SMALL ISLANDS, LARGE OCEAN STATES:
A REVIEW OF OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT IN
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
SINCE THE 1994 BARBADOS PROGRAMME OF ACTION
FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL
ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES (SIDS)
Paper Series No. 2005-1
Sponsored by: UNEP/GPA and the Global
Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands

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SMALL ISLANDS, LARGE OCEAN STATES:
A REVIEW OF OCEAN AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT
IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES
SINCE THE 1994 BARBADOS PROGRAMME OF
ACTION FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF
SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES (SIDS)
Prepared by Christen E. Loper, Miriam C. Balgos, Janice Brown,
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Peter Edwards, Christina Jarvis,
Jonathan Lilley, Isabel Torres de Noronha,
Adam Skarke, Joana Flor Tavares, and LaVerne Walker
University of Delaware
Series Editor: Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain
Co-Chair, and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands
Note from the Co-Chairs of the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands:
This paper series aims to contribute to the deliberations related to the International
Meeting to Review Implementation of the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for the
Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (in Mauritius in 2005), and
to efforts to implement the Mauritius Strategy developed at the 2005 International
Meeting.
This paper is based, in large part, on the 2004 National Assessment Reports prepared
by small island developing States for the 2005 Mauritius International Meeting, the 2002
Country Profiles prepared by SIDS in anticipation of the 2002 World Summit on Sus-
tainable Development, the regional reports prepared in preparation of the Mauritius
meeting, and on other literature.
The work of University of Delaware research staff, Nippon Foundation Fellow, and
graduate students, on a volunteer basis, is gratefully acknowledged by the Global
Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands.
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FOREWORD
Agenda 21, the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Develop-
ing States (BPoA), the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and more recently the Mauritius
Strategy have each underscored the complexities and challenges facing small island states as they seek to
attain sustainable development. As Agenda 21 recognized:
Small island developing States and islands supporting small communities are a
special case both for environment and development. They are ecologically frag-
ile and vulnerable. Their small size, limited resources, geographic dispersion and
isolation from markets, place them at a disadvantage and prevent economies of
scale.
As underscored in the Co-chairs report from both the 2003 and 2001 Global Conferences on Oceans,
Coasts and Islands, small island developing States (SIDS) also have special problems and opportunities
related to the oceans which need to be recognized and addressed. These nations, small in land area,
typically have control and stewardship responsibilities over huge expanses of ocean within their Exclusive
Economic Zones. The ocean zones under the stewardship of SIDS contain high biological diversity, the
most extensive coral reef systems in the world, and significant seabed minerals. Small islands have a critical
role to play in the sustainable development of oceans.
The WSSD addressed the special issues of SIDS in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation by setting
forth a number of targets and timetables related to SIDS, and called for a review of the implementation of
the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing
States leading to an international meeting in Mauritius in January 2005.
The Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands, with funding from UNEP/GPA, has prepared a series of
papers to assist in the preparation for Mauritius 2005 and in subsequent implementation efforts. In this
paper, the authors assess the efforts and progress by small island developing States in implementing oceans
and coasts components of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small
Island Developing States through the analysis of national reports prepared by small island developing States
for the Mauritius meeting. Future directions for SIDS in oceans and coasts management are also discussed.
We hope that this analysis will be useful to SIDS in evaluating the BPoA ten years later.
The research work of University of Delaware research staff, Nippon Foundation Fellow, and graduate
students, on a volunteer basis, in the preparation of this paper, is acknowledged with sincere thanks.
Co-Chairs, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain
Dr. Patricio Bernal
Dr. Veerle Vanderweerd
Director
Executive Secretary
Coordinator
Gerard J. Mangone Center for Intergovernmental Oceanographic UNEP/GPA (Global Programme
Marine Policy
Commission,
of Action for the Protection of the
University of Delaware
UNESCO
Marine Environment from Land-
Based Activities)
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Contents
List of Tables... iv
3.0 TRENDS IN THE IMPLEMENTA-
TION OF THE OCEANS AND
List of Figures...iv
COASTS COMPONENTS OF THE
BARBADOS PROGRAMME OF
1. INTRODUCTION
ACTION AT GLOBAL AND RE-
GIONAL LEVELS...7
1.1 The Importance of Oceans and Coasts to

SIDS...1
3.1 Global Level...7
1.2 The Importance of Integrated Coastal and
3.2 Regional Level...10
Ocean Management for SIDS...2
4. TRENDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION
1.3 Ten-year Review of the 1994 Barbados
OF THE OCEANS AND COASTS
Programme of Action (BPoA): A Key
Time for Assessment and Refocusing of
COMPONENTS OF THE BARBA-
the SIDS Oceans and Coasts Agenda...3
DOS PROGRAMME OF ACTION
AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL...11
1.4 Purpose of this Paper...4
4.1 Ocean and Coastal Management...11
1.5 Research Approach...4
4.2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise...14
2.0 MAJOR INTERNATIONAL PRE-
SCRIPTIONS ON OCEANS
4.3 Tourism...18
AND COASTS IN SIDS COUNTRIES: 4.4 Waste Management...20
BARBADOS PROGRAMME OF
ACTION AND THE WORLD SUM-
5. CONCLUDING STATEMENT...24
MIT ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOP-
MENT...6
REFERENCES...25
2.1 The Oceans and Coasts Components of
APPENDICES
the Barbados Programme of Action...6
2.2 Other Components of the BPoA Related
A. Assessment of Barbados Programme of
to Oceans and Coasts...6
Action Goals related to Oceans and
Coasts...31
2.3 Reinforcement of the Oceans and Coasts
Agenda in SIDS at the 2002 World Summit
B. Assessment of Barbados Programme of
on Sustainable Development (WSSD)...6
Action Goals related to Climate Change and
Sea Level Rise...49
C. Assessment of Barbados Programme of
Action Goals related to Tourism...58
D. Assessment of Barbados Programme of
Action Goals related to Waste Manage-
ment...73
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List of Tables
Table 1 Exclusive Economic Zones of Small Island Developing States.................................2
Table 2 Table showing number of SIDS with completed reports............................................5
Table 3 Major Targets and Timetables Adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Devel-
opment on Oceans, Coasts, and SIDS............................................................................7
Table 4 Components of the Barbados Programme of Action Specifically Related to
Oceans and
Coasts.............................................................................................................................. 8
Table 5 Other Components of the Barbados Programme of Action Related to Oceans and
Coasts...............................................................................................................................9
List of Figures
Figure 1
Graph showing number of completed reports............... ....................................5
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Small Islands, Large Ocean States
A Review of Ocean and Coastal Management in Small Island Developing States
since the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development
of Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
For small island states, the health of the oceans is of paramount importance; so vital is the
exerted influence of the oceans over islands that they impact directly on a spectrum of island
issues, including its people, culture, economy, and the environment. Indeed, islands and oceans
are an integral part of a single environment. For small island developing States, the protection
and management of their marine environment are intrinsically linked to their sustainable de-
velopment aspirations.
H.E. Ambassador Jagdish Koonjul, Chair, Alliance of Small Island States,
Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, November 12, 2003.
1. INTRODUCTION
damage the resources upon which tourism economies de-
pend (Table 1).
1.1 The Importance of Oceans
The fishing regions that fall under the jurisdiction of SIDS
and Coasts to SIDS
are among the most productive in the entire world; for ex-
ample the Pacific tuna stock is thought to be the largest in
For small island developing States (SIDS), the ocean is es-
any ocean (Koonjul, 2003). However, despite the tuna stocks
sential to their way of life. The fates of SIDS and the oceans
falling under the jurisdiction of SIDS and the conclusion of
are inseparable and thus, what happens to the oceans will
multilateral fishing agreements, often distant foreign fleets
have a significant impact on SIDS. As the name suggests,
reap the greatest reward from fishery resources, with SIDS
one of the key characteristics of SIDS is that they are small
only receiving a small fraction of the total benefits (Koonjul,
islands. What the name fails to convey, however, is that
2003). Although there are ancillary benefits to SIDS from
they are also typically large ocean states. With the adoption
foreign fleets ­ such as providing their refueling and re-
of the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
supplying needs ­ these are minor in comparison to the to-
as the standard seaward limit of a coastal State's authority,
tal economic potential of fisheries in the EEZs of SIDS.
many SIDS have found themselves with jurisdiction over
The challenges of EEZ management are not limited to fish-
ocean areas far greater than their respective land masses.
eries. For example, although a large offshore oil field was
As Table 1 shows, the total coverage of the EEZs of the
recently discovered within the EEZ of Sao Tome and
SIDS is more than one-quarter of global EEZ coverage.
Principe, it remains to be seen exactly what percentage of
This aspect of international law has given SIDS jurisdic-
the benefits the country will receive and how much will
tion over vast ocean areas and concomitant control over the
flow to foreign nations.
resources they contain such as fish stocks, oil and gas de-
posits, minerals, and renewable energy.
One of the more pressing concerns facing SIDS at present
is the threat of climate change and an associated rise in
SIDS face a wide number of opportunities and challenges
global sea levels. Current predictions from the Intergov-
related to ocean and coastal governance. For many SIDS,
ernmental Panel on Climate Change estimate that global
tourism represents a substantial portion of their gross do-
sea levels will rise by somewhere between 20-70 cm over
mestic product (GDP) and employment sector and is a vital
the next 100 years (IPCC, 2001). Given their small land-
source of foreign exchange. For example, it is estimated
mass and low lying nature, many SIDS are particularly vul-
that tourism comprises 60% of the GDP of the Bahamas
nerable to sea level rise. The first country likely to feel the
and two-thirds of its employment sector. Marine and coastal
effects of a rising sea is thought to be Tuvalu. In 2001 much
tourism is a primary draw to SIDS visitors, particularly those
of the island disappeared under water during an extreme La
seeking the traditional "sun, surf, and sand" experiences.
Niña event and in February 2004 the country once again
While oceans and coasts provide vast opportunities for eco-
suffered significant flooding related to cyclonic activity. In
nomic development, unsustainable management and poor
addition to flooding, rising sea level can result in contami-
planning can lead to environmental degradation and can
nation of groundwater and food supplies through saltwater
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Table 1 Exclusive Economic Zones of Small Island Developing States
Country Region
km2 World
%
Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean
102,867
0.10 %
Bahamas Caribbean 369,149
0.36
%
Bahrain AIMS
--
--

Barbados Caribbean 183,436
0.18
%
Belize Caribbean
12,839
0.01
%
Cape Verde
AIMS
742,438
0.73 %
Comoros AIMS
161,993
0.16
%
Cook Islands*
Pacific
1,830,000
1.79 %
Cuba
Caribbean
222,204
0.22 %
Cyprus AIMS
--
--
Dominica Caribbean 24,917
0.02
%
Dominican Republic
Caribbean
246,454
0.24 %
Federated States of Micronesia*
Pacific
2,980,000
2.92 %
Fiji Pacific
1,260,000
1.23
%
Grenada Caribbean 20,285
0.02
%
Guinea-Bissau AIMS
86,670
0.08
%
Guyana Caribbean
122,017
0.12
%
Haiti Caribbean
86,398
0.08
%
Jamaica Caribbean
234,780
0.23
%
Kiribati* Pacific 3.600,000
3.53
%
Maldives AIMS
870,623
0.85
%
Malta AIMS
--
--

Marshall Islands*
Pacific
2,131,000
2.09 %
Mauritius AIMS
1,274,638
1.25
%
Nauru* Pacific 436,490
0.43
%
Niue* Pacific 390,000
0.38
%
Palau* Pacific 600,900
0.59
%
Papua New Guinea*
Pacific
3,120,000
3.06 %
Samoa* Pacific 109,932
0.11
%
Sao Tome and Principe
AIMS
142,563
0.14 %
Seychelles AIMS
1,288,643
1.26
%
Singapore AIMS
--
--
Solomon Islands*
Pacific
1,630,000
1.60 %
St. Kitts and Nevis
Caribbean
20,400
0.20 %
St. Lucia
Caribbean
11,483
0.01 %
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Caribbean
32,320
0.03 %
Suriname Caribbean 119,050
0.12
%
Tonga* Pacific 700,000
0.69
%
Trinidad and Tobago
Caribbean
60,659
0.06 %
Tuvalu* Pacific 757,000
0.74
%
Vanuatu* Pacific
680,000
0.67
%
Total
23,062,148
26.3 %
Data sources: Tuqiri, 2001 for entries with asterisks (*). All other data from Earthtrends, 2003.
Note: This compilation of EEZs does not include dependencies such as the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Note: Several States (Bahrain, Cyprus, Malta, and Singapore) have not declared EEZs. This may
be for various reasons, including, inter alia, boundary disputes with neighboring States.
intrusion. Tuvalu authorities are so concerned about the
citizenship and should large storm events become more com-
effects of sea level rise that they have formally asked New
mon, it is likely that they would also seek to be repatriated
Zealand to accept Tuvalu's 11,000 citizens should the is-
to New Zealand.
land ultimately disappear. In January 2004, the nearby is-
land of Niue (population 2,100) was hit by a force 5 cy-
1.2 The Importance of Integrated Coastal and
clone which flattened the capital, Alofi (BBC, 2004) Al-
Ocean Management for SIDS
though not a direct result of sea level rise, increased tropi-
cal storm frequency and intensity is another anticipated ef-
Integrated coastal and ocean management can be defined
fect of climate change. Niue residents hold New Zealand
as "a continuous and dynamic process by which decisions
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are taken for the sustainable use, development, and protec-
uncontrolled development, and inadequacy of government
tion of coastal and marine areas and resources" (Cicin-Sain
structures for coastal and ocean governance. There is a rec-
and Knecht 1998). The goals of ICM are to attain sustain-
ognized need, as well, for mechanisms to coordinate gov-
able development of coastal and marine areas; to reduce
ernment assistance across sectors in SIDS, where inter-
vulnerability of coastal areas and their inhabitants to natu-
sectoral cooperation remains weak.
ral hazards; and to maintain essential ecological processes,
life support systems and biological diversity in coastal and
1.3 Ten-year Review of the 1994 Barbados
marine areas.
Programme of Action (BPoA): A Key Time for
Assessment and Refocusing of the SIDS Oceans
ICM acknowledges the interrelationships that exist among
and Coasts Agenda
coastal and ocean uses and the environments they poten-
tially affect, and is designed to overcome the fragmenta-
Following the 1992 United Nations Conference on Envi-
tion inherent in the sectoral management approach (whereby
ronment and Development and mandates developed in
each major ocean/coastal activity--e.g. fisheries, offshore
Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the SIDS were the first group of
oil, etc.--is managed separately and independently from
nations to develop a detailed blueprint of actions to achieve
the others). ICM is multi-purpose oriented, it analyzes and
sustainable development. The United Nations Global Con-
addresses implications of development, conflicting uses, and
ference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island
interrelationships between physical processes and human
Developing States, held in Bridgetown, Barbados (25 April
activities, and it promotes linkages and harmonization
to 6 May 1994) resulted in the adoption of the Barbados
among sectoral coastal and ocean activities (Cicin-Sain and
Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of
Knecht, 1998). Ideally, an ICM program should operate
Small Island Developing States (BPoA), a fourteen point
within a closely integrated, coherent management frame-
program which identified the following priority areas as
work within a defined geographical limit (Chua, 1993).
requiring action:
In SIDS, because of their small land areas, ICM may
· Climate change and sea level rise
have to operate within watersheds that drain to a river or
water body. The quality of the freshwater in the watershed
· Natural and environmental disasters
indicates the health of the natural resources and environ-
ment in downstream ecosystems. Thus, another layer of
· Management of wastes
management, watershed management, needs to be incorpo-
rated into ICM, not only to protect the marine environment
· Coastal and marine resources
and ecosystems from land-based sources of pollution, but
also to make sure that there is ample freshwater to supply
· Freshwater resources
the domestic needs of SIDS communities.
· Land resources
The major functions of ICM include area planning, pro-
motion of economic development, stewardship of resources,
· Energy resources
conflict resolution, protection of public safety, and propri-
· Tourism resources
etorship of public submerged lands and waters. ICM in-
volves the application of a set of over-arching principles,
· Biodiversity resources
including 1) sustainable development, and 2) integration
(e.g., intersectoral integration, intergovernmental integra-
· National institutions and administrative capacity
tion, spatial integration, science-management integration,
international integration).
· Regional institutions and technical cooperation
Integrated coastal and ocean management is of particu-
· Transport and communication
lar importance to small island developing States, mainly
because land area in islands is primarily coastal. Conse-
· Science and technology
quently, the human population depends heavily on the ma-
rine life in the coastal waters for food and income. Addi-
· Human resource development
tionally, island culture is tightly intertwined with the coastal
areas and the sea. Concerted efforts are needed to deal ef-
fectively with the complex coastal and ocean issues in SIDS,
In addition to the above fourteen priority areas, the BPoA
including overexploitation of coastal living resources, pol-
also identified a number of cross-sectoral areas in need of
lution, siltation, and other threats brought by unregulated/
attention:
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· Capacity building
lution A/C.2/59/L.27 and United Nations General Assem-
bly resolutions 58/213 A and B (A/RES/58/213), the high-
· Institutional development at the national, regional
level meeting to review BPoA implementation was held
and international levels
from January 10 to 14, 2005 and included a high-level seg-
ment to allow for a detailed review of the implementation
· Cooperation in the transfer of environmentally
of the BPoA to date (ENB, 2004).
sound technologies
· Trade and commerce diversification
1.4 Purpose of this Paper
· Finance
The Mauritius International Meeting represents a landmark
occasion to review and assess what has been accomplished
The Conference adopted the Barbados Declaration--a
at national, regional, and international levels since the 1994
statement outlining the political commitment to the agree-
Barbados Programme of Action. This is a crucial time for
ments contained within the BPoA. The UN Commission
Small Island Developing States. What problems/constraints
on Sustainable Development (CSD) was charged with over-
have been encountered? What lessons have been learned?
seeing the implementation of the BPoA (ENB, 2004).
What has worked and what has not? What trends are present
now that were not present ten years ago? What efforts need
Since the Barbados Conference, SIDS issues have been
to be refocused or redirected? What targeted recommenda-
reviewed a number of times at the international level. In
tions should be made for the SIDS agenda for the next de-
1999, the 22nd Special Session of the UN General Assem-
cade?
bly (UNGASS-22) met to review the progress of the BPoA
and adopted the "State of Progress and Initiatives for the
The purpose of this paper is to assess the efforts and
Future Implementation of the Programme of Action for the
progress achieved (or lack thereof) in ocean and coastal
Sustainable Development of SIDS." This document listed
management and related issues in SIDS since the BPoA.
six of the original fourteen priority areas as needing urgent
The paper thus:
consideration: climate change; natural and environmental
disasters and climate variability; freshwater resources;
· Examines the available data on the extent to which
coastal and marine resources; energy; and tourism (ENB,
major goals of the BPoA related to oceans and
2004). During UNGASS-22, member States also reaffirmed
coasts have been achieved, largely by analyzing
their commitments to sustainable development for SIDS.
the national reports SIDS nations prepared for the
2005 Mauritius International Meeting and for the
At the Millennium Summit in 2000, world leaders ad-
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development;
dressed the special requirements of SIDS and, through the
UN Millennium Declaration resolved to implement the
· Examines the oceans and coasts issues highlighted
BPoA and the outcomes of UNGASS-22 "rapidly and in
by SIDS nations in three regional meetings in
full" (ENB, 2004). Two years later, SIDS were on the agenda
preparation for the Mauritius International Meet-
once more, this time at the World Summit on Sustainable
ing;
Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg. The WSSD again
· Makes reference to broad international trends in
reaffirmed the unique needs of SIDS, adopted a number of
the field of ocean and coastal management;
specific targets with timetables to achieve sustainable de-
velopment of SIDS, and called for a ten year review of the
· Provides a synthesis of trends in implementation
BPoA in 2004 (ENB, 2004). These goals are outlined in
of the BPoA in SIDS related to oceans and coasts;
Table 2.
· Presents a set of observations on possible future
In December 2002, during its 57th session, the UN Gen-
directions in ocean and coastal management in
eral Assembly passed resolution 57/262, which established
SIDS.
the need for an international meeting to review the progress
achieved on the Barbados Programme of Action. It was ini-
tially decided that this meeting would be held in 2004 and
1.5 Research Approach
the Government of Mauritius offered to host the meeting. It
was agreed that the review should look for a renewed po-
Our analysis of the progress of SIDS towards the goals of
litical commitment to the BPoA and that the focus should
the BPoA began with an examination of the Barbados
be on "practical and pragmatic actions" to further imple-
Programme of Action and the particular goals it set out for
ment the plan (ENB, 2004). In accordance with draft reso-
oceans and coasts and for the related areas of climate change
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Figure 1 Graph showing number of completed reports
Percentage of SIDS with Completed
Reports
(as of January, 2005)
BPoA National Assessment Reports
2002 Country Profiles
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Caribbean
AIMS
Pacific
Table 2 Table showing number of SIDS with completed reports
Regions Caribbean
AIMS
Pacific
BPoA National Assessment Reports 14
6
8
2002 Country Profiles
10
10
2
Total Number of Countries per 16 11 14
Region
and sea level rise, tourism, and waste disposal. For each
profiles series on SIDS countries prepared for the 2002
set of goals, indicators to measure progress were developed,
Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development,
and national-level data on these indicators were compiled
and information from other documents, websites, and na-
in Appendix A, Assessment of Barbados Programme of
tional communications. The main source of information
Action Goals related to Oceans and Coasts; Appendix B,
was from National Assessment Reports, prepared for the
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals re-
Mauritius International Meeting. These reports were pro-
lated to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise; Appendix C,
duced by 28 of the SIDS (68%) by January 2005. The other
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals re-
sources of information were the country profiles prepared
lated to Tourism; and Appendix D, Assessment of Barba-
for the WSSD in 2002.
dos Programme of Action Goals related to Waste Manage-
ment. Each appendix contains three tables, one each for the
Some of the challenges faced in carrying out the analysis
three main SIDS regions: Pacific, Caribbean, and Atlantic,
were primarily related to the quality of the information con-
Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Seas Island
tained within the National Assessments and the UN coun-
Countries (AIMS).
try profiles. It must be noted that the country profiles were
not prepared with the explicit purpose of addressing the
The major sources of information utilized in this study
question of implementation of the BPoA (as were the Na-
were: The 28 National Assessment Reports prepared by
tional Assessment Reports), hence this made the identifica-
SIDS countries in preparation for the Mauritius Interna-
tion of data specific to BPoA implementation difficult. In
tional Meeting held in January 2005, the 21 UN country
addition there were also problems of incomplete informa-
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tion in the National Assessment Reports, making it difficult
where land resources are very limited, resulting in a more
in some cases to determine the extent of commitment to or
intensive dependence on coastal resources. Thus, a number
implementation of specific activities and projects.
of other components of the BPoA are relevant to the BPoA
goals for management of ocean and coastal areas, as is noted
In the discussions that follow, we have attempted, when-
in Table 4.
ever possible, to provide a quantitative assessment of trends
on ocean and coastal management (and on related areas of
Given the close interrelationship between ocean and
climate change and sea level rise, tourism, and waste man-
coastal management, and issues related to climate change
agement) in SIDS countries since Barbados. Given the
and sea level rise, tourism, and waste management, these
absence of data for a number of nations, however, this
issues are also covered in the analyses that follow.
means that the data discussed below provide only a par-
tial view and that values for the trends reported may, in
2.3 Reinforcement of the Oceans and Coasts
reality, be higher than those noted in the analysis.
Agenda in SIDS at the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD)
We turn now to a brief review of the major components
of the Barbados Programme of Action related to oceans and
Oceans, coasts, and islands were not initially on the WSSD
coasts, and to a discussion of additional targets and time-
agenda, which emphasized issues concerning water and
tables related to oceans, coasts and SIDS agreed to by the
sanitation, energy, health, agriculture, and biodiversity.
international community at the 2002 World Summit on Sus-
However, thanks to the mobilization of interested govern-
tainable Development.
ments (particularly SIDS), nongovernmental organizations,
and UN agencies, early in the WSSD preparatory process,
2.0 MAJOR INTERNATIONAL
advances in oceans, coasts, and islands represent one of the
most important outcomes of the World Summit. Govern-
PRESCRIPTIONS ON OCEANS
ment delegates negotiated and agreed on an action plan for
AND COASTS IN SIDS COUNTRIES:
oceans, coasts, and islands, with specific targets for action,
BARBADOS PROGRAMME OF ACTION
as shown in Table 3. Important targets were established on
AND THE WORLD SUMMIT ON
issues relating to SIDS- most notably, specifically calling
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
for a ten-year review of the BPoA in 2004. The targets and
timetables found in the WSSD Plan of Implementation rep-
resent an important advance because they have enshrined,
2.1 The Oceans and Coasts Components of the
as global imperatives by the world's political leaders, many
Barbados Programme of Action
of the goals previously posited by expert groups and spe-
cialized agencies. There is now a global consensus reached
The Barbados Programme of Action addresses different
at the highest political levels that there is an urgent need to
aspects of policy development and implementation related
take specific action to achieve sustainability of oceans,
to oceans and coasts--particularly on: the development of
coasts, islands, and SIDS (Cicin-Sain et al. 2004).
institutional mechanisms for policy implementation of in-
tegrated coastal and ocean management; marine resources
The WSSD targets and timetables, however, are not "self-
management, with emphasis on fisheries management;
implementing." Instead, governments around the world
biodiversity; and capacity building issues. The major as-
need much assistance and support from all parts of the
pects of ocean and coastal policy development and imple-
oceans, coasts, and SIDS community to operationalize what
mentation addressed directly by the BPoA are summarized
needs to be done, to mobilize the requisite knowledge and
in Table 4 (page 8). Table 4 categorizes the BPoA compo-
financial resources, and to maintain the high-level political
nents related to ocean and coastal management into five
support essential to achieve the sorely needed "on-the-
specific dimensions: policy creation and implementation,
ground" improvements in the health and condition of ma-
analyses, monitoring plans, capacity building, and assistance,
rine ecosystems and in the well-being of coastal communi-
and summarizes actions called for at national, regional, and
ties.
international levels.
2.2 Other Components of the BPoA Related to
Oceans and Coasts
The management of oceans and coasts is intimately affected
by land-based activities, especially so in the case of SIDS
6

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Table 3. Major Targets and Timetables Adopted at the World Summit
on Sustainable Development on Oceans, Coasts, and SIDS
Integrated ocean and coastal management
Encourage the application of the ecosystem approach by 2010 for the sustainable development of the
oceans, particularly in the management of fisheries and the conservation of biodiversity.
Establish an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and
coastal issues within the United Nations system
Promote integrated coastal and ocean management at the national level and encourage and assist
countries in developing ocean policies and mechanisms on integrated coastal management.
Assist developing countries in coordinating policies and programs at the regional and subregional
levels aimed at conservation and sustainable management of fishery resources and implement
integrated coastal area management plans, through the development of infrastructure.
Fisheries
Implement the FAO International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported,
and Unregulated Fishing by 2004
Implement the FAO International Plan of Action for the Management of Fishing Capacity by 2005
Maintain or restore depleted fish stocks to levels that can produce their maximum sustainable yield
on an urgent basis and where possible no later than 2015
Eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and to overcapacity
Conservation of biodiversity
Develop and facilitate the use of diverse approaches and tools, including the ecosystem approach, the
elimination of destructive fishing practices, the establishment of marine protected areas consistent
with international law and based on scientific information, including representative networks by 2012
Protection from marine pollution
Advance implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine
Environment from Land-based Activities in the period 2002-2006 with a view to achieve substantial
progress by 2006
Science and observation
Establish a regular process under the United Nations for global reporting and assessment of the state
of the marine environment, including socioeconomic aspects, by 2004
Small Island Developing States
Develop community-based initiatives on sustainable tourism in small island developing States by
2004
Reduce, prevent, and control waste and pollution and their health-related impacts in small island
developing States by 2004 through the implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the
Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities
Support the availability of adequate, affordable and environmentally sound energy services for the
sustainable development of small island developing States, including through strengthening efforts
on energy supply and services by 2004
Undertake a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for
the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States in 2004
3.0 TRENDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
In this paper, we focus particular attention on national-level
THE OCEANS AND COASTS
data related to BPoA implementation, while providing some
COMPONENTS OF THE BARBADOS
general references to activities at the global and regional
levels.
PROGRAMME OF ACTION AT GLOBAL
AND REGIONAL LEVELS
3.1 Global Level
The BPoA called for a wide number of actions at national,
The BPoA called for a number of actions at the global level,
regional, and global levels. Action at all of these levels is
including ratification of multilateral environmental agree-
essential to achieve the sustainable development of SIDS.
ments and increased international funding to support the
7

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Table 4 Components of the Barbados Programme of Action Specifically Related to Oceans and Coasts
National
Regional
International
Policy Creation
Establish and/or strengthen, where
Harmonize policies and strategies for
Cooperate in facilitating mutually advantageous fishing
and Imple-
appropriate, institutional,
the coordination of the sustainable
agreements between SIDS and foreign fishing groups; take
mentation
administrative and legislative
management and utilization of coastal
account of the concerns and characteristics of those States
arrangements for developing and
and marine resources.
within the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks
implementing integrated coastal
and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks; and encourage and facilitate
zone management plans and
Develop a methodology for integrated
the full participation of small island developing States in the
strategies for coastal watersheds
coastal zone management
Conference and in the implementation of the Conference
and EEZs, including integrating
appropriate to SIDS, particularly very
outcomes.
them within national development
small, low elevation and coral islands.
plans.
Ratify and/or adhere to regional and
international conventions
concerning the protection of coastal
and marine resources and combat
unsustainable fishing and related
practices.
Analyses

Develop and/or strengthen regional
Use the relevant results of the World Coast Conference, held
clearinghouses for coastal and marine
at Noordwijk, the Netherlands, from 1 to 5 November 1993 as
environmental information to facilitate
well as the ongoing work within the UNEP Regional Seas
the collection, synthesis and sharing of
Programme to assist SIDS with the development and
relevant information, knowledge and
implementation of integrated coastal zone management
experience among SIDS in a structured
plans, to improve international coordination in that field and to
and systematic way.
develop strategies to prevent further marine and coastal
degradation.
Monitor the results of the Meeting of Government-designated
Experts Focusing on the 1985 Montreal Guidelines for the
Protection of the Marine Environment Against Pollution
from Land-Based Sources, held in Montreal from 6 to 10 June
1994.
Monitoring Plans
Design comprehensive monitoring
Develop and/or strengthen regional
Develop mechanisms for the gathering and sharing of
programmes for coastal and
capabilities for the effective surveillance
information and expertise, particularly interregionally among
marine resources, including
and monitoring of activities in the EEZs
SIDS, including geographic information systems (GIS)
wetlands, in order to determine
of SIDS.
techniques and facilities for the assessment of coastal and
shoreline and ecosystem stability,
marine resources, including the regional nodes of the UNEP
and also document and apply, as a
Global Resource Information Database.
basis for integrated coastal zone
planning and decision-making,
Support SIDS in establishing national and regional capabilities
traditional knowledge and
for the effective surveillance and monitoring of activities within
management practices that are
their EEZs, setting up regional and other joint-venture fishing
ecologically sound and include the
enterprises, developing inventories of marine resources and
participation of local communities.
regional approaches to the sustainable management of their
EEZs, and strengthening regional marine research centres.
Capacity Building
Develop and/or strengthen national
Develop and/or strengthen the capacity
Improve means of building capacity for integrated coastal zone
capabilities for the sustainable
of regional organizations to undertake
management planning and implementation, strengthening
harvesting and processing of fishery
activities in coastal and marine areas,
regional and international networks, including South-South
resources and provide training and
including research into commercial and
relationships; increasing public awareness and participation;
awareness programmes for the
non-commercial fisheries with a view to
enhancing relevant education and increasing training activities;
managers (government and local
sustainable harvesting and utilization,
ensuring the involvement and participation of non-governmental
communities) of coastal and
as well as surveys on reef, estuary,
organizations and other major groups; supporting the
marine resources.
wetland and lagoon resources. Also
development of concepts, methodologies and tools; and
monitor and promote innovative ways to
supporting and strengthening international research and
sustainably develop territorial waters
improvements in monitoring, the results of which should be
and EEZs, including providing support
integrated into policy development, planning and decision-
for aquaculture, mariculture, coral reef
making.
and mangrove programmes.
Develop programmes to enhance
negotiating and related skills for the
management and exploitation of
coastal and marine resources,
including the negotiation of fisheries
agreements.
Assistance


Assist with the establishment and/or strengthening, where
necessary, of new institutional and administrative arrangements
for the development of integrated coastal zone management
plans and their implementation.
carrying out of the BPoA.
· 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
Ratification of International Agreements
and their Disposal (Basel Convention);
The full implementation of multilateral environmental
· 1972 Convention on the Prevention of Marine
agreements (MEAs) is one of the major goals of the BPoA
Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter
(BPoA, Paragraph 26 A.IV), and development of strategies
(London Convention);
and implementation plans for MEAs are also encouraged.
The BPoA specifically calls for the ratification and imple-
· 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD);
mentation of several MEAs, including the following:
· 1973 Convention on International Trade in En-
8

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Table 5. Other Components of the Barbados Programme of Action Related to Oceans and Coasts
Climate change and sea level rise: Formulate comprehensive strategies and measures on adaptation
to climate change, including the formulation of comprehensive adjustment and mitigation policies for sea
level rise in the context of integrated coastal area management, as well as to assess the effects of the
socio-economic and marine resources implications of the impact of climate change, climate variability
and sea level rise.
Biodiversity Resources: Formulate and implement integrated strategies for the conservation and
sustainable use of marine biodiversity, including protection from the introduction of certain non-
indigenous species, the identification of sites of high biological significance for the conservation of
biological diversity, ensure that local or indigenous intellectual property rights are protected for eco-
tourism and other sustainable development opportunities, such as sustainable agriculture, training and
research
Management of Wastes: Establish mechanisms to protect the oceans, seas and coastal areas from
land-based sources of marine pollution as well as from ship-generated wastes, oil spills, transboundary
movement of toxic and hazardous wastes;
Transport and Communications: Continue efforts to strengthen maritime transport services and
facilities, at both the national and local levels, paying particular attention to environmental protection,
safety, and innovative energy-efficient and low-cost transport solutions;
Land Resources: Support appropriate afforestation and reforestation programmes in order to ensure
watershed and coastal protection;
Freshwater resources: Strengthen procedures to monitor and respond to the impacts on water
resources of natural and environmental hazards, in particular the impacts of climate change and climate
variability, including drought and sea level rise;
Energy Resources: Promote the efficient use of energy and the development of environmentally sound
sources of energy and energy-efficient technologies, paying special attention to the possibilities of using,
where appropriate, the increasing economic possibilities of new and renewable sources of energy,
including wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave and biomass energy, and ocean thermal energy
conversion.
Tourism Resources: Ensure that tourism development and environmental management are mutually
supportive, adopting integrated planning and policies to ensure sustainable tourism development, with
particular attention to land-use planning and coastal zone management, requiring environmental impact
assessments for all tourism projects, as well as the continuous monitoring of the environmental impact of
all tourism activities;
Natural and Environmental Disasters: Integrate natural and environmental disaster policies into
national development planning processes;
Science and Technology: Ensure that science and technology policy is closely linked to national
environmental strategies and sustainable development plans, including coastal zone management and
marine and ocean sciences data, and is responsive to local and sectoral sustainable development
needs;
National Institutions and Administrative Capacity: Strengthen institutional arrangements and
administrative capacity, including cross-sectoral/inter-ministerial committees and task forces, in order to
integrate environment and economic policy into national planning and across sectors and ensure the
capacity to implement oceans and coasts policies;
Regional Institutions and Regional Cooperation: Support and enhance participation and
coordination within regional organizations;
Human Resource Development: Develop curricula for sustainable development, and other needs for
policy development and implementation, including on oceans and coastal management.
dangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(61% of SIDS are parties to CITES compared to 93% of
(CITES); and
non-SIDS States). The London Convention is not exten-
sively ratified among SIDS or non-SIDS states, with ratifi-
· "Other relevant international and regional conven-
cation at 46% and 41% respectively (Loper et al 2004).
tions."
Although their ratification was not specifically called for,
Every SIDS has ratified the CBD (100% of SIDS versus
the BPoA also mentioned the:
98% of non-SIDS States ratifying). However, SIDS ex-
hibit lower than average ratification or accession on the
· United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Basel Convention (63% of SIDS are parties while 89% of
Change (with 100% of SIDS ratifying versus 98%
non-SIDS States are parties to the convention) and CITES
of non-SIDS States);
9

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· United Nations Agreement on Straddling Fish
for Development Policy of the UN Economic and Social
Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (with
Council recommended that Cape Verde and the Maldives
41% of SIDS ratifying versus 23% of non-SIDS
be graduated from the list of Least Developed Countries
States);
(LDC) due to, among other criteria, increases in GDP per
capita. While graduation is ostensibly a positive step, it can
· United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
render these SIDS less likely to receive certain types of aid.
(with 93% of SIDS ratifying versus 71% of non-
Consequently, each case of SIDS graduation should thor-
SIDS States); and
oughly consider SIDS' economic, social, and environmen-
tal vulnerabilities (UN Economic and Social Council, 2004).
· Convention on Wetlands of International Impor-
tance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR)
Also, while funding for SIDS is available in con-
(with 39% of SIDS ratifying versus 81% of non-
nection with the implementation of international multilat-
SIDS States).
eral environment agreements (Loper et al, 2004), one prob-
lem with implementation of the funds associated with spe-
With the exceptions of the Basel Convention, CITES,
cific conventions, such as the Convention on Biological
and RAMSAR, SIDS show a higher ratification of MEAs
Diversity or the Framework Convention on Climate Change,
mentioned in the BPOA than do non-SIDS States. How-
is that although the conventions call for protecting
ever, SIDS face serious constraints in fulfilling their con-
biodiversity or addressing climate change effects in the
vention commitments. The funding and assistance provi-
context of integrated coastal and ocean management, ac-
sions within the conventions themselves have not proven
tual funded projects often tend to fund smaller scale and
adequate to assist SIDS to fully implement the agreements.
separate activities, not part of an overall coastal manage-
As called for in Agenda 21, additional funding, technical
ment effort, leading to sectoral, rather than comprehensive
support, and capacity building are needed from the interna-
and cross-cutting management.
tional community to assist SIDS in full implementation of
MEAs. Assistance is particularly needed in nations with
Given the decline in overseas development assis-
low participation in MEAs, such as Bahrain, Guinea-Bissau,
tance, SIDS are turning to alternative sources of funding.
Singapore, Sao Tome & Principe, Cook Islands, Federated
The Global Environment Facility (GEF), for example, has
States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Niue, and Haiti (each with
played a substantial role in funding certain activities in SIDS.
about 20-35% participation in MEAs).
Since 1991, the GEF has allocated $365.1 million for 225
projects to address global environmental problems through
Funding
sustainable development in SIDS. These projects have also
attracted $571.6 million in co financing from other organi-
According to the UN Economic and Social Council, offi-
zations (GEF, 2004). GEF has funded work on a number of
cial development assistance (ODA) from Organisation for
the major provisions of the BPoA agenda. For example, the
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) coun-
GEF, along with UNDP and the South Pacific Regional
tries to SIDS dropped from US $2,688.29 million in 1994
Environment Programme (SPREP), has funded projects
to US $1,652.34 million in 2001 (Benn 2003). Reasons for
such as the Pacific Islands Climate Change Assistance
the drop in aid are unclear, but follow worldwide trends in
Project to help efforts in the realm of climate change and
declining aid. The levels of assistance that have been re-
sea level rise. SPREP and the Caribbean Disaster and Emer-
ceived by the small islands states have been far lower than
gency Response Agency, along with other international
anticipated, or needed, to implement the 1994 BPoA, which
agencies, have funded efforts related to the preparation for
detailed the actions that were necessary to achieve sustain-
and response to natural disasters (UN Economic and Social
able development in small island states (UN Economic and
Council 2004).
Social Council 2004).
3.2 Regional Level
Another cause for concern related to SIDS funding is
that some SIDS have high GDP per capita among develop-
Regional institutions have played a key role in interpreting
ing nations and therefore may not be seen by OECD coun-
and implementing the requirements of the BPoA in all three
tries as needing substantial aid, particularly in the face of a
SIDS regions--Pacific, Caribbean, and AIMS, since 1994.
worldwide decline in aid. It should be recalled, however,
that SIDS countries are very vulnerable to natural disasters
Regional institutions have, in a number of instances, made
and to economic collapse. Although the economies of some
considerable progress in interpreting and operationalizing
SIDS may appear stronger than those of other developing
the Barbados Programme of Action. For example, the Pa-
nations, the fragility of small island economies should be
cific Region is implementing a Pacific Regional Ocean
taken into account. For example, in 2003, the Committee
Policy adopted by Pacific Forum Leaders in 2002. The
10

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Pacific regional organizations regularly come together
Mauritius BPoA+10 meeting and for the World Summit on
through the Council of Regional Organizations of the Pa-
Sustainable Development. Because there were gaps in the
cific (CROP). CROP's marine sector working group is an
country-level data, in addition to these common data sources,
excellent example of a regional coordinating mechanism
we searched for other information in relevant publications
on oceans. A Pacific Islands Global Ocean Observing Sys-
and websites. All data sources utilized in the summary tables
tem has also been established.
are presented as footnotes in the summary tables. Espe-
cially useful sources included Sorensen's global survey of
Within the Caribbean, climate change and seal level rise
efforts in integrated coastal management (Sorenson 2000)
have been addressed at the regional level through the Car-
and Cicin-Sain et al's comparisons of progress achieved on
ibbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change Project
ocean and coastal management, at a global level, between
(CPACC) and subsequent efforts, including the
1993 and 2000 (Cicin-Sain et al, 2000). For each major com-
Mainstreaming Adaptation to Global Change (MACC)
ponent of the Barbados Programme of Action, we discuss:
project. Efforts have been made to establish the Caribbean
The nature of the BPoA goals, data sources utilized, gen-
Sea as a Special Area through the United Nations (United
eral trends in all SIDS for which data are available, regional
Nations General Assembly, 2004). While those efforts have
variations, and observations/policy implications.
not yet been successful, they represent a landmark in Car-
ibbean regional cooperation on ocean issues. Other examples
4.1 Ocean and Coastal Management
of regional cooperation in the Caribbean include the
CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism, the GEF Inte-
Introduction
grated Coastal Area and Watershed Management Project,
the IOC Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent
As described earlier in this paper, oceans and coasts are
Regions (IOCARIBE) Large Marine Ecosystem Project, and
vitally important to SIDS. This section examines the ex-
the Meso-American Reef System Project.
tent to which BPoA goals related to ocean and coastal man-
agement have been implemented. Countries all over the
Given the heterogeneous nature and geographical dis-
world, including SIDS, are grappling with issues of ocean
persion of the AIMS region, regional cooperation requires
and coastal management, and attempting to implement an
perhaps more effort in the AIMS region than in the Pacific
integrated ocean and coastal management approach, mov-
and Caribbean. The Indian Ocean Commission was given
ing away from the sector-by-sector approach to manage-
the lead in 2003 as an interim regional mechanism. In terms
ment, and considering the implications of development on
of multilateral environmental agreements the AIMS regions
the environment and of each ocean/coastal use on other
have made great strides since 1994, including 100% ratifi-
ocean/coastal uses.
cation of LOS, CBD, and UNEP regional seas conventions
among AIMS nations, initiation of national biodiversity stra-
Barbados Programme of Action Goals
tegic action plans, and establishment of marine protected
on Oceans and Coasts
areas.
In relation to oceans and coasts and as detailed in Table 2,
4. TRENDS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION
the Barbados Programme of Action called for the follow-
OF THE OCEANS AND COASTS
ing actions:
COMPONENTS OF THE BARBADOS
PROGRAMME OF ACTION
· (i) Establish and/or strengthen, where appropriate,
institutional, administrative and legislative arrange-
AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL
ments for developing and implementing integrated
coastal zone management plans and strategies for
In the sections that follow, we present the results of the
coastal watersheds and EEZs, including integrat-
analyses of national-level data on the implementation of
ing them within national development plans.
the oceans and coasts components of the BPoA and of three
other related components: climate change and sea level
· (ii) Design comprehensive monitoring programmes
rise, tourism, and waste disposal. As noted earlier these
for coastal and marine resources, including wet-
analyses rely on summary tables which are found in the
lands, in order to determine shoreline and ecosys-
Appendices (Appendix A for Ocean and Coastal Manage-
tem stability, and also document and apply, as a basis
ment, Appendix B for Climate Change and Sea Level Rise,
for integrated coastal zone planning and decision-
Appendix C for Tourism, and Appendix D for Waste Man-
making, traditional knowledge and management
agement). As noted earlier, the analyses are based largely
practices that are ecologically sound and include
on the national reports submitted by countries for the
the participation of local communities.
11

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· (iii) Develop and/or strengthen national capabilities
The Environmental Acts often encompass waste
for the sustainable harvesting and processing of fish-
and watershed or pollution-related issues, and to a
ery resources and provide training and awareness
lesser extent legislation on MPAs and fisheries man-
programmes for the managers (government and lo-
agement.
cal communities) of coastal and marine resources.
· 44% of SIDS (18 countries) have developed Na-
· (iv) Ratify and/or adhere to regional and interna-
tional Sustainable Development Plans, and Biologi-
tional conventions concerning the protection of
cal Diversity National Strategies. The Cook Islands,
coastal and marine resources and combat unsustain-
Marshal Islands and Samoa have developed Ma-
able fishing and related practices
rine Resources Plans.
Data Sources
· 7% of all SIDS (or 3 countries from the Caribbean)
have enacted National Coastal Zone Acts (Barba-
Analysis of the implementation of ocean and coastal policy
dos, Belize, and Cuba).
from the Barbados Programme of Action was carried out
based on National Assessment Reports prepared for
· 46% of SIDS (19 countries) have developed na-
BPoA+10 and on the Country Profiles developed for the
tional initiatives for integrated coastal management,
2002 Johannesburg Summit. Both the National Assessment
which are in the form of national plans (17% or 7
Reports and the 2002 Country Profiles address oceans and
countries; national strategies (17% or 7 countries);
coastal issues within a specific chapter.
and national programs (12% or 5 countries).
General Trends
· 27% of SIDS (11 of 41) have enacted legislation on
watershed planning, which includes coastal water-
The following results are based on analysis of the informa-
shed management. These are the Cook Islands,
tion collected from the national reports. Whenever pos-
Marshall Islands, Samoa, Barbados, Belize, Do-
sible, additional sources were used to fill data gaps. The
minican Republic, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Antigua &
discussion below reports on the percentage of SIDS coun-
Barbuda, and Suriname.
tries (from a total of 41 SIDS countries) implementing a
· Other initiatives closely related with integrated
particular provision of the BPoA on oceans and coasts.
coastal management are the establishment of Ma-
· 20% of SIDS nations (8 nations) have developed
rine Protected Areas (MPAs). 61% of SIDS, or 25
specific institutions or interagency mechanisms for
countries, have established MPAs while at least
the coordination of integrated coastal and ocean
seven more have recommended or proposed MPA
management;
development. Only five SIDS have not established
or recommended the establishment of MPAs, and
· 44% of SIDS nations (18 nations) have entrusted
information is needed for six SIDS. Interestingly,
the coordination of marine and coastal issues to na-
the Cook Islands and Samoa have declared their
tional environmental institutions. Some of these
entire EEZ as MPAs, presenting a unique solution
mechanisms and environmental institutions are part
for management.
of the National Sustainable Development Plan co-
ordination (6 countries of 18, or 15% out of the
Regional Variations
total).
The three regions: Pacific, Caribbean, and AIMS, have
· No SIDS has delimited its EEZ and deposited EEZ
achieved various levels of implementation of the BPoA re-
coordinates with the UN Division of Ocean Affairs
lated to ocean and coastal policy. The reports analyzed show
and Law of the Sea (DOALOS), nor has any SIDS
a great deal of diversity, particularly with respect to the
filed an extended continental shelf claim.
AIMS region. Therefore, it is difficult to attempt generali-
zations; however, the following regional trends are emer-
· Several countries have enacted relevant legislation
gent:
regarding marine management. Most of the enact-
ments are under jurisdiction or coordination of na-
Pacific
tional environmental institutions, most notably,
National Environmental Acts (63% of SIDS or 26
· One country had developed interagency mechanisms
countries) and laws that provide for Environmental
for ICZM (Cook Islands);
Impact Assessment (32% of SIDS, or 13 countries).
12

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· 29% of Pacific SIDS reported having ICZM strat-
AIMS
egies and plans;
The AIMS region is the most diverse region, both geographi-
· None reported having a dedicated Coastal Zone
cally and economically and this heterogeneity can inhibit
Management Act;
regional cooperation. The Indian Ocean Commission was
changed in 2003 to coordinate with the efforts of the AIMS
· 57% of the 14 Pacific SIDS have established MPAs
nations in preparing for BPoA+10.
as part of their EEZ/ocean management initiatives;
· No dedicated ICZM institutions were identified;
· Two countries or 14% of Pacific SIDS reported
having EIA Acts;
· 45% of the AIMS nations (5 countries), developed
National ICZM initiatives; however, the informa-
· Three of the Pacific (21%) SIDS carry out cross-
tion available did not allow for evaluation of the
sectoral coordination of ocean management issues
extent of implementation of these initiatives;
through national environmental institutions.
· No AIMS countries had dedicated Coastal Zone
· 29% were involved in some form of environmental
Management Acts;
monitoring in the coast.
· 55% of the AIMS nations (6 out of 11) carry out
A complete evaluation of some these initiatives and ac-
cross-sectoral coordination of ocean management
tivities was not possible given the limited information in
issues through national environmental institutions;
the national reports. From the reports however, it was evi-
dent that Pacific SIDS relied on regional initiatives and joint
· MPAs were established in 7 countries (64 %);
programmes to address some of their key ocean and coastal
concerns.
· 27% have legislated EIA Acts;
Caribbean.
· 55% of AIMS SIDS were engaged in some form of
coastal monitoring, however, from the reports, no
· Of all the SIDS regions, the Caribbean has the high-
clear information was available on how compre-
est number of countries with institutions dedicated
hensive these monitoring programmes were.
to ICZM activities (6 countries or 38%);
Observations
· Nine Caribbean nations (56%) reported develop-
ment of national integrated coastal management ini-
Based on the analysis of the available reports, it is possible
tiatives; however, the information available did not
to state with reasonable confidence that most countries rec-
allow for evaluation of the extent of implementa-
ognize the importance of the marine environment and its
tion of these initiatives;
resources to their sustainable development and economic
stability. Aspects of ocean management are usually con-
· Compared to the other SIDS regions, the Carib-
sidered under the auspices of National Sustainable Devel-
bean is the only region where 3 nations (19%) have
opment Strategies, derived from the implementation of the
passed Coastal Zone Management Acts;
Agenda 21 as well as the BPoA, and are often coordinated
by national environmental institutions.
· Ten Caribbean nations (63%) have developed
mechanisms for ocean management coordination
Institutional Capacity and Integrated Coastal and
through MPAs;
Ocean Management
· 50% have legislated EIA Acts;
· Institutional capacity and integrated coastal and
ocean management initiatives are constrained by
· 50% of Caribbean nations carry out cross-sectoral
weak institutions and administration processes as
coordination of ocean management issues through
well as lack of human, technical and financial re-
environmental institutions;
sources to develop and implement ocean policies.
This is evidenced by the fact that only 20% of all
· 38% of Caribbean SIDS reported some form of
SIDS have dedicated ICZM institutions.
coastal monitoring activities.
13

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· Nations recognize the need for integrated manage-
protected areas. However, it seems that they are
ment of oceans, but they lack the necessary capac-
not being designed in the context of a national strat-
ity. Financial constraints have prevented further
egy. A number are isolated actions, promoted by
development and implementation of ICZM. There
individual funding institutions.
is need for coordination and capacity building to
develop and implement policies and integrated strat-
Environmental Impact Assessment
egies.
· SIDS recognize Environmental Impact Assessment
· SIDS are implementing coastal zone sectoral poli-
(EIA) as a tool to support better-informed decision-
cies, and some plans on specific uses and problems
making related to oceans and coasts. Taking into
regarding oceans. Most of the issues regarding
account the impacts of projects on the coastline and
ocean management are primarily focused on envi-
on marine resources, many have enacted EIA legis-
ronmental issues, pollution and marine resources,
lation, meant to guide all future coastal projects.
including fisheries and biodiversity.
EIA represents a means of better management and
coordination of cross-cutting coastal issues, includ-
· Many nations lack specific institutions or adminis-
ing the implementation of integrated coastal man-
trative processes to implement a crosscutting ap-
agement.
proach to planning and management of oceans and
coasts. Most of the burden of addressing cross-
· Nations have been developing legislation which
sectoral issues is left to environmental management
encompasses issues related to oceans and coasts,
institutions.
such as pollution, EIA, biodiversity, marine con-
servation, watershed management, fisheries, and
EEZ Management
shipping. There is a need, however, for more coor-
dination of coastal legislation with pre-existing
· No SIDS has delimited its EEZ due to lack of ca-
regulations such as fisheries and urban planning.
pacity and/or boundary delimitation conflicts with
neighboring states.
4.2 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
· The SIDS acknowledge the difficulty of surveil-
Introduction
lance and enforcement within their EEZs, due to
logistical and financial constraints, as well as the
Here, the progress SIDS have made towards the climate
expansive nature of the areas they control. Fisher-
change and sea level prescriptions presented in the BPoA is
ies enforcement within EEZs is a primary concern
assessed. As noted earlier, analysis is complicated by the
and difficulty.
limited availability of information from the participant coun-
· Most SIDS have not developed EEZ management
tries. The most useful information has come from the Na-
plans. Rather, they have created localized plans to
tional Assessment Reports produced in preparation for
manage fisheries and pollution issues.
BPoA+10 (as noted earlier, only 68% of the SIDS had sub-
mitted these documents as of the preparation of this analy-
· The Pacific islands present several cases where the
sis (March 2005)). Additional information was found in the
whole EEZ was classified as a protected area or a
national country profiles produced by the ECLAC/ CDCC
marine sanctuary. This strategy presents a unique
Secretariat in 1998. Unfortunately, those only pertained to
method of EEZ management.
12 Caribbean nations out of a total of 41 SIDS countries. A
third major source of information was the national commu-
Marine Biodiversity
nications on the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), which provided limited in-
· Some SIDS have developed a National Biodiversity
formation on each country's direct actions towards the goals
Plan and others are in various stages of develop-
of BPoA. Finally, some countries have published docu-
ment. These strategies may potentially play an im-
ments and web-based resources independently which per-
portant role in the integration and coordination of
tain to climate change and sea level. However, these re-
biodiversity and fisheries management plans.
sources vary widely in their comprehensiveness. Appendix
B summarizes the actions of the SIDS in response to the
· Many countries are developing or implementing
goals on climate change and sea level rise of the BPoA.
local projects regarding aquaculture, fisheries, and
Below is an assessment of those actions.
14

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Barbados Programme of Action Goals on Climate
General Trends
Change and Sea Level Rise
· Approximately 63% of SIDS countries (26 SIDS)
The BPoA set forth nine national actions, policies, and
have produced or are in the process of producing a
measures for SIDS related to climate change and sea level
national adaptation plan (action iii), while 27% have
rise:
not produced one (11 SIDS), and information is un-
available for the remaining 10% (4 SIDS). A na-
(i) Ensure early ratification of or accession to the
tional adaptation plan is an official document that
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
explains how a country will address the problems
Change, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
created by sea level rise. Additionally, 22% (9 SIDS)
Deplete the Ozone Layer, and other related legal
of those countries have national offices dedicated
instruments.
to issues of climate change and sea level rise, while
68% do not (28 SIDS) and information is unavail-
(ii) Monitor, survey and collect data on climate change
able for the remaining 10% (4 SIDS). Most of these
and sea level rise.
offices are at the ministerial or sub-ministerial level.
(iii) Formulate comprehensive adjustment and mitiga-
· Among the SIDS, 61% (25 SIDS) have a national
tion policies for sea level rise in the context of in-
disaster preparation and response plan (actions vii
tegrated coastal area management.
and v), 12% (5 SIDS) do not, and information is
unavailable for 27% (11 SIDS). Twenty SIDS (49%)
(iv) Assess the effects and the socio-economic impli-
have a national office or agency dedicated to ad-
cations of the impact of climate change, climate
dressing disaster issues, 24% do not (10 SIDS), and
variability and sea level rise on Small Island De-
information is unavailable for 27% (11 SIDS). Sys-
veloping States.
tems for early warning of citizens when disasters,
such as cyclones, are imminent, have been installed
(v) Map areas vulnerable to sea level rise and develop
by 29% of the SIDS (12 SIDS), while 44% of the
computer-based information systems covering the
countries (18 SIDS) have not yet installed early
results of surveys, assessments and observations
warning systems, and information is unavailable for
as part of the development of adequate response
27% (11 SIDS).
strategies, adaptation policies and measures to
minimize the impact of climate change, climate
· Of the SIDS, 37% or fifteen countries have some
variability and sea level rise.
sort of renewable energy system installed (action
viii), eighteen SIDS (44%) have not yet installed a
(vi) Improve public and political understanding of the
renewable energy system, and information is un-
potential impacts of climate change.
available for 19% (8 SIDS). A majority of projects
(vii) Formulate comprehensive strategies and measures
are isolated small-scale solar installations, however,
(including the preparation, facilitation and collec-
some countries have implemented significant renew-
tion of information) on adaptation to climate
able energy infrastructure. For example, Fiji and
change that would contribute to a better under-
Belize have large-scale hydroelectric producing
standing of the range of issues associated with the
plants that provide energy for a significant portion
development of methodologies to facilitate ad-
of their populations.
equate adaptation to climate change.
· Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessments (ac-
(viii) Promote a more efficient use of energy resources
tion ii) have been completed by 54% of the SIDS
in development planning and use appropriate meth-
(22 countries), 34% (14 SIDS) have yet to do so,
ods to minimize the adverse effects of climate
and information is unavailable for 12% of the na-
change on the sustainable development of those
tions (5 SIDS). Reporting by SIDS indicates that
resources.
only 20% (8 SIDS) have actually installed equip-
ment for environmental monitoring such as tidal
(ix) Increase participation in the bilateral, regional and
gauges and meteorological stations (action ii), 68%
global research, assessment, monitoring and map-
(28 SIDS) have yet to do so, and information is un-
ping of climate impacts, including the adoption of
available for 12% (5 SIDS). However, recent com-
oceanographic and atmospheric measures and poli-
munications with SIDS representatives indicate that
cies and the development of response strategies.
new installations of monitoring equipment has taken
15

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place in a number of nations, and that tidal gauges
plans and offices to that end, while 14% have yet to do so,
are pervasive especially among the Pacific SIDS and
and information is unavailable for 36%. Tuvalu has gone a
Caribbean SIDS through regional efforts.
step further by placing disaster equipment such as genera-
tors and desalination units at strategic points around the
· Of the SIDS, 34% (14 SIDS) have implemented
country. Additionally, Tuvalu, Fiji, Niue, Palau, Samoa,
projects for public education about climate change
Tonga, and the Cook Islands, have undertaken disaster early
and sea level rise (action vi), 44% (18 SIDS) have
warning projects in association with broadcasting entities
yet to do so, and information is unavailable for 22%
in their countries.
(9 SIDS). Six SIDS (15%) teach about climate
change and sea level rise in public school curricula,
In the Pacific 43% of SIDS have implemented some sort
63% do not (26 SIDS), and information is unavail-
of renewable energy infrastructure, while 36% have not,
able for the remaining 22% (9 SIDS). It is impor-
and information is unavailable for 21%. While Pacific coun-
tant to note that a number of SIDS that haven't yet
tries have done the most to implement renewable energy
incorporated climate change topics in primary
sources, the scale of these projects varies greatly. Many
school curricula have public awareness programs
countries have initiated small-scale solar projects, while a
for the general public.
few such as Vanuatu and Fiji have much more sophisti-
cated and ambitious plans and infrastructure for renewable
· Several SIDS have developed innovative plans such
energy production. Overall, there seems to be an apprecia-
as scholarships for citizens to study climate issues
tion of the potential of renewable energy among the SIDS
at a university (Tonga) and the establishment of an
of the Pacific.
Oceanographic Institute to attract international ex-
pertise on sea level change (Mauritius).
Based on Pacific SIDS reporting 79% of the countries
have conducted a greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory, while
· Only 10% of SIDS (4 countries) have produced a
14% have not and information is unavailable for 7%. In the
specific assessment that pertains to the socio-eco-
Pacific, only 14% of SIDS have installed climate and sea
nomic impact of sea level rise and climate change,
level monitoring instruments, 79% have not and informa-
while 66% (27 SIDS) have yet to do so, and infor-
tion is unavailable for 7%. Public education about climate
mation is unavailable for the remaining 24% (10
change and sea level rise is conducted by 43% of the na-
SIDS). It is worth noting, however, that most coun-
tions, while 21% have not yet commenced and information
tries seem keenly aware of the socio-economic chal-
is unavailable for 36%. The most common initiative is
lenges presented by climate change and sea level
through the inclusion of climate change topics in primary
rise, as evidenced by ancillary information provided
school curricula. Additionally, Samoa educates the public
in country reports. It may be that an innate under-
through service announcements on television and radio
standing of the challenges presented by this issue
broadcast. The BPoA goal that seems to have received the
among the SIDS precludes the necessity or urgency
least attention is the assessment of the socio-economic im-
for the production of an assessment document (iv).
pact of sea level rise and climate change, with only 21% of
countries producing a related document, 36% not doing so,
Regional Variations
and information unavailable on 43%. Few countries have
noted in their national assessment reports, or other docu-
Pacific. While the Pacific region has a moderate level of
ments, substantial development on this issue. However, it
national reporting, it seems to have the most sophisticated
is worth noting that this issue may hold less significance
enactment of the climate change and sea level action points
for SIDS citizens relative to other more pressing climate
presented in the BPoA. In the Pacific region, 57% of the
and sea level change goals in the BPoA.
SIDS countries have produced a National Assessment Re-
port. National plans for sea level rise and climate change
Caribbean. The Caribbean region has the most compre-
adaptation and mitigation exist or are in preparation for 71%
hensive national reporting among the SIDS, and a number
of the Pacific SIDS, 14% have (to date) not begun prepara-
of regional trends emerge from the available information.
tion, while information is unavailable for the remaining
In the Caribbean, 88% of the SIDS have produced a Na-
14%. About 21% of the SIDS have undertaken projects to
tional Assessment Report. The development of a climate
develop infrastructure for sea level change adaptation, 72%
change and sea level rise adaptation and mitigation plan
have yet to do so, and information is unavailable for 7%.
was undertaken by 50% of the Caribbean SIDS, while 50%
For example, Tuvalu has constructed seawalls and Tonga
have yet to do so. Only 19% have national offices dedi-
has planted coastal trees and built foreshore embankments.
cated to climate and sea level issues, while 81% do not.
About 50% of reporting countries have undertaken disaster
However, 88% of Caribbean SIDS have established a na-
preparedness planning as well, and have established national
tional disaster preparedness plan or office, while 12% have
16

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not. Antigua and Barbuda has established a disaster fund to
Observations
help defray the economic impact of recovering from a natu-
ral disaster and Belize has conducted community aware-
While an analysis of the state of implementation of the BPoA
ness campaigns in order to inform the public of what to do
goals on climate change and sea level rise among the SIDS
in a disaster. It is important to note that in this hurricane
would benefit from more data, a number of significant con-
prone region only 13% of the SIDS have established an
clusions can be drawn from the available information. The
early warning system to alert the public in the event of a
SIDS have made significant progress towards the BPoA
disaster.
climate change and sea level rise goals related to adapta-
tion and mitigation programs as well as disaster prepared-
Approximately 82% of SIDS in the Caribbean have pro-
ness. First, a relatively high number of SIDS have produced
moted or assessed their countries potential for renewable
both National Assessment Report documents and national
energy production, while 18% have not. However, only 25%
adaptation and mitigation policies. The production of these
have some sort of renewable energy infrastructure installed,
documents is an indication of an overall commitment of
while 75% do not. Based upon Caribbean SIDS reporting,
the SIDS to the goals of BPoA. That commitment is further
44% of the countries have conducted a GHG inventory,
reflected in the relatively high number of SIDS that have
while 56% have not. In the Caribbean region 19% of coun-
produced GHG inventories. The GHG inventory is an im-
tries have installed environmental data recording instru-
portant first step in understanding the role each nation plays
ments and 81% have yet to do so. Public education about
in global warming, and in a geopolitical context, it signals
climate change and sea level rise has been undertaken by
to the international community a dedication to the princi-
38% of the Caribbean SIDS, with 62% of the SIDS lacking
pals of the Kyoto Protocol. Additionally, a relatively high
public awareness programs. Finally, no countries from the
number of SIDS have developed a national disaster prepa-
Caribbean produced an assessment of the socio-economic
ration and response plan. This indicates a sincere concern
impact of climate change and sea level rise.
and understanding of the threats posed to their nations by
climate change and sea level rise.
AIMS. Most of the AIMS nations have established a solid
foundation for enacting climate and sea level change re-
Overall, the SIDS have made less significant progress
lated policies. Among the AIMS, 54% of the SIDS have
toward the BPoA climate change and sea level rise goals
produced a National Assessment Report. Approximately
related to implementation of renewable energy as well as
54% of AIMS countries have a climate and sea level rise
climate and sea level monitoring. The slower progress to-
adaptation and mitigation plan, 19% do not, and informa-
wards these specific goals by the SIDS does not reflect a
tion is not available for the remaining 27%. Among the
lack of commitment to the BPoA, but rather a dearth of
AIMS countries, 36% have governmental offices dedicated
financial and technical capacity. Many of the SIDS lack the
to these issues, 37% do not, and information is needed for
funds and technical knowledge to produce the infrastruc-
the remaining 27%. 45% of AIMS countries have a disas-
ture related to renewable energy production, and climate
ter preparedness plan for climate-related catastrophes, 10%
and sea level monitoring.
do not and information is unavailable for the remaining 45%.
While the SIDS as a whole have made a number of im-
A limited number of AIMS countries have implemented
portant strides towards the prescriptions of the BPoA in the
renewable energy plans and projects. Approximately 45%
last 10 years, they must overcome additional obstacles in
of the AIMS SIDS have installed renewable energy infra-
order to meet all climate and sea level change goals. None-
structure, while 18% have not, and information is needed
theless, it is evident in their national reports and communi-
for the remaining 37%. While 45% of AIMS nations have
cations that the SIDS all have a genuine concern and appre-
completed a GHG inventory, 18% have not and informa-
ciation for the threats posed by climate change and sea level
tion is unavailable for the remaining 37%. Public aware-
rise, and a commitment to the goals of the BPoA. All SIDS
ness and education projects are limited to only 27% of the
seem to have a resolve and determination to face these
AIMS nations, while 36% of the countries have no pro-
threats and meet the goals of BPoA. It is important to note
grams, and information is needed for the remaining 37%.
that the ability of the SIDS to fulfill all the goals prescribed
Like the Caribbean, none of the AIMS nations produced an
in the BPoA relative to climate change and sea level rise is
assessment of the socio-economic impact of climate change
not limited by governmental commitment to the plan of
and sea level rise. Overall, there seem to be very few over-
action, but rather by the financial and technological capac-
riding trends in the AIMS group, which may be attributed
ity of each nation.
to the geographic distribution of the islands as well as their
economic and political heterogeneity.
For most of the SIDS the financial capacity, and to a lesser
extent, technical capacity necessary to fulfill the goals of
17

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the BPoA must emanate from an external source. A num-
sustainable tourism development, with particular at-
ber of SIDS are already working with international partners
tention to land-use planning and coastal zone man-
to develop renewable energy and sea level monitoring in-
agement, requiring environmental impact assess-
frastructure. However, greater support is needed in order
ments for all tourism projects; the continuous moni-
for all SIDS to achieve the goals of the BPoA. That support
toring of the environmental impact of all tourism
will likely only be solicited by presenting potential bene-
activities; and the development of guidelines and
factors with convincing and quantitative evidence of the
standards for design and construction taking into
imminent threat climate change and sea level rise pose to
account energy and water consumption, the genera-
the SIDS.
tion and disposal of wastes and land degradation,
the proper management and protection of eco-tour-
In order to garner the attention and concern of the inter-
ism attractions, and the carrying capacity of areas
national community to the plight of the SIDS they must
for tourism.
quantitatively demonstrate the threat of rising sea level to
their islands. This can most effectively be done by the in-
(iii) Identify and develop facilities to meet specific niche
stallation of instruments to monitor, survey and collect data
markets, particularly in eco-tourism, nature and cul-
on climate change and sea level rise, pursuant to point (ii)
tural tourism, and involve local populations in the
in the Barbados Programme of Action Goals on Ocean and
identification and management of natural protected
Coastal Policy. While recent communications indicate an
areas set aside for eco-tourism.
increase in tidal gauges among the SIDS, an effective means
of accessing the data collected by them does not yet exist.
(iv) Adopt measures to protect the cultural integrity of
Given the state of environmental monitoring technology
small island developing States.
and global communication infrastructure it would be pos-
sible to create a SIDS global network of tidal gauges and
Data Sources
meteorological stations that report and collect sea level and
climate data around the world in a consistent manner. Such
Sources of information for assessment of the implementa-
a comprehensive set of data would demonstrate the threat
tion of these goals include the National Assessment Re-
of rising sea level to SIDS on a global scale and provide
ports prepared in preparation for the Mauritius process, the
indisputable evidence of sea level fluctuation.
2002 Country Profiles prepared for the World Summit on
Sustainable Development, World Tourism Organization
publications, information from regional tourism organiza-
4.3 Tourism
tions (e.g., Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism),
national tourism websites (e.g., Tonga Visitors Bureau), and
Introduction
other sources. Although tourism data are not available for
all SIDS, analysis of available data has revealed several
Tourism is very important to the livelihood SIDS, compris-
trends.
ing a significant portion of many SIDS' GDPs and employ-
ment sectors. If properly planned and managed, tourism
General Trends
may provide a sustainable development option for future
growth in these nations. However, SIDS are environmen-
· 88% of SIDS, or 36 countries have some kind of
tally and culturally fragile, and thus poorly managed tour-
tourism agency at the national level, while 7% of
ism could threaten the very resources upon which they de-
SIDS (3 countries) do not have national tourism
pend. The Barbados Programme of Action sets forth goals
agencies and information is needed for 5% of SIDS
at the national, regional, and global levels to guide sustain-
(2 countries). For some nations, this national of-
able tourism development.
fice serves as a "chamber of commerce" or visitor's
bureau whose main purpose is to attract more tour-
Barbados Programme of Action Goals on Tourism
ists, while other organizations serve more of a regu-
latory role.
At the national level, the goals outlined in the Barbados
Programme of Action are relatively general, as noted be-
· At least 49% of SIDS (20 countries) have installed
low:
these organizations at the ministry or secretary of
state level, such as a Ministry of Tourism or Secre-
(i) Ensure that tourism development and environmental
tary of State of Tourism. Although not specifically
management are mutually supportive.
called for in the BPoA, the presence of a national
(ii) Adopt integrated planning and policies to ensure
body to regulate and promote tourism is important
to the furtherance of BPoA goals, as the BPoA calls
18

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for actions at the national level that would be very
tivities are eco-tourism and/or involve local com-
difficult without a specified agency with the re-
munities. Some of the countries provided informa-
sources and authority to develop policies and stan-
tion of various eco-tourism projects, but informa-
dards.
tion is still needed for 37% of the SIDS. Ecotourism
and community-based initiatives are, almost by
· 59% of SIDS (24 countries) have developed na-
definition, implemented on a smaller scale than
tional tourism strategies or plans (Action ii); how-
massive resort developments. Several SIDS, par-
ever, there is little information on the implementa-
ticularly those in the early stages of tourism devel-
tion or status of these plans. 12% of SIDS (5 coun-
opment, are trying to build reputations as premier
tries) reported a lack of a national plan, while 29%
ecotourism destinations, such as Guyana. This type
of SIDS (12 countries) did not report having a plan
of tourism development strategy may be contrasted
but did not clearly state the absence of one; more
with traditionally developed tourism destinations,
information is needed for these 17 SIDS. Several
such as the Bahamas, and Jamaica which are well
of those 6 SIDS currently lacking national plans
known for their resort developments.
have recognized the need to develop a national
strategy in the near future and one, Cape Verde, is
· Capacity building for tourism, including training of
in the process of preparing a National Strategic
local workers, is taking place primarily at the re-
Development Plan for Tourism.
gional level through workshops and courses. Evi-
dence of capacity building is seen in at least 46%
· 54% of SIDS (22 countries) have adopted sustain-
of SIDS (19 countries), although information is still
able tourism standards or an ecotourism accredita-
needed for 49% of SIDS. These initiatives are split
tion scheme (Action ii). For example, Samoa has
between internal capacity building (such as, for ex-
adopted a Sustainable Tourism Indicators
ample, the University of Malta has a new tourism
Programme, and several Caribbean SIDS are par-
degree), and external capacity building where an
ticipating in the pilot phase of the Blue Flag pro-
outside organization or agency is providing capac-
gram, a European-based eco-label program for
ity building for a SIDS. Examples of external ca-
beaches. However, information is needed for 44%
pacity building include the United States federal
of the SIDS.
government's program in the Marshall Islands to
train tour guides for World War II sites. Of the two
· With respect to Environmental Impact Assessment
SIDS that reported a lack of capacity building ini-
(EIA) for tourism infrastructure (Action ii), al-
tiatives for tourism, one, Cape Verde, is in the pro-
though at least 37% of SIDS (15 countries) have
cess of establishing a national school for hotel and
some kind of national legislation for EIA, it is very
tourism activities.
difficult to discern which nations specifically re-
quire EIA for tourism projects. Since information
· Little information has been reported on initiatives
regarding tourism regulations is usually reported
for cultural preservation within SIDS related to
separately from information directed at tourists, the
tourism (Action iv); however, at least 10 SIDS
nexus between the two is not clear, as very few
(24%) have indicated projects to promote cultural
nations have specifically reported that they require
heritage. Retention of traditional cultural values
EIAs for tourism projects. For example, the tour-
and traditions in the face of extensive tourism de-
ism section of Cuba's 2002 national report discusses
velopment and outside influence is a difficult is-
the use of the EIA, but does not explicitly state
sue for SIDS and should be seriously considered
whether it is required. Further investigation of the
as part of environmental impact assessments for
relevant national EIA legislation for each nation
tourism facilities.
may clarify this issue.
Regional Variations
· Examples can be found in practically all countries
of initiatives or projects that involve local commu-
Pacific. For the Pacific regions, the bulk of tourism plan-
nities in eco-tourism (Action iii); however, it is dif-
ning seems to be occurring at the regional level through the
ficult to determine whether these projects are in-
South Pacific Tourism Organization and investment by do-
dicative of extensive ecotourism programmes or
nor nations at the regional level. Although at least 11 of the
merely represent pilot projects. At least 63% of
14 Pacific SIDS have some sort of tourism agency, only
SIDS (26 countries) have shown positive evidence
three of those agencies are at the ministerial level. The
of ecotourism or community-based tourism, but it
Pacific region does, however, show strong evidence of com-
is not clear what proportion of overall tourism ac-
munity-based tourism, with over 70% of Pacific SIDS hav-
19

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ing locally-run programs such as village homestays. Al-
with fledgling industries, whose further development may
though several Pacific SIDS such as Fiji have well-estab-
be limited by constraints such as lack of access (e.g., direct
lished tourism industries, the tourism industry is just devel-
plane flights) to the island from major population centers.
oping in some of the smaller and more remote islands such
For example, although Dominica is fairly close to the United
as Nauru.
States, there are no direct flights available to the island; US
mainland tourists must first fly to Barbados or Antigua or
Caribbean. The Caribbean region shows strong national
another neighboring island. Similarly, each region shows
tourism planning; all 16 Caribbean SIDS has a national tour-
a spectrum of approaches to tourism management, from
ism body with 11 of these at the ministry or secretary of
those SIDS striving to attract large resort developments to
state level within the national government. Over 87% of
those promoting ecotourism. These approaches are reflected
Caribbean SIDS have in place a national tourism plan or
in tourism plans, which have been developed by at least
strategy. An impressive 69% of Caribbean SIDS have in
59% of SIDS.
place capacity building programs and an equal number
(69%, or 11 countries) have community-based tourism ini-
In addition to the recommendation of environmental im-
tiatives. However, only two Caribbean SIDS reported rel-
pact assessment for tourism facilities as called for in the
evant national legislation such as a Tourism Act while two
BPoA, SIDS should consider undertaking benefit-cost
others recommend that such efforts be undertaken. It should
analysis for new tourism facilities and identifying increased
be noted however that in some cases tourism is addressed
opportunities for local, rather than foreign, investment.
by less obvious legislation such as urban planning and de-
Environmental impact assessment for tourism infrastruc-
velopment. Regionally, the Caribbean region is somewhat
ture should include a component for considering social and
heterogeneous with respect to levels of tourism develop-
cultural impacts (e.g., the retention of traditional cultural
ment. As compared to the Pacific and AIMS regions, the
values and traditions in the face of extensive tourism de-
Caribbean has more opportunities for tourism development
velopment and outside influence).
due to its proximity to North America, extensive tourism
industry on some islands such as Jamaica, and a thriving
Those states without a national body for the promotion
cruise industry.
and regulation of tourism should consider developing such
an institution. Those institutions, such as visitors' bureaus,
AIMS. Within the AIMS region, several States show very
that do not serve a regulatory role should perhaps be vested
strong evidence of tourism planning, such as Mauritius and
with the authority to regulate, as well as to promote, tour-
Seychelles, while in other AIMS nations there is little evi-
ism activities.
Those states that have not completed a na-
dence of tourism planning. Regional leadership on tourism
tional tourism strategy should consider doing so as soon as
in the AIMS region is not as coordinated as in the Pacific
possible. These strategies should include identification of
and in the Caribbean; the AIMS region does not have a
desirable tourism types (e.g. nature-based tourism), plans
regional tourism organization analogous to the Pacific and
for promoting and marketing the state, and information on
Caribbean regional organizations. At least nine of the 11
tourism carrying capacity.
AIMS SIDS have a national body for tourism, with six of
those agencies at the ministry level. However, based on
Given the disparate levels of tourism development intra-
the data reported, only four SIDS have developed a national
regionally, SIDS with developed tourism programs such as,
plan for tourism development.
for example, The Bahamas or Belize, should work with
nations such as Suriname with developing international tour-
Observations
ism industries. Such South/South collaboration would pro-
vide opportunities for sharing of lessons learned.
Overall, SIDS are characterized by widely varying levels
of tourism development and very different approaches to
4.4 Waste Management
tourism management. While almost every SIDS has a na-
tional tourism agency, almost half of those seem to serve a
Introduction
promotion, rather than a regulatory, role. The Pacific re-
gion has strong regional planning through the South Pa-
The environmental, social, and economic impacts of in-
cific Tourism Organization, while the Caribbean has sev-
creasing quantities of man-generated wastes pