape Agulhas
Etienne Fourie -
Tel. (work): 028-435 6078
Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Park Manager or
Fax: 028-435 6225
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
Alliston Appel -
allistona@sanparks.org
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
People and
Conservation
Coordinator
Wilderness
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Garden Route
Jill Gordon - Park Tel +27 (0)44 877 1197
National Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Manager
Fax +27 (0)44 877 0366
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
Addo
Elephant
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Near Port Elizabeth Norman Johnson
Tel: +27 (0)42 233 8600
National Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
- Regional
Fax: +27 (0)42 233 8643.
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
Manager
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
234
Table
Mountain
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Cape Town
Paddy Gordon -
Shop A1, Ground Floor
National Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Park Manager or
Westlake Square
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
Paul Sieben -
Cnr Westlake Drive &
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
Marine Manager
Steenberg Road
Westlake 7945 tel: +27 (0)21
701 8692 Fax:+27 (0)21 701
8773 PaddyG@sanparks.org
Tsitsikamma
South African National Parks, (SANParks),
Garden Route
Madire Malepe -
Tel +27 42 281 1607
National Park
manages a system of parks which represents the
Park Manager
Fax +27 42 281 1843
indigenous fauna, flora, landscapes and associated
cultural heritage of the country. www.sanparks.org
De Beers Group
www.debeersgroup.com
Kimberely
Patti Wickens -
De Beers Consolidated
email:
Mines Limited36 Stockdale
patti.wickens@de
Street, Kimberley 8301,
beersgroup.com
South Africa
Tel: 021 673 1246
http://www.debeersgroup.co
m
De Beers Marine
Providing global marine mineral resource solutions Cape Town
Lesley Roos -
lesley.roos@debeersgroup.co
through the provision of innovative products and
Environmental
m tel: 021 410 4259
services. www.debeersgroup.com
management
coordinator
Alexkor
Ph:
(027)
8311330
Fax: (027) 8311910
www.alexkor.co.za
Transhex Mines Ltd
The Trans Hex Group is a leading group in
PO Box 723, Parow
exploration, mining and marketing of high quality
Cape Town, 7499
alluvial diamonds from both land and sea
Company Secretary
operations.
George Zacharias
Telephone:+27 (0) 21 937
2011
Fax: +27 (0) 21 937 2100
Email: info@transhex.co.za
http://www.transhex.co.za/
235
Legal Resources Centre
The Legal Resources Centre is an independent,
Johannesburg
Henk Smit
6th Floor Bram Fisher
(LRC) South Africa
client-based, non-profit public interest law centre
House, 25 Rissik Street,
which uses law as an instrument of justice. It
JOHANNESBURG 2001
works for the development of a fully democratic
P O Box 61174,
society based on the principle of substantive
Marshalltown 2017
equality, by providing legal services for the
Tel: (011) 838-6601
vulnerable and marginalized, including the poor,
Fax: (011) 838-4876
homeless, and landless people and communities of
Docex: 278 Johannesburg
South Africa who suffer discrimination by reason
of race, class, gender, disability or by reason of
Vincent Saldanha
social, economic, and historical circumstances.
vincent@lrc.org.za
http://www.lrc.org.za
Africa Geographic
Independent Magazine reporting on and about the
Cape Town
Peter Borchert -
tel: 021 7622180 fax: 021
African continent.
Editor
7622246 email:
wildmags@blackeaglemedia.
co.za web: www.africa-
geographic.com
Francois odendaal
Francois
claudio@fopfilms.co.za or
Productions
Odendaal or
francois@ecoafrica.co.za
Claudio
Valesquez
Irvin and Johnson (I&J)
South Africa's major fishing company and has a
Cape Town
Sharon Mattinson PO Box 1628 Cape Town
conserbvtion ethic that is entrenched throughout its
8000 Tel: 021 402 9212 fax:
activities. Sponsors many marine conservation
021 402 9378 email:
projects.
sharonm@ij.co.za web:
www.ij.co.za
Blue Ventures
Blue Ventures coordinates expeditions consisting
Blue
Ventures
Expeditions
of scientists and volunteers, working hand-in-hand
52 Avenue Road
with local biologists, governmental departments,
London, N6 5DR
NGOs and local communities, to carry out
tel: +44 (0)20 8341 9819
research, environmental awareness and
fax: +44 (0)20 8341 4821
conservation programs at threatened marine
www.blueventures.org
habitats around the world
236
Regional Initiatives
Distance Learning and
The Distance Learning and Information Sharing
Mr Francois Odendaal
Information Sharing
Tool is a website and a place where anyone
francois@ecoafrica.co.za
Tool (DLIST)
interested in coastal development can meet, talk,
ph: (021) 4483778
exchange information, and learn about how to use
fax: (021) 4472614
and manage natural resources in a sustainable
www.dlist.org
manner. The DLIST-Benguela community focuses
specifically on issues relevant to the coastal area
from Cape Agulhas to Northern Angola - the
Benguela Current Large Marine.
World Conservation
Assisting societies throughout the world in the
3rd Floor North Wing
Union (IUCN)
conservation and equitable and ecological
Hatfield Forum West, 1067
sustainability of the world natural resources
Arcadia Street
PO Box 11536
Hatfield 0028, Pretoria.
South Africa
tel: +27 (12) 342 8304/5/6
Fax: +27 (12) 342 8289
iucnsaiucn.org
http://www.iucnsa.org.za
World Wildlife Fund
WWF-SA focuses on the prevention of degradation Aaniyah
aomardien@wwf.org.za
(WWF) - SA Marine
of the South African natural environment, the
Omardien -
Program
conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable
Director
use of natural resources. This is achieved through
financing, networking, program management and
project development by engaging effectively with
strategic partners to access and share resources. In
this way, WWF-SA seeks to optimally support
conservation activities by facilitating
implementation.
237
Conservation
CI
applies
innovations
in science, economics,
Tessa Mildenhall
Private Bag X7 Claremont
International
policy and community participation to protect
Cape Town, , Republic of
Earth's richest regions of plant and animal diversity
South Africa 7735
in the biodiversity hotspots, high-biodiversity
wilderness areas as well as important marine
Tel: 021 - 799 8655
regions around the globe. With headquarters in
Fax: 021 - 762 6838
Washington, CI works in more than 40 countries
Email:
on four continents.
hanksppt@iafrica.com
www.conservation.org
Donors and Funders
The Global
Helps developing countries fund projects and
Al
Duda
-
aduda@thegef.org
Environmental Facility
programs that protect the global environment. GEF
International
(GEF)
grants support projects related to biodiversity,
Waters Director
climate change, international waters, land
degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic
pollutants
The National Research
Renee le Roux
Manager in the Knowledge
Foundation (NRF)
Fields Development
Directorate
PO Box 2600, Pretoria, 0001,
South Africa
Tel: + 27 12 481 4056
Cell: 082 447 7071
Fax: + 27 12 481 4005
Email: renee@nrf.ac.za
http://www.nrf.ac.za/
The United Nations
Nik
Sekhran
-
nik.sekhran@undp.org
Development Program
Southern African
(UNDP)
Regional Head
NORAD - The
A directorate under the Norwegian Ministry of
Volenti
P.O.Box 8034 Dep.
Norwegian Agency for
Foreign Affairs (MFA). Norad's most important
0030 Oslo
Development
task is to contribute in the international cooperation
Norway
Cooperation (Norad)
to fight poverty
Tel: +47 22 24 20 30
Fax: +47 22 24 20 31
238
E-mail:
postmottak@norad.no
http://www.norad.no/
The Swiss Development
Nathalie
1185 Park Street, Unit 4,
Corporation
Barbancho -
Private Bag X37 Hatfield -
Program Officer
Pretoria 0028 (South
Africa) Tel. +27 12 362 2972
nathalie.barbancho@sdc.net
www.sdc.org.za
The World Bank
Its mission is to fight poverty and improve the
Karsten
Natural Resource
living standards of people in the developing world.
Feuerriegel
Management Specialist
It is a development Bank which provides loans,
The World Bank - South
policy advice, technical assistance and knowledge
African Resident Mission
sharing services to low and middle income
Office Tel: +27 12 431 3133
countries to reduce poverty. The Bank promotes
Office Fax: +27 12 431
growth to create jobs and to empower poor people
3134/5
to take advantage of these opportunities
Cell: +27 0824136117
GTZ Transform
Is concerned with international cooperation for
Johannes
Baumgart
sustainable development. We operate worldwide.
Tel: +27 12 342 3174
GTZ provides viable, forward-looking solutions
Fax: +27 12 342 3178
for political, economic, ecological and social
Email:
development in a globalized world. We support
johannes.baumgart@gtz.de
complex reforms and change processes. All our
http://www.gtz.de/en/
activities are geared to improving people's living
conditions and prospects on a sustainable basis
Consultants
EcoAfrica
Cape
Town
Francois
3 Bishop Road Observatory
Environmental
Odendaal
7925 Cape Town tel: (021)
Consultants
4483778, fax: (021) 447
2614
francois@ecoafrica.co.za
239
Blue Pebble
Knysna
Johnathan
bluepebble@iafrica.com
Environmental
Kingwell
Consultants
South African National
John
Dini
tel
:
012
843
5292
Botanical Institute
dini@sanbi.org
Working
for
John Dini
tel : 012 843 5292
Wetlands
dini@sanbi.org
CAPE Nature
Cape Action for People and the Environment
Cape Town
Sulet Gildenhuys
(C.A.P.E.) is a program of the South African
(021) 866-8000
Government, with support from international
gildens@cncjnk.wcape.gov.z
donors, to protect the rich biological heritage of the
a
Cape Floristic Region (CFR). C.A.P.E seeks to
unleash the economic potential of land and marine
resources through focused investment in
development of key resources, while conserving
nature and ensuring that all people benefit.
African Centre for Water
The African Centre for Water Research (ACWR) is Cape Town
Anton Earle
Address: Office 303, 47 On
Research
an independent research and capacity building
Strand, Cape Town, 8001,
organisation based in Cape Town, South Africa.
South Africa
The ACWR works in partnership with a range of
Phone: +27(0)21 4244821
regional and international organisations to promote
Email:
the integrated management and sustainable
antonearle@acwr.co.za
development of the southern African regions water
Website: www.acwr.co.za
resources.
The Water Resource
The WRC operates in terms of the Water Research
Pretoria
http://www.wrc.org.za
Commission South
Act (Act 34 of 1971) and its mandate is to support
Telephone: +27-12-330-0340
Africa
water research and development as well as the
Fax: +27-12-331-2565
building of a sustainable water research capacity in
E-Mail: info@wrc.org.za
South Africa. The WRC serves as the country's
water-centred knowledge `hub' leading the
creation, dissemination and application of water-
centred knowledge, focusing on water resource
management, water-linked ecosystems, water use
and waste management and water utilisation in
agriculture.
240
South African
SAEON is a research facility that establishes and
Pretoria Johan
Pauw
-
tel: (012) 392-9371; email:
Environmental
maintains nodes (environmental observatories,
Director
johan@saeon.ac.za
Observation Network
field stations or sites) linked by an information
management network to serve as research and
education platforms for long-term studies of
ecosystems that will provide for incremental
advances in our understanding of ecosystems and
our ability to detect, predict and react to
environmental change.
Antarctic and Southern
An internation coalition of NGOs from around the
Anton
Boonzaier
tel: 021 422 5594 email:
Ocean Coalition
world focussed on the protection and conservation
- Southern Africa
asoc-safrica@mweb.co.za
of the environment of the Antarctic and Southern
campaign
web: www.asoc.org
Ocean
Mondi Wetlands Project
Wetlands conservation in South Africa
Pretoria
David Lindley -
tel: 012 667 6597 email:
Manager
info@wetland.org web:
www.wetland.org.za
Global Ocean
Aquaculture Solutions
Somerset West
Mark Miles
tel: 021 852 8967
markm@globalocean.co.za
web: www.globalocean.co.za
Aqua Catch CC
Provides Consultancy Services related to aquatic
Cape Town
Dr Barbara Gale
tel: 021 987 2566 fax: 021
ecology, aquatic environments, aquatic
987 2566 email:
conservation, integrated catchment management
gale@aquacatch.co.za web:
and water demand management.
www.aquacatch.co.za
241
Annex B Stakeholder Questionnaire
BCLME SAP Implementation Stakeholder Participation Consultation Feedback
The Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Program has developed a
Strategic Action Program (SAP) for promoting sustainable management of shared
marine resources by Namibia, South Africa and Angola. In order to implement the
SAP, the BCLME is requesting funding from the Global Environment Facility. In
support of this application, Integrated Environmental Consultants Namibia (IECN)
and Eco-Africa are preparing a detailed stakeholder participation plan outlining how
various stakeholders will contribute to the SAP Implementation Project. Please fill
out the following questions regarding the role that your institution wishes to play in
the SAP Implementation Project. This information can also be sent to us in an
alternate format if you would prefer, so long as all of the questions listed below are
covered. If you have any questions about the form or the process, please contact
Nadine Pinnell or Lydia Mlunga at 061 249 204 or n.pinnell@iecn-namibia.com or
l.mlunga@iecn-namibia.com.
Name of Contact Person:
Position:
Organization / Institution:
Section 1: Context of Stakeholder Involvement in BCLME program
What sector does your institution belong to (parastatal, government, NGO, private
business)?
_____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
What is your institution's overall mandate (Please highlight any activities you carry
out that are related to the marine environment)?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Please indicate what involvement (if any) your institution has had with the BCLME
program previously.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
What is the approximate number of staff in your organization?
___________________________________________________________
How many staff members (if any) have been involved in the BCLME program? What
positions do they hold in the organization?
___________________________________________________________
242
Section 2: Projected institutional contributions or role in achieving the desired outputs of the BCLME SAP Implementation
Project (2008 2011)
Draft outputs for the BCLME
Institutional contributions to or
Value of
Desired
Any additional support
SAP Implementation project
role to play in the achievement
contribution to
timing or
required from BCLME
of the output
outputs (cash or in timing
to facilitate
kind)
constraints
contribution (eg. Admin
support, etc)
Draft output 1.1: Adoption of a
formal Regional structure for a
Benguela Current Commission
based on BCLME program
experiences.
Draft Output 1.2:
Negotiation and Formal Signature
of a Regional BCLME Treaty or
similar Multilateral Binding
Agreement
Draft Output 2.1: Identification of
National Structures in support of a
Benguela Current Commission
(e.g. National Policy Focal Point,
National Technical Focal Point,
Coordinating Institutions).
Draft Output 2.2:
Harmonization of National
Policies to reflect Country
Commitments to the Regional
BCC Treaty (as well as other
243
Draft outputs for the BCLME
Institutional contributions to or
Value of
Desired
Any additional support
SAP Implementation project
role to play in the achievement
contribution to
timing or
required from BCLME
of the output
outputs (cash or in timing
to facilitate
kind)
constraints
contribution (eg. Admin
support, etc)
Pertinent International and
Regional Agreements).
Output 3.1: Adoption and
Implementation of a Strategic
Work-Plan and Associated
Benchmarks for Delivery of
Requisite Training and Capacity
Building.
Draft Output 3.2: Assessment,
Identification and Adoption of
Fiscal and Financial Mechanisms
at the National and Regional Level
to support the LME Management
Approach (including the BCC and
associated national structures).
Draft Output 3.3 is Negotiation
and Formal Adoption of
Partnership Agreements and
Linkages for the BCLME
Management Approach.
244
Draft outputs for the BCLME
Institutional contributions to or
Value of
Desired
Any additional support
SAP Implementation project
role to play in the achievement
contribution to
timing or
required from BCLME
of the output
outputs (cash or in timing
to facilitate
kind)
constraints
contribution (eg. Admin
support, etc)
Draft Output 4.1 is Capture of
Lessons and Best Practices for
Transfer and Replication within
BCLME (Including IW:LEARN
and D-LIST).
Draft Output 4.2 is Development
of Networking Partnerships with
other LMEs.
245
Section 3:
1. Are there any factors or threats that could affect your ability to provide the inputs
described above to the BCLME project? Please list all possible threats.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
2. Are there any other contributions that your institution will make to the BCLME
project that have not been covered above?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Stakeholder feedback is very important throughout the project implementation
process. Please rank the feedback methods listed below to indicate how you would
prefer to provide feedback to the project implementation process:
At meeting(s) held in (indicate preference):
· Namibia
· Angola
· South Africa
Every
· Six Months
· Year
· Two Years
· At the end of the project
Web based- forum or discussion board
Email surveys
Any other methods: ________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. If there is any other feedback or comments you would like to provide to the
Stakeholder Participation Process, please include that here.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Please email the completed questionnaire to n.pinnell@iecn-namibia.com or l.mlunga@iecn-namibia.com,
or fax it to 061 249 205.
246
Annex C List of Consultations
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for Angola
Table 9 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From Angolan Stakeholders
Focal person
Institution
Position
Response
1
Abias Huongo
JEA Juventude Ecológica Angolana
President Questionnaire
received
Ecological Youth of Angola
11-June-2007
2
Agostinho Duarte
Instituto para o Desenvolvimento da Pesca Artesanal e
Director Questionnaire
received
Aquaicultura (IPA), Ministério das Pescas
4-June-2007
Institute for Development of Artisanal Fisheries and
Aquacultura, Ministry of Fisheries
3
Ana da Costa Lavres
Museu Nacional de História Natural (MNHN)
Head of Section
Phone consultation
National Natural History Museum
12-June-2007
4
Cidalina Costa
Direcção Nacional de Infra-Estrutura e Pesquisa de Mercados
Head of Department
Questionnaire received
(DNIPM), Ministério das Pescas
4-June-2007
National Directorate for Infrastructure and Market Survey,
Ministry of Fisheries
5
Domingos da Silva Neto
Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira, Ministério das Pescas
Researcher
Phone consultation
National Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries
11-June-2007
6
Fernando Jacinto José
Direccção Provincial de Agricultura, Pescas e Ambiente
Head of Section
Phone consultation
Benguela
12-June-2007
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture, Fisheries and
Environment Benguela
7
Gabriela do Nascimento
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Program Officer
Questionnaire received
12-June-2007
8
Helena André
Departamento do Ambiente, Ministério dos Petróleos
Staff Questionnaire
received
Environmental Department, Ministry of Petroleum
4-June-2007
9
Maria Paulina
Dpt. Qualidade Ambiental, Direcção Nacional do Ambiente,
Technical Staff
Phone consultation
Ministério do Urbanismo e Ambiente
11-June-2007
Environmental Quality Dpt, National Directorate for
Environment, Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment
247
Focal person
Institution
Position
Response
10 Natalino Mateus
Porto de Luanda
Head of Department
Phone consultation
Luanda's Port Authority
12-June-2007
11 Santos Virgílio
Centro de Documentação e Informação (CDI), Ministério do
Director
Phone consultation
Urbanismo e Ambiente
12-June-2007
Documentation and Information Centre, Ministry of Urban
Affairs and Environment
12 Vladimir Russo
Unidade de Gestão e Coordenação da Biodiversidade, Ministério Coordinator Questionnaire
received
do Urbanismo e Ambiente
12-June-2007
Biodiversity Unit, Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment
13 Nuno Gomes
Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Universidade
Dean
Phone consultation
Independente
13-June-2007
Faculdade de Ciências de Engenharia e Tecnologia, Independent
University
14 Sérgio Calundungo
ADRA Acção para o Desenvolvimento Rural e Ambiente
Director
Phone consultation
Action for Rural Development and Environment
13-June-2007
15 Raúl Silva Francisco
Sonangol P&P
Present at stakeholders meeting
Questionnaire received
13-June-2007
248
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for Namibia
Table 10 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From Namibian Stakeholders
#
Focal Person
Position
Institution
Day
1
Polli Andema
Director
Namibian Maritime and Fisheries
22 March
2
Cornelius Bundje
Training Officer
institute (NAMFI)
3 Peter
Shivute
Inspectorate
Officer
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
22 March
Resources
4
Dr Neville Sweijd
Director
Benguela Environment Fisheries
23 March
5
Pavitray Pillay
Training Officer
Interaction & Training Program
(BENEFIT)
6
Samuel Nuuyoma
Governor
Erongo Regional Council
23 March
7
Timo Mufeti
Project Coordinator
Namib Coast Conservation and
23 March
Management (NACOMA) project
8
Mr Volker Kuntzsch
Managing Director
Hangana Seafood Fishing Company and
26 March
Confederation of Namibian Fishing
9
Ben Van Zyl
Deputy Director: Resource Management
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
26 March
Resources
10
Rosina // Hoabes
Mayor
Swakopmund Municipality
26 March
11
Derek Klazen David
Mayor
Walvis Bay Municipality
26 March
12
Uushona
Manager: Solid waste & Environnemental Management
13
Dr Hashali Hamukuaya
Executive Secretary
South East Atlantic Fisheries
26 March
Organization (SEAFO)
14
Mr Dominique
Chair Man
Hanaganeni Fishing Association
27 March
15 Larry
Oellermann
Mariculture
Specialist
University of Namibia (UNAM) (Henties
27 March
Bay)
16
Sedekia N. Gottlieb David O.
Principal
Kuisebmund Secondary School
27 March
17
Ajaji
Science teacher
18
Daniel P. Dausab
Geography teacher
19
Raymond Visaggie
Manager: SHREQ
NAMPORT 27
March
20
Tim Eiman
Management Representative (EMS)
21
Keith Wearne
Coastal Environmental Trust Of Namibia 27 March
(CETN)
22
Dr Lizette Voges
Manager
Fisheries Observer Agency
27 March
249
23
Marco Van Veeren
Chairman
Marine Tourism Association
11 April
24
Abraham Kazeundjwa
Ministry of Works, Transport &
18 April
25
Simeon G
Communication
26
Mr Gosbert Hamutenya
Aquaculture technician
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
18 April
Resources
27
Mr Widux Kachenje Mutwa
Port Manager
Namibian Ports Authority (NAMPORT)
19 April
28
Ms Aune Gerbhard
Manager of Economic Development
Luderitz Town Council
19 April
29
Japhet Iitenge
Directorate: Pollution
Ministry of Works Transport and
23 April
communication
30
Kauvee IKV
Lecturer
University of Namibia (Fisheries
23 April
Department)
31 Andrew
Ndishishi
Permanent
Secretary
Ministry of Trade and Industry
24 April
32
Moses Maurihungirire
Director: Management Resources
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
26 April
resources
33
Ms Margaret Van der Merwe
Kudu Gas Project Leader
NAMPOWER
30 April
Kudu Project Leader
34
Dr J.S. de Wet
Directorate: Resource Management
Ministry of Agriculture Water and
02 May
Forestry
35
Mr Imanuel Mulunga
Petroleum Commissioner
Ministry of Mines and Energy
3 May
36
Mr Ger Kegge
Personal Advisor
Tullow Oil (Kudu gas Africa)
08 May
37
Peter Owens
General Manager
Tullow Oil (Kudu gas Africa)
08 May
38
S. Mwangala
Climate and Data Bank
Meteorological Services of Namibia
10 May
39
Moses Kavendji
Safety , Health and Environmental Officer
National Petroleum Corporation of
10 May
40
Robert Mwainachilenga
Engineering Manager
Namibia (NAMCOR)
41
Vincent Malango
General Manager
Chamber of mines
10 May
42
Teo Nghitila
Ministry of Environment and Tourism
250
List of Consultations and Questionnaires for South Africa
Table 11 List of Consultations Done and Questionnaires Received From South African Stakeholders
Date of consultation /
Focal person
Position
Institution
questionnaire received
1
Alana Duffel Canham
Project Manager/Consultant Anchor
Environmental
Consultants CC
Questionnaire received
13 June 2007
2
Annette Schnetler
SANCOR secretariat
National Research Foundation Questionnaire
received
13 June 2007
3
F A Shillington
Head of Department
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town
Questionnaire received
13 June 2007
4
Gregg Oelofse
Head: Environmental Policy
City of Cape Town
Questionnaire received
and Strategy
13 June 2007
5
Henley Strauss
CEO
HSS Development and Environmental CC
Questionnaire received
16 may 2007
6
Ilyas Omar
Lecturer
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
Questionnaire received
Department of Mechanical/Electrical Engineering
9 May 2007
7
Joani Cloete
Administrative Officer
Richtersveld Conservancy
Questionnaire received
8
Jocelyn Collins
Deputy Director
International Ocean Institute of South Africa
Questionnaire received
13 June 2007
9
Larry Hutchings and Johann
Chief Director: Research,
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism Marine and Questionnaire received
Augustyn
Antarctica and Island
Coastal Management
8 June 2007
10 Lesley
Roos
Environmental Manager
De Beers Marine
Questionnaire received
11 June 2007
11 Malinda
Gardener
Tourism
West Coast District Municipality Questionnaire
received
Information/Development
11 June 2007
Officer
12 Mark Gibbons
Proffesor
University of the Western Cape Department of Biodiversity
Personal Interview
and Conservation Biology
9 May 2007
13 Naseegh
Jaffer
Director
Masi Fundise
Questionnaire recievd
13 June 2007
14 Peet Joubert
South African National Parks Knysna National Lake Area
Questionnaire received
12 June 2007
15 Rean van der Merwe
DLIST Architect
Distance Learning and Information Sharing Tool Questionnaire
received
12 June 2007
251
16 Suzanne du Plessis
N/A
Friends of Die Swart Tobie
Questionnaire received
11 June 2007
17 Wilna Oppel
Assistant Director Coastal
Provincial Department of Tourism, Environment and
Questionnaire received
Management
Conservation, Northern Cape
12 June 2007
252
Annex D Detailed Stakeholder Consultation Results
Detailed Consultation Results for Angola
Table 12- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders - Angola
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Academic and Research Institutions
Museu Nacional de Conservation, preservation
- Participation in discussions - English language training
- English language is an
- English language
História Natural
and taxidermal classification
and projects (namely in
- Technical training in e.g.
obstacle to participation
training
(MNHN)
of species, including marine
terms of storage and
databases
and active involvement
National Natural
species.
treatment of species
- Could collaborate in preparing
History Museum
collected, publication of
training material
results)
- Information dissemination
- Data received from the
BCLME program
- The Museum has been
approached regarding
possible training, but this
never happened
Universidade
Teaching and scientific
No involvement
- Interest in participating in
- Financial limitations in
- Information about
Independente,
research. Relevant degrees
provision of training, as well as
case there is need to
the BCLME
Faculdade de
are Natural resources and
in research and post-grad
attend international
Program more
Ciências da
Environmental Engineering,
projects especially if in
meetings
easily made
Engenharia e
and Civil Engineering.
partnership with other
- Training needs in the
accessible to all
Tecnologia
universities.
case of involvement in
academic
Independent
- Participation in sharing of best
environmental
institutions
University, Faculty
practices, experiences and
monitoring activities
of Engineering
information with other research
- Limited information
Sciences and
and academic institutions
regarding the BCLME
Technology
- Interest in area of marine and
Program
coastal environmental
monitoring
253
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
- Interest in partnerships with
other universities
Local authorities
Direccção
Provide environmental
Participation, in partnership
- Participation in provision of
Internal institutional
Needs to be solved
Provincial de
assessments of proposed
with JEA, in a trainers'
continuous training (e.g. need to problem (unclear definition internally
Agricultura, Pescas projects
training program (Projecto
follow up on Projecto Renascer) of mandate), creating
e Ambiente
Renascer) that focused on
- Information and education
uncertainties in
Benguela
general environmental issues
campaigns
communication and access
Provincial
- Exchange of information and
to information at the
Directorate for
experiences in terms of
national level
Agriculture,
important issues for the
Fisheries and
province such as desertification,
Environment
land degradation, and
Benguela
urbanization
Government ministries and departments
Direcção Nacional
Deals with environmental
- Participation in training
- The National Directorate for
- The major barrier is the
- There needs to be
do Ambiente
sanitation, urban
programs
Environment has institutional
language
more training in
Departamanto de
environment, waste
- Participation in project to
responsibility in terms of the
- Other obstacles are poor
English language
Qualidade
management, marine
assess terrestrial sources of
formalisation of the BCC
legislation in the country
to allow for
Ambiental,
pollution from terrestrial
marine pollution
structure
and poor institutional
stronger
Ministério do
sources, environmental
- Participation in institutional - Important role in terms of cross
integration
involvement of
Urbanismo e
awareness raising and cross
workshops
sectoral integration with regards
the Directorate in
Ambiente
sectoral integration in terms
to harmonisation of national
the Program and
National
of environmental issues
policies
for sharing
Directorate for
- Participation in activities/ efforts
experiences
Environment
towards marine effluent quality
Environmental
management, education of
Quality Dpt.,
fishermen, monitoring of the
254
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Ministry of Urban
marine environment, and coastal
Affairs and
zone management
Environment
- Responsibility to pass
information on to other countries
in terms of Angola's experience
with marine environment issues
Centro de
To collect all kinds of
- Participation in meetings
- Important point in Angola in
- English language
- Training and
Documentação e
information relating to the
and workshops
terms of communication
- Insufficient human and
experience
Informação (CDI),
ministry's mandate, namely: - Continuous exchange of
- Provision, access and exchange
technical resources
sharing in terms
Ministério do
land use planning, urban
information
of information on policies
- Database is still being
of data
Urbanismo e
affairs, housing,
- Opportunity to provide
- Incorporation of stronger
created, information is
management and
Ambiente
environment, and natural
students with information
communication component in all
currently dispersed
creation of
Documentation and resources.
on BCLME related aspects
activities and results of the
databases
Information
Program
- Participation in
Centre, Ministry of
- Information dissemination
English language
Urban Affairs and
- Promotion of communication of
training
Environment
results to public in general
- Capacity and training, as well as
sharing of experiences with other
countries, in order to assist in the
ongoing development of a
database
Instituto de
To contribute to the
- Participation in research
- It is hoped that BCLME 2 will
- No involvement of
- Workshops with
Investigação
promotion of living marine
projects
focus more on management
politicians in workshops
participation of
Pesqueira,
resources and a better use of - Attendance in training and
projects to implement the results
on policy harmonization
managers
Ministério das
fisheries and fisheries
workshops
of the first phase
during the first phase
- Active awareness
Pescas
products. Also to advise the - Closer collaboration with
- Stronger involvement from
- Different computer
raising directed at
National Fisheries
ministry on management
Namibia and South Africa
Angolan stakeholders in general
languages used in the
governments so
Research Institute,
policies
and enhanced knowledge of - Advisory role in terms of
three countries'
that they take
Ministry of
the resources' distribution,
harmonisation of national
databases
greater
Fisheries
in particular of shared
policies
responsibility in
resources (which has
- Biodiversity project:
terms of funding
facilitated decision making
management together with local
and direct
255
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
in terms of fisheries
communities
investment
policies)
- Make information more easily
- Convenient to
- Involvement has
available - INIP is busy
harmonise the
contributed to capacity
preparing a data policy and data
databases in the
building at INIP
usage regulations
three countries in
- Link with the Golf of Guinea
terms of their
LME
computer
language
Instituto para o
Promotion and development - Socio-economic assessment -
-
-
Desenvolvimento
of artisanal fisheries, both
of artisanal fishing
da Pesca Artesanal
marine and inland, as well
communities in the BCLME
e da Aquicultura
as aquaculture. Activities
countries
(IPA), Ministério
focus on fishing community - Assessment of statistical
das Pescas
development, identification
data relating to artisanal
Institute for
of funding for promotion of
fisheries in the BCLME
Development of
fisheries and aquaculture
countries
Artisanal Fisheries
activities, preparation and
- Assessment of legislation in
and Aquaculture,
dissemination of educational
force relating to small scale
Ministry of
material for fishers,
fisheries in the BCLME
Fisheries
awareness raising in terms
countries
of laws and regulations,
- Line fishing by-catch
training, links with scientific
(seabirds, marine turtles and
institutions, etc.
sharks)
256
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Direcção Nacional
To prepare, manage, control - No involvement as this is a
- Communication
-
de Infra-Estrutura e and implement policies on
newly created directorate
problems including poor
Pesquisa de
specialised infrastructure for
internet, telephone and
Mercados
support to fisheries in the
postal access
(DNIPM),
areas of ports, industries,
- English language
Ministério das
naval repairs, conservation,
- Confidentiality
Pescas
transformation, distribution
National
and support to the
Directorate for
organisation and functioning
Infrastructure and
of market networks and
Market Survey,
research on external markets
Ministry of
for fisheries and aquaculture
Fisheries
products.
Preparation and
implementation of policies
and measures relating to
fisheries and aquaculture
products' processing in
conditions that ensure their
nutritional value and the
minimisation of waste.
Departamento do
Protection of ecosystems by - Provision of support and
-
- Confidentiality of
-
Ambiente,
preventing pollution through
collaboration in terms of
information and data
Ministério dos
the implementation of
technical and scientific
based on contracts and
Petróleos
enabling environmental
information and human
Act of Petroleum
Environmental
legislation and application
resources
Activities
Department,
of appropriate
- Logistical support for the
Ministry of
environmental management
organisation of BCLME
Petroleum
systems.
meetings in Angola
257
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
JEA Juventude
Environmental education,
- Marine Litter Project
- Contribution to development of
- Political obstacles
Ecológica
beach cleanup activities.
networking partnerships with
- Insufficient financial
Angolana
other LMEs
resources
Ecological Youth
- Research on the impact of
- Lack of interest from
of Angola
coastal communities on the
members
marine environment
ADRA Acção
Promote rural development
No involvement, not familiar
- Dissemination of information
- Limited access to
Important
para o
and protection of the
with the BCLME Program
about the BCLME Program, the
information about the
stakeholder
Desenvolvimento
environment, especially in
BCC and the state of the marine
BCLME Program
participation
Rural e Ambiente
rural areas, and focusing on
environment to communities,
- Insufficient/
mechanisms are:
Action for Rural
the areas of food security,
partners and other civil society
inappropriate public
briefing sessions;
Development and
citizenship, and
actors
consultation
public
Environment
environment. Also involved
- Facilitation of public debates,
mechanisms in public
consultations; civil
in advocacy and political
consultation panels, etc
institutions (public
society organisation
pressure. Active in coastal
organized by national focal
institutions are not
"alignment"
provinces of Launda, Bengo
points in Angola
always open to using
meetings.
and Benguela.
- Facilitation of public debates,
these sort of
public consultation processes
mechanisms)
which are absolutely required in
the process of policy
harmonisation
- Facilitate public consultations
and briefing sessions (e.g. about
policies), disseminate
information
- Sharing of experiences,
information and best practices
258
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
Industry / Private Sector
Sonangol PP
Oil industry, prospecting
Sonangol DQSSA
Positive participation in events
- Insufficient
-
and production.
(Department of Quality,
organized by the BCLME Program
communication among
Development of
Health, Safety and
the 3 countries due to
environmental protection
Environment) was involved
language barrier
program for recovery and
- Often communication on
protection of mangroves in
upcoming workshop or
Kwanza River.
even decision making
process is delayed for
technical reasons
Parastatals
Porto de Luanda
Reception and export of
- Participation in meetings
- Receive training on ballast
- English language is an
- Participation in
Luanda's Port
goods. Also mandate in its
and events
waters management, coastal
obstacle
English language
Authority
geographical area for oil
- Have received technical
zone management, potential
- Insufficient human and
training
spills control, waste and
documentation on common
tourist use of the Bay
financial resources
- Participation in
effluents management.
environmental problems
- Receive English language
- Need for continuous
training programs
- The BCLME Program has
training
training
been somewhat beneficial
- Provision of information on what
in terms of capacity
is being done in Luanda's Port
building
and learn from other countries
- Sharing of experiences with
ports in Namibia and South
Africa
Donors
United Nations
Provide support to Angola
BCLME Program's
- Facilitator in various processes
-
-
Development
based on the Millennium
Implementing agency
(adoption of BCC and Treaty,
Program (UNDP)
Development Goals.
identification of national
Activities in the
structures in support of the BCC)
environmental area through
- Advocacy and facilitation of
technical and financial
process to harmonise national
assistance.
policies
259
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to involvement
Strategy
- Provision of technical assistance
towards training and capacity
building plan
- Following the processes of
identification of financial
mechanisms and partnerships
- Dissemination of lessons
learned and best practices
260
Detailed Consultation Results for Namibia
Table 13- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders - Namibia
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
Polytechnic of
- Education
- Little involvement
- Could play a role in capacity
- Low number of staff
- Build money into
Namibia
- Offer courses in
in project to date
building and training
- Time constraints
the budget for
Natural Resources and
- Could incorporate research
- Funding levels
helping cover
Tourism as well as
results from BCLME into
expenses for any
Engineering
relevant curricula
training courses to
be offered.
University of
- Education / Training
- No direct
- Could play a role in training
- Currently, the department has a - Incorporate UNAM
Namibia
in Fisheries and
involvement with
students
large capacity gap in terms of
into the training
(Faculty of Fisheries
Natural Resources
BCLME to date
- Potential target for capacity
senior researchers.
and capacity
and Natural
-
building as they are the major - Due to this lack in capacity,
building workplan
resources)
university in the country
staff time and expertise is a
- Interested in using results of
problem as the few staff
research in curricula where
members in the department lack
appropriate
time and expertise.
- Interested in making links
- The long-term sustainability of
with existing research projects
the program could be an
for students and faculty
issue--currently, the
department is funded by the
Norwegian government but this
funding will end in 2010.
University of
- Conduct marine and
- Managed BCLME
- SANMARC scientists could
- None
- None
Namibia
coastal research
projects
provide data where needed
(Sam Nujoma
- Offer facilities for
LMR/MC/03/01.
Marine and Coastal
visiting researchers
LMR/SE/03/02,03,0
Research Centre
4,05
SANMARC,
- Involved in
Henties Bay )
background work
for BCC
261
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
Namibia Maritime
- NAMFI provides
- No involvement to
- Could play an important role
None identified by stakeholder.
and Fisheries
training to sea- going
date
in information sharing as they
Institute (NAMFI)
personnel in marine
do ongoing training for
safety, marine
marine workers who are on
engineering and
the ground, and who would
navigation
benefit from results of
-
BCLME research
Kuisebmund
- Education of coastal
- No involvement to
- Interested in creating links
- Limited amount of computer
-
Secondary School
students
date
between coastal students and
access for learners
Walvis Bay
research being done in their
area, possibly through the D-
LIST website
- Interested in exposing
students to marine researchers
in order to raise their
awareness of this as a career
possibility
Municipality of
- Responsible for
- Attended and
- Interested in sharing data as
- Lacks in staff availability and
- Training and
Walvis Bay
environmental
contributed to a
needed
capacity
capacity building
management of
workshop on 30 / 31 - Interested in participating in
- Financial resources
needed
coastal areas within
August 2005 as a
research efforts in the
municipality as per
key stakeholder to a
municipality as needed
part V of act No. 14 of
project as per the
- Able to share lessons learned
2004, local
website
from their experience with
Authorities
www.wamsys.co.za/
other coastal jurisdictions
Amendment Act 2004
bclme
Luderitz Town
- Responsible for
- None
- Current lack of political will
- Little political will for
- Increase profile of
Council
import / export
makes it difficult to state
environment-related projects
BCLME
(Manager Economic
inspection, land
municipal interests
- As a result, no dedicated
- Demonstrate to
Development)
allocation and
environmental staff exist--
relevant politicians
infrastructure for
instead a staff member with no
the value of
aquaculture within
background in the area does
involvement in the
town limits.
such work
BCLME SAP IMP
262
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
- Responsible for beach
clean up
Erongo Regional
- Responsible for
- none
- Interested in being informed
- None identified by stakeholder
Council
coordinating
of project developments so
activities, including
that opportunities for
those related to coastal
involvement can be identified
management, in the
region
Meteorological
- Climate advisory
- Little previous
- Interested in what monitoring - Extremely understaffed with
- Training for
services of Namibia
services
involvement with
is being done of the degree of
few qualified personnel
existing
- Collect, store and
the BCLME
upwelling in the system as
- Limited infrastructure (eg. No
meteorological staff
analyse climate-
- Member of the oil
this directly impacts fisheries
instrumentation or buoys for
- Training
related data
spill contingency
- Interested in sharing and
recording marine temperature)
partnerships (eg.
plan
exchanging data as needed
with UNAM) to
- Strong interest in developing
produce qualified
a marine meteorologist
graduates
position based in
- Infrastructure to be
Swakopmund
sourced in
conjunction with
research projects as
needed
Ministry of
- Responsible for water - Have been involved - Interested in sharing
- Lack of qualified personnel
- Capacity building
Agriculture Water
quality standards and
in several meetings
information as necessary and
within the ministry
required
and Forestry
enforcement
and workshops
in contributing to the process
- Slow internet connection speeds - Web tools need to
Directorate of Water - Deal with freshwater
organized by the
as needed
could hinder participation in
have text or
Affairs
pollution that may
BCLME
- Usually involved when there
information exchange via
reduced-size
then flow into ocean
are cases of oil spills in the
websites such as D-LIST
versions for users
sea and would want to be
with slow internet
consulted and to provide input
connections
on matters relating to this
263
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
- Interested in accessing
expertise on desalination if
possible
Ministry of Mines
- Monitor oil and gas
- Have attended some - Data sharing as research
- Large capacity gaps
- Participation in
and Energy
exploration activities
BCLME workshops
projects are carried out
understaffed due to demand for
capacity building
and issue licences for
and meetings
- Changes in Codes of Conduct
qualified staff from the mining
and training
Directorate of
oil and gas extraction
for Oil and Gas Extraction
industry
initiatives
Energy
- Ensure that
could impact their work so
- High staff turnover also leads to
(Petroleum
Environmental Impact
they are interested in
gaps in individual capacity
Commission)
Assessments (EIAs)
providing input to
are carried out
negotiations
Ministry of Mines
- Does research on
- Have been involved - Need to generate and obtain
- Department is critically
- Industry
and Energy
coastal zone
in the project from
new data all the time for
understaffed so staff time and
participation in
management and
the beginning
better management of the
availability is extremely
capacity building
Directorate of
mineral exploration,
- currently a member
resources--links with
limited. Loss of staff to
and training
Geological Survey
including offshore
of the project
BCLME help facilitate this
industry is a large problem
initiatives that
-
steering committee
- Would participate in
produce skilled
standardizing data collection
workers for both
between countries
government and
industry
Ministry of Fisheries - Conduct research in
- serve on the steering - Representation on the BCC
- Retention of expertise is a
- Effective staff
and Marine
order to advise the
committee of the
- Will likely be coordinating
major issue: staff members are
retention and
Resources
ministry on Total
BCLME project.
institution for the BCLME
being poached from the
information transfer
Directorate of
Allowable Catches
- Have been involved
SAP IMP project
ministry by mining companies
strategies need to
Resource
(TACs), state of the
in many BCLME
- Will likely continue to
who are in need of
be developed
Management
stock, and the marine
research projects
provide office space and
environmental scientists
- Training and
(including National
environment
- Have provided in
support for BCLME activities - High staff turnover means that
capacity building a
Marine Information
kind contributions
- Would take a lead role in
often there is no overlap
priority for existing
and Research Centre
(e.g. Office space,
negotiations regarding fishing
between old and new staff
staff
NATMIRC)
participation of
codes of conduct,
members so valuable
scientists in
standardization of data
information is lost
264
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
transboundary
collection, and information
- Gaps in individual capacity
projects)
sharing.
resulting from high staff
- Technical assistance to
turnover
different BCLME projects
would depend on the nature of
the specific project.
Ministry of Fisheries -
- Monitor activities
- There is need for training of
- Staff members still need more
- Constant training is
and Marine
on vessels.
staff and information is
training
needed.
Resources -
- Had attended a
needed in order to manage the
Inspectorate Office
workshop in Cape
Benguela well.
Town
Ministry of Fisheries - Responsible for
- Several staff
- Perceive benefits from
- Lack of staff capacity and
- Relevant staff to
and Marine
monitoring fishing
members have
previous involvement so
training
participate in
Resources
activities on vessels
attended BCLME
eager to continue
necessary training
Directorate of
workshops in the
- Would provide input to
sessions
Operations
past
development of standardized
data collection and
enforcement procedures
- Interested in information
exchange regarding best
practices for monitoring and
compliance enforcement
265
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
Ministry of Fisheries - Responsible for all
- Some staff
- Exchange of information on
- Lack of training
- Capacity building
and Marine
aspects of aquaculture
participated in a
sustainable aquaculture
and training
Resources
in Namibia
BCLME workshop
desired
Aquaculture
- Monitor water quality
on harmful algal
(technicians based in
near aquaculture
blooms
Luderitz
installations
interviewed)
Ministry of Trade
- Ministry is involved
- Little involvement
- Would play a role in
- None identified
and Industry
in promoting
negotiations for BCLME
investment in
Treaty
mariculture,
- Important source of
aquaculture and
information regarding
fisheries and is
sustainable coastal
strongly working on
development
issues of trade,
investment and
industry development.
- Coordinates activities
between the SADC
countries and bilateral
levels
- Also responsible for
the quality and
standard of fish
exported
266
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
Ministry of Works,
- Responsible for
- Represent the
- Interest in providing input to
- Limited infrastructure for
- infrastructure
Transport and
dealing with ship-
ministry on the
relevant policies
monitoring ship-based pollution
development
Communication -
based pollution
steering committee
- A high priority for the
(eg. Luderitz office does not
Directorate of
-
and have attended
ministry is better solutions for
have any vessel to use for
Maritime Affairs
most workshops.
vessel waste disposal
monitoring)
- Have formulated
- Limited staff time
groups to work on
- Limits in staff's ability to use
projects and
internet facilities for
attended capacity
information exchange
building workshops.
Ministry of
- Have mandate for
- Involved in
- MET would have an interest
- MET has more focus on land
Capacity building
Environment and
environmental
development and
in issues relating to coastal
conservation so its staff are not
Tourism
protection and
implementation of
areas within parks
specialized and often lack
Directorate of
conservation
oil spill contingency - Interested in being informed
background on marine issues
Environmental
- Deal with marine
plan
about issues within their
Affairs
pollution via the
mandate (eg. marine
Environmental
pollution, conservation areas)
Management Act (still
in draft form, has not
been enacted)
- Responsible for parks
and protected area's
along coast, thus deal
with issues related to
shoreline in these
areas
Fisheries Observer
- Observe and report
- No direct
-Able to share information and
- FOA operates under an
- Change agreement
Agency
what is happening on
involvement in
data as needed.
agreement with MFMR. Scope
if needed
the fishing vessels.
BCLME
-Would be impacted by changes
of additional involvement
Collect biological
in monitoring procedures so
would need to be checked
information or
would want to provide input on
against this agreement.
research monitoring of
these issues
267
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
compliance with
fisheries act.
National Petroleum
- Serve advisory role to - part of the oil Ppill
- Involvement in relevant
- Staff availability to attend
- Early notification
Corporation of
the Ministry of Mines
contingency and
research projects
meetings not guaranteed.
of meetings
Namibia
and Energy
emergency team
- Data-sharing as needed
(NAMCOR)
-
- Has attended a
- Would provide input on
meeting with the
petroleum-related issues
Ministry of Mines
and Energy
organized by
BCLME.
Namibia Port
- Control ships and
- One staff member
-Water quality, environmental
- Lack of skills in the
-
Authorities
activities in port
attended a
factors, oil spills and pollution
environmental field.
(NAMPORT)
waters.
presentation on
from the ships.
- Lack of resources: Cost benefit
- Deal with pollution
BCLME in 2005
analysis for BCLME
within port
participation must be
boundaries.
favourable.
Nampower (Kudu
- Responsible for
- None
- Interested in data sharing
- None
-
Project)
operation of land-
where needed
based power plant to
- Currently doing studies on
be built in conjunction
impacts of taking water from
with the Kudu Gas
the ocean (for cooling
Project: plant will put
purposes) and then pumping
some slightly warmed
slightly heated water back
seawater back into the
into the ocean
ocean
- Would be impacted by
changes in marine pollution
regulations so would want to
be consulted on this
268
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
South East Atlantic
- manage fisheries
- Collaborated with
- BCLME participates in
-None
Fisheries
resources within the
BCLME on
SEAFO scientific committee
Organization
Convention area,
information on
meetings as well as in SEAFO
(SEAFO))
specifically the area in
straddling living
commission meetings as
the South East
marine resources
observer.
Atlantic outside the
between the EEZs
- SEAFO will continue to
Exclusive Economic
of the coastal states
cooperate with the BCLME
Zones (EEZs) of
and the high seas
program on matters of mutual
coastal states
within SEAFO
concern.
Convention Areas.
- The outputs from
some of BCLME
projects constituted
inputs into the work
of SEAFO. Thus the
relationship will
continue in areas of
data exchange, joint
research activities
and in
harmonization of
management
protocols of shared /
straddling
resources.
- SEAFO has
observer status in
BCLME program
steering Committee
Coastal
-Involved in various
Not involved in
- Interested in collaborating
None identified by stakeholder
Environmental Trust
coastal projects.
BCLME but has
where projects overlap with
of Namibia
worked with the
BCLME SAP IMP--currently
BENEFIT Project
working on a biomapping
269
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
project including birds,
fisheries and turtles, that will
include all three BCLME
countries.
- Interested in being informed
about BCLME SAP IMP
processes
Confederation of
- Umbrella organization - Very little previous
- As an umbrella organization,
- Staff availability
- Early involvement
Namibian Fishing
for fishing industry /
involvement in
can act as BCLME's link to
- Reticent nature of some
in BCLME SAP
Associations
fishing companies
BCLME (invited to
get information to and from
industry members
IMP activities is
- Includes all other
one workshop but
members of the fishing
essential to
fishing associations
were unable to
industry
demonstrate good
within Namibia
attend)
- Recognize importance of
faith, and the
- strong interest in
involvement in sustainable
importance of their
having more
resource management
inputs
involvement with
- Data sharing as needed
BCLME SAP IMP
- Involvement in developing
codes of conduct and
negotiating regulation
changes
- Information networking
Hanganeni Fishing
- Community based
- none
- Want to gain information and - Communication limitations - no - Training
Association
fishing and fish
learn from others. Also want
access to internet or fax
- Use alternate
processing association
to be kept informed of the
- staff capacity
communication
for artisanal fishers
latest developments. (e.g.
- financial limitations
methods
code of conducts)
Tullow Group -
- Involved in
- One staff member
- Data sharing
- Noted that it can be difficult to
Kudu Gas Group
development of the
has been involved in - Input to codes of conduct
get information from companies
Kudu offshore gas
the development of
(industry already adheres to
operating in Angola
field
the SAP, technical
high international standards as
advisory groups,
it applies strict regulations
and various projects
from other jurisdictions in
270
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
previously as an
other countries.
independent
consultant
The Chamber of
- Represents all mining
- Little involvement
- Will be establishing various
- Staff is very small (essentially
- Early notification
Mines
companies in Namibia
in BCLME to date
codes of conduct for mining
only 2 people) so availability to
of meetings
operations so would be
attend meetings etc. may be an
- Use of alternate
interested in ensuring that any
issue
modes of
codes of conduct developed
communication
for BCLME SAP IMP are in
(email, phone) to
line with these
get information
- Will begin a capacity building
and training program for
mining industry including
government so could
collaborate with BCLME
SAP IMP where appropriate
- Interested in sharing
information and data as
needed
De Beers Marine
- Carry out offshore
- Staff have attended
- Interested in having strong
- Availability of resources (staff
- Stakeholders to be
Namibia (please
diamond mining and
BCLME
involvement in the project
time and funding) could be a
informed and
note that after this
exploration
workshops,
including data sharing, input
constraint
involved in
interview was done,
-
provided data to the
to mining regulations and
- Lack of communication another
projects as early as
the recommendation
BCLME, and
codes of conduct, and
issue
possible
that industry
carried out joint
information networking
- Late involvement in the project
- Effective
umbrella
research. Have also
can jeopardize effective
communication
organizations rather
carried out
participation
mechanisms (eg.
than individual
environmental
Email lists to be put
companies be
projects together
in place)
consulted, which is
(PICES)
why interviews with
other mining
companies did not
271
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
occur)
Marine Tour
- Umbrella organization - None
- Provide input on any codes of - None
-
Association of
for marine tour
conduct for marine mammal
Namibia
operators
viewing
- Currently membership
- Disseminate information
of 12 operators
gathered during BCLME 1
- Promote marine
and BCLME SAP IMP by
cruises and set codes
communicating it to
of conduct and
customers
standards for
- Provide data on marine
operators
mammal and bird sightings to
researchers as needed
Namibia Coast
- Strengthen
- Have been involved - Currently negotiating to
- None
- None
Conservation and
conservation,
with BCLME
establish a national coastal
Management Project
sustainable use and
previously.
authority for Namibia that
(NACOMA)
mainstreaming of
- Have held
would also deal with fisheries
biodiversity and
workshops in
and marine activities. As this
coastal and marine
conjunction with
impacts marine management,
ecosystems in
BENEFIT and have
this could change who the
Namibia
worked on several
marine management
-
documents together.
stakeholders for BCLME are.
- Where relevant, could
cooperate on training and
capacity building initiatives in
Namibia
Benguela
- Involved in training
- Have previously
- Will come to an end at the
- Current functions may be lost in - Careful structuring
Environment
and capacity building
worked on many
end of 2007 and training and
the transfer of responsibilities to
of BCC to ensure
Fisheries Interaction
in Fisheries and
projects with
capacity building and
the BCC
that the roles that
& Training Program
marine resources
BCLME
information management
BENEFIT currently
(BENEFIT)
- Delivered capacity
functions will pass to BCC
fills are all covered
building and
training activities
for BCLME 1
272
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in
Interests in BCLME SAP
Potential Conflicts / Threats to
Mitigation Strategy
Stakeholder
marine issues
BCLME 1
IMP
involvement
- Member of steering
committee
273
Detailed Consultation Results for South Africa
Table 14- Consultation Results for Individual Stakeholders South Africa
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
Educational Institutions
Mechanical/
Offering diplomas, degrees
- Distance learning course in
- Distance learning course in Env. Eng. - CPUT merger
-
Electrical
and post-graduate degrees.
Environmental
via DLIST-Benguela
implications
Engineering
Certain programs include
Engineering--Sustainable
- Replication of Env. Eng. distance
- Willingness of other
Department, Cape
environmental management,
Development in Coastal
learning course in other LMEs,
partners in BCLME
Peninsula
environmental science.
Areas via DLIST-Benguela
learning from other LME programs,
and other LMEs to
University of
Environmental Engineering
replication of distance learning
network and co-
Technology
in the Faculty of
programs from other LMEs
operate
Engineering offers a coastal
- Establishment of the Environmental
- Language barriers
bias.
Resource Centre at CPUT as an
- Funding support for
additional resource for the web
distance learners
community and distance learners
University of the
Research and teaching
Staff members and
-
-
-
Western Cape,
researchers have been
Department of
involved with BCLME
Biodiversity and
projects through BENEFIT
Conservation
and IOI-SA
Biology
University of Cape
Education and research
Highly involved with the
- UCT Oceanography should be able to Declining capacity in
-
Town, Department
Environmental Variability
continue contributing to the
the Department of
of Oceanography
Group through a number of
Environmental Early Warning system Oceanography and
contracts managed by the
of the BCC. The main EEWS should
within UCT in
Marine Research institute
be run by MCM and partners
General
(MA-RE at UCT)
- Continue to build capacity in Physical
Oceanography and coupled ocean-
atmosphere modeling
- UCT MCM MOU
274
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
- UCT Oceanography will play a
leading role in the ASCLME.
- Some contact with GCLME
Local authorities
Provincial
Provincial input to policy,
None directly
-
-
Department of
management decisions
Tourism,
relating to coastal
Environment and
environment. Management
Conservation,
of regional permits for off-
Northern Cape
road vehicles, boat
launching sites etc.
Involvement with local EIA
processes relating to
development along the
coast. Support to local
aquaculture development.
Namaqua District
Manage IDP. Involved with
No involvement
Wherever BCLME activities overlap
-
Municipality
coastal national park.
with the Municipality's mandate for
Assist to control and
local economic development/IDP
manage access to DeBeers
owned coastline. Working
for the Coast social
responsibility project.
Economic development
within communities along
the coast. Involved with
EIA and development of
Groenbrak gas fields.
275
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
City of Cape Town Coastal management of
Only one interview to date
- Time contribution as stakeholder in
Capacity
-
300km of coastline.
the processes of adoption of BCC,
Environmental
negotiation of Treaty, adoption of
management. Strong interest
capacity building plan, and
in the marine environment
assessment of financial mechanisms
around Cape Town.
- Time contribution as stakeholder and
partner in negotiation of partnership
agreements
- Time contribution as stakeholder and
provision of best practice examples
West Coast District To develop and market the
No direct involvement, an
- Support stakeholder participation
None
-
Municipality
Hardeveld region as tourism active DLIST participant
process towards harmonisation of
destination. Offices situated
national policies and adoption of
60km from coast, which
partnership agreements
constitutes a strong part of
- Awareness raising
the attraction of the area,
where there is very little
access to the sea. Also
closely interact with the
nearby Hondeklip Bay
artisanal fishing community
as part of broader
community development
work program.
Government ministries and departments
Marine and Coastal Sustainable management of
Extensive involvement
- Participation of scientists and/or
- Inexperienced or
Management,
marine resources,
managers in process to adopt BCC
uncommitted
Department of
conservation of biodiversity,
- Involvement of senior managers at
management staff
Environmental
sustainable coastal
DEAT and Dept. Min. in negotiation
- Budgetary
Affairs and
management, pollution
of Treaty
constraints persist
Tourism
control.
- Appointment of policy and technical
into the future
focal points, from senior staff in the
- Research and
276
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
two departments
management posts
- Senior staff to re-examine policies
are not filled
(towards harmonisation of policies)
- Training officer to undertake specific
training and capacity building actions
for BCC
- Commitment of funds to BCC
/Ecosystems advisory group
- Active role in ensuring partnerships
for sustainable utilization of marine
resources
- Active involvement with the ASLME
and SWIOPF in the Western Indian
Ocean
Parastatal Companies
Knysna National
Biodiversity conservation
- No direct involvement, only -
- Remote eastern
-
Lake Area,
within National Parks
support
edge of study area
SANParks
- Local community
- Institutional budget
involvement through
constraints
DLIST-Benguela
SANCOR (South
Co-ordinates, facilitates,
Various involvement through
-
-
African Network
stimulates and reviews
the SANCOR Network
for Coastal and
marine science, engineering
Oceanic Research), and technology in South
National Research
Africa, to promote wise and
Foundation
informed management of
the use of the marine and
coastal environments.
277
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
Richtersveld
Protect and manage the
No involvement other than
Provide input on DLIST-Benguela
-
-
Community
unique biodiversity and
participation in DLIST-
Conservancy
natural landscape to
Benguela
advantage of local people
and all of human kind
Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Friends of DST
To protect natural
No direct involvement, only
- Support stakeholder participation
No obstacles as such,
- Face-to-face
environment from
informed through DLIST-
process towards harmonisation of
but awareness of
meetings vital to
Elandsbay to the Olifants
Benguela
national policies
specificities of
reach grassroots
River Mouth, Friends of
- Support stakeholder participation
reaching grassroots
stakeholders
DST help implement
process towards capture of lessons
stakeholders
- Consider using
funding for a number of
learned and best practices
DC audio, or
community based projects
- Awareness raising
video briefings
in the area.
(more rich
content delivered
first hand rather
than filtered)
Masi Fundise
Advocacy to secure
Collaborate on compiling
- Support development of policy and
Reliant on partnership -
livelihood rights of artisanal socio economic profile of
frameworks relating to artisanal
with MCM SA and
fishers. Close collaboration
artisanal fishing communities
fishing
their capacity to
with MCM
along the west coast as part of - Stakeholder awareness
support artisanal
BCLME study, conduct
- Support the capturing and
fishing issues
interviews and workshops.
disseminating of best practice as
relates to the field of artisanal fishing
International Ocean Develop and offer capacity
- Development of the
- IOI-SA is in a position to offer 2
- Capacity
-
Institute
building and research
Benguela Plankton Portal
training courses, one on Municipal
- Funding
programs. Respond to on-
- The BCLME sponsored
Wastewater Management and its
going assessment of the
participants at the
influence on the marine environment
factors that contribute to
"Managing Marine
and the Managing Marine Pollution
livelihoods within the
Pollution" course delivered
Course (MMP)
278
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
southern African region.
by IOI-SA
- A possible MSc in Ocean
Specific goals relate to:
- IOI-SA participated in the
Management and
- sustainable livelihoods
consultative meeting on
Administration
methodology, including
Training and Capacity
research, implementation,
Building for Effective
and capacity building;
Management of the
- development of
BCLME
community-based
- Development and
seaweed mariculture,
maintenance of the
particularly through
BCLME website
research, workshops and
training courses;
- transfer of knowledge
and skills useful to the
management of inshore
marine and coastal
resources;
- marine environmental
education;
- electronic resource
sharing for IOI and
related organizations in
the global context.
Industry / Private Sector
De Beers Marine
Marine diamond
- Contribution of data e.g.
- Information sharing on marine
-
-
prospecting and mining
Project BEHP/CEA/03/02
mining and environmental practices
company. Certified
- Involvement in workshops
(towards harmonisation of national
ISO14001 Environmental
policies)
Management System
- Information sharing on
environmental practices in the sector
- Participation in partnerships where
279
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
relevant
- Capture and transfer of marine
mining environmental practices
HHS Development
Project implementation
Not actively involved in
-
Lack of information
Proper
and Environmental
inside the Richtersveld
BCLME 1, other than through
and feedback
introductions of
CC
Community Conservancy.
DLIST-Benguela
BCLME Program
Currently implementing
to stakeholders
Social Responsibility
specifically in
project, supporting the
South Africa
Operational Team of the
Richtersveld Community
Conservancy, and
supporting SMMEs in the
Richtersveld.
Anchor
A large proportion of work
Extensive dealings with the
- Specialist consulting and feedback
-
-
Environmental
is marine, estuarine and
BCLME program particularly
into processes of adopting the BCC
Consultants cc
coastal related. Specialize in with regards to:
and identifying national focal points
impact assessments and
- BCLME SOER
environmental management
- BCLME Training and
in marine science fields.
Capacity Building Study
Quite a number of projects
- Field work and Training of
have also entailed socio-
students in Angola,
economic studies in coastal
Namibia and South Africa
communities.
(linked to BENEFIT)
EcoAfrica
Environmental and
Extensive involvement:
- To harmonise, where EcoAfrica have -
-
Environmental
development consultancy,
- Conducted an assessment
the mandate, project approach and
Consultants
involved in coastal
of potential involvement of
outcomes with that of the BCLME
conservation, development
coastal communities in
- To disseminate BCLME related
and policy/management
BCLME program;
information through existing
processes in South Africa,
- Conducted a BCLME
stakeholder networks, and through
Namibia and Angola. Strong
funded marine litter
the projects/processes EcoAfrica are
focus on local communities
program in Namibia and
involved in
280
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
and grassroots stakeholder
Angola;
- To assist with the capturing of
participation. General
- Through the DLIST project
lessons learnt and best practice
facilitators for the
for example a formal
through DLIST and other
NACOMA white paper
consultation to introduce
information sharing networks
development process.
BCLME to wider audience
- To capture stakeholder input to the
in coastal communities;
various BCLME activities
- Develop IPA (Angolan
- To facilitate information
Institute for Development
sharing/exchange between BCLME
of Artisanal Fisheries)
and other LME and coastal/marine
communication materials
management projects
Other GEF funded projects
DLIST-Benguela
To support information
Extensive :
- Support the work of Management
Would require
-
sharing among stakeholders
- dissemination of results,
Advisory Committees, as well as
funding for tasks
along the BCLME coastline, - collaborate on marine litter
Ecosystem Working Groups by
which reach beyond
to support the development
program,
offering information sharing
existing scope of
of equitable, effective and
- distance learning and
mechanisms
DLIST activities
sustainable governance
- stakeholder engagement at
- Facilitate stakeholder access to
practices especially at local
various levels
working documents, guidelines etc
level
- Support each National BCLME
Stakeholder Group in similar way
- provide opportunity for stakeholder
participation/input to
policy/management reforms where
appropriate
- Assist in the development of learning
materials and distance learning
courses, in partnership with CPUT.
DLIST field offices can help facilitate
training activities
- Working closely with appropriate
regional level bodies (the MACs
advised by the Ecosystem Working
281
Stakeholder
Mandate in terms of
Involvement in BCLME 1
Interests in BCLME 2
Potential Conflicts /
Mitigation
marine issues
Threats to
Strategy
involvement
Groups) to capture outputs and assist
to pass these on to the countries,
including case studies, guidelines,
best practices and lessons learnt
- Assisting in transfer of best practice
between BCLME and other LME's,
as well as partner institutions
282
Annex E Proposed Work plan for Stakeholder Participation
Activity Timing
2008
2009
2010
2011
Establish stakeholder contact lists for each country,
2008 X
including group email lists (list servs)
Process update newsletter sent to all stakeholders
Quarterly
X
X
X
X
Sectoral working groups established for each
2008 X
country
First sectoral working group meetings held in each
2008-2009 X X
country, with the projected outcome of providing
input to the BCLME treaty process
Sector-specific group email lists (list servs) created
2008 X
at the national and regional levels to facilitate
communication with and among stakeholders. Lists
distributed to stakeholders.
Second set of working group meetings held in each
2010-2011
X
X
country, focusing on national-level policy changes
in accordance with the BCLME Treaty
Communications and public awareness strategy for
2009
X
BCC and treaty commissioned (NB: if possible, this
should occur once the BCC is in place so that the
strategy is relevant to the final structure of the
BCC)
Actions outlined in communications and public
2009-2011
X
X
X
awareness strategy for BCC and treaty implemented
Existing training and capacity building opportunities Annually X
X X X
within stakeholder institutions highlighted in
process update newsletter
Need for long-term funding for BCC communicated
2009
X
to stakeholders and support solicited via process
update newsletter
Lessons learned / best practices workshops held
2009, 2011
X
X
regionally for different sectors
Elements on marine management, including public
2008 X
discussion forum, added to D-LIST Benguela
website or other web-based information sharing tool
BCLME aspects of D-LIST Benguela or other web-
2009-2010
X
based information sharing tool launched with a
series of training sessions in coastal communities
and national centres
283
List of grassroots stakeholders interested in
2008 X
information about BCLME compiled. Individuals
and institutions on list to be invited to D-LIST or
other web information sharing tool training sessions
Public discussion forum on marine management to
2008-2009 X X
be added to D-LIST or other web-based information
sharing tool. Both English and Portuguese forums
to be established.
Establish fund for encouraging participation in
2008 X
international meetings by BCLME stakeholders
Stakeholder meetings
Annually
X
X
X
X
Detailed baseline stakeholder participation level
2008 X
assessment
Stakeholder participation assessment done via
2009, 2011
X
X
consultations with a sample of stakeholders
284
Annex F Proposed Budget for Stakeholder Participation Mechanisms
Approximate cost per
Budget #
unit ($US)
Estimated total cost
Process Update Newsletter Production
16
1000
16000
Sectoral Working Group Meetings
18
4000
72000
Regional Lessons Learned Workshops
6
10000
60000
Communications Strategy Development
1
30000
30000
Implementation of Communication
Strategy 1
75000
75000
D-LIST modifications and additions
To be determined
Web Tool Training Sessions
15
1000
15000
International Workshop Fund
1
100000
100000
Stakeholders Meetings
12
4000
48000
Detailed Baseline Assessment of
Stakeholder Participation
1
12000
12000
2
6000
12000
Total Cost
470000
285
Annex IV: Report on legislative, policy and governance frameworks in
the BCLME Region
FOR THE
BY
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement 290
Acronyms 291
Executive Summary
292
1. Terms of Reference & Introduction 294
2. Methodology 295
3. Persons and Organisations Consulted
295
PART A:
297
4. Legislative and Policy Frameworks 297
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 297
4.2 South Africa............................................................................................................. 297
4.2.1 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa .................................297
4.2.2 The
Environment ....................................................................................298
(a) The National Environmental Management Act.........................................298
(b) NEMA
Amendments.................................................................................299
(c) The National Biodiversity Act...................................................................299
(d) The Protected Areas Act............................................................................300
(e) Air
Quality
Act ..........................................................................................301
4.2.3 South Africa's Exclusive Economic Zone .............................................301
4.2.4 Environmental
Regulations ....................................................................301
4.2.5 Fisheries and Aquaculture ......................................................................302
(a) Wild Marine Fisheries ...............................................................................302
i) The Marine Living Resources Act ........................................................302
ii) Fisheries Regulations ...........................................................................304
iii) Fisheries Policies .................................................................................304
iv) Fisheries Permits .................................................................................305
(b) Marine
Aquaculture...................................................................................305
i) The Marine Living Resources Act & The Sea Shore Act.....................305
ii) Marine Aquaculture Regulations..........................................................306
iii) Marine Aquaculture Policy, Sector Plan and Guidelines ....................306
(c) Marine
Pollution........................................................................................307
4.2.6 Mining, Minerals & Petroleum...............................................................307
4.2.7 Pending Legislation, Regulations and Policy.........................................308
(a) Marine Living Resources Amendment Bill, 2005.....................................308
(b) The Integrated Coastal Management Bill, 2006........................................308
(c) NEMA Amendment Bills, 2006 & 2007...................................................308
(d) Marine Aquaculture Sector Development Plan, Guidelines for Marine
Ranching in South Africa and Policy and Guidelines for Finfish Farming, Marine
Aquaculture Experiments and Pilot Projects in South Africa............................309
(e) Draft Policy for the Allocation and Management of Medium-Term Small-Scale
Commercial Fishing Rights and Subsistence Fishing Rights ............................309
4.2.8 Summary of South African Legislation and Policy................................310
4.3 Namibia ................................................................................................................... 312
4.3.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia ........................................312
4.3.2 The
Environment ....................................................................................312
(a) Water Resource Management Act.............................................................312
287
(b) Environmental Assessment Policy for Sustainable Development and
Environmental Conservation .............................................................................313
4.3.3 Namibia's Exclusive Economic Zone ....................................................314
4.3.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture ......................................................................314
(a) Wild Marine Fisheries ...............................................................................314
i) The Marine Resources Act....................................................................314
ii) Fisheries Regulations ...........................................................................315
iii) Fisheries Policies .................................................................................316
(b) Marine
Aquaculture...................................................................................317
i) Aquaculture Act ....................................................................................317
ii) Bio-Safety Act......................................................................................318
ii) Aquaculture Policy ...............................................................................318
(c) Marine
Pollution........................................................................................319
4.3.5 Mining, Minerals and Petroleum............................................................319
(a) Petroleum
(Exploration and Production) Act............................................319
(b) Minerals (Prospecting & Mining) Act.......................................................320
(c) Minerals Policy of Namibia.......................................................................320
4.3.6 Pending Legislation, Regulations and Policy.........................................321
(a) Environmental Management Bill, 2006 ....................................................321
(b) Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill, 1999 .....................321
4.3.7 Summary of Namibian Legislation and Policy ......................................321
4.4 Angola ..................................................................................................................... 323
4.4.1 Constitution of the Republic of Angola (Lei Constitucional da República de
Angola), 1992 ....................................................................................................323
4.4.2 The
Environment ....................................................................................323
(a) Environment Framework Act (Lei de Bases do Ambiente).......................323
(b) Environmental Impact Assessment Decree (Decreto sobre Estudus de Impacte
Ambiebtal)..........................................................................................................324
4.4.3 Angola's Exclusive Economic Zone (Lei sobre agues interiors, mar
territorial e zona economica exclusive).............................................................324
4.4.4 Fisheries and Aquaculture ......................................................................325
(a) Aquatic Biological Resources Act ............................................................325
(b) Fisheries and Aquaculture Decrees ...........................................................326
4.4.5 Marine
Pollution.....................................................................................327
4.4.6 Mining, Minerals & Petroleum...............................................................327
(a) Geological and Mining Activities Act.......................................................327
(b) The Petroleum Activities Act (Lei das Actividades Petroliferas),............328
(c) Decree on Environmental Protection for Petroleum Activities (Decreto sobre a
Protecção do Ambiente nas Actividades Pertrolíferas) .....................................328
4.4.7 Pending
Legislation................................................................................329
4.4.8 Summary of Angolan Legislation and Policy ........................................329
4.5 International & Regional Instruments ..................................................................... 331
4.5.1 Adopting International and Regional Instruments: South Africa...........331
4.5.2 Adopting International and Regional Instruments: Namibia..................331
4.5.3 Adopting International and Regional Instruments: Angola....................331
PART B:
335
5. Governance and Institutional Arrangements 335
288
5.1 South Africa............................................................................................................. 335
5.1.1 The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism .......................335
(a) Chief Directorate: Research, Antarctica & Islands ...................................336
(b) Chief Directorate: Resource Management ................................................337
(c) Chief Directorate: Integrated Coastal Management ..................................338
(d) Chief Directorate: Monitoring, Control & Surveillance ...........................338
(e) Chief Directorate: Chief Financial Officer................................................339
5.1.2 Department of Minerals and Energy ......................................................339
5.1.3 The Department of Transport .................................................................339
5.2 Namibia ................................................................................................................... 341
5.2.1 Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources..........................................341
5.2.2 Ministry of Mines and Energy................................................................342
5.2.3 Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD) ....343
5.2.4 Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication (MWTC) ...............344
5.3 Angola ..................................................................................................................... 345
5.3.1 Ministry of Fisheries ..............................................................................345
5.3.4 Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment..........................................347
5.3.5 Ministry of Petroleum ............................................................................349
5.4 Non-Governmental Bodies, the Media and Industry............................................... 350
Part C 351
6. Harmonisation Work Plan, Timetable and Costing 351
PART D:
354
7. Conclusion and Recommendations 354
Appendix A: References
361
Appendix B: Comparative Tabular Country Analysis
363
289
Acknowledgement
The writing of this report was undertaken within an extremely limited timeframe. Feike
(Pty) Ltd wishes to thank the numerous government officials, the private sector and
members of parliaments, government ministries and members of the media who made
themselves available for consultations usually with very little notice. Feike wishes to
acknowledge the government officials in Namibia, Angola and South Africa in particular
who provided the valuable data contained in this Report and who coordinated workshops
and meetings that facilitated discussion and provided direction.
290
Acronyms
BCLME
Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
DDG
Deputy Director-General
DEAT: MCM
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,
Branch Marine and Coastal Management, South
Africa
DG
Director-General
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone, 200 nautical miles from
shore line
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMI
Environmental Management Inspector
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
IMO
International Maritime Organisation, London
INIP
Fisheries Research Institute, Angola
MARPOL
Marine Pollution Convention, 1978
MFMR
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Namibia
MLRA
The Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998, South
Africa
NEMA
The National Environmental Management Act, 107
of1996, South Africa
NGO
Non-Governmental Organisation
SADC
Southern African Development Community
SADC FP
Southern African Development Community Fisheries
Protocol
SADC PM
Southern African Development Community Protocol
on Mining
SAP
Strategic Action Program of 2000
SAP-IMP
Implementation of the SAP
SEAFO
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
TAC
Total Allowable Catch
TAE
Total Applied Effort
UNCLOS
The United Nations Law of the Sea
WWF
World Wildlife Fund for Nature
291
Executive Summary
1.
This Report analyses the legislative, policy and governance systems affecting the
management of living and non-living marine resources in the BCLME Region.
2.
This report concludes that South Africa, Namibia and Angola each regulate their
commercial fisheries in terms of quotas or rights, have adequate national laws in
place regulating the management of fisheries and the regulation of mining
activities. The only legislative anomaly was that Namibia has to date not enacted
dedicated legislation for the conservation and sustainable use of its natural
environment. Draft environmental legislation was however published in 2006.
3.
This report concludes further that South Africa, Namibia and Angola each have
adequate national governance and institutional systems in place to regulate the
management of their respective domestic fisheries and mining activities. However
this statement is tempered by the fact that Namibia does not have any dedicated
legislation for the conservation and sustainable use of its natural environment.
4.
Notwithstanding the above, this Report has identified that there is a need for the
BCLME member states to invest in regulatory and governance systems aimed at
facilitating greater regional collaboration and synergies in the management of
resources in the Benguela Region on an ecosystems basis. In particular and within
the framework of the BCC,
There is a lack of complementary or joint fisheries science, management and
compliance methodologies which places strain on shared stocks such as hakes
and small pelagics; and
There also is a lack of adequate complementary and effective administrative
systems aimed at recovering the costs of fisheries management, compliance
and research precludes holistic, regular and effective fisheries management.
5.
Each of the three BCLME countries has relatively new fisheries laws (statutes) in
place. Angola replaced its 1992 fisheries law with updated fisheries statute in
2004. Namibia did likewise in 2000. South Africa repealed its 1989 fisheries
statute with the Marine Living Resources Act in 1998. Because these laws are
relatively new, they incorporate key elements of ecosystem management and
regional and international co-operation and management harmonisation.
6.
None of the three fisheries statutes contain any substantive or fundamental
philosophical fisheries policy, management, compliance or research contradiction.
Accordingly, the basic fisheries laws in each of the BCLME countries are broadly
complementary.
7.
A number of gaps and differences exist at the regulatory, policy and
implementation levels. With respect to fisheries policy, for example, the three
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countries need to urgently develop a single policy with respect to foreign (ie. Non
BCLME) flagged vessels, operational management procedures for shared stocks
(such as hakes and pelagics), foreign fishing in BCLME EEZ's, European Union
fish processing investments in the BCLME and on marine protected areas.
8.
With respect to fisheries research policy and rules, the BCLME countries should
be advised to design shared or complementary research methodologies, scientific
expert exchange programs, complementary gear utilisation rules (such as mesh
sizes, trawl and purse-seine nets) and importantly how to effectively harness and
incorporate indigenous knowledge systems into fisheries science.
9.
With respect to fisheries compliance, the BCLME countries are encouraged to
each implement their National Plans of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate
IUU Fishing within their EEZ's. The NPOA's of the three BCLME countries
should be complementary in strategy and policy. In addition, joint compliance
initiatives undertaken under the SADC-EU MCS program in the past proved
hugely successful. Joint compliance initiatives that are permanently in place
would significantly bolster the fight against IUU fishing in the BCLME EEZ.
This in turn will require complementary regulatory and policy provisions
pertaining to fines, arrest, seizure, detention, cancellation and suspension of
rights/quotas, vessel monitoring systems on vessels and the sharing of VMS
information amongst BCLME members2, powers of fishery control officers and
the ability of FCO's of one BCLME country to be able to enforce the laws of
another BCLME country while in its waters.
10.
This Report concludes with a set of recommendations pertaining to the
harmonisation of laws and governance systems pertaining to living and non-living
marine resource utilisation in the BCLME.
2 Note: As members of SADC, South Africa, Angola and Namibia have agreed to
share VMS data of vessels authorised to fish in their respective EEZ's. This
agreement was concluded in 2004.
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1.
Terms of Reference & Introduction
The terms of reference for the Legislative, Policy and Governance Review required
analyses and discussion of existing and planned national and regional policy and
governance mechanisms within the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem
(BCLME) that have a bearing on the management of living marine resources and the
coastal and marine environment as a whole.
The Strategic Action Program of 2000 (SAP) anticipated that a review of the legislative,
policy and governance frameworks of each of the three member states of the Benguela
Current Large Marine Ecosystem Program aimed at promoting the effective, efficient and
sustainable use of natural resources in the Benguela region would occur as a precursor to
the implementation of the SAP. Importantly, the Strategic Action Program explicitly
recognised the need to harmonise policies and laws regulating natural resource utilisation
and management in the Benguela Region. The principal purpose of the legislative, policy
and governance review would be to identify synergies, gaps and possible areas for
harmonising management of the Benguela Region.
This Report gives effect to the terms of reference and the objectives of the Strategic
Action Program in four parts.
Part A sets out the national legislative and policy frameworks applicable to the
management of living and non-living marine resources and the overall protection and
conservation of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In addition, Part A also
identifies relevant draft legislation and policies that have been issued for public comment
or that have been made public. Part A concludes with a comparative analysis of regional
and international treaties, commissions, agreements and instruments applicable to the
sustainable management of resources in the BCLME Region.
Part B analyses the governance systems and processes applicable in each member state.
In particular, governance of fisheries, environmental and mining systems and processes
are analysed.
Part C provides an assessment of measures that could be supported by the BCC in
encouraging the harmonisation of legislative, regulatory and governance instruments as
well as closing gaps in the management of fish stocks in the Benguela Region. This part
also provides an estimation of timeframes and costs associated with such measures.
Part D provides a comprehensive set of recommendations aimed at empowering
managers, policy advisers and decision-makers in South Africa, Namibia, Angola and for
the BCLME Program to implement appropriate measures that will result in the efficient
and sustainable management of living and non-living marine resources in the Benguela
Region.
The information presented in this Report is stated as at 7 June 2007.
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2. Methodology
This Report was prepared within a short period of time between April 2007 and the end
of May 2007. In order to prepare this Report within a 60 day calendar period, Feike made
use of its professionals who have a working knowledge of Namibian, South African and
Angolan laws, policies and governance systems. In doing so, Feike utilised the services
of its Namibian Associate, Ms Heidi Currie, as well the services of Angola's Mr Bomba
Sangolay who is employed by the Angolan Ministry of Fisheries Research (INIP).
A number of government members and officials, members of the respective fishing
industries, members of the media and non-governmental organisations (NGO's) were
also consulted.
Furthermore, a substantial amount of desk-top research was undertaken, particularly with
regard to regional and international obligations and undertakings that may impact on
governance matters affecting the Benguela Region.
3.
Persons and Organisations Consulted
The following persons and organisations were consulted either personally by way of one-
on-one meetings or/and via workshops, telephonic or email correspondence.
Angola
Person/Organisation Consulted
Professional Concerned
1. Ministry of Urban & Environmental
Mr Bomba Sangolay & Horst
Affairs
Kleinschmidt
2. Ministry of Fisheries
Mr Bomba Sangolay & Mr Horst
Kleinschmidt
3. Ministry of Petroleum
Mr Bomba Sangolay & Mr Horst
Kleinschmidt
South Africa
Person/Organisation Consulted
Professional Concerned
1. The Chairperson of the Portfolio
Shaheen Moolla & Horst Kleinschmidt
Committee on Environmental Affairs, Mr
Langa Zita, MP
2. The Department of Environmental
Shaheen Moolla & Horst Kleinschmidt
Affairs and Tourism, Branch Marine and
Coastal Management
3. The Department of Transport,
Shaheen Moolla
Maritime Safety
4. The South African Deep Sea Trawl
Horst Kleinschmidt
Industry Association
5. The Adviser to the Premier of the
Shaheen Moolla & Horst Kleinschmidt
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Western Cape Government, Dr Laurine
Platzsky
6. The Adviser to the Government of the
Shaheen Moolla
Northern Cape, Mr Denver Baron
7. Mr Lance Greyling, MP, Member of
Horst Kleinschmidt
the Portfolio Committee for
Environmental Affairs, Parliament of the
RSA
8. Mr John Yeld, Environmental
Horst Kleinschmidt
Journalist, Independent Newspaper
Group
9. Mr Xola Mdabula, Member of the
Shaheen Moolla
South African Small Medium and Micro
Enterprise Fishing Forum
10. Dr Deon Nel, WWF
Horst Kleinschmidt
11. Mr Edward Shelala, Adviser to the
Horst Kleinschmidt
Western Cape Government on Fisheries
and Aquaculture
12. Ms Claire Atwood, Fisheries
Horst Kleinschmidt
Journalist, Editor: Maritime Reporter
13. Mr Furdy Henn, CEO of Overberg
Horst Kleinschmidt & Shaheen Moolla
Commercial Abalone Divers Ltd
Namibia
Person/Organisation Consulted
Professional Concerned
1. The Ministry for Fisheries and Marine
Horst Kleinschmidt & Heidi Currie
Resources
2. The Ministry of Environment and
Horst Kleinschmidt & Heidi Currie
Tourism
3. The Ministry for Mines and Energy
Heidi Currie
4. Mr. Volker Kuntsch of the Namibian
Horst Kleinschmidt
Mid-Water Trawl Association
5. Dr Larry Oellermann (UNAM) and
Horst Kleinschmidt
Chairman of the Namibian Aquaculture
Association
6. Dr Bronwyn Currie (MFMR)
Horst Kleinschmidt
7. Mr James West, Former Chairman of
Horst Kleinschmidt
the Namibian Aquaculture Association
8. Mr Callie Jacobs, Director of Erongo
Horst Kleinschmidt
Fishing, Namibia
9. Dr Deon Nel, WWF
Horst Kleinschmidt
10. Mr Jan Arnold of Namsov
Horst Kleinschmidt
Due to the time constraints, a meeting with a representative of South Africa's Minerals
and Energy Department was not possible. However, Feike utilised information it was
provided by the Minerals and Energy Department during a previous project.
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PART A:
4.
Legislative and Policy Frameworks
4.1 Introduction
We set out below the national legislative and national and regional policy frameworks
applicable to the management of living and non-living marine resources and the overall
protection and conservation of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem. In
addition, Part A also identifies relevant draft legislation and policies that have been
issued for public comment or that have been made public. Part A concludes by
identifying significant gaps in laws or policies and also provides recommendations as to
possible areas of policy and legislative harmonisation.
An initial analysis of the legislation and policy in each of the three BCLME member
states results in two important overarching conclusions. First, access to the fisheries and
mining sectors is regulated along similar principles. Second, and perhaps more
importantly, the utilisation of marine living and non-living resources is subject to
environmental considerations, including sustainable use considerations and precautionary
principles.
The analysis of the legislative and policy frameworks below is undertaken on a country-
by-country basis. In addition, the legislation and policy is considered in order of
supremacy, commencing with an analysis of national constitutions, thereafter sector
legislation, then policy and thereafter draft legislation and policy. We commence below
with an analysis of the South African legislative and policy frameworks. We thereafter
move north, concluding with Angola.
4.2 South
Africa
4.2.1
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, is the supreme
law and all state action is measured against the constitutional provisions.
Chapter 2 of the Constitution comprises the Bill of Rights, which sets out a
number of inalienable fundamental human rights. For the purposes of this Report,
the right to an environment that is not harmful to human health or well-being
(section 24), the right to information (section 32) and the right to just and lawful
administrative action (section 33), are the most relevant.
In terms of Chapter 4, the legislative authority of South Africa vests in the
Parliament of the Republic of the South Africa, which in itself comprises the
National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. Chapter 4 must be
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read together with Schedule 4, which stipulates, inter alia, that the national sphere
of government shares legislative authority in the area of environmental
management with the nine provincial parliaments. However, the authority to
legislate on mining and marine living resources vests exclusively in the national
sphere of government. It is worth noting that despite the sharing of legislative
competencies in the area of environmental management, the most pertinent
environmental laws in South Africa are nationally applicable, having emanated
from the National Assembly. These environmental laws are analysed further
below.
In terms of Chapter 5, the executive authority of South Africa vests in the
President of South Africa, together with the other members of the executive (ie.
Ministers). In terms of section 85(2), the President, together with the applicable
member of the executive, is authorised to, inter alia, implement national
legislation and to develop and implement national policy. Accordingly, all marine
fisheries and mining policies must be sanctioned by the national cabinet and will
be implemented by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (with
respect to marine fisheries) and the Minister of Minerals and Energy (with respect
to mining).
Finally, section 231 stipulates the constitutional mechanisms for negotiating and
signing international agreements. For example, the Benguela Current Commission
Interim Agreement was concluded by South Africa in terms of section 231(3).
Ordinarily, South Africa will only be bound by an international agreement if the
agreement has been approved by both houses of Parliament. The exception to this
rule is section 231(3), which provides that either the President or a Minister
authorised by Cabinet may conclude an international agreement of a technical,
administrative or executive nature. A section 231(3) agreement will bind South
Africa on signature of the agreement.
4.2.2 The
Environment
Although the legislative authority for environmental management is shared
between the National and Provincial spheres of government, the principal
legislative instruments relevant for the purposes of this Report have been
promulgated by the National Assembly as opposed to any particular Provincial
Legislature.
Within the National sphere of government, implementation of environmental
legislation is the preserve of the Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism.
(a) The
National
Environmental Management Act
The National Environmental Management Act of 1998 (NEMA) was also
promulgated in 1998 and is considered to be South Africa's umbrella
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environmental legislation, providing the principal tools to guide the management
of South Africa's environment. NEMA is South Africa's overarching
environmental statute. NEMA provides for co-operative environmental
governance by establishing principles for decision making on matters affecting
the environment, institutions that will promote co-operative governance and
procedures for coordinating environmental functions exercised by organs of state.
Chapter 1 of NEMA enshrines a number of environmental principles intended to
guide the interpretation, administration and implementation of all other
environmental legislation, including fisheries legislation, regulations and policy.
NEMA enshrines the fundamental principles of precautionary environmental
management, sustainable development and the "polluter must pay".
Chapter 2 of NEMA makes provision for the establishment of the National
Environmental Advisory Forum and the Commission on Environmental Co-
ordination. In practice however, these two institutions do not play any role in the
design or implementation of fisheries related policies or regulations.
(b) NEMA
Amendments
A number of substantial amendments were effected to the NEMA of 1998
in 2002 (Act 56 of 2002), 2003 (Act 46 of 2003) and in 2004 (Act 8 of
2004). The NEMA amendment laws were designed to consolidate and
update a number of environmental laws, policies and practices. The most
significant of the amendments were those pertaining to environmental
authorisations and environmental law enforcement. With respect to
environmental authorisations also known as environmental impact
assessments (EIA's) the NEMA amendments listed in detail the types of
criteria and considerations that must be applied when a decision-maker is
tasked with considering the impact of an activity on the environment.
With respect to law enforcement, the NEMA amendments made provision
for environmental management inspectors (EMI's). The EMI's do not have
jurisdiction over marine fisheries compliance and law enforcement but may
collaborate with fisheries compliance officers appointed under the MLRA.
The NEMA Amendments, read with the principal NEMA legislation, are
applicable in so far as management and conservation of South Africa's
coastal zone, rivers and estuaries are concerned. The EMI's will for
example have the authority to monitor and enforce compliance with the
proposed draft Coastal Zone Management Bill3.
(c)
The National Biodiversity Act
3 For more on the draft Coastal Zone Bill, see Paragraph 4.2.7 below.
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The National Biodiversity Act of 2004 sets out objectives within the
framework of the NEMA to provide for the management and conservation
of biological diversity in South Africa, including within South Africa's
territorial waters, EEZ and continental shelf.
The National Biodiversity Act makes provision for the establishment of the
South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). The Act also
makes provision for the design of a National Biodiversity Framework,
which must be implemented by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism by June 2007. Chapter 4 of the National Biodiversity Act makes
provision for the protection and conservation of threatened ecosystems and
species so as to maintain ecological integrity. The Act provides that the
Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism may categorise and
manage ecosystems in accordance with the ecological state they are
considered to be in. The following categories are provided for:
Critically endangered ecosystems
Endangered ecosystems
Vulnerable ecosystems
Protected ecosystems
It is worth noting that in 2006, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
informed Parliament that as a result of the promulgation of the National
Biodiversity Act in 2004, the first-ever National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment
(NSBA) was published in 2006, which was the first-ever comprehensive spatial
evaluation of biodiversity in South Africa. The results of the NSBA were
alarming. The NSBA showed that 34% of South Africa's terrestrial ecosystems
are threatened with 5% critically endangered; 82% of South Africa's 120 rivers
are threatened with 44% critically endangered; three of South Africa's 13 groups
of estuarine biodiversity are in critical danger; with 12% of marine bio-zones
under serious threat. The research that informed the NSBA will be used to design
the National Biodiversity Framework.
(d)
The Protected Areas Act
The Protected Areas Act of 2003 sets out objectives within the framework of the
NEMA to provide for the declaration and management of South Africa's
protected area network. The Protected Areas Act substantially applies to
terrestrial protected areas or proposed terrestrial parks. In 2005, an amendment to
the Protected Areas Act (Amendment Act 31 of 2004), was promulgated which
explicitly applied Chapter 1, Chapter 2 and section 48 to the mangement of
marine protected areas. Section 43 of the MLRA continues to be the principal
legislative instrument in terms of which marine protected areas may be designated
and subsequently managed. Although a conflict of laws scenario does present
itself in this case, section 4 of the MLRA is instructive in that it states that where
a conflict relating to marine living resources arises between the MLRA and any
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other legislation (save the Constitution), then the MLRA must prevail. This
approach is practically sensible for two reasons. Firstly, the Protected Areas Act is
overseen and implemented by the Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism's Biodiversity Branch which is located in Pretoria. That Branch does not
possess the skills required to identify, design and manage marine protected areas.
Its geographic location also renders it unsuitable. Secondly, the Protected Areas
Act did not repeal section 43 of the MLRA.
(e) Air
Quality
Act
The Air Quality Act of 2004 was promulgated with the aim of reforming South
African law regulating air quality in order to protect the environment by providing
reasonable measures for the prevention of pollution and ecological degradation
and for securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable
economic and social development. The Air Quality Act repealed old order
legislation dating back to the 1960's. The Act requires the Department of
Environmental Affairs and Tourism to, inter alia, determine national norms and
standards aimed at regulating air quality monitoring. Norms and standards for
ships emissions, including fishing vessels, have not yet been determined.
4.2.3
South Africa's Exclusive Economic Zone
In 1994 South Africa adopted the Maritime Zones Act, which defined the various
maritime zones under the jurisdiction of South African law. The Maritime Zones
Act established, inter alia, that the South African Exclusive Economic Zone
extended for 200 nautical miles from the low water mark. It is within the EEZ that
South Africa has sole right to regulate the exploitation of its natural resources,
whether living or non-living.
4.2.4 Environmental
Regulations
Although there are a host of environmental regulations that have been published
in terms of the laws referred to above, the most significant and relevant suite of
regulations for the purpose of this Report pertain to activities that require
environmental authorisation. For such an authorisation to be given (or declined
for that matter), the proposed activity's potential environmental impacts must be
assessed.
In April 2006, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism published a
suite of regulations regulating the processes to be followed and criteria to be
applied in assessing the environmental impacts of listed activities. The processes
to be followed and the criteria to be applied were published as Government
Notice Regulation 385 of 21 April 2006. The activities that were prescribed as
requiring environmental impact assessments were listed in Government Notice
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Regulation 386 of 21 April 2006. Listed activities requiring an EIA and that are
relevant for the purposes of this Report include the following:
Aquaculture, mariculture and algae farms with a product throughput of 10
tons or more annually;
Construction or earth moving activities in the sea or within 100 metres
inland of the high water mark of the sea;
Reconnaissance, prospecting, mining or retention operations as provided
for in the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Developments Act, 2002, in
respect of such permissions, rights, permits and renewals;
The release of emissions, pollution and effluent.
The "previous EIA Regulations" promulgated in 1998 under the Environment
Conservation Act, 1989, are repealed.
4.2.5 Fisheries
and
Aquaculture
The management and implementation of South African fisheries and aquaculture
legislation, regulations and policy is uncomfortably partitioned between fresh
water fisheries and aquaculture and marine fisheries and aquaculture (also known
as mariculture). Fresh water fisheries and aquaculture is regulated by the
Department of Agriculture while the Department of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism, Branch Marine and Coastal Management is responsible for the
regulation of marine fisheries and aquaculture.
The regulation of wild marine fisheries and marine aquaculture are considered
separately below.
(a) Wild
Marine
Fisheries
Wild marine fisheries are regulated in terms of the Marine Living Resources Act,
1998, as well as a comprehensive suite of regulations, policy and permit
conditions applicable to each fishery.
i)
The Marine Living Resources Act
The Marine Living Resources Act of 1998 is the principal legislative
instrument regulating marine living resources in South Africa. No other
legislative instrument, save the Constitution, prevails over a provision of
the MLRA in so far as the regulation of marine living resources is
concerned. The MLRA repealed the Sea Fisheries Act of 1988 but kept
alive section 29 of the Sea Fisheries Act, which provided for the
determination and collection of levies on fish landed and fish products
sold.
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The MLRA provides for the orderly exploitation of marine living
resources and the exercise of control over marine living resources in a fair
and equitable manner for the benefit of all the citizens of South Africa. In
terms of section 2 of the MLRA, the Minister of Environmental Affairs
and Tourism and any organ of state must have regard to a number of
objectives and principles when exercising any power under the MLRA.
These are:
(a)
The need to achieve optimum utilisation and ecologically sustainable development of marine
living resources;
(b)
The need to conserve marine living resources for both present and future generations;
(c) The need to apply precautionary approaches in respect of the management and development
of marine living resources;
(d) The need to utilise marine living resources to achieve economic growth, human resource
development, capacity building within fisheries and mariculture branches, employment
creation and a sound ecological balance consistent with the development objectives of the
national government;
(e)
The need to protect the ecosystem as a whole, including species which are not targeted for
exploitation;
(f)
The need to preserve marine biodiversity;
(g)
The need to minimise marine pollution;
(h)
The need to achieve to the extent practicable a broad and accountable participation in the
decision-making processes provided for in this Act;
(i)
Any relevant obligation of the national government or the Republic in terms of any
international agreement or applicable rule of international law; and
(j)
The need to restructure the fishing industry to address historical imbalances and to achieve
equity within all branches of the fishing industry.
In order to exploit marine living resources whether for commercial or
subsistence reasons, a person or entity needs to apply and be granted a
fishing right under the MLRA. Section 18(1) provides as follows:
No person shall undertake commercial fishing or subsistence fishing, engage in mariculture or
operate a fish processing establishment unless a right to undertake or engage in such an activity or
to operate such an establishment has been granted to such a person by the Minister.
In order to exercise a right granted under section 18, a person needs to be
issued with an annual fishing permit under section 13 of the MLRA.
Accordingly, all forms of fishing in South Africa are regulated in
accordance with a closed system of fisheries management under the
MLRA. In accordance with section 14 of the MLRA, the Minister is
charged with determining the maximum sustainable amounts of fish that
may be harvested during a fishing season for each species of fish for
which rights are allocated. It is in terms of section 14 that the Minister will
set a TAC, TAE or a combination of a TAC and TAE.
The MLRA explicitly recognises the following forms of fishing in South
African waters, although High Seas fishing is possible. First, commercial
fishing is recognised. Commercial fishing has been further sub-divided in
terms of policy into offshore commercial fishing and inshore small-scale
commercial (or artisinal) fishing. Second, subsistence fishing may be
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undertaken. In practice, subsistence fishing only occurs in the Eastern
Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. Third, recreational fishing may be
undertaken. The most popular recreational fisheries are the west coast rock
lobster and traditional line fisheries. Although the MLRA recognises that
foreign fishing may be undertaken in South African waters, South Africa
terminated the last of its foreign fishing bilateral agreements with Japan
and Taiwan in 2003.
ii) Fisheries
Regulations
Fisheries administration and management is largely regulated in terms of
the Fisheries Regulations that were promulgated in GN Regulation 1111
of 2 September 1998. These Regulations have been amended regularly
since 1998 in order to take into account changes to administrative and
management processes of fisheries generally or to a specific fishery or
species.
As far as the management of fisheries is concerned, the Regulations
stipulate in detail the fishing seasons, fishing gear, closed seasons,
restrictions and prohibitions and sanctions applicable to each fishery.
iii) Fisheries
Policies
Between May and June 2005, and in accordance with section 85(2) of the
Constitution, South Africa's Cabinet adopted a suite of fisheries policies.
In particular, Cabinet, with the intention of regulating the allocation of
commercial fishing rights in 2005 and the subsequent management of the
fisheries thereafter, adopted a General Fisheries Policy and 20 fishery
specific policies.4 In 2003 and 2004, separate fishery policies were
promulgated for the abalone and large pelagic fisheries, respectively. In
total, there are 22 fishery specific policies one for each of South Africa's
commercial and small-scale fisheries.
The General Fisheries Policy and the fishery specific policies are based on
five core principles that guide the allocation and the management of
commercial fishing rights in South Africa. The five principles complement
and give effect to the objectives listed in Section 2 of the MLRA. These
principles are the following:
(a) Transformation: Transformation and the need to achieve equality within all branches of the
fishing industry.
(b) Biological considerations: The impact on the target species must be considered. This is
primarily done through the setting of a Total Allowable Catch ("TAC") or a Total Allowable Effort
("TAE"), or both.
4 These Policies may be viewed individually at http://www.feike.co.za/frame_righ.jsp
and by scrolling over the SA Fishery tab to view the individual fisheries.
304
(c) Ecological considerations: The impact on the marine ecosystem in which the target species
occurs must be considered.
(d) Industry and socio-economic and commercial considerations: In so far as is practical and
relevant, the socio-economic impact of allocations on right holders, workers and consumers are
considered, in particular those individuals and communities dependent on the resource. Industry
and commercial considerations include the nature and value of investments in fixed assets,
marketing and processing and fishing capacity.
(e) Performance or potential to perform: In so far as is practical and relevant, financial and fishing
performance, value adding, enterprise development and job creation, as well as compliance with the
MLRA, the Regulations, permit conditions and other legal requirements, are considered.
Finally, and in addition to the above fisheries policies, fisheries
management is complemented by a New Fisheries Policy. This Policy was
promulgated in 2004 with the intention of regulating the processes and
criteria to be followed when identifying new fisheries. New fisheries can
either be identified by DEAT: MCM subsequent to initial government
funded research. Alternatively, a commercial entity may apply for a
research permit to fund research into a new fishery. Research permits are
applied for in terms of section 83 of the MLRA.
iv) Fisheries
Permits
In terms of section 13 of the MLRA, the Minister of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism is required to issue annual fishing permits, to
authorise the seasonal harvesting of fish stocks, whether for commercial,
subsistence or recreational purposes. Every permit is issued subject to a
number of conditions intended to facilitate proper management and
administration of the fishery concerned. In practice, commercial fishing
permits are issued to every right holder. Each permit comprises a set of
generic fishery specific conditions (such as closed areas, gear restrictions,
reporting requirements and so forth) and right holder specific conditions,
such as the vessel and fish processing establishment that may be used by
the right holder concerned and the maximum fish that may be harvested by
the right holder or the maximum effort that may be expended by the right
holder during the fishing season.
(b) Marine
Aquaculture
Marine aquaculture regulation remains in its infancy in South Africa. The only
legislative provisions of relevance are those contained in the MLRA and the Sea
Shore Act of 1935; the latter is to be repealed once the draft Coastal Zone
Management Bill is enacted (see further Paragraph 4.2.7). In addition, there are
brief regulations and a policy document on marine aquaculture.
i)
The Marine Living Resources Act & The Sea Shore Act
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In terms of section 18 of the MLRA, no person may undertake any form of
marine aquaculture (or mariculture) without a right granted to it by the
Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. That is the extent to
which marine aquaculture is explicitly regulated by the MLRA.
The Sea Shore Act of 1935 is relevant in so far as it states that the
President of South Africa owns the sea and the seashore. In reality this
means that should any person wish to undertake marine aquaculture in the
sea or on the seashore, the permission of the President is required. This
will however change once the draft Coastal Zone Management Bill is
promulgated and the Sea Shore Act repealed. The draft Coastal Zone
Management Bill recognises that the South African state merely holds
coastal public property (which includes the sea and seashore) in trust on
behalf of the people of South Africa. In practice this means that should a
person wish to undertake marine aquaculture in the sea or on the seashore,
the permission of the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism will
suffice.
ii)
Marine Aquaculture Regulations
Regulations stipulating the processes and criteria to be applied in
evaluating applications to undertake mariculture were promulgated under
Chapter 6 of the Fisheries Regulations referred to above (GN Regulation
1111 of 2 September 1998).
iii)
Marine Aquaculture Policy, Sector Plan and Guidelines
During the first quarter of 2007, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism published South Africa's Policy for the Development of a
Sustainable Marine Aquaculture Sector. The Policy has four stated
objectives:
The creation of an enabling environment, which includes a
number of important elements, including skills development and
training, intergovernmental co-ordination, industry incentives,
marine aquaculture services, risk management and the
development of appropriate legislation;
Transformation and empowerment;
Control of environmental impacts;
Expanding the resource base.
Although the Aquaculture Policy has been finalised, a number of
complementary policy documents remain in draft form. These include the
Marine Aquaculture Sector Development Plan, Guidelines for Marine
Ranching in South Africa and Policy and Guidelines for Finfish Farming,
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Marine Aquaculture Experiments and Pilot Projects in South Africa.
These documents are discussed further below in Paragraph 4.2.7.
(c) Marine
Pollution
A separate report on the status of MARPOL adoption and compliance by the
BCLME member states was commissioned by the BCLME in early 2007 . That
report details the legislative and regulatory frameworks that apply to the
enforcement and monitoring of MARPOL in South Africa. In addition to that
report, information pertaining to marine pollution management and monitoring in
the BCLME may also be viewed on the State of the Environment Information
System website, http://seis.sea.uct.ac.za/index.php.
Suffice it to say, the management of marine pollution in South Africa's EEZ is
shared between South Africa's Department of Transport (which is the lead
Government department tasked with MARPOL implementation) and DEAT:
MCM. In as far as the prevention and management of pollution incidences are
concerned, DEAT: MCM is empowered to implement the Dumping at Sea
Control Act of 1980. In addition, DEAT: MCM assumed a limited role in the
implementation of MARPOL by encouraging fishing vessels to comply with
MARPOL's Annexure 5.5 Further, DEAT: MCM also prohibits all fishing vessels
from dumping inorganic waste, garbage and pollutants into the sea. It is important
to note that the Dumping at Sea Control Act is to be repealed by the draft Coastal
Zone Management Bill (see Paragraph 4.2.7 below).
4.2.6
Mining, Minerals & Petroleum
Mineral and petroleum exploration and extraction is regulated by the Department
of Minerals and Energy. Mining and non-living mineral resource utilisations are
regulated by the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, 28 of 2002.
The Act's overarching objective is to make provision for equitable access to and
sustainable development of South Africa's mineral and petroleum resources.
In terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act, all
prospecting and mining activities must be undertaken in accordance with the
principles set out in NEMA, Chapter 1. All prospecting or mining activities must
be conducted in accordance with generally accepted principles of sustainable
development by integrating social, economic and environmental factors into the
planning and implementation of prospecting and mining projects in order to
ensure that exploitation of mineral resources serves present and future
generations. Applications for mining or prospecting rights are subject to the
results of environmental impact assessments.
5 During South Africa's recent allocation of long term commercial fishing rights,
applications for fishing rights in a number of fisheries were evaluated and scored
positively based on whether the applicant complied with MARPOL, and in particular
with Annexure 5.
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To conclude, the right to undertake mineral and petroleum exploration and
extraction is subject to environmental assessment.
4.2.7
Pending Legislation, Regulations and Policy
(a) Marine
Living
Resources Amendment Bill, 2005
The Marine Living Resources Amendment Bill of 2005 proposed a number of
technical and administrative changes to the regulation of fisheries management in
South Africa. Some of the technical changes proposed concerned definitions and
the administrative appeals procedure. With regard to the administrative changes
that were proposed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, these
included the repeal of the provisions that established the Consultative Advisory
Forum (CAF) and the Fisheries Transformation Council (FTC). The CAF is
viewed as a hindrance to decision-making and has not existed since 2004. As far
as the FTC is concerned, the Amendment Bill notes that it was abolished in 2000
and should accordingly now be formally removed from the statute books.
It is unclear as to what the status of the Amendment Bill is and whether it will be
promulgated as an Amendment Act in its current form.
(b)
The Integrated Coastal Management Bill, 2006
The long title of the draft Integrated Coastal Management Bill provides for the
establishment of a system of integrated coastal and estuarine management in
South Africa, including the design of norms, standards and policies in order to
promote the conservation of the coastal environment and the ecologically
sustainable development of the coastal zone.
The Bill will repeal the current Dumping at Sea Control Act and also incorporate
the most recent amendments to the London Dumping Protocol. Additionally, the
Bill will seek to close loopholes in the current system of sea outfall pipe
regulation, which is currently overseen by the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry in terms of the National Water Act, 1998.
It is foreseen that the Bill will be promulgated during the first half of 2008. It will
be implemented by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, and more
particularly DEAT: MCM.
(c)
NEMA Amendment Bills, 2006 & 2007
In September 2006, a NEMA Amendment Bill was issued for public comment. It
proposed a number of technical amendments to the NEMA. Two proposed
changes are important to note. First, environmental management inspectors are to
be considered to be "peace officers" as contemplated in the Criminal Procedure
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Act of 1977. In practice this means that environmental management inspectors
have the same authority as fishery control officers, including the powers of
search, entry and seizure. Second, provision is made for a substantial penalty for
failing to comply with an environmental compliance notice. The sanction
proposed is a maximum of a R5 million fine and/or 10 years imprisonment. The
Amendment Bill has not yet been promulgated.
In May 2007, a NEMA Second Amendment Bill was published for comment. The
proposed amendments are technical and textual in nature and need not be
discussed further.
(d)
Marine Aquaculture Sector Development Plan, Guidelines for Marine Ranching in
South Africa and Policy and Guidelines for Finfish Farming, Marine Aquaculture
Experiments and Pilot Projects in South Africa
The Sector Development Plan must be read together with the Guidelines for
finfish farming and ranching. The Sector Development Plan is intended to be the
overarching planning strategy for marine aquaculture in South Africa. The
purpose of the Sector Development Plan is to outline proposed strategies that will
give practical effect to the marine aquaculture policy objectives stated above.
The two Guideline documents are meant to be instructive aids to both applicants
and government authorities providing the processes and criteria in terms of which
applications for either finfish farming or ranching will be required to comply
with.
All three documents remain drafts and accordingly have no legal force or effect.
(e)
Draft Policy for the Allocation and Management of Medium-Term Small-Scale
Commercial Fishing Rights and Subsistence Fishing Rights
In late 2006, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism issued for
comment a Draft Policy for the Allocation and Management of Medium-Term
Small-Scale Commercial Fishing Rights and Subsistence Fishing Rights.
Comments were due by the end of March 2007. The document remains a draft
policy document. The draft policy document intends to formalise the regulation of
subsistence and small scale fishing in it is presumed as it is not explicitly stated
in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. It appears that the draft
policy intends allocating 4 year long small-scale commercial fishing rights to
current subsistence fishermen and fisherwomen.
The stated objectives of the draft policy document are to
Provide formal access to marine living resources to small-scale commercial
fishers and alleviate poverty;
Uplift fishers who have gained the necessary skills and experience;
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Grant 4 year rights to persons who can demonstrate their historical and
cultural dependency on marine living resources;
Ensure the orderly and sustainable development of fisheries identified for
small-scale commercial harvesting; and
Ensure the environmental sustainability of the resources.
4.2.8
Summary of South African Legislation and Policy
Sector
Legal Instrument
Status
Enforcement Agency
Constitutional
Constitution of the Republic of South
In Force
Government of the Republic of
Africa, 108 of 1996
South Africa
Environment
National Environmental Management
In Force
Department of Environmental
Act, 1998 (as amended in 2002, 2003 &
Affairs and Tourism
2004)
The National Biodiversity Act, 2004
In Force
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism
The Protected Areas Act, 2003
In Force
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism
The Air Quality Act, 2004
In Force
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism
Environmental Impact Assessment
In Force
Department of Environmental
Regulations, 2006 (Published in terms of
Affairs and Tourism
NEMA)
Maritime Zones
Maritme Zones Act, 1994
In Force
Department of Transport
Marine Fisheries
Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (as
In Force
Department of Environmental
amended in 2000)
Affairs and Tourism
Fisheries Regulations, 1998 (as amended
In Force
Department of Environmental
in 2000, 2001, 2003 & 2004)
Affairs and Tourism
Fisheries Policies (General Fisheries
In Force
Department of Environmental
Policy & 22 Commercial Fishery
Affairs and Tourism
Policies), 2003-2005
Marine Aquaculture
Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 (as
In Force
Department of Environmental
amended in 2000)
Affairs and Tourism
Sea Shore Act, 1935
In Force
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism
Fisheries Regulations (Chapter 6), 1998
In Force
Department of Environmental
(as amended in 2000, 2001, 2003 &
Affairs and Tourism
2004)
Policy for the Development of a
In Force
Department of Environmental
Sustainable Marine Aquaculture Sector
Affairs and Tourism
Marine Pollution
Dumping at Sea Control Act, 1980
In Force
Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism
Marine Pollution (Control and Civil
In Force
Department of Transport
Liability) Act, 6 of 1981, including
Regulations Relating to the Prevention
and Combating of Pollution of the Sea by
310
Sector
Legal Instrument
Status
Enforcement Agency
Oil of 1984)
Marine Pollution Intervention Act, 64 of
In Force
Department of Transport
1987
The Merchant Shipping Act, 57 of 1951
In Force
Department of Transport
Mining, Minerals and
Mineral and Petroleum Resources
In Force
Department of Minerals and
Petroleum
Development Act, 2002
Energy
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4.3 Namibia
4.3.1
The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia
Because of its colonial and apartheid history Namibian environmental legislation
is dominated by South African legislation and influence. Although a number of
apartheid and pre-independence laws were specifically repealed in schedule 8 of
Namibia's Constitution, Article 140 of the Constitution provides that all other
laws in force immediately before independence remain in force until specifically
repealed or amended by new legislation or declared unconstitutional by a
competent court.
Article 95 (l) of the Constitution commits the Namibian Government, inter alia,
to the maintenance of ecosystems, essential ecological processes and the
biological diversity of Namibia.
Article 100 of the Constitution of Namibia, titled "Sovereign Ownership of
Natural Resources" provides that the "Land, Water and Natural Resources above
and below the surface of the land and in the continental shelf and within the
territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of Namibia shall belong to the
State if they are not otherwise lawfully owned."
Article 91 outlines the role of the Ombudsman, whose office is established in
terms of Chapter 10 of the Constitution. The Ombudsman is explicitly empowered
to investigate complaints concerning the over-utilisation of living natural
resources, the irrational exploitation of non-renewable resources, the degradation
and destruction of ecosystems and failure to protect the beauty and character of
Namibia.
With respect to international agreements, article 32(3)(e) provides that the
President (or delegate) has the power to negotiate and sign all international
agreements. In terms of article 63(2)(e), the National Assembly is empowered to
agree to the ratification of or accession to international agreements, which have
been negotiated and signed by the President. Accordingly, an international
agreement signed by the President or his delegate, will only become binding on
the Republic of Namibia once the international agreement has been ratified or
acceded to by the National Assembly.
4.3.2 The
Environment
(a)
Water Resource Management Act
The Water Resource Management Act was promulgated on 23 December 2004.
The Water Resources Management Act provides for the management and conservation of
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all Namibian water resources, including inland waters, the sea and meteoric water, i.e.
water that occurs in or is delivered from the atmosphere. The Act regulates the
abstraction, use and supply of water, regulates water pollution, defines water rights and
sets up an administrative framework to implement the purposes of the Act.
With respect to water pollution control, the Act stipulates that any person intending to
discharge any waste or effluent into any form of water source requires a permit. For a
permit to be issued the following criteria are applied:
The impact of the discharge on existing water uses;
The use of water from any source into which the discharge will be made;
Any known impact of the proposed effluent discharge on the environment,
including those emanating from owners and occupiers of land and water
resources in the vicinity; and
The need to ensure the efficient and beneficial use of water resources.
The Act allows for the declaration of a water management area for the purpose of
protecting any water resource at risk of depletion, contamination, extinction or
disturbance from any source. The Act makes provision for internationally shared
water resources, in accordance with any international treaty, convention or
agreement relating to water use to which Namibia is a signatory and to uphold the
principles of such treaties, conventions or agreements.
(b) Environmental
Assessment
Policy for Sustainable Development and Environmental
Conservation
Namibia does not have stand-alone environmental protection legislation. The
Ministry of Environment and Tourism published the Environmental Assessment
Policy in 1995. The Environmental Assessment Policy stipulates that all policies,
programs and projects, as listed in the Policy, whether they are initiated by
government or the private sector, should be subject to an environmental
assessment. Namibia recognises that environmental assessments seek to ensure
that the environmental consequences of development projects and policies are
considered, understood and incorporated into the planning process.
The list of activities requiring environmental assessment is comprehensive and
includes any policy, program or project that utilises natural resources as well as
structures, plans or land acquisition for parks and reserves (including marine),
mining and mineral exploration, ports and harbours, reclamation of land from the
sea, salt works, mariculture, tourism and recreation facilities, effluent and
desalination plants, to name but a few. The format of and requirements for an
environmental assessment are laid out in the Policy. The purpose of the Policy is
seen as informing decision makers and promoting accountability, ensuring that
alternatives and environmental costs and benefits are considered, requiring the
user pays principle while promoting sustainable development.
313
4.3.3
Namibia's Exclusive Economic Zone
The Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone of Namibia Act, 3 of 1990,
determines Namibia's territorial sea, internal waters, contiguous zone, EEZ and
continental shelf in conformity with international law. It defines Namibia's
territorial sea as the sea within a distance of 12 nautical miles from the baseline
(the low water mark). This Act establishes Namibia's internal waters as waters
landward of its low water line or any other baseline.
The contiguous zone is established as the sea outside the territorial sea but within
a distance of 24 nautical miles. In this zone Namibia may exercise any powers
deemed necessary to prevent the contravention of any laws, for example relating
to customs and immigration.
In the 200 nautical mile EEZ established under the Act, Namibia may exercise
powers to control the use and conservation of living marine resources.
4.3.4
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Unlike South Africa where fresh water and marine fisheries and aquaculture are
managed by separate government departments, Namibia manages both marine and
fresh water wild fisheries and farmed fisheries under one government department
the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR). This Report however
concerns itself with marine fisheries only.
(a) Wild
Marine
Fisheries
i)
The Marine Resources Act
The Marine Resources Act, 27 of 2000 repealed the Sea Fisheries Act in
2000. The Marine Resources Act governs the control, management,
utilization and protection of marine resources, within the country's
territory and EEZ.
Section 2 of Marine Resources Act empowers the Minister to determine
the general fisheries policy regarding the conservation and utilisation of
marine resources in order to realise the greatest benefit for all Namibians
both present and future.
Part VI of the Marine Resources Act regulates the commercial harvesting
of marine resources. Section 33 vests the Minister with the discretion to
announce a period during which applications for rights of exploitation can
be submitted. Section 33(4) lists the following as criteria the Minister may
consider in the granting of commercial fishing rights:
314
whether or not the applicant is a Namibian citizen;
where the applicant is a company, the extent to which the beneficial
control of the company vests in Namibian citizens;
whether Namibians have beneficial ownership of any vessel which
will be used by the applicant;
the ability of the applicant to exercise the right in a satisfactory
manner;
the advancement of persons in Namibia who have been socially,
economically or educationally disadvantaged by discriminatory laws
or practices which were enacted or practiced before the independence
of Namibia;
regional development within Namibia;
co-operation with other countries, especially those in SADC;
the conservation and economic development of marine resources;
whether the applicant has successfully performed under an exploratory
right in respect of the resource applied for;
socio-economic concerns;
the contribution of marine resources to food security; and
any other matter that may be prescribed.
Namibia's fishing rights are (as South Africa's) allocated for a limited
time period, not transferable except by Ministerial consent, and indivisible
so as to not undermine the Government's goal of Namibianisation and
empowerment within the sector. Once a TAC has been determined for the
fishing season, it is distributed among the right holders in each fishery in
the form of quotas.
ii) Fisheries
Regulations
Regulations for the Exploitation of Marine Resources, GN Regulation 241
of 2001, were promulgated by the Minister of Fisheries and Marine
Resources. The Regulations are prescribed by the Minister under section
61(1) of the Marine Resources Act.
Part II of the regulations deals with forms and procedures for granting
rights or exploratory rights, allocating quotas and issuing licenses.
Part III deals with recreational fishing permits and means of harvesting
fish for recreational purposes. It also sets out the maximum daily bag
limits, prohibited species, prohibited areas in respect of fishing for
recreational purposes and the possession and transport of marine
resources.
Part IV of the Regulations deals with conservation methods by controlling
the use of fishing gear for commercial purposes, for example, mesh sizes,
trawl gear and protected species. It also deals with the clearance of fishing
vessels, restrictions on trawl gear, measuring mesh sizes etc. This section
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provides a list of prohibited species which may not be killed or disturbed
as well as the importation of live marine resources.
Part V deals with the protection of the marine environment controls the
disposal of waste, fishing gear and other non-degradable objects.
Part VI determines the documents which must be carried on board a
fishing vessel, such as logbooks which must be on the vessel and the
reporting of catches.
Part VII deals with the issue of landing of by-catches dealing specifically
with fees payable in respect of by-catches.
Part VIII sets out the regulations for compliance control, such as signals
for stopping vessels, inspections, reporting requirements, landing and
transhipment, marking of vessels and fishing gear.
Part IX sets out offences and penalties relating to the Regulations.
iii) Fisheries
Policies
Between 1991 and 1994 Namibia put in place National Development
Plans (NDP's) to alleviate poverty, reduce unemployment, stimulate
economic growth and reduce income inequalities. Within the fisheries
sector, the NDP determined a number of fisheries and marine resource
targets as follows:
Increase in employment through the fishing sector by 9000 to 21 000
formal employees by 2000;
Achieve 80% Namibianisation of the fishing fleet (except for mid-
water trawlers) by 2000;
Achieve 80% Namibianisation of the crew (excepting the mid-water
trawlers) by 2000;
Achieve 50% shore-based processing of hake by 2000;
Achieve Namibianisation of patrol vessels by 2004;
Increase to 12% (from 8%) the fisheries sector contribution to
Namibian GDP.
In addition to the NDP's, the MFMR issued a Policy Statement on the Granting
of Rights of Exploitation to Utilize Marine Resources and on the Allocation of
Fishing Quotas on 8 July 1993. The core elements of this policy are the
following:
Maintaining stock recovery: This is required to ensure the sustainable
utilisation of marine resources. This will be achieved by the promotion
of stock recovery to long-term sustainable yield levels through the
conservation of marine resources and the protection of the Namibian
316
EEZ. The current strategy is setting total allowable catches at levels
low enough to promote recovery of depleted stocks.
Compliance control: To protect the Namibian EEZ, the Ministry will
continue to curb illegal fishing and harmful fishing practices.
Monitoring, control and surveillance will become an even more
important issue in the future, since the enhanced status of fish stocks
will become an increasingly attractive target for illegal fishing.
Industrial development: To ensure that gains in rebuilding fish
resources are translated into economic gains in terms of increased
private incomes, employment and government revenue, the industry
must be given a viable economic environment. This is especially
important in on-shore processing and in areas such as quality control
and export promotion.
Namibianisation: To be able to take up opportunities provided for by
development of the fisheries sector, Namibians must be able to acquire
skills through training. In addition, to increase the role which
Namibian businesses play in the sector, supporting policies and
programs are needed for the allocation of fishing rights and quotas.
Strengthening the research and training capacities of the fishing
industry will achieve this goal.
Advancement of socially or educationally disadvantaged persons: To
ensure greater beneficial participation in the sector for Namibians
coming from groups previously subject to discriminatory laws and
practices. This will be achieved through affirmative action.
Improving the services of the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources: This is required to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and
economy of the MFMR. Achieving this requires the training of
qualified and competent personnel in the fishing industry, as well as
the MFMR. Also, fair returns from the fishing industry to the
government need to be ensured. The MFMR must guarantee the
conservation and protection of Namibia's freshwater fish resources. To
remain a focused MFMR and to keep abreast of the changes in the
industry, the MFMR has developed a strategic plan spelling out
strategies and initiatives for a period of five years.
Successfully promoting regional co-operation in marine fisheries:
Regional co-operation is to be enhanced through the activities of the
SADC Sector Coordinating Unit for Marine Fisheries and Resources.
(b) Marine
Aquaculture
i) Aquaculture
Act
The Aquaculture Act of 2002, read with the Regulations on Licensing
(December 2003), provides the legal basis for implementing the 2001
aquaculture policy Towards Responsible Development of Aquaculture.
The Act is administered by the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
317
Resources6. Applications for aquaculture must comply with a number of
criteria. The applications are then tabled and considered at inter-
Ministerial meetings.
The Act provides for the Minister of MFMR to declare zoned areas as
suitable and reserved for aquaculture but this provision needs to be
formally implemented and utilized on an urgent basis, as it provides a
mechanism for maintaining the pristine nature of water quality and coastal
area essential for aquaculture.
ii) Bio-Safety
Act
The Bio-Safety Act of 2006 is intended to be the implementing legislation
for the Cartagena Protocol (Convention on Biodiversity). Although this
Act was passed at the end of 2006, it has not been implemented to date.
The Act is relevant in so far as it regulates the release of genetically
modified organisms or products (e.g. maize) into river systems, which
could also affect neighbouring countries.
In addition, the Act governs the requirements for the import and transport
of genetically modified organisms into or through Namibia. In the field of
Namibian aquaculture, genetically modified products do exist. An
example would be tilapia.
In terms of Chapter 4 of the Act, titled Requirements for dealing with
GMO's, section 20 provides that no person may deal with GMO's or a
GMO product without a permit. Exemptions to this are provided for in
section 21. A contravention of section 20 may lead to a fine of N$ 100 000
or up to 5 years imprisonment or both. Section 22 governs the application
process for permits and section 23 requires a risk assessment and
management plan to be completed before a permit is granted. Section 24
regulates the procedure for the consideration of an application, and section
26 provides for conditions that may be prescribed or imposed.
Chapter 5 of the Act governs the suspension, cancellation or variation of
permits and the registration of facilities.
ii) Aquaculture
Policy
Namibia's aquaculture policy Towards Responsible Development of
Aquaculture is committed to the responsible and sustainable
6The establishment of an `inter-Ministerial Committee for aquaculture' functions as a
`One-Stop Shop', in that the applicant need only work through one Ministry, namely
MFMR, from where the aquaculture licenses are also issued.
318
development of aquaculture so as to achieve socio-economic benefits for
all Namibians and to secure environmental sustainability. This Policy is
premised on four principal strategies:
Putting in place an appropriate legislative and administrative
framework for aquaculture, which occurred in 2002;
Establishing appropriate institutional arrangements for aquaculture;
Maintaining genetic diversity and the integrity of ecosystems and
Ensuring responsible aquaculture production practices.
(c) Marine
Pollution
A separate report to the BCLME on the status of MARPOL adoption and
compliance by the BCLME member states is relevant in this connection. That
report details the legislative and regulatory frameworks that apply to the
enforcement and monitoring of MARPOL in Namibia. In addition to that report,
information pertaining to marine pollution management and monitoring in the
BCLME may also be viewed on the State of the Environment Information System
website, http://seis.sea.uct.ac.za/index.php.
4.3.5
Mining, Minerals and Petroleum
(a)
Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act
The Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 2 of 1991, stipulates that all rights
in relation to exploration for, production and disposal of petroleum vests in the
State. The Act states in article 12 that the Minister of Mines and Energy, in
considering a licence application, may require the applicant to carry out an
environmental impact assessment. It provides for the issuing of licences for
reconnaissance, exploration and production of petroleum, and in Article 71, for the
control of environmental pollution caused by such activities.
In accordance with the Act, a Petroleum Agreement is entered into between the
Minister of Mines and Energy and the licence holder. Clause 11 of the standard
Petroleum Agreement deals with environmental protection and binds the licence
holder to all provisions contained in the Act, as well as requiring the license holder
to comply with stringent environmental requirements.
The Act requires the undertaking of two environmental impact assessment studies
prior to starting any activity. The first of these EIAs is required to be carried out
in two parts - a baseline study to be undertaken prior to a seismic survey, followed
by an environmental impact assessment of the effects of drilling on the
environment. The second of the EIAs constitutes an assessment of the effects of
production on the environment and the EIA report must contain environmental
guidelines to be followed in order to minimize environmental damage. The
guidelines must deal with issues such as marine resource protection, fuel storage
319
and handling, liquid and solid waste disposal, selection of drilling sites, blowout
prevention, combating oil spills, flaring, well abandonment, rig dismantling, site
completion and reclamation and noise control.
Applicants for production licences must comply with additional requirements,
including stipulating the manner in which they intend preventing pollution,
dealing with waste, safeguarding natural resources, and reclaiming and
rehabilitating land disturbed by production operations, as well as providing a
statement setting out any significant effect production operations are likely to
have on the environment and the manner in which they intend controlling or
eliminating this effect.
If a licence holder relinquishes its right, or if such a right lapses or is cancelled,
the holder is required to remove all goods brought into the licence area, to plug or
close off any wells drilled, and to perform any actions specified by the Minister
required for the protection of natural resources in the area.
The Petroleum Laws Amendment Act, 1998, introduces decommissioning plans
and requires the establishment of a trust fund for such decommissioning on
cessation of production operations.
(b)
Minerals (Prospecting & Mining) Act
The Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 33 of 1992, This Act controls all
mining activity in Namibia. Mineral rights are vested in the state, and companies
or individuals are required to apply to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)
for licences to explore and mine mineral deposits.
In the event that a mineral license lapses, is cancelled or the holder of the license
abandons a license area (including reconnaissance, prospecting, retention or
mining areas), they are required to take all necessary steps to remedy, to the
satisfaction of the Minister, any damage caused to the environment by their
activities.
The Act also requires that the holder of a mineral license must report any incident
in which any mineral is spilled into the sea or on land or if such land becomes
polluted or if any damage is caused to any plant or animal, and to take whatever
steps are considered necessary in terms of good practice to remedy the situation.
If the license holder fails to comply with this in good time, the Minister has the
right to take whatever steps are necessary to remedy the situation, at the expense
of the license holder.
(c)
Minerals Policy of Namibia
320
The Minerals Policy of Namibia was published in 2003 and sets out the guiding
principles for the development of the mining sector designed to ensure that it
maintains its leading role in the growth of the national economy while at the same
time operating within environmentally acceptable limits. To this end, one of the
objectives of the policy is listed as ensuring compliance with national and other
relevant environmental policies. In respect of the marine mining sector, the Policy
requires that the government, in consultation with stakeholders, establishes an
environmental Assessment Working Group and develops a framework for the
generation of Environmental Management Program Report Guidelines, and that
the Ministry of Mines and Energy, in consultation with the Ministry of
Environment and Tourism and the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources,
ensures that all mining vessels be equipped with vessel monitoring systems,
which collectively will help avoid cumulative and collective damage to the
environment.
The Policy also commits the Government of Namibia to the implementation of the
SADC Treaty and SADC Protocol on Mining and to encourage other SADC
member states to ratify all environmental conventions appropriate to the mining
industry in the region.
4.3.6
Pending Legislation, Regulations and Policy
(a)
Environmental Management Bill, 2006
Published in June 2006, once promulgated the Environmental Management Bill
will serve as framework environmental legislation in Namibia. The Bill's long
title states that the Bill will provide for the promotion of the sustainable
management of the environment and the use of natural resources by establishing
principles for decision-making on matters affecting the environment. In addition,
a Sustainable Development Advisory Council, an Environmental Commissioner
and environmental officers will be appointed in terms of the Bill.
There is no indication as to when this Bill will be promulgated into law as yet.
The lead implementing agency will be the Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
(b) Draft
Pollution
Control and Waste Management Bill, 1999
The Draft Pollution Control and Waste Management Bill was published in 1999.
No subsequent version was made available. The Draft Bill seeks to
comprehensively regulate pollution and waste in an integrated manner.
There is no indication as to whether this Bill will be promulgated into law. The
lead implementing agency will be the Ministry of Environment and Tourism.
4.3.7
Summary of Namibian Legislation and Policy
321
Sector
Legal Instrument
Status
Enforcement Agency
Constitutional
Constitution of the Republic of Namibia,
In Force
Government of the Republic of
1990
Namibia
Environment
Water Resource Management Act, 2004
In Force
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and
Forestry
Environmental Assessment Policy for
In Force
Ministry of Environment and
Sustainable Development and
Tourism
Environment Conservation
Maritime Zones
Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic
In Force
Ministry of Works, Transport and
Zone of Namibia Act, 1990
Communication
Marine Fisheries
Marine Resources Act, 2000
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources
Regulations for the Exploitation of
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Marine Resources, 2001
Resources
Fisheries Policies (NDP's and Policy
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Statement on the Granting of Rights of
Resources
Exploitation to Utilize Marine Resources
and on the Allocation of Fishing Quotas,
1993)
Marine Aquaculture
Aquaculture Act, 2002
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources
Towards the Responsible Development of In Force
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Aquaculture, 2001
Resources
Marine Pollution
SEE REPORT TO THE BCLME ON
-
Ministry of Works, Transport and
MARPOL ADOPTION AND
Communication
COMPLIANCE
Prevention and Combating of Pollution of In Force
Ministry of Works, Transport and
the Sea by Oil of 1981)
Communication
Dumping at Sea Control Act, 1980
In Force
Ministry of Works, Transport and
Communication
Namibian Ports Authority Act, 1994
In Force
Ministry of Works, Transport and
Communication
The Merchant Shipping Act, 57 of 1991
In Force
Ministry of Works, Transport and
Communication
Mining, Minerals and
Petroleum (Exploration and Production)
In Force
Ministry of Mines and Energy
Petroleum
Act, 1991
Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act,
In Force
Ministry of Mines and Energy
1992
Minerals Policy of Namibia, 2003
In Force
Ministry of Mines and Energy
322
4.4
Angola
Angola's legal system is significantly different to the South African and Namibian
Constitutional system of government based on Roman Dutch law. Angola's system of
government is based on Portuguese and customary law.
4.4.1
Constitution of the Republic of Angola (Lei Constitucional da República de Angola),
1992
The 1992 Constitution requires the state to protect and conserve natural resources
(article 12), and to protect the environment, and establishes a right to a healthy
and unpolluted environment (article 24).
Executive authority vests in the President of the Republic of Angola. It is the
President who has the authority to appoint all Ministers and Deputy Ministers,
who collectively comprise the Council of Ministers. The Council of Ministers is
constitutionally empowered to take all policy decisions.
As far as concluding international agreements are concerned, it is understood that
once the Council of Ministers has decided to abide by an international agreement,
the nominated minister is authorised to sign the international agreement. If the
international agreement pertains to the participation of Angola in international
fora, concerns national boundaries, international collaboration or defence and
military collaboration, then the Angolan National Assembly must approve such an
international agreement.
With respect to all other forms of international instruments, once signed by the
authorised Minister/Deputy Minister, the international agreement will become
binding only once the President of Angola ratifies it.
4.4.2 The
Environment
(a)
Environment Framework Act (Lei de Bases do Ambiente)
The Environment Framework Act, 5 of 1998, was developed in the early 1990s by
the newly established State Secretariat for the Environment. The Act is based on
Articles 12 and 24 of the Angolan Constitution. The Act is now administered by
the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment (established at the end of 2002).
This Act provides the framework for all environmental legislation and regulations
in Angola. It defines key concepts, including the protection, preservation and
conservation of the environment, the promotion of quality of life and the use of
natural resources. It also incorporates key international sustainable development
declarations and policies such as Agenda 21 and establishes the rights and
responsibilities of citizens in relation to the environment.
323
Article 16 of the Act suggests seven steps that should be undertaken in
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) processes, which may differ according
to each situation and project. Article 17 deals with the issue of licensing and
Article 18 with environmental auditing.
(b)
Environmental Impact Assessment Decree (Decreto sobre Estudus de Impacte
Ambiebtal)
The Environmental Impact Assessment Decree of July 2004 aims to ensure better
environmental protection, particularly with respect to human activities likely to
have an adverse impact on the environment (e.g. mining; civil construction;
exploration of natural resources) by:
establishing which projects (public and private) should be subject to an
Environmental Impact Assessment;7
providing for the undertaking of environmental audits;8
establishing norms for conducting EIAs of public and private projects which,
due to their nature, dimension or location, might have significant
environmental and social impacts, including what must be included in an EIA
report;9 and
providing clear guidance on the procedures and mechanisms to be used in
EIAs, including the nature and extent of public participation,10 the entity
responsible for compliance with these legal requirements, deadlines and the
EIA monitoring process.
The Decree also specifies various offences (Article 16) and provides for the
imposition of fines varying from US$ 1,000 to US$ 1,000,000 as well as for the
imposition of other penalties (Article 17).
4.4.3
Angola's Exclusive Economic Zone (Lei sobre agues interiors, mar territorial e zona
economica exclusive)
The Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone and Exclusive Economic Zone Act, 21 of
1992 , which is administered by the Ministry of Water and Energy, regulates
internal waters and lakes, the use of natural resources, the protection of the marine
environment and the promotion of scientific marine research.
7 The projects that require an EIA are listed in an annex to the Decree and are
divided into 7 groups. The categories of projects are: (1) Agriculture, fishery and
forestry; (2) Extractive industry; (3) Energy industry; (4) Glass industry; (5)
Chemical industry; (6) Infra-structure projects; and (7) Other projects.
8 Article 22 states that environmental audits shall be conducted.
9 Article 6/a-g: specifies the kind of information that must be included in the EIA.
10 Article 10 explains the procedure for public consultation and indicates that the
project proponent should bear the costs of such consultations.
324
The Act provides that the territorial sea extends twelve nautical miles from the
low-water line or straight baselines as indicated in Decree No. 47771 of June 27,
1967, or as may be defined by the Government of Angola under Article 3 of this
Act. The Act further delineates the internal waters and the contiguous zone and
establishes an economic exclusive zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles.
The remaining articles set out the rights and obligations of the State of Angola
with regards to EEZ, including the rights of the Angolan Government to explore,
use, conserve and manage natural resources.
4.4.4 Fisheries
and
Aquaculture
(a)
Aquatic Biological Resources Act
The Aquatic Biological Resources Act of 2005 came into force when it was
published in the Government Gazette in February 2005. This Act repealed the
Fisheries Act (Lei das Pescas), No. 20/92 of 14 August.
The entire spectrum of fisheries administration and management is covered by the
Law on Aquatic Biological Resources of 2005. The fishing industry has to be
viewed within the ambit of the Law of the Bases for Private Investment of 2003.
It demonstrates a change in approach on the part of the Angolan Government with
a greater role and regard for private enterprise, property rights and intellectual
property. The Law on Aquatic Biological Resources is now in harmony with the
Law of the Bases for Private Investment.
As stated above the Aquatic Biological Resources Act is a very comprehensive
Act that reflects the Government's policies towards environmental protection and
the sustainable use of natural resources. It has drawn on articles in the
Constitution, the Environmental Framework Act and legislation promoting
Angolan business. The Act also takes account of Angola's obligations under
international instruments such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the
Convention on Biological Diversity and the SADC Protocol on Fisheries.
The Act seeks to harmonise different legislation on the marine resources,
particularly with regards to fisheries and aquaculture activities. It criminalises the
discharge of any objects or substances which are likely to cause serious damage to
the biological resources, and provides that any individual or legal person that
causes damage to the environment must repair the damage and also indemnify the
State.11
11 Article 263 specifies which activities causing environmental degradation and
damage to biological resources are considered crimes and provides for the imposition
of penalties.
325
The most important provisions of the Act from an environmental protection
perspective are contained in Title II which deals with measures for the protection
of biological resources and the marine environment. The Act establishes a number
of important general principles for the conservation of aquatic biological
resources,12 provides for the establishment of marine protected areas, as well as
prescribing the objectives of marine protected areas,13and provides for the
declaration of five types of aquatic protected area.14
In addition, the Act requires the Ministry responsible for the fishery sector to
promote environmental impact assessments of fishing methods and gear,
particularly in relation to the introduction of new fishing technology15 and
provides for the regulation of aquaculture.16
The Aquatic Biological Resources Act is in many respects similar to the South
African Marine Living Resources Act. The Namibia legislation also adheres to a
similar approach.
(b)
Fisheries and Aquaculture Decrees
During the consultations, Feike was advised by representatives of the Angolan
government that the following decrees were passed by the Council of Ministers
during 2005 and 2006. We were not provided with copies of the actual decrees or
translations of these.
Decree nº14/05: Approves regulations for fishing licenses;
Decree nº41/05: Approves regulations on general fishing processes;
Decree nº38/05: Approves regulations for the scientific research of aquatic
biological resources in the Angolan EEZ and freshwaters;
Decree nº39/05: Approves regulations for Aquaculture;
Decree nº40/06: Approves regulations on the sanitary requirements for fish
products and aquaculture;
Decree nº28/06: Approves the internal regulations of the National Directorate
for Fisheries Protection;
12 Article 6(3). These include: sustainable development; responsible fishing; optimal
conservation and use of aquatic biological resources as well as the precautionary,
prevention, user-pays and polluter-pays principles.
13 Article 79. These include: the preservation of species, ecosystems and habitats,
as well as its biological diversity; the protection of cultural values; entertainment and
tourism; scientific research; and the establishment of a network of areas for
environmental protection.
14 Article 80(a) (e). These include: integral aquatic nature reserves; aquatic
national parks; aquatic nature reserves; partial reserves; and natural monuments.
15 Article 90(2).
16 Article 200 sets out the objectives of aquaculture, namely to contribute towards
food security; sustainable regeneration of the biological water resources;
regeneration of endangered species or rehabilitation of degraded habitats; and foster
employment and financial return, particularly for the rural communities.
326
Decree nº 98/06: Joint decree between the Ministry of Fisheries and Ministry
of Health. The decree approves regulations, which establish the list of
poisonous species of fish and fish products that cannot be sold;
Decree nº 43/05: Establishes measures to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal,
unregulated and unreported fishing.
Regulation nº9/06: Approves a coordination strategy for wild fisheries and
aquaculture for the period of 2006 to 2010.
4.4.5 Marine
Pollution
The management and prevention of marine pollution in Angola is
undertaken by the Ministry of Transport through the Instituto Marinho e
Portuaro de Angola (IMPA).
In terms of Resolution No. 41/01 of 21 December 2001, Angola acceded
to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention. According to the Angolan authorities,
MARPOL has been incorporated into the constitutional law of the
Republic of Angola, 1992, through article 12 No. 2 and article 24 Nos. 1
and 2. Both of these provisions however refer to environmental
preservation in a general way.
The law of Aquatic Biological Resources No. 6 of 2004 also gives effect
to MARPOL 73/78. Rules and procedures for the management and
removal of waste and deposits resulting from oil tanker activities are
established by decree in the Oil Activities and Environmental
Protection law 39/00 of 10 December 2000. The dumping of toxic
residues resulting from oil activities or other sources is banned in terms of
Decree 495/73 of October 1973. The discharge into the sea, of chemical
substances that cause marine pollution, whether solid or liquid is banned
in terms of Decree 412 of 12 September 1970.
Waste management and reception facilities are provided to the oil and gas
industry through an Angolan registered company Angola Environmental
Servicos Lda.
4.4.6
Mining, Minerals & Petroleum
(a)
Geological and Mining Activities Act
The Geological and Mining Activities Act, 1 of 1992, gives the Ministry of
Geology and Mines the right to manage and supervise all mineral prospecting and
development activities through the granting of licences. The Act also includes a
clause (Article 12) on environmental protection that requires a commitment from
license holders (concessionaries) to protect the environment, fauna and flora and
327
to recover any damaged soils and deviated water courses so as to avoid any
adverse impacts on people.
(b)
The Petroleum Activities Act (Lei das Actividades Petroliferas),
The Petroleum Activities Act, 10 of 2004 was promulgated to include new
principles on economic policies, provisions aimed at protecting the national
interest, the protection of workers, conservation of mineral resources and the
protection of the environment.
Article 7/2 of the Act states that all petroleum operations must be conducted by
considering the safety of people and infrastructure as well as the protection and
conservation of the environment. Article 9/3 notes that licences can only be
granted to petroleum operations if measures are put in place to ensure the
sovereignty of the country, safety, environmental protection, research,
management and preservation of natural resources, including living and non-
living aquatic biological resources.
Article 24 on Environmental Protection indicates that all companies involved in
petroleum operations have to put in place appropriate measures to ensure
environmental protection with a view to guaranteeing its preservation which
includes health, water, soil and sub-soil, air, biodiversity preservation, flora and
fauna, ecosystems, landscapes, atmosphere and cultural, archaeological and
aesthetic values.
Article 24/2 requires that plans on environmental preservation, EIA's,
rehabilitation plans and environmental audits are submitted to the competent
authorities within established timeframes.
(c)
Decree on Environmental Protection for Petroleum Activities (Decreto sobre a
Protecção do Ambiente nas Actividades Pertrolíferas)
The Decree on Environmental Protection for Petroleum Activities, 39 of 2000, is
administered by the Ministry of Petroleum and aims to protect the environment as
a whole, including, inter alia, fauna, flora, soil, the marine environment, fresh
water sources, landscapes, cultural values, the atmosphere, and so forth, from the
harmful effects of petroleum exploration and production activities. The Decree
seeks to regulate petroleum activities in a way that ensures the achievement of
sustainable development and is applicable to both off- and onshore activities.
The Decree makes it mandatory to undertake EIAs which are seen as a key
instrument to ensure environmental protection in any project. It provides details
on the EIA process with an emphasis on the issuing of the required licences. EIAs
and approvals are required before the commencement of the exploration,
production and decommissioning phases, and public participation may also be
required. The Minister of Petroleum authorises these activities under the current
328
Petroleum and Environmental legislation in consultation with the Minister of
Urban Affairs and Environment.
(d) Executive
Decrees
During the consultation process, Feike was advised that the following executive
decrees were issued during 2005 aimed at protecting the environment from the
impacts of oil exploration and extraction. We were not provided with copies of
the actual decrees.
Decree nº08/05: Regulates the management, removal and deposit of waste;
Decree nº11/05: Regulates the processes to be followed when an oil spill
occurs;
Decree nº12/05: Regulates the discharge of ballast water.
4.4.7 Pending
Legislation
In 2006 the Ministry of Urban and Environmental Affairs published a draft
National Program for Environmental Management aimed at protecting Angola's
biodiversity. It also proposes the establishment of an inter-ministerial body for
coordinating all sectoral environmental management activities which will
contribute towards the exploration of natural resources, improvement of the
economic environment, poverty alleviation and subsequent improvement of the
quality of life and of the environment.
This Program is to be implemented by the Ministry of Urban and Environmental
Affairs through the National Environmental Directorate.
4.4.8
Summary of Angolan Legislation and Policy
Sector
Legal Instrument
Status
Enforcement Agency
Constitutional
Constitution of the Republic of
In Force
Government of Angola
Angola, 1992
Environment
Environment Framework Act, 1998
In Force
Ministry of Urban Affairs and
Environment
Environmental Impact Assessment
In Force
Ministry of Urban Affairs and
Decree, 2004
Environment
Maritime Zones
Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone and
In Force
Ministry of Water and Energy
Exclusive Economic Zone Act, 1992
Marine Fisheries
Aquatic Biological Resources Act,
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
2005
Decree
14/05
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree
41/05
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree
38/05
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree 28/06
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
329
Sector
Legal Instrument
Status
Enforcement Agency
Decree
98/06
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree
43/05
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Marine
Aquatic Biological Resources Act,
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Aquaculture
2005
Decree
39/05
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree
40/06
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Decree
9/06
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
Marine Pollution
SEE REPORT TO THE BCLME ON
-
MARPOL ADOPTION AND
COMPLIANCE
Aquatic Biological Resources Act,
In Force
Ministry of Fisheries
2005
Oil Activities and Environmental
In Force
Ministry of Transport
Protection Law, 2000
Decree 495/73
In Force
Ministry of Transport
Decree 412/70
In Force
Ministry of Transport
Mining, Minerals
Geological and Mining Activities
In Force
Ministry of Geology and Mines
and Petroleum
Act, 1992
Decree on Environmental Protection
In Force
Ministry of Petroleum
for Petroleum Activities, 2000
Petroleum Activities Act, 2004
In Force
Ministry of Petroleum
330
4.5
International & Regional Instruments
We provide below a tabular record of the regional and international instruments adopted
by one or more members of the BCC. Adoption and signature of and accession to
international and regional instruments is regulated by each member state's respective
constitutions. The processes have been mentioned above but are reiterated here for
convenience.
4.5.1
Adopting International and Regional Instruments: South Africa
Section 231 of the South African Constitution stipulates the constitutional
mechanisms for negotiating and signing international agreements. Ordinarily,
South Africa will only be bound by an international agreement if the agreement
has been approved by both houses of Parliament. The exception to this rule is
section 231(3), which provides that either the President or a Minister authorised
by Cabinet may conclude an international agreement of a technical, administrative
or executive nature. A section 231(3) agreement will bind South Africa on
signature of the agreement.
4.5.2
Adopting International and Regional Instruments: Namibia
In terms of article 32(3)(e) of the Namibian Constitution, the President (or
delegate) has the power to negotiate and sign all international agreements. In
terms of article 63(2)(e), the National Assembly is empowered to agree to the
ratification of or accession to international agreements, which have been
negotiated and signed by the President. Accordingly, an international agreement
signed by the President or his delegate, will only become binding on the Republic
of Namibia once the international agreement has been ratified or acceded to by
the National Assembly.
4.5.3
Adopting International and Regional Instruments: Angola
In terms of Angolan law, it is understood that once the Council of Ministers has
decided to abide by an international agreement, the nominated minister is
authorised to sign the international agreement. If the international agreement
pertains to the participation of Angola in international fora, concerns national
boundaries, international collaboration or defence and military collaboration, then
the Angolan National Assembly must approve such an international agreement.
With respect to all other forms of international instruments, once signed by the
authorised Minister/Deputy Minister, the international agreement will become
binding only once the President of Angola ratifies it.
Category
International/Regional
South Africa
Namibia
Angola
Instrument
331
Legal
UN Convention on the Law of the Ratified Ratified Ratified
Sea, 1982
Fisheries
UN Fish Stocks Agreement for
Ratified Ratified Ratified
the Conservation and
Management of Straddling Stocks
and Highly Migratory Stocks
FAO Code of Conduct for
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Responsible Fisheries
International Plan of Action to
Ratified Ratified Not
Ratified
Prevent, Deter and Eliminate
illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing
International Plan of Action for
Ratified Ratified Not
Ratified
the Conservation and
Management of Sharks
International Plan of Action for
Ratified Ratified Not
Ratified
the Management of Fishing
Capacity
International Plan of Action for
Ratified
Ratified
Not Ratified
Incidental Catch of Seabirds
SADC Protocol on Fisheries Ratified
Ratified
Ratified
Commission for the Conservation
Co-operating Non-
Not Member
Not Member
of Southern Bluefin Tuna
Member
International Commission for the
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Contracting Party
Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
Commission for the Conservation
Member Member Not
Member
of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources
Biodiversity
Convention on Biological
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Diversity
Large marine
Agulhas Current Large Marine
Member NA
NA
ecosystem
Ecosystem
management
Gulf of Guinea Large Marine
NA NA Member
Ecosystem
Benguela Current Large Marine
Member Member Member
Ecosystem
Safety &
International Convention for the
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Environment
Safety of Life at Sea
United Nations Convention on
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Climatic Change (UNFCC)
Declaration on the Protection of
Ratified Ratified Ratified
the Marine Environment from
Land-Based Activities, 1995
332
Convention on the Conservation
Ratified Ratified Ratified
of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals, 1979
Convention on International Wet
Ratified Ratified Not
Ratified
Lands recognised as Important
Habitats for as Aquatic Birds
(RAMSAR)
International Convention for the
Ratified Ratified Not
Ratified
Regulation of Whaling
Convention for the Protection of
Ratified Ratified Ratified
the Ozone Layer
Convention for the Protection,
Ratified NA
NA
Management and Development of
the Marine and Coastal
Environment of the Eastern
African Region (Nairobi
Convention)
Convention for Co-operation in
Ratified
Not Ratified
Not Ratified
the Protection and Development
of the Marine and Coastal
Environment of the West and
Central African Region
SADC Protocol on Mining
Ratified Ratified Ratified
SADC Protocol Related to the
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Conservation of Fauna and Law
Applications
SADC Protocol on Shared
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Watercourses
Trade
Convention on International
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Traffic of exotic species of Fauna
and Flora on risk of extinction
(CITES)
Pollution
Convention on the Prevention of
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and other Matter, 1972
International Convention of 1973
Ratified Ratified Ratified
for Pollution Prevention caused
by Navigation and Protocol of
1978 (MARPOL)
International Convention on Civil
Ratified Not
Ratified
Ratified
Responsibility and Compensation
of Damage Caused by Potentially
Harmful and Dangerous
Substances at Sea (HNS 96)
Stockholm Convention on
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs)
Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety
Ratified Ratified Ratified
333
Convention on the Control of
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal
Protocol on Substances that
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Deplete the Ozone Layer
International Convention on Civil
Ratified Ratified Ratified
Liability for Oil Pollution
Damage
334
PART B:
5.
Governance and Institutional Arrangements
5.1 South
Africa
The governance of and institutional arrangements affecting South Africa's marine
resources is significantly different to that of Angola and Namibia. Whereas Angola and
Namibia each have dedicated fisheries ministries responsible for marine and freshwater
fisheries and aquaculture, South Africa's marine fisheries and aquaculture is overseen by
the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. With respect to the governance of
fresh water fisheries and aquaculture, these are overseen by separate government
authorities.
Accordingly, the lead government department responsible for the management of marine
fisheries and aquaculture is the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism and
more particularly, the Branch: Marine and Coastal Management, which is situated in
Cape Town.
Further, another important difference in the governance systems between Namibia and
Angola, on one hand, and South Africa, on the other, is that in South Africa there is a
distinct separation between Ministries and Departments. The Ministry represents the
executive and policy authority. Each ministry is led by a Minister who is supported by a
deputy minister. A Minister will normally be supported by his/her own administrative
and professional staff. Departments are responsible for interpreting and implementing
executive and policy decisions. Each department is led by a Director-General, who is
supported by various levels of administrative and professional support staff, including
deputy directors-general, chief directors, directors, deputy directors and assistant
directors.
Although the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is the principal South
African government authority responsible for implementing the BCLME SAP, the
respective roles of the Departments of Mineral and Energy and Transport with respect to
non-living marine resource utilisation and shipping in the BCLME Region need to be
considered. This is undertaken below.
5.1.1
The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
The Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is tasked with the
promotion of environmental conservation, planning and sustainable resource
management. It is also tasked with facilitating tourism growth and development,
air quality management and biodiversity management. The Department is headed
by a Director-General who reports directly to the Minister of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism.
335
The Branch: Marine and Coastal Management is led by a deputy director-general
who is responsible for fisheries administration, research, management and
compliance. The DDG is supported by five chief directors, each responsible for
finance and administration, fisheries research, fisheries management, integrated
coastal management and fisheries compliance. The DDG has to report to the DG
and receive authorisation for all major budgetary and operational matters from the
DG or the management structure of the DG of which the DDG of MCM is a
member.
It should be noted that the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is
located in Pretoria, whilst MCM operates from Cape Town. MCM has
responsibility for the management of commercial fisheries, subsistence fisheries,
recreational fisheries, coastal management, South Africa's operations in
Antarctica as well as a range of off-shore islands. MCM also takes responsibility
for the management of 12 fishing harbours and the multi-faceted issues that
involve harbour management.
Diagram: Marine and Coastal Management Organogram
Deputy Director
General
Chief
Chief
Chief
Chief
Chief Financial
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate:
Officer
Strategic
Research,
Monitoring
Marine and
Integrated
Support
Antarctica and
Control and
Coastal
Coastal
Management
Islands
Surveillance
Resource
Management
Management
(a)
Chief Directorate: Research, Antarctica & Islands
The Chief Directorate: Research, Antarctica and Islands is responsible for
managing and administering fisheries and ecosystems research and is led by a
Chief Director who reports directly to the DDG of DEAT: MCM. The principle
purpose of scientific research is to ensure the ecologically sustainable utilisation
of fish stocks and the conservation of marine ecosystems, including species that
are not targeted for exploitation such as seals and seabirds.
The Department supports a precautionary approach to all fisheries. Because
uncertainty affects all elements of a fishery system, precaution is required at all
levels of the system.
336
Scientific research is aimed at understanding the dynamics of fish stocks and
informs the Total Allowable Catch or the Total Applied Effort determined in
terms of section 14 of the MLRA. The scientific working groups are responsible
for interpreting the stock analyses carried out on the different fish stocks and this
interpretation ultimately informs the determination of the TAC/TAE. Scientific
research further informs the designation of marine protected areas, the designation
of fisheries management areas, the determination of closed areas, closed seasons,
prohibited fishing times, minimum species size, vessel and gear restrictions and
fishing methods, including by-catch prevention methods. Scientific research is
also conducted in order to develop new fisheries, in line with the Department's
New Fisheries Policy.
Scientific working groups currently function in respect of each fishery sector.
Each working group is made up of departmental scientists as well as external
experts from other marine science institutions, such as institutions of higher
learning. Most sectors are scientifically managed in terms of an Operational
Management Procedure (OMP). Others are managed by means of annual
assessments.
Diagram: Chief Directorate: Research, Antarctica and Islands Organogram
Chief Directorate:
Research, Antarctica
and Islands
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate:
Directorate: Eco-
Research Support
Antarctica and
Biodiversity and Eco
Research and
system Utilisation
System Research
and Conservation
Islands
Development
(b)
Chief Directorate: Resource Management
The Chief Directorate: Resource Management is primarily responsible for the
facilitation and regulation of the sustainable and equitable development as well as
the utilisation of marine living resources through the administration of fishing
rights, permits, exemptions and licenses. In addition, this Chief Directorate is
also responsible for the day-to-day management of each of the 22 commercial
fisheries, the recreational and subsistence fisheries, fish processing establishments
and related international relations.
The chief directorate is led by a Chief Director who reports directly to the DDG
of DEAT: MCM.
337
Diagram: Chief Directorate: Resource Management
Chief Directorate: Marine and Coastal Resource
Management
Directorate: Offshore Management
Directorate: Inshore Management
(c)
Chief Directorate: Integrated Coastal Management
This Chief Directorate was established in 2006 by reducing the responsibilities of
the former Chief Directorate of Fisheries and Coastal Management. Its function is
to optimise the sustainable use of South Africa's coastal resources by controlling
human impacts on the environment (other than commercial fishing), such as
coastal development, subsistence fishing, recreational fishing, marine pollution,
including regulating sea outfall pipes, and marine eco-tourism.
The chief directorate is led by a Chief Director who reports directly to the DDG
of DEAT: MCM.
(d) Chief
Directorate:
Monitoring, Control & Surveillance
The objectives of fisheries compliance, monitoring and surveillance are
implemented by the Chief Directorate: Monitoring, Control and Surveillance. In
order to ensure compliance with fisheries laws, the Chief Directorate has
additional means to encourage and enforce compliance. These include:
State of the art inshore and offshore environmental patrol vessels;
Marine protected areas;
Vessel monitoring systems;
Employment of fishery control officers responsible for ensuring that all
fishing takes place in a regulated and lawful manner and that all landings are
properly recorded; and
Honourary fishery control officers.
The chief directorate is led by a Chief Director who reports directly to the DDG
of DEAT: MCM.
Diagram: Chief Directorate: Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
338
Chief Directorate: Monitoring Control
and Surveillance
Directorate: Monitoring and
Directorate: Compliance
Directorate: Environmental
Surveillance
Protection Vessels
(e)
Chief Directorate: Chief Financial Officer
The Chief Financial Officer is responsible for the financial management of the
marine living resources fund (MLRF) established in terms of the MLRA. The
MLRF has an annual operating budget of approximately R300 million (excluding
staff salaries for the approximate 700 staff employed at MCM). The budget is
principally made up of funds collected from levies charged on fish landed, fines
and confiscations, the sale of illegal fish and fish products and national
government fund transfers. The MLRF functions as a separate legal entity and is
accountable to Parliament to which annual reports must be submitted.
5.1.2
Department of Minerals and Energy
The Department of Minerals and Energy is led by a Director-General who reports
to the Minister of Minerals and Energy. The department is divided into various
branches all of which report directly to the Director-General. For the purposes of
this Report, we discuss only the branch responsible for mineral regulation as its
functions impact on the marine environment.
The Minerals Regulation Branch was created when the Minerals Development
Branch was restructured following the promulgation of the Mineral and Petroleum
Resources Development Act of 2002.
The Mineral Regulation Branch is responsible for regulating the mining and
minerals industry to achieve transformation and contribute to sustainable
development. The branch is headed by the Deputy Director-General: Mineral
Regulation. It comprises the following chief directorates;
Chief Directorate: Mineral Regulation and Administration - Eastern Regions
(Limpopo, KwaZulu Natal, Eastern Cape, Gauteng and Free State)
Chief Directorate: Mineral Regulation and Administration - Central Regions
(Northern Cape, Free State and Gauteng)
Chief Directorate: Mineral Regulation and Administration - Western Regions
(North-West, Limpopo and Western Cape)
5.1.3
The Department of Transport
339
The Department of Transport is responsible for the regulation of land, rail, air and
sea transportation. In order to accomplish these vast tasks, a number of agencies,
each led by a Chief Executive Officer who is assisted by a Board of Directors,
have been established. The South African Maritime Safey Authority is the agency
responsible for ensuring the safety of life and property in the SA EEZ. SAMSA is
also responsible for preventing and managing pollution incidences at sea.
Although SAMSA would act as the lead agency in the management of a pollution
incident, it would be obliged to do so in collaboration with DEAT: MCM.
For further information pertaining to marine pollution management in the
BCLME Region, refer to the BCLME Report: on MARPOL Adoption,
Compliance and Monitoring (May 2007).
340
5.2
Namibia
Diamond mining and increasingly offshore marine diamond mining provides the bulk of
Namibia's foreign exchange income, while the fishing industry is the second most
important sector of the Namibian economy. Consequently, both the Ministry of Mines
and Energy (MME) and the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources play equally
prominent roles in determining the national policy and economic agendas. The role of the
Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) in relation to the marine environment
appears to be limited, partially due to lack of definition as to whether or not its
jurisdiction extends to below the high water mark and partially because environmental
legislation that has been drafted over the past decade has not as yet been enacted.
Responsibility for regulating the environmental effects of mining and petroleum
exploration and production activities on the marine environment is shared between the
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Ministry of Environment and Tourism and the
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD). The Department of
Water Affairs (DWA) in MAWRD is responsible for controlling pollution of the land
environment and the marine environment from land-based sources.
5.2.1 Ministry
of
Fisheries and Marine Resources
The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources was established in 1991 after
independence. Prior to that, marine fisheries exploitation and management was
undertaken by South Africa's Sea Fisheries Department (which was the
predecessor to the current Marine and Coastal Management Branch).
The MFMR is led by a Minister who is responsible for the management and
regulated utilisation of marine and freshwater fisheries, as well as aquaculture.
The administration of the MFMR is led by a Permanent Secretary who is the
equivalent of a director-general in the South African context. South Africa's
Marine and Coastal Management, it is worth noting is headed by a Deputy
Director-General. The Permanent Secretary is supported by 5 directorates,
responsible for operations, policy, planning and economics, aquaculture, resource
management and general services.
The promulgation of an Aquaculture Act by the MFMR in 2002 resulted in the
creation of a council known as the Aquaculture Advisory Council to advise the
Minister on aquaculture development. This advisory council consists of the
Permanent Secretary and other persons appointed by the Minister.
Diagram: Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Oraganogram
341
Minister
Deputy Minister
Permanent Secretary
Operations
Resource Management
Aquaculture
Policy, Planning Economics
General Services
5.2.2
Ministry of Mines and Energy
The Ministry of Mines and Energy issues prospecting and mining licences as well
as exploration and production licences for petroleum, and is responsible for
ensuring that mining activities in Namibia are environmentally sustainable.
The Ministry of Mines is led by a Minister. Administrative leadership is provided
by a Permanent Secretary, who is supported by four directorates and an Under-
Secretary for Diamond Affairs. For the purposes of this Report, we need only
consider further the role played by the Directorate of Mines.
The Directorate of Mines endeavours to promote the optimal exploitation of
Namibia's mineral resources and integrate the mining industry with other sectors
of the economy for socio-economic development of the country. The Directorate
of Mines is committed to:
Maintaining a competitive fiscal and legal framework;
Promoting the minerals sector;
Proactively developing and implementing environmental policies to minimise
the impact of the exploitation of Namibia's mineral resources on the
environment;
Promoting, monitoring and ensuring safe and healthy conditions for mining
industry employees and the public;
Promoting and providing assistance to the small scale mining sector;
Stimulating the exploration for new discoveries by actively promoting the
minerals sector; and
Developing professional customer orientated services.
342
Diagram: Ministry of Mines and Energy Oraganogram
Minister
Deputy Minister
Permanent Secretary
Directorate of Admin and Finance
Directorate of Mines
Directorate of Geological Survey
Directorate of Energy
Under Secretary Diamond Affairs
5.2.3
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD)
The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) within the MAWRD is responsible for
controlling pollution of the terrestrial environment in Namibia through the Water
Act of 1956.
The Directorate of Resource Management within the Department of Water Affairs
(DWA) at the MAWRD is currently the lead agency responsible for the regulation
of marine pollution that originates from land-based sources. Management and
prevention of water pollution is based on a permit system administered by the
DWA. The Department grants exemption permits allowing businesses and other
institutions such as local authorities to discharge effluent into the marine
environment. These exemption permits allow institutions to discharge effluent
that does not comply with the standards set forth in the 1962 Water Quality
Guidelines.
Water pollution licences are required from any mining company wishing to
discharge effluent into the environment. This includes the disposal of fine
material (plumes) generated by the diamond mining industry that is discharged
into the sea from shore-based processing plants.
Diagram: Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development Organogram
343
Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development
Department of Water Affairs
Directorate of Resource Management
Directorate of Rural Water Supply
5.2.4
Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication (MWTC)
The Directorate of Maritime Affairs (DMA) within the MWTC is responsible for
the management and prevention of pollution in the marine environment. Its
activities in this respect are administered through the Prevention and Combating
of Pollution of the Sea by Oil Act, 1991. Responsibilities of the DMA include oil
pollution prevention and control.
The National Response Team (NRT) of the National Oil Spill Contingency
Organisation (NOSCO), situated within the MWTC is listed as the responsible
agency for managing and co-ordinating a national response to an oil spill in
Namibia.
For further information pertaining to marine pollution management in the
BCLME Region, refer to the BCLME Report on MARPOL Adoption,
Compliance and Monitoring (May 2007).
344
5.3 Angola
5.3.1 Ministry
of
Fisheries
The Ministry of Fisheries is responsible, inter alia, for protecting and conserving
marine resources, developing appropriate fishing plans, conducting scientific
research on marine issues, and identifying species that can be harvested. The
Ministry of Fisheries established the Marine Research Institute to undertake
scientific research on marine life and to assist with the enforcement of fisheries
legislation.
The Ministry is responsible for the administration and implementation of the
Aquatic Biological Resources Act of 2005.
Given the promulgation of the 2005 fisheries legislation and the subsequent
issuing of a number of fisheries and aquaculture decrees, it is evident that Angola
has commenced a dynamic phase in terms of which it manages its marine and
aquaculture resources.
A comprehensive organogram of the Ministry of Fisheries is provided below,
which indicates the reporting lines and various components within the Ministry of
Fisheries.
345
Diagram: Ministry of Fisheries Organogram
Minister
Economic and
Cabinet of
Social Deputy
Minister Director
Minister
Advisory Council
Cabinet of Deputy
Minister Director
Adminstration Council
Technical
Deputy
Minister
Council of Integrated
Cabinet of Deputy
Management of
Minister Director
Biologic Aquatic
Resources
Technical Scientific
Council
Secretary
Inspection
Judicial
Cabinet of
Cabinet of
Documentation
General
Cabinet
Cabinet
Planning and
International
and Information
Statistics study
Exchange
Center
National
National
National
National Service
administration of
Administration of
Administration
of Fishery
Fishery and Fishery
Infrastructure and
of Aquiculture
Inspection and of
Resources
Market Studies
Aquiculture
National
Fisheries and
Institute of
Institute of
National Institute
Fund of support to
Aquaculture
Fishery
Development and
of Support to the
the Development
Schools
Research
Artisinal Fishing
Fishing Industry
of Fishing Industry
and Aquaculture
and Aquaculture
346
5.3.4
Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment
The Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment was formed in 200217 and is
responsible for overseeing urban affairs and for managing environmental quality
and conservation of biological diversity in Angola. The Ministry is primarily
responsible for the implementation of the Environmental Framework Act and all
associated regulations and for the development and regulation of environmental
impact assessments.
A Technical Multi-sectoral Commission for the Environment (Comissão Técnica
Multisectorial do Ambiente) was established in 2001 to improve co-ordination and
co-operation between ministries. The Commission includes all directors of
relevant departments but is only an advisory body. In 2003 a proposal was
submitted to the Commission to establish a Council for Environment and
Sustainable Development, but this has not yet occurred.
A comprehensive organogram of the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment
is provided below, which indicates the reporting lines and various components
within the Ministry.
17 Initially environmental matters were dealt with by the National Secretariat for the
Environment (established in 1993). In 1997, this became the Ministry for the
Environment; and in 1999 it was merged with fisheries as the Ministry of Fisheries
and Environment.
347
Diagram: Ministry of Urban Affairs and Environment
Minister
Director of Minister's office
Deputy Minister of Town
Deputy Minister of
Multi-sectoral
Multi-sectoral Tec
Technical Co
hnical Commissio
mmission n of Urban and
territorial Ordainment
of Environment
Advisory Council
Council of Direction
General
International Exchange Office
Plan and Informatics
Control and
Secretary
Studies Office
Inspectorate Office
Centre of Information and documentation
National Management of
National
National Management of
National Management
Urban and Territorial
Management of
Environment
of Natural Resources
Development
Housing Policy
Law Office
National Institute of
Geographical
National
National
National Institute
Fund of Housing
Fund of
Territo rial
Institute of
Institute of
Institute of
of Nature
Promotion
Environment
Ordain
Conservation
ment and
Angola
Residence
Environmental
Urban Development
Mapping
Promotion
348
5.3.5 Ministry
of
Petroleum
The Ministry of Petroleum is responsible for managing the petroleum resources of
Angola and for licensing all related activities. Within the Ministry, the National
Petroleum Directorate (Direcção Nacional dos Petróleos) is responsible for
dealing with nature conservation and environmental protection issues that arise in
connection with the petroleum industry. Since 1993 these matters have been dealt
with by a specific department of the Directorate: the Department for the
Protection of the Environment (Departamento de Proteccão Ambiental). The
Department is actively involved in the development of the National Contingency
Plan (Combate à poluicão) and its stated objective is to develop the legal and
administrative mechanisms and instruments within the National Environmental
Protection System (Sistema Nacional de Protecção Ambiental) to control
activities in the petroleum industry.
The state oil company, SONANGOL, is responsible for the routine management of
petroleum operations, but exploration and production contracts are negotiated under the
supervision and guidance of the Ministry of Petroleum. The Ministry of Petroleum is
responsible for implementing the Decree on Environmental Protection for the Petroleum
Industry which deals with EIAs, oil spill prevention and response, waste management,
management of operational discharges and field abandonment and rehabilitation. This
will increase the role and responsibilities of the Ministry in relation to the review and
approval of EIA studies, proposed environmental management systems, emergency
response plans and site abandonment and rehabilitation plans.
The Ministry of Petroleum has developed mandatory reporting requirements for
the oil industry regarding quality and quantity of sea discharges of waste, as well
as required reporting and response to oil spills.
A comprehensive organogram of the Ministry of Petroleum is provided below,
which indicates the reporting lines and various components within the Ministry.
Diagram: Ministry of Petroleum Organogram
N A T IO N A L
D I R E C T O R
O F
P E T R O L E U M
A D M IN IS T R A T IO N
REASERCH AND LICENCE
D E V E L O P M E N T A N D
P E T R C H E M IS T R Y A N D
P R O T E C T IO N O F
D E P A R T M E N T
P R O D U C T IO N D E P A R T M E N T
,,,,,,D E P A R T M E N T
E N V IR O N M E N T
D E P A R T M E N T
349
5.4
Non-Governmental Bodies, the Media and Industry
5.4.1 The oversight roles played by non-governmental organisations and the media are
clearly most evident in South Africa with a host of NGO's and media active in the
fields of fisheries and environmental management.
5.4.2 The leading NGO's and environmental lobby groups that are active in South
Africa and Namibia are the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (Namibia and South
Africa), the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Sea Shepherd (South
Africa) and the Coastal Environment Trust of Namibia (CETN). Compared to
other sectors of civil society it is noted that the fisheries and marine sectors
(especially home grown institutions) are comparatively few and public debate is
correspondingly wanting.
5.4.3 Media oversight, including regular critical analyses of environmental, fisheries
and mining matters is apparent in both Namibia and South Africa but
undeveloped in Angola. For example, between March 2006 and the end of May
2007, more than 150 articles critical about fisheries management and governance
in South Africa appeared in South Africa's press. A number of South Africa's
daily newspapers have increasingly published articles on the Benguela Current
Region and the crises being faced by the hake and small pelagic fisheries in
Namibia and South Africa.
5.4.4 Although patchy in the regularity of their updates, several Ministries in the
BCLME countries have dedicated websites. There are also at least two dedicated
periodical magazines in South Africa dedicated to reporting on matters affecting
the fisheries sector, "SA Fishing Industry News" and "Maritime Reporter". These
are important sources of fisheries and related information and news.
5.4.5 Industry oversight of and participation in fisheries management is prominently
evident in Namibia and South Africa. In Namibia, the Namibian Minister of
Fisheries and Marine Resources meets at least once annually with the Namibian
fishing industry. The Minister also tables an annual state of the fisheries report in
Parliament. In addition, the Resource Management Directorate meets regularly
with the Namibian fishing industry. In South Africa, each of the commercial
fishing industries is represented by at least one industry body that also represents
right holder interests on MCM: DEAT scientific and management working
committees. These industry bodies also represent employer interests when dealing
with the employee unions in the fishing industry the Food and Allied Workers
Union (FAWU) and the Deep Sea Trawlermen's Association.
350
Part C
6.
Harmonisation Work Plan, Timetable and Costing
This part will provide an assessment of measures that could be supported by the BCC in
encouraging the harmonisation of legislative, regulatory and governance instruments as
well as closing gaps in the management of fish stocks in the Benguela Region. This part
also provides an estimation of timeframes and costs associated with such measures. It is
important to note that the costs provided are estimations and are based on what similar
initiatives have cost in the region.
The Benguela Current Commission and the BCLME Program
6.1
A sustained but targeted public information campaign is required in South Africa
particularly but also in Namibia and Angola on the socio-economic and ecological
benefits of shared stock management and why this should be undertaken by the
BCC. Such a campaign should focus also on eco-systems, what they are and how
they relate to fish stock recovery plans. Duration: Immediately and thereafter
strategically to maintain stakeholder attention. Budget: US$ 30 000.
Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation
6.2.
This Report has noted that Namibia does not presently have dedicated
environmental legislation, including environmental impact assessment
regulations. However, draft environmental legislation was published in 2006. The
BCC could assist Namibia's Ministry of Environment and Tourism develop EIA
Regulations that are complementary to those in force in Angola and South Africa.
An important component of such a regulatory design program should also be the
development of implementation guidelines and the training of MET staff in the
evaluation of EIA applications. Duration: Once Namibia's Parliament has
approved the Environmental Management Bill, 2006. Budget: US$ 40 000
plus Training Component: US$ 30 000 excluding training materials and
depending on the number of persons to be trained.
6.3.
In an effort to rebuild fish stocks and the likelihood of establishing new and
extended or possibly cross-border Marine Protected Areas or Management Zones,
to commission research that considers the efficacies of where such MPA's might
be located, how large they might be and how they best incorporate important sea
mounds and spawning areas. Duration: 3 years. Budget: US$ 100,000.
Fisheries Management
6.4
Having regard to the fact that South Africa has codified in detail its policy
intentions and management principles for each of its commercial fisheries,
Namibia and Angola may wish to undertake a similar program. Duration: 12
months. Budget: US$ 20 000 per fishery.
351
6.5
Codification of a regional foreign fisheries policy and ensuring that this
contributes to the realization of the SADC Fisheries Protocol objectives.
Duration: 4 months. Budget: US$ 30 000.
6.6
Developing and implementing of a harmonised system of fees, levies and taxes
charged on shared stocks. Duration: 12 months. Budget: US$ 60 000.
6.7
Developing and implementing complementary FAO national plans of action
pertaining to IUU fishing, fishing (and processing) capacity and the incidental
catch of seabirds. Duration: 24 months. Budget: US$ 30 000 per National Plan
of Action.
6.8
Regulating Angola's artisinal fisheries is important for the effective management
of the Benguela ecosystem. The Angolan artisinal fisheries require regulation and
systems to enable officials to be able to gather data and track compliance on an
affordable, regular and sustainable basis. Duration: 12 months. Budget: US$ 60
000.
6.9
Designing a co-operation and collaboration agreement with the South East
Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO), such that it compliments the BCC and
meets member country expectations. Duration: 6 months. Budget: US$ 30 000.
Marine Pollution
6.10 There is very little information about the pollutants entering the marine
environment from sea-outfalls and other land-based sources. Such information is
required to allow for the sustainable management of the BCLME. 12 months.
Budget: US$ 100 000.
6.11 Adoption, compliance and monitoring of the MARPOL Convention. Having
regard to the recommendations of the recent report to the BCLME regarding this
subject, a BCLME MARPOL implementation strategy requires development.
Duration: 12-24 months depending on whether such a strategy includes
development of domestic legislation for Namibia, for example. Budget: US$
20 000 100 000.
Governance Systems
6.12 Developing complementary ecosystems approaches to fisheries management for
shared stocks. Duration: 18 months. Budget: US$ 80 000.
6.13 Management, updating and maintenance of the SEIS website. Duration:
Ongoing. Budget: US$ 5 000 per month.
352
6.14 Identifying and establishing large marine protected areas to protect hake, pilchard
and horse mackerel stocks. Duration: 12 months. Budget: US$ 70 000.
6.15 Undertaking a cost benefit analysis of sharing scientific, management (including
compliance) and administrative resources to increase the efficient management of
shared stocks. Duration 12 months. Budget: US$ 50 000.
353
PART D:
7.
Conclusion and Recommendations
7.1
South Africa, Namibia and Angola are individually beginning to benefit
economically from the political stability and economic growth they have enjoyed
following the strife caused by war and oppressive minority rule. None-the-less
poverty and inequality remain the biggest challenges facing each of these three
developing states. In so far as their policy thrust is directed at socio-economic
issues and related educational as well as infra-structural objectives, the BCC in its
next phase will achieve its goals optimally if it succeeds to adequately explain the
linkage that a rehabilitated eco-system will benefit those living in poverty and
without jobs.
7.3.
The three countries are also increasingly cognizant of the need to take drastic
steps to mitigate the effects of fish stock reductions that have and are occurring in
the Benguela Region. The reasons for the stock reductions may not be conclusive
as yet as they may be due to cyclical events, climate change related factors or due
to a range of unsustainable fishing practices. In all probability, it is a combination
of all these factors, making the impact all the more threatening to the future
sustainability of the major fisheries in the BCLME. The fact that stocks have
failed to recover in the Northern Benguela Region, off the Namibian coast,
notwithstanding conservative management measures increases the urgency for
Governmental responses.
7.4
The consultation process established that the BCLME Program, its objectives and
purpose are understood by a wide range of government and private agencies in
Namibia and Angola but significantly less understood by South African
government and private agencies. Even less understood is the role to be played by
the Benguela Current Commission. The reason for this can probably be attributed
to the fact that South African fisheries has a very low national profile and
accordingly is relegated to local and perhaps regional debate and discussion.
Although the preparation of this Report exposed a number of persons in South
Africa to the BCLME Program and the BCC in particular, a substantial amount of
urgent and ongoing effort ought to be invested in remedying this. An urgent and
ongoing effort ought to be invested in remedying this through focussed
intervention directed at members of the environmental and minerals and energy
Parliamentary Portfolio Committees, the industrial bodies that represent the
regional shared stock fisheries, identified NGO's and the media.
7.5
It is important to note that a substantial number of reports have to date been
produced for the BCLME on issues such as socio-economics, trade, aquaculture,
policy and harmonisation. These reports contain important recommendations and
suggestions which should be considered by fisheries managers, decision-makers
354
and advisors in the BCLME Region. The BCC will have an important
interlocutory role in this regard.
Environmental Management
7.6
Environmental regulation in the BCLME Region does appear to be patchy at best.
This is concerning particularly from the perspective of ecosystem management.
Once again the BCC could provide a key leadership role as well as provide
demonstration models that assist these countries in their respective developmental
stages.
7.7
South Africa has the most comprehensive environmental legislative program,
which is entirely accommodated under the umbrella of the National
Environmental Management Act, its environmental governance principles and
institutions. In addition to the NEMA, South Africa has dedicated legislation
governing its protected areas, air quality and biodiversity. The importance of this
to Angola and Namibia in terms of BCLME objectives is of central importance.
7.8
Angola has also enacted framework environmental legislation, coupled with
environmental impact assessment legislation. The South African and Angolan
EIA legislation is similar in terms of objectives and structure.
7.9.
Namibia does not have any standalone dedicated environmental legislation which
is concerning, particularly in light of the fact that its economy continues to grow
and coastal tourism appears to booming with the consequent rapid development of
coastal developments. Although it is understood that Namibia has finally
commenced with the drafting of coastal zone management legislation, broader
environmental legislation that allows for the enforcement of effective and
rigourous EIA's is required.
Fisheries Management
7.10. This Report has studied the fisheries statutes in each of the three countries with a
view to identifying areas of significant conflict or gaps pertaining to fisheries
management. It is noted that the governing fisheries statutes in Namibia, Angola
and South Africa are broadly complementary and do not require any substantive
review or amendment, although the amendments proposed by the South African
government in 2004 pertaining to the Marine Living Resources Act should be
further enhanced. This notwithstanding, a number of subordinate legislative and
governance instruments will require harmonisation and narrowing of gaps as has
been identified by this Report.
7.11 South Africa has very recently codified its fisheries policies in substantial detail,
which has led to greater levels of economic and ecological predictability and
certainty. This, in turn, has led to a marked increase in the number of jobs (up
from 29000 in 2002 to more than 39000 in 2006) in the fisheries sector and
355
allowed for increased investments in new vessels, technologies (including
environmentally sustainable technologies) and infrastructure. Importantly, the
South African fishing policies provide "fishery specific visions" for management,
transformation and investment. It is recommended that Namibia and Angola
consider codification of their commercial fisheries policies in a similar
complementary manner in an attempt to give effect to their respective broader
national economic and growth policies.
7.12 Of concern is the the manner in which right holders are levied or taxed for the
privilege to fish and process fish commercially under the regulatory systems of
Namibia, Angola and South Africa, respectively. It is recommended that the
regulatory and policy frameworks governing the methodologies in terms of which
commercial fishing is levied, subsidised, encouraged or taxed be harmonised. As
far as subsidies are concerned, it must be understood that this Report does not
support so-called "negative" subsidies. Instead, subsidies aimed at giving effect to
policy objectives should be considered, such as providing financial assistance to
small-scale fishers to procure vessel monitoring systems or subsidizing the costs
of observer programs.
7.13 This Report recommends further that the BCLME member states should conclude
a joint policy on foreign fishing in the waters of the member states. In light of the
fact that Angola has decided to no longer pursue a partnership with the European
Union allowing EU members to fish in its waters, the time may be opportune for
South Africa, Namibia and Angola to pronounce joint policy declaring that their
respective EEZ's are to be exclusively fished by their own respective nationals.
7.14 With respect to Namibia, it is recommended that it address certain unintended
consequences of its Namibianisation policy, which includes latent and excessive
processing capacity compared to the amount of fish landed and that there are an
excessive number of right holders competing for decreasing fish stocks, which in
turn has negatively affected fish prices. This recommendation applies in some
measure to South Africa as well where there are a number of fisheries where the
effort expended (and number of right holders) far exceeds the environmental
sustainability of the fishery. Examples include the hake deep-sea trawl fishery, the
hake long line fishery and the abalone fishery.
7.15 With respect to South Africa, although it has impressively regulated and codified
its commercial fisheries via effective regulations and policies, it has not adopted
policy or implemented an effective regulatory system for its recreational and
subsistence fisheries. Both of these fisheries are managed on an ad hoc basis and
in certain instances in terms of an "open access" system, which is contrary to the
FAO Code on Responsible Fisheries. This Report does recognise that the
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism has published a draft Small
Scale Fisheries policy in an attempt to regulate the current subsistence fisheries of
the Eastern Cape (and KwaZulu-Natal).
356
7.16 With respect to Angola, it is apparent that substantial areas of fisheries
management were regulated between 2005 and 2006 with the promulgation of the
Aquatic Biological Resources Act and accompanying decrees. Available
information indicates however that the Angolan artisinal fishery, which accounts
for more than 4000 of all the fishing vessels active in Angolan waters, remains
largely unregulated with little to no information available on landings, species
targeted, maximum catch limitations and research undertaken on targeted species.
7.17 In 2006, the BCLME Program commissioned the development of a web-based
State of the Environment Information System (SEIS). The SEIS is intended to be a
functional management tool for fisheries managers, the fishing industry,
decision-makers and scientists. During the consultation process, it became
apparent that its use by and exposure to fisheries managers and decision-makers
remains limited. In addition, users of the SEIS website indicated that it has gaps in
the data it provides. It also needs regular updating. This Report recommends that
the SEIS website should be developed further and updated regularly.
Mining
7.18 Non-living
marine
resource
utilisation is well regulated by each of the BCLME
member states. In addition, the governing mining statutes and policy directives
are relatively new taking into account the need to balance economic imperatives
against environmental and even ecological concerns.
7.19 Non-living marine resource utilisation in each of the BCLME member states is
theoretically always subject to environmental impact studies and additionally
environmental sustainability does trump the anticipated socio-economic benefits
of non-living marine resource exploration or utilisation.
Marine Pollution
7.20 There are two significant sources of marine pollution in the BCLME Region. The
first pollution source is from the land based sea outfall pipes and general dumping
of waste into watercourses. The second source emanates from vessels dumping at
sea and pollution from ballast water.
7.21 Marine pollution from sea outfalls and general dumping is very poorly regulated
in the BCLME Region. There is little information about the quantities of
pollutants being dumped into the marine environment, the composition of the
pollutants or their source.
7.22 As far as pollution from vessels is concerned, the principal international legal
instrument is MARPOL, read with its various annexures. In this regard, the
findings of the BCLME Report on MARPOL Adoption, Compliance and
Monitoring should be considered.
357
Regional Fisheries Resource Management
7.23 The broader regional fisheries regulatory systems within the Southern African
Development Community require urgent attention. The SADC Fisheries Protocol,
which forms an important component of Namibian fisheries policy, appears to
have stalled. Lawful and regulated fisheries trade within the BCLME requires a
coordinated and complementary system of monitoring and control within SADC.
This is lacking. The implementation of the BCC Interim Agreement would
provide the ideal vehicle to develop systems to better monitor the trade in fish
products within the BCLME Region.
7.24 With respect to fisheries research policy and rules, the BCLME countries need to
continue to develop and strengthen shared or complementary research
methodologies, scientific expert exchange programs, complementary gear
utilisation rules (such as mesh sizes, trawl and purse-seine nets) and importantly
how to effectively harness and incorporate indigenous knowledge systems into
fisheries science.
7.25 The three BCLME member states should urgently take steps to ensure that they
draft and deposit with the FAO complementary National Plans of Action,
particularly the NPOA's pertaining to Capacity and IUU Fishing. In addition,
joint compliance initiatives undertaken under the SADC-EU MCS program
proved highly successful in the past. Joint compliance initiatives that are
permanently in place would significantly bolster the fight against IUU fishing in
the BCLME EEZ. This in turn will require complementary regulatory and policy
provisions pertaining to fines, arrest, seizure, detention, cancellation and
suspension of rights/quotas, vessel monitoring systems on vessels and the sharing
of VMS information amongst BCLME members18, powers of fishery control
officers and the ability of FCO's of one BCLME country to be able to enforce the
laws of another BCLME country while in its waters.
7.26 Finally, the effective management and administration of fisheries, particularly
shared stocks, will require a shared regional fisheries management strategy, which
must include complementary membership status at regional and international
fishery management organisations, as well as complementary negotiation
strategies. This should be developed and implemented by the BCC.
Governance
7.27 Although the domestic governance systems in each of the BCLME member
state's are in accordance with domestic law, which in turn accords with
international norms and standards, none of the BCLME member states have
begun developing systems for the management of shared stocks.
18 It is important to note that as members of SADC, South Africa, Angola and
Namibia have agreed to share to VMS data of vessels authorised to fish in their
respective EEZ's. This agreement was concluded in 2004.
358
7.28 Governance is not only an expression of adopted policy and written laws and
regulations. Governance also has a qualitative aspect as far as laws and
regulations are a product of consultation, are fair, are widely understood, are
observed and monitored, are applied having regard to the needs to the economic
sector being regulated, are executed without undue delay and so forth.
7.29 The successful implementation of the SAP through the BCC will depend largely
on the development of such frameworks, which will include defining what are
shared stocks and the rules governing complementary shared stock management
in the BCLME Region.
7.30 An area for particular attention pertains to the difficulties that are experienced in
accessing up-to-date information regarding fisheries, mining, pollution, ecosystem
management and general environmental matters. In the circumstances, this issue
requires political intervention to ensure that the relevant information and data is
made available to populate the SEIS website and to provide accurate annual
"State of the Fish Stocks" reports.
7.31 Finally, much of the successful implementation of the BCLME SAP will depend
on the support the BCC will be able to develop amongst NGO's, fishing industries
and media. Although a number of analytical articles on the crises affecting hake,
pilchard and lobster stocks have appeared in Namibian and South African media,
there appears to be very little discussion or debate about the role the BCC will be
able to play in the management of shared stocks and the Benguela Current
ecosystem. It is recommended that proactive steps be taken in this regard so as to
generate public discussion and debate on the future role the BCC could play in
cooperative research and the management of shared stocks in a way that will have
a positive impact on coastal communities in South Africa, Namibia and Angola.
Next Steps
7.32 Having regard to the inputs from role players during the consultation process and
the findings of this Report with respect to the legislative, policy and governance
frameworks, the BCLME SAP Implementation Program ought to consider the
following as its next steps:
Identification of a regional ecosystems management plan. Such a plan
should lead to a draft set of written objectives and management measures
such that national in-puts can be considered and no doubt be negotiated
over; and
Identification of research that has to be undertaken that informs (and
possibly questions) the ecosystems management plan. It is vital to state
that this is not the point at which green-fields research can be undertaken
but instead implementation objectives are informed through scientific
enquiry.
359
7.33 In addition, urgent measures are required to address the socio-economic threats
posed to South Africa's west coast economy and Namibia's fisheries economy by
declining hake, pilchard and horse mackerel stocks. The measures undertaken
should consider the establishment of large marine protected areas dedicated to
stock recovery. There are strong voices in South Africa's deep-sea trawl industry
that are proposing that an MPA dedicated to the recovery of hake stocks be
established in the Orange River Cone Area. A further large marine protected area
could be established for horse mackerel and pilchards in the Angola-Benguela
Front Region. Not only will this result in substantive protection for spawning
hake, horse mackerel and pilchard stocks, but it will also provide the BCC and the
SAP Implementation Program with positive results on which it will be able to
build the remainder of the SAP Implementation Program.
360
Appendix A: References
Doulman, D. A. (2005) A Global Strategy: The FAO International Plan of Action (IPOA)
to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported IUU fishing,
Abstract.
Kleinschmidt, HGH: Marine Science in Trouble, Maritime Reporter (October edition),
alternatively view at www.feike.co.za ("Library" page).
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Annual Report 2002.
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Strategic Plan 2004 2008.
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources: Planning in Action 1999 2003 Our
Strategic Plan
Moolla S, Kleinschmidt H, Diemont M: A New Chapter in South African Fisheries
Management, EEZ International, 2004/2005, view at www.feike.co.za ("Library" page).
Moolla, S: Presentations on Fisheries Management and Compliance to the South African
Marine Sciences Symposium and to an International Meeting on Defence, 2005, view at
www.feike.co.za ("Library" page).
Moolla, S: IUU Fishing in South Africa: An Acronym with an Expiry Date? view at
www.feike.co.za ("Library" page).
National Development Plans I and II, National Planning Commission, Namibia.
Nichols, P. (2004) Information on Namibia's Fisheries Management System for the FAO
Digital Atlas
Schmidt, C. C. (2005) Economic Aspects of Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated
Fishing, Abstract
Revised Fisheries Policy: Towards Responsible Development and Management of the
Marie Resources Sector
White Paper of December 1991: Towards Responsible Development of the Fisheries
Sector
Wilson, J. (2005) Sustainable Operations in Lesser Developed Countries (LDC's)
Abstract
Internet Resources
www.mfmr.gov.nam
361
www.mcm-deat.gov.za
www.deat.gov.za
www.fao.org.za
www.un.org
www.imo.org
www.iccat.int
www.ccsbt.org
www.feike.co.za
www.empsa.co.za
www.concourt.gov.za
www.intracen.org/iatp/surveys/fish/fishnam.html
www.capetimes.co.za
www.argus.co.za
www.businessreport.co.za
www.mg.co.za
www.masifundise.org.za
http://seis.sea.uct.ac.za/index.php
362
Appendix B: Comparative Tabular Country Analysis
Sector
South Africa
Namibia
Angola
Constitutional
Constitution of the Republic of
Constitution of the Republic
Constitution of the Republic of
South Africa, 108 of 1996
of Namibia, 1990
Angola, 1992
Environment
National Environmental
No Equivalent
Environment Framework Act,
Management Act, 1998 (as
1998
amended in 2002, 2003 & 2004)
National Biodiversity Act, 2004
No Equivalent
No Equivalent
Protected Areas Act, 2003
No Equivalent
No Equivalent
Air Quality Act, 2004
No Equivalent
No Equivalent
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Impact
Regulations, 2006
Policy for Sustainable
Assessment Decree, 2004
Development and
Environmental Conservation,
1995
Maritime Zones
Maritime Zones Act, 1994
Territorial Sea and Exclusive
Territorial Sea, Contiguous
Economic Zone of Namibia,
Zone and Exclusive Economic
1990
Zone Act, 1992
Marine Fisheries
Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 Marine Resources Act, 2000
Aquatic Biological Resources
(Amended in 2000)
Act, 2005
Fisheries Regulations, 1998 (As
Regulations for the
Decree No's 14/05, 38/05,
amended in 2000, 2001, 2003 &
Exploitation of Marine Living 40/06, 28/06, 98/06 and 43/05
2004)
Resources, 2001
General Fisheries Policy of 2005
Fisheries Policies (NDP's and Decree No 41/05
Policy statement on the
Granting of Rights of
Exploitation to Utilize Marine
Resources and on the
Allocation of Fishing Quotas,
1993)
New Fisheries Policy, 2004
No Equivalent No
Equivalent
Fishery Specific Policies
No Equivalent
No Equivalent
Marine
Marine Living Resources Act, 1998 Aquaculture Act, 2002
Aquatic Biological Resources
Aquaculture
Act, 2005
Sea Shore Act, 1935
Bio-Safety Act, 2006
Decree No's 39/05 & 40/06
Fisheries Regulations, 1998
Namibia's Aquaculture Policy Decree No's 39/05 & 40/06
Policy for the Development of a
Towards the Responsible
Decree No 9/06
Sustainable Marine Aquaculture
Development of Aquaculture,
Sector
2001
Marine Pollution
SEE FEIKE'S REPORT TO THE
SEE FEIKE'S REPORT TO
SEE FEIKE'S REPORT TO
BCLME ON MARPOL
THE BCLME ON MARPOL
THE BCLME ON MARPOL
ADOPTION AND COMPLIANCE
ADOPTION AND
ADOPTION AND
COMPLIANCE
COMPLIANCE
363
Sector
South Africa
Namibia
Angola
Dumping at Sea Control Act, 1980
Dumping at Sea Control Act,
Aquatic Biological Resources
1980
Act, 2005
Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Prevention and Combating for Oil Activities and
Liability) Act, 1981 including
Pollution of the Sea by Oil
Environmental Protection Law
Regulations Relating to the
Act, 1981 and the
39/00
Prevention and Combating of
Amendment Act, 1991
Pollution at Sea by Oil of 1984
Marine Pollution Intervention Act,
Namibian Ports Authority
Decree 495/73
1987
Act, 1994
Merchant Shipping Act, 1951
Merchant Shipping Act, 1991
Decree 412/70
Mining, Minerals
Minerals and Petroleum Resources
Petroleum (Exploration &
Petroleum Activities Act, 2004
and Petroleum
Development Act, 2002
Production) Act, 1991
Minerals and Petroleum Resources
Minerals (Prospecting &
Geological and Mining
Development Act, 2002
Mining) Act, 1992
Activities Act, 1992
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Assessment
Decree on Environmental
Regulations, 2006
Policy for Sustainable
Protection for Petroleum
Development and
Activities, 2000
Environmental Conservation,
1995
364