E1787

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Public Disclosure Authorized
World Bank
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)


Public Disclosure Authorized
QUY NHON CITY ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION SUB-PROJECT
(CEPT)
01/2008

Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 LEGAL AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS ....................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Legal base ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1.1 Requirements of Vietnamese legislation in Environmental Impacts Assessment.. 1
1.2.1.2 Requirements of World Bank on Environmental Impact Assessment .................. 2
1.2.1.3 Local documents................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Technical documents in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)............................... 2
1.3 ORGANISATION ................................................................................................................ 3
1.3.1 Environmental screening ............................................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Report contents and form............................................................................................. 4
1.3.3 Research team ............................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 1
PROJECT SUMMARY AND DESCRIPTION................................................... 5
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 5
1.1.1 Project implementation situation.................................................................................. 5
1.1.2 Project principles and objectives.................................................................................. 5
1.1.2.1 Project objectives................................................................................................ 5
1.1.2.2 Project principles ................................................................................................ 5
1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 Project title .................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 Investors...................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 The design consultants................................................................................................. 6
1.2.4 Total investment capital and capital framework ........................................................... 6
1.2.5 Project Implementation Progress.................................................................................. 7
1.3 PROJECT LOCATION ........................................................................................................ 7
1.3.1 Proposed locations....................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 Site selection ............................................................................................................... 7
1.4 PROJECT SCOPE ................................................................................................................ 8
1.4.1 Determination of the necessary demand of project ....................................................... 8
1.4.2 Technical standards ..................................................................................................... 9
1.4.3 Output capacity and treatment requirements ................................................................ 9
1.4.3.1 Capacity.............................................................................................................. 9
1.4.3.2 Components and characteristics of the influent ................................................. 11
1.4.3.3 Effluent standards ............................................................................................. 12
1.4.3.4 Description of the outline of WWTP ................................................................. 12
1.4.3.5 Preliminary and primary treatment.................................................................... 12
1.4.3.6 Secondary treatment ......................................................................................... 13
1.4.3.7 Effluent disinfection before discharge into receiving water ............................... 14
1.4.4 The land requirements and cost estimation for three alternatives ................................ 18
1.4.5 Accompanied facilities .............................................................................................. 18
1.4.5.1 Transmission pipeline to the treatment plant ..................................................... 18
1.4.5.2 Effluent pipeline and Outlet Structures.............................................................. 19
CHAPTER 2
NATURAL, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
IN THE PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................................... 20
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
2.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 20
2.1.1 Geographical Location, Topography and Geology ..................................................... 20
2.1.1.1 Geographical location ....................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.2 Topography ...................................................................................................... 20
2.1.1.3 Geology ............................................................................................................ 20
2.1.2 Meteorology- Hydrograph ......................................................................................... 21
2.1.2.1 Meteorology ..................................................................................................... 21
2.1.2.2 Hydrography..................................................................................................... 23
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS AT THE PROJECT AREA ............................................... 23
2.2.1 Air environment status............................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Water environment status .......................................................................................... 24
2.2.2.1 Surface water .................................................................................................... 24
2.2.2.2 Thi Nai lagoon .................................................................................................. 25
2.2.2.3 Groundwater ..................................................................................................... 25
2.2.3 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................... 25
2.2.3.1 Agricultural ecology at the project site .............................................................. 25
2.2.3.2 Thi Nai Lagoon................................................................................................. 26
2.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION AT THE PROJECT AREA ........................................ 27
2.3.1 Overview of Socio-Economic Status at Project Area.................................................. 27
2.3.1.1 Residence Status and Income of Household ...................................................... 27
2.3.1.2 Accommodation status...................................................................................... 28
2.3.2 Status of water supply and sewerage.......................................................................... 28
2.3.2.1 Status of water supply....................................................................................... 28
2.3.2.2 Existing drainage and wastewater treatment status ............................................ 29
2.3.3 Collection of solid waste and septage......................................................................... 31
2.3.4 Status of flooding ...................................................................................................... 31
2.3.5 Power Supply and Lighting Status ............................................................................. 32
2.3.6 Master plan of Water Supply for Quy Nhon City (until 2020) .................................... 32
CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT .................... 33
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CASE OF WITHOUT PROJECT ....... 33
3.1.1 Phase 1: Q = 7000 m3/day.......................................................................................... 33
3.1.2 Phase 2: Q = 28,000 m3/day....................................................................................... 34
3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACTS BY THE CEPT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT ..................................................................................................................................... 34
3.3 IMPACTS IN THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE......................................................... 37
3.4 IMPACTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................. 39
3.4.1 Impacts on the air environment.................................................................................. 39
3.4.1.1 Air pollution ..................................................................................................... 39
3.4.1.2 Noise pollution ................................................................................................. 40
3.4.2 Impacts on the water environment ............................................................................. 40
3.4.3 Impacts of solid waste ............................................................................................... 41
3.4.4 Other impacts ............................................................................................................ 41
3.5 IMPACTS IN THE OPERATION PHASE ......................................................................... 42
3.5.1 Start-up stage............................................................................................................. 42
3.5.2 Operational stage ....................................................................................................... 43
3.5.2.1 Positive impacts................................................................................................ 43
3.5.2.2 Adverse impacts ............................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 4
MITIGATION MEASURES OF NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS58
4.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ........................................................................................ 58
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................................ 58
4.2.1 Mitigation measures of air pollution .......................................................................... 59
4.2.2 Mitigation measures of noise pollution ...................................................................... 59
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
4.2.3 Mitigation measures of water pollution...................................................................... 59
4.2.4 Mitigation measures of pollution caused by solid waste ............................................. 60
4.2.4.1 Domestic solid waste ........................................................................................ 60
4.2.4.2 Dredged sludge and excavated soil.................................................................... 60
4.2.5 Mitigation measures on the cultural work .................................................................. 60
4.3 OPERATION PHASE ........................................................................................................ 60
4.3.1 Mitigation measures for operation phase.................................................................... 60
4.3.1.1 Grit chamber + screen:...................................................................................... 60
4.3.1.2 Trickling filter .................................................................................................. 61
4.3.1.3 Facultative lagoons ........................................................................................... 62
4.3.1.4 Anaerobic lagoon.............................................................................................. 62
4.3.2 Method for mitigation environmental impacts caused by solid waste ......................... 62
4.3.2.1 Solid waste ....................................................................................................... 62
4.3.2.2 Sludge .............................................................................................................. 63
4.3.3 Eliminate the impacts of micro-organisms on workers ............................................... 63
4.3.4 Mitigation measures for cultural resources................................................................. 63
4.3.5 Mitigation measures for the receiving water in the operation phase............................ 63
4.3.6 Emergency operating plan ......................................................................................... 64
4.3.7 Other measures .......................................................................................................... 64
4.3.7.1 Plant site ........................................................................................................... 64
4.3.7.2 Storage facilities ............................................................................................... 65
4.3.7.3 Illumination ...................................................................................................... 65
4.3.7.4 Ventilation........................................................................................................ 65
4.3.7.5 Fire protection .................................................................................................. 65
4.3.7.6 Hazardous operation ......................................................................................... 65
4.3.7.7 Working accidents ............................................................................................ 66
4.3.7.8 General safety design consideration .................................................................. 66
CHAPTER 5
COMMITMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION............................. 67
5.1 IN THE PRECONSTRUCTION AND CONTRUCTION PHASE ...................................... 67
5.2 IN THE OPERATION PHASE........................................................................................... 67
5.3 COMMITMENT TO FOLLOW ALL VIETNAMESE STANDARDS ON
ENVIRONMENT...................................................................................................................... 67
5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............................................................................. 68
CHAPTER 6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ................................................ 69
6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ......................................................... 69
6.1.1 Impacts and mitigation measures ............................................................................... 69
6.1.2 Mitigation measures .................................................................................................. 69
6.1.2.1 Design phase..................................................................................................... 69
6.1.2.2 Construction phase............................................................................................ 70
6.1.2.3 Operation phase ................................................................................................ 70
6.1.3 Environmental monitoring program ........................................................................... 70
6.1.3.1 Environmental monitoring program .................................................................. 70
6.1.3.2 Project performance indicators.......................................................................... 70
6.1.3.3 Monitoring implementation of mitigation measures .......................................... 70
6.1.3.4 Overall regulatory monitoring........................................................................... 71
6.2 PROJECT ORGANIZATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ..................... 74
6.3 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING.............................................................. 75
CHAPTER 7
ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITIES .. 79
CHAPTER 8
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION .................................................................. 80
CHAPTER 9
INSTRUCTION OF SOURCES OF DATA AND ASSESSMENT METHODS 82
9.1 SOURCES OF DATA ........................................................................................................ 82
9.1.1 References................................................................................................................. 82
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
9.1.2 Sources of Documents, Data prepared by the Project Owners .................................... 83
9.2 METHODS APPLIED DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EIA............................... 83
9.2.1 Field Survey Method ................................................................................................. 83
9.2.2 Identification Method ................................................................................................ 83
9.2.3 Quick Assessment Method ........................................................................................ 84
9.2.4 Forecasting Method ................................................................................................... 84
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................ 85
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................................... 85
RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................... 87
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Location of the CEPT plant ....................................................................................................... 8
Figure 1-2: General plan of the CEPT ........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 1-3: Scheme of the Alternative 1..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 1-4: Scheme of the Alternative 2..................................................................................................... 16
Figure 1-5: Scheme of the Alternative 3..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 1-6: Location of the main outlet ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2-1: Anemometric results at Quy Nh n station............................................................................... 22
Figure 2-2: The representative land form at the area location (core zone of Phase1) ................................ 26
Figure 2-3: The artifical lakes to raise seafood (core zone of Phase 1) ...................................................... 26
Figure 3-1: The location of the temporary outlets of CCESP..................................................................... 33
Figure 3-2: Diagram of construction of CEPT plant and its environmental impacts ................................. 34
Figure 3-3: Environmental impacts of alternative 1 ................................................................................... 35
Figure 3-4: Environmental impacts of alternative 2 ................................................................................... 36
Figure 3-5: Environmental impacts of alternative 3 ................................................................................... 37
Figure 3-7: Waste generated from the treatment facilities in the Alt 2....................................................... 53
Figure 3-8: Waste generated from the treatment facilities in the Alt 3....................................................... 54
Figure 6-1: Project organizational structure for Environmental Management ........................................... 75

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: The relationship between the CEPT project and the other components of the Quy Nhon
CCESP project....................................................................................................................................... 6
Table 1-3: Proposed schedule for the project ............................................................................................... 7
Table 1-4: Estimation of served population in the project area by 2023 .................................................... 11
Table 1-5: Designed capacity and BOD loading of the plant ..................................................................... 11
Table 1-6: Components and characteristics of domestic wastewater ......................................................... 11
Table 1-7: Land demands for three alternatives ......................................................................................... 18
Table 1-8: Summary of investment cost of three alternatives .................................................................... 18
Table 2-1: Characteristics of Hà Thanh River basin................................................................................... 23
Table 2-2: Results of the air monitoring at Quy Nh n City ....................................................................... 24
Table 2-3: Water quality of Hà Thanh River at the proposed outlet of CEPT plant (12/2005-01/2006)
..............................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 2-4: Source of revenue...................................................................................................................... 28
Table 2-5: Types of qualification gained by the heads of the household ................................................... 28
Table 2-6: Total volume of solid waste in Quy Nh n City (2004)............................................................. 31
Table 2-7: The standard of water supply for Quy Nh n City by 2020 ....................................................... 32
Table 2-8: Water demand for Quy Nh n City ............................................................................................ 32
Table 3-1: Land demand for the CEPT plant.............................................................................................. 38
Table 3-2: Summary of affected households in site clearance ................................................................... 38
Table 3-4: Emission loading of air contaminants in the construction phase .............................................. 39
Table 3-6: Adverse effects of three alternatives in the acclimating phase ................................................. 43
Table 3-7: Inputs of the model.................................................................................................................... 44
Table 3-8: Baseline data of Hà Thanh River in the model ......................................................................... 44
Table 3-9: Summary of distance (km) from the effluent outlet to recover the baseline values at high tide
..............................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3-10: Summary of distance (km) from the effluent outlet to recover the TCVN5942:1995 values at
high tide................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3-11: Summary of distance (in km) from the effluent outlet to return the baseline values for low
tide........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3-12: Summary of distance from the effluent outlet to recover the TCVN5942:1995 values for low
tide........................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 3-13: Potential accidents in the operational activities of secondary treaments ................................ 46
Table 3-14: Location of potential cause of odor in the wastewater treatment system (US.EPA,1985)...... 49
Table 3-15: Waste generated in the wastewater treatment plant ............................................................... 55
Table 3-16: Risk assessment in contacting with microorganism in wastewater or sludge ......................... 56
Table 4-1: Mitigation measures for operational incidents in trickling filters ............................................. 61
Table 4-2: Hazards and dangers leading to emergencies............................................................................ 64
Table 6-1: Summary of impacts, meitigation measures and monitoring plan ............................................ 71
Table 6-2: Responsibility of the parties in the environmental management program ................................ 75
Table 7-1: Estimated Budget Costs for EMP Implementation (in VND) ................................................. 79

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
The project of constructing a wastewater treatment plant using Chemical Enhanced Primary
Technology (CEPT) Wastewater Treatment Plant Project ­Quy Nhon City (Binh Dinh) is a
component of CCESP Program funded by the World Bank and implemented in three cities:
Dong Hoi City, Nha Trang City and Quy Nhon City. CEPT project in Quy Nhon City is the pilot
project for wastewater treatment sponsored by non-refundable aid of Global Environment Funds
(GEF) who's priority strategy is "promoting policy reform and pollution control methods",
"piloting, experimenting and multiplying new methods of pollution reduction". It is sponsored
by GEF to prove the effect in applying Chemical Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) in
Vietnam, with a desire that the treatment technology may be applied in other urban areas.

LEGAL AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
Legal base
Requirements of Vietnamese legislation in Environmental Impacts Assessment
- Vietnam Environmental Protection Law (29/2005/L/CTN), approved by the Parliament of
Social Republic of Vietnam on 29/11/2005 and implemented by 01/07/2006.
- Water Resource Law approved by the Parliament of Social Republic of Vietnam on
29/11/2005 and implemented by 01/06/1998.
- Decree 68/CP (01/11/1996) which provides detailed guidance of implementing Resource
Law.
- Decree 52/1999/ND-CP (08/07/1999), approved by the Government on the regulations of
Management of Investment and Construction.
- Decree 67/2003/ND-CP (13/06/2003), approved by the Government on the Environmental
Protection Fee of Wastewater.
- Decree 04/2007/ND-CP (08/01/2007), approved by the Government on the amendments of
Decree 67/2003/ND-CP
- Decree 68/2005/ND-CP (20/05/2005), approved by the Government on Chemical Safety
- Decree 80/2006/ND-CP (09/08/2006), approved by the Government on detailed guidance of
implementing Vietnam Environmental Protection Law
- Decree 81/2006/ND-CP (09/08/2006), approved by the Goverment on administrative
punishment in environmental protection.
- Decree 59/2007/ND-CP (09/04/2007) on Management of Solid Waste
- Decision 22/2006/QD-BVMT (18/12/2006), approved by Minister of Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment on the enforcement of using TCVN regulations on environment
issues.
- Decision 23/2006/QD-BTNMT (26/12/2006), approved by Minister of Ministry of Natural
Resources and Enviroment on List of Hazardous Wastes.
- Series of TCVN issued by Minister of Science, Technology and Enviroment in accompanion
with Decision 35/2002/QD-CP.
- Circular letter 08/2006/TT-BTNMT (28/09/2006), issued by the Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment on the guidance of strategic environmental impact assessment,
environmental impact asessment and commitment of environmental protection
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Circular letter 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT (18/12/2003) on the guidance of implementing
Decree 67-CP of the Environmental Protection Fee of Wastewater.
- Circular letter 12/2006/TT-BCN (12/12/2006) issued by the Ministry of Industry on guidance
of implementing Decree 68/2005/ND-CP (20/05/2006), issued by the Government on
Chemical Safety.
- Circulation letter 12/2006/TT-BTNMT (26/12/2006) issued by the Ministry of Natural
Resource and Environment on requirements and procedures of registration for management
of hazardous waste
Requirements of World Bank on Environmental Impact Assessment
- Environmental Assessment ­ Procedure/ Regulations (OP/BP 4.01)
- Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)
- Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)
Local documents
-
Official letter No.1018/UBND-XD (11/04/2007), issued by the Binh Dinh People's
Committee on the location of Wastewater Treatment Plant 1B (CEPT)
-
Official letter No.2417/UBND-XD (08/08/2007), issued by the Binh Dinh People's
Committee on requirements of the quality of treated water in accordance with TCVN
7222-2002.
Technical documents in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Technical documents used in this report included technical reports related to the project which
were provided by the investor and the data on the environmental conditions within the concerned
area which were provided by the Binh Dinh Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
- Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution ­ A Guide to Rapid Source
Inventory Techniques and their Use in Formulating Environmental Control Strategies ­
WHO, 1993.
- Report on Actual Status of Binh Dinh Provincial Environment 2005. Binh Dinh Provincial
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNRE), 2006
- Report on Econo-Social, Security and Natural Defense in 2006 and duties in 2007, Nhon
Binh Ward PC, 2007
- Report on Status of Economic, Society and National Security ­ 2006 and the Duties in 2007,
Nhon Binh Ward People's Committee, 2007.
- Climate and Hydrology Characteristics of Binh Dinh Province, Scientific Study Report,
directed by Master Nguyen Tan Huong, Binh Dinh Provincial Department of Science and
Technology, 2004 to 2005.
- General Plan Adjustment for Quy Nhon City ­ Binh Dinh Province to 2020 approved by the
Government on 1st June, 2004.
- Orientation for the Development of Drainage for Viet Nam Urban untill 2020 ­ Ministry of
Construction (MOC).
- Binh Dinh Province's Geography Book (website of Binh Dinh Provincial Department of
Science and Technology), Binh Dinh Provincial Department of Science and Technology.
- 2006 Yearbook Statistics, Binh Dinh Provincial Department of Statistics, 2007
- Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Water Environment Federation
(WEF), 1996. USA
- Principles of Surface Water Quality Modeling and Control. Thomann R.V and Mueller J.A,
198. New York
- Technical Document of WHO and WB on preparation of EIA Report.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Restoration of Con Chim Ecosystem, Environment Protection Magazine, No5/2003, Hoang
Lan, Binh Dinh Science and Technology Department (now is Science and Technology
Department).
- Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf and Eddy, 2001, 2003
- Wastewater Treatment at Ha Thanh Site in Quy Nhon, Frédéric Chagnon & Donald R.F.
Harleman; Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Project Survey Report, Flow Impact Assessment Report, Flood Discharge in Ha Thanh River
North Area, Quy Nhon City, Binh Dinh Province, Hydrography Research Center,
Hydrometeorology Institute, Project Team Leader, Dr. La Thanh Ha.
- Construction Survey Report for CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City
Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl
Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007
- Inception Report of Quy Nhon City Environment and Sanitation Sub-project (Wastewater
Treatment Plant under Step 1 Technology, strengthening chemical) Grontmij Carl Bro a/s -
March, 2006
- Environmental Report ­ Coastal Cities Environmental Sanitation Project- Quy Nhon City
Sub-project, The Louis Berger Group, Inc Joint Venture with Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. May
2006.
- Investment and Construction Project of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City
Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl
Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007
- Resettlement Plan for CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City Environment
and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl Bro Vietnam
and WASE, September 2007
- Basic Design Statement of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City
Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl
Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007

ORGANISATION
Environmental screening
Although this project is funded by the Global Environmental Funds (GEF), it is managed by the
World Bank. It must follow the regulations of World Bank on the policies of environmental
protection. Therefore, the procedure of environmental impact assessment is defined in the WB
Guidance on Policy of Environmental Safety (OP 4.01 ­ Environmental Assessment).

Every project is expected to have environmental screening (OP 4.01) in order to determine the
type of the EIA report. Projects funded by WB are divided into four categories (A, B, C, D) with
regards to the nature, location, sensitivity and scale of the projects in accompanied with the
nature and scale of potential environmental impacts of the projects. The CEPT project is a
environmentally beneficial project and was designed to eliminate the adverse environmental
impacts. However, after considering the location and activities of the projects, there are some
specific issues that must be considered.

- It is located in the planned North-West Industrial and Urban Zone of the Quy Nhon City
- Near the mouth of the sea and Thi Nai Lagoon
- Excavating, digging, covering, changing the flooding channel and other environmental
conditions
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
This project was classified as A-project which was agreed by the WB experts in the workshop on
15-17/07/2007. Therefore, a full report of EIA was required. It is also in accordance with the
Vietnamese regulations, in particular the Decree 80/2006/ND-CP (09/08/2006), approved by the
Government on detailed guidance of implementing Vietnam Environmental Protection Law
(Annex ­ The concentrated domestic wastewater treatment plant with the capacity over
1000m3/day).
Report contents and form
The main contents of this report include:
- Synthesize and assess the information on environmental baseline conditions which include
quality of surface water, groundwater, atmosphere, solid waste management and biodiversity.
-
Recognise, assess and predict the potential impacts on the ambient environment.
-
Propose the mitigation measures (technical, managerial and monitoring measures) in
order to mitigate adverse impacts and schedule of environmental monitoring.
Research team
This EIA Report was done by an independent research team. The members of research team are
listed as following.
1. Dr.
Nguy n Ph
c Dân
EIA Specialist
2. Dr.
Lê
Hoàng
Nghiêm Specialist
on
Modelling

3.
MA. Võ Th Ph
ng Trâm
Environmental Assessment
4. Eng.
Ph m Hoàng Lâm

Environmental Engineer
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 1

PROJECT SUMMARY AND
DESCRIPTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Project implementation situation
In the general context of overall CCESP program, objectives of each Project under the program
were concentrated more particularly. These objectives interpreted in "Summary Report"
prepared for Quy Nhon City Environmental Sanitation Project (April/2005), "Pre-feasibility
Study Report" and especially in Report "Wastewater Treatment Plant in Ha Thanh, Quy Nhon
City" prepared by members of Massachusetts Institution, June 2005.

CEPT project in Quy Nhon City is the pilot project for wastewater treatment sponsored by non-
refundable aid of Global Environment Facility (GEF), the priority strategy of this organisation is
"promoting policy reform and pollution control methods", " piloting, experiment and multiply
new method to reduce pollution generated from the mainland. This project is sponsored by GEF
to prove the effects in of application of applying Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment
(CEPT) in Vietnam, with a desire that the treatment technology may be applied in other urban
areas.

Following the above mentioned relevant studies, the Contract Agreement for Technical
Assistance was awarded to the Grontmij Carl Bro a/s for the construction of CEPT Wastewater
Treatment Plant, Quy Nhon City and the Contract Agreement was signed off on 15 March 2007.
The major content of the Contract is to prepare the investment and construction project, detailed
engineering design, bidding documents and the other supporting documents for the Wastewater
Treatment Plant to which the CEPT technology will be applied. The Project's Inception Report
was completed on 16 March 2007. The first submission of Bids was submitted by Grontmij Carl
Bro a/s for the Wastewater Treatment Plant investment and construction project (FCIR), and the
revised version was submitted on 29 September 2007. This EIA report is a part of the above
mentioned contract agreement for the technical assistance.
Project principles and objectives
Project objectives
-
To improve the environmental sanitation condition, healthy for local residents through out
building, upgrading, expanding wastewater collection system, building wastewater plant
ensured in meeting allowance standard before discharge environment, simultaneously
propose household sanitation improvement through out rotation fund.

-
Be a pilot model for concentrated Wastewater Treatment Plant for urban of the city.
Project principles
- In conformity with general development programming of the city up to 2020 (approval of
government in 06/2004);
- To contribute economic development and eliminate hanger and reduce poverty;
- Participation of community
- Design specification shall be in accordance with the capacity and demand of community;
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- To execute the work under approval of consultants and conform to the procedure of Vietnam
government and the World Bank.
- Upgrading infrastructure not only to meet the imperative and short-term demands of
community, but also to facilitate for stable development process in the future.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Project title
Chemically Enhanced Primary Wastewater Treatment Plant - Quy Nhon City Environmental
Sanitation Sub-project
Investors
Binh Dinh Provincial People's Committee
The design consultants
Grontmij-Carl Bro a/s combined with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE
Total investment capital and capital framework
The construction of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant is a part of the Coastal Environmental
Sanitation sub-project of Quy Nhon City which contained 6 components and project of the CEPT
Wastewater Treatment Plant is in component 2. Total investment capital for the environmental
sanitation project of Quy Nhon is showed on table 1-1.
Table 1-1: The relationship between the CEPT project and the other components of the Quy Nhon
CCESP project
Component Content

·
Drainage and Wastewater
-
Constructing and replacing the main drainage system with
Collection
references to scale and location

-
Dredging and repairing the existing sewers
-
Dredging and upgrading the regulative lakes Bau Sen, Dong Da and
constructing a new lake ­ Bong Hong
-
Constructing the outlet gates and water intrusion gateways
-
Constructing the wastewater collection system, seperating wells,
culvets and pumping station
·
Wastewater Treatment Plant
-
Constructing three wastewater treatment plants
·
Solid Waste Management
-
Expanding and improving the Long My landfill (30ha)
-
Providing the equipments for collecting solidwaste in order to
increasing the collection rate.
·
Resettlement and Site Clearance
- Constructing the resettlement site 5 ha; compensating and displacing
200 households to clear the site, construct the plants and ensure the safe
buffer distance.
·
Fund for sanitating household
- Households without toilets can borrow a loan of 3.000.000 VND per
conditions
household to build a new toilet. The duration of lending is 24 months
with the interest of 0.5% per month.
·
Strenthening the capacity and

human resources in order to assist the
whole project
In terms of investments in CEPT project, because of its large-scale construction and limited
budget from the GEF , only a part of the project is funded by the GEF . Thus, avoiding
investment issues, the project was phased to meet 5 million USD limitation of GEF. This project
is divided into two phases.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Phase 1 from 2007 to 2013. Phase 1 is phased into two, Phase 1A will implement on basis of
using 5 million USD sponsored by GEF and Phase 1B will be implemented later by another
capital source, for example loan from the World Bank.
- Phase 2 from 2013 to 2023. Phase 2 is the expand project in the future will be implemented
by another capital source.

Total investment capital for phase 1 of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant is sponsored from
non-refundable aid of GEF combined with reciprocal capital of Vietnam government.

Table 1-2: Structure of capital investment for the CEPT Project ­ Phase 1
(Exchange rate: 1USD = 16,100 VND)
Item GEF
(USD)
Vietnam
(USD)
Capital Investment
5,394,371.00
2,512,359.00
Percentage 68.23%
31.77%
Total
7.906.730,00
(Source: Investment and Construction Project of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City Environment
and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September
2007)
Project Implementation Progress
The progress of project is shown in tables 1-4.
Table 1-3: Proposed schedule for the project
Time Activities

05/2008
Sign the contract to receive the funding from GEF
06/2008 Funding
becomes
effective

08/2008
Implement the first module (site preparation)
09/2009
Implement the second module (plant construction)
10/2011 Operate
the
plant

(Source: Investment and Construction Project of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City Environment
and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September
2007)

PROJECT LOCATION
Proposed locations
In pre-feasibility analysis stage, two potential sites were assessed. Site 1 was determined in stage
of selecting consultant, the area of this site is 7 ha (including 300m buffer zone under TCVN
7222:2002) or 3 ha ( not including buffer zone) in the East and the South. It is bordered with
industry zone in the West and shrimp and fish hatching lagoon in the North. Site 2 has an area of
91 ha (containing buffer zone) or 12,8 ha (without buffer zone). Because the area of site 1 is
limited (especially expanding in phase 2) and closed to residential area. Site 2 is proposed for
building plant. On 8-10/04/2007, Project 2 approved by the assessment mission of World Bank.
Site selection
CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant is proposed to be constructed in Nhon Binh ward, Quy Nhon
City. It is located in the industrial zone and Quy Nhon City North-Western urban area
development planning area. Location map of project is showed on Figure 1-1.

7

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure 1-1: Location of the CEPT plant
In general, project location belongs to the former agricultural area, projected to develop in to a
new industrial zone and town. In the future, (according to Quy Nhon City Master Plan), some
new streets will be re-planned and re-built in this area.

PROJECT SCOPE
Determination of the necessary demand of project
Thanks to the changes in terms of the building socio-economic policy of the Party and State,
Party Committee and Binh Dinh province's people, Quy Nhon City comes into a comprehensive
reform period, economic activities, especially in construction and investment sectors. Together
with the socio-economic development, the improvement and upgrading process of existing
urban, expansion of new urban areas, the planning and construction of the concentrated industrial
zones have been implemented strongly.

To promote the potential of the City, an environment sanitation project of Quy Nhon City was
signed between the Vietnamese government and World Bank. In implementing phase, feasibility
study report must be prepared. This Feasibility Study Report should be in accordance with the
Decision No 52/1999/ND-CP dated 08/7/1999, Decision No 07/2003/ND-CP dated 30/01/2003
by Prime Minister and Terms of References (TOR) issued in February, 2004 relating the
preparation of the Pre-feasibility Study Report of Quy Nhon City Sub-project, Binh inh
province.

Quy Nhon City Environmental Sanitation Sub-project is a part of Coastal Cities Environmental
Sanitation Project sponsored by the World Bank, including Quy Nhon, Nha Trang and ong Hoi
Cities. The objective of CCESP is to:

(a) Sustainably improve health of community
(b) Increase economic development by means of minimizing flood condition, improving
urban environment, capacity building and sustainable development about finance for
sanitation and drainage companies in Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, ong Hoi.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant project in Quy Nhon sponsored from non-refundable aid of
Global Environmental Funds (GEF), with the priority strategy is to "promote policy reform and
environmental control means" and to "prove, experiment and multiply innovative model to
minimize land pollution". Sub-Project sponsored to prove the effective of using chemical
enhanced primary technology in Vietnam, with the expectation that this technology will be
applied in other areas as well. In technical documents about the treatment process, satisfactory
results were recognized in the report, especially, relating to get rid of BOD5, SS and Nutrients.
Technical standards
Vietnamese Standard TCVN 7222:2002 was applied for the Wastewater Treatment Plant under
Chemical Enhanced Primary Technology (CEPT) under Official Letter No 241/UBND-XD dated
08/08/2007 by Binh Dinh Provincial People's Committee regarding the design of CEPT
Wastewater Treatment Plant in accordance with TCVN 7222-2002.
Output capacity and treatment requirements
Capacity
Capacity of plant is determined based on: (a) number of residents existed in the drainage basin of
the collection network by the designed year, and (b) drainage standard per one resident
(Litre/person/day).

Drainage basin covers ten wards with an estimated population of 175000 residents by 2023.
Drainage standard is calculated on the ground of water supply standard which is about 80%
water supply for a person in 2023. In addition, treatment plant capacity also takes into account
the permeable and overflowed, taking 25% of the total water sewage.

Serviced population of plant is predicted (Table 1-5) and based on population of 2003 with the
rate of population growth is 1.5%/per year. Population of Nhon Binh, Binh Phu, and North Ha
Thanh wards were calculated based on general planning documents of Quy Nhon City by 2020
with the range to be serviced is 25%. Population of Ly Thuong Kiet, Tran Phu and Ngo May
wards were calculated based on drainage basin data.

To create favorable condition for the future expansion of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant,
right in the first time of Phase 1A, major service functions of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant
will be designed well to expand the plant in Phase 1B in order to save cost. Time duration
proposed for the construction of phase 1A and 1B is five years, since such necessary shortening
is limited in the non-refundable aid of GEF, which requires expanding the plant in a short-time in
order to create a safety working conditions for a long time for the treatment components of plant.
9

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure 1-2: General plan of the CEPT
10

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 1-4: Estimation of served population in the project area by 2023
Ward
Population
Estimation of population
Percentage
Estimation of served
(capita)
(capita)
of served
population (capita)
2003
Rate
2010
2020
2023
population
2010
2020
2023
1
ng a
21.303
1,5%
23.643
27.439
28.692
100%
23.643
27.439
28.692
2
Th N i
11.022
1,5%
12.233
14.197
14.845
100%
12.233
14.197
14.845
3
Tr n H ng
o
10.700
1,5%
11.875
13.872
14.411
100%
11.875
13.872
14.411
4
Lê H ng Phong
14.796
1,5%
16.421
19.058
19.928
100%
16.421
19.058
19.928
5
Lê L i
13.861
1,5%
15.384
17.853
18.669
100%
15.384
17.853
18.669
6
H i c ng
20.450
1,5%
22.696
26.340
27.543
100%
22.696
26.340
27.543
7
Nh n Bình,
130.000
135.983
25%
32.500
33.985
Nh n Phú and
B c Hà Thanh
8
Lý Th
ng Ki t
5.640
1,5%
6.260
7.264
7.596
49%
3.067
3.560
3.722
9
Tr n Phú
19.259
1,5%
21.375
24.806
25.939
36%
7.695
8.930
9.338
10
Ngô Mây
20.335
1,5%
22.569
26.192
27.388
17%
3.837
4.453
4.656
Total
306.930
320.950
168.110
175.789
Refinement
168.000
175.000
Phase 1A the plant will serve for one-third and phase 1B will serve for three-two of the total
population in Ha Thanh River Basin. Scale of treatment plant will be developed within stages
described on table 1-6.
Table 1-5: Designed capacity and BOD loading of the plant
Parameter
Unit
Year
Phase 1A
Phase 1B
Phase 2
2007-2013
2013-2018
2018-2023
1
Population
Capita
58,333
116,667
175,000
2
Drainage criteria
l/capita/day
120
120
160
(~80% water supply criteria)
3
Designed flow rate
m3/day
7.000
14.000
28.000
4
Infiltration flow rate
m3/day (25% of the designed
1.750
3.500
7.000
flow rate)
5
Unstable coefficient
1.75
6
Maximum flow rate
m3/day
12.250
24.500
49.000
7
Maximum daily flow rate
m3/day
14.000
28.000
56.000
8
Organic loading
gBOD5/capita.day
40
40
50
9
Total organic loading
KgBOD5 /day
2.300
4.700
8.800
10
BOD concentration
mg/l
340
340
340
Components and characteristics of the influent
Wastewater Treatment Plant will receive wastewater mainly from residential areas belong to
drainage basin and receive sludge from septic tanks. Components and characteristics of the
wastewater is shown on table 1-6.
Table 1-6: Components and characteristics of domestic wastewater
Parameter
Unit
Value
pH
-
5-9
BOD5
mg/l
340
SS
mg/l
320
Total nitrogen
mg/l
80
Total phosphorus
mg/l
12
Oil and grease
mg/l
120
Coliform
MPN/100ml
108
(Source: Metcaft and Eddy, 2000)
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Effluent standards
In accordance with the Official Letter Ref. 2417/UBND_XD dated 08/08/2007 by Binh Dinh
Provincial People's Committee for CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant design under Vietnamese
standard TCVN 7222-2002, Wastewater Treatment Plant was designed with the quality of
discharge water after treatment gaining the limit value of standard. General requirement for
environment against concentrated Wastewater Treatment Plant TCVN 7222-2002.[v1]
Description of the outline of WWTP
The project is now under selection of a feasible wastewater treatment process. Three proposed
wastewater treatment processes are shown in Figure 1-3, 1-4 and 1-5. These options have the
same preliminary treatment (screens) and advanced primary treatment (mixer, floculator and
anaerobic settling pond) and sludge treatment (anaerobic settling pond). These alternatives are
different in term of secondary treatment. They are Alternative 1- Facultative ponds, Alternative 2
-Trickling filters, and Alternative 3 - Oxidation ditches
Preliminary and primary treatment
Raw wastewater from the end of the sewerage system enters into a pump sump. There are two
bar screens in the pump sump: (a) a coarse bar screen with opening of 50 mm followed by (b) a
medium bar screen with opening of 10mm, to remove rags, leaves, papers, plastic bags, etc.
Three submersible pumps with capacity from 60 l/s to 120 l/s are installed in the pump sump.
The wastewater is pumped to a rapid mixer, into which alum solution is dosed. Alum flocs are
formed at a flocculator with hydraulic retention of 16 minutes. Anion polymer as coagulant aid is
dosed into the flocculator to enhance the size of flocs and thus improving settling velocity of
flocs at the anaerobic settling pond.
Except the function of sedimentation, this pond is in charge of settled sludge stabilization and
BOD removal of wastewater by natural anaerobic process. The total BOD removal is about 60%.
The pond with depth of 4.0 m facilitates a full anaerobic condition. Its hydraulic retention time is
84 hours. The design BOD loading rate is 90 kg BOD5/1000 m3/day. Thus, it is run at low
loading rate of less than 200 kg/1000m3/day in order to mitigate odour production.
The pond bottom and vertical walls of one meter high from the bottom are made of concrete.
Those are used for sludge treatment, water decant and sludge mixing for composting on site.
Three sloped walls (V:H = 1:3) are lined with impermeable HDPE layer. The remaining side
with slope V:H of 5:1, which is made of concrete is used for loading sludge out the pond by
vehicles.
The suspended solid removal of the pond is about 60%. Except septage and primary sludge, this
pond also receives the waste sludge from the secondary treatment. The settled sludge is
stabilized for at least two years. The biodegradable organic content and pathogens will decrease
significantly. The stabilized sludge will be dredged after two or four years of operation. Water in
one of two ponds will be decanted in dry season. The water level is lowered to one meter deep.
Then the sludge is dewatered by sunlight drying on site. The sludge cake is mixed to compost at
the pond bottom and finally, the compost is loaded to a fertilizer production company.
In the phase II, the sludge treatment will be done sequent for four anaerobic settling ponds. Long
sludge retention time of the ponds ensures high stability of the sludge. Long duration between
two sludge dredging will reduce job load of operators. Operation units in primary treatment such
as anaerobic settling pond, sludge stabilization and sludge mixing do not require energy and
chemical consumption and less labour, which are met requirement of the organization receiving
the WWTP. The effluent of anaerobic settling ponds is conducted to the secondary treatment.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Secondary treatment
Three alternatives of secondary treatment were proposed in terms of 1) the available land area, 2)
The effluent standards TCVN 7222, and 3) low operation and maintenance costs. The primary
treatment with chemical enhancement (CEPT technology) will get high SS, BOD and pathogen
removals and thus, influent of the secondary treatment will be more stabilized. Three alternatives
of the secondary treatment are describes as follows:
Æ
Alternative 1: Cascade aeration
facultative pond
Based on difference of elevation between facultative pond and anaerobic settling pond, cascade
aerators will be set-up followed by the facultative pond. In cascade aerators, the air is dispersed
into the water through water stream jumps to stairs in series. Thus, DO will increase prior to
wastewater come to the facultative pond. The cascade aerator includes series of concrete stairs.
Each stair is 1.0 meter wide, 6 meter long and 0.6 meter high. Eight stairs form weirs facilitate
oxygen saturation that enhances BOD removal and reduce odor problem. This aeration use
elevation difference between primary and secondary treatment systems therefore, energy
consumption is not necessary.
The facultative ponds (2+2) is arranged in two parallel lines, each line includes two ponds in
series. The first pond has larger area and receives higher organic loading. The facultative ponds
of 2.0 m deep and 1.5 m deep will be constructed in phase 1 and phase 2, respectively. The
sequent others are more shallow to maintain aerobic condition through whole pond depth. The
HRT of pond system in this phase is 15,4 days, based on organic loading less than 200kg/ha/day.
All facultative ponds are lined with HDPE layer. The slope of pond is 3:1. The BOD5 removal
efficiency is 50-70% at which effluent BOD5 is less than 30 mg/l (the limited value of effluent
Standards TCVN 7222-20002). In facultative ponds, it is hard to control algae in effluent and
this problem can contribute to increase BOD5 and SS concentration than estimated values.
Therefore, algae control should be further studied. However, the advantages of this option are (a)
not requiring electric and chemical consumption, (b) easily operation and (c) less requirement of
skilled operator. Those are the necessary requirements of the city authorities.
Æ
Æ
Alternative 2: Cascade aeration
trickling filter
secondary clarifier
As the same in alternative 1, Cascade aeration is used to increase DO concentration in
wastewater before conducting to trickling filter. Trickling filter used attach-growth process that
has stable efficiency, low power demand and high ability of load shock withstanding. The
wastewater from Cascade aerator and returned water from secondary clarifier at return ratio of
300% are collected to pump sump. The mixture is pumped to the top of the trickling filter and
distributed to the filter plastic media by jet distributor with motor. Wastewater is trickled through
filter media, on which bacterial film is grown. The organic matters in term of BOD5, are
stabilized by bacteria. The biofilm sloughed off media will settle down to clarifier bottom.
This process requires power for running return water pump. The estimated power is about
50kWh (phase 1). It does not need skilful worker for system operation, biofilm cleaning and
periodical maintenance. In operational side, it is not necessary to frequently control the process
except selecting the adequate return rate. Pump with two speeds can be used so that it is not
necessary to adjust the return water rate.
In the secondary sedimentation tank, sludge scrapper collected the settled sludge into the sludge
hopper at the bottom. Sludge is pumped out to the influent pump sump and settled down at the
anaerobic settling pond. This alternative does not require chemicals, skilful operators and high
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
electric demand. Therefore, the option is also proper to the requirements of organization
receiving WWTP.
Alternative 3: oxidation ditch + secondary clarifier
Wastewater from primary treatment flows to the oxidation ditch and mixed with returned sludge
in the ditch. Oxidation ditch, which activated sludge process is used has high treatment
efficiency and easy in combination of nitrogen removal. After HRT of 18 hours, the mixed liquor
of sludge and wastewater will flow to the secondary clarifier for gravity separation of bioflocs.
The excess sludge is pumped to the influent pump sump and settled at the anaerobic settling
pond. Sludge from secondary sedimentation tank is returned to the ditch to maintain high
biomass concentration. The biomass concentration is about 3000 mg SS/L. The oxidation ditch
requires high power and skilful operator. The option C produces effluent quality better than those
of two above options. The process requires frequent checks/tests on sludge characteristics,
biomass concentration (MLSS) and sludge volume index (SVI). The excess sludge is daily
removed to keep SRT of 20 days. Two oxidation ditches are in parallel operation. To minimize
the construction area, the ditch is designed in U shape (width x depth = 6m x 3m) with aeration
devices that are installed at two ends of the ditch for mixing and diffusing oxygen. The estimated
power for the process is 240 KW (phase 1).
Effluent disinfection before discharge into receiving water
According to Vietnamese Effluent Standards TCVN 7222-2002, the disinfection is necessary.
However, the standards does not give limited value of pathogen. Maybe, significant remove of
pathogen is obtained by primary and secondary treatment. Because the limit value of total
coliform number is not available, the disinfection of WWTP effluent has not decided yet. If the
local authority (Department of Environment and Natural Resource of Binh Dinh province)
assumes that disinfection is necessary and a limited value of pathogen is given, the disinfection
facility is added as total coliform removal of the primary and secondary treatment is not met. To
have simple and effective treatment process, it is necessary to consider the application of
maturation ponds after secondary treatment for disinfection and advanced treatment such as
nitrogen removal and algae control.
The depth of maturation ponds for disinfection is 1.0 m, the bottom is lined with HDPE layer to
prevent plant growth in bottom and it is convenient for bottom cleaning. The pond is designed
with the length:widh ratio of 4:1 and there are at least 3 ponds in series. The minimum HRT of
maturation pond system is 3 days, based on the average wastewater flow rate in dry season
(ADWF). The specific size of pond depends on real wastewater discharge.
Chlorination is only used if the area is limited or strict effluent standards. Because chlorination
requires higher chemicals and power demands, skilled operators, separate store. Therefore,
chlorination is only taken into consideration as maturation ponds could not used.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure 1-3: Scheme of the Alternative 1
15

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure 1-4: Scheme of the Alternative 2
16

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure 1-5: Scheme of the Alternative 3
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
The land requirements and cost estimation for three alternatives
The land requirements for each alternative are presented in the table 1-7.

Table 1-7: Land demands for three alternatives
Core Area
Buffer
Total
hectare (ha)
Zone
Area
No. Alternative Phase Phase
hectare
hectare
Total
1A+1B
2
(ha)
(ha)
1
Alternative 1- Facultative pond
24.2
18.2
42.4
115.2
157.6
2
Alternative 2- Trickling filter
6.2
5.7
12.0
79.2
91.2
3
Alternative 3- Oxidation ditch
6.2
5.7
12.0
79.2
91.2
Table 1-8: Summary of investment cost of three alternatives
Phase 1A
Phase 1B
Phase 2
No. Description
(USD) (USD) (USD)
Alternative 1 ­ Facultative Pond
1
Construction and equipment cost
4,890,551
2,501,003
6,863,608
Land acquisition and resettlement
2
cost
3,169,898
0
0
3
Construction supervision cost
400,000
180,000
600,000
4
Contingency
846,045
268,100
746,361
Total cost
9,306,494
2,949,103
8,209,969
Alternative 2 ­ Trickling filter
1
Construction and equipment cost
4,537,746
1,794,588
5,710,238
Land acquisition and resettlement
2
cost
1,834,357
0

3
Construction supervision cost
400,000
180,000
600,000
4
Contingency
677,210
197,459
631,024
Total cost
7,449,314
2,172,047
6,941,262
Alternative 3 ­ Oxidation ditch
1
Construction and equipment cost
5,089,463
2,166,899
6,742,340
Land acquisition and resettlement
2
cost
1,834,357 0
0
3
Construction supervision cost
440,000
200,000
660,000
4
Contingency
736,382
236,690
740,234
Total cost
8,100,202
2,603,589
8,142,574
Accompanied facilities
Transmission pipeline to the treatment plant
A derivation runs into wastewater treatment plant /pipeline direction is expected from south-east
of wastewater treatment plant to existing asphalted road nearby industrial zone with distance of
150m. As this line crosses existing drainage channel, which is being partitioned into many low
impoundments for aquiculture ponds but not obstruct the flood water drainage. Therefore
proposed road elevation for derivation which enters into the wastewater treatment plant is at
+0.60m for the easy overflow through the low impoundments.

A derivation which enters into wastewater treatment plant is proposed in consideration of
widening and lengthening planning the Dien Bien Phu Street towards the north of the city in the
coming time. Upon the completion of widening and lengthening planning of Dien Bien Phu
Street, it is required to consider the connection of wastewater treatment plant CEPT (and future
wastewater treatment plant 1C) to Dien Bien Phu Street by short derivation with length of 100m.
The elevation of this derivation will be subject to the elevation of Dien Bien Phu Street. And
elevation +2.5m of finished level of wastewater treatment plant CEPT. The derivation enters
into the second wastewater treatment plant will facilitate the access to the wastewater treatment
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
plant in the future and supplement to dam for derivation and for protection corridor proposed in
the existing project.
Effluent pipeline and Outlet Structures
Treated wastewater will be discharged into Ha Thanh River. Discharge points were proposed to
be located in a distance of 1,200m to the Southeast corner of Wastewater Treatment Plant at site
2 as shown in Figure 1-5. Because the Ha Thanh River is shallow, river bed condition is soft soil
containing silt/sludge. It is not feasible to construct an embed discharge pipe because the pile
may have a high possibility to be blocked. It is difficult to maintain it in a long time. Therefore,
discharge outlet structures were recommended to be designed in order to maximizely protect the
wastewater transmission pipeline after treatment, and to facilitate for the stable and long time
discharge of wastewater into the receiving bodies

Effluent is discharged into the river by gravity pipeline. The effluent pipe will be PVC pipe with
DN of 630 and inner diameter of 600mm with PN6. Two DN 630 pipes will be installed in the
same conduit for the safe discharge after treatment for both Phase 1 and Phase 2. The site plan is
also estimated for the installation of 3rd pipe DN639 on the same line, in case wastewater
treatment plant 1C next to wastewater treatment plant CEPT is constructed. The maximum safe
elevation of output pipe from wastewater treatment plant without overflowing the SST overflow
weir of sedimentation basin for phase 2 is +2.8m. Normal vibration amplitude of river water
level daily at the discharge point is relative to high/low tide of +0.30m/-0.40m, so it will create
propulsive force in the water head 2.5 and 3.2m. The water head can convey water wastewater
discharge after treatment in the condition of maximum flow of phase 1 and phase 2 (2 x
ADWF/mean flow in dry season) from wastewater treatment plant CEPT to discharge point into
Ha Thanh river.
Figure 1-6: Location of the main outlet

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 2 NATURAL, ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIAL-
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE PROJECT
AREA
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Geographical Location, Topography and Geology
Geographical location
Qui Nhon City lies in the south pole of the Binh Dinh province. It is bordered in the north by
Tuy Phuoc and Phu Cat district, in the south by Song Cau district of the Phu Yen province, in the
east by the China Sea, in the west by Tuy Phuoc district.

More than 100 years ago, the City was born officially, however, City's forming and developing
history goes with to 11th Century Champa culture, Tay Son dynasty and Th N i seaport from
18th century. In 1988, the primer Minister has decision No 558/QD-TTg, which recognized Quy
Nhon as the second city and is one of three commercial and tourism centers of South Central
part coastal (with Da Nang and Nha Trang). Quy Nhon City is economic, polictic, culture and
science center of Binh Dinh Province.
Topography
Quy Nhon City area has a diversified terrain comprising mountains and hills, plains, paddy field,
pond, lagoon, lakes, rivers, sea, peninsulas, and islands. Qui Nhon's coast- line is 42 km with a
big lagoon area, brackish water lake and abudant sea creature resource and many of valuable
specialties with high economic worth.

Quy Nhon City is divided into two areas including: (1) present Quy Nhon City and (2) Phuong
Mai peninsula which has been expanded recently. The central area has the relatively flat terrain;
altitude varies from 1,5m to 4m; slope direction from mountain to sea and from mountain
towards basin of river; average slope from 0,5 to 1%; Average ground surface level in the centre
of City varies from 3,5-5m, the area near River and Sea has is lower than 2m (as for the area of
alluvial ground/aegiceras, vet trees of Ha Thanh river estuary is 0,0m), is usually flooded from
0,5 to 1m (p=10%).

Project area is located in Nhon Binh ward, in the north of Ha Thanh River. In general, terrain of
project area is paddy field and aquaculture reservoir with high level low terrain, is far from land
dam with low high level. Average space height may be -0.50 m concrete road directly leads to
the north of plain which has average height is +1.00m. The road is asphalted by bitumen next to
industrial zone, which is 150 m away from site 2 in the southeast having high level +1.50m..
Geology
Ha Thanh River side area and Thi Nai lagoon: layer 1 ­ grain sand mixing with shell with the
depth of 1.2-5.4m; SPT mean value Ntb = 3; layer 2- clay sludge with variation depth from 2.0 to
18m; layer 3 ­ weak clay with variation thickness from 7.50-31.2m, Ntb=6; layer 4- semi-hard
clay with variation thickness from 4.5-5m, Ntb=20; this layer is from el.-31m. At el.-36m, it is
fine sand or clay stone.

In the project area, through out six boreholes at wastewater treatment plant site showing that
there is a presence of sandy sludge layer of which its bearing capacity is poor right under the
20

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
surface, this layer has a depth from 5-7m, next is soft clay layer 23-30m thickness, with high
elasticity, and final is sandstone and stiff clay which is suitable for bearing piles.
Hydrogeology

Quy Nhon City lies in the North ­ East hydrogeology, in which water layer is the layer of
paleozoic-mesozoic age and fractures in hard rock. Geology of Quy Nhon City most covers with
sediment of Holocene age is ranked alluvium closed to river creating fine material grain (fine
grain). In the south and west has high hills was made by metamorphic rock.

Because of fine grain of water layer material and locating near to sea so underground water
reserves is not large. Underground water level fluctuated from 1,55m to 3,96m. The area of warp
of Ha Thanh and Cong river (Tan An) have higher underground water potentiality usual
supplying from water source of two rivers. The center of City has underground water level of 3-
4m below the surface.
Meteorology- Hydrograph
Meteorology
Climate of Quy Nhon City is the same Binh Dinh province, bearing climate particularity of
centre ­ central part affected by North-east monsoon in the rainy season and wester wind in the
dry season. Dry season from January to August, the rainy season from September to December
(rainfall in rainy season occupies 80% rainfall of whole year)
Some specific characteristic of Quy Nhon climate:

- Winter is not cold, populating Northwest wind to North Wind
- Summer has equal temperature; there are four months has average temperature over 280c.
Wind way mainly has East and South East, predominating the half of summer is west and
North West way.
- Rainy season in Quy Nhon area usually has storm, and big storm focused on October.
- Average annual temperature: 26,90C.
- Lowest average temperature: 26.90C.
- Absolute highest temperature: 39,90C.
- Annual average hot temperature: 30,80C.
- Absolute lowest temperature: 150C.
- Total sun hour of a year: 2521 hours.
- The relative highest humidity: 83 %.
- The lowest relative humidity: 35, 7%.
- The medium relative humidity: 78%.
(Sources: Adjustment of Quy Nhon City Master Plan, The characteristic of climate of Nghia Binh province, figure
form Quy Nhon meteorology station).

The climate of Quy Nhon City is good in general, the rate of rainfall is not high, and the
temperature of winter is not low but a considerable amount of sunny days. The climate as a
whole is suitable for urban development. However, the long dry season may cause water
resources exhausted, affecting the living and production. It should note that 80% rainfall lasts
within three months per year, which can cause flooding in that duration. This will adversely
affect the construction and recovery of drainage system.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
A number of sunny hours

From March to December is much sunny period, 200-300 average sunny hours/month
From October to February in following year is less sunny period, 100-180 average sunny hours/
month.
Rainfall Regime

Rainfall in Quy Nhon allocates unequally in the months of year, focused on from September to
December, occupying of 80 % rainfall of a year. Total average annual rainfall is 1.677mm; total
average annual rainy day is 128 days. Months have the biggest rainfall in year is October and
November; average rainfall is 300-500mm/ per month. In the months have lower rainfall is
March and April; average rainfall is 15-35mm/per month.
Evaporation

From March to December is much sunny period, 200-300 average sunny hours/month
From October to February in following year is less sunny period, 100- 180 average sunny hours/
month.
Wind Regime

According to wind regime at the area shown in figure 2-1, the popular wind direction in winter
months is north -west to north- east; from the following October to March, popular wind
direction with frequency of 16-53%; north-east wind occupies 7-18%. At Quy Nhon station,
from March to June, south-east wind appears with frequency of 15-27%. In June, July, August,
west wind appears with frequency of 12-13%.

