TOWARD THE 2002 WORLD SUMMIT
ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
JOHANNESBURG
Ensuring the Sustainable
Development of
Oceans and Coasts
A CALL TO ACTION
Co-Chairs' Report from
The Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10
Held at UNESCO, Paris
December 3-7, 2001
1

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Conference Executive Committee
Conference Co-Chairs:
Members:
Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary,
Charles Ehler, National Oceanic and
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Atmospheric Administration (USA)
Commission, UNESCO
Indumathie Hewawasam, World Bank
1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France
Tel: 33-1 4568 3938
Seoung Yong-Hong, Ministry of Maritime
Fax: 33-1 4568 5810
Affairs and Fisheries (Korea)
Email: p.bernal@unesco.org
Magnus Johannesson, Ministry of
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director,
Environment (Iceland)
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
University of Delaware
Francisco Mabjaia, Ministry of
Robinson Hall 301,
Environment (Mozambique)
University of Delaware,
Evelyne Meltzer, Department of Fisheries
Newark, DE 19716 USA
and Oceans (Canada)
Tel: +1(302) 831-8086
Fax: +1(302) 831-3668
Jean-François Minster, IFREMER (France)
Email: bcs@udel.edu
Sian Pullen, World Wildlife Fund (United
Conference Coordinators
Kingdom)
Julian Barbière, Intergovernmental
Tamari'i Tutangata, SPREP (Samoa)
Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
Veerle Vandeweerd, UNEP/GPA
Stefano Belfiore, Center for the Study of
(The Netherlands)
Marine Policy, University of Delaware
Editor's note:
The Co-Chairs' Summary is based on the papers presented at the conference, the
panel discussions, the Working Group reports, and background materials prepared
by the Secretariat. The Co-Chairs' Summary has been prepared by the Co-Chairs,
with the advice of the Conference Executive Committee, and it does not necessarily
reflect the views of all the Conference participants.
Additional Conference reports, including a Ministerial Perspectives Volume con-
taining the speeches of ministers attending the conference and the reports of the
Working Groups, will be available in early February, 2002.
For copies of this report or the other publications, please contact:
Julian Barbière Catherine
Johnston
Intergovernmental
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Oceanographic Commission
University of Delaware
1, rue Miollis
301 Robinson Hall
75732 Paris
Newark, Delaware
Cedex 15, France
19716 USA
Tel. 33-1 4568 4045
Tel. +1(302) 831-8086
Fax 33-1 4568 5812
Fax +1(302) 831-3668
Email: j.barbière@unesco.org
Email: johnston@udel.edu
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Commission, UNESCO
University of Delaware, USA

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TOWARD THE 2002 WORLD SUMMIT
ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
JOHANNESBURG
Ensuring the Sustainable
Development of
Oceans and Coasts
A CALL TO ACTION
Co-Chairs' Summary
Prepared by Dr. Patrico Bernal,
Intergovermental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),
and Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain,
Center for the Study of Marine Policy (CSMP)
with Stefano Belfiore (CSMP) and
Julian Barbière (IOC)

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Conference Financial Support
Conference Patrons:
Conference in-kind and/or travel support:
Government of Brazil
ACOPS, United Kingdom; American
South Africa; Ministry of Fisheries,
Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Iceland; Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
USA; Arctic Council, Finland; Asian
Russian Federation; Ministry of Industry,
Government of France
Development Bank, Philippines;
Science and Technology of the Russian
Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries,
Australian Oceanographic Data Centre,
Federation; National Institute of Ecology,
Republic of Korea
Australia; Bedford Institute of
Mexico; National Oceanographic
The Nippon Foundation, Japan
Oceanography, Canada; Bureau of
Commission, Cuba; Netherlands Institute
Meteorology, Tasmania, Australia;
for Fisheries Research, Netherlands; North
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Caribbean Environment Programme,
America Commission for Environmental
Administration, USA
United Nations Environment Programme,
Cooperation, Canada; Ocean Governance
Canadian International Development Agency
Jamaica; Center for Environmental
Study Group, USA; Oceans Blue
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Science, USA; Center for Maritime Policy,
Foundation, USA; OSPAR Convention,
University of Wollongong, Australia;
United Kingdom; PEMSEA, Philippines;
Center for the Study of Marine Policy,
Centre National de la Récherche
Portuguese Committee,
University of Delaware
Scientifique, France; CSIRO Marine
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Research, Australia; Deakin University,
Commission, Portugal; RAC-Marine,
Conference Sponsors:
Australia; Department of Environmental
Australia; Research Institute for Ocean
Affairs and Tourism, South Africa;
Economics, Japan; Regional Activity
International Ocean Institute
Department of Natural Resources,
Centre for Priority Actions Programme,
Coastal Resources Center, University of
Canada; El Colegio de Mexico, Mexico;
Croatia; SeaWeb, USA; Texas A&M
Rhode Island/U.S. Agency for International
Environment and Sustainable
University, USA; The Coastal Union,
Development
Development Programme, Commission
Netherlands; The Nippon Foundation,
of European Union, Belgium; EPOMEX,
Japan; The World Conservation Union,
United Nations Environment Programme,
Mexico; Federal Ministry of Environment,
Costa Rica; The World Conservation
GPA Coordination Office
Nigeria; Fisheries Resources and
Union, Switzerland; Transatlantic
World Bank and World Bank Institute
Environmental Division, Food and
Consortium for Marine Policy; UN Office
South Pacific Regional Environment
Agriculture Organization, Italy; Frozen
of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs
Programme
Fish International, Germany; GESAMP,
and the Law of the Sea, USA; University
United Kingdom; Global Coral Reef
of British Columbia, Canada; University
Monitoring Network, Australian Institute
of Cardiff, United Kingdom; University of
Collaborating Organizations
of Marine Science; Global International
East Anglia, United Kingdom; University
Ministry of Environment,
Waters Assessment, Sweden; Global
of Genoa, Italy; University of Milan-
Government of Mozambique
Ocean Ecosystems Dynamic, United
Bicocca, Italy; University of Nantes,
Kingdom; GLOBE International, USA;
France; University of New Hampshire,
Land-Oceans Interactions in the Coastal Zone
Graduate College of Marine Studies,
USA; University of the Philippines,
Department of State, USA
University of Delaware; Green Globe 21,
Philippines; University of Tromsoe,
Ministry of Environment, Energy and
United Kingdom; Greenpeace
Norway; University of Washington, USA;
Natural Resources, Barbados
International, The Netherlands;
Urban Harbors Institute, University of
Greenpeace USA; Horn Point Laboratory,
Massachusetts-Boston, USA; Victorian
Ministry for the Environment and
University of Maryland, USA; IFREMER,
Coastal Council, Australia; Waseda
Heritage, Australia
France; International Geographic Union;
University School of Law, Japan; World
International Collective in Support
International Maritime Organization,
Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish
of Fish Workers, India
United Kingdom; International Seabed
Workers; World Heritage Centre,
Environment and Development in Coastal
Authority, Jamaica; INTERTANKO,
UNESCO, France; World Maritime
Regions and in Small Islands, UNESCO
Norway; James Cook University,
University, Sweden; World Meteorological
Australia; Lead Program, Mexico; Marine
Organization, Switzerland; World Tourism
Aquarium Council; Marine Research
Organization, Spain; World Wildlife
Institute, Iceland; Ministry of
Fund, Switzerland; World Wildlife Fund,
Environment, Iceland; Ministry of
United Kingdom
Environmental Affairs and Tourism,
ii

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Table of Contents
FOREWORD .....................................................................................................................v
LIST OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................................vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY and GENERAL CONCLUSION ................................................1
1.
INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS
AND COASTS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ............................................3
2.
OBJECTIVES AND CONDUCT OF THE CONFERENCE.......................................5
3.
MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CONSTRAINTS
AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL SINCE UNCED..............................................................6
A. Review of the Implementation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21.........................6
B. Major Problems and Constraints Faced ........................................................10
4.
DISCUSSION OF MAJOR OCEAN AND COASTAL ISSUES ................................11
A. Poverty Reduction and Healthier Coastal Communities .............................11
B. Implementation of and Compliance with International Agreements.........12
C. Capacity Building for Governance of Ocean and Coastal Areas..................13
D. Protection of Coastal and Marine Areas and Biodiversity............................15
E. Monitoring and Assessment of the Marine Environment ...........................16
F. Small Island Developing States .....................................................................17
G. Emerging Issues..............................................................................................18
5.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................19
6.
GENERAL CONCLUSION ...................................................................................22
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................23
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................................24
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
iv

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Foreword
The Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg convened from December 3-7, 2001 at UNESCO in Paris. The Conference involved over 400 partici-
pants from 61 countries, assembling an array of experts from a diverse range of sectors including governments,
United Nations agencies and other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), and nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) representing environmental, industry, and scientific/technical perspectives.
The Conference was convened nearly ten years after the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, with the aim of assessing the present status of oceans and coasts and
progress achieved over the past decade, addressing continuing and new challenges, and laying the groundwork for
the inclusion of an oceans perspective at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), to be held
in Johannesburg.
The Earth Summit put into motion many changes related to ocean and coastal management--including the adop-
tion of a number of international agreements on oceans; substantial new investment by international and national
donors; extensive efforts by national governments to establish programs in coastal and ocean management; and sig-
nificant advances in global scientific efforts to understand and better manage oceans and coasts.
This is a crucial time for oceans and coasts. After a decade of significant change at international, national, and local
levels, Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10 provided an opportunity to take stock, to assess what has been accomplished on
oceans and coasts since the Earth Summit. Agenda 21 established an ambitious program of action. But, the world has
changed and new priorities have emerged. From the ministerial perspectives, the panel speakers, and the working
group discussions that occurred at the conference, a clear and central theme emerged: It is imperative that oceans and
coasts be included in the discussions at the WSSD, as sustainable development and poverty reduction cannot be achieved
without healthy oceans and coasts.
There was a general consensus among participants of declining trends in ocean and coasts around the world. Fisheries, marine
mammals, coral reefs, and coastal ecosystems such as mangrove swamps are among our marine assets presently at risk, and
demand attention at all levels. Although some of the statistics and trends are troubling, and indeed alarming, inclusion of
ocean issues at the WSSD provides a key opportunity for governments from around the world to chart the course over the next
decade for one of mankind's richest natural heritages: our oceans.
We are deeply thankful to the many Governmental, NGO, and IGO organizations that have provided support
for the conference and which are listed at the beginning of this volume. We especially appreciate their encour-
agement and faith that an unusual "hybrid" meeting like this one--which brought together Governments, NGOs,
and IGOs together in the same venue-- could produce significant results for consideration by the international
community.
We would also like to extend our gratitude to all of the participants at the conference, both for their thorough panel
presentations and their enduring devotion to the working groups before, during, and after the conference.
Finally, we would like to offer our heartfelt thanks to the Conference Executive Committee, the Conference
Organizing Committee, and the Secretariat Staff for their many contributions to the conference.
Dr. Patricio Bernal
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain
Intergovernmental
Center for the Study
Oceanographic
of Marine Policy,
Commission, UNESCO
University of Delaware
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­
Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts A Call to Action
­
List of Acronyms
ADB
Asian Development Bank
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on
CIDA
Canadian International
Climate Change
Development Agency
IUCN
World Conservation Union
CSMP
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
IUU
Illegal, unregulated and
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
unreported [fishing]
DANIDA
Danish International
LME
Large marine ecosystem
Development Agency
JICA
Japan International Cooperation
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
Agency
GCRMN
Global Coral Reef
MPA
Marine protected area
Monitoring Network
ODA
Official development assistance
GEF
Global Environment Facility
RFO
Regional fishery organization
GIWA
Global International
SIDA
Swedish International Development
Water Assessment
Agency
GOOS
Global Ocean Observing System
UN
United Nations
GPA
Global Programme of Action for the
UNCED
United Nations Conference on
Protection of the Marine Environment
Environment and Development
from Land-Based Activities
UNEP
United Nations Environment
ICM
Integrated coastal and ocean
Programme
management
USAID
U.S. Agency for International
IGBP
International Geosphere-Biosphere
Development
Programme
WSSD
World Summit on Sustainable
ILO
International Labour Organization
Development
IMO
International Maritime Organization
WTO
World Trade Organization
IOC
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission
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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Capacity building for good governance of coastal and
ocean use is necessary
The Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward
the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development: Assessing
Scientific advances and technology development will con-
Progress, Addressing Continuing and New Challenges, held at
tinue to open untapped potential for use of coastal, offshore
UNESCO in Paris from December 3-7, 2001, assessed global
and Exclusive Economic Zones, and deep ocean areas. Yet our
progress on oceans and coasts in the implementation of
understanding of the role and vulnerability of these new
Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and related instruments. The
resources and habitats is still limited. All countries, rich and
Conference involved 424 participants from 61 countries--164
poor, lack the needed capacity to manage even the existing
ocean experts from governments, 162 members of non-govern-
level of development in a well-integrated way. Thus the capac-
mental organizations and academic institutions, and 98
ity of local and national governments to apply effective
members of intergovernmental, international, and regional
institutional and legal frameworks for integrated coastal and
organizations. This Summary by the two Co-chairs highlights
ocean management must be strengthened. This will enable
the main conclusions. Detailed recommendations are given in
them to pursue opportunities for economic development in
the body of the document and summarized in table format at
the coasts and oceans while protecting their ecological integri-
the end of the document.
ty and biodiversity. It will require, among other things, raising
public awareness of coastal and ocean issues, the re-targeting
Poverty reduction during the coming decade will
of financial assistance to take into account lessons learned
require more access to sustainable economic liveli-
from experience, and the building of the capacity of the edu-
hoods and wealth derived from the ocean, and devel-
cational institutions in coastal nations. Capacity building is
opment of safer, healthy coastal communities
required within governments, local communities, and NGOs,
as well as to enable effective involvement of the private sector.
The UN Millennium Declaration notes the need to halve,
by 2015, the proportion of very poor people in the world, and
The health of the oceans and coasts is directly linked
to reduce the scourge of diseases like malaria and water-borne
to the proper management of river basins, including
infections. Today, 250 million clinical cases of gastroenteritis
freshwater flows to the marine environment
and upper respiratory diseases are caused annually by bathing
in contaminated sea water. This is a key concern, and perhaps
Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land-based
one of the most difficult challenges facing our use of the
sources. In the developing world, more than 90% of sewage
oceans. Meeting these needs requires new commitments to
and 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into sur-
make the benefits of trade and globalization available to
face waters where they pollute agricultural lands, water
coastal communities, participatory management of resources,
supplies and coastal waters. Ecosystem approaches that link
programs specifically targeted to reducing vulnerability of
management of river basins to marine ecosystems, such as
coastal people and infrastructure, and commitments to full
those promoted by the Global Programme of Action for the
participation of women and youth in decision-making and
Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based
activities related to locally-based coastal and ocean decisions.
Activities, must be effectively implemented. This is especially
important in the context of the coastal megacities (70% of
Full implementation and effective compliance with
cities over 8 million people are coastal), such as Lagos,
international agreements is needed
Nigeria--where 65% of the estimated 13.4 million population
live in poverty.
The significant number of international agreements that
have come into effect since 1992 now need to be properly
Protecting coastal and marine areas and biodiversity
implemented and enforced, and their implications for nation-
takes an ecosystem approach
al level action more fully addressed. There is an urgent need
for better cooperation and coordination among regional and
The very significant shift from a sectoral to an ecosystem-
international bodies governing oceans and fisheries to ensure
based approach that recognizes precaution and linkages
harmonized and efficient implementation. For example, the
among activities is an important achievement of the past
implementation of the fishing instruments concluded in
decade. The Convention on Biological Diversity provides an
recent years (UN Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, the Code
international framework for an ecosystem-based approach
of Conduct for Responsible Fishing, and the Compliance
that will depend upon protection of marine habitats at region-
Agreement) is an essential element in putting fisheries on a
al and national levels. Ecosystem-based fisheries management
sustainable development path that could address existing
strategies have been developed and applied by Regional
overfishing of many species.
Fisheries Organizations. A global representative system of
marine protected areas is now needed as one essential compo-
nent for ecosystem understanding, management and
biodiversity protection.
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Strengthening science-based monitoring and assess-
Small island states are a special case since many of them are
ment of the oceans is essential for managing the long-
vulnerable to climate change phenomena, such as sea level
term sustainability of marine ecosystems
rise. Small islands states are responsible for the stewardship of
vast areas of the oceans, containing high biological diversity,
Effective international coordination needs to be put in
the most extensive coral reef systems in the world, and signif-
place to support an integrated assessment of the status of
icant seabed minerals. Small islands states have a critical role
oceans and coasts, and their use. A periodic, comprehensive
to play in the sustainable development of the oceans.
global report on the State of Oceans and Development is needed,
building upon existing regional and sectoral efforts. It could
An urgent call
be complemented by similar reports at the national level
designed to be used to discharge the reporting duties of coun-
A substantial body of scientific evidence supports the
tries under several international agreements. This report
urgent call by the conference to place coastal and ocean issues
should anticipate and plan for emerging ocean and coastal
squarely on the World Summit's agenda. As the world's popu-
issues, such as offshore aquaculture and bioprospecting of
lation continues to grow and to concentrate in coastal areas,
marine genetic resources.
there will be even greater pressures on coastal and ocean
resources. In contrast with the many deteriorating trends
The special problems and issues of Small Island
affecting oceans and coasts today, there is an alternative vision
Developing States must be addressed
for the future--one of healthy and productive seas, clean
coastal waters, and prosperous coastal communities. Given
Small island developing states have special problems and
the pivotal role of oceans and coasts in global sustainable
opportunities related to the oceans which need to be recog-
development, it is imperative that the World Summit develops
nized and addressed. These nations, small in land area,
the action plan needed to insure the sustainability and life-
typically have control and stewardship responsibilities over
support functions of the world's oceans and coasts.
huge expanses of ocean: their Exclusive Economic Zones.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
The Conference wishes to transmit a sense of urgency to the WSSD for addressing the issues
surrounding the sustainable development of oceans and coasts. Participants at the Conference
generally agreed that we are in a critical situation of declining trends that requires immediate actions
by nations and governing bodies worldwide. This sense of urgency and priority was corroborated in
ministerial statements, as well as by non-governmental, governmental, and international experts,
scientists, commercial fishing, and industrial representatives attending the meeting. It is essential that
we link economic development, social welfare, and resource conservation in order to achieve sustain-
ability of oceans and coasts. The Conference issues an urgent call to action to decision makers in the
WSSD process to develop a detailed action plan for the sustainable development of the world's oceans
and coasts.
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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
1. INTRODUCTION:
x Marine aquaculture represents a rapidly growing industry
THE IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS
and globally accounts for 30 percent of the world's fish con-
sumption;
AND COASTS FOR SUSTAINABLE
x The travel and tourism industry is the fastest growing sector
DEVELOPMENT
of the global economy. It is estimated to have generated
$3.5 trillion in revenues and close to 200 million jobs in
This report presents the results of the Global Conference on
1999. Coastal tourism is a major portion of the gross
Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10: Toward the 2002 World Summit on
domestic product in many small island nations (WRI,
Sustainable Development: Assessing Progress, Addressing
2001).
Continuing and New Challenges, held at UNESCO in Paris from
December 3-7, 2001.
The multitude of activities supported in ocean and coastal
areas is placing increasing pressure on the integrity of the
Oceans and coasts are an integral aspect of global sustain-
coastal and marine ecosystems and many of the ocean and
able development. The oceans--comprising 72% of the Earth's
coastal resources are threatened through overexploitation. For
surface--are what link our far away continents together, they
example:
provide the essential life-support function without which life
on earth would not be possible, they provide the cheapest
x 47 percent of global fisheries are fully utilized and 28 per-
form of transportation for our goods, they provide us with
cent are overutilized. Overall, 75 percent require urgent
energy, food, recreation, and spiritual renovation. Of all the
management to freeze or reduce capacity (FAO, 2000).
areas covered in Agenda 21, sustainable development can per-
x Of 126 species of marine mammals, 88 are listed on the
haps best be realized in oceans and coasts with considerable
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Marsh et al, 2001).
savings. Oceans and coastal areas present excellent opportuni-
ties for development if conducted in a sustainable manner.
x 11 percent of coral reefs were completely destroyed prior to
However, extending the old and proven institutions operating
the 1998 El Niño event while 16 percent were severely
on land under the jurisdiction of the national states to oceans
degraded in 1998 alone. Another 20 to 30 percent are
and coasts is not a minor task. An integrated approach to gov-
threatened in the next 10 years, while current projections
ernance is needed to take full advantage of the benefits that
indicate possible losses of 50 to 60 percent within 30 years
the marine environment offers--be they economic, social,
(Wilkinson, 2001).
recreational, or cultural.
x It is estimated that overall 50 percent of the world's man-
Coastal areas are crucial to supporting life on our planet.
grove forests have been lost (WRI, 2001).
They comprise 20 percent of the Earth's surface yet contain
x
over 50 percent of the entire human population. By the year
Important seagrass habitats, occupying over 600,000 km2
2025, coastal populations are expected to account for 75 per-
are rapidly being destroyed; in South East Asian countries,
cent of the total world population (UN, 1992). More than 70
20 to 60 percent of seagrass beds have been lost (Fortes,
percent of the world's megacities (greater than 8 million
2001).
inhabitants) are located in coastal areas (IOC, 1999). Coastal
x 12 billion tons of ballast water containing, at any one time,
ecosystems are highly productive, they yield 90 percent of
10,000 marine species are shipped around the globe each
global fisheries and produce about 25 percent of global bio-
year, spreading alien and invasive species (Bax and Aguero
logical productivity. Yet they are responsible for cleaning and
2001).
chemically reprocessing the ever-increasing flow of artificial
x
fertilizers and other side-products of modern economic activi-
Over the past two decades, the frequency of recorded harm-
ties. Over 500 million people depend on coral reefs for food
ful algal blooms resulting in mass mortality and morbidity
and income (Wilkinson, 2001).
of marine organisms has increased significantly (WRI,
2001).
Oceans and coasts support a diverse array of activities yield-
ing enormous economic and social benefits, e.g.:
x The projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) note that continued use of fossil fuels will
x Marine transportation accounts for 90 percent of interna-
exacerbate global climate changes with severe conse-
tional trade;
quences for ocean and coastal ecosystems. Forty-six million
x Exploitation of coastal and offshore mineral resources pro-
people per year are currently at risk of flooding from storm
vides about 25 to 30 percent of the world's energy supplies
surges and, without adaptation measures, a 1-m sea-level
and continues to expand, especially in deeper waters (UN,
rise might displace tens of million people in Bangladesh
2000);
(IPCC, 2001).
x Fisheries are important both socially and economically; the
x Food security for an increased human population drives the
industry provides direct and indirect livelihood for 400 mil-
intensification of agricultural production and results in the
lion people;
increased application of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbi-
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
cides. For example, synthetic fertilizer use is predicted to
Bonn Freshwater Meeting (Bonn, 3-7 December 2001) has
more than double globally between 1990 (74 million tons/
focused on strategies that will help manage fresh water sup-
year of Nitrogen) and 2050 (182 million tons/year)
plies and better address the interconnections between coastal
(Seitzinger and Kroeze 1998; Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998).
areas and adjacent water basins. The Regional Preparatory
Atmospheric deposition, associated with the combustion of
Committees (PrepComs) to the World Summit on Sustainable
fossil fuels, is predicted to almost double (22 to 39 million
Development (WSSD) have highlighted the importance of
tons/year) to terrestrial systems over that same time period,
marine and coastal resources to the development of regional
as is nitrogen in human sewage (9 to 16 million tons /year
economies and have called for enhanced environmental pro-
of Nitrogen). As a result, inorganic nitrogen inputs to
tection. All the regional PrepComs held in preparation of the
coastal ecosystems are predicted to double (from 21 to 42
WSSD1 highlighted the importance of developing at the
million tons/year of Nitrogen) (Kroeze and Seitzinger 1998).
WSSD specific initiatives for addressing oceans and seas,
The increased inputs of nitrogen to terrestrial and aquatic
coastal zones, and fresh water and sanitation. In this regard,
systems will undoubtedly lead to increased human health
integrated coastal management (ICM) is recognized as the
and environmental degradation, including degradation of
appropriate approach to ensure comprehensive management
coastal ecosystems.
of land and bodies of water, ecosystem-based marine resource
management, and integrated water resource management.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and
The World Summit for Sustainable Development, to be
the 1997 Special Session of the General Assembly reviewing
held in Johannesburg in September 2002, presents a unique
the implementation of Agenda 21 urged national, regional,
opportunity to agree upon a limited number of targets as uni-
and international institutions to take action for the sustain-
versal benchmarks for a focused action-oriented program
able development of coastal and marine areas.
addressing the main issues and causes of marine degradation,
based on renewed political and financial commitments at all
Three existing major international agreements incorporate
levels. Integrated coastal and ocean management approaches
the principles, objectives and actions needed to ensure the
can help to generate the necessary multi-disciplinary and
sustainable development and protection of oceans and coasts:
cross-sectoral frameworks needed to develop coastal and
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNC-
ocean areas appropriately, enhancing the welfare of coastal
LOS); Agenda 21, in particular, Chapter 17, Protection of the
communities, while maintaining ecological integrity and bio-
Oceans, All Kinds of Seas, Including Enclosed and Semi-Enclosed
diversity.
Seas, and Coastal Areas for the Protection, Rational Use and
Development of Their Living Resources; and the Rio Declaration
As is detailed in this report, significant progress has been
on Environment and Development.
made since UNCED in laying the groundwork toward sustain-
able development of the oceans--a new cluster of global
Following UNCED 1992, progress has continued in build-
agreements provide the direction for good governance of
ing the legal and institutional support for the sustainable
coastal and ocean use; many countries, both developing and
development of oceans and coasts. New international agree-
developed, have experimented with various approaches to
ments, such as the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, the
ocean and coastal management; significant funding, by both
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
national and international donors has taken place; and a sig-
Environment from Land-Based Activities (GPA), and the
nificant body of knowledge and practical experience on ocean
Jakarta Mandate of the Convention on Biological Diversity
and coastal management has been accumulated.
(CBD), have been concluded providing more detailed frame-
works for addressing critical aspects of the sustainable
However, ocean resources and environmental conditions
management of the oceans, especially through better compli-
have continued to decline, and, unless oceans and coasts are
ance and enforcement.
given high priority by the world's governments, under present
trends and circumstances, the outlook for oceans and coasts in
The importance of oceans and coasts for sustainable devel-
the year 2020, leaves little room for optimism. Action is
opment has recently been restated by a series of global and
required now to correct the present course. As the world's pop-
regional intergovernmental and expert meetings. The
ulation continues to grow and to concentrate in coastal areas,
Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine
there will be even greater pressures on coastal and ocean
Ecosystem (Reykjavik, 1-4 October 2001) has called for the
resources. There is an alternative vision for the future--one of
adoption of the ecosystem approach in managing the world's
healthy and productive seas, clean coastal waters, and pros-
fisheries. The Intergovernmental Review Meeting of the
perous coastal communities. Given the pivotal role of oceans
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
and coasts in global sustainable development, it is imperative
Environment from Land-Based Activities (Montreal, 26-30
that the World Summit develops the action plan needed to
November 2001) has given new impetus to the improvement
insure the sustainability and life-support functions of the
of international coastal and oceans governance under ocean-
world's oceans and coasts.
related conventions and provided a specific plan of action for
the control of sewage and for new sources of financing. The
1 ECE Regional Ministerial Meeting for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Geneva, 24-25
September 2001; African Preparatory Conference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Nairobi, 18 October 2001; Regional Preparatory Conference of Latin America and the Caribbean for
WSSD, Rio de Janeiro, 23-24 October 2001; and Asia - Pacific High Level Regional Meeting for the World
4
Summit on Sustainable Development, Phnom Penh, 27-29 November 2001

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
2. OBJECTIVES AND CONDUCT
The Conference received funding and in-kind and travel
OF THE CONFERENCE
support from a wide variety of governmental, nongovern-
mental, and intergovernmental organizations from around
The Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10:
the world (See list on page ii).
Toward the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable
The Conference was addressed by a number of Ministers
Development: Assessing Progress, Addressing Continuing
and other Eminent Persons:
and New Challenges was held at UNESCO in Paris from
Hon. James C. Greenwood, President, Global Legislators
December 3-7, 2001.
Organization for a Balanced Environment (GLOBE)
The Conference addressed all aspects of oceans and coasts
International, and U.S. House of Representatives
and their interrelationships. Recognizing that several special-
Hon. Seoung-Yong Hong, Vice-Minister, Ministry of
ized bodies of the United Nations were holding conferences
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, Korea
assessing specific aspects of the marine realm, such as fisheries,
in anticipation of the Johannesburg meeting, the Conference
Hon. Herb Dhaliwal, Minister, Department of Fisheries and
organizers decided to take an overall look at progress achieved
Oceans, Canada
on all aspects of oceans and coasts since UNCED. This com-
Hon. Rokhmin Dahuri, Minister, Ministry of Maritime
prehensive perspective is inspired by both UNCLOS which in
Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
its Preamble emphasized that the problems of ocean space are
closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole, and
Hon. Exequiel Ezcurra, President, National Institute of
by Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 which emphasized that new
Ecology, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources,
approaches to marine and coastal area management are need-
Mexico
ed, approaches which are integrated in content and
Hon. Otu-Ekong Imeh T. Okopido, Minister of State, Federal
precautionary and anticipatory in ambit.
Ministry of Environment, Nigeria, and Chairman of AMCEN
The aim of the Conference was to make a scorecard, as to
where we are 10 years after Rio. The aim was to assess:
Hon. José Sarney Filho, Minister, Ministry of Environment,
Brazil, presented by Ambassador Jose Israel Vargas
How much has been achieved?
Hon. Árni Mathiesen, Minister, Ministry of Fisheries, Iceland
x What problems/constraints have been encountered?
Hon. Francisco Mabjaia, Vice-Minister, Ministry for
x What lessons have been learned?
Coordination of Environmental Action, Mozambique
x What works and what does not?
Hon. Victor Kalyuzhni, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs,
x What trends are present now that were not present 10 years
Russian Federation, and Special Representative of the President
ago?
in the Caspian Region
x What efforts need to be refocused or redirected? and,
Hon. Ni Yuefeng, Deputy Administrator, State Oceanic
Administration, China
x To make targeted recommendations for the global agenda
for oceans and coasts for the next decade.
Hon. Roberto Tortoli, Undersecretary, Ministry of
Environment, Italy
The conference was attended by 424 participants from 61
countries2 and dependencies: 164 ocean experts from govern-
Hon. David Kemp, Minister, Ministry for the Environment
ments, 162 members of non-governmental organizations
and Heritage, Australia, presented by Veronica Sakell,
(including private sector, environmental organizations, aca-
Director, National Oceans Office, Australia
demic/scientific groups), and 98 members of inter-
Ambassador Satya Nandan, Secretary-General, International
governmental, international and regional organizations.
Seabed Authority, Jamaica
The Conference was jointly organized by a consortium of
Ambassador Mary Beth West, U.S. Department of State
public and private institutions from governmental, intergov-
ernmental, and nongovernmental sectors and was co-chaired
Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Permanent
by Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, Intergovernmental
Representative, Mission of Samoa to the United Nations, and
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), of UNESCO, and Dr.
Chair, Alliance of Small Island Developing States
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Center for the Study of Marine
Ambassador Peter Stenlund, Chair, Arctic Council
Policy (CSMP), University of Delaware, USA. The CSMP and
Secretariat, Finland
IOC served as the Conference's Secretariats.
The Conference was concluded with a special address by:
2 Participants came from the following countries/dependencies: Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Hon. Rejoice T. Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister, Department of
Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba,
Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Ireland,
Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa, who
Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Netherlands,
New Caledonia, Nigeria, Norway, Palau, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation, Samoa,
specifically welcomed delegates to participate in the
Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand,
Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, United Kingdom, United States of America.
Johannesburg Summit.
5

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
The Conference heard presentation of papers and panel dis-
Working Group 4--Marine Biodiversity and Protected
cussions on the following topics:
Areas
Panel 1--Ministerial Perspectives on Oceans and
Working Group 5--Integrated Ocean and Coastal
Coasts at Rio+10
Management
Panel 2--Implementation of International Agreements on
Working Group 6--Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture
Oceans and Coasts and Their Harmonization
Working Group 7--Small Island Perspectives
Panel 3--Patterns and Issues in Donor Investments in
Working Group 8--Capacity Building
Oceans and Coasts
This Co-Chairs' Summary is based on the papers presented
Panel 4--The State of the Ocean Commons: Results of
at the conference, the panel discussions, the Working Group
Major Ocean Research Programs
reports, and background materials prepared by the Secretariat.
Panel 5--Biodiversity, Critical Habitats and Species at Risk
The Co-Chairs' Summary has been prepared by the Co-Chairs,
with the advice of the Conference Executive Committee, and
Panel 6--Integrated Coastal Management (ICM).
it does not necessarily reflect the views of all the Conference
Conditions and Efforts: Global and Regional Perspectives
participants.
Panel 7--Private Sector Initiatives for Sustainable
The report identifies concrete actions that could be taken
Development and Conservation of Oceans and Coasts
by governments, international organizations, and others to
Panel 8--Integrated Coastal Management (ICM). Tying
address outstanding issues on oceans and coasts in the World
Efforts to Outcomes: National and Local Perspectives.
Summit on Sustainable Development process.
Panel 9--National Ocean Policy--EEZ Planning and
The report also takes into account the results of the
Management
preparatory work to the WSSD and in particular the African
Regional Preparatory Process, and builds on the results of the
Panel 10--Fisheries and Aquaculture: A Sustainable Use
Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries, the Montreal
Perspective for Areas of National Jurisdiction and the High
Intergovernmental Review of the GPA, and the Bonn Water
Seas
Meeting.
Panel 11--Present Status and Future Directions in Marine
Discussions from the conference have been summarized by
Protected Areas
The Earth Negotiations Bulletin and may be found at
http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/sd/ocrio+10. An interactive dis-
Panel 12--Status of and Prospects for the Marine
cussion of the results of the Conference is taking place at
Environment
http://icm.noaa.gov.
Panel 13--Issues in Small Island Developing States
Panel 14--Building Capacity for Improved Ocean and
3. MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Coastal Management: A Roundtable
AND CONSTRAINTS AT THE
Panel 15--The Regional Scale of Ocean Governance:
GLOBAL LEVEL SINCE UNCED
Examining Key Ingredients for Success in Regional
Cooperation
A. Review of the Implementation of
Chapter 17 of Agenda 21
Panel 16--Emerging Issues in Ocean and Coastal
Management
Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 stresses both the importance of
Panel 17--Improvements in Global and Regional Ocean
oceans and coasts in the global life support system and the
Governance
positive opportunities for sustainable development that ocean
and coastal areas represent. Seven major program areas are
The Conference considered the information presented in
included in Chapter 17: (a) integrated management and sus-
these panels and the discussions held by eight Working
tainable development of coastal areas, including Exclusive
Groups during the conference to discuss the following topics:
Economic Zones, (b) marine environmental protection, (c)
Working Group 1--Harmonizing International
sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources of
Agreements, Governance Improvements, Regional
the high seas, (d) sustainable use and conservation of marine
Perspectives, and Emerging Issues
living resources under national jurisdiction, (e) addressing
critical uncertainties in management of the marine environ-
Working Group 2--Targeting Donor Aid
ment and climate change, (f) strengthening international,
Working Group 3--Assessing and Managing the Marine
including regional, cooperation and coordination, and (g) sus-
Environment
tainable development of small islands.
6

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Progress in achieving the objectives of Chapter 17 is report-
a) The adoption and implementation of a number of
ed for all program areas. Significant progress has been achieved
major ocean agreements
over the past decade in promoting an integrated approach to
b) New funding of initiatives in ocean and coastal man-
coastal management. Both the precautionary approach and the
agement
ecosystem-based approach have been progressively incorporat-
ed into measures to achieve marine environmental protection.
c) Many new actions by governments at national and
A great deal of progress has been achieved in the area of
local levels
responsible fisheries development and management as a result
d) Significant progress in the development of scientific
of UNCLOS and the adoption of a number of complementary
knowledge, data, and information systems on oceans
international instruments and voluntary agreements. The past
and coasts
10 years have seen a turning point in terms of understanding
and measuring the role of the oceans in global climate change
International Agreements
and in developing the observational tools needed to forecast
Following UNCED, a number of conventions, agreements,
change. International cooperation on the oceans has devel-
and programs of action have been negotiated, adopted, or
oped new modes of action and thinking, including the
entered into force to address different ocean and coastal issues
establishment of the United Nations Open-ended Informal
(see Table 1). In addition, the precautionary approach and the
Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea
polluter pays principle--endorsed at UNCED--are now wide-
(UNICPOLOS) in 2000 (UN, 2001).
ly recognized and used as key elements in the development of
It is very clear that significant progress and institutional
international environmental law in the protection of ocean
change has been achieved since the Rio Earth Summit (Cicin-
and coasts.
Sain and Bernal, 2001). This has been manifested in four
major ways:
Table 1--Development of International Oceans Agreements post-UNCED
Theme
Agreement
Law of the Sea
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
1994
(entry into force)
International Seabed Authority (ISBA)
1996
(operational)
International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
1997 (operational)
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)
1997 (operational)
Marine environment
Code for the Safe Carriage of Packaged Irradiated Nuclear Fuel,
1993
Plutonium and High-Level Radioactive Wastes on Board Ships
Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution
1994
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment
1995
from Land-based Activities (GPA)
Agreement establishing the South Pacific Environment Programme (SPREP)
1995 (into force)
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response
1995 (into force)
Protocol to the London Convention
1996
Convention for the Protection, Management and Development
1996 (into force)
of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region
Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council
1996
Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 on Regulations for the
1997
Prevention on Air Pollution from Ships
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
1998 (into force)
North East Atlantic
OSPAR and Helsinki Convention
1998 (into force)
7

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Theme
Agreement
Marine environment
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
1998 (into force)
continued
New timetable for Annex I to MARPOL 73/78 (Oil Discharges)
2001
for phasing out single hull oil tankers
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling
2001
Systems on Ships
Stockholm Convention on POPS
2001
Marine safety
International Convention on Liability and
1996
and liability
Compensation for Damage in connection with the Carriage of Hazardous
and Noxious Substances by Sea
Liability Protocol to the Basel Convention
1999
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage
2001
Sustainable use and
Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and
1993
conservation of
Management Measures by Vessels Fishing in the High Seas
marine living resources ("Compliance Agreement")
New regional fisheries management organizations established or in preparation
After 1993
(Helsinki Convention, Commission for the Conservation of the Southern Blue
Tuna--CCSBT, South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization--SEAFO, West and
Central Pacific Organization, Convention for the Conservation and Management
of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea)
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing and four related
1995
International Plans of Action (IPOAs)
Agreement on of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the
2001
Law of the Sea Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling
(entry into force)
Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks ("Fish Stocks Agreement")
Marine biodiversity
Jakarta Mandate on the "Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine and
1995
Coastal Biological Diversity"
International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)
1995
Annex VI to OSPAR Convention
1996
Protocol on Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity
1996
in the Mediterranean
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
2000
Sustainable
Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development
1994
development of
of Small Island Developing States
small islands
Deep seabed mining
Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the
1994
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982
Regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules in the
2000
international seabed area
Underwater cultural
Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (UNESCO)
2001
heritage
River basins
ECE Convention on Transboundary Lakes and Rivers
1992
UN Convention on the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses
1997
8

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
New Funding
Significant progress in the development of
In the last decade, significant new funding for coastal and
scientific knowledge, data, and information
marine programs and activities has been provided by many
systems on oceans and coasts
multilateral and national donors, and financial institutions
One of the major lessons learned since UNCED is that the
such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the
transition towards sustainable development must be science-
Inter-American Development Bank, SIDA, CIDA, JICA,
based and supported by the appropriate engineering and
DANIDA, USAID, among many others. In Latin America, for
technology.
example, the investments by international donors in coastal
The past 10 years have seen a turning point in terms of the
management between 1992 and 2000 totaled approximately
understanding the role of the oceans in global climate change.
$1.3 billion (Rivera-Arriaga, 2001). The World Bank strategy for
With significant improvements of models and technology to
coastal and marine areas has entailed investments of the order
monitor climate changes, the scientific community has been
of $500 million in Africa (Hewawasam, 2001) and of $175 mil-
able to narrow the level of uncertainty on many ocean
lion in lending operations in the Asia-Pacific region. The Asian
processes. The collection of previously unavailable informa-
Development Bank has invested $1.2 billion for marine
tion is now being organized and utilized through a concerted
resources projects in the Asia-Pacific region (King 2001).
interagency and intergovernmental effort to continuously
The restructuring of international funding mechanisms led
monitor the major planetary processes. The building of the
to the establishment of the Global Environment Facility (GEF)
institutional framework for developing the much-needed
and related programs (GEF 2001):
Earth System Science is well underway. The World Climate
x The International Waters initiative has funded 53 projects
Research Project, the International Geosphere and Biosphere
totaling $438 million between 1991 and 2000, operational-
Programme and the International Human Dimensions
izing an integrated approach to river basin and
Programme on Global Environmental Change are visible testi-
coastal/marine management.
mony to this success.
x
The success of these programmes hinges upon the existence
The Biodiversity Initiative has funded 58 projects totaling
of a number of high quality worldwide observational net-
$244 million through 2000 to protect coastal, marine, and
works. In order to acquire the critical data necessary for
freshwater ecosystems.
understanding global change, these networks need to be
x The Climate Change initiative has funded many projects to
maintained and sustained in time. The full and open
assist small island developing nations in addressing impacts
exchange of environmental data that is essential for the pro-
from climate change, totaling $60 million by 1999.
tection of life-supporting natural systems, is a principle that
calls for universal recognition.
National Efforts at Integrated Coastal
Management
Since 1998, the three UN-sponsored Global Observing
Systems, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), the
Following UNCED, national and subnational governments
Global Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS) and the Global
have undertaken many initiatives to protect and develop
Climate Observing System (GCOS) have been working togeth-
coastal and marine areas and to build capacity for integrated
er as part of a single Integrated Global Observing Strategy
coastal and management. In 1993, there were 59 nations
(IGOS), in partnership with national space agencies, for better
engaged in ICM initiatives at national and/or local levels
observation of the atmosphere, oceans and land.
(Sorensen 1993). In 2000, there were 98 nations engaged in
ICM initiatives at national and/or local levels (Cicin-Sain et
Answering a call from Agenda 21, the Global Ocean
al., 2001). In terms of institutional changes, in 2000, a recent
Observing System (GOOS) is being developed by
study noted that 46 percent of coastal countries have enacted
UNESCO/IOC together with the WMO and the International
coastal-related legislation, while 42 percent of countries report
Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). With an initial system
having some sort of coordinating mechanism for ocean and
already operating, GOOS is capable today of predicting El
coastal management (Cicin-Sain et al, 2001). There are, how-
Niño and other ocean phenomena and is responsible for pro-
ever, significant regional differences in the way nations
ducing a large and open data stream from the ocean for
approach ICM; for example, regarding the distribution of
weather and climate forecasting.
authority and responsibility between national and subnation-
A crucial role in developing global governance for sustain-
al authorities, the influence of external donors, the number of
able development is the establishment of authoritative
demonstration or pilot projects, and the role of regional
statements based on scientific assessments. The
organizations in promoting ICM.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), jointly
sponsored by UNEP and WMO has been very successful in this
regard. The new report by the IPCC, released in 2001, found
there is new and stronger evidence that most of the global
warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to
human activities. Floods, drought and extremely high tem-
9

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
peratures could threaten the life and livelihoods of millions of
Donor funding has been constrained by: (a) lack of aware-
people living in low-lying coastal areas. Residents of small
ness, which translates into lack of political will; (b) ocean and
island developing States would be most at risk from warmer
coastal related agencies, being at an early stage of develop-
temperatures and rising sea levels, while the degradation of
ment, do not receive adequate financial or other resources;
coastal habitats including coral reefs could accelerate.
and (c) lack of ability to conceptualize and develop viable
projects. While international support for integrated ocean and
B. Major Problems and Constraints Faced
coastal management initiatives around the world has
increased significantly, challenges have persisted at many dif-
Despite the positive progress in the last decade in imple-
ferent levels, posing obstacles to implementation. These
mentation of Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, problems and
challenges include problems of governance, single-issue orien-
constraints still remain hindering the achievement of sustain-
tation and limitations in scope and financing. While UNCED
able ocean and coastal development.
emphasized the interconnection of environment and devel-
As noted earlier in section 1, the "on-the-ground" condi-
opment issues, the focus of donor aid is often tied to a single
tion of coastal and ocean resources is one of the declining
issue, whether biodiversity, vulnerability to climate change, or
trends that are cause for significant concern and call for imme-
addressing coastal erosion. Typically, there are many such
diate action by nations and governing bodies worldwide.
"single issue" projects funded by multiple donors in the same
In addition, a number of other factors-- related to the
national context that are characterized by the scarcity of
implementation of efforts at coastal and ocean management
domestic resources, and results in few connections among the
at international, regional, and national levels--prove prob-
projects. The challenge is to create synergy among such proj-
lematic. These can be summarized as follows (Mabudafhasi
ects by establishing clear incentives built into the funding
2001):
process so that they are woven into a comprehensive integrat-
ed coastal and ocean management effort (Working Group 2
x Increased fragmentation and lack of coordination among
Report, 2001).
international conventions and institutions;
Over-fishing and over-capacity--exacerbated by technolog-
x Complexity of the governance systems, emerging from this
ical progress--remain a problem worsened by illegal,
pattern of institutionalization, hindering the participation
unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, poor gear selectivi-
and ownership by developing countries;
ty, and discarding both on the high seas and within Exclusive
x Shortcomings in the results of international conventions
Economic Zones (EEZs). The problem is sometimes com-
due to the lack of appropriate compliance and enforcement
pounded by the low capacity of some developing countries to
mechanisms;
effectively control the fishing operations of long-range fleets
operating under access agreements, and by the lack of meas-
x Development institutions under-funded and often ineffec-
ures to prevent the reflagging of vessels to avoid rules of
tive;
regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs). In this
x Donor funds not always aligned to developing country pri-
regard, the World Trade Organization (WTO) should coordi-
orities; and
nate and support the efforts by the RFMOs to deter and
eliminate IUU fishing. These factors not only jeopardize the
x Poor implementation of the international Agenda develop-
natural recovery of such fish stocks, but also threaten the cul-
ment targets.
tural heritage and cause extreme social and economic
The coordination and harmonization of international
hardships on small fishing families, coastal people, and indige-
agreements has been made difficult by a series of factors.
nous peoples in particular (Working Group 6 Report, 2001).
These include: (a) excess of zeal in the protection of the indi-
In terms of marine and coastal protected areas, while the
vidual mandates inhibiting cooperation; (b) insufficient
oceans comprise over 70% of the earth's surface, less than 1%
attention given to the need of harmonizing national report-
of the marine environment is within protected areas, com-
ing, which represents a heavy burden on many countries,
pared with nearly 9% of the land surface. Management of
especially small developing countries; (c) insufficient imple-
these areas is mixed, since many marine protected areas are
mentation and coordination of efforts at the national level;
only "paper parks" (Ehler, 2001; Working Group 4 Report,
(d) lack of coherent national policies; (e) inadequate and
2001).
inconsistent compliance and enforcement at the national
Despite substantial efforts in education and training, insuffi-
level because of the absence of adequate financial resources,
cient local capacity remains a major barrier to meaningful
access to technical expertise, and appropriate legislation and
implementation of ocean and coastal management programs.
institutional frameworks; (f) insufficient use of environmental
Possibly there has been too much emphasis since 1992 on for-
and performance indicators to measure the effectiveness of
mal education and training (university degrees, short courses,
the agreements; (g) the budgetary constraints of most secre-
etc. typically taken abroad) and not sufficient emphasis on
tariats of international agreements (UNEP, 2001).
building a critical mass of practitioners and other key stake-
holders and providing them with the enabling conditions and
10

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
continued support they need to develop and implement pro-
Fishing remains the most widespread economic activity in
grams. Capacity building programs also seem to have
the ocean in many regions in the world. The future integrity
concentrated on technical and scientific material rather than a
of coastal communities and of the world's food security is
broader coverage taking in areas such as policy matters, decision
directly curtailed due to decline of resources; it is therefore
making methods, institutional capacity building and the for-
essential to assist communities in the generation of alternative
mation of true partnerships between groups. In addition,
livelihoods.
capacity programs have not specifically targeted under-repre-
Coastal tourism is a major economic activity in many
sented groups such as women and youth. The still high "failure"
developing country contexts and, as is well known, it must be
rate of sustaining coastal and marine projects after donor sup-
properly managed to ensure, inter alia, proper siting of tourist
port ends, the apparent "added-on" nature of many training
facilities to avoid coastal erosion and environmental damage.
programs, the heavy reliance on outside expertise in coastal
Incentives must be put in place for local populations to direct-
management projects in developing countries and the contin-
ly benefit from tourism.
ued use of non-local examples in training programs suggests
that meaningful capacity-building remains today as an urgent
Aquaculture, a growing practice in many developing coun-
and essential action item for achieving sustainable development
tries, must be properly planned, sited, and monitored to avoid
in coastal regions (Working Group 8 Report, 2001).
typically-occurring problems of pollution and resulting land
loss for other coastal uses.
4. DISCUSSION OF MAJOR
Public health in coastal communities must be enhanced,
OCEAN AND COASTAL ISSUES
especially through the financing and operation of proper
sewage treatment facilities.
A. Poverty Reduction and
Another factor contributing to poverty are ocean-related
Healthier Coastal Communities
natural disasters, which include the effects of extreme El Niño
events, long-term sea level rise, tropical cyclones and their
Issue
associated waves, storm surges and flooding, and tsunamis,
which have their maximum impacts in coastal areas and small
More than half of the world's population currently lives
islands. These impacts can result in massive loss of human life
within 100 km of the coast, and by 2025 it is estimated that
and property as well as in the destruction of coastlines and
75% of the world's population, or 6.3 billion people, will live
natural habitats. Restoration measures from disasters cost mil-
in the coastal zone, concentrated in coastal megacities and
lions of dollars annually to developing and developed
many living in poverty on less than two dollars a day.
countries alike.
Poverty reduction during the coming decade will require
Vision
increased access to sustainable economic livelihoods and
wealth derived from the ocean, and development of safer,
The UN Millennium Declaration calls to halve, by 2015,
healthier coastal communities. In the developing world, more
the proportion of very poor people in the world, and to reduce
than 90% of sewage and 70% of industrial wastes are dumped
the scourge of diseases like malaria and water-borne infec-
untreated into surface waters where they pollute water sup-
tions. This is perhaps one of the most difficult challenges
plies and coastal waters. 250 million clinical cases of
facing the use of the oceans.
gastroenteritis and upper respiratory diseases are caused annu-
Meeting these needs requires new commitments to making
ally by bathing in contaminated sea water (GESAMP, 2001).
the benefits of trade and globalization available to coastal
A key to poverty reduction and the attainment of healthier
communities, participatory management of resources, pro-
coastal communities is through the establishment of programs
grams specifically targeted to reducing vulnerability of coastal
in integrated coastal management (ICM) which are designed to
people and infrastructure, and commitments to full participa-
guide ocean and coastal development while maintaining (or
tion of women and youth in decision-making and activities
achieving) environmental quality. ICM is intended to achieve
related to locally-based coastal and ocean decisions.
sustainable development of coastal and marine areas, to reduce
Achievements
vulnerability of coastal communities to natural hazards, and to
maintain essential ecological processes, life support systems,
In many contexts, ICM programs are effective in providing
and biological diversity. ICM addresses implications of devel-
a governance framework for multiple-use coastal and ocean
opment, conflicting uses, and interrelationships among
management. These programs, however, must be of an appro-
physical processes and human activities, and promotes link-
priate scale to guide the development of important economic
ages and harmonization between sectoral coastal and ocean
activities such as tourism and aquaculture, which is difficult to
activities. It is essential that ICM include the major economic
achieve in some cases where ICM encompasses only a small
activities related to ocean and coastal resources which can pro-
part of a nation's coastal zone.
vide sources of livelihood to coastal residents--especially
The Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
fishing, tourism, and aquaculture.
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA) pro-
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
vides a useful framework for developing countries to combat
­ Encourage donors to set up a "Small Project Fund" for
coastal pollution and the associated health hazards, emanat-
addressing ocean and coastal issues. "Small grants" of usu-
ing from municipal sewage systems and other land-based
ally less than $25,000 per project can be useful sources for:
sources. Protocols, guidelines and targets are being established
(a) capacity building, particularly among local authorities
through the development of National Plans of Action.
and nongovernmental organizations; (b) dissemination of
Progress has been made in the area of responsible fisheries
good practice; (c) preparation of larger project proposals;
development and management as a result of the coming into
and (d) demonstration projects to promote sustainable
force of UNCLOS in 1994 and the adoption of a number of
livelihoods.
complementary international instruments and voluntary
1.3
Recognize sustainable aquaculture and responsible
agreements, most notably the Fish Stocks Agreement that
fisheries as parallel and essential elements of a common
entered into force on 11 December 2001.
strategy to ensure global seafood security and fill the sup-
A number of regional fishery management organizations
ply gap forecasted for the next decade. In cases where
(RFMOs) have undertaken a systematic review of their man-
fishing must be curtailed due to decline of resources, it is
date and functioning with the view to improving their
essential to assist communities in the generation of alter-
performance in management. Cooperation among govern-
native livelihoods.
ments, non-governmental organizations and industry has led
1.4
Focus on innovative approaches to small-scale fish-
to the elaboration of a series of Guidelines in support of the
eries and aquaculture, empowering the sector, establishing
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing in the areas of sus-
fishing rights including access to necessary infrastructure
tainable aquaculture, fisheries operations, fishery
to support livelihoods and tenure systems, integrating
management, fish processing and trade, precautionary
fisheries into coastal management, and taking account of
approach, and indicators of sustainable development in fish-
the interactions and compatibilities between aquaculture
eries, including species introductions. Guidelines are also
and harvest fisheries.
under preparation for ecosystem-based fisheries management.
1.5
Support the implementation of the Global
Significant progress toward such guidelines has been made in
Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
some nations (Working Group 6 Report).
Environment from Land-Based Activities, and in particular
Constraints and Challenges
the Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater.
There is a strong need to address poverty reduction through
1.6
Prevent destruction, loss of human lives and associ-
sustainable development in ocean and coastal regions by
ated costs through appropriate forecasting, early warning,
strengthening the ability of nations to identify and examine
prevention, preparedness, and mitigation measures of
in a systematic manner, the interdependencies between pover-
ocean-related natural disasters.
ty, the many types of ocean-based livelihoods and the current
management practices of ocean and coastal resources. This in
turn may: (a) reduce people's vulnerability to risks by getting
B. Implementation and Compliance with
information to poor communities and empowering them to
adapt; (b) enhance livelihoods of poor people by helping them
International Agreements
to secure access to resources and markets and strengthening
Issue
their ability to use those resources sustainably; and (c)
improve people's health by raising their awareness of and
The significant number of international agreements that
reducing their exposure to environmental factors.
have come into effect since 1992 now need to be properly
implemented and enforced, and their implications for nation-
Key Recommendations (A)
al level action more fully addressed. There is an urgent need
for better cooperation and coordination among regional and
1.1
Establish and implement programs in integrated
international bodies governing oceans and fisheries to ensure
coastal and ocean management to guide development
harmonized and efficient implementation.
opportunities in coastal areas of developing countries while
The sheer number of different treaty and legal regimes
maintaining or achieving environmental quality.
affecting marine and coastal issues, each with its own gover-
1.2
Target donor aid more explicitly to achieve poverty
nance arrangements, risks non-coordination and wasteful
reduction/public health improvement in coastal areas of
duplication of efforts. In a few key areas, small improvements
developing countries, for example:
in coordination could significantly enhance compliance and
­ Encourage the GEF to analyze how project proposals
enforcement. Clusters of related conventions could start to be
funded under the GEF will address poverty alleviation/pub-
jointly implemented in the short term, with no additional
lic health gains.
institutions and little restructuring. Such clusters could bene-
fit from co-location of secretariats and agencies especially in
the regions, with consequent coordination of work on sub-
stantive issues, including the work of their scientific bodies, as
12

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
well as cooperation on thematic, functional, and crosscutting
Key Recommendations (B)
issues. Existing environmental (UNEP), fisheries (FAO), and
2.1
Develop a common Global Vision for Oceans, Seas,
science (IOC) regional organizations could meet regularly in
and Coasts which provides the goals and objectives for the
joint sessions improving coordination of their programs.
governance of the oceans and coasts, to which the multi-
Clusters could also help coordinate and streamline national
tude of international regulatory regimes and institutions
reporting requirements by identifying key indicators for com-
contribute.
mon reporting so as to reduce the burden on developing states
and to leverage reporting incentives over different regimes
2.2
Promote transparency, participation, and accounta-
(Freestone, 2001).
bility in decision-making on oceans and coasts at all levels.
Vision
2.3
Undertake a broad diplomatic process for wider rat-
ification and implementation of multilateral agreements
Coordination between global and regional bodies should
related to oceans and coasts, and develop strategies for
exploit the comparative advantages of each. Global agree-
insuring peace and security of oceans and coasts, including
ments have a major role in agenda setting, in identifying
peaceful settlement of ocean disputes.
synergies as well as lacunae in the existing systems and in
2.4
Promote joint implementation of clusters of inter-
identifying new issues and approaches. Regional or ecosystem-
national legal instruments and programs addressing oceans
based arrangements are crucial for successful implementation.
at global, regional and national levels, through, for exam-
They rely heavily on the commitment of member countries
ple: memoranda of understanding among governing
and can more effectively translate global agendas into region-
bodies, joint work of scientific bodies, joint consideration
al action, be sensitive to particular regional needs and
of related agreements, and joint work programs.
priorities, and exploit important regional synergies. In order
for countries with limited human and financial capacity to
2.5
Streamline national reporting around clusters of
participate effectively in the plethora of legal instruments and
international legal instruments and programs addressing
agreements, whenever feasible, efforts could be made to
oceans and coasts.
encourage individual country representation to be delegated
2.6
Encourage the creation of national ocean and
toat the regional level (Kimball, 2001).
coastal councils to formulate national policies on oceans
Achievements
and coasts and to implement, in a coordinated fashion,
clusters of international agreements on oceans and coasts.
Since UNCED 1992, important progress has been made
towards sustainable ocean governance: (a) A number of inter-
2.7
Regional scales of ocean governance should be rec-
national agreements, voluntary instruments, and programs of
ognized and promoted as an essential approach to pursue
action on oceans and coasts have been negotiated and/or
the sustainable development of oceans and coasts and to
come into force; (b) there have been evolving new approach-
integrate global approaches with local ones.
es to ecosystem management; (c) regional instruments and
programs continue to develop; (d) new actions have been
undertaken by national authorities; and (e) considerable dis-
C. Capacity Building for Governance of
cussion on international mechanisms for cooperation on
Ocean and Coastal Areas
oceans issues has taken place.
Constraints and Challenges
Issue
Despite considerable progress, persistent challenges still
Scientific advances and technology development will con-
remain. At the global level, there is a need to consider to devel-
tinue to open untapped potential for use of coastal, offshore
op new instruments in some cases and to ensure full
and Exclusive Economic Zones, and deep ocean areas. Yet our
ratification, full implementation, and enforcement, as well as
understanding of the role and vulnerability of these resources
harmonization of multilateral agreements on oceans and
and habitats is still limited. All countries, rich and poor, lack
coastal areas and greater cooperation and coordination of inter-
the needed capacity to manage even the existing level of
governmental institutions. Regionally and nationally, there is a
development in a well-integrated way.
need to harmonize coastal and ocean activities through inte-
Thus the capacity of local and national governments to
grated frameworks for the planning and management of coastal
apply effective institutional and legal frameworks for integrat-
areas and exclusive economic zones. At all levels, there is a need
ed coastal and ocean management must be strengthened. This
to achieve greater transparency, participation, and accountabil-
will enable them to pursue opportunities for economic devel-
ity in decision making on oceans and coasts.
opment in the coasts and oceans while protecting their
ecological integrity and biodiversity. It will require, among
other things, raising public awareness of coastal and ocean
issues, the re-targeting of financial assistance to take into
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
account lessons learned from experience, and building of the
Key Recommendations (C)
capacity of the educational institutions of coastal nations.
3.1
Involve both the national and subnational levels of
Capacity building is required within governments, local com-
government in the development and implementation of
munities, and NGOs, as well as to enable effective
integrated coastal management programs, avoiding exclu-
involvement of the private sector.
sive reliance on pilot projects which often do not "scale
Vision
up" to include other parts of the coastal zone.
Integrated ocean and coastal and management should be
3.2
Increase the capacity of local governments and
promoted as an effective framework that facilitates good gov-
community-based groups to manage coastal and marine
ernance, especially by increasing accountability, transparency
areas with appropriate scientific inputs and participatory
in decision making, as well as the alleviation of poverty
processes.
through ensuring alternative sustainable livelihood options
3.3
Take decisive actions to ensure effective manage-
for local coastal communities, and enhancing food and eco-
ment measures for the coastal areas of each nation, moving
nomic security. To this end, enabling conditions for
from the implementation of demonstration projects to a
investment opportunities within the context of sustainable
more complete coverage of each nation's coastline, by com-
development must be established (Working Group 5 Report).
mitting to working toward the following targets:
Achievements
­ 20% of national coastlines under management by 2012
Since 1992, there have been increased interventions in
­ 60% of national coastlines under management by 2022
coastal and marine resource management worldwide, both in
­ 100% of national coastlines under management by 2032
the formulation and improvement of policy and institutions,
3.4
Promote the formulation of policies for the man-
and in the design and implementation of management pro-
agement of exclusive economic zones (EEZ) as a new
grams and projects. As noted earlier, there are currently close
frontier to maximize the economic return from ocean
to 100 coastal nations that have developed some type of inte-
resources, in particular through the development of com-
grated ocean or coastal management initiatives either at
mon visions for sustainable development across all ocean
national or local levels, indicating almost a doubling of effort
sectors using an ecosystem-based approach and the setting
since UNCED. It is significant to note that most initiatives in
of national and regional ocean management objectives and
less developed nations have been supported by the donor
priorities.
community, often as a means of addressing serious poverty
3.5
Encourage donors to create synergy among many
problems in coastal areas.
"single issue" projects (such as biodiversity, coastal erosion)
Constraints and Challenges
funded by multiple donors in the same national context
which often operate with few connections among them,
Notwithstanding the extensive institutional development
and to weave these into a comprehensive coastal manage-
that has taken place, along most coasts, the environmental
ment effort.
trends remain negative. Human activities have, and continue
to significantly reduce the capacity of coastal ecosystems to
3.6
Promote good practice and performance measure-
produce the goods and services that together are the life sup-
ment standards for donor-funded projects in integrated
port system for increasing populations and intensities of
coastal management and encourage progress and account-
coastal use. Not only are the qualities of the natural environ-
ability at all levels.
ment under assault, but so are the health and well being of
3.7
Improve the interconnection between education
millions of people who depend on coastal resources as their
and training in integrated coastal management to allow for
primary source of food and income. Numerous efforts have
more systematic capacity building in the field. To this end,
been undertaken, but integrated coastal management at the
donors and governments should consider the establish-
local scale will not flourish unless national governments pro-
ment of regional consortia of local universities on
vide national enabling conditions, including policy,
integrated coastal management.
legislation, and coordinating mechanisms. Success in scaling
3.8
Promote the development of Regional Partnership
up integrated coastal management and successful sustained
aimed at improving the management of coastal and marine
local efforts require governance systems that can produce
resources,
following
successful
cooperation models
mutually reinforcing and integrated planning and decision-
such as the African Process for the Development and
making that ranges from individual communities to
Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment in Sub-
provinces, nations, and to collaborative regional efforts.
Saharan Africa recently endorsed by the Summit of
the Organization of African States and the African
Regional Preparatory Process for WSSD.
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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
D. Protection of Coastal and Marine Areas
while the oceans comprise over 70% of the earth's surface, less
and Biodiversity
than 1% of the marine environment is within protected areas,
compared with nearly 9% of the land surface, and manage-
Issue
ment of these areas is mixed, many are only "paper parks."
Also, fisheries and aquaculture and MPA communities often
Coastal and marine biodiversity are subject to increasing
have little interaction and efforts are needed to better inte-
pressures from multiple and often competing human activi-
grate MPAs in ICM programs.
ties. The diversity of coastal and marine species is declining or
under threat of extinction: out of 126 species of marine mam-
mals, 88 are on the threatened species list and 70% of the
Key Recommendations (D)
world coral reefs are threatened.
4.1
Consider a timetable and specific resource commit-
Vision
ments to further implement the Jakarta mandate on
marine and coastal biodiversity under the CBD.
The conservation of coastal and marine biodiversity
requires the involvement of all interested parties, the adoption
4.2
Develop an internationally accepted marine biodi-
of the ecosystem approach in resource management, and a
versity classification system for the marine realm that
variety of measures, including the establishment of networks
supports the development of a rationale for MPA systems
of marine protected areas and no-take zones incorporated into
within jurisdictions.
integrated coastal management and fisheries management
4.3
Establish and expand a comprehensive global repre-
strategies.
sentative network of marine protected areas that includes
regional and national systems of highly protected/no take
Accomplishments
areas for the maintenance of connectivity and corridors.
In the last decade, the Convention on Biological Diversity
4.4
Ensure the effectiveness of existing MPAs through
has established itself as the recognized forum for the develop-
the development and application of performance measures
ment of policy measures for biodiversity, reinforced, for the
coastal and marine component, by the Jakarta Mandate and
4.5
Incorporate marine protected areas into an overall
the promotion of ICM as a governance framework. The 2000
integrated coastal and ocean management system using
Cartagena Protocol attached to the CBD addresses issues with
the social sciences to enhance the participatory process,
genetically modified organisms. Other achievements include
and assess and address impacts on local human communi-
the establishment of a clearinghouse mechanism, the 1995
ties.
Global Biodiversity Assessment, the 1995 International Coral
4.6
Consider establishing MPAs or special conservation
Reef Initiative, and the 2001 Ecosystem Assessment. Increased
areas in the high seas in areas under threat, such as
use of coastal and marine protected areas (MPAs) for biodiver-
seamounts.
sity conservation and fisheries management is to be lauded,
but it remains inadequately applied at the ecosystem level.
Currently, there are more than 1,300 MPAs in the world.
Increasingly, MPAs are being created as part of systems of
coastal management ­ a key tenet of national ocean policy
planning ­ moving beyond MPAs as isolated islands of con-
servation to work at the watershed and ecosystem scale.
Constraints and Challenges
Despite the concentration of efforts and resources in data
collection and processing, there is yet no sufficient informa-
tion and knowledge on coastal and marine biodiversity to
properly inform decision-making. Consumption patterns and
anthropogenic pressures continue to grow with little promise
for reversing the trend. The increasing reliance on coastal and
marine resources creates a feedback loop that harms both
communities and the richness of species. The management of
coastal and marine resources is still prevailingly sectoral,
which impedes the consideration of biodiversity as a crosscut-
ting theme in development instruments. The integration of
the CBD into the WTO process to reflect the real value of eco-
logical processes and the role of species in maintaining them
remains insufficient. Concerning marine protected areas,
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
E. Monitoring and Assessment of the
coordinated action. Some of these are the Global Ocean
Marine Environment
Observing System (GOOS)­introduced by the IOC in 1991 and
co-sponsored by WMO and UNEP; the Global Coral Reef
Issue
Monitoring Network (GCRMN); the UNEP Regional Seas
Program; the Large Marine Ecosystems (LME) projects; and the
Coastal ecosystems are increasingly and inadvertently
Global International Water Assessment (GIWA). There have
being altered by human activities. The production of food and
been three major conceptual advances in coastal science. First,
energy and the pressures of human population are directly
humans are now thought of as forming an integral compo-
linked to these alterations and some attempts at direct manip-
nent of the ecology and function of ecosystems. Second, the
ulation of the coastal as well as open ocean environments are
water continuum of river basin catchments into the coastal
now underway without adequate management and regula-
ocean has been identified as a fundamental unit for coastal
tion. The world ocean plays a fundamental role in controlling
assessment and management. Third, the ecosystem approach
atmospheric climate. In turn, climate variability and global
to management has been developed and is an important con-
climate change affect human activities and the marine envi-
sideration in managing coastal areas. New monitoring tools
ronment. The effective management of coastal and oceanic
are also in place now, from molecular-level assays to space
ecosystems in this changing environment will require the
platform observations. Specific international programs that
causes and effects of these changes to be fully understood.
have made great significant strides since UNCED including
Eighty percent of marine pollution comes from land-based
the IGBP program which is completing its first 10-year stage
sources. In the developing world, more than 90% of sewage
assessment of global change with several core projects address-
and 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into sur-
ing the coastal zone and the marine environment. The Global
face waters where they pollute water supplies and coastal
Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
waters. It is thus important to recognize that the health of
Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA), adopted in
oceans and coasts is directly linked to the proper management
1995, provides the major programmatic framework for
of river basins, including freshwater flows to the marine envi-
addressing anthropogenic sources of marine pollution.
ronment.
Constraints and Challenges
Vision
Additional efforts must be undertaken to jointly address
A major challenge for the next decade is formulation and
the problems of fresh water and coastal and marine pollution
implementation of comprehensive environmental policies for
from land-based activities. For a more effective implementa-
integrated management of the marine environment and its
tion of the GPA and advancement of ocean governance,
natural resources. Meeting this challenge requires (a) signifi-
coordination and cooperation among the many different
cant advances in the acquisition, analysis, and synthesis of
institutions and economic sectors, as well as additional finan-
interdisciplinary environmental data, and (b) the establish-
cial resources are required. A global assessment of the marine
ment of mechanisms to enhance the exchange of data and
environment is urgently needed, bringing sectoral assess-
information between the science and management communi-
ments together in an integrated way and forecasting changes
ties. A central element is the implementation of an
in ocean/coastal uses and their implications. The development
operational observing system that is adequate for the detec-
of environmental, socio-economic, and program performance
tion of changes occurring in the marine environment from
indicators is also needed to assess the effectiveness of coastal
estuaries to the deep sea and the development and application
and ocean management programs.
of modeling and forecasting techniques to achieve operational
capabilities analogous to weather prediction (Working Group
Key Recommendations (E)
3 Report).
5.1
Develop a periodic, comprehensive global report on
Ecosystem approaches that link management of river
the State of Oceans and Development building on existing
basins to marine ecosystems, such as the Global Programme of
regional and sectoral efforts. This report should anticipate
Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from
and plan for emerging ocean and coastal issues, such as off-
Land-Based Activities, must be effectively implemented. This
shore aquaculture and bioprospecting of marine genetic
is especially important in the context of coastal megacities
resources.
(70% of cities over 8 million people are coastal), such as Lagos,
Nigeria--where 65% of the estimated 13.4 million people live
5.2
To support the global assessment, implement an
in poverty.
operational observing system that is adequate to detect
changes occurring in the marine environment from estuar-
Accomplishments
ies to the deep sea and the development and application of
Success has been achieved in several different areas since
modeling and forecasting technique to achieve operational
the Earth Summit. A number of initiatives have been taken by
capabilities analogous to weather prediction.
the intergovernmental agencies, which will provide a frame-
work for the global application of scientifically based and
16

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
5.3
Advance the scientific understanding of interac-
Achievements
tions among marine, terrestrial and atmospheric systems
From the review of current policy for small islands, it is
and of how human activities influence these interactions
clear that there have been some successful approaches to
through synthesis and improved understanding of: (a) the
addressing their pressing environmental and sustainable
ocean-climate system, and of (b) coastal systems that are
development concerns. These include: community-centered
affected by the ocean-climate system and land-based
environmental initiatives; improved coordination at national
human activities.
and, in particular, regional levels; increased capacity in the
5.4
Improve the linkage between science and manage-
public sector to deal with environmental issues; increased
ment through partnerships that enable more effective use
awareness within communities and increasing participation;
and exchange of data and information to the benefit of
and a strengthened regional legal framework to deal with
communities and society as a whole, by including, inter
common environmental concerns (Working Group 7 Report).
alia, the socio-economic aspects of marine pollution and
physical degradation in the State of the Oceans and
Constraints and Challenges
Development report, and through the development of envi-
The following constraints or impediments to the sustain-
ronmental and socio-economic indicators measuring the
able development of small islands can be recognized: (a) lack
performance of management actions related to oceans and
of capacity at the national and community levels; (b) frag-
coasts.
mented institutional arrangements with a lack of vertical and
5.5
Support the implementation and financing of the
horizontal integration across marine sectors; (c) inconsistent
Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
short and long-term goals that do not safeguard the rights of
Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities.
future generations; (d) sustainable development strategies in
the framework of climate change and globalization; (e) aid
dependency; (f) use of geopolitical conflicts to underpin sup-
F. Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
port for developing countries; (g) donor-driven relationship
between official development assistance (ODA) which is
Issue
declining and direct foreign investment which is growing,
with consequent inequitable distribution of benefits; and (h)
Both Agenda 21 and the 1994 Barbados Programme of
connection between poverty reduction and sustainable devel-
Action highlight the fact that islands are faced with the great-
opment ­ poverty reduction should not simply be a shift from
est complexities and challenges of sustainable development.
subsistence to cash economies since increase in power to con-
One of the most useful definitions of the challenge is found in
sume has no connection with sustainable development
Agenda 21 that recognized "Small Island Developing States,
(Working Group 7 Report).
and islands supporting small communities are a special case
both for environment and development. They are ecological-
ly fragile and vulnerable. Their small size, limited resources,
Key Recommendations (F)
geographic dispersion and isolation from markets, place
6.1
Integrate economic, environmental, and social vul-
them at a disadvantage economically and prevent economies
nerability factors into a vulnerability index with special
of scale."
applicability to SIDS.
Vision
6.2
Secure greater and sustainable returns from ocean
resources through improved domestic policies and legisla-
To make progress to reverse the trends, a vision for the sus-
tion, improved terms of trade in ocean resources, and
tainable development of small islands is needed based on:
higher levels of domestic and foreign investment.
replacing the conventional concept of economic growth with
that of human development; emphasizing self sufficiency and
6.3
Build capacity for the sound management of the
domestic and inter-regional markets before international; pro-
exclusive economic zones of Small Island Developing
moting in-country value-adding to products and processes;
States.
harnessing investment in coastal and marine areas to provide
6.4
Call for Barbados +10 to be convened as a full and
equitable opportunities to improved livelihoods; reviewing
comprehensive review to focus on achievements, con-
aid practices to ensure full involvement of stakeholders in the
straints and new initiatives necessary to significantly
conceptualization and design of both large and small projects;
advance sustainable development within SIDS.
increasing the amount of, and access to, `small project funds'
as these represent useful amounts of money; improving cross-
sectoral integration at the regional level; developing a code of
ethics for donors; and encouraging inter-regional exchanges
between civil society.
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
G. Emerging issues
Constraints and Challenges
Some of the emerging issues in oceans and coasts have not
Issue
yet been addressed by the existing governance and manage-
In addition to the persistent challenges posed by global and
ment frameworks. International, regional, and national
regional ocean governance, new issues are emerging, and oth-
governance frameworks should develop, as appropriate, by
ers are evolving that will need to be addressed. Emerging
revising existing or by creating new legal instruments and
issues can be identified in five main clusters. (a) Population-
measures to address emerging issues, including those beyond
related and societal issues such as management of coastal
national jurisdiction. The use of codes of conduct, protocols,
megacities and consideration of gender and indigenous people
and charters should be considered. Among the most pressing
issues; (b) Environment-related issues, such as expanding
issues are the management of the genetic resources of the deep
pathways for emergent diseases and invasive species which
seabed and the possible establishment of marine protected
may affect marine species, human health, and the environ-
areas in the high seas to protect especially vulnerable areas.
ment. (c) Issues related to trade and to marine
industry-related issues, such as addressing conflicts between
Key Recommendations (G)
world trade and sustainable development of marine resources;
impacts of tourism on marine environments; decommission-
7.1
Consider international instruments or voluntary
ing of offshore platforms; megaships and expansion of ports,
guidelines to manage access to and exploitation of the
and recycling of ships; (d) Issues linked with new uses of the
genetic resources of the deep seabed (for example, through
sea such as the exploration of the genetic resources of the deep
protocols in the form of a protocol or voluntary guidelines
seabed, the protection of underwater cultural heritage, the
attached to the CBD and/or to UNCLOS).
expansion of offshore aquaculture, and marine eco-tourism;
7.2
Address the human health issues posed by geneti-
(e) Issues associated with security and peace, as well as with
cally modified organisms through the ratification and
combating piracy and other crimes at sea such as drug traf-
implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
ficking and the smuggling of migrants (Working Group 1 and
attached to the CBD and the control of alien and invasive
Secretariat Background document 2001).
species.
Vision
7.3
Address issues in the high seas, including consider-
ing the establishment of marine protected areas in deep
The international community needs to develop the capaci-
hydrothermal vent areas and the conservation of sensitive
ty to assess and anticipate trends in the use of ocean and
habitats such as seamounts.
coastal resources and areas, such as through the establishment
of a State of Oceans and Development report. Emerging
trends and their implications should also be the subject of dis-
cussion at international forums bringing together
governments, NGOs, and IGOs.
Achievements
Progress can be reported in the development of governance
and management frameworks of some of the above areas. For
example, the GPA has adopted the Strategic Action Plan of
Municipal Wastewater, which can improve the environmental
and health conditions of urban coastal waters. Rules and stan-
dards for the decommissioning and disposal of offshore
installations have been adopted under the London
Convention. The International Maritime Organization (IMO),
the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are attempting to
develop guidelines for the re-cycling of ships. UNESCO has
adopted a Convention for the Protection of the Underwater
Cultural Heritage. IMO has adopted Guidelines on
Management of Ships' Ballast Waters and is working on a
Draft International Convention for the Control of Alien
Organisms and Pathogens in Ships' Ballast Waters.
18

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
SUMMARY OF MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 2 provides a summary of the major recommendations of this
report of the Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio+10.
Table 2--Summary of major recommendations
Issue Recommendations

Poverty reduction
1.1 Establish and implement programs in integrated coastal and ocean management to
guide development opportunities in coastal areas of developing countries while
and healthier coastal
maintaining or achieving environmental quality.
communities
1.2 Target donor aid more explicitly to achieve poverty reduction/public health
improvement in developing countries, such as, for example:
--Encourage the GEF to analyze how project proposals funded under the GEF will
address poverty alleviation/public health gains.
--Encourage donors to set up a "Small Project Fund" for addressing ocean and
coastal issues. "Small grants" of usually less than $25,000 per project can be useful
sources for: (a) capacity building, particularly among local authorities and non-
governmental organizations; (b) dissemination of good practice; (c) preparation of
larger project proposals; and (d) demonstration projects to promote sustainable
livelihoods.
1.3 Recognize sustainable aquaculture and responsible fisheries as parallel and essential
elements of a common strategy to ensure global seafood security and fill the supply
gap forecasted for the next decade.
1.4 Focus on innovative approaches to small-scale fisheries and aquaculture, empower-
ing the sector, establishing fishing rights including access to necessary infrastruc-
ture to support livelihoods and tenure systems, integrating fisheries into coastal
management, and taking account of the interactions and compatibilities between
aquaculture and harvest fisheries.
1.5
Support the implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection
of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities, and in particular the
Strategic Action Plan on Municipal Wastewater.
1.6
Prevent destruction, loss of human lives and associated costs through appropriate
forecasting, early warning, prevention, preparedness, and mitigation measures of
ocean-related natural disasters.
2.1 Develop a common Global Vision for Oceans, Seas, and Coasts which provides the
Implementation
goals and objectives for the governance of the oceans and coasts, to which the
and compliance
multitude of international regulatory regimes and institutions contribute.
with international
2.2
Promote transparency, participation, and accountability in decision-making on
oceans and coasts at all levels.
agreements
2.3 Undertake a broad diplomatic process for wider ratification and implementation of
multilateral agreements related to oceans and coasts (such as UNCLOS, Fish Stocks
Agreement, etc.), and develop strategies for ensuring peace and security of oceans
and coasts, including peaceful settlement of ocean disputes.
2.4 Promote joint implementation of clusters of international legal instruments and
programs addressing oceans at global, regional and national levels, through, for
example: memoranda of understanding among governing bodies, joint work of
scientific bodies, joint consideration of related agreements, and joint work pro-
grams.
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Issue Recommendations

2.5 Streamline national reporting around clusters of international legal instruments
Implementation
and programs addressing oceans to ease countries' reporting burdens.
and compliance
2.6 Encourage the creation of national ocean and coastal councils to formulate
with international
national policies on oceans and coasts and to implement, in a coordinated fash-
ion, clusters of international agreements on oceans and coasts.
agreements
2.7 Regional scales of ocean governance should be recognized and promoted as an
Continued...
essential approach to pursue the sustainable development of oceans and coasts
and to integrate global approaches with local ones.
3.1 Involve both the national and subnational levels of government in the develop-
Capacity building
ment and implementation of integrated coastal management programs, avoiding
for governance
exclusive reliance on pilot projects which often do not "scale up" to include other
parts of the coastal zone.
of ocean and
3.2 Increase the capacity of local governments and community-based groups to man-
coastal areas
age coastal and marine areas with appropriate scientific inputs and participatory
processes.
3.3 Take decisive actions to ensure effective management measures for the coastal
areas of each nation, moving from the implementation of demonstration projects
to a more complete coverage of each nation's coastline, by working toward com-
mitting to the following targets:
­ 20% of national coastlines under management by 2012
­ 60% of national coastlines under management by 2022
­ 100% of national coastlines under management by 2032
3.4 Promote the formulation of policies for the management of exclusive economic
zones (EEZ) as a new frontier to maximize the economic return from ocean
resources, in particular through the development of common visions for sustain-
able development across all ocean sectors using an ecosystem-based approach and
the setting of national and regional ocean management objectives and priorities.
3.5 Encourage donors to create synergy among many "single issue" projects (such as
biodiversity, coastal erosion) funded by multiple donors in the same national con-
text which often operate with few connections among them, and to weave these
into a comprehensive coastal management effort.
3.6 Promote good practice and performance measurement standards for donor-funded
projects in integrated coastal management and encourage progress and accounta-
bility at all levels.
3.7 Improve the interconnection between education and training in integrated coastal
management to allow for more systematic capacity building in the field. To this
end, donors and governments should consider the establishment of regional con-
sortia of local universities on integrated coastal management.
3.8 Promote the development of Regional Partnerships aimed at improving the man-
agement of coastal and marine resource, following successful cooperation models
such as the African Process for the Development and Protection of the Coastal and
Marine Environment in Sub-Saharan Africa recently endorsed by the OAU Summit
and the African Regional Preparatory Process for WSSD.
20

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Issue Recommendations

4.1
Consider a timetable and specific resource commitments to further implement
Protection of coastal
the Jakarta mandate on marine and coastal biodiversity under the CBD.
and marine areas
4.2 Develop an internationally accepted marine biodiversity classification system for
and biodiversity
the marine realm that supports the development of a rationale for MPA systems
within jurisdictions.
4.3 Establish and expand a comprehensive global representative network of marine
protected areas that includes regional and national systems of highly
protected/no take areas for the maintenance of connectivity and corridors.
4.4 Ensure the effectiveness of existing MPAs through the development and applica-
tion of performance measures.
4.5 Incorporate marine protected areas into an overall integrated coastal and ocean
management system using the social sciences to enhance the participatory
process, and assess and address impacts on local human communities.
4.6 Consider establishing MPAs or special conservation areas in the high seas in areas
under threat, such as seamounts.
5.1
Develop a periodic, comprehensive global report on the State of Oceans and
Monitoring and
Development, building on existing regional and sectoral efforts. This report should
assessment of the
anticipate and plan for emerging ocean and coastal issues, such as offshore aqua-
culture and bioprospecting of marine genetic resources.
marine environment
5.2 To support the global assessment, implement an operational observing system
that is adequate to detect changes occurring in the marine environment from
estuaries to the deep sea and the development and application of modeling and
forecasting techniques to achieve operational capabilities analogous to weather
prediction.
5.3 Advance the scientific understanding of interactions among marine, terrestrial
and atmospheric systems and of how human activities influence these interac-
tions through synthesis and improved understanding of: (a) the ocean-climate
system, and of (b) coastal systems that are affected by the ocean-climate system
and land-based human activities.
5.4
Improve the linkage between science and management through partnerships that
enable more effective use and exchange of data and information to the benefit of
communities and society as a whole, by including, inter alia, the socio-economic
aspects of marine pollution and physical degradation in the State of the Oceans
and Development report, and in particular through the development of environ-
mental and socio-economic indicators measuring the performance of manage-
ment actions related to oceans and coasts.
5.5
Support the implementation and financing of the Global Programme of Action
for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities.
6.1 Integrate economic, environmental, and social vulnerability factors into a vulner-
Small island
ability index with special applicability to SIDS.
developing states
6.2
Secure greater and sustainable returns from ocean resources through improved
domestic policies and legislation, improved terms of trade in ocean resources, and
higher levels of domestic and foreign investment.
21

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Issue Recommendations

6.3 Build capacity for the sound management of the exclusive economic zones of
Small island
Small Island Developing States.
developing states
6.4 Call for Barbados +10 to be convened as a full and comprehensive review to focus
Continued...
on achievements, constraints and new initiatives necessary to significantly
advance sustainable development within SIDS.
7.1 Consider international instruments or voluntary guidelines to manage access to and
Emerging issues
exploitation of the genetic resources of the deep seabed (for example, in the form of
a protocol or voluntary guidelines attached to the CBD and/or to UNCLOS).
7.2 Address the human health issues posed by genetically modified organisms through
the ratification and implementation of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
attached to the CBD and the control of alien and invasive species.
7.3 Address issues in the high seas, including considering the establishment of marine
protected areas in deep hydrothermal vent areas and the conservation of sensitive
habitats such as seamounts.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Conference wishes to transmit a sense of urgency to the WSSD
for addressing the issues surrounding the sustainable development of oceans and
coasts. Participants at the Conference generally agreed that we are in a critical situ-
ation of declining trends that requires immediate actions by nations and governing
bodies worldwide. This sense of urgency and priority was corroborated in ministe-
rial statements, as well as by non-governmental, governmental, and international
experts, scientists, commercial fishing, and industrial representatives attending the
meeting. It is essential that we link economic development, social welfare, and
resource conservation in order to achieve sustainability of oceans and coasts. The
Conference issues an urgent call to action to decision makers in the WSSD process
to develop a detailed action plan for the sustainable development of the world's
oceans and coasts.
22

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
7. REFERENCES
Rivera-Arriaga, E. 2001. "Patterns and Consequences of
Donor Aid in Integrated Coastal Management in Latin
Bax, N. and Aguero, M. 2001. "Introduced Marine Pests:
America." Conference background paper.
A Threat to Global Biodiversity." Conference paper.
Seitzinger, S.P. and C. Kroeze. 1998. Global distribution of
Cicin-Sain, B. and Bernal, P. 2001. "Ten Years of Agenda 21:
nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and
Assessment of Progress, New Issues, Challenges, and
coastal marine ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycles,
Opportunities." Conference introduction paper.
12(1): 93-113.
Cicin-Sain, B., et al. 2001. "Global and Regional Trends in
Sorensen, J. 1993. "The International Proliferation of
Efforts at Integrated Coastal Management." Conference
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Efforts." Ocean &
paper.
Coastal Management 21 (1-3): 3-41.
Conference Secretariat 2001. Background papers prepared for
UN. 1992. Agenda 21. New York: UN.
conference discussion.
UN. 2000. Oceans and Seas--Report of the Secretary-
Ehler, C. 2001. "Global Status and Issues in Marine Protected
General. A/55/61. New York: UN.
Areas." Conference paper.
UN. 2001. Oceans and Seas--Report of the Secretary-
FAO. 2000. State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture.
General. E/CN.17/2001/PC/16. New York: UN.
Rome: FAO.
UNEP. 2001. Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts
Fortes, M. 2001. "Loss of Seagrasses and Mangroves in Asia-
on the Development of Guidelines on Compliance and
Pacific: Biting the Hand that Feeds." Conference paper.
Enforcement of Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Freestone, D. 2001. "Harmonization of International
(Nairobi, 22-26 October 2001),
Agreements on Oceans and Coasts." Conference paper.
http://www.unep.org/DEPI/Compliance-and-
Enforcement/Final%20Report%20of%20October%20Mee
GEF. 2001. http://www.gefweb.org.
ting.doc
GESAMP. 2001. A Sea of Troubles. Reports and Studies no.
Wilkinson, C. 2001. "The World's Coral Reefs Have Declined
70. London: GESAMP.
Since 1992: Radical Action is Now Required."
Hewawasam, I. 2001. "Integrated Coastal Management in
Conference paper.
Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons Learned and Strategic
Working Group 1. 2001. Report on "Harmonizing
Directions." Conference paper.
International Agreements, Governance Improvements,
IOC. 1999. IOC-SOA International Workshop on Coastal
Regional Perspectives, and Emerging Issues." Conference
Megacities--Challenges of Growing Urbanisation of the
materials.
World's Coastal Areas. IOC Workshop report no. 166.
Working Group 2. 2001. Report on "Targeting Donor Aid and
Paris: IOC.
Private Sector." Conference materials.
IPCC. 2001. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change:
Working Group 3. 2001. Report on "Assessing and Managing
An Assessment of Vulnerability. Edited by Robert T.
the Marine Environment." Conference materials.
Watson, Marufu C. Zinyowera, Richard H. Moss, and
David J. Dokken. Geneva: IPCC.
Working Group 4. 2001. Report on "Marine Protected Areas
and Biodiversity." Conference materials.
Kimball, L. 2001. "Strengthening Regional Ocean
Governance." Conference paper.
Working Group 5. 2001. Report on "Integrated Ocean and
Coastal Management." Conference materials.
King, P. 2001. "Role of Asian Development Bank in
Promoting Ocean and Coastal Development."
Working Group 6. 2001. Report on "Sustainable Fisheries and
Conference paper.
Aquaculture." Conference materials.
Kroeze, C. and S. P. Seitzinger. 1998. Nitrogen inputs to
Working Group 7. 2001. Report on "Small Island
rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related
Perspectives." Conference materials.
nitrous oxide emissions in 1990 and 2050: a global
Working Group 8. 2001. "Capacity Building." Conference
model. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 52: 195-212.
materials.
Mabudafhasi, R. 2001. "Closing Remarks: Towards
WRI. 2001. Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems--Coastal
Johannesburg 2002." Conference closing speech.
Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: WRI.
Marsh, E., et al. 2001. "Strategies for Conserving Marine
Mammals." Conference paper.
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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio +10
Towards the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg
List of Participants
Mr. Thorkild Aarup
Dr. Franco Andaloro
Mr. Larry Awosika
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Research Director
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography
Commission
Central Institute for Marine
and Marine Research
Paris, France
Applied Research
Lagos, Nigeria
Rome, Italy
Dr. Gayatri Acharya
Dr. Rhodora Azanza
World Bank Institute
Ms. Melissa Anderson
Professor
Washington, D.C., USA
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Marine Science Institute
Commission
University of the Philippines
Mr. Tim Adams
Paris, France
Quezon City, Philippines
Secretariat of the Pacific Community
Noumea, New Caledonia
Mr. Nelson Andrade
Dr. Isaac Azuz-Adeath
Coordinator
CETYS-University
Ms. Lorena Aguilar Revelo
UNEP Caribbean Environment
Mexico
Senior Gender Advisor
Programme
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Kingston, Jamaica
Ms. Nelia Badilla Forest
San José, Costa Rica
University of California-Berkeley
Mr. Francisco Arias Isaza
Berkeley, CA. USA
Mr. Justin Ahanhanzo
Director General
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Marine and Coastal Research Institute
Mr. Francois Bailet
Commission
of Colombia (INVEMAR)
International Ocean Institute
Paris, France
Santa Marta, Colombia
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Dr. T. Olatunde Ajayi
Dr. Salvatore Aricò
Director
Liaison with the Secretariat of the CBD
Ms. Miriam Balgos
Nigerian Institute for Oceanography
Man and the Biosphere Programme,
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
and Marine Research
UNESCO
University of Delaware
Lagos, Nigeria
Paris, France
Newark, DE, USA
Dr. Rolf Akesson
Mr. Zainal Arifin
Dr. Rhoda Ballinger
Ministry for Agriculture and Fisheries
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Cardiff University
Stockholm, Sweden
Jakarta, Indonesia
Cardiff, United Kingdom
Mr. Robert Koami Akpabli
Dr. Josef Aschbacher
Dr. Manuel Barange
Environmental Manager
Coordinator
Plymouth Marine Laboratory
Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft
European Space Agency (ESA)
Plymouth, United Kingdom
Bremen, Germany
Paris, France
Dr. Charles Barber
Dr. Bernardo Aliaga
Mr. Stefán Ásmundsson
Vice President
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Legal Advisor in International Law
International Marinelife Alliance
Commission
Ministry of Fisheries
Honolulu, HI, USA
Paris, France
Reykjavik, Iceland
Mr. Julian Barbière
Dr. Maria Fátima Alves
Dr. Milton Asmus
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Researcher
Dean for Research and Graduate Studies,
Commission
Universidade de Aveiro
Department of Oceanography
Paris, France
Aveiro, Portugal
Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Ms. Tonya Barnes
Mr. Jens Ambsdorf
Writer/Editor
Executive Director
Ms. Margarita Astrálaga
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
Lighthouse Foundation
Regional Coordinator for the Americas
New York, NY, USA
Hamburg, Germany
Ramsar Convention Bureau
Gland, Switzerland
Mr. Philippe Barré
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Paris, France
24

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Ms. Sophie Bastien-Daigle
Mr. Raphael Bille
Mr. Leo Brewster
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Ph.D. candidate
Deputy Director
Monchon, Canada
École Nationale du Genie Rural
Coastal Zone Management Unit
des Eaux et Forets (ENGREF)
St. Michael, Barbados
Ms. Sapna Batish
Paris, France
Sea Grant Fellow
Dr. Peter Bridgewater
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Professor Patricia Birnie
Director, Division of Ecological Sciences
Administration (NOAA)
Visiting Fellow
UNESCO
Silver Spring, MD, USA
London School for Economics and
Paris, France
Political Science
Mr. Jay Batongbacal
London, United Kingdom
Mr. Philip Burgess
Philippine Center for Marine Affairs, Inc.
Director, Marine and International
Quezon City, Philippines
Mr. Byron Blake
Environment Australia
Assistant Secretary-General
Canberra, ACT, Australia
Mr. Bruno Bautil
CARICOM
Consultant
Georgetown, Guyana
Mr. Hermien C. Busschbach
Grez-Doiceau, Belgium
International Water Policy Advisor
Mr. Joao Lanari Bo
Ministry of Transport, Public Works
Dr. Nic Bax
Conselheiro
and Water Management
Centre for Research on
Brazil Delegation to UNESCO
The Hague, The Netherlands
Introduced Marine Pests
Brazil
Hobart, Tasmania , Australia
Dr. Paula Caballero
Mr. Patrice Boned
Advisory Committee on Protection
Dr. Reginald Beach
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
of the Sea (ACOPS)
Associate Director for Ocean
Commission
Bogota, Colombia
Atmosphere and Space
Paris, France
Office for Naval Research
Mr. Etienne Cailliau
London, United Kingdom
Ms. Virginie Bonnet
International Hydrographic
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Organization
Mr. Stefano Belfiore
Commission
Brest, France
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Paris, France
University of Delaware
Dr. Fabiana Callegari
Newark, DE, USA
Ms. Roberta Boscolo
Universita degli Studi di Genova
International CLIVAR Program Office
Genoa, Italy
Ms. Kathy Belpaeme
Southampton, United Kingdom
Province of West Flanders
Mr. Patrick Canel
Brugge, Belgium
Ms. Yvonne Bouquet
Sr. Urban Management Specialist
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
World Bank Institute
Dr. Leah Bendell-Young
Commission
Washington, D.C., USA
Associate Professor
Paris, France
Simon Fraser University
Mr. Robert Canning
Burnaby, B.C., Canada
Mr. Michel Bourgeot
Department of Environment,
Interpreter
Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)
Dr. Patricio Bernal
Paris, France
London, United Kingdom
Executive Secretary
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Mr. Jean-Pierre Boyer
Dr. Gillian Cambers
Commission
Secretary General
University of Puerto Rico
Paris, France
French Commission for UNESCO
Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Paris, France
Dr. Barbara Best
Mrs. Virginia Chadwick
Coastal Resource and Policy Advisor
Ms. Sarah Brandel
The Great Barrier Reef Marine
U.S. Agency for International
U.S. Senior Arctic Official
Park Authority
Development
U.S. Department of State
Townsville, QLD, Australia
Washington, D.C., USA
Washington, D.C., USA
Dr. Young-Tae Chang
Ms. Diénaba Beye
Ms. Charlotte Breide
Korea Maritime Institute
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Maritime Lawyer
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Commission
DJ Freeman Solicitors
Paris, France
London, United Kingdom
Dr. Russell Chapman
Louisiana State University
USA
25

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain
Dr. John Cullen
Dr. Piero De Bonis
Director, Center for the
Killam Professor of Oceanography
Italian National Agency for
Study of Marine Policy
Dalhousie University
New Technology, Energy and the
University of Delaware, USA
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Environment (ENEA)
Portici, Italy
Ms. Sally Cochran
Ms. Valerie Cummins
U.S. Department Of State
University of Cork
Mr. Alexandre Defay
Washington, D.C., USA
Cork, Ireland
Conseiller Diplomatique
Ministère de la Recherche
Dr. Yuval Cohen
Mr. Olivier da Silva
Paris, France
Director General
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Israel Oceanographic and
Commission
Mr. Francis Dejon
Limnological Research
Paris, France
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
Haifa, Israel
New York, NY, USA
Dr. Niels Daan
Ms. Muriel Cole
Netherlands Institute for Fisheries
Mr. Richard Delaney
National Oceanic and
Research
Director, Urban Harbors Institute
Atmospheric Administration
Ijmuiden, The Netherlands
University of Massachusetts, Boston
Washington, D.C., USA
Boston, MA, USA
Mr. Jeremiah Daffa
Dr. Niamh Connolly
Leader
Dr. Chiara Della Mea
University of Cork
Tanzania Coastal Management
Central Institute for Marine
Cork, Ireland
Partnership (TCMP)
Applied Research (ICRAM)
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Rome, Italy
Ms. Ann Corney
Elsevier Science Ltd.
Hon. Dr. Rokhmin Dahuri
Ms. Sophie Depraz
Oxford, United Kingdom
Minister
Project Manager, Communications
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
International Petroleum Industry
Mr. Alexandre Coutelle
Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia
London, United Kingdom
Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission
Mr. Dag Daler
Dr. Peter Dexter
Paris, France
Acting Scientific Director, Global
Chief, Ocean Affairs Division
International Waters Assessment
World Meteorological Organization
Dr. Walter Couto
University of Kalmar
Geneva, Switzerland
Coordinator
Kalmar, Sweden
Ecoplata Program
Mr. Herb Dhaliwal
Montevideo, Uruguay
Dr. Charlotte de Fontaubert
Minister
Greenpeace USA
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Mr. Anthony Cox
Washington, D.C., USA
Otawa, Ontario, Canada
Senior Analyst, Fisheries Division
Organisation for Economic
Dr. Louise de La Fayette
Dr. Antonio J. Díaz-de-León-C.
Cooperation and Development (OECD)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
El Colegio de México
Paris, France
London, United Kingdom
Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Dr. Simon Cripps
Dr. Annick de Marffy
Ms. Amy Diedrich
Head, Marine Unit
Director
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
WWF International
Division for Ocean Affairs
Commission
Gland, Switzerland
and the Law of the Sea
Paris, France
United Nations
Dr. Alessandro Crise
New York, NY, USA
Mr. Harm Dotinga
Vice Director
Netherlands Institute for the
National Institute of Oceanography
Dr. Kaiser De Souza
Law of the Sea
and Experimental Geophysics
International Seabed Authority
Utrecht University
Sgonico, Italy
Jamaica
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Dr. Chris Crossland
Dr. Bart De Wachter
Ms. Betsy Dribben
Executive Officer
Ecolas NV
European Director
Land-Ocean Interactions in the
Antwerpen, Belgium
Humane Society-US
Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
Herndon, VA, USA
Den Burg-Texel, The Netherlands
26

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Ms. Lisa Dropkin
Mr. Chowdhury Mohammad Farouk
Dr. Patricia Gallaugher
Research Director
Chief Campaigner
Director, Centre for Coastal Studies
SeaWeb
Friends of the Earth
Simon Fraser University
Washington, D.C., USA
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Burnaby, B.C., Canada
Dr. Caroline Dublin-Green
Dr. Jeremy Firestone
Dr. Serge Garcia
Nigerian Institure for Oceanography
Assistant Professor, Graduate
Fisheries Resources Division
and Marine Research
College of Marine Studies
Food and Agriculture Organization
Lagos, Nigeria
University of Delaware
(FAO)
Newark, DE, USA
Rome, Italy
Dr. Robert Duce
Texas A&M University
Ms. Giselle Firme
Dr. Guillermo Garcia Montero
College Station, TX, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
President
Administration
National Oceanographic Committee
Mr. Serge Duval
Washington, D.C., USA
Habana, Cuba
Ministère de la Recherche
Paris, France
Mr. John Fleming
Dr. Véronique Garçon
Servicio Hidrografico y Oceanografico
Centre National de la Récherche
Dr. Milen Dyoulgerov
de la Armada de Chile
Scientifique
Consultant
Valparaiso, Chile
Toulouse Cedex, France
Annapolis, MD, USA
Mr. Roderick Forbes
Ms. Irene Gazagne
Mr. Charles Ehler
A/Chief, International Policy
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Director, International Program Office
Coordination
Commission
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Paris, France
Administration (NOAA)
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Silver Spring, MD USA
Mr. François Gerard
Dr. Miguel Fortes
President- French Committee
Mr. Henrik Enevoldsen
Professor
Météo France
IOC Project Coordinator-Harmful Algae
Marine Science Institute,
Paris, France
Bloom Programme
College of Science
University of Copenhagen
University of the Philippines
Dr. Makram Gerges
Copenhagen, Denmark
Quezon City, Philippines
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission
Mr. Sten Engdahl
Dr. Robert Fournier
Paris, France
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Professor of Oceanography
Commission
Dalhousie University
Mr. Matthew Gianni
Paris, France
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Oceans Campaign Coordinator
Greenpeace International
Mr. William Erb
Mr. Christos Fragakis
Amsterdam
Head, Perth Regional Programme Office
Scientific Officer
The Netherlands
Bureau of Meteorology
Directorate General, Research
West Perth, WA, Australia
Environment and Sustainable
Mrs. Deirdre Gilbert
Development Programme
Sea Grant Fellow
Dr. Exequiel Ezcurra
Commission of European Union
Office of Rep. Tom Allen
President
Brussels, Belgium
U.S. House of Representatives
National Institute of Ecology
Washington, D.C., USA
Jardines en la Montaña, Tlalpan C.P.
Dr. Anamarija Frankic
Dr. Enir Girondi Reis
Mexico D.F.
Consultant to Ministry of
Director, Train-Sea-Coast Brasil
Environmental Protection
Fundaçao Universidade do Rio Grande
Mr. Semisi Fakahau
and Physical Planning
Rio Grande, Brazil
Chief Programme Officer, Export and
Croatia
Industrial Development Division
Ms. Kristina Gjerde
Commonwealth Secretariat
Dr. David Freestone
Investment Director
London, United Kingdom
Legal Advisor, Environment
Environmental Investment Partners
and International Law
Konstancin/Chylice, Poland
Ms. Lucia Fanning
World Bank
Dalhousie University
Washington, D.C., USA
Dr. Bernhard Glaeser
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Social Science Research Center Berlin
Ms. Anne Frenette
(WZB)
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Berlin, Germany
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
27

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Ms. Nicole Glineur
Dr. Ben Ahmad Hamzah
Ms. Miki Himeno
World Bank
President
The Nippon Foundation
Washington, D.C., USA
Maritime Consultancy Enterprise
Tokyo, Japan
(Mariconsult)
Mr. Lyle Glowka
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mr. Lennox Hinds
Founder
Senior Marine Affairs and
Biodiversity Strategies International
Dr. Arthur Hanson
Fisheries Policy Advisor
Bonn, Germany
Ministerial Ocean Ambassador, Canada
CIDA
Department of Fisheries and Oceans and
Hull, Quebec, Canada
Mr. Kevin Goldstein
International Institute for Sustainable
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Development
Dr. Michael Hirshfield
University of Delaware
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
OCEANA
Newark, DE, USA
Washington, D.C., USA
Dr. S.M. Haq
Mr. Jens Grabo
France
Dr. Alf Håkan Hoel
Lighthouse Foundation
Professor
Hamburg, Germany
Mr. Mafaniso Hara
University of Tromsoe
University of the Western Cape
Tromso, Norway
Dr. Adolfo Gracia
Bellville, South Africa
Director, Instituto de Ciencias
Dr. Tegan Hoffmann
del Mar y Limnología
Ms. Virginie Hart
University of California, Berkeley
Universidad Nacional Autonoma
Consultant
Paris, France
de Mexico
Advisory Committee on Protection
Mexico D.F., Mexico
of the Sea (ACOPS)
Dr. Antonio Hoguane
United Kingdom
Senior Lecturer, Physics
Hon. James Greenwood
Eduardo Mondlane University
U.S. Congressman and President
Dr. Marea Hatziolos
Maputo, Mozambique
of GLOBE International
World Bank
Globe USA
Washington, D.C., USA
Mr. Geoffrey Holland
Washington, D.C., USA
Past Chairman
Mr. Moritaka Hayashi
Intergovernmental
Mr. Peter Greim
Waseda University School of Law
Oceanographic Commission
Managing Director
Tokyo, Japan
Saltspring Island, BC, Canada
Frozen Fish International
Bremerhaven, Germany
Dr. Yves Hénocque
Mr. Paul Holthus
Chef du Laboratoire Cotier
Executive Director
Ms. Cécile Grignon-Logerot
Environement
Marine Aquarium Council
Chargée de mission
French Research Institute for
Honolulu, HI, USA
Ministère de l'Equipement
Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)
des Transports et du Logement
La Seyne -Sur-Mer, France
Dr. Seoung-Yong Hong
Paris, France
Vice-Minister
Mr. Hans Herrman
Ministry of Maritime Affairs
Mr. Jorge Gutierrez
Head of Program, Conservation and
and Fisheries
Centro EPOMEX
Biodiversity
Seoul, Korea
Universidad Autonoma de Campeche
North America Commisssion for
Campeche, Mexico
Environmental Cooperation
Dr. Maria Hood
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Ms. Lynne Hale
Commission
Associate Director
Dr. Indumathie Hewawasam
Paris, France
Coastal Resources Center
Africa Region
University of Rhode Island
World Bank
Dr. Antonio Hoguane
Narrangasett, RI, USA
Washington, D.C., USA
Faculty of Sciences
Eduardo Mondalne University
Ms. Cláudia Hamacher
Ms. Annie Hillary
Maputo, Mozambique
Researcher
International Program Office
Rio de Janeiro Catholic University
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
KH. A. Hussein
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Administration (NOAA)
National Institute of Oceanography
Silver Spring, USA
and Fisheries
Cairo, Egypt
28

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Mr. Thorir Ibsen
Dr. Richard Kenchington
Mr. Tom Laughlin
Acting Director, Department of Natural
Senior Director
Deputy Director, International
Resources and Environmental Affairs
RAC Marine Pty Ltd.
Affairs Office
Ministry for Foreign Affairs
Jamison ACT
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Reykjavik, Iceland
Australia
Administration (NOAA)
Washington, D.C., USA
Dr. Natarajan Ishwaran
Dr. Lee Kimball
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Consultant
Ms. Andrea Lazzari
Paris, France
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Ministry of the Environment
Washington, D.C., USA
Rome, Italy
Dr. Venugopalan Ittekkot
Zentrum Fuer Marine Tropenoekologie
Dr. Peter King
Mr. Gilles Le Chatelier
(ZMT-Bremen)
Manager, Office of Pacific Operations
Cabinet Director
Bremen, Germany
Asian Development Bank
Ministère de la Recherche
Mandaluyong City, Philippines
Paris, France
Mr. Elie Jamarche
Director, International Relations
Mr. Matthew King
Ms. Christiane Le Conan
French Research Institute for
Assistant Deputy Minister, Oceans Sector
Intergovernmental
Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Oceanographic Commission
Isy-les-Moulineaux, France
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Paris, France
Ms. Diane James
Mr. Kazuhiro Kitazawa
Laure Ledoux
Chairman
Special Assistant to the Minister
School of Environmental Sciences-
Victorian Coastal Council
Ministry of Education, Culture,
University of East Anglia
E. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sports, Science and Technology
Norwich, United Kingdom
Yokosuka, Japan
Dr. Su Jilan
Mr. Robert Y.T. Lee
Advisor to the Administrator
Mr. Maurice Knight
Chief Fisheries Officer
State Oceanic Administration
Chief of Party
Agri-food and Veterinary Authority
Hangzou, Zheijiang, China
University of Rhode Island Coastal
Singapore, Singapore
Resources Center/Proyek Pesisir
Mr. Magnus Johannesson
Jakarta, Indonesia
Ms. Nicole Lenôtre
Secretary-General
ARN
Ministry for the Environment
Mr. Jens Koefoed
Bureau de Recherche Géologique
Reykjavík, Ísland
International Maritime Organization
et Minières (BRGM)
United Kingdom
Orléans, France
Ms. Cathy Johnston
Center Program Coordinator
Ms. Marjaana Kokkonen
Dr. Cuauhtemoc León
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
UNESCO World Heritage Center
Academic Coordinator, LEAD-Mexico
University of Delaware
Paris, France
El Colegio de Mexico
Newark, DE, USA
Mexico, D.F, Mexico
Dr. Hartwig Hubertus Kremer
Dr. Lawrence Juda
Land-Ocean Interactions in the
Dr. Haiqing Li
Professor
Coastal Zone (LOICZ)
Deputy Director General,
University of Rhode Island
Den Burg, The Netherlands
Department of International
Kingston, RI, USA
Cooperation
Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg
State Oceanic Administration
Mr. Victor Kalyuzhnyi
Executive Director
Beijing, China
Deputy Minister
International Ocean
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Institute--Headquarters
Dr. Olof Linden
Moscow, Russian Federation
Gzira, Malta
Associate Professor, University of Kalmar
Coordinator, Global International
Mr. Mervin Kamoetie
Dr. Barbara Kwiatkowska
Waters Assessment (GIWA)
Head of Office for the Deputy Minister
Deputy Director
Kalmar, Sweden
Department of Environmental Affairs
Netherlands Institute of Law of the Sea
and Tourism
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Mr. Geoffrey Lipman
Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Chairman
Ms. Brigitte L'Horty
Green Globe 21
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Bournemouth, United Kingdom
Commission
Paris, France
29

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Ms. Tracy London
Dr. Robin Mahon
Dr. Monde Mayekiso
General Manager
Senior Program Officer
Chief Director
Oceans Blue Foundation- Canada
Coastal and Marine
Department of Environmental
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Management Program
Affairs and Tourism
Caribbean Conservation Association
Cape Town, South Africa
Ms. Maria Carolina Lorduy
St. Michael, W.I., Barbados
Permanent Delegation of Colombia
Dr. Moira McConnell
to UNESCO
Dr. Thomas Malone
Professor
Paris, France
Director
Maritime Affairs
Horn Point Laboratory
World Maritime University
Mr. Olivier Lozachmeur
Center for Environmental Science
Malmo, Sweden
Faculty of Law
Cambridge, MD, USA
University of Nantes
Mr. Dan McDougall
Moelan Sur Mer, Bretagne, France
Ms. Teruko Manabe
Director General, Oceans
World Meteorological Organization
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Mr. Carl Lundin
Geneva, Switzerland
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Head, Global Marine Programme
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Ms. Jenny Mandel
Dr. Angus McEwan
Gland, Switzerland
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
Senior Science Adviser
New York, NY, USA
Division of Marine Research
Ms. Indrani Lutchman
CSIRO
Fisheries Consultant
Dr. Elisabeth Mann-Borgese
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
SCALES Inc.
International Ocean Institute
St. Michael, Barbados
Dalhousie University
Mr. Lou McGuire
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Senior Policy Advisor to the Minister
Hon. Francisco Mabjaia
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Vice-Minister
Mr. Mao Bin
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Ministry for the Coordination
Deputy Permanent Representative of
of Environmental Action
the People's Republic of China to the
Mr. Anthony McKenzie
Maputo, Mozambique
International Seabed Authority
National Environment and
Kingston, Jamaica
Planning Agency
Mrs. Rejoice Mabudafhasi
Kingston, Jamaica
Deputy Minister
Ms. Anahita Marker
Ministry of Environmental Affairs
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Ms. Elizabeth McLanahan
and Tourism
University of Delaware
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Pretoria, South Africa
Newark, DE, USA
Administration
Silver Spring, MD, USA
Mr. Anthony MacDonald
Dr. Helene Marsh
Executive Director
Professor of Environmental Science
Ms. Bernice McLean
Coastal States Organization
School of Tropical Environment Studies
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Washington, USA
and Geography
University of Delaware
James Cook University
Newark, DE, USA
Mr. Ismael Madrigal Monarrez
Townsville, Qld, Australia
Permanent Mission of Mexico
Ms. Evelyne Meltzer
to UNESCO
Ms. Chantal Martens
Chief, Marine Policy
Paris, France
Sedimentary and Engineering Geology
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
State University of Ghent
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Dr. Camille Mageau
Gent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium
Director, Marine Ecosystems
Dr. Jennifer Merrill
Conservation Branch
Dr. Filomena Maria Martins
Ocean Studies Board
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Universidade Aveiro
The National Academies
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Portugal
Washington, D.C., USA
Dr. Said Mahmoudi
Hon. Árni Mathiesen
Ms. Lynne Mersfelder-Lewis
Faculty of Law
Minister
International Affairs Specialist,
Stockholm University
Ministry of Fisheries
International Program Office
Sweden
Reykjavík, Iceland
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
Ms. Lisa Max
Silver Spring, MD, USA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Silver Spring, MD, USA
30

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Dr. Yuriy Mikhaylichenko
Mr. David Morante
Ms. Mary O'Connell
Chief Specialist
Conseiller
Environment Research Institute
Department of Life and Earth Sciences
Italian Permanent Representative to
University College Cork
Ministry of Industry, Science and
UNESCO
Cork, Ireland
Technology of the Russian Federation
Delegation to UNESCO-MIDLUS
Moscow, Russian Federation
Italy
Hon. Otu-Ekong Imeh Titus Okopido
Minister
Dr. Andre-Serge Mikouiza
Dr. Nicole Morcom
Federal Minstry of Environment
IOI - Caspian Sea
Geographical and Environmental Studies
Abuja, Nigeria
Astrakhan, Russian Federation
Adelaide University
Napier, Australia
Mr. Armann Ólafsson
Dr. Ed Miles
Political Advisor to the Minister
School of Marine Affairs
Dr. Jacques Morelli
Ministry of Fisheries
University of Washington
Chercheur
Reykjavik, Iceland
Seattle, WA USA
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS)
Dr. Louri Oliounine
Mr. Fernando Mingram
Villefrauche Sur Mer, Alpes Maritimes
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Director
France
Commission
Servicio Hidrographico y
UNESCO
Oceanographico de la Armada de Chile
Ms. Sarah Morison
Paris, France
Valparaiso, Chile
Sea Grant Fellow
Alexandria, VA, USA
Mr. Stephen Olsen
Mr. Jean François Minster
Director
Director General
Ms. Cristina Mormorunni
Coastal Resources Center
IFREMER
Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange
Graduate School of Oceanography
Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
Santa Fe, NM, USA
University of Rhode Island
Naragansett, USA
Professor Alain Miossec
Ms. June Marie Mow
Institute of Geography
Coralina, Colombia
Mr. Dieng Ousseynou
University of Nantes
Ministry of Tourism
Nantes, France
Ms. Annette Muelig-Hofmann
Dakar
CSI
Senegal
Mr. Kesav Mohan
UNESCO
Duke University
Paris, France
Professor Phillipe Ozanne
Durham, NC, USA
European Federation of
Ms. Magdalena Muir
Marine Sciences and Technology
Dr. Erlend Moksness
Research Associate
Paris, France
Institute of Marine Research
Arctic Institute of North America
Flodevigen Marine Research Station
University of Calgary
Mr. Hermes Pacule
His, Norway
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Ministry for the Coordination
of Environmental Affairs
Ms. Alessandra Molina
Mr. Ashley D. Naidoo
Maputo, Mozambique
Permanent Delegate
Marine and Coastal Management
Permanent Delegation of Italy
Department of Environmental
Francesca Palmisani
to UNESCO
Affairs and Tourism
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Paris, Italy
Roggebaai, Western Cape, South Africa
Commission
Mr. Gérard Monediaire
Paris, France
University of Limoges Crideau
Mr. Hiroyuki Nakahara
Limoges, France
Research Institute for Ocean Economics
Dr. Costas Papaconstantinou
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
Institute of Marine Biological Resources
Mr. Francesco Montoya
National Centre for Marine Research
Deputy General of Coastal Management
Dr. Satya Nandan
Athens, Greece
Ministry of the Environment
Secretary General
Madrid, Spain
International Seabed Authority
Mr. Kwang Youl Park
Kingston, Jamaica
Marine Environment Division
Dr. Berrien Moore
Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries
Chair, Scientific Committee
Mr. Young Nwafor
Seoul, Republic of Korea
International Geosphere-Biosphere
D.P.D.
Programme (IGBP)
Delegation of Nigeria to UNESCO
University of New Hampshire
Paris, France
Durham, NH, USA
31

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Mr. Pietro Parravano
Professor Marc Poirier
Dr. K. Radhakrishnan
President
Seton Hall University Law School
Director
Pacific Coast Federation on Fishermen's
Newark, NJ, USA
Indian National Centre for
Associations (PCFFA)
Ocean Information Services
Half Moon Bay, CA, USA
Ms. Cigie Pontes
Department of Ocean Development
Intergovernmental
Jubilee Hilss, Hyderabad, India
Dr. Scott Parsons
Oceanographic Commission
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Paris, France
Dr. R. Rajagopalan
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
International Ocean Institute,
Ms. Geneviève Pouquet El-Chami
Operational Center, Foundation
Dr. Edward Patterson
French Delegation
for Sustainable Development
Suganthi Devadason Marine
Permanent Delegation to UNESCO
Indian Institute of Technology
Research Institute
Paris, France
Tamil Nadu, India
Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
Ms. Mary Power
Dr. Giulietta Rak
Dr. Daniel Pauly
South Pacific Regional
Central Institute for
Professor
Environment Program
Marine Applied Research (ICRAM)
Fisheries Centre
Apia, Samoa
Rome, Italy
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Dr. David Pugh
Mr. Jon Ramberg
Natural Environment Research Council
Deputy Director General
Dr. Matti Perttila
Southampton Oceanography Centre
Department of Trade Policy,
Finnish Institute of Marine Research
Southampton, Hampshire
Resources and Environment
Helsinki, Finland
United Kingdom
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Oslo, Norway
Ms. Laurence Petitguillaume
Ms. Kimberly Puglise
Oceans and Polar Environment
Sea Grant Fellow
Mr. Oscar Ramirez-Flores
DGAFAI- International Affairs Service
Office of Representative Bart Stupak
UNEP Regional Office for Latin America
Ministry of Environmental Management
U.S. Congress
& the Caribbean and Latin America
Paris, France
Washington, D.C., USA
Mexico City, DF, Mexico
Dr. Jonathan Phinney
Dr. Sian Pullen
Dr. Mac Rawson
Executive Director
Head
Georgia Sea Grant Program
American Society of Limnology
Marine Conservation Programme
University of Georgia, USA
and Oceanography
World Wildlife Fund
Washington, D.C., USA
Godalming, Surrey, United Kingdom
Mr. Jean-Paul Rebert
Chargé de Mission
Dr. Richard Pickrill
Ms. Betty Queffelec
Département Milieux et Environement
Geological Survey of Canada
Universite de Bretagne Occidentale
Institut de Recherche pour le
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Centre de Droit et d'Économie de la Mer
Développement (IRD)
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
Brest, France
Paris, France
Dr. Nicolas Pilcher
Research Fellow
Mr. Laurent Rabier
Mr. Greg Reed
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Intergovernmental
Intergovernmental
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Oceanographic Commission
Oceanographic Commission
Paris, France
Paris, France
Ms. Daniela Pinto
Environmental Secretariat of
Mr. Seth Race
Mr. Philip Reynolds
the State of Rio de Janeiro
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Consultant and Former Chief
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
University of Delaware
Water Programme
Newark, DE, USA
United Nations Development
Mr. Peter Pissiersens
Programme (UNDP)
Intergovernmental
Mr. Robert Race
New York, NY, USA
Oceanographic Commission
International Ocean Institute
Paris, France
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Ms. Ma. Antonieta Ricoy
Assistant to the Minister
Mr. Tiago Pitta Cunha
Dr. Viktoriya Radchenko
Ministry of the Environment and
Legal Counsellor
IOI-Ukraine
Natural Resources (SEMARNAP)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal
Seavastopol, Crimea, Ukraine
Mexico City, DF, Mexico
New York, NY, USA
32

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Dr. Evelia Rivera-Arriaga
Dr. Eduard Sarukhanian
Dr. Lisa Shaffer
Centro EPOMEX
Director
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Universidad Autonoma de Campeche
World Weather-Watch-Applications
La Jolla, CA, USA
Campeche, Mexico
World Meteorological Organization
Geneva, Switzerland
Mr. André Share
Professor Allan Robinson
Marine and Coastal Management
Department of Earth and
Dr. Giovanni Scabbia
Department of Environmental
Planetary Sciences
Centro Ricerche Ambiente Marino
Affairs and Tourism
Harvard University
Agency for New Technologies,
Roggebaai, Western Cape
Cambridge, MA, USA
Energy and Environment (ENEA)
South Africa
Portici, Italy
Ms. Inger O. Rosvik
Ms. Chandrika Sharma
Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries
Dr. Victor Scarabino
Programme Associate
Oslo, Norway
Intergovernmental
International Collective in Support
Oceanographic Commission
of Fishworkers
Mr. Jean-Yves Roy
Paris, France
Madras, Chennai, India
House of Commons for
Matapédia-Matane
Ms. Framboise Schiller- Ricotou
Mr. Sunil M. Shastri
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Intergovernmental
University of Hull
Oceanographic Commission
Scarborough, N. Yorks
Dr. Mario Ruivo
Paris, France
United Kingdom
Chairman, Portuguese Committee
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Ms. Christel Schipmann
Mr. Ken Sherman
Commission
Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft
Narragansett Laboratory
Lisbon, Portugal
Bremen, Germany
NOAA National Marine
Fisheries Service
Mr. Robert Rutherford
Mr. Joe Schittone
Narragansett, RI, USA
Program Manager, Coastal
Program Officer
and Oceans
Coordination Office
Mr. Tsuyoshi Shiota
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
UNEP/GPA
Intergovernmental
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
The Hague, The Netherlands
Oceanographic Commission
Paris, France
Mr. Seiji Saeki
Mr. Carl-Christian Schmidt
Japan External Trade Organization
OECD
Mr. Alan Sielen
Paris, France
Paris, France
Counsellor for International Activities
Environmental Protection Agency
Ms. Veronica Sakell
Dr. Tullio Scovazzi
Washington, D.C., USA
Director
Faculty of Law
National Oceans Office
University of Milano-Bicocca
Mrs. Paula Sierra-Correa
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Milan, Italy
Marine and Coastal Research Institute
of Colombia
Dr. Ilkay Salihoglu
Dr. Viktor Sebek
Santa Marta, Colombia
Metu Institute of Marine Sciences
Executive Director
Icel, Turkey
Advisory Committee on Protection
Mr. Jóhann Sigurjónsson
of the Sea
Director-General
Eduardo Salles de Novaes
London, United Kingdom
Marine Research Institute
Secretary for the Quality of
Reyjkavik, Iceland
the Environment
Mr. Suresh Chundre Seeballuck
Brazil
The Office of the Prime Minister
Mr. Daniel Silvestre
Port-Louis, Mauritius
Secretary General of the Sea
Dr. Paola Salmona
Government of France
Dipartimento Polis
Ms. Rebecca Seidenfeld-Cerroni
Paris, France
Universita degli Studi di Genova
Wildlife Conservation Society
Genova, Italy
Bronx, NY, USA
Dr. Greco Silvestro
Central Institute for Marine
Hon. Gabriele Sardo
Dr. Sybil Seitzinger
Applied Research
Permanent Delegate
Intergovernmental
Rome, Italy
Permanent Delegation of Italy
Oceanographic Commission
to UNESCO
Paris, France
Dr. Alan Simcock
Paris, France
Chairman
OSPAR
London, United Kingdom
33

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Mr. Mark Simmonds
Professor Jan Stel
Mr. Chris Tompkins
The Whale and Dolphin
Head of Department
Marine Land and Liability Division
Conservation Society
Ocean Space and Human Activity
Department of the Environment
Bath, United Kingdom
International Centre for
London, United Kingdom
Integrative Studies
Mr. Benjamin Sims
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Dr. Hiroshi Terashima
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Executive Director
Commission
Hon. Peter Stenlund
The Nippon Foundation
Paris, France
Chairman
Tokyo, Japan
Arctic Council
Hon. Tuiloma Neroni Slade
Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Ms. Danielle Tesch
Chairman
Unit for Northern Dimension
Center for the Study of Marine Policy
Permanent Samoan Delegation
Helsinki, Finland
University of Delaware
Alliance for Small Island States
Newark, DE, USA
New York, NY, USA
Mr. Mark Stone
Parks Victoria
Dr. Chua Thia-Eng
Ms. Lauren Small
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Regional Program Director
Policy Analyst
PEMSEA, International Maritime
Department of Foreign Affairs
Dr. Daniel Suman
Organization
and International Trade
Division of Marine Affairs and Policy
Quezon City, Philippines
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
University of Miami
Miami, USA
Ms. Danielle Thibault
Dr. Hance Smith
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Department of Earth Sciences
Dr. Colin Summerhayes
Ottawa, ON, Canada
Cardiff University
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
Commission
Dr. James Tobey
Paris, France
Coastal Resource Center
Dr. Mário Luiz Gomes Soares
University of Rhode Island
Oceanography Department
Ms. Hone-Ling Sun
Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
University of the State of Rio de Janeiro
Environmantal Protection
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Administration
Mr. Brendan Tobin
Taiwan, Chinese Taipei
Director
Dr. Arcady Sokolsky
Law and Policy Program
IOI-Caspian Sea
Dr. Dean Swanson
International Marinelife Alliance
Russian Federation
National Marine Fisheries Service
Honolulu, HI, USA
(NMFS)
Dr. Jens Sorensen
Natinal Oceanic and Atmospheric
Dr. Cesar Toro
Harbor Coastal Center
Administration (NOAA)
IOCARIBE Secretariat
University of Massachusetts
Silver Spring, MD, USA
Casa del Marques de Valdehoyos
Boston, MA, USA
Calle de la Factoria Centro
Ms. Despina Symons
Cartagena, Colombia
Mr. David Souter
Director
International Coral Reef Initiative
European Bureau for Conservation
Hon. Dr. Roberto Tortoli
Stockholm, Sweden
and Development (EBCD)
Undersecretary of State
Brussels, Belgium
Ministry of Environment
Dr. G. Robin South
and Land Protection
Director
Dr. Keisuke Taira
Rome, Italy
International Ocean Institute-Pacific
Professor
Islands
Ocean Research Institute
Mr. Yves Tréglos
Marine Studies Programme-University
University of Tokyo
Intergovernmental
of the South Pacific
Tokyo, Japan
Oceanographic Commission
Suva, Fiji
Paris, France
Mr. Hiroshi Tamama
Ms. Lesley Squillante
Ship and Ocean Foundation
Mr. Michel Trinquier
Coastal Resources Center
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
Under-Director DJ/MER
University of Rhode Island
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Narragansett, RI, USA
Mr. Sen Min Tan
Paris, France
Chief
Marine Fisheries Research Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC), Singapore
34

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Dr. Dirk Troost
Dr. Frank van der Meulen
Dr. Cherdsak Virapat
Chief
EUCC - The Coastal Union
Thailand Operations Center
Coastal and Small Islands Unit
Leiden, The Netherlands
IOI-Thailand
UNESCO
Office of Thai Marine Policy
Paris, France
Prof. Jon Van Dyke
and Restoration Committee
Professor of Law
Bangkok, Thailand
Ms. Gisèle Trubey
School of Law
Program Officer
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Ms. Kelly Vodden
Canadian Commission for UNESCO
Honolulu, HI, USA
Graduate Student
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Geography
Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd
Simon Fraser University
Dr. Ivica Trumbic
Director
Burnaby, BC, Canada
Director
GPA Coordination Office
Priority Actions Programme, Regional
UNEP
Mr. Richard Volk
Activity Centre (PAP/RAC)
The Hague, The Netherlands
Manager, Coastal and Aquatic Programs
United Nations Environment
EGAT/Environment
Programme
Mr. Adrien Vannier
USAID
Split, Croatia
Intergovernmental
Washington, D.C. USA
Oceanographic Commission
Dr. Martin Tsamenyi
Paris, France
Dr. Hein Von Westernhagen
Professor
Deputy Director
Center for Maritime Policy
Dr. Joeli Veitayaki
Alfred-Wegener Institute
University of Wollongong
International Ocean Institute-Pacific
Bremerhaven, Germany
Wollongong, Australia
Islands
University of the South Pacific
Mr. Bambang Wahyudi
Dr. Tamari'i Tutangata
Suva, Fiji
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Director
Jakarta, Indonesia
South Pacific Regional
Mr. Ole Vestergaard
Environment Program (SPREP)
Intergovernmental
Mr. Robert Wayland
Apia, Samoa
Oceanographic Commission
Office of Wetlands, Oceans
Paris, France
and Watersheds
Dr. Umit Unluata
Environmental Protection Agency
Intergovernmental
Dr. Ziatsev Viacheslav
Washington, D.C., USA
Oceanographic Commission
Professor
Paris, France
IOI-Caspian Sea
Dr. Geoffrey Wescott
Astrakhan Technical State University
Associate Professor
Mr. Andrei Urnov
Astrakhan, Russian Federation
School of Ecology and Environment
Embassy of the Russian Federation
Clayton, Australia
Paris, France
Dr. Marjo Vierros
Programme Officer
Ambassador Mary Beth West
Dr. Luigi Vagaggini
Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity
Division of Marine Law and Policy
Director of the Cabinet
Secretariat of the Convention on
U.S. Department of State
Ministry of Environment
Biological Diversity
Washington, D.C., USA
and Land Protection
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Rome, Italy
Ms. Ann Kristin Westberg
Ms. Caroline Vieux
Assistant Director General
Mr. Christophe Valia-Kollery
South Pacific Regional
Department of Resources
Conseiller pour les sciences
Environment Program
Ministry of Fisheries
Commission français pour l'UNESCO
Apia, Samoa
Oslo, Norway
Paris, France
Dr. Guillermo Villalobos
Ms. Cherie Whelan
Mr. Eric Valin
Head
Intergovernmental
National Council for Management and
Coastal Management Department
Oceanographic Commission
Development of Territory/DATAR
Universidad Autonoma de Campeche
Paris, France
Ecrainville, France
Campeche, Mexico
Ms. Anna Widén
Dr. Adalberto Vallega
Dr. Amanda Vincent
Institute of Marine Studies
First Vice-President, International
Project Seahorse, Biology
University of Plymouth
Geographical Union
McGill University
United Kingdom
Departamento Polis
Montreal, Canada
University of Genoa
Genoa, Italy
35

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Mrs. Damayanthi Sujatha Wijetilleke
Mr. Eugenio Yunis
Consultant
Chief of Section
Saviya Development Foundation
Sustainable Development Tourism
Galle, Sri Lanka
World Tourism Organization
Madrid, Spain
Mr. Tim Wilkins
Intertanko
Dr. Andrew Zacharek
London, United Kingdom
National Oceans Office
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Dr. Clive Wilkinson
Coordinator
Mr. Viacheslav Zaitsev
Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
IOI - Caspian Sea
Australian Institute of Marine Science
Russian Federation
Townsville MC, QLD, Australia
Mrs. Marguerita Zaitseva
Ms. Meriwether Wilson
Astrakhan Technical State University
Director
Astrakhan, Russian Federation
International Coral Reef Action Network
Cambridge, United Kingdom
Ms. Michelle Zouiche
Intergovernmental
Dr. Ni Yuefeng
Oceanographic Commission
Deputy Administrator
Paris, France
State Oceanic Administration
Beijing, China
Mr. Kees Zwanenburg
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
36

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Co-Chairs' Report ­ The Global Conference on Ocean and Coasts at Rio+10
Organizing
Ms. Evelia Rivera Arriaga, EPOMEX, University of Campeche,
Mexico
Committee
Dr. Mario Ruivo, Portuguese Committee for IOC, Lisbon, Portugal
Dr. Albert Salman, European Union for Coastal Conservation
(EUCC), The Netherlands
NGOs/scientists
Dr. Hance Smith, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
Chair: Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Center for the Study of
Mr. Victor Sebek, Advisory Committee on Protection
Marine Policy, University of Delaware, USA
of the Sea (ACOPS)
Dr. Tundi Agardy, Consultant
Dr. G. Robin South, University of South Pacific, Fiji
Mr. Tim Bagley, Global Legislator's Organization for a
Dr. Juan Luis Suárez de Vivero, University of Sevilla, Spain
Balanced Environment
Dr. Phiphat Tangsubkul, Southeast Asia Programme in
Dr. Paula Caballero, Advisory Committee on Protection
Ocean Law, Policy and Management (SEAPOL)
of the Sea
Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, The Nippon Foundation, Japan
Dr. Aldo Chircop, Coordinator, Marine Affairs Program,
Dr. Adalberto Vallega, International Geographical Union and
Dalhousie University, Canada
International Centre for Coastal and Ocean Policy Studies, Italy
Dr. Chua Thia-Eng, GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on
Prof. Jon M. Van Dyke, Ocean Governance Study Group,
Building Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of
William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawaii, USA
East Asia, Philippines
Dr. Jentje van der Weide, Delft Hydraulics, The Netherlands
Dr. Harry Cocossis, University of the Aegean, Greece
Dr. Geoffrey Wescott, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
Dr. Charlotte de Fontaubert, Greenpeace, USA
(member of the Australian National Oceans Advisory Group)
Mr. Richard Delaney, Director, Urban Harbors Institute,
International Organizations
University of Massachusetts-Boston, USA
Chair: Dr. Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, Intergovernmental
Dr. Enir Girondi Reis, Fundaçao Universidade
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, France
do Rio Grande, Brazil
Dr. Chris Crossland, Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal
Mr. Moritaka Hayashi, Waseda University School of Law, Japan
Zone (LOICZ), The Netherlands
Dr. Tim Hennessey, Marine Affairs and Policy Association
Mr. Michael Z. Cutajar, United Nations Framework Convention
Dr. Yves Hénocque, IFREMER, France
on Climate Change, Germany
Dr. Douglas Johnston, University of Victoria, Canada
Dr. David Freestone, Legal Advisor, World Bank, Washington
Dr. Richard Kenchington, RAC Marine Pty Ltd., Australia
Mr. Serge Garcia, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Italy
Dr. Barbara Kwiatkowska, Netherlands Institute of Law of the
Dr. Marea Hatziolos, Senior Coastal and Marine Resource
Sea, The Netherlands
Specialist, Environment Department, World Bank
Dr. Gunnar Kullenberg, International Ocean Institute, Malta
Dr. Indumathie Hewawasam, Africa Region, World Bank
Dr. Gerard Mangone, Editor, International Journal of Marine and
Dr. Geoffrey Holland, Canada, Former Chairman, IOC, UNESCO
Coastal Law, University of Delaware, USA
Mr. Andy Hooten, AJH, Environmental Services
Dr. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, International Ocean Institute,
Dr. Su Jilan, China, Chairman, IOC, UNESCO
Canada
Mr. Phil Reynolds, United Nations Development Program
Mr. Sebastian Mathew, International Collective in Support of
Consultant and Former Chief, Water Program, UNDP
Fish Workers, India
Dr. Will Steffen, Executive Director, International Geosphere-
Prof. Alain Miossec, University of Nantes and International
Biosphere Programme (IGBP), Sweden
Geographical Union, France
Dr. Narasimhan Sundararaman, Secretary, Intergovernmental
Prof. John Morrison, Ocean and Coastal Research Centre,
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Switzerland
University of Wollongong, Australia
Mr. Dirk Troost, Environment and Development in Coastal
Dr. Hiroyuki Nakahara, Research Institute for Ocean Economics,
Regions and in Small Islands (CSI), UNESCO, France
Japan
Mr. Ivica Trumbic, Regional Activity Centre for Priority Actions
Mr. Steve Olsen, Coastal Resources Center, Rhode Island, USA
Programme, Croatia
Dr. Erdal Özhan, MEDCOAST, Middle East Technical University,
Mr. Tamari'i Tutangata, Director, South Pacific Regional
Ankara, Turkey
Environment Programme
Mr. Pietro Parravano, World Forum of Fish-Harvesters &
Dr. Veerle Vandeweerd, Coordinator UNEP/GPA Coordination
Fishworkers
Office, The Hague, Netherlands
Dr. Sian Pullen, World Wildlife Fund, United Kingdom
Dr. R. Rajagopalan, International Ocean Insitute, India
37

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Ensuring the Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coasts ­ A Call to Action
Dr. Clive Wilkinson, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network,
The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia
Government Sector
Chair: Dr. Seoung Yong Hong, Vice-Minister, Ministry of Maritime
Affairs and Fisheries, Korea
Mr. Daniel Basta, National Marine Sanctuary System, U.S.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
H. Victor Lichtinger, Minister, Ministry of Environment, Natural
Resources, Mexico
H. Herb Dhaliwal, Minister, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Canada
H. Rawle C. Eastmond, Minister, Ministry of Environment,
Energy and Natural Resources, Barbados
Mr. Charles Ehler, National Ocean Service, U.S. National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration
Mr. Lennox Hinds, Canadian International Development Agency
H. Robert Hill, Minister, Ministry for the Environment, Australia
H. Diane James, Chair, Victorian Coastal Council, Australia
Mr. Victor I. Kalyuzhnyi, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs,
Russian Federation
Prof. Vladimir A. Knyazhev, Deputy Minister of Industry,
Science and Technology, Russian Federation
Mr. Tom Laughlin, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
H. Rokhmin Dahuri, Minister, Ministry of Marine Affairs and
Fisheries, Indonesia
Dr. Yuriy Mikhaylichenko, Ministry of Industry, Science and
Technology, Russian Federation
Mr. Haiqing Li, State Oceanic Administration, China
H. Francisco Mabjaia, Vice Minister, Ministry for the
Environment, Mozambique
Ms. Camille Mageau, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Ottawa, Canada
Ms. Evelyne Meltzer, Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Halifax, Canada
Dr. Magnus Ngoile, Director-General, Natural Resources
Management Council, Tanzania
H. Ambassador Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Chairman, Alliance for
Small Island States and Ambassador/Permanent Representative
of Samoa
H. Jose Sarney Filho, Minister, Ministry for Environment, Brazil
38

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Graphic design by Kevin McLaughlin
Cover art by Jorge Gutierrez

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