Figure 2-1: Anemometric results at Quy Nh n station

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Hydrography
The centre of Quy Nhon City lies in in the south of Ha Thanh River which has 85 km length
originated from an altitude of 1100 metres in the west of Van Canh district, flow southwest-
notheast to Dieu Tri, divided into two branch: Ha Thanh and Truong Uc which flow into Thi Nai
lagoon through Hung Thanh and Truong Uc estuary and then flow into Quy Nhon sea. The area
of valley is 539 Km2; the total of river length is 58 km. the specfic form of Ha Thanh valley is
presented on table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Characteristics of Hà Thanh River basin
Receivers
Distance
Height
Length
Average
Average
Density
Basin
to the
of the
(Km)
height
Slope
Km/Km2
area
river
source
(m)
(%)
(Km2)
mouths
(m)
Chi p
Hà Thanh
42.0
400
15


0.18
80.2
Cây Cam
Hà Thanh
20.0
225
13


0.27
47.8
Branch 3
Hà Thanh
8.0
25.0
16


0.24
68.0
Cái Hà
Thanh
2.0
225
21
96.0
12.2
0.56
108
Hà Thanh
m Th N i
800 58 179 18.3 0.92 539
Source: Binh Dinh Department of Science and Technology, 2005

Nowadays in dry season, the rivers are always exhausted, so its flow is not considerable; In rainy
season, swift-flowing of the rivers often cause the inundation in October and November with
inundation duration of 58-78 hours. Inundation often appears in rainy season from September to
November, which brings to maximum flow as its valley is in the large mountain area. According
to survey data summarized by URENCO, urban inundation is partial at some places and streets.
According to URENCO, most of inundated areas in the city are due to planning and bad
technical operation from the past years. The side of drains is smaller than required demand for
drainage. The inundation also is caused by bad maintenance condition and there is much stuff
due to solid waste. The survey of inundation in the project area for the past 20 years. After the
investigation and consulting with senior people who have lived in the project area for long time
and overflow discharge agencies, the highest level is about +1.4m, which appeared in 1986.
(Investigation, Flow Impact Evaluation, Inundation Discharge in the North of Ha Thanh River in
Nhon Binh Ward, Quy Nhon City).

Survey area is affected by tide in Quy Nhon. Project area is in sun tide regime. The center of
Quy Nhon city is located next to the sea, so it is affected by irregular sun tide including 20 days
of the months. Sun tide amplitude is from 1.2 to 2.2m. In the dry season, when raining time
overlaps with tide amplitude, it may cause the level difference 1.04m (national elevation).

The survey area is the affected area by the tide of Quy Nhon Sea, the project area has Duiral
Tide. The centre area of Quy Nhon City
- The highest average tide level : 0.0 m
- The medium average tide level : +1.56 m
- The lowest average tide level : - 0,12m
ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS AT THE PROJECT AREA
Air environment status
According to environment report of Binh Dinh province in 2005, Air environment status in Quy
Nhon City has a polluted sign, especially, SO2 and NO2 criterias. Noise in some areas exceeds
the allowable standard.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 2-2: Results of the air monitoring at Quy Nh n City
Location
Results
Traffic frequency
Noise level
CO (mg/m3)
SO2 (mg/m3)
NO2
(no/h)
(dB)
(mg/m3)
K1 Crossroad
of
LHPhong
400 72.7
10.305
0.524
0.564
and T ng B t H
K2
ng a Crossroad
500
75.2
8.015
0.786
0.376
K3 Nguy n Thái H c ­ Tây
197 69.9
9.16
0.786
0.564
S n Crossroad
K4
Phú Tài Crossroad
143
70.3
6.87
0.524
0.188
TCVN 5937:1995

70*
40 0.5 0.4
Source: Center of Natural Resources and Environment Technical Services, 06/2005
*: TCVN 5939:1995
Water environment status
Surface water
Quy Nhon Wastewater Treatment Plant project is located adjacent to the downstream of Ha
Thanh River, is an important surface water natural resources for Quy Nhon City and the entire
area under this river basin.

In the rainy season, water in Ha Thanh river is vitually fresh with salt content varies from 0.03%
to 0.33%. However, in the dry season water is affected by a salty content of 10.4% penetrated
deeply into upper reaches about 4.15 km. Salinity at the mouths of river at this time is about
31.6%. Some specific information about the water quality of Ha Thanh river is presented on
Table 2-3.

Table 2-3: Water quality of Hà Thanh River at the proposed outlet of CEPT plant (12/2005-
01/2006)
Parameter BOD
-
-
5
COD
DO
SS
NH3
NO3
NO2
Coliform
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
MPN/100ml
Value

0.8-5.2
1-10
3.8-5.5 21-70 0.37-0.88 0.8-1.1 0.015-0.049 2.3x104 ­
9.3x103
Average
2.4
4.2
4.6
43
0.7
0.95
0.024
-
TCVN
25 35
2 80 1 15 0.05
104
5942:1995
(Column B)
The analysis results of surface water quality of samples in 12/2005 and in 1/2006 at temporary
discharge outlet of Ha Thanh river is presented in appendix B. Except total coliform value, Table
2-3 shows that all parameters were met the standard TCVN 5942-1995-Column B on surface
water quality for aquaculture. High coliform number in Ha Thanh river may generated from
domestic wastewater discharge from households in the surrounding area of the outlet.

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Thi Nai lagoon
The water quality of Thi Nai lagoon are shown in Table 2.4.

Table 2-4: Water quality of Thi Nai Lagoon in the year 2006
pH SS BOD5
COD
DO
Coliform
Sampling
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(MPN/100ml)
location
July
Oct to
July to
Oct to
July to
Oct to
July to
Oct to
July to
July to Aug
to Aug
Nov
Aug
Nov
Aug
Nov
Aug
Nov
Aug
7.90 7.83
9
17
33 14 62 52 5.2
4.3*102
Middle of Thi Nai
lagoon.
7.62 7.77 25
13
15
7.6 31 25 4.4 9.3*103
The North of Thi
Nai lagoon. near
Chim Island
6.5-8.5 50
10
- 5.0
1,000
TCVN
5943-
1995
Source: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (2006). Project on Review of Irrigation planning

Table 2-4 shows that BOD5, DO and total coliform values in Thi Nai in August to November
2006 were above that of the limited value of standards TCVN 5943-1995. Domestic wastewater
from the urban areas discharging directly into the lagoon through some outlets may be the main
reason of this excess. The data of Thi Nai lagoon water quality in dry season was not available.
In the dry season, water quality of the lagoon may be worse than that in July to November.

Groundwater
In general, underground water resource in Quy Nhon City is very poor. In some areas of the city,
underground water is used as the main supply water resources but low poor quality. At 9 group
of Dong Da ward, almost underground water is affected by salinity. There are many wells with
the depth varies from 3 to 5 m for brackish water which are only used washing (impossible for
eating and drinking).

Following the report, at medical station of ward there is a digged well with very good quality
water, which is being exploited with a capacity of 300m3/ per day for approximately 10.000
residents in Group 9, ong a ward. At Luong Nong, Nhon Binh ward, underground water is
rather plentiful but high salinity intrusion affected. On the other hand, at Tan Dinh area, quality
of underground water is better and can be used for eating and drinking.

According to a report of Binh Dinh Department of Natural Resources and Environment
(DoNRE) in 2005, underground water of Quy Nhon City was polluted. At some underground
water quality monitoring locations, pH indicator is lower than standard, COD content is quite
high (at residential area surrounding Bau Sen Lake, measured COD is 16.7mg/l).
Simultaneously, underground water is also infected by bacterium with a quite high content (in
the area along Tran Quang Dieu street, coliform indicator is 240 MPN/100ml).
Biodiversity
Agricultural ecology at the project site
Although Nhon Binh ward belongs to Quy Nhon City but now this area is considered as a rural
area and agriculture area. Most of this area is rice-cultivated land and shrimp and fish hatching
lake. Ecosystem is rather monotonous with numbers of residential house is rather scattered,
paddy fields and some swamps were improved for aquaculture. At project area and surrounding
areas there is very few wild residence places, except for only some fallow swamp area. In here,
there is no presence of valuable and rare animal species or threatened animal species. The
structure of animal is quite simple, including domestic animals and shrimp and fish hatching
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
species. Structure of flora is very poor with some trees, around the local houses and some aquatic
flora growing in salt sulphate soil.
Figure 2-2: The representative land form at
Figure 2-3: The artifical lakes to raise
the area location (core zone of Phase1)
seafood (core zone of Phase 1)

Thi Nai Lagoon
Thi Nai Lagoon is considered as the final water catchment to receive treated water from the
concentrated wastewater treatment plant. This lagoon is always full of water and has a rich
biodiversity, which can be influenced by the operation and maintenance of the wastewater
treatment plant. The convention of United Nations on wetland (Ramsar Convention), defines
wetland is "Wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural orartificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including
areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters".
Among important wetlands including tidal-submerged land, swamps, internal flooded grassland
or flooded forest and peat swamp, mangrove forest, coastal lake and lagoon, flooding plain,
delta, and estuary, Thi Nai Lagoon is considered as an important wetland in terms of
biodiversity.
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) includes the Quy Nhon Swamp on its list
of sensitive wetland areas in Vietnam. This natural saline swamp is a part of the Thi Nai lagoon
complex located on the coast north of Quy Nhon City, Binh Dinh Province. The swamp has an
area 5,000 ha at high tide; 3,200 ha at low tide, with a 700 m wide channel that opens to the sea.
Several rivers, including the Ha Thanh, Con Rivers, flow into the swamp, the average depth of
which is 1 - 2 m and the maximum depth is 7 ­ 10 m.
There are several small islands with mangrove forest in the northern part of the lagoon. One
hundred and thirty-six species of flowering plants and algae have been recorded at the swamp,
along with numerous species of phytoplankton including 50 species of Rhodophyta (red algae).
The red algae Gracilaria verrucosa is particularly abundant is widely cultivated in the swamp
for dried use and export as an emulsifier (agar). Shrimps are also widely cultivated in this swamp
which may be influenced by discharges into the Thi Nai Lagoon.

Due to the effect of urbanization and the economic development of the area, at present only the
north area of the lagoon still maintains the original ecosystem whereas in the south area (near
entrance of Quy Nhon bay) has greatly changed, especially during the construction duration of
Nhon Hoi bridge. The mangrove forest in the mouth of Ha Thanh River has been lost partially.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION AT THE PROJECT AREA
Overview of Socio-Economic Status at Project Area
According to the figure of the statistical yearbook of Quy Nhon City, the population of the city is
around 264,800 people with rate of natural growth is 1,13%, in which urban area has 236,400
people (occupying 89%). The average scale of a household is five persons. The economics of
Quy Nhon City has developed dramatically, which results in the improvement in the daily life of
residents. The economic mechanism has changed according to tendency to increase the ratio of
construction, industry, service branch and to reduce the ratio of agriculture and forestry branch.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2006 reached 12,314.529 billion VND (real price), increased
by 19,60% compared with 2005, in which production value of industry and construction is
3,479.015 billion (occupying 28.2%), agriculture and forestry and aquatic product get 4,505.139
billion VND, occupying of 36.6% of GDP. In Quy Nhon City, there are much more 2.231 small
and large industrial businesses and 11.593 service business, which create job for 73.800 worker.
Not including thousands of individual businesses. Branches, fields has greatly contributed for
state budget is processing industry, tourism, mining industry. In which tourism branch has
greatly contributed and much more increased in the GDP mechanism of City.
Residence Status and Income of Household
Household Scale
Totally, 97 affected households were interviewed. A total of 423 residents were affected of
which 206 male and 217 female. Average population of household is 4.4 persons, fluctuating
from 1 to 10 persons per household. Population in the working age of each household is 2.3, the
highest is 6 persons per household. There were 7 households did not have any person in the
working age and these households had the income from farming or supports from their relatives.
Household Income ­ Job Mechanism
In the total number of interviewed households, there are 16 poor households (poor household has
average income less than 260.000 vnd/month/ per person, It is caculated under urban standard.).
In which there are 7 households have key income from cultivating paddy. A number of
households have income from 260.000-600.000 vnd/month/person, occupying a high rate
compared with 64 households. 17 Remaining households have income from 600.000
vnd/month/person and over. The income of households in project area is relative low compared
with households lived in Quy Nhon City.

Almost households cultivating wetrice (occupying 76,3%). However, there are 16 households
(16,5%), of which consider that it is themain income and it will affected largely if the cultivated
land is acquired. Paddy fields can be cultivated from 1-2 season per year depending on anual
natural water resources.

The income of 48 households (49.5%) is from employment services. Income of 14 households
comes from working for factories, shops such as wood shops in Quy Nhon city with mean
income of about 50,000VND/day. Economic effects by removing or land acquisition on these
households is not much as their major income is not subject to farm land. However, 78
households (80.4%) of interviewed households have income from other auxiliary services.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 2-4: Source of revenue

Agriculture
Hired labour
Worker
Others
Total
Number of households
16
48
14
19
97
Percentage (%)
16.5
49.5
14.4
19.6
100
About living condition, all interviewed households are using the national grid. In area, there are
primary school, post-office, medical station. However, there are about 50% households which
use potable water, remaining households do not have potable water due to they do not approach
the water supply system.
Education Level
Education level of household owner mainly is in primary and junior high school with correlative
ratio is 41.2 and 40.2%. In general, old people in this area have an education of primary school
level. There are three illiterate people, who are old people. Whereas young people have junior
high school level. In a number of 423 people, 101 people are still going to school.
Table 2-5: Types of qualification gained by the heads of the household

Don't know how to
Elementary
Secondary
High
College/university
read and write
school
school
school
No.
4
40
39
10
4
Percentage (%)
4,1 41,2
40,2
10,3
4,1
Accommodation status
Right of agricultural land use was granted for people in 1997 by the People's Committee. At that
time, a person was granted for 500m2 to farm. In the socio-economic survey, the area of person is
470 m2. Right of land use was granted by province up to 2017. In a number survey households,
there are 19 households do not have land, in which 10 households have income from wages. In
general, each household has house area about 50-150 m2 in total area is 100-500m2. In buffer
zone of project, there is a temple with local range, which is usually offered sacrifices in the full -
moon day and festivals by local residents.
Status of water supply and sewerage
Status of water supply
The present water supply system of Quy Nhon was formed since the former regime in a small
scale. The system was then improved, upgraded and developed into a more perfect water supply
and sewerages system, including drilling wells for water exploitation, sterilization system and
drinking water distribution network to consumers. The current capacity of water supply system is
20,000m3/per day which is mainly distributed to wards within city and some outskirts under
urbanisation process. Water resources were mainly exploited from Ha Thanh well area in a
distance of 9 km from the center of City.

Water pumped from well will be transmitted by pipeline 600, 500, 400 going along
highway 19 Quy Nhon-Song Cau to Quy Nhon City. The entire city has an approximately
120.000m with diameter is from 400 ÷ 500 pipe, almost is old pipes. Presently, the city has
executed the water supply project funded by ABD, loan No. ADB 2146-VIE. Scope of Project
related to water supply system, including the improvement of well pumping station, catch basin,
pumping station II, existing pipelines in order to reach a capacity of Q=20,000m3/per day.
Simultaneously, building 9 well pumping stations near the River Con 25 km from the city to
convey the water to new constructed Dieu Tri Water Treatment Plant with capacity of
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Q=25,000m3/per day. With this project, average water supply standard from 50 litres/per person/
day, basically meeting resident's water demand of Quy Nhon City.

According to the statistics, as of June 2003 there have been 25.762 connecting points to water
supply networks of the city. As estimated, it is possible to supply to 52% domestic water demand
and the number of persons at one connecting point is 5.6 persons/water meter. It is expected by
Water Supply & Sewerage Company, in years of 2010, 40,000 households will connect to water
supply networks. This is the result from the project financed by ADB. This water supply system
will be constructed by local fund.
Existing drainage and wastewater treatment status
Overall water drainage network of the city
Water drainage network of Quy Nhon city is the sewerage system used for rain water and
wastewater drainage jointly. In fact it is gravity drainage for rain water jointly with wastewater
from sources in the city.
Overall water drainage network, the city may be divided into 3 areas.
- The center of the city
- The west area of the city (Bui Thi Xuan, Tran Quang Dieu wards)
- Phuong Mai peninsula area
Water Drainage Organization
The city comprises the receiving bodies as follows:
- Ha Thanh River
- Th N i Lagoon
- Dong Da Lake
- Phu Hoà Lake
- Quy Nhon Bay
Because of the completely gravity drainage systems do not have suitable oulet structure,
effectiveness of drainage system in some hollow areas of centre of city relies upon tidal regime.
Water drainage network
Water drainage network of Quy Nhon city (under the control of Urban Environment Company in
2004) includes 87,552 m drains and 2,648 valve chambers. In addition to there are many open
drainage ditches.

Water drainage network of center area of previous city may be divided into 3 main valleys; water
is drained to 3 various directions:
- The valleys draining to Ha Thanh river mouth and Thi Nai dam (north direction of the city)
- The valleys draining to Quy Nhon Bay towards east direction of the city (from the north to
the south) .
- The valleys draining to Phu Hoa lake locating in the west of the city.
Regulation Lake System
In the city, there are natural lakes such as Bau Sen, Dong Da, Bau Lac, Phu Hoa (Son pass),
which regulate the rain water and wastewater. Bong Bong lake also regulates the rain water and
wastewater and land scrapping for the city. The lakes with crowded inhabitants living nearby are
often polluted by domestic wastes such as Bau Sen lake or Dong Da lake. Other lakes have not
been polluted yet or pollution level is still low.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Discharge Outlet, Tidal Gate
According to the statistics in 2004, the drainage system in the city centre comprises 13 discharge
outlets of difference, excluding discharge outlets were buried during construction. These
discharge outlets without tidal gate.
Sewage Collection and Treatment
Domestic wastewater is collected into common water drainage network of the city through
connection pipe from households to public drainage network The number of connection points
from households to the city's water drainage network has been carried out by VIWASE in the
so-economic survey in project area. The result shows that about 93.9 % of households use toilets
with septic tanks and semi-septic tanks and 3.9% of households use the toilet with sink. The ratio
of toilet using water is very high, however 34.2% of households connect to water drainage
network; 52% of households let the water to be absorbed into the ground and 5.9% of households
discharge directly the wastewater into pond and lake.

A common way of the coastal people in the Middle and Southern Middle of Viet Nam is to
discharge the waste water directly to the ground instead of using the drainage pipeline because
the soil ground of these areas is soft, mixing with sand and high absorbability. In urban areas
with high density of construction and population, volume of waste water is very big; the solution
of absorbability causes the risk of environment pollution, especially It directly affects the
underground water and soil environment. In many urban areas such as Quy Nhon, Nha Trang,
Phan Thiet and Vung Tau, etc., the underground water has been polluted by the waste water
intrusion.

The domestic waste water from households whose pipelines connect to the water drainage
network is not separated, collected and treated but it is discharged directly to the catching
sources. The waste water together with the rain water is discharged directly to the natural
environment (e.g. seas, rivers, pond and lake). At present, in Quy Nhon city still has no had
domestic wastewater treatment plants yet.
Collection and treatment of public waste water
In principle, waste water from all public utilities (e.g. hospitals, schools, entertainment areas,
etc.,) has to be treated separately before it is collected into the drainage network. However, in
fact, most of the public utilities have no waste water treated system or some have but work
ineffectively. According to statistics, Quy Nhon city has seven big hospitals, of which four
hospitals have the waste water treated system (capacity from 80 to 300 m3/day) before
discharging to the drainage network. Now, there is have no specific survey about the status and
operation of these waste water treated systems. However, most of them operate perfunctorily and
ineffectively.
Management and operation of the drainage system.
Water drainage network in Quy Nhon city is managed, operated, repaired and maintained by
Quy Nhon Urban and Environment Company (URENCo). The cost for construction and
operation of drainage network is limited, it is mainly used for repair, maintenance and
improvement of existing system. Just few drainage pipelines are new built or replaced . For
taking back a part of cost, according to the Vietnamese regulations, URENCO collects the
charges from 3,030 households in the center city which occupies 6%. The Company signed the
contracts with the households whose have the demand to connect their pipelines to the public
drainage network and running into septic tank. The collected data in the city shows the rate of
the streets which have drains is very high; it is about 0.88 km of drains/km of street.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Conclusion
However, capacity of water drainage network is still limited, it does not meet the demand of
drainage in the city. Based on the results of actual survey during the implementation of the
project and based on the evaluation of Management Unit (URENCo), the quality of drainage
pipelines constructed before year of 1975 has been downgraded considerably, even some
sections were damaged. The construction of sewerage systems for waste water and rain water by
URENCo will improve this condition in future.
Collection of solid waste and septage
In the last years, there was not specified data statistic about volume of solid. The quantity of
solid of each type is shown in Table 2-6.
Table 2-6: Total volume of solid waste in Quy Nh n City (2004)

Type
Emission rate
Total
Collection rate (%)
(kg/capita.day)
(tons/day)
1.
Urban domestic solid waste
0.8 - 0.9
320
50-60
2.
Rural domestic solid waste
0.2 - 0.3
250
3.
Industrial solid waste
0.1 - 0.2
250
60-70
4.
Clinical solid waste
0.8 - 1.0 (kg/bed.day)
0.2
70-75
Total

820.2

Source: DONRE, 2005

At present, sorting of solid at the source has not carried out. All types of wastes from
households, companies, schools, markets, etc., are collected together and transported to waste
stockyard. In Quy Nhon city, the rate of waste collection is relatively high in comparing with the
general status; it is about 75% to 85%. However in Binh Dinh province, there have been no
wastewater treatment plants.
Status of flooding
Partial inundation occurs often in rainy season (from September to November) with the
maximum flow due to the water from the mountains running into the city. Studying the tide level
in Quy Nhon from recent years shows the fluctuation of tide level is not high, only between 1.0m
and 1.5m. In months of inundation, the quantity of rain is high, the variation of minimum tide
level from 0.3m to 0.7m. Generally, the impact of tide on the drainage network is not much due
to the tide is only approximately 1.0m whereas the topography in the city is 2.0m high and over
except for the northern area of the central city. Inundation not only occurs in inhabitant areas
with the low elevation and low drainage possibility but also in some main streets in central city.

Based on the Feasibility Study by Hydrographic Studying Center ­ Hydrometeorology Institute:
"Survey and evaluation of the impact of water flow, drainage inundation in north side of Ha
Thanh River, Nhon Binh ward, Quy Nhon city, Binh Dinh province", Location of CEPT Waste
Water Treatment Plant in the north side of Ha Thanh River, Nhon Binh ward is affected by
inundation. The area in Nhon Binh ward was inundated from 1.6m to 1.8m by the inundation in
1999. This Feasibility Study also shows two calculated results for safety elevation of bedding
elevation against the inundation with the designed frequency of 100 years and 20 years (P = 1%
and P = 5%). Plant is located in area with designed elevation of bedding elevation of 3.08m and
2.41m respectively (the same of Mui Nai elevation system).
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Power Supply and Lighting Status
The City uses electricity source of 110 KV national networks through 110 KV two transformer
stations are Phu Tai station and Quy Nhon station. Phu Tai station has three lines 110KV
connected with Vinh Son hydroelectric plant, 110 Quy Nhon Station and one line go to Phu Yen.
For 35KV grid, apart from one transformer station at Quy Nhon station, there are still other two
transformer stations at Phú Tai, taking electricity from 110KV and Nhon Trach stations. Except
a few of enterprises in Phu Tài area, taking electricity from 35KV grid, almost additional charge
is taken from 22KV grid. City has about 200 km lines of grid.
Master plan of Water Supply for Quy Nhon City (until 2020)
Using the underground water from wells at Ha Thanh River (capacity of 20,000 m3/day), Tân An
wells at Con River (capacity of 25,000 m3/day), wells in The Thanh (capacity of 8,500 m3/day)
and the upper water of Dinh Binh Lake­Con river (capacity of 96,500 m3/day), expected area for
taking water in Dap Da town ­ Nhon An town. Standard of water supply is shown in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7: The standard of water supply for Quy Nh n City by 2020
Unit

Value
For domestic uses


-
Initial phase (by 2010)
l/capita.day 110
-
Long-term (2010 ­ 2020)
l/capita.day 150
Industrial uses
m3/ha.day 40
Tourism uses
l/capita.day
300
Source: DONRE, 2005
Table 2-8 shows the demand of water in the whole Quy Nhon city. Demand of water until year
2010 is 63,420 m3/day and year 2020 is 155,340 m3/day.

Table 2-8: Water demand for Quy Nh n City
Standards of water supply
Total (m3/day)
2010 2020
2010
2020
Domestic uses
Q1
110 (l/capita.day)
150 (l/capita.day)
30,000
70,000
x population
x population
Public services
Q2
10% Q1
20% Q1
3,000
14,000
Street cleaning and Q3
8% Q1
10% Q1
2,500
7,000
tree watering
Tourism uses
Q4
300 (l/tourist.day)
300 (l/tourist.day)
720
840
Industrial uses
Q5
40 (m3/ha.day) 40
(m3/ha.day) 10,700
26,300
Loss
Q6
30% Q1-5 25%
Q1-5 13,500
30,000
Internal uses in Q7
5% Q1-6 5%Q1-6 3,000
7,200
WSTP
Total
Qtc
63,420
155,340
Source: DONRE, 2005
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE
PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CASE OF WITHOUT PROJECT
Prior to yhe construction of the CEPT plant, the CCESP has designed that the wastewater
collected by the sewerage would be discharged to the Hà Thanh river through three temporary
outlets which are shown in Figure 3-1. This temporary discharge could increase the pollution
loading in the receiving water. In order to simplify the calculation, these following assumptions
are proposed:
- Concentrations of BOD5 and COD remain unchanged and homogeneous
- Flow-rate of wastewater and receiving waters are constant
- Mixing between wastewater and receivers are complete at the outlets.
Figure 3-1: The location of the temporary outlets of CCESP
In order to assess the impacts of discharging wastewater to the Hà Thanh river, the QUAL2K
model is applied to simulate the possible scenarios that could be happened in reality. The
pollution transmission is calculated with the assumption that all of the untreated wastewater will
be directly discharged into Hà Thanh river. However, the report also takes account of the worst
case of highest loading of pollution when all of the wastewater in the Phase 2 (2023) is discharge
without treatment.
Phase 1: Q = 7000 m3/day
In the flood-tide regime, the highest value of BOD concentration at the outlet is 5,5 mg/L which
is much smaller than the required value in TCVN 5942:1995 (B column). That means Hà Thanh
river has a capacity to accept all of the untreated wastewater. The pollutions will be transmitted
33

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
and BOD concentration will decrease along the river with regards to dilution and biochemical
oxidation. The DO concentration decreases and reaches the lowest point at 3.9 mg/l at the
distance of 5.5 km from the outlet. However, the concentration of Coliform at the outlet is
4.2x105 MPN/100 ml which is greatly higher than determined in the TCVN 5942-1995 (column
B, 104 MPN/100 ml). Therefore, the disinfection of wastewater prior to discharge into receiving
water is extremely necessary.
In the ebb-tide regime, the highest BOD concentration at the outlet is 19.4 mg/l which is still in
the allowed range of TCVN 5942:1995 (column B). The DO concentration reaches the lowest
level of 2.7 mg/l at the 2km downstream from the outlet. Similar to the case of high-tide regime,
the concentration of Coliform is higher than the permitted value.
Phase 2: Q = 28,000 m3/day
In the flood-tide regime, the highest value of BOD concentration at the outlet is 14.56 mg/L
which is still acceptable. The pollutions will be transported into Thi Nai lagoon and BOD
concentration will decrease along the river. However, the DO concentration decreases below the
permitted value from 4.5km to 11.5km downstream from the outlet. However, the concentration
of Coliform at the outlet is 1.6x106 MPN/100 ml. In the ebb-tide regime, the highest BOD
concentration at the outlet is 66.1 mg/l which is excess the allowed value of TCVN 5942:1995
(column B). In this case, Ha Thanh river could not receive all of the wastewater loading. As a
result, it is necessary to consider the solution of applying partial treatment. In the distance from
1.0 km to 4.0 km downstream, the DO concentration is nearly zero. The concentration of
Coliform is 8.6x106 MPN/100ml which is higher than the permitted value.
OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACTS BY THE CEPT WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT
Judgment and impact evaluation includes the direct positive and adverse impacts and indirect
impacts of the proposed project. Impacts to the possible events shall be evaluated first; secondly,
the importance role and effects of these impacts; thirdly, consideration of possibility to minimize
the adverse impacts

- Noise
- Dust
SITE CLEARANCE
- Negative impacts on traffic
- Adverse effects on local people
- Noise
REMOVING THE BOTTOM
- Odor
SLUDGE
- Dust
- Noise
- Dust
PLAN LEVELLING
- Domestic wastewater
- Domestic solid waste
- Noise
CONSTRUCTING AND
- Dust
INSTALLING THE PLANT
- Air pollution
- Wastewater
Figure 3-2: Diagram of construction of CEPT plant and its environmental impacts
Figure 3-2 generalizes the environment impacts in pre-construction and construction stage. In the
operation stage of CEPT Waste Water Treatment Plant, due to methods applicable for treatment
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
with different technologies, environment impacts shall be evaluated separately. Environment
impacts of the project in the operation stage is evaluated in detail by three alternatives and shown
in figure 3-3, 3-4 and 3-5.
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste
(SCREENING+PUMPING
Odor
STATION)
Coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL
Odor
TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
Sludge
ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTATION
POND
Odor
Mosquitoes
AIR STRIPPING
Odor
Odor
FACULTATIVE
POND 1
Mosquitoes
Groundwater
pollution
FACULTATIVE
Mosquitoes
POND 2
Groundwater
pollution
OUTLET

Figure 3-3: Environmental impacts of alternative 1
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste
(SCREENING + PUMPING
Odor
STATION)
Coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL
Odor
TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
Sludge
ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTATION
POND
Odor
Mosquitoes and
insects
AIR STRIPPING
Odor
Odor
TRICKLING FILTER
Mosquitoes and
insects
Excess sludge
CLARIFIER
OUTLET
Figure 3-4: Environmental impacts of alternative 2

36

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste
(SCREENING+PUMPING
Odor
STATION)
Coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL
Odor
TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
Sludge
ANAEROBIC
Excess
SEDIMENTATION POND
Odor
sludge
Mosquitoes and
insects
OXIDATION DITCH
Noise
Sludge
CLARIFIER
OUTLET
Figure 3-5: Environmental impacts of alternative 3
IMPACTS IN THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
In the design stage, some works such as investigation, site survey, collection of inhabitants'
ideas, etc., for preparation of the feasible study also causes effects on inhabitants' living due to
land acquisition and compensation. This impact, however, is not very significant.

The project site is located in Nhon Binh ward, it is estimated to land acquisition of about 91
hectares for the plant construction, in which permanent acquisition is 12 hectares, it is mainly the
ponds for growing shrimps; acquisition land for buffer areas surrounding the plant is 79.2
hectares, mainly rice fields and some parts of tenure land; and temporary acquisition land for
construction of conduits after treatment. Table 1-7 shows in detail the scope of land requirements
for three alternatives. The facultative pond alternative requires the largest area.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
A detailed survey was done from September 2nd, 2007 to September 9th, 2007 to assess the
components of the project area which was assumed to be required in trickling filter alternative or
oxidation ditch alternative. The survey for the facultative lagoon alternative has not been defined
yet.
Table 3-1: Land demand for the CEPT plant
Area
Type of land
Area (m2)
Core zone
Living purposes
785
Gardening purposes
81
Agricultural purposes
15,737
Aquacultural purposes
102,997

Total (1)
119,600
Buffer Zone
Living purposes
17,345
Gardening purposes
21,930
Agricultural purposes
751,426
Aquacultural purposes
1,300

Total (2)
792,000
Total (1) + (2)
911,600
The project will effect about 97 households located in buffer areas of the project. Based on the
community consulting opinions made on September 02nd, 2007, many households have no
opinions about land acquisition and compensation since they have no information of the project.
65 households (68%) have no information of the project, 26 households (26.8%) heard verbal
information, 65 households have no opinions of plant construction, 29 households (29.9%) agree
with plant construction and 3 households do not agree with this issue. The concern of project
affected households due to the construction of the project, 22 households have no ideas. Most of
the other household's concern are about removing and acquisition of their cultivated land (41
households, occupies 42.3%), 47 households, (48.6%) concern about unfair compensation for
settlement.

Table 3-2: Summary of affected households in site clearance
Type of affection
Number
Number of households affected
97
Number of households wanting to live in the resettlement area
91
Number of households wanting to move themselves
6
Number of households having their business affected
3
Number of households losing more than 20% of their agricultural land
65
Number of poor households
16
Number of households having disable or died veterans
14
In case of removing, the people have two options for their removing namely: concentrated
resettlement or separate resettlement as required by project affected people. The survey result
shows 14 households (14.4%) have no ideas about resettlement. 77 households (79.4%) want the
concentrated resettlement. According to their opinion, it is very difficult to purchase a new land
with market price. Six households want to be compensated by cash and they will arrange a new
location by themselves.

One of the characters of the farmer in this area is that their house is very near or next to the
cultivated land. This is easy for them to take care their garden. 25 households (42.4%) of 59
households affected by the project have no ideas about agricultural land to be acquired by the
project. 14 households (23.7%) want to receive cash for the land acquisition and 20 households
(33.9%) want to receive cash for interval cultivate during project construction period and
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
continue to cultivate on their land. However, the construction of the project will affect on their
irrigation channel and rice fields and they also encounter the difficulties in taking care of their
garden when living away from the cultivate land.
IMPACTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The construction of wastewater treatment plant and drainage system after treatment will both
protect human's health, and water quality in rivers and arroyos. However, if the planning,
technical design, and technology application are not properly utilized, together with unsuitable
equipments, it will not give effectiveness but also causing long term and short term adverse
impacts, affecting natural resources and environment. Potential impacts during construction
stage including mainly activities carried out during worker mobilization, materials, grading
period and haulage of materials and sludge.
Table 3-3: Potential impacts in the construction phase
Main activities
Sources of potential
Representative impacts
impacts
Worker gathering
Daily activities of workers
-
Generation of domestic waste of worker
-
Increase in traffic density
-
Influence on local safety and social issues
Construction
Activities of transportation
-
Noise, dust, air emission from transportation means
material gathering
means
-
Traffic accidents
-
Increased traffic density
Site clearance
Activities of transportation
-
Noise, dust, air emission from transportation means
means and construction
-
Potential accidents
equipments
-
Damage the local ecology
Dredging and
Activities of dredging
-
Water pollution
transferring sludge
equipments
-
Noise, dust, air emission from transportation means
-
Potential accidents
-
Damage the local ecology
Impacts on the air environment
Air pollution
Air and dust pollution will be generated within the construction area from construction vehicles
and machines operation during construction and excavation process and activities during
construction of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant including:
- Dredged mud from the ponds
- Site grading and levelling
- Construction of transmission pipeline after treatment

The dredged mud is mainly un-contaminated. Therefore the priority option for mud disposing is
re-used for back-filling. In the case that there is no demand for backfilling, it will be disposed to
the Long My landfill. This report will assess the worst case when the longest route is taken into
account. The estimation of dredged mud and excavated soil are presented in detail in the Annex.
Table 3-4 presents the estimated concentrations of pollutants.
Table 3-4: Emission loading of air contaminants in the construction phase
Loading (kg)
Source
Emission factor
Alt1 Alt2 Alt3
Loading of dredged mud


210,000m3
210,000 m3
210,000 m3
Total of soil for plan

150,000 m3
242,500 m3
263,600 m3
leveling
Number of trips per day*
46
57
59
Dust emitted from site

1 ­ 100 g/m3
150-15,000 kg
242,5-24,250 kg
263,6-26,360 kg
clearance
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Loading (kg)
Source
Emission factor
Alt1 Alt2 Alt3
Dust emitted from

0,1 - 1 g/m3
15-150 kg
24,2-242,5 kg
26,3-263,6 kg
transportation activities
Smoke emitted from
Dust:
4.3 kg/ tons DO
270 kg
380 kg
390 kg
transportation means and
SO2:
0.1 kg/ tons DO
6.5 kg
9 kg
9 kg
construction equipments
NOx:
55 kg/ tons DO
3500 kg
4870 kg
5000 kg
which includes dust
CO:
28 kg/ tons DO
1800 kg
2480 kg
2550 kg
(excluding dust emitted
VOC:
12 kg/ tons DO
800 kg
1062 kg
1090 kg
from transportation), CO,
hydrocacbon, SOx, NOx. It
is assumed that trucks with
capacity of 3,5-16 tons are
mainly used. DO (S1%) is
the main fuel.
Note: Emission factors are taken from WHO, 1993.
*: It is assumed that the total duration for construction is 2 years.

Dust can impact upon health of human via some diseases such as blepharitis, angina, asthma,
bronchitis. In the urban environment, dust may be the agent conveying poisonous polluted
substances such as lead, cadmium, aromatic compounds. Besides, Air substances such as CO,
THC, and NOx can cause impacts upon nervous system and blood circulation impact. NO2 can
influence on respiration at concentration 5ppm after some minute contact.
Noise pollution
The noisy caused by construction work is mainly generated by trucks used for transporting
materials to the site of the project and carry disposal from the site and from other construction
plants. The forecasted noise at the distance of 1m from the generating source is shown in the
Table 3-10.

During the construction, noisy source will be about 10-20m far away from inhabitant area.
According to available survey data, existing noisy level from vehicles along the streets in the city
is about 65-75 dBA, in comparison with basic conditions, the noisy level which is sent from
vehicles and construction plant is higher than the existing noisy. However, forecasted noisy level
at the distance of 10-20m from the generating source will be reduced. In some cases, noisy level
at the distance of 10m from the generating source is higher than national standard. This will be
included in the Annex I.
Impacts on the water environment
Construction period will, during a short time, cause impacts upon water environment:
- Reduce ambient water quality of the receiving bodies near to the works due to execution
activities.
- Reduce the quality of underground water due to execution process.

The environment pollution at the site is caused by sludge sedimentation and debris. Surface
water source will be seriously affected by overflow rain water, water to be discharged from the
works and domestic wastewater by the workers.

Firstly, with the number of workers working on the construction site brings about the
construction of camps, temporary houses for working as well as resting. Worker's daily activities
on the construction site produce wastes which may cause partial pollution for water environment.
The pollution level and impact on water environment is substantial subject to the number of the
site workers and the way to control domestic wastes to be proposed in this project. Total volume
of waste water from temporary houses of the workers is estimated about 5m3/day (with
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
estimated number of workers of 100 persons and 501/person/day). Although the waste water
volume is not big, it contains high BOD, SS content and diseases. To ensure hygiene condition,
collection and treatment of wastewater which is undertaken by the contractor shall be specified
by the project owner. Similar with many other projects, these impacts is not considerable and it
can be minimized by septic tanks.

Polluted rain water overflows through construction site due to excavation and installation of
pipelines. Overflow wastewater contains high content of suspended solid agents because it has
gone with sand and clay. Water flow is subject to area, rain water volume and construction site is
not covered with roof. The stock of soil for filling and material and construction plant also cause
pollution possibility and impacts on water environment.

Overflow water from spray vehicles and water in the pits contains suspended solids, oil. The
volume of water is subject to the number of vehicles access to the site. The water volume is
discharged from spray vehicles is about 20-40 litters.

In summary, In spite of adverse impacts on water environment during the construction of
infrastructure of industrial zones as above ­ mentioned, it is just temporary adverse impacts
during the construction of the project; it is not permanent and consecutive throughout the process
of the project.
Impacts of solid waste
Domestic waste generated from construction workers can be calculated based on the maximum
numbers of working labor during construction period (it is estimated about 100 people).
Estimated solid waste is approximately 50kg/day based on 0.5 kg/person/day and assuming that
the workers are allowed to have meals at the site. This waste quantity is insignificant and will be
collected and treated by the collection contractors.

During construction, grease and oil residuals may be generated from maintaining and preparing
vehicle and machinery. According to technical documents, the average oil residual from
construction machinery is around 7 liters per change of oil and the period of changing is every 3
- 6 months. If the estimated number of construction vehicles and related machinery is 30 units,
the oil residuals that would be generated are around 30 - 70 liters / month. Such residual grease
and oil are listed as hazardous wastes (code: A3020, Basel: Y8). If strict management measures
for collection and disposal of residual oils are not applied, it can be a potential source for soil and
ground water pollution at the construction site. Chemical waste comprises paint, detergent, oil
used for machinery maintenance. However, these wastes are generated only if poor management
condition and use. Construction waste mainly is spoil, which will be re-used for grading, thus it
will not impact significantly.
Other impacts
Similar to any scale construction site, safety action is the most important issue needs special
attention by contractors and labour working directly at site. Potential possibility that may cause
accidents includes as follows:
- During construction of the drainage and sewage culvert systems, it needs to pay special
attention to prevent the possibility of pollution to drinking water resources.
- Construction site shall have several haulage vehicles moving in and out, which may lead to
the accidents caused by these vehicles themselves;
- Not properly perform the regulations on working safety to cranes, uploading equipment,
construction materials which are highly heaped up and can be felt down, etc.;
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Working in the high-rise structures will increase possibility of causing accident to the labor
by slipping from the scaffolds, buildings under construction, hoisting of construction
materials (cement, sand, steel, etc.) and many other causes;
- Accidents at work from activities which contact closely with electricity such as construction
of power system, hitting against the electricity lines crossing the road, storm wind breaks the
electricity lines, etc.;
- During clearance at the wind land areas, the labor is likely to be attacked and beat by the
reptiles such as snake, scorpion, ant, insect, etc., and there are possibilities causing the
danger to the life of the beaten people;
- In process of construction as well as site cleaning, if the workers carry out the work
carelessly (smoking, firing, cooking, etc.), then possibility to cause the fire is practical,
especially during windy days, fire can be spread quite quickly on the dry land area;
- Fuel sources (FO, DO oils) which are normally contained on the jobsite area, is a serious
explosive resource. Especially, when stockyards, storage areas are located near heat
strengthening places or where gathered by many people and moving vehicles;
- The other explosive problems can be generated from electricity.

IMPACTS IN THE OPERATION PHASE
Impacts in the operation phase of the wastewater treatment plant are accessed in two stages:
start-up and operation.
- The start-up stage: The duration for starting-up which is necessary for micro-organism to
acclimate with wastewater to achieve a stable growth is different form one alternative to
another. The alternative 1 (facultative ponds) does not require starting-up due to long
retention time. The alternative 3 (oxidation ditch) requires about 2 weeks (with acclimated
sludge from other wastewater treatment plants) or 1 month (with "new" sludge). The longest
starting-up duration is of the alternative 2 (trickling filter). 2 months are required for micro-
organisms create the biofilm. In the start-up, the performance of biological treatment
facilities are very low, about 20-30% of fully operation.
- The operation stage: in this stage, the performance of each facility is stable. Each treatment
facility has its own impacts which are assessed in detail in the following sections. In the
operation phase, the incidents are predicted and assessed too.
Start-up stage
The preliminary and primary treatments do not require start-up as in the biological treatment.
How long the starting-up phase lasts depends on the selected biological process, activity of
cultivated sludge and the mass of cultivated micro-organism.
In the starting-up stage, the concentration of BOD, Coliform, SS, total nitrogen and total
phosphorus are high because the performance of biological treatment is low. Therefore, this
temporary discharge can result in the impacts presented in table 3-5.

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 3-5: The impacts of untreated water onto receiving water bodies
Parameters
Effects on the environment
COD, BOD
Cause DO depletion in the receiving water bodies Æ influence on aquatic ecology. In the
worst case when septic condition is satisfied, it could cause odor.
SS
Settle in the water bodies, cause septic condition
pH
Influence on aquatic organisms, erode drainage system or cause precipitation in the
sewerage system
Temperature
Influence on aquatic organisms
Microorganism Airborne
diseases
Ammonia and
Eutrophication
phosphorus
Colour Aesthetic
enjoyment

Oil and grease
Cause odor, prevent the oxygen diffusion and damage fish eggs
The adverse effects of three alternatives in the acclimating phase are illustrated in the table 3-6.
Table 3-6: Adverse effects of three alternatives in the acclimating phase
Alt1 ­ Facultative ponds
Alt2 ­ Trickling filter
Alt3 ­ Oxidation ditch
Odor caused by anaerobic
It takes 3-4 weeks for building the
It is similar to trickling filter but the
degradation
biofilm Æ the quality of treated
acclimating time is much shorter.
Algea grew in the filling phase
water is not stable.
However, it does not influence on
receivers due to long retention time.
Operational stage
In the operational and maintenance stages, the project may bring the positive impacts on the
local environment, in particular, and Quy Nh n city, in general. These adverse impacts will
occur if there are incidents or mistakes in the operation of the plant. These impacts are defined as
following:
Positive impacts
These positive impacts when the plant is operated are:
-
Improve quality of surface water in Hà Thanh river in comparison with the scenario of
without treatment
-
Increase quality of the environment in Quy Nh n city
-
Improve public health thanks to ensuring hygienic conditions
-
Reclaim the cultivated land using sludge from the plant, if it is satisfied the requirements of
the standard of sludge quality.
-
Provide work opportunities for local people in both construction and operational stages
Adverse impacts
Impacts of septage transport

The plant will receive the septage from the households in the Quy Nhon city together with the
domestic wastewater. The septage loading is calculated based on the served population by 2023.
The rate of septage production is 0.227 m3/year/capita. With the average distance of transporting
septage of 10km, it requires 22 turns of 5m3 septage truck with the total length is 440km. The
impacts of septage transporting may include:
- Air quality degradation due to dust emission from the construction of the sewers/drains.
- Air emission from transportation vehicles and construction equipment
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Additional quantity of CO, HC, NO2 emitted from vehicles due to traffic congestion caused
by construction
- Odor problems associated with the collection and transportation of dredged sludge.
- Noise from construction vehicles and equipment (pavement breaker, compressor) and piling
work
- Vibration from construction vehicles and equipment, and piling work.
Impacts on the surface water environment

Because the discharge of treated water into Hà Thanh river and Th N i lagoon will affect
directly these water bodies, scenarios are constructed to predict impacts of all cases. The
simulation is extremely important because Th N i lagoon is highly biodiverse and accordingly
meaningful to aquaculture of local people. However, this report cannot model the water quality
in Thi Nai lagoon due to the lack of the hydraulic profile and baseline data of the Thi Nai lagoon.
Provided the declined pollution loads from the current outlets of untreated wastewater from
elsewhere in the catchment, it is impossible at this stage to make a conclusion on potential
adverse impacts caused by the project on Thi Nai lagoon. As a result, a regular monitoring of
water quality in the lagoon is recommended.

These following scenarios are proposed to cover all cases could be happened in practice.
- Scenario a). Without treatment.
- Scenario b). Primary treatment only. This case represents for the operational incidents in
artificial biological process. Wastewater is discharged directly into receiving water after
going through the primary treatment.
- Scenario c). Starting-up period. The performance of the plant is the total of full
performance of the primary treatment and 20% of secondary treatment.
- Scenario d). Maintenance period. The efficiency of biological treatments is 50%
- Scenario e). Work in the full capacity. Treated water is satisfied the TCVN 7222:2002.

This area has a complicated profile of tide because it is near the river mouth which is influenced
by both river tide and sea tide. Therefore, the model is constructed in two regimes of tide in Hà
Thanh river: flood-tide regime and ebb-tide regime. However, due to the lack of data about the
hydraulic regime, the report uses the QUAL2K model to predict the impacts rather than using
complicated models. It is assumed that the river section at which effluent and river water is
completely mixed is the outlet.

The inputs of the model are based on the designed parameters of the CEPT plant.
Table 3-7: Inputs of the model

Phase 1A
Phase 1B
Phase 2
Designed year
2013
2018
2023
Designed flow-rate (m3/day)
7,000
14,000
28,000
Initial BOD concentration a (mg/l) 333
333
333
Initial total nitrogen concentration b (mgN/l) 80.00
80.00
80.00
Initial Coliform concentration b (MPN/100mL) 1.0E+08
1.0E+08
1.0E+08
a Designed value of the plant.
b Metcaft and Eddy, 1991

The hydraulic profile and the baseline data of Ha Thanh river are presented in table 1.
Table 3-8: Baseline data of Hà Thanh River in the model
Parameter
Flood-tide
Ebb-tide
44

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Temperature T
oC
25 25
DO mg/L
4.6
4.6
BOD5
mg/L 2.4
2.4
H
m
0.84 0.403
Velocity U
m/s
0.163
0.080
Flow-rate Q
m3/s 19.4
3.45
Salinity S
Ppt
10.4

Sources: Monitored by the PMU and the consultants (12/2005-01/2006)

BOD, COD and Coliform are modeled for each scenario in the dry season in the flood-tide
regime and ebb-tide regime. Because the alternative 2 and the alternative 3 share the same
performances of primary treatment and secondary treatment, only alternative 2 is considered and
the results will be applied in the other. The model is calculated in two phases of the plant: Phase
1A as designated (7000m3/day) and Phase 2 (28000m3/day) when the plant has to serve the
whole watershed. Hydraulic modeling of receiving water quality has been simulated for three
alternatives of the secondary treatment. The proposed alternatives are facultative pond, trickling
filter, and oxidation ditch. The selected parameters for the modeling are DO and total coliform.
The simulation of DO takes into account both of CBOD (carbonaceous BOD) and TKN. The
alternatives are analyzed for effluent dispersion of no treatment, only primary treatment with
CEPT, start-up period at 20% of capacity, maintenance period at 50% of capacity, and full
capacity. The modeling results are presented in the Annex D.
Table 3-9: Summary of the modeling result of the effluent dispersion in Ha Thanh river
Item
Facultative Pond
Tricking Filter
Oxidation ditch
Recovery zone of BOD5, DO, and total

coliform against TCVN 5942-1995 (column
B) in dry season (distance, km):
+ Low tide:

BOD5
0 (**)
0 (**)
0 (**)
DO
0 (**)
0 (**)
0 (**)
Total coliform
0 (**)
3.3 3.3
+ High tide:

BOD5
0 (**)
0 (**)
0 (**)
DO
0 (**)
0 (**)
0 (**)
Total coliform
0 (**)
0 (**)
0 (**)
Recovery zone of BOD5, DO, and total

coliform against baseline of Ha Thanh river
in dry season (distance, km):
+ Low tide:

BOD5
4.6 6.2 5.1
DO
2.0 3.0 2.5
Total coliform
0 (***)
5.8 5.8
+ High tide:

BOD5
2.5 3.5 2.5
DO
8.0 10.0 8.5
Total coliform

0 (***)
4.2 4.2
Values of BOD5(mg/L), DO (mg/L), and

total coliform (No./100 mL) against baseline
of Ha Thanh river outfall in dry season:
BOD5
3.6 4.7 4.7
DO
4.7 4.6 4.6
Total coliform
2.2x103
1.3x104
1.3x104
When WWTP runs at full capacity, the effluent quality would meet the national effluent
standards TCVN 7222-2002. However, this standard does not mention the limited number of
45

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
pathogen. It is assumed that the river segment is complete mixing in the modeling of effluent
dispersion.

In the worst case (at low tide in the dry season), BOD5 and DO of river water at the outlet would
meet TCVN 5942-1995 for all alternatives. However, in the cases of the oxidation ditch and
trickling filter alternatives, coliform numbers of the river segment from the outlet to outfall to
Thi Nai lagoon are not met the standards.

In comparison to river water quality baseline, at high tide, (the flow from outlet towards
upstream), DO of the river water would be recovered at the distance of 8.0 km, 10 km, 8.5 km
for facultative pond, trickling filter and oxidation ditch, respectively. Coliform number would be
recovered at the distance of 4.2 km for both the trickling filter and oxidation ditch alternatives.
Therefore, if trickling filter or oxidation ditch is selected, the disinfection before discharging into
Ha Thanh river should be considered. If the land is available, the facultative pond should be the
first priority.

The modeling result presents that at low tides (the flow from outlet towards Thi Nai lagoon), DO
and BOD values of the Ha Thanh river water at the river outfall for all alternatives are still better
than that of baseline of lagoon water. Whereas, total coliform number for both the trickling filter
and oxidation ditch alternatives is higher than that of baseline.

The model was simulated scenarios in the dry season due to the lack of hydraulic data of Ha
Thanh river in the rainy season. The flowrate of Ha Thanh river in the rainy season, may be
tripled than that in the dry season. Therefore, the negative impacts of effluent of CEPT WWTP
on the Ha Thanh river water quality will be decreased significantly.

Operational Incidents

Negative impacts during operation period are normally happened in case of the treatment system
has problem. Problems happen during operation can significantly impact to environment,
receiving water resources and human's health, especially operation workers.

Impacts on the groundwater environment

Event though, underground water quality in this area can not be used for domestic use due to
salinity intrusion, the discharge of organic substance into this water resources will cause a long
term impacts upon the water resources in the area, especially to the areas having complicated
changes in term of hydrogeology. The treatment and lining is necessary to mitigate possibility of
pollution spreads.

Impacts to underground water environment only happen in facultative ponds. In case the
reservoir is not bottom-lined, sewage with high organic and micro organic concentration will
penetrate into soil and cause the underground water polluted. Although underground water
quality in the area can not be used for drinking because of salinity intrusion, the discharge of
organic compounds can result in a high loading of pollutants into the groundwater stream.
Table 3-10: Potential accidents in the operational activities of secondary treaments
Facultative ponds
Trickling filter
Oxidation ditch
Impacts
Cause
Impacts
Cause
Impacts
Cause
Algae blooming
Shallow water
Increased
High hydraulic
Bulking sludge Mixing
Bad maintenance concentration of
loading

capacity is not
46

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Facultative ponds
Trickling filter
Oxidation ditch
Impacts
Cause
Impacts
Cause
Impacts
Cause
SS in the outlet
Nitrification
enough.

Huge amount of
High F/M
excess sludge
Low pH
split out
Lack of
Uneven
nutrients
distribution of
untreated water
and collection of
treated water
Mouse
Lack of clearance
Odor
High organic
Foaming
In the start-up

of lakeshore

loading

phase
Bad circulation
Short SRT Æ

lack of sludge
in the ditch
Low MLSS
High pH
Lack of DO
Groundwater
Bottom cover is
High BOD at the
High SS
Fine sludge Æ
High SRT
pollution
leaking
outlet
High organic
high SS
High loading


loading
of clarifier
Scum
Rising bottom

Scum
Low F/M

sludge
Norcadia
High
existed
concentration of
oil and grease
Uneven
distribution and
collection of
water
Odor
Low pH (<6.5)
Increased BOD
High loading


in the clarifier
Fine sludge Æ
effluent
hard to settle
Mosquitoes and
Bad maintenance



insects
Odor
High organic


loading
Bad weather
Uneven
distribution and
collection
Blue algae
High organic

blooming
loading

High nutrient
loading
Impacts on the air environment

Smelly agents include inorganic and organic molecules. Two main inorganic agents are
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Smelly organic agents normally are generated from
biological process and create bad odor such as indoles, skatoles, mercaptan and amine. Sulfur
compounds caused odors in the wastewater treatment facilities are described in the Annex.

H2S is the main cause of odor in the wastewater treatment system. It is generated from the
decomposition of wastewater and sludge. The dissolved metallic sulfide compounds turn water
colour into black. Besides, ammonia and other organic compounds are also the sources of odor.
Storage and treatment of solid waste could be the main reason for odor generating.

47

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Smell generated from the operation of wastewater collection, treatment and removal of waste.
Most of compounds causing smell are contained in domestic sewage and waste from the
anaerobic process which consumes organic compounds, Sulfur and Nitrogen in wastewater.
Normally, organic sulfur and ammonia are the main substance to cause smell in domestic waste.

In the project, septic sludge is treated together with domestic wastewater. Here, septic sludge is
fairly dilute (97% is water), heavy smell, nitrogen content is fairly high (total nitrogen is up to
500mg/l), easy disintegration (BOD5 from 2000-5000mg/L), which contains many types of virus,
bacterium and other harmful microorganisms (WEF,1995). Large volume of septic sludge is
drained into treatment station uncontrollably. Wastewater exhausts dissolved oxygen quickly,
which generates the smell in the treatment station. In addition to septic wastewater also contains
sulfide, which may create active sludge mass relating to fibre bacterium such as: Thiothrix sp,
Beggiatoa and Type 01N (Jenkin and his colleagues, 1986). To minimize the smell in the
biological treatment stations, the volume of septic wastewater shall be less than 10% of
evaporation solid of wastewater drained into treatment station (WEF, 1995). The volume of
wastewater exceeds the accepted limitation; it may be stored or preliminarily treated before
running into the system. As required, a smell treatment system can be installed for storage tank.
Lime can be fed into septic wastewater to increase pH for catching process.
48

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 3-11: Location of potential cause of odor in the wastewater treatment system (US.EPA,1985)
Location
Wastewater
Sand
Solid
Scum
Sludge
Air
Motor
Surface
Settled
Black
Chemical
Circulation
waste
emission
oil
contaminants
sediment
film
spill
zone
Sewer
X
X
x
x
Pumping station
X
x
x
Screening
X
x
x
x
x
x
Enhanced chemical
X
x
x
x
treatment
Aerotank
X
X
x
x
x
Trickling filter
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
Ponds
X
X
x
x
x
Clarifier
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sludge storage
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
Sludge management
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
Sludge decomposition
X
X
x
x
x
x
Outlet structure
x
X
x
x
x
x
Ventilation system
X
x
x
x
Water channel
x
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
49

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
For biological treatment process for the alternatives proposed in the project, smell issues is
evaluated as follows:

Alternative 1- Facultative Pond

Normally, biological basin is used for treatment of domestic wastewater, if it is operated
properly, it is not necessary to control the smell so strictly. However, for most cases smell is
generated from algae and bottomed sludge seriously especially in the dry season. Algae and
especially blue algae provide oxy in the optional basin, not be scoured. Algae are the food
sources for actinomycetes, which causes the smell. The smell is generated in the aerobic or
anaerobic environment; for example mass dead algae overloads at the input; agglomeration
causes the scum on the surface or due to the improper sludge drainage.

Alternative 2 ­ Trickling filter

Membrane filtering process such as trickling filter will create smell if the volume of air
supplying to biological membrane is insufficient to keep the aerobic condition. Membrane
filtering process needs regular and none- stop water and air distribution to keep the proper
thickness of sludge layer. Hydraulic overload or filtering material stuff or water discharge may
block the air flow, which creates aerobic or anaerobic for generation of bacterium

Alternative 3 ­ Oxidation ditch

Two main sources which cause the smell in the active sludge tank is the development of the
aerobic or anaerobic environment in the oxygen derivation and the presence of smell agents in
the input wastewater. Therefore, oxygen channel shall be kept aerobic environment to ensure the
effective treatment and none generation of smell.

For the disinfection stage, smell-causing agents are mostly resulted from the usage of large
amount of disinfection agents such as chlorine or ozone. Catching basin shall be operated
properly to prevent the scum floating, and smell sludge. Proper operation can obtain expected
contacting time, reduce residue chlorine, minimize the sedimentation, and float sludge and other
smell issues.

Impacts from the disposal of solid waste
i. Domestic solid waste

Domestic waste generated from construction workers can be calculated based on the minimum
numbers of worker working in plant (20 people are estimated). The estimated quantity of
generated waste is about 10kg/day based on 0.5 kg/person/day and it is assumed that workers are
allowed to have means at site. This quantity of waste is insignificant and will be collected and
treated by the contractor under the contract agreement.
ii. Hazardous
waste


Grease and oil residuals can be generated from maintaining and preparing vehicle and
machinery. Quantity of residual grease and oil can be determined as hazardous wastes (code:
A3020, Basel: Y8). If strict management measures for collection and disposal of residual oils are
not applied, it can be a potential source for soil and ground water pollution. However, such
quantity is not much, therefore, if proper management measures are applied, it will cause impacts
50

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
upon environment. Chemical containers used in the treatment technology need to be collected
and stored in accordance with the safety standard, collected and disposed periodically.
iii. Solid waste generated from operation of the wastewater treatment plant

The characteristics and quantities of the sludge arising from the wastewater treatment plant will
depend on the type and capacity of the wastewater treatment process, and will influence the
method of disposal or re-use, and the selection of sludge treatment process required. The volume
of sludge generated from wastewater treatment plant including:
- Debris from coarse and fine screen
- Sediment sand from catching basin
- Sediment sludge in the sedimentation basin including raw sludge, septage and alum sediment
and polymer.
- Biological sludge from biological treatment works such as optional basin, trickling filtering
and oxygen channel.

The generated waste during the treatment process under each alternative is shown in figures 3-6,
3-7, and 3-8.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Wastewater +
sludge from septic tank
SS:320 mg/L
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste: 1.4 m3 /day
sand: 0.4 m3 /day
Coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
SS:390 mg/L
ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTATION POND
SS:2570 tons/year
SS: 128mg/L
AIR STRIPPING
FACULTATIVE POND 1
Dredging sludge:192 tons/year
FACULTATIVE POND 2
SS: 50mg/L
OUTLET
Figure 3-6: Waste generated from the treatment facilities in the Alt 1

52

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Wastewater + sludge from septic tank
SS : 320 mg/L
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste: 1.4m3/day
Sand: 0.4 m3/day
coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
SS : 390 mg/L
ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTATION POND
SS : 3070 tons/year
SS : 120 mg/L
AIR STRIPPING
TRICKLING FILTER
Excessive sludge
SS: 500 tons/year
CLARIFIER
SS : 50 mg/L
OUTLET
Figure 3-7: Waste generated from the treatment facilities in the Alt 2

53

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Wastewater + sludge from septic tank
SS : 320 mg/L
WATER INTAKE
Solid waste:1.4m3/day
Sand : 0.4 m3/day
coagulant
ENHANCED CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Anion Polymer
SS : 390 mg/L
SS : 3160 tons/year
ANAEROBIC SEDIMENTATION POND
Excessive sludge
SS: 585 tons/year
SS : 120 mg/L
OXIDATION DITCH
NOISE
Circulated sludge
CLARIFIER
SS : 50 mg/L
OUTLET
Figure 3-8: Waste generated from the treatment facilities in the Alt 3

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 3-12: Waste generated in the wastewater treatment plant
Alt1 ­ Facultative pond (3A)
Alt2 ­ Trickling filter (3C)
Alt3 ­ Oxidation ditch (3D)
Solid waste from
28000m3 / day ×
l
50 /1000m 3 =
l
1400 / day = 1.4m3 / day
the screening
Sand from the
m
015
.
0
3
3
3
3
×
=
(cát ) /
m
1000
(nt )
m
28000
/ day
.
0 42m / day
Tank
Liquor sludge
from the
sedimentation
pond:
- Raw sludge:
28000m3 / day × 320mg / l × 0 6
. = 5040kgSS / day
- Coagulant and
m
28000 3 / day × 70mg / l =
kgSS
2000
/ day
polymer residual:
- Biological
0. tons
3
/ 100capita day
.
×175000capita = 525kg / day
3
0 35
.
1
3
0.30
1
28000m / day × 150
(
- )
20 mg / l ×
×
=
kg
1373
/ day
28000m / day × 150
(
- 20)mg /l ×
×
= 1600kg / day
sludge
1000
0.8
1000
0 8
.
Total of sludge
1.4 + 0.42 + (5040 + 2000 + 525)/0.7 = 10,809 (m3)
1.4 + 0.42 + (5040 + 2000 + 1373)/0.7 = 12,020 (m3)
1.4 + 0.42 + (5040 + 2000 + 1600)/0.7 = 12,345 (m3)
handled
Of which:
·
320 mg/l:
Inflow SS concentration
·
0.6:
Efficiency of sediment removal in sedimentation pond
·
70 mg/l:
Generated sediment from coagulants and polymer (WEF, 1996)
·
0.35 and 0.30:
Yield coefficient, Y (gVSS/gBOD5.gSS)
·
0.8:
VSS:SS (Metcaft and Eddy, 2000)
·
0.3 tons/100capita.day:
Rate of sediment generation in facultative ponds (WEF, 1996)
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Septage collected from the households will be treated together with the domestic wastewater.
The physical and chemical characteristics of septage are summarized in the annex. Septage
contains high concentrations of solids, grease, BOD and nutrients. Metals are also present in
septage, depending on the use of household chemicals and leaching of metal from household
piping and joints. Septage collected from households and wasted sludge from secondary
treatment will be stabilized in the anaerobic settling ponds for two to four years in the dry
season. Total volume sludge scraped is calculated as follows: alternative 1 is 10,800m3;
alternative 2 is 12,000 m3, alternative 3 is 12,500m3. Pathogen number and biodegradable solids
content of the stabilizied sludge are insignificant after two years of anaerobic stabilization with
waste stabilization pond. Therefore, hazardous impacts from pathogen and odor problem of the
stabilized sludge do not effected on contact persons such as operators, workers, sludge loading
truck's drivers and farmers who reuse this sludge for soil improvement.

Besides, in order to assess the effect levels of the tracing metals in the sludge, we can use the
TEL (Threshold Effect Level) or PEL (Probable Effect Level) for individual compounds. These
are frequently used to assess the quality of sludge. If the analytical results are lower than TEL, it
will not cause adverse effects on the aquatic organisms. In contrast, if the analytical results are
higher than PEL, the adverse effects could be happened regularly.
Impacts on the cultural resources

Most of inhabitants in project area (86 households, occupies 88.7%) wishes to keep the temple
unchanged. The temple is located in the buffer zone of the project, which is 150 m far away from
core area. Not only the people in the temple area but also people from other places in the ward
crowd at the temple for worship on the full moon day of the January, July, and October. As the
worship activities occurs not often and with small scope, so its impacts of the wastewater
treatment plant on temples and inhabitants' worship may be minimized by proper management
and operation method.

Impacts to workers when contact with pathogenic micro-organisms

According to document "Biological hazards at wastewater treatment facilities" (WEF, 1991),
workers who work in the wastewater treatment plant will suffer from several risks in term of
health when contact with pathogenic micro-organism in wastewater and sludge.

Table 3-13: Risk assessment in contacting with microorganism in wastewater or sludge
Risk Impacts

Hepatitis A infection
High threat when contacting with inflow wastewater or raw sludge
Other infection
High threat
Leptospirosis
High threat to workers collecting sludge, and solid waste...
Parasitic infection
High threat to workers collecting sludge, and solid waste...
Intestinal diseases
High threat to new workers
Contact with compost
Effects on the contacted skin
Aerosol and mist from wastewater treatment works can be the source to disperse virus and
spread bacterium. The worker can catch bacterium contamination through respiration or skin
contact. Generation sources of aerosol include air scouring basin, conduit and water spray from
irrigation locations. Air scouring areas and water disinfection, sludge has the highest aerosol
concentration. These impacts can be minimized by the use of gas-masks at the places with high
concentration of aeresol. Although it is unable to prevent aerosol generation source, proper
personal hygiene can reduce the possibility of infection.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Risks and Accidents at work during treatment operation

- Underground utilities comprising supervision, maintenance and cleaning of pipeline, pumping
well, garbage sump; repair and maintenance of culvert, pipeline system, canal, tunnel and basin.
The danger is the lack of oxygen, toxic gas, explosion, falls, jam and contact with waste water or
sludge.

- Falling are the second source to cause accident in the wastewater treatment station.

- Accident at work for electrical contact during the erection of electrical work, touching power
wire crossing the street, broken power wire by storm ...

- Fire and explosion may be from electrical events, worker's negligence during operation of
exposable gas tank facilities

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 4 MITIGATION MEASURES OF NEGATIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Since the final purpose of project is to bring a better living to residents, so that the project should
minimize the impacts caused from resettlement, land acquisition, particularly during design and
pre-construction phases. In order to carry out this, the designer and the employer carried out the
public consultations to propaganda residents about project and impacts to be caused by project
and compensation and resettlement solutions. Therefore, during design process, with the
community consultation, impacts upon residents' living were partly mitigated in the local area.
After determining scope and option for design with the residents' agreement, RAP was prepared
in order to compensate suitably to the affected households.

Principles for project's resettlement policy will be applied in accordance with the following
points of view:
- PMU needs to consider carefully and may change and modify some parameters to minimize
impacts due to its impact to land, property and resettlement quantity.
- Pay close compensation to all properties and life affected by the project.
- Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be prepared and implemented with the consultation
from affected households.
- State the proposed methods for economic and income stabilization, support on job training,
loan borrowing.
- PMU shall sign the Contract with the professional socio-economical agencies to take
responsibility as an independent supervisor and to evaluate resettlement activities
periodically.

During process of resettlement, it needs to carry out the consultation with affected persons to
assess the demand for relocation in order to minimize negative impacts to them. Affected
households have mentioned about their worry, demand on compensation and other issues, as
follows:
-
To publicly announce the compensation policy and early support to affected households so
that they may know the compensation options in order for them to have chances for
selection.
-
Project can facilitate the affected households' children to have a job as workers in factories
or worker during plant construction with the aim to improving economic situation in their
family.
-
To exchange comments/ideas on worries and expectation from surrounding residents about
resettlement policies, resettlement area, place where they are moving to, how is living time
and locations during waiting resettlement site to be completed (if in-place resettlement).
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
In order to minimize impacts during construction phase, the following issues need to be carried
out.
- Implementing methods to minimize impacts to residents, disturbing residents' daily activities
and other socio-economical costs.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Minimizing transportation time by reasonably arranging vehicles, materials which may less
impact the community surrounding project area.
- Providing effective methods and practical to control pollution.
- Ensuring project to be designed and constructed in accordance with TCVN in terms of air,
soil, water quality, noise; and in accordance with local economic condition.
- Preparing a suitable construction plan.
- Using proper construction equipment and techniques in order to minimize impacts on
environment.
- Having regular supervision plan during construction.

All project's works should be carried our in accordance with suitable standard and limited within
construction methods stipulated in Bidding Document /Contract Documents/ These conditions
shall require the Contractor to use the environment impacts mitigation methods which are
stipulated in EIA and EMP. The conformation shall be monitored by the Engineer/Consultant.
Mitigation measures of air pollution
Since the period of plant construction is rather long, if there is no proper treatment method or not
absolutely treated, it will impact significantly to environment. In order to minimize impacts
during construction phase, the following issues need to be carried out.

- Minimizing transportation time by reasonably arranging vehicles, materials which may less
impact the community surrounding project area.
- Using proper construction equipment and techniques in order to minimize impacts on
environment.
All above-mentioned solutions as proposed to minimize dusty & air pollution shall be obligatory
conditions in the detailed technical documents for the project and also are technical standards to
be observed by all the bidders (main contractors and sub-contractors).
Mitigation measures of noise pollution
In order to minimize the impacts caused by noise, the following methods shall be strictly
applied:
- To publicly popularize the construction hour/time and to strictly follow the construction time
of which has been registered with the local authority.
- The movement of facilities to be used shall meet the standard TCVN 5949:1998 for noise
generation and TCVN 6962:2001 for variation for construction plant.
Mitigation measures of water pollution
Wastewater during the construction of the project is mainly from domestic wastewater by the
workers on the site. One proposed mitigation measure is to use of the mobile toilets. The toilets
of the hired private houses can be used. With the estimated amount of domestic wastewater
about 5m3/day, it will be collected for periodical treatment by the contractor as assigned by the
project owner. This impact is not considerable and it can be minimized by septic tank.
For polluted overflow water in the construction site, the following methods are proposed to
minimize possible impacts:
(a) strictly control of material & construction plant stockyard, avoiding material dropping during
the transportation, covering and construction temporary store if required to avoid dispersion into
surrounding environment; construction of partitioned fence from these stockyards and
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
(b) the transportation means of material/soil, stone shall be covered in accordance with
regulations, overload transportation is prohibited.
Mitigation measures of pollution caused by solid waste
Domestic solid waste
Improper disposal of domestic solid waste will result in soil and water pollution. It needs to carry
out the controlling methods of waste during construction as well as domestic waste generated
from workers' living activities. Some methods are proposed for solid waste management as
follows:
- To control the burning of waste right at the site.
- Do not dispose the solid waste to street (causing the street dirty, polluted environment and it
may damage the passers-by).
- The disposal area of waste needs to be selected in order not to adversely impact soil and
underground water.
- To establish a plan for collection in order not to cause traffic jam.
- Haulage vehicles need to be carefully covered.
- It needs to remove in the right place, periodic collection and disposal in the stipulated
disposal area.
Dredged sludge and excavated soil
The excavated materials should mostly be un-contaminated. This could be used for backfilling
purposes. For the purpose of disposal of excavated materials, contractors will have responsibility
under the contracts to achieve agreements with URENCO regarding disposal or storage of filling
materials - and their transport and disposal routes must be agreed in advance with PMU and
URENCO. The acquisition, transport and disposal of excavated materials will be governed by
contract conditions that will include:
- Specified working hours based on the noise emission criteria under TCVN 5937-1995;
- Specified operating practices determined on the basis of air quality, water quality, noise and
health and safety provisions;
- Transport routes to be adopted by contractors will be specified through agreements to be
reached with PMU and will be based on the Traffic Management Plans to be completed at
detailed design stage; and specifications for load handling including covering loads in urban
areas and provision of wheel washing facilities at disposal sites.
Mitigation measures on the cultural work
During the construction, it is necessary to avoid using heavy construction equipment around the
temple, quickly restore its origin status. The contractors shall avoid constructing during praying
time on the first or fifteenth day of the lunar month. If necessary, provision of pedestrian way to
access the temple during construction.
OPERATION PHASE
Mitigation measures for operation phase
The odor problems can be removed by adequate operation. Moreover, the wastewater treatment
plant must comply TCVN 7222:2002 (the buffer area radius at least reaches 300m). It lessens
negative impacts of wastewater treatment plant on local residents.
Grit chamber + screen:
- Frequently collecting can reduce the odor impacts
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Increase the frequency of dredging in pump station to avoid sludge deposits
- Periodically collect solid waste and store it in closed containers. The solid waste, together
with domestic waste can be collected and discharged to landfill by environmental staffs
Trickling filter
Mitigation measures for the operational incidents in tricking filters are presented in table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Mitigation measures for operational incidents in trickling filters
Objectionable odors from filter
Excessive organic load
Calculating loading
causing anaerobic
Reduce loading by putting more bio-filters in service
decomposition in filter
Increase BOD removal in primary settling tanks by using all tanks available and

minimizing storage or primary sludge in tanks
Encourage aerobic conditions in treatment units ahead of the bio-filter by adding
chemical oxidants such as chlorine, potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide,
or by pre-aerating, recycling plant, effluent, or increasing air to aerated grit chamber
Enforce industrial waste ordinance , if industry is source of excess load
Shrub bio-filter off gases
Replace rock media with plastic media
Expand plant
Increase in secondary clarifier effluent suspended solids
Clarifier hydraulically
Check clarifier surface overload rate; if possible, reduce flow to clarifier to less than
overloaded
35 m3/m2/day by reducing recirculation or putting an additional clarifier into service

Expand plant
Denitrification in clarifier
Increase clarifier sludge withdrawal rate
Increase loading on trickling filter to prevent nitrification skim floating sludge from
entire surface of clarifier or use water sprays to release nitrogen gas from sludge so
sludge will resettle
Excessive sloughing from
Increase clarifier sludge withdraw rate
biofiter because of changes Identify and eliminate source of wastewater causing the upset
in wastewater
Enforce sewer-use ordinance
Equipment malfunction in
Check for broken sludge collection equipment and repair or replace broken equipment
secondary clarifier
Short-circuiting of flow
Level effluent weirs
through secondary clarifier
Install clarifier center pier exit, baffles, effluent weir baffles, or other baffles to
prevent short-circuiting
Increase in secondary clarifier effluent BOD
Increase in secondary
See corrective actions for increase in secondary clarifier effluent suspended solids
clarifier effluent BOD
Excessive organic loads on
Calculating loading
filter
Reduce loading by putting more biofilters in service
Increase BOD removal in primary settling tanks by using all tanks available and
minimizing storage of primary sludge tanks
Eliminate high strength side streams within plant
Expand plant
Undesirable biological
Undesirable biological growth on media
growth on media
Ponding on filter media
Excessive biological
Reduce organic loading
growth
Slow down distributor
Increase hydraulic loading to increase sloughing
Flush filter surface with high pressure stream of water
Chlorinate filter influent for several hours; maintain 1-2mg/l residual chlorine on the
filter
Flood filter for 24 hours
Shut down filter until media dries out
Enforce industrial waste ordinance if industry is source of excess load
Poor media
Replace media
Poor housekeeping
Remove debris from filter surface, vent pipes, underdrains, and effluent channels
Filter flies (Psychoda )
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Insufficient wetting of
Increase hydraulic loading
filter media. A continually
Unplug spray orifices or nozzles
wet environment is not
Use orifice opening at end of rotating distributor arms to spray filter walls
conductive to filter fly
breeding and high wetting
rate wash fly eggs form the
filter
Filter environment nodule
Flood filter for several hours for each week during season; maintain a 1-2 mg/l
conductive to filter fly
chlorine residual on the filter
breeding
Poor housekeeping
Keep area surrounding filter mowed, remove weed and shrubs
Facultative lagoons
Objectionable odors:
+
Apply chemicals such as NaNO3 to introduce oxygen (112kg/ha for first day and then 56
kg/day thereafter if odors persist).
+
Install supplementary aeration
Blue green algae
+
Use CuSO4 at dosage less than 1 mg/l
Mosquitoes, midges
+
Keep ponds clean of weeds
+
Keep ponds free of scum
High algae suspended solids in pond effluent:
+
Draw off effluent from below the surface by use a good baffling arrangement
+
Use multiple in series
+
Intermittent sand filters submerged rock filters may be used but will require modification
and the services of consulting engineer
+
Provide shading, increase DO, plankton and algae-eating fish
+
In some cases, alum dosages of 20 mg/l have been used in final cells, used for
intermittent discharge, to improve effluent quality; dosages at or less than this level are
not toxic
Anaerobic lagoon
Odor caused by H2S and other disagreeable conditions due to sludge in a septic condition.
+
Use straw cast over the surface or polystyrene planks as a temporary cover until a good
surface sludge blanket has formed
+
Re-circulate aerobic pond effluent to anaerobic pond
+
Distribute over anaerobic pod bay spraying to establish thin layer of aerobic water
+
Potential major capital improvements
Leakage through bottom or sides
In the meeting in 08/21/2007, the possibility of water reuse for irrigation and aquaculture
purpose will be considered by Consultant Board and it is proposed to project management unit
environmental hygiene Qui Nhon (BQLDA VSMT Quy Nh n). The standard of irrigation
purpose complies to TCVN 6773:2000 and the standard of water quality for aquaculture
complies to TCVN 6774:2000.
Method for mitigation environmental impacts caused by solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste should be classified at its resources to have proper methods for management and
treatment. Domestic solid waste generated from the activities of plant workers is about 10kg per
day and will be contracted with the URENCO for collecting, transporting and treatment.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Hazardous waste generated from the plant is about 10kg/day and will be contracted with the
professional company for collection, transport and treatment.
Sludge
If the sludge is collected by specialized means, it can minimize considerably the impacts on the
environment. It must be assured that the quality of dredged sludge is monitored before any
treatments. Due to the restriction of the concentration of heavy metals applied in soil, the re-use
of sludge for agricultural purposes must be assessed carefully. Typical concentrations of metals
in the digested sludge from WWTP are presented in Annex . The concentrations and loading
rates of selected metals for land reclamation are also shown in this table. In general, the digested
sludge could be re-used for land reclamation in the ceiling concentration. However, the highest
loading rate in the area and the annual loading rate applied must be taken into account. If there is
no demand for land reclamation, the sludge will be disposed to the landfill.
Eliminate the impacts of micro-organisms on workers
The best defense against viral and bacteria infections is the practice of good personal hygiene.
The following hygiene guides apply to those working wastewater or the solids removed during
the various treatment processes:
- Keep hand and finger away from nose, mouth, eyes and ears.
- Wear rubber gloves while cleaning pumps: while handling wastewater, screening, process
sludge, or grit: or while doing other tasks involving direst contact with wastewater or
removed solids.
- Always wear impervious gloves when hand are chapped or burned or when the skin is
broken.
- Store street clothes and clean clothes in the locker separate from used word clothes. Usually
two lockers are assigned to each employee.
- Report all cuts and scratches and received first-aid treatment.
- Take a shower after each to work.
Mitigation measures for cultural resources
The temple is located in the buffer zone of the project which is 150 m far away from core area.
Not only the people in the project area but also people from other places in the ward gather at the
temple for worship on the full moon day of the January, July, and October. The main impact of
the wastewater treatment plant on the temple is odors. As the worship activities occurs not often
and with small scope, so its impacts of the wastewater treatment plant on temples and
inhabitants' worship may be minimized by proper management and operation methods.
However, there should have a sign to notify people about the existence of the wastewater
treatment plant in the area and its potential impacts.
Mitigation measures for the receiving water in the operation phase
In operation phase, when the effluent quality is not meet the standards, the following mitigation
measures are proposed as follows:
- Check performance efficiency of the operation units or unit process to find out the cause of
problem and then correct improper O&M practices
- WWTP manager should inform the neighboring and local communities in the affected zone
by leaflets, media communications such as newspapers, radio or television.
- A further assessment of the Ha Thanh river and seawater hydraulic and associated impact of
treatment plant will be carried out in coming time together with analyzing hydraulic model
for the whole city. The result of modeling will bring broad view of impacts of the effluent to
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Ha Thanh river and Thi Nai lagoon. Based on the modeling result, then the mitigation
measures will be adjusted accordingly.
- Regularly dredge river outlet (every 6 months or annually) to open the flow.
- Workers of the plant need to be trained to repair the problem instantaneously in case of
emergency.
- Increase the amount of coagulants in case of operational failures.
- Raise sign boards by notice board, communication devices in the surrounding areas to warn
people not to swim at the river near the outlet.
Emergency operating plan
Emergency planning for WWTP is defined as the continued development and documentation of
action and procedures aimed at dealing with all hazards both natural ones and those caused by
humans ­ that could adversely affect the environment or the efficient operation of the facilities.
The emergency operating plan (EOP) covers the entire facility and involves all employees.
Everyone concerned, however, must realize that emergencies do not allow a standard pattern and
personnel must be prepared to adapt to various emergencies (WPCF, 1998). Providing pre-
assigned damage assessment teams, each with the responsibility to react to particular types of
emergencies, is recommended as highly effective.

In some ways, the phrases "emergency planning" is misleading because it implies that planning
is one-time effort done before a disaster (FEMA, 1985). Instead, the plan itself may be less
important than the process that produces it. The planning process identifies hazards and needs,
sets goals, determines repeats the steps.

Table 4-2: Hazards and dangers leading to emergencies
Hazards Dangers
Natural
Earthquake
Sewer collapse, building collapse, hazardous material release, possible flooding, power failure
Flood
Electrocution, fire from electrical shorts, hazardous material release, power failure
Tornado
Building collapse, hazardous material release, power failure
Winter storm
Power failure, plant inaccessible to employees
Human
Chemical
Damage to the environment, skin and mucous membrane burns; death by inhalation,
release
explosions, fire or a combination of these
Supply
Shutdown of operation
shortage
Fire
Death or injury to employees, shutdown of plant processes
Strike
Shutdown of plant processes
Other measures
Plant site
As a general practice, fences enclose the plant site or at least the wastewater treatment process
areas to guard against vandalism and to protect the public. Fences are typically 1.8 m (6ft) high
or higher , and include to or more top strands of barbed wire and access gates with locks.
Appropriate signs, located along the fence, designate the nature of the facility and prohibit
trespassing . Sometimes, the use of intrusion alarm equipment or guards may be necessary to
deter intruders.

The exterior layout and access roads should channel visitors to adequate parking facilities,
walkways should lead to the office area. The walkway and parking areas require adequate
lighting and appropriate directional signs.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Storage facilities
The following consideration apply to storage areas and facilities:
- Include sufficient space for material handling during peak flow demands
- Provide sufficient shelving for the variety of material required for the plant operation and
maintenance and for the peak demands
- Provide adequate lighting, ventilation, and easy access for storage areas

Many material and chemicals used in wastewater treatment are corrosive , poisonous , explosive,
or flammable. Handling these material requires proper precautions, including the following:
- Store chemicals in appropriate areas, with good ventilation and illumination.
- Provide emergency eye washer and shower where dangerous chemicals are used.
- Provide storage and unloading equipment capable of handling carload or truckload quantities
- Store flammables, solvents, and other dangerous chemicals separately.
Illumination
Adequate illumination of wastewater treatment plants is essential because most plants require
24-hour operation. Most have several enclosed areas requiring daytime lighting as well. Good
illumination practice include the following:

- Clearly marked, well-lighted walkways, passageway and stairways for safe operations.
- Well-lighted open tanks and basins to help prevent falls or drowning
- Exterior flood lighting for safe night operation:
- An emergency diesel-engine generator set to operate all necessary lighting; and
- Emergency lighting (self-contained) as an alternative to an emergency generator.
Ventilation
Wastewater treatment plants require careful analysis of and provision for ventilation needs
because ventilation supports life, prevents explosive gas mixtures, and helps maintain safe
working conditions. A well-ventilated plant typically includes the following systems:
- Forced ventilation to ensure a safe working atmosphere for locations such as manholes,
sumps, pits, and wet and dry wells;
- Ventilation for disinfection facilities, gas control rooms, digester building, and sludge
pumping stations
- Emergency power to ensure continuous ventilation where explosive gas mixtures may
develop;
- Force ventilation that is automatically actuated when chlorination rooms, chemical handling
rooms, and laboratories are occupied.
Fire protection
All equipments, buildings, and fire alarm systems should comply with the standards.
- Piping systems to fire hydrants must be sufficient for the flow and sprinkler requirements.
- Carbon dioxide flooding systems may be advisable for processes that produce or use
flammable gases and for areas where high-pressure oil systems are used.
- Sufficient hose bib connections must be available throughout the plant for general house-
keeping , dust removal , and cleanup so that fire hazard conditions can be prevented.
Hazardous operation
Some working areas and working conditions in a plant inherently pose hazards. The principle
below-surface work areas include sewer manholes, pumping station wells, and screen chambers:
these areas must be inspected, maintained, and cleaned.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Place warning devices, barriers, or guard rails to protect the public and operators before
removing manhole covers or gratings
- Never use a blowtorch in any underground structure or enclosure.
- Do not allow smoking in any underground structure or enclosure.
- Before entering any below­surface work area, use approved gas indicators to test for oxygen
deficiency and the presence of dangerous gases.
Working accidents
Fall are the second largest cause of compensation injuries. Ladder are a major accident hazard.
Safe practices for using ladders include those listed below:
- Ensure that all ladders are equipped with approved safety shoes .
- Ensure that ladder feet rest on a substantial support.
- Do not use ladder as scaffold platforms
- Ensure that the stepladder's legs are spread fully while it is used . Use nonconductive ladders
while working near electrical lines.
General safety design consideration
Management must ensure that the plant has been designed to eliminate or minimize as many
safety hazards as possible . The plant superintendent or operator should participate in the design
team for plant modification. The following general safety considerations apply to plant design:
- Use color codes or labels for all piping.
- Provide guards on all accessible moving part of machinery.
- Equip all stairs, openings, tanks, basins, ladder ways, and platforms with standard guard
railings.
- Post warning signs in all hazardous areas.
- Isolate disinfection facilities from other buildings.
- Provide chlorine and sulfur dioxide leak- detection devices and automatic alarms.
- Provide adequate space for satisfactory operation and maintenance of all equipment
installations.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 5
COMMITMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
CEPT project at Quy Nh n city indeed aims at pollution treatment, in particular treatment of
domestic wastewater. This is a measure to improve the environmental conditions of Quy Nh n
city. It is also an opportunity for the city to solve partially the urban pollution. After the plant
operates, the overall hygienic conditions such as infrastructure, water quality and quality of life
will be better. Therefore, Binh Dinh People's Committee committed to follow strictly the
national regulations and WB's environmental policies.

However, in the construction and operation phases, the project raise some environmental issues
that affect adversely to the quality of environment and human life. PMU which acts on the behalf
of Binh Dinh People's Committee as the facilitator is committed to coordinate with the
contractors and plant managers to carry out the measures to protect the environments. The
official letter no. 2417/UBND-XD (8th August 2007) was sent to World Bank by the Binh Dinh
People's Committee as a formal commitment.
IN THE PRECONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The investors are obliged to implement all the mitigation measures to lessen the adverse
environmental impacts in the pre-construction and construction phase. These measures include:
- Propose the management methods to reduce the pollution on site
- Eliminate the impacts to the quality of local people
- Eliminate the adverse impacts caused by transportation means and machines
- Reduce the pollution caused by wastewater, domestic solid waste and construction waste.
- Reduce the pollution caused by hazardous waste by contracting with the proper
organisations.
- Eliminate the environmental incidents
IN THE OPERATION PHASE
The investors are obliged to implement all measures to eliminate the adverse effects in the
operation phases which include:
- Regularly control the quality of surface water in order to have treatment methods on time
- Establish the aims of start-up and operation of the environmental monitoring program
- Establish the annual report procedure in corporation with the Binh Dinh DONRE
- Monitor the impacts on the society and public health in the surrounding areas
COMMITMENT TO FOLLOW ALL VIETNAMESE STANDARDS ON
ENVIRONMENT
The investors are obliged to follow all Vietnamese standards on environment:
- Ambient air environment: TCVN 5937:2005 and TCVN 5938:2005;
- Emission from the construction machines and equipments TCVN 5949-1998;
- Noise: TCVN 5948-1999;
- Vibration in the construction phase: TCVN 6962:2001;
- Hazardous waste: TCVN 6702:2000 and TCVN 6760:2000;
- Treated domestic wastewater: TCVN 7222:2002.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The investors will cooperate with functional organisations in the design process, construction
and operation phase to control the environmental pollution to meet the environmental standards
and prevent the environmental incidents. They are committed to fully be responsible for any
violation of the international convention and the Vietnam standards.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Impacts and mitigation measures
The environmental management and monitoring program is among the important tasks of the
environmental management. It is also an significant part of EIA report. This program aims to
check accuracy of the prediction and to discover the unusual problems. This is a premise for
controlling and proposing mitigation measurements timely. In order to ensure the aims of
environmental management program, the environmental management should be implemented in
both the construction phase and operation phase.

The management program in the construction phase focuses on two issues:
- Ensuring the mitigation measures being implemented effectively
- Solving the problems that could not be anticipated in the construction phase. The process
control and monitoring is a orderly and hierarchical procedure that is stated in the project's
proposal. However, frequency of monitoring and methods of reporting must be proposed
carefully by the experts, engineers, contractors and the investors.

In parallel, the management program in the operation phase aims at assessing adverse impacts
and positive impacts in the affected area.
Mitigation measures
Design phase
Environmental matters have to be integrated in all the design work and planning of the project.
The detailed designs need to minimize adverse impacts on environment by maximizing the use
of existing facilities and selecting the location of new facilities in areas where the disturbance to
the environment, people and existing structures is minimized.

According to the Vietnamese Construction Regulation Standard Article 3.3 (Protection of the
Natural Resources and Environment), construction projects should:
- Not cause adverse effect to environment, and technical regulations on scenery and
environment protection should be observed,
- Protect natural preservation areas, and historical, cultural and architectural places,
- Ensure rational and sustainable use of natural resources, and
- Respect traditional customs, practices, and religions of local people.

In the design of the plant, attention should be paid to preventing the possibility of contaminating
the surface water and groundwater. Discharging points of the plant have to be selected so that the
adverse impacts are mitigated.

Excavating and leveling work need to be designed to minimize the adverse effects on the
neighbourhood. Transporting and disposal of excavated material has to be properly designed and
appropriate disposal areas identified and reserved. To minimize the transport and off-site
impacts, maximum on-site or near site use of excavated and dredged materials will be
encouraged. Deposited solid wastes and any contaminated sludge materials will be transported to
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
the landfill for disposal. Handling and disposal of sediment and solid waste to specified places
with suitable means of transportation has to be coordinated with relevant authorities.
Construction phase
All construction work needs to be implemented in accordance with the appropriate standards,
specifications and Bidding/Contract Documents. The preparation of these Bidding/Contract
Documents as well as the TOR for the construction management consultants (CMC) will be
subject to Bank reviews and issuance of a No Objection Letter (NOL).
Operation phase
In operation phase, project performance indicators shall be regularly measured and monitored.
Besides, method of management and monitoring in environmental management and monitoring
program shall be observed. Organization of environmental monitoring for the whole project is
presented in the section below.
Environmental monitoring program
Environmental monitoring program
Environmental monitoring will be conducted at the following levels:
- Monitoring of project performance indicators;
- Monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures done by the contractors;
- Overall regulatory monitoring of the project.
Project performance indicators
A set of monitoring indicators is developed in order to assess the implementation at various
project stages. These monitoring indicators are representative for characteristics of project
activities and are feasible for collecting and analyzing based on the experience gained from
similar Bank-funded environmental sanitation projects in Vietnam. These performance
monitoring indicators will be set based on the final EA report, EMP and Project Appraisal
Document (PAD) as well as the findings and recommendations of the Independent Safeguards
Monitoring Consultant (ISMC) to be appointed under the project. Combined with other
qualitative and quantitative parameters of project performance, these indicators will be used as a
tool for impact / benefit evaluation and analysis at various project stages and will be presented in
reports of the PMU and ISMC.

The PMU will prepare to DONRE and the Bank bi-annual performance monitoring reports,
which will detail project progress with respect to agreed targets, including the agreed
environmental project performance indicators on the following:
- Contractor compliance to impact mitigation measures.
- Wastewater and sanitation environment
- Sludge disposal
Monitoring implementation of mitigation measures
Monitoring duties of the Contractor, Construction Management Consultant (CMC) and
Independent Safeguards Monitoring Consultant (ISMC) will be specified in their respective
TORs and Contract Documents, which are subject to Bank reviews and approval. The CMC will
be responsible for submitting monthly progress reports which will provide specific sections on
environmental issues, actions and monitoring results to date. Based on these monthly reports and
site visit / meeting results, the ISMC will be responsible for preparing and submitting quarterly
progress reports to the PMU, summarizing key environmental management and mitigation
issues, results and actions to be taken. The ISMC quarterly progress reports will include the
following:
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- List of priorities identified in last bi-annually monitoring report.
- List of progress, which the Contractor has made to solve the problems
- List of issues, which have not been adequately resolved and give recommendations how to
solve the problems

The ISMC will provide needed technical assistance and guidance to the PMU and CMC to
support their roles in monitoring implementation of required mitigation and reporting measures,
including quantities of dredged and transported sludge materials, number of loads, type of
transport, measures to keep streets clean, fencing, operation activities of the wastewater
treatment plant, etc.
Overall regulatory monitoring
Monitoring and preparing reports related to environmental quality that will be submitted to
World Bank and DONRE shall be continued by offices/enterprises during operation phase.
DONRE shall be responsible for overall environmental monitoring according to regulations as
below:
- Inspecting the implementation regulations and standards of downgraded environment
prevention and repair any harms caused by pollution during construction process;
- Inspecting the implementation Environmental law and relevant environmental regulations
and standards together with the PMU;
- Preparing reports on environmental pollution issues in project area and submitting the
Environmental Inspecting Report to PC for reviewing and making decisions.
Annual Environmental Monitoring Plan is presented in the table below. Maps of monitoring
locations are included in the Annex E.The environmental monitoring plan includes the following
tasks:
- Monitor all the representative parameters of water and air environment
- Monitor the implementation of mitigation measures
- Discover the potentials which result in environmental damage in order to properly propose
appropriate measures
- Monitor the performance of treatment facilities and equipments
- Determine the strategy for pollution prevention
The summary of impacts, mitigation measures, and monitoring plan is presented in table 6-1.
Table 6-1: Summary of impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring plan
Project
Impacts Mitigation
measures
Monitoring Who
is Location
Frequency
Report to
activity
responsible
Preconstruction phase




Land

Implement RAP in full
ISMC PMU
- During
pre-
WB/DONRE
acquisition
consultation with the
construction
and
PAHs
compensation
Construction phase




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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Project
Impacts Mitigation
measures
Monitoring Who
is Location
Frequency
Report to
activity
responsible
Earth work
- Increased
Water spray affected
Air monitoring
Contractors
Residential
Once a
PMU
excavation and
dust and noise
areas
area (upwind)
quarter
land filling
levels
Cover all the materials on
Noise (24h
Residential

site
sampling)
area
Prevent the leakage of
Dust, NOx,
(downwind)
materials on the
SOx, CO, THC
transporting route.
Establish the temporary
fence, if necessary
Cover all trucks and
avoid overloading
materials
Clean the trucks
periodically

Impacts on
Apply proper operational
CMC
Contractors
At the shrine
During
PMU
graves and
techniques and avoid
construction
shrine
festival timing
remaining in
the buffer
zone
Transportation
- Increased
Avoid night work shift
Air monitoring
Contractors
Residential
Once a
PMU
of construction
noise and air
and announce working
area (upwind)
quarter
material and
emission from
schedule to all people in
Noise (24h
Residential
equipment
vehicles
the affected area
sampling)
area

Use equipments
Dust, NOx,
(downwind)
satisfying the TCVN
SOx, CO, THC
5948:1998 and TCVN
6962:2001
Have an appropriate
schedule of maintenance
and check certificate for
using machines and
equipments with low gas
emission in accordance
with TCVN 6438:2001,
TCVN 5939:2005 and
TCVN 5940:2005
- Increased
Design the working route
CMC Contractors -
During the
PMU
traffic flow
in order to prevent traffic
construction
jam.
Coordinate with local
government to manage
transportation route and
schedule.
Establish the temporary
route for households.

- Damage to
Contractors must be
Road surface
Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
road surface/
responsible for repairing
quality
area
construction
other utilities
and rehabilitation.
Mud dredging
Spillage and
Use appropriate dredging
ISMC/CMC Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
and disposal
dust during
techniques (dry) and
area
construction
transportation
machines
Disposal for
Identify appropriate
backfilling
disposal site

Cover all trucks and
ISMC/CMC Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
avoid overloading
area
construction
materials
Clean the trucks
periodically
Worker camps
- Generated
Rent mobile toilets or
Sanitation
Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
and workplace
domestic
construct temporary
conditions
area
construction
wastewater
sanitation facility

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Project
Impacts Mitigation
measures
Monitoring Who
is Location
Frequency
Report to
activity
responsible
- Generated
Provide sanitary bins for
Sanitation
Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
solid waste
collecting waste
conditions
area
construction
Sign a contract with
URENCO to collect solid
waste daily
- Risk of
All workers must follow
Safety
Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
accidents
the rules and safety
measures
area
construction

program
Temporary
- obstacle to
The storage site could be
Housekeeping Contractors At the project
During the
PMU
storage of
public and
constructed temporarily
area
construction
materials and
traffic
or hired from the nearby
excavated soil
houses.
Construction waste will
be collected and stored in
the separated areas and
disposed appropriately.
Sign a contract with
URENCO to collect solid
waste
Operation of
- Oil spillage
In case of spillage, it
Sanitation
Contractors
At the project
During the
PMU
vehicles and
and hazardous
must be removed safely
conditions
area
construction
equipment
waste
to treatment site.
Do not repair pumps and
machines on site. They
must be sent to specific
area.

Operation phase




Effluent
- Impacts on
Strictly follow WWTP
Surface water
Water
Hà Thanh
Quarterly
WB/DONRE
discharge
surface water:
Operational Manual
monitoring:
supply and
outlet
Ha Thanh
Timely notify the local
pH, BOD,
drainage
Hà Thanh 1
river and Thi
communities of
COD, SS,
company
Bridge
Nai lagoon
operational incidents
TKN, total
(downstream)
Regularly dredge river
nitrogen, total
ôi Bridge
outlet (every 6 months or
phosphorus,
(upstream)
annually) to open the
Coliform ,
Both in ebb-
flow.
tide regime
Increase the amount of
and flood-tide
coagulants in case of
regime (rainy
operational failures.
seasons and
Warning signboards for
dry season)
not using water from Ha
Thanh river for water
supply purpose during
low tides and for not
using water near the
outlet for recreational
purposes.
Operation of
Noise, fume,
Regular equipment
Sanitation
Water
At the
In the
WB/DONRE
equipment and
leakage of oil,
maintenance
conditions
supply and
chemical
operation
chemical
grease and
Good housekeeping
drainage
storage
handling
chemicals
company
house...
Risk of
- Impacts on
Lining the bottom with
Groundwater
Water
In the plant
Quarterly
WB/DONRE
leakage from
groundwater
HDPE
monitoring:
supply and
tank, pond and
pH, BOD,
drainage
drying bed
COD,
company
ammonia, total
coliform, TDS

Sludge
- Impacts of
Sign contract with
Sludge
Water
In the plant
Twice a
WB/DONRE
handling
solid waste
URENCO
monitoring:
supply and
year
and sludge

Pb, Cu, Zn,
drainage
Cd, Hg, Cr6+,
company
total P, total N
- Impacts on
Establish tree bells
-
the cultural
Raise the sign to inform
73

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Project
Impacts Mitigation
measures
Monitoring Who
is Location
Frequency
Report to
activity
responsible
resources
people about the potential
adverse impacts of the
plant on their health

Workers -
Impacts
on
Provide training on labor
-
Water
In the plant
During the
WB/DONRE
worker's
safety and health
supply and
operation
health due to
drainage
contact with
company
micro-
organism

Septage
- odor, flies
Adequate operation.
Air
Water
At the project
Twice a
WB/DONRE
transportation

monitoring:
supply and
area
year
and treatment
NH3, H2S,
drainage
VOC, dust,
company
noise
Plant
- odor Adequate
operation.
Air
Water
Plant office
Quarterly
WB/DONRE
operation

monitoring:
supply and
Buffer zone
activities
NH3, H2S,
drainage
(the shrine)
VOC, dust,
company
Residential
noise
area (upwind,
in case of
complaints)
Residential
area
(downwind)
PROJECT ORGANIZATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The proposed organization and relationship of the project's environmental management,
mitigation and reporting roles and responsibilities is presented in Figure 6-1. Detailed functions,
missions and roles of concerning stakeholders in this system are described in the following
sections.

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
WWTP plant
(Water supply and
drainage company)
Project Management
WB, DONRE and other
Unit (PMU)
authorities
Contractors implementing
mitigation measures
CMC
Independent Safeguards
Monitoring Consultant
(ISMC)
Figure 6-1: Project organizational structure for Environmental Management

The environmental management program must be coordinated between related organisations.
The functions and responsibility of each party are illustrated concisely in the table 6-2. This
helps to increase the performance of the program.

CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING
Needed training on how to implement effective environmental monitoring, mitigation and
reporting measures and systems will be provided to key stakeholders based on the actual project
needs, roles and responsibilities. A summary of proposed environmental training programs and
recommended training participants is summarized in Table 6-3. This CEPT project does not have
budget for training. However, the training program will be integrated in the main CCESP project
­ Quy Nhon city.

Table 6-2: Responsibility of the parties in the environmental management program

Parties
Responsibility
PMU
-
The main responsibility of the implementation of EMP.
-
Control and minimize environmental impacts
-
Designate qualified members as their environmental staff and environmental
supervisors
-
Coordinate with other organisations in the implementation of EMP
75

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Parties
Responsibility
o
Work closely with the Districts' and Wards' Environmental Officials in the
management, operation and monitoring of the project.
o
Maintain close cooperation with the relevant enterprises in charge of water
supply, sanitation, solid waste collection, etc. to monitor the O&M during
the operation of the project.
-
Supervise the implementation of mitigation measures by the contractors.
o
Monitor the project performance indicators related to environmental issues;
o
Carry out spot-checks to ensure that the contractors are implementing
mitigation measures as specified in the construction contracts;
o
Review regular reports by the CMC to ensure the compliance of mitigation
measures;
o
Review reports by the ISMC on overall environmental impacts of the sub-
projects;
o
Based on the above reports, report to WB and DONRE on environmental
compliance of the sub-projects as part of their bi-annually progress
reporting.
Contractors
-
Implement all the mitigation measures to prevent adverse impacts and protect the
environment.
-
Be responsible for the accidents
-
Ensure that all staff and workers understand the procedure and their tasks in the
environmental management program
-
Report to the monitoring engineers and project managers once a quarter.
Construction
-
Monitor basic construction practices and procedures for mitigating environmental
Management
impacts as described in the EIA.
Consultants (CMC)
-
These tasks will be stipulated in detail in the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the

CMC and contract with the PMU, both of which are subject to Bank reviews for issuance
of a No Objection Letter (NOL).
o
Coordinating and supporting the ISMC in establishing, gathering and
providing of required on-site environmental monitoring and construction
implementation information.
o
Ensuring that all construction work are carried out in full accordance with
the approved EMP and related specifications and mitigation measures of the
Contract Documents.
o
Monitoring the implementation of the contractor's impact mitigation
methods
o
Providing any recommendations to improve these mitigation measures to
satisfy project safeguard requirements for environmental management.
o
Establishing contingency action plans for quickly and effectively
responding to any environmental problems, emergencies and/or damages
that may occur during construction.
o
Recommending to the PMU the suspension of any and all construction
works which do not meet the agreed/ contractual requirements for
environmental management and public safety.
o
Organizing regularly held coordination meetings with concerned
stakeholders to provide needed project information, implementation
schedules and work plans to enhance local awareness and to identify
possible community problems and corresponding solutions prior to
implementing the construction works.
Independent
-
Be responsible for detailed design of the safeguards monitoring program in
Safeguard
accordance with regulatory and procedural requirements of the GoV and the Bank.
Monitoring
-
Be responsible for monitoring overall project implementation activities
Consultant (ISMC)
-
Ensuring that agreed environmental safeguard policies of the GoV and the Bank are

applied and monitored through the following responsibilities:
o
Ensuring that the approved EMP and all project loan agreements related to
environmental safeguards are fully applied and complied during project
implementation.
o
Ensuring that environment impact mitigation measures are established as
required for all project implementation aspects within the project's
organization for environmental management system, including:

Establishing and implementing environmental mitigation and
monitoring measures and tasks for the PMU, including estimates
76

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Parties
Responsibility
of budget and/or staffing requirements.

Assessing the effectiveness of the contractor's and CMC
mitigation measures to be provided in their proposed mobilization /
work plans and recommended to the PMU any needed
improvements or modifications to meet the safeguard
requirements.

Specifying to the PMU any situations that may require further
detailed assessment studies and/or local consultations to determine
possible impact issues and corresponding mitigation measures.
o
Establishing standard procedures, methods and forms to assist the PMU and
CMC to assess contractors' progress in implementing required impact
mitigation and monitoring measures.
o
Assisting the PMU and its environmental mitigation and monitoring
specialist to review and check detailed designs and related sections of the
Contract Documents to ensure compliance with environmental safeguards
and impact mitigation and monitoring requirements.
o
Through the guidance of the PMU, establish and maintain close project
coordination with the CMC to ensure that related environmental
regulations, mitigation and monitoring measures and methods are clearly
understood and integrated into the CMC work plan and reporting
procedures, including appropriate criteria and procedures for recommending
suspension of construction work when and where contractors do not comply
with agreed environmental safeguard requirements.
o
Assist the CMC to prepare and to apply if required contingency action plans
for any environmental damages or problems that may arise during
construction.
o
In coordination with the PMU and CMC, provide needed environmental
management and impact mitigation assistance and guidance to the project's
contractors.
o
Assisting the PMU to establish and maintain the project's organization for
environmental management, monitoring and reporting system in close
coordination with concerned agencies and local communities.
o
Providing requested assistance and support for the project's environmental
training and capacity building programs in coordination with the PCs.
o
Support the PMU in conducting frequent on-site environmental monitoring
surveys and coordination meetings with community representatives during
the construction works.
o
Provide general environmental guidance as requested by the PMU to
enhance overall project implementation and performance.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table 6-3: Environmental Training Program
Subject
Frequency
Duration
Number of
Content
Cost
Responsibility
participants
PMU: control
1 time
1 day
2
·
Overall environmental management related to the project including
5.000.000
World Bank,
and establish the
requirements of the WB and DONRE, co-operation with related authorities and
DONRE, PMU,
environmental
responsibilities
ISMC
reports
·
Guidance and supervision of the contractors and community representatives
how to implement environmental monitoring
·
Environmental monitoring of the project including structure, content,
reporting, time schedules and responsibilities of the monitoring:
Project performance indicators
Monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures
Community based monitoring
Overall regulatory monitoring
Contractors:
1 time per
½ day
5
·
Briefing of overall environmental monitoring
5.000.000
PMU
implement the
1
·
Monitoring duties of the contractor according to the contract documents
measures
contractor
·
Monthly mitigation monitoring reports: content, what and how to monitor, how
5 people/
to fill the reports, submission of the reports, responsibilities
contractor
·
Environmental part of the quarterly reports: implementation of mitigation
measures, identified problems and solving of the problems
Technicians and
1 time
1 week
10
·
Briefing of overall safety and environmental issues
20.000.000
PMU
workers
·
Duties of the workers
Safety and
·
Safety and environmental sanitation management on the works
Environmental
·
Mitigation measures to apply in the works
Sanitation
·
Safety measures on electricity, mechanic, transportation, air pollution
·
How to respond to emergency cases
78

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 7 ESTIMATION OF THE COST OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITIES
A summary of the proposed budgets for recommended environmental management,
mitigation and monitoring measures is presented for each of the following key EMP
implementation activities:
- Environmental training
- Independent safeguards monitoring consultant (ISMC): including monitoring cost and
consultant fee, the consultant fee is estimated for 2 people for 1 year of construction
phase and 2 man-months/ year for next 2 years in operation phase.
- Environmental monitoring by the Construction Management Consultant (CMC)
- EMP administration and management responsibilities of the PMU

Table 7-1: Estimated Budget Costs for EMP Implementation (in VND)

Description Proposed
Budget
Source
of
Budget
1
Implementation of Mitigation
Included in the contracts Loan proceeds
Measures
2
Environmental Training
30.000.000 VND Budget will be provided
by the CCSEP.
3
Monitoring cost during construction
Loan proceeds
- ISMC
360.000.000 VND
- Laboratory analysis
27.240.000 VND
4
Environmental Monitoring by CMC
Included in the contract
Loan proceeds
Total
387.240.000 VND
5
Monitoring cost during operation
32.000.000 VND City budget
(Annual)
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 8 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

In accordance with Circular No. 08/2006/TT-BTNMT dated 08 September 2006 by
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) regarding Guidelines for
Assessment of Strategy Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Commitment
on Environment Protection, Item 2, Section III of the Circular stipulated about
community consultation when carry out EIA, namely is to consult with the affected
people by project, PC of Ward/Commune and Front Fatherland's PC of Ward/Commune
where project to be implemented.

On 09 to 10 June 2007, Consultant Team held 3 meetings at project site, and one
workshop with the participation of relevant agencies, which was also held on 20 Sep.
2007. In these meetings, project staff presented briefly the project's significance and
purposes and resettlement location as well. Several questions were raised by residents
which were addressed then. Residents, Consultant Team, project staff also had
discussions about issues relating to land compensation, resettlement. Relating to the
construction of plant and resettlement, residents made comments as follows:
- Residents entirely sympathize with the construction of Plant in the selected area for
the general purposes of the whole province. All of residents agreed with the
construction of plant.
- Regarding resettlement, Residents' expectation is to continue living and farming in
their land if there is not any significantly adverse impact from project since they have
been staying here for a long time and are familiar with the current living. For them,
relocation will impact their living because of the income reduction or changes of
living conditions. However, these households will be willing to resettle in a
concentrated area, or will seek new places for staying once requiring by the
government.
- 64% have been informed about the project since June 2007. The remaining 11
households received the information from the RAP social investigation visits.
- All of them support the WWTP project as they believe it will bring a lot of benefits to
the environment and their hygienic conditions
- Most of them express the interest in the anticipated impacts, particularly the odor
issues but at this time, they do not realize how strong the smell will be when it goes
into operation.

Properly Implementing above mentioned regulations, the Project Employer sent Official
Letter (Enclosed with Project Executive Summary, project's major impacts on
environment and the methods will be applied to project) to Nhon Binh Ward PC and
Fatherland Front's Committee for their comments. In general, both Nhon Binh Ward
People's Committee and Nhon Binh Ward Front Committee focus on these following
issues:

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
1.
Opinions on the environmental issues caused by project activities
a.
The summary EIA report clearly presents the environmental impacts of the
project such as dust, noise, air pollution, and surface water pollution...
b.
These mitigation measures are feasible.
c.
However, in order to eliminate environmental pollution, the construction
companies and related organisations must follow strictly the proposed
mitigation measures.
d.
There is no more opinions. In case that unexpected problems occur, they
will coordinate with the investors to find out the solutions and overcome the
obstacles.

2.
Opinions on the mitigation measures

a.
These measures are feasible, specific and clear.
b.
In case that unexpected problems occur in the construction phase, they
will coordinate with the investors to find out the solutions.

Responds by Nhon Binh Ward PC and Fatherland Front's Committee is attached in
Appendix F.

81

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CHAPTER 9 INSTRUCTION OF SOURCES OF DATA
AND ASSESSMENT METHODS
SOURCES OF DATA
References
[1]
Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, and Land Pollution ­ A Guide to Rapid
Source Inventory Techniques and their Use in Formulating Environmental
Control Strategies ­ WHO, 1993.
[2]
Report on Actual Status of Binh Dinh Provincial Environment 2005. Binh Dinh
Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNRE), 2006
[3]
Report on Econo-Social, Security and Natural Defense in 2006 and duties in
2007, Nhon Binh Ward PC, 2007
[4]
Report on Status of Economic, Society and National Security ­ 2006 and the
Duties in 2007, Nhon Binh Ward People's Committee, 2007.
[5]
Climate and Hydrology Characteristics of Binh Dinh Province, Scientific Study
Report, directed by Master Nguyen Tan Huong, Binh Dinh Provincial Department
of Science and Technology, 2004 to 2005.
[6]
General Plan Adjustment for Quy Nhon City ­ Binh Dinh Province to 2020
approved by the Government on 1st June, 2004.
[7]
Orientation for the Development of Drainage for Viet Nam Urban untill 2020 ­
Ministry of Construction (MOC).
[8]
Binh Dinh Province's Geography Book (website of Binh Dinh Provincial
Department of Science and Technology), Binh Dinh Provincial Department of
Science and Technology.
[9]
2006 Yearbook Statistics, Binh Dinh Provincial Department of Statistics, 2007
[10] Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. Water Environment
Federation (WEF), 1996. USA
[11] Principles of Surface Water Quality Modeling and Control. Thomann R.V and
Mueller J.A, 198. New York
[12] Technical Document of WHO and WB on preparation of EIA Report.
[13] Restoration of Con Chim Ecosystem, Environment Protection Magazine,
No5/2003, Hoang Lan, Binh Dinh Science and Technology Department (now is
Science and Technology Department).
[14] Wastewater Engineering, Metcalf and Eddy, 2001, 2003
[15] Wastewater Treatment at Ha Thanh Site in Quy Nhon, Frédéric Chagnon &
Donald R.F. Harleman; Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
82

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Sources of Documents, Data prepared by the Project Owners
[16] Project Survey Report, Flow Impact Assessment Report, Flood Discharge in Ha
Thanh River North Area, Quy Nhon City, Binh Dinh Province, Hydrography
Research Center, Hydrometeorology Institute, Project Team Leader, Dr. La
Thanh Ha.
[17] Construction Survey Report for CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon
City Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in
collaboration with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007
[18] Inception Report of Quy Nhon City Environment and Sanitation Sub-project
(Wastewater Treatment Plant under Step 1 Technology, strengthening chemical)
Grontmij Carl Bro a/s - March, 2006
[19] Environmental Report ­ Coastal Cities Environmental Sanitation Project- Quy
Nhon City Sub-project, The Louis Berger Group, Inc Joint Venture with Nippon
Koei Co., Ltd. May 2006.
[20] Investment and Construction Project of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy
Nhon City Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in
collaboration with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007
[21] Resettlement Plan for CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City
Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration
with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007
[22] Basic Design Statement of CEPT Wastewater Treatment Plant ­ Quy Nhon City
Environment and Sanitation Sub-project ­ Grontmij¦ Carl Bro a/s in collaboration
with Carl Bro Vietnam and WASE, September 2007

METHODS APPLIED DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EIA
Field Survey Method
This method grasps information quickly and exactly, it is more qualitative than
quantitative, it helps us to know the information needs to be measured, monitored and
supervised. Based on the experiences of surveyor, are environmentalists who use
prediction methods to forecast the future impacts upon project is put in to operation.
Identification Method
Identification Method will implement:
- Description of Environment Status
- Determination of Project Components

In order to carry out this part, the following methods can be applied:
- Enumeration Method
- Environmental Matrix Method
83

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Quick Assessment Method
Assessment Method:
- Determining the damage level and the benefit which communities affected by project
activities.
- Determining level and comparing the benefits and methods for mitigation of
environment pollution.

In order to carry out his work, the following methods can be applied:
- EIA System;
- Economic Analysis.
Forecasting Method
Implemented Forecasting Methods:
- Verifying the significant changes of environment
- Forecasting quantity and space of above determined changes
- Evaluating possibility of impacts will be happened depending on time

To carry out this task, the following options can be used:
- Environmental Model
- Ranking as priority, measurement and analysis
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The project of construction of the CEPT plant at Quy Nh n City which is funded by the
non-refunded funding from the GEF is a environmentally-beneficial project. It aims at
promoting a policy reformation and constructing a simple wastewater pollution control
and management. The operation of the plant is quite simple and economically efficient
that could be satisfied the requirements of protection of the local environment.

When the plant goes into operation phase, it will help to improve the quality of life
through eliminating pollution caused by wastewater, reduce the risks to human health and
increase the quality of the receivers. However, as stated in the previous sections, without
appropriated mitigation measures, it could have significant impacts on the surrounding
areas in both construction phase and operation phase.

The main impacts in the pre-construction phase are social impacts which are caused by
the site clearance of 91 ha agricultural land, aquaculture land and living land. In the
construction phase, the potential impacts are increased noise level, dust concentration, air
contaminants, solid waste and traffic density. These are results of construction activities
at the project area. However, in the operation phase, odor problems are the main concern.
A technical break-down also affects the quality of the water receivers.

Each alternative has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of land demand,
investment costs, O&M costs, technical skills, and potential environmental impacts and
risks.

Summary of the advantages and disadvantages of three alternatives
Item
Facultative Pond
Tricking Filter
Oxidation ditch
Land area (ha)
157.6 91.1
91.1
Budget



Investment cost (USD)
8,209,969
6,941,262
8,142,574
O&M cost (VND/m3) (+)
712 1,220
1,580
Operation and maintenance
Simplest Medium
Complicated
Technical skills
Simple Normal Skilled
Landscape
Eco-friendly Compacted Compacted
Negative impacts on environment:
Construction phase:

Amount of excavated soil (m3)
150,000 242,500 263,000
Operation phase:

- Start-up stage:



+ Time (weeks)
None
8 weeks
2 ­ 4 weeks
+ Effluent concentration:



SS (mg/l)
0 (*) 75 75
BOD5 (mg/l) 0
(*)
130 110
TKN (mg/l)
0 (*)
30 30
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Pathogen (MPN/100ml)
0 (*)
2.0x107
2.0x107MPN/day
- Operational stage:



+ Effluent concentration:



SS (mg/l)
20
25
20
BOD5 (mg/l) 15(1) 25(2) 15(2)
TKN (mg/l)
4.0(1) 7.0
(2) 5.0
(2)
Pathogen (MPN/100ml)
6
2.5 x 105
2.5 x 105
Recovery zone of BOD5, DO, and total

coliform against TCVN 5942-1995
(column B) in the dry season (distance,
km):
+ Low tide:

BOD5, DO, total coliform
0,0,0 (**)
0,0(**), 3.3
0,0(**), 3.3
+ High tide:

BOD5, DO, total coliform
0,0,0 (**)
0,0,0 (**)
0,0,0 (**)
Recovery zone of BOD5, DO, and total

coliform against baseline of Ha Thanh
river in the dry season (distance, km):
+ Low tide:

BOD5, DO, total coliform
4.6, 2.0, 0 (***)
6.2, 3.0, 3.8
5.1, 2.5, 5.8
+ High tide:

BOD5, DO, total coliform
2.5, 8.0, 0 (***)
3.5, 10.0, 4.2
2.5, 8.5, 8.2
Values of BOD5 (mg/L), DO (mg/L), and

total coliform (MPN/100 mL) against
baseline of Ha Thanh river outfall in dry
season:
BOD5, DO, total coliform
3.6, 4.7, 2.2x103
4.7, 4.6, 1.3x104
4.7, 4.6, 1.3x104
Sludge production (tons of wet
10,810 12,020 12,350
solids/day)
Potential operation problems
Algal blooming,
High SS, BOD in
Sludge bulking,
mosquito, insects,
effluent, insects, odor
foaming, high SS
scum, groundwater
and BOD in effluent
pollution
Note:
(*) No discharge of effluent into Ha Thanh river.
(**) Meet TCVN5942-1995 values at any distance
(***) The effluent does not affect the receiving water in term of total coliform
(+): The detailed calculation for O&M cost is presented in Appendix O.
Source:
(1) Reed, S.C. Reed, Middlebrooks E.J. and Crites R.N. (1988). Natural Systems for Waste Management and
Treatment.
(2) Robert V. Thomann and John A. Mueller (1987). Principles of Surface Water Quality Modelling and Control.

The table shows that the facultative pond is the simplest alternative in terms of eco-
friendly technology, easily operation and low O&M costs. This alternative does not
require disinfection process and also reduces the risks of operational accidents due to its
long retention time. However, odor, algae control, mosquitoes, ground water pollution
and insects, as well as high land demand are its disadvantages.

In contrast, trickling filters and oxidation ditches could overcome the disadvantages of
facultative ponds. Compared with oxidation ditches, tricking filters require less energy,
produces less sludge and is simpler in operation. However, odor and insects could
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
become problematic if the process is not well-controlled. This does not happen in
oxidation ditches. Instead, oxidation ditch requires higher energy demand and higher
level of workers.

Sludge handling of oxidation ditch and trickling filter is also problematic due to high bio-
solid production. The disinfection process should be set-up for the oxidation ditch or
trickling filter alternatives.

The effluent quality would meet the national effluent standards TCVN 7222-2002. Based
on the modeling result, in the worst case (at low tide in the dry season), BOD5 and DO of
river water at the outlet would meet TCVN 5942-1995 for all alternatives. The coliform
number is only satisfied in facultative pond alternative whereas it is not met in the other
alternatives.

In comparison to river water quality baseline, at high tide, DO of the river water would be
recovered at the distance of less than10km upstream. The facultative pond alternatives
has the shortest recovery distance. Coliform number requires the recovery distance of 4.2
km for both the trickling filter and oxidation ditch alternatives; whereas the facultative
pond meets the baseline data at the outlet section. Therefore, if trickling filter or
oxidation ditch is selected, the disinfection before discharging into Ha Thanh river should
be considered. If the land is available, the facultative pond should be the first priority.

OP4.04, Natural Habitats. The project will not involve any conversion of natural
habitats. The modeling result presents that at low tides (the flow from outlet towards Thi
Nai lagoon), DO and BOD values of the Ha Thanh river water at the river outfall for all
alternatives are still better than that of baseline of lagoon water.
Whereas, total coliform number for both the trickling filter and oxidation ditch
alternatives is higher than that of baseline. The lagoon is a wetland with intensive
aquaculture and fisheries and is being proposed for a marine protected area. Provided the
declined pollution loads from the current outlets of untreated wastewater from elsewhere
in the catchment, it is impossible at this stage to make a conclusion on potential adverse
impacts caused by the project on Thi Nai lagoon. As a result, a regular monitoring of
water quality in the lagoon is recommended.

OP4.11, Cultural Resources. Cultural property exists in the project site as graves and a
shrine. Both will remain in the buffer zone as agreed with the local communities. The
EIA report suggested careful construction technique and appropriate arrangement during
festival time, as well as tree plantation as mitigation measures.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Project managers should consider the disinfection before discharging treated water
into Hà Thanh river when facultative pond or oxidation ditch is selected. If the land is
available, the facultative pond should be the first priority. Use of polishing ponds
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
following secondary treatment is a good solution to reduce pathogen in trickling filter or
oxidation ditch.

Training is an important part of environmental protection program. The technical
accidents or negative impacts in operation could be reduced significantly when technical
staff and workers are fully equipped with guidance and knowledge.

This pilot project is assessed as reliable, efficient, feasible and environmentally
beneficial. The adverse effects are fully recorded in order to propose clearly the
mitigation measures. It is therefore strongly recommended that from environmental
considerations this project should be implemented in its entirety funding can be identified
and the related organizations should consider and approve the project as soon as possible.

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
APPENDICES
Appendix A. VIETNAMESE STANDARDS APPLIED IN EIA

-
TCVN 5937:2005 on "Air Quality ­ Standard for Ambient Air Quality".
-
TCVN 5938:2005 on "Air Quality ­ ultimate allowance concentration for
some toxi substance in the ambient air".
-
TCVN 5942:1995 - "Water Quality ­ Standard for Surface Water Quality".
-
TCVN 5943:1995 - "Water Quality ­ Standard for coastal sea water quality".
-
TCVN 5948:1999 - " Acoustics ­ Noised generated from highway transport
vehicles when speeding up ­ Allowance Ultimate Noise Level"
-
TCVN 5949:1998 - " Acoustics ­ Public and Community Noises ­ Allowance
Ultimate Noise Level"
-
TCVN 7222: 2002 ­ "General Requirement on Environment for Water
Concentrated Freshwater Treatments" .
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix B. LOCATION MAP OF THE EXISTING SAMPLING

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix C. ANALYSIS RESULT OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLE PICKED
AT HA THANH RIVER TEMPORARY OUTLET (DECEMBER, 2006 TO
JANUARY, 2007)

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix D. RESULT OF RUNNING MODEL OF POLLUTION SPREADING
UNDER OPTIONS

1. Model Justification
Because the discharge of treated water into Hà Thanh river and Th N i lagoon will affect
directly these water bodies, scenarios are constructed to predict impacts of all possible
cases.
- Scenario a). Without treatment.
- Scenario b). Primary treatment only. This case represents for the operational
incidents in artificial biological process. Wastewater is discharged directly into
receiving water after going through the primary treatment.
- Scenario c). Starting-up period. The performance of the plant is the total of full
performance of the primary treatment and 20% of secondary treatment.
- Scenario d). Maintenance period. The efficiency of biological treatments is 50%
- Scenario e). Work in the full capacity. Treated water is satisfied the TCVN
7222:2002.
The simulation is extremely important because Th N i lagoon is highly biodiverse and
accordingly meaningful to aquaculture of local people. However, this report cannot
model the water quality in Thi Nai lagoon due to the lack of the hydraulic profile and
baseline data of the Thi Nai lagoon.
This area has a complicated tidal profile because it is near the river mouth which is
influenced by both river tide and sea tide. Due to the lack of data about the hydraulic
regime, the report uses the QUAL2K model to predict the impacts rather than using
complicated models. BOD, COD and Coliform are modeled for each scenario in the dry
season in the flood-tide regime and the ebb-tide regime. Because the alternative 2 and the
alternative 3 share the same performances of primary treatment and secondary treatment,
only alternative 2 is considered and the results will be applied in the other. The model is
calculated in two phases of the plant: Phase 1A as designated (7000m3/day) and Phase 2
(28000m3/day) when the plant has to serve the whole watershed. These modeled cases are
summarized table D.1.
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Table D.1: The calculated cases in the model
Cases

Phase 1 (G 1) ­ Q = 7000m3
Alternatives
1a 1b 1c 1d 1e
WWPA1: Facultative
PA1_G 1_1
PA1_G 1_1b
×
×
PA1_G 1_1e
ponds
a
PA2: Trickling filter
PA2_G 1_1
PA2_G 1_1b ×
× PA2_G 1_1e
a
PA3: Oxidation ditch
PA3_G 1_1
PA3_G 1_1b ×
× PA3_G 1_1e
a
Phase 2 (G 2) ­ Q = 28000m3
Alternatives
2a 2b 2c 2d 2e
PA1: Facultative
PA1_G 2_2
PA1_G 2_2b PA1_G 2_2c
PA1_G 2_2
PA1_G 2_2e
ponds
a
d
PA2: Trickling filter
PA2_G 2_2
PA2_G 2_2b PA2_G 2_2c
PA2_G 2_2
PA2_G 2_2e
a
d
PA3: Oxidation ditch
PA3_G 2_2
PA3_G 2_2b PA3_G 2_2c
PA3_G 2_2
PA3_G 2_2e
a
d
x ­ No calculation in these cases

2. Modelling
Methodology

BOD model

The longitudinal distribution of BOD in Ha Thanh river was modeled by:
Kr
-
x
U
L = L e
(1)
o
Where:
Kr is the BOD reaction rate, (1/day)
U is the average velocity of river, (m/s)
Lo is the initial BOD concentration at the discharge point after mixing given by:
Q L + Q L
w
w
r
r
L =
(2)
o
Q + Q
w
r
Where
Qw is the wastewater flowrate, m3/day
Lw is BOD concentration of the effluent, mg/L
Qr is the upstream flowrate, m3/day
Lr is BOD concentration of the upstream flow, mg/L

Dissolved oxygen model ­ Streeter ­ Phelps equation

The spatial distribution of DO in Ha Thanh River is calculated by the Streeter ­ Phelps
equation:

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
- Ka x
K L
-Kr
- K
x
a x
c = c
(c
c)e
e
e

(3)
s -
s -
U
-
r
o

U - U
K
K
a -
r

Where
cs is saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen in river water, mg/L
Kr is the BOD reaction rate, (1/day)
Ka is the aeration coefficient (1/day), the coefficient given by:
0,67
32
,
5
U
K =
(4)
a
,
1 85
H
Where U is the average velocity of river, (m/s) and H is river depth (m).

The location of the minimum DO downstream depend on the parameters Ka, Kr and BOD
concentration at the discharge point (the outfall) and the initial concentration of deficit at
the outfall, Do = cs - c0.The critical location is given by:

U
K
D (K
K )
a
o
a -

x
ln
1
(5)
c =
-
r

K
K
K
K L
a -
r
r
d
o

The initial concentration of DO at the outfall, c0 is calculated by:

c Q + c Q
w
w
r
r
c =
(6)
o
Q + Q
w
r
Where:
co is DO concentration at the outfall after mixing;
cw, cr is DO concentrations of upstream and effluent flow, respectively.

Bacteria model

The downstream distribution of bacteria in Ha Thanh river is modeling by the following
model:


N = N exp
o
-
x
KB




U
Where
N is the concentration of the organism [num/100 mL]
N0 is the concentration at the outfall after mixing.
KB is decay rate of bacteria and other organism, (1/day) (see the following Table D.2)

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table D.2: Some reported overall decay rates for bacteria and viruses.
Organism KB (day -1)
Remark Reference a
Coli forms

Total coliform
1 - 5.5
Freshwater-summer (or 20oC),
1
seven location
0.8
Average freshwater, 20oC
2
1.4 (0.7-3.0)
Seawater, 20oC
3
48(8-84)
From 14 ocean outfall (variable
1
temperature)
Total and fecal
0 ­ 2.4
New York Harbor Salinity; 2-
3
18 Dark sample
2.5 ­ 6.1
New York Harbor Salinity;
3
15 Sun lighted sample
Fecal coliform
37 ­ 110
Seawater, sun lighted
12
E. coli
.08 ­ 2.0
Seawater, 10-30
13
a References: (1) Mitchell and Chamberlain (1978); (2) Mancini (1978); (3) Hydroscience (1977b); (4)
USEPA (1974); (5) Kenner (1978); (6) Geldreich and Kenner (1969); (7) Dutka and Kwan (1980); (8)
Herrmann et al. (1974); (9) Colwell and Hetrick (1975); (10) Dahling and Safferman (1979); (11) Fujioka
et al. (1980); (12) Fujioka et al (1981); (13) Anderson et al. (1979).
Kb selected in the model is 1.4 day-1 at 20oC. In this model, the average temperature of
the river water is 25oC which results in the modified Kb value of 1.96 day-1.
3. Input Data
The inputs of the model are based on the designed parameters of the CEPT plant.
Table D.3: Inputs of the model
Symbol
Full
capacity
Designed year

2023
Designed flow-rate (m3/day)
dF
28,000
Initial BOD concentration a (mg/l) c.BOD
333
Initial Total nitrogen concentration b (mgN/l) c.TN
80.00
Initial Coliform concentration b (MPN/100mL) Coli
1.0E+08
a Designed value of the plant.
b Metcaft and Eddy, 1991
BOD, COD and Coliform are modeled for each scenario in the dry season in the high tide
regime and low tide regime. Because the alternative 2 and the alternative 3 share the
same performances of primary treatment and secondary treatment, only alternative 2 is
considered and the results will be applied in the other. The model is calculated in two
phases of the plant: Phase 1A as designated and Phase 2 when the plant has to serve the
whole watershed.
The hydraulic profile and the baseline data of Ha Thanh river are presented in table D.4.
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table D.4: Baseline data of Hà Thanh River in the model
Parameter
High tide
Low tide
Temperature T
oC
25 25
DO mg/L
4.6
4.6
BOD5
mg/L 2.4
2.4
H
m
0.84 0.403
Velocity U
m/s
0.163
0.080
Flow-rate Q
m3/s 19.4
3.45
Salinity S
Ppt
10.4

Sources: Monitored by the PMU and the consultants (12/2005-01/2006)
4. Coefficients
The following assumed coefficients were selected to be most appropriate to the climate in
Quy Nh n City and characteristics of Hà Thanh River.
Table D.5: Assumed coefficients in the model
Coefficient
Symbol
Unit
Value
BOD degradation rate at 20oC
(Kd)20
day-1 1.000
BOD degradation rate at 25oC
(Kd )25 day-1 1.258
Ultimate BOD degradation rate at 25oC
Kr
day-1 1.258
Ultimate TKN degradation rate at 20oC
KN (20oC)
day-1 0.5
Ultimate TKN degradation rate at 25oC
KN (25oC)
day-1 0.735
BODU/BOD5
Fr =

1.2
Table D.6: Aeration coefficients and saturated DO in Hà Thanh River
Calculated coefficients


High tide
Low tide
Aeration coefficient at 20oC
Ka (20oC) day-1 2.1815 5.2542
Aeration coefficient at 25oC
Ka (25oC) day-1 2.4561 5.9157
Saturated DO
Cs
mg/l 5.6
BODu
Lr
mg/l 2.4

5. The modelling results for the worst case

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Table D.7: The modelling results for the worst case ­ The WWTP works in full capacity in the low tide regime of Ha
Thanh river
Alternative 1 ­ Facultative ponds
Alternative 2 ­ Trickling filters
Alternative 3 ­ Oxidation ditches
Scenario
BOD
DOmin
Distance
Distance
Total
BOD
DOmin
Distance
Distance
Total
BOD
DOmin
Distance
Distance
Total
(mg/l)
DOmin
DO <
Coliform
(mg/l)
DOmin
DO <
Coliform
(mg/l)
DOmin
DO <
Coliform
(km)
2mg/L
(MPN/100ml)
(km)
2mg/L
(MPN/100ml)
(km)
2mg/L
(MPN/10
A ­ Without
66.1
0
1,0 - 6,0
1,0 - 6,0
8.6E+06
66.1
0
1,0 - 6,0
1,0 - 6,0
8.6E+06
66.1
0
1,0 - 6,0
1,0 - 6,0
8.6E+06
treatment
B ­
30.9
1.1
2
1,0 - 4,0
2.2E+06
30.9
1.1
2
1,0 - 4,0
2.2E+06
30.9
1.1
2
1,0 - 4,0
2.2E+06
Operational
incidents
C ­ Start-up
-
-
-
-
-
25.1
1.9
2
1,5 - 2,5
1.7E+06
25.1
1.9
2
1,5 - 2,5
1.7E+06
period
D ­
-
-
-
-
-
20.4
2.56
2
-
1.5E+06
20.4
2.56
2
-
1.5E+06
Maintenance
E ­ Full
14.2
3.4
1.5
-
4.6E+03
12.6
3.63
1.5
-
2.6E+04
12.6
3.63
1.5
-
2.6E+04
capacity
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Scenario A ­ Without treatment

Scenario A has been already presented in the section 3.1 above for the case of without
project or in the preconstruction and construction phases, sewage to be discharged
directly through the temporary outlet. In case the sewage has a flow of 7000m3 per
day, the BOD and DO concentration in both tidal regimes (high tide and low tide) is
still within the allowance standard TCVN 5942:2995 due to the capacity of dilution
and bio-oxidation in Ha Thanh River. However, in the presented case Q = 28.000
m3/day (Table), when the estimated flow is increased to 28000 m3 per day, the BOD
concentration of the river at the complete mixing zone exceeds the allowed value in
the TCVN 5942:1995. DO is completely absent at the distance of 1.0-6.0 km. It is
anaerobic which will influence directly to the aquatic culture. In addition, the number
of total coliform in the river is significantly high. In this case, the discharge of the
untreated effluent into the receiving water bodies could result in extremely adverse
impacts on the environment.

Scenario B - Operational incidents

In this case, it is assumed that there is an operational problem with the biological
treatment facilities. The wastewater, after primary treatment, will be disposed into the
receiving water bodies without going through the biological treatment. Therefore, the
modeling result is not different in there cases. BOD is higher than the permitted value
(25mg/l). DO is below 2mg/l at the distance of 1-4km from the discharging point. The
lowest DO is 1.1 mg/l. This influences directly on the aquatic culture.

Scenario C - Start-up phase

The start-up phases are considered in the trickling filters and the oxidation ditches.
Due to the long retention time of the facultative ponds, it is not necessary to model
this case. In those modeling cases, the performance of the biological treatment is
about 20%. As a result, the BOD concentration is slightly higher than the permitted
value (25.1 mg/l). Similarly, the DO concentration falls below the permitted value
(2mg/l) at the distance of 1.5-2.5 km.

Scenario D - Maintenance phase

Similarly to the start-up phase, these cases are modeled are trickling filters and
oxidation ditches. In the maintenance phase, the operation of the facultative ponds is
hardly influenced. In contrast, the performance of the biological treatments in the
Alternative 2 and the Alternative 3 is only 50%. In these cases, while the DO
concentrations meet the Vietnamese standard of the quality of surface water, the Total
Coliform is still high.

Scenario E - When implementing project and water treatment plant for the
entire sewage water volume to reach the allowance standard to discharge to the
receiving resource in accordance with TCVN 7222:2002.
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In this scenario, most of the criteria meet the Vietnamese standard TCVN 5942:1995.
Accordingly, if the wastewater is treated properly and the wastewater effluent could
meet the TCVN 7222:2002, it will not affect the quality of surface water in Ha Thanh
river.

In general, Coliform criteria mostly doesn't satisfy standard for sewage discharge
(because Coliform criteria is not stipulated in TCVN 7222:2002, so the standard can
be referred in TCVN 6772:2002), except when facultative ponds are operated stably.
Thus, it is necessary to disinfect the sewage after treatment.
6. Detailed modelling results

The results of the model are presented from Table D.7 to Table D-11, and from Figure
D.1 to figure D.16.
Table D.7: Summary of distance (km) from outlet to return the baseline values at
high tides
Facultative
Ponds
Trickling
filters
Oxidation
ditches
BOD DO Coliform BOD DO
Coliform
BOD DO Coliform
Without
20.0 29.5 41.0
20.0 29.5 41.0
20.0 29.5
41.0
treatment
Operation
13.0 22.0 31.7
13.0 22.0 31.8
13.0 22.0
31.8
incident
Startup
12.0
20.5
30.2 11.5
20.0
30.2
Maintenance


10.0
18.5 29.2
10.0 18.0
29.2
Full
2.5 8.0 *
3.5 10.0
4.2
2.5
8.5 4.2
capacity
BOD = 2.4 mg/L
DO = 4.6 mg/L
Total coliform = 5x103 no/100mL
Table D.8: Summary of distance (km) from outlet to return the TCVN5942:1995
values at high tides

Facultative Ponds
Trickling filters
Oxidation ditches
BOD DO Coliform BOD DO
Coliform
BOD DO Coliform
Without
*
11.5
36.7 * 11.5
36.7 *
11.5
36.7
treatment
Operation
*
*
26.8 * *
26.5 *
* 26.5
incident
Startup
* *
25.0 *
* 25.0
Maintenance


*
*
24.0
*
*
24.0
Full
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
capacity
BOD = 25 mg/L
DO = 2 mg/L
Total coliform = 1x104 no/100mL
* Meet TCVN5942:1995 values at any distance

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure D.1: DO in Hà Thanh River for Alternative 1 at high tide

Figure D.2: BOD in Hà Thanh River for Alternative 1 at high tide

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Figure D.3: Coliform in Hà Thanh River for the Alternative 1 at high tide
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure D.4: DO in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at high tide

Figure D.5: BOD in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at high tide

Figure D.6: Coliform in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at high tide
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure D.7: DO in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 3 at high tide

Figure D.8: BOD in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 3 at high tide

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Table D.9: Summary of distance (in km) from outlet to return the baseline values
at low tides

Facultative Ponds
Trickling filters
Oxidation ditches
BOD DO Coliform BOD DO
Coliform
BOD DO Coliform
Without
18.2 15.5
26.2
18.2 15.5 26.2
18.2 15.5
26.2
treatment
Operation
14.0 11.5
21.3
14.0 11.5 21.3
14.0 11.5
21.3
incident
Startup

13.2
10.0
20.5
12.7
10.5
20.5
Maintenance


11.7 9.0 20.0 11.6 9.0 20.0
Full
4.6 2.0
*
6.2 3.0 5.8
5.1 2.5 5.8
capacity
BOD = 2.4 mg/L
DO = 4.6 mg/L
Total coliform = 5x103 no/100mL

Table D.10: Summary of distance from outlet to return the TCVN5942:1995
values at low tides
Facultative
Ponds
Trickling
filters
Oxidation
ditches
BOD DO Coliform BOD DO
Coliform
BOD DO Coliform
Without
5.5
9.0 23.8 5.5
9.0
23.8
5.5
9.0 23.8
treatment
Operation
1.2
4.5 18.9 1.2
4.5
18.9
1.2
4.5 18.9
incident
Startup

0.5
2.0
18.1
0.5
3.0
18.1
Maintenance


* * 17.6 *
*
17.6
Full
*
*
*
*
*
3.3
*
*
3.3
capacity
BOD = 25 mg/L
DO = 2 mg/L
Total coliform = 1x104 no/100mL
* Meet TCVN5942:1995 values at any distance

Table D.11: Values of BOD, DO (mg/L) and total coliform (no/100mL) at the
outfall of Ha Thanh River at low tides
Facultative
Ponds
Trickling
filters
Oxidation
ditches
BOD DO Coliform BOD DO
Coliform
BOD DO Coliform
Without
41.9 0.0 4.2x106
41.9 0.0 4.2x106
41.9 0.0 4.2x106
treatment
Operation
17.8 1.2 1.1x106
19.6 1.2 1.1x106
19.6 1.2 1.1x106
incident
Startup

16.8
2.1
8.5x105
16.0 2.0 8.5x105
Maintenance


13.3 2.7
7.4x105
13.0 2.6 7.4x105
Full
3.6 4.7 2.2x103
4.7 4.6
1.3x104
3.9 4.6 1.3x104
capacity
Baseline of Thi Nai lagoon:
BOD = 15.3 mg/L
DO = 4.4 mg/L
Total coliform = 9.3x103 no/100mL

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Figure D.9: DO in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 1 at low tide

Figure D.10: BOD in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 1 at low tide

Figure D.11: Coliform in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 1 at low tide
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Figure D.12: DO in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at low tide

Figure D.13: BOD in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at low tide

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Figure D.14: Coliform in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 2 at low tide

Figure D.15: DO in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 3 at low tide

Figure D.16: BOD in Hà Thanh River for the alternative 3 at low tide

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix E. LOCATION MAP FOR SAMPLING FOR MEASUREMENT

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix F. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION (CONTENT OF OFFICIAL
LETTER TO NHON BINH WARD'S FATHERLAND FRONT AND
PEOPLE'S COMMITTEE)
-
Official Letter of Nhon Binh Ward's Fatherland Front
-
Official Letter of Nhon Binh Ward's People's Committee
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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix G. OFFICIAL LETTERS AND DECISIONS RELATED TO
PROJECT EIA REPORT

-
Official Letter Ref. 1018/UBND-XD dated 11 April 2007 by Binh Dinh
Provincial People's Committee regarding construction of 1B Wastewater
Treatment Plant under Quy Nhon City Environmental Sanitation Sub-
project.

-
Official Letter Ref. 2417/UBND-XD dated 08 August 2007 by Binh Dinh
Provincial People's Committee regarding design of CEPF Wastewater
Treatment Plant complying TCVN 7222-2002.
110

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix H. COMMITMENT ON ENVIRONMENT

-
Binh Dinh Provincial People's Committee's Environment Commitment on
environment management and protection to project activities.
111

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix I. MAXIMUM NOISE LEVEL GENERATED FROM
TRANSPORTATION MEANS

Means
Noise level at 1m from the
Noise level at
Noise level
source (dBA)
20m from the at 50m from
source (dBA)
the source
Value Average

(dBA)
1
Bull dozer
-
93.0
67.0
59.0
2
Roller truck
72.0 ÷ 74.0
73.0
47.0
39.0
3
Tractor 77.0
÷
96.0
86.5
60.5
52.5
4
Excavating truck
80.0 ÷ 93.0
86.5
60.5
54.0
5
Truck
82.0 ÷ 94.0
88.0
62.0
47.5
6
Mixing truck
75.0 ÷ 88.0
81.5
55.5
47.0
7
Compression air
75.0 ÷ 87.0
81.0
55.0

machine
Standard in working place
85
-
TCVN 5949-1998 (6 ÷ 18h)
-
75
Source: Nguy n
inh Tu n et al., 2001 (move to Annex)
112

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix J. QUANTITY OF WORK DURING THE PREPARATION STAGE
FOR CONSTRUCTION SITE AND GRADING

Dredged mud
- Surface area: 70ha
- Dredging depth: 0.3 ­ 0.5 m (taking 0.3m)
- Total quantity of dredged mudsludge: 70ha x 10000m2/ha x 0.3m = 210,000
(m3)
- Haulage Length: 22km.
- Transport vehicle: truck, capacity: 10m3
- Total number of vehicles: = 210,000/10 = 21,000 (trips)
- Total length of haulage = 21,000 (trips) x 22 (km) x 2 = 924,000 (km)
Excavated soil and grading
Total loading of dredging soil and plan leveling

Alt1 - Facultative ponds
Alt2 - Trickling filter
Alt3 - Oxidation ditch
Location of taking
Su i Tr u
materials
Distance
10km
Transportation means
Trucks of 10 tons capacity (equivalent to 12 m3)
Total loading of
150,000 m3
242,500 m3
263,600 m3
dredging soil
Total of transferring
150,000m3/ 12m3
242,500m3/ 12m3
263,600m3/ 12m3
turns
= 12,500
= 20,208
= 22,000
Total of transporting
12,500 x 10km x 2
20,208 x 10km x 2
22,000 x 10km x 2
distance
= 250,000 (km)
= 404,160 (km)
= 440,000 (km)
Septage estimation
In particular:

175000 (capita) * 0.227 (m3/capita.year) / 365 (day/year) = 110 m3/day
It is assumed that the volume of a septage truck is 5m3. So, the number of required
trucks are:
110
(m3/day) / 5m3 = 22 (turns)
113

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
The average distance of septage transportation is assumed about 10km. The total turns
of septage transportation is calculated:

22 (turns) * 10km * 2 = 440 (km)

Physical and chemical characteristics of septage (Unit: mg/L except for pH)
Constituent
U.S. mean
EPA mean
EPA suggested design value
BOD 6,480
5,000
7,000
COD 31,900
42,850
15,000
Total solids
34,106
38,800
40,000
TVS 23,100
25,260
25,000
TSS 12,862
13,000
15,000
VSS 19,027
8,720
10,000
TKN 588
677
700
NH3-N 97
157
150
Total P
210
253
250
Alkalinity 970
1,000
Grease 5,600
9090
8,000
pH 1.5
­ 12.6 6.9
6.0
LAS 110
­
200
157
150
Source: From U.S. EPA (1984)

Heavy metal concentration in septage (Unit: mg/L)

Constituent
U.S. mean
EPA mean
EPA suggested design value
Aluminum 48 48
50
Arsenic 0.16
0.16
0.2
Cadmium 0.27
0.71
0.7
Chromium 0.92 1.1
1.0
Copper 8.27
6.4
8.0
Iron 191
200
200
Mercury 0.23
0.28
0.25
114

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Constituent
U.S. mean
EPA mean
EPA suggested design value
Manganese 3.97 5
5
Nickel 0.75
0.9
1
Lead 5.2
8.4
10
Selenium 0.076 0.1
0.1
Zinc 27.4
49
40
*From U.S. EPA (1984)
115

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix K. SULFUR COMPOUNDS CAUSED ODOR IN THE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES (US.EPA 1985)

Compounds Chemical
Odor Threshold
level
formation
(mg/m3)
Allyl mercaptan
CH2=CH-CH2-SH Heavy
coffee
and
garlic
0.00005
smell
Amyl mercaptan
CH3-(CH2)3-CH2-
Rotten smell
0.0003
SH
Benyl mercaptan
C6H5CH2-SH Pungent
smell
0.00018
Crotyl
CH3-CH=CH-CH2-
Odor
0.000029
mercaptan
SH
Dimethyl sulfide
CH3-S-CH3
Rotten vegetable
0.0001
Ethyl mercaptan
CH3CH=-SH Rotten
cabbage

0.00019
Hydrogen
H2S
Rotten egg
0.00047
sulfide
Methyl
CH3SH Rotten
cabbage

0.0011
mercaptan
Propyl
CH3-CH2-CH2-SH Unpleasant
smell

0.000075
mercaptan
Factors influencing odor problems
Parameter
Problems
Temperature
High temperature increase the activities of anaerobic microorganisms
Sludge loading
High loading of organic sludge could decrease the DO concentration.
Oil and grease
Gather and anaerobically degraded on the surface
Chemical spillage Create odorous gas
116

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix L. DIGESTED SLUDGE AND ITS STANDARDS

Typical chemical composition of digested sludge
Item Range
Typical
Total dry solids (TS), %
2 ­ 5
4
Volatile solids (% of TS)
30 ­ 60
40
Grease and fats (% of TS)


Ether soluble
5 ­ 20
18
Ether extract
-
-
Protein (% of -TS)
15 ­ 20
18
Nitrogen (N, % of TS)
1.6 ­ 3.0
3.0
Phosphorus (P2O5, % of TS)
1.5 ­ 4.0
2.5
Potash (K2O, % of TS)
0 ­ 3.0
1.0
Cellulose (% of TS)
8 ­ 15
10
Iron (not as sulfide)
3.0 ­ 8.0
4.0
Silica (SiO2, % of TS)
10 ­ 20
-
pH
6.5 ­ 7.5
7.0
Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3)
2500 ­ 3500
3000
Organic acids (mg/L as HAc)
100 ­ 600
200
Energy content, kJ TS/kg
9000 ­ 14,000
12,000
Source: From U.S. EPA (1979)

The concentrations of selected heavy metals in the digested sludge are shown in table
3-22.

Heavy metal concentrations in the digested sludge* (Unit: mg/kg)
Constituent Typical
117

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Constituent Typical
Arsenic 10
Boron 33
Cadmium 16
Cobalt 4
Chromium 890
Copper 850
Mercury 5
Manganese 260
Molybdenum 30
Nickel 82
Lead 500
Zinc 1,740
Source: From U.S. EPA (1987) and Sommers (1980)
(Move to Annex)

TEL (Threshold Effect Level) and PEL (Probable Effect Level) of trace contaminants
Constituent Unit

(/dry
Threshold Effect
Probable Effect
solids)
Level
Level
As mg/kg
5.9
17
Cd mg/kg
0.569
3.53
Cr mg/kg
37.3
90
Cu mg/kg
35.7
197
Pb mg/kg
35
91.3
118

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Constituent Unit

(/dry
Threshold Effect
Probable Effect
solids)
Level
Level
Hg mg/kg
0.174
0.486
Ni mg/kg
18
36
Zn mg/kg
123
315
PCB
µg/kg 34.1
277
Phenanthrene µg/kg 41.9
515
Benzo(a)Anthracence
µg/kg 31.7
385
Benzo(a)Pyrence µg/kg
31.9
782
Chrysene µg/kg
57.1 862
Pluoranthene µg/kg 111
2,355
Pyrene µg/kg
53 875
Chlordane µg/kg 4.5
8.9
Dieldrin µg/kg
2.85 6.67
p,p' ­ DDD
µg/kg
3.54
8.51
p,p' ­ DDE
µg/kg
1.42
6.75
DDT µg/kg
7
4.45
Endrin µg/kg
2.67
62.4
Heptachlor epoxide
µg/kg
0.6
2.74
Lindance ( -BHC)
µg/kg 0.94
1.38
Sources: Sherri L.Smithet at., A Preliminary Evalution of Sediment Quality Assessment for Freshwater
Ecosystems

Metal concentrations and loading rates for land reclamation of digested sludge
119

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Pollutants Typical Ceiling
Cumulative
Annual
concentration
concentration
pollutant loading
pollutant
rate
loading rate
(mg/kg)
(mg/kg)
(kg/ha)
(kg/ha)
Arsenic 10 75
41 2.0
Cadmium 16
85
39
1.9
Chromium
890 -
-
-
Copper 850 4300 1500 75
Lead 500
840 300 15
Mercury 5
57
17 0.85
Molybdenum
30 75 -
-
Nickel 82 420 420 21
Selenium
- 100 100 5.0
Zinc 1740
7500
2800
140
Source: U.S. EPA (1987) and Sommers (1980)
Allowed contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn in soil (TCVN 7209:2002)
Unit: mg/kg dry soil
Parameter For
agriculture
For forestry
For living
For services
For industry
1. Arsen (As)
12
12
12
12
12
2. Cadimi
2
2
5
5
10
(Cd)
3. Copper
50 70
70
100
100
(Cu)
4. Lead (Pb)
70
100
120
200
300
5. Zinc (Zn)
200
200
200
300
300
English standard on the land contamination
Unit:mg/kg dry soil
Parameter
Uncontaminated
Slightly
Average
Heavily
Very heavily
contaminated
contaminated contaminated contaminated
Copper
0-100 100-200
200-500
500-2500
>2500
(Cu)
120

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
(Cu)
Lead (Pb)
0-200
200-500
500-1000
1000-5000
>5000
Cadimi
0-1 1-3
3-10
10-50
>50
(Cd)
Source: Extracted form Kelly Indices's Standard (Former)

Standards on the concentration of heavy metals in the sludge in the developed countries
Unit: mg/kg
Country Year
Cd Cu
Cr Ni Pb
Zn Hg
EU 1986
1
­
3
50 ­ 140
100 - 150
30 ­ 75
50 ­ 300
150 - 300
1 ­ 1.5
France 1988
2.0
100 150 50 100 300 1
Germany 1992
1.5 60
100
50 100
200
1
Italy
3.0
100
150
50
100
300
-
Japan 1990
1.0
50 100 30 50 150 1
England 1989
3.0 135 400 75 300 200 1
Denmark 1990
0.5 40
30
15
40
100 0.5
Poland 1995
0.5
100 200 60 60 150 0.2
Norway 0.5 50 100 30 50 150 1
Switzerland
1.0
40
30
15
40
100
0.5
America 1993
20.0
750 1,500 210 150 1,400 8
Sources: www.mindfull.org/pestiside/Sewage-Sludge-Pros-Cons.htm
121

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix M. OEP
Emergency activities occur in the following four phases (Hulme, 1986):
- Preparedness (planning)
+
Develop EOPs and test them.
+
Inventory local resources
+
Initiate emergency management contacts (individuals, state and federal
programs, and private and public organizations)

- Mitigation
+
Train personnel in emergency preparedness procedures.
+
Correct improper O&M practices such as deferred preventive maintenance.

- Response
+
Alert the public when necessary
+
Mobilize emergency personnel and equipment
+
Evacuate plant personnel and nearby resident when necessary

- Recovery
+
Reconstruct or rehabilitate structures and equipment
+
Conduct public information and education programs
+
Develop hazard-reduction programs

The first step in the planning process is to identify the hazards and dangers faced by
the plant. Typical natural and cause hazards and resultant dangers are shown in table
4-5. Goals, objectives, and priorities for a particular plant for each process can be
established based on the identified dangers. A vulnerability analysis provides a useful
tool for formulating an EOP for each potential situation.
Emergency flow chart. This chart should be the first page of the binder so that anyone
responding to an emergency can proceed to resolve the emergency problem.
Contact lists. All contact lists should contain name, organizational position, location
telephone numbers (including home, cellular phones, and pagers, if appreciate), and
radio call numbers/name, if assigned.
Chain of command. This item identifies the line of authority in an emergency.
Organization chart of duties. This chart identifies each group and its emergency
activities.
Demand assessment forms.
List of facility. This list includes names, addresses, and telephone numbers of all
WWTPs, administrative offices, field offices, pumping plants, and other installations.
Emergency equipment list. The list identifies all heavy equipment and vehicles by
their location.
122

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Clean-up contractors.
Mutual aid agreements. This information should include the name of the organization
that will assist, means of contact by telephone or radio, and the type of mutual aid to
be provided.
Public information procedures. These procedures cover public communications
about the emergency and response activities.

123

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix N. MONITORING THE EFFICIENCY OF TREATMENT PLANT

The parameters, frequency of sampling and the sampling methods are presented in the
table 6-3. The analytical results should be included in the set of operational
documents of the plant. These data illustrate the performance of each treatment
process, forecast and anticipate risks. Therefore, it will be helpful for controlling the
process as well as provide an appropriate maintenance schedule. Moreover, this kind
of document is very important because it provides local managers the profile of
performance of each facility.

Table 0-1: Location, parameter and frequency of sampling for the treatment facilities
Treatment
Sampling Parameter Usagea Frequencya Typea
Who is
Report
Facilities
location
responsible
to
Inflow Tank

BOD
PP
W
C
WWTP DONRE
TSS
PP
W
C
pH
PP
D
G
TKN
PP
W
G
NH3
PP
W
G
Anaerobic
Outflow
BOD
PP
W
C
WWTP DONRE
sedimentation
TSS
PP
W
C
pond
DO
PC
W
G
pH
PP
D
G


Sludge
TS
PP
Q
C

VS
PP
Q
C
Alt A:
In stream
pH
PC
D
G
WWTP DONRE
Facultative

DO
PC
D
G
Ponds
Temperature
PC
D
G

Treated
BOD
PP
W
C
water
TSS
PP
W
C
pH
PP
W
G
DO
PP
D
G
Total
PP
D
G
Coliform
124

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Treatment
Sampling Parameter Usagea Frequencya Typea
Who is
Report
Facilities
location
responsible
to
Alt B:
Inflow
BOD
PP
Db
C
WWTP DONRE
Trickling

TSS
PP
Db
C
Filter
pH
PC
Db
G


Outflow
DO
PC
D
G

NH3
PC
W
G

Outflow
BOD
PP
Db
C
of the
TSS
PP
Db
C
clarifier
DO
PP
Db
G

pH
PP
Db
G
NH3
PP
W
G

TS
PC
Wb
C
VS
PC
Wb
C
Sludge
from the
clarifier
Alt C:
In stream
MLSS
PC
D
C
WWTP DONRE
Oxidation

SVI
PC
D
C
Ditch


Outflow
BOD
PP
Db
C
TSS
PP
Db
C
pH
PC
W
G
Ammonia
PP
W
G
a D: daily; W: weekly; Q: quarterly; C: component sampling; G: group sampling; PC: process
control; PP: plant control
b Frequency could be decreased if the accidents rarely occur.
The amounts of samples for each alternative are statistically presented in the table 6-4.
Statistics of sampling number
Alternative
Daily
Weekly
Quarterly
A
pH :3 samples
BOD :3 samples
TS:1 sample
DO :2 samples
TSS :3 samples
VS:1 sample
Temperature :1 sample
pH :1 sample
Total coliform :1 sample
TKN :1 sample

NH3
:1 sample
DO :1 sample
125

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Alternative
Daily
Weekly
Quarterly
B
pH :4 samples
BOD :2 samples
TS:1 sample
BOD :2 samples
TSS :2 samples
VS:1 sample
TSS :2 samples
TKN :1 sample
DO :2 samples
NH3
:3 samples
DO :1 sample
TS :1 sample
VS :1 sample
C
pH :2 samples
BOD :2 samples
TS:1 sample
MLSS :1 sample
TSS :2 samples
VS:1 sample
SVI :1 sample
TKN :1 sample
BOD :1 sample
NH3
:2 samples
TSS :1 sample
pH :1 sample
DO :1 sample
126

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Appendix O. O&M COST

The cost of the operation and maintenance of the plant depends on the selected
alternative. It is calculated as following:

The O&M cost of the alternative 2 (trickling filter) was estimated in Volume 1 of the
Report on Project of CEPT WWTP investment. The O&M costs are described as
follows

Labour cost: 378 million VND/year

-
Worker: (10 workers) x (1 million VND/month) x (12 months) x (1.5) =
180 million VND
-
Technical staff: (3 Technical staff) x (2 millions/month) x (12 months) x
(1.5) = 108 million VND
-
Director: (1 Director) x (5 million VND/month) x (12 months) x (1.5) = 90
million VND

Energy cost: 722 million/year

(55kW) x (1500 VND/kW) x (8760 (hours/year) = 722 million VND

Chemical cost: 1040 million VND/year

Aluminum = (533 kg/day) x (4200 VND/kg) x (365 days/year) = 848
million VND
Polymer = (17.5 kg/day) x (30,000 VND/kg) x (365 days/year) = 192
million VND

Maintenance cost: 981 million VND/year

(19,620 millions) x 0.05 = 981 million VND

The O&M costs of the Alternative 1 (stabilization pond) and Alternative 3 (Oxidation
ditch) are estimated based on those of Alternative 2, difference of energy
consumption of treatment process (Figure 7-1) and percentage of energy use for unit
process (Figure 7-2).

127

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Comparison of electrical energy used for different types of treatment processes as a
function of flowrate
(Source: Metcaft and Eddy, 2003)
Distributions of energy usage in a typical wastewater treatment plant employing the
activated-sludge process
(Source: Metcaft and Eddy, 2003)

Table 7-2 shows annually O&M costs for three alternatives. The value of 0.65 and
0.15 mean that the energy consumption of trickling filter and facultative pond is equal
65% and 15% of that of oxidation ditch, respectively.

Annually O&M costs for three alternatives (in million VND/year).

Alternative 1 (A1)
Alternative 2
Alternative 3 (A3)
(A2)
Labour cost
378
378
378
128

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Environmental Impact Assessment of CEPT ­ Quy Nh n City
Energy cost
722
Chemical cost
1040
1040
1040
Maintenance cost
981
Total cost
1818 3123 4038
Unit cost
712 1222
1580
(VND/m3 of
treated water)
Note: Energy cost:
Maintenance cost:
129

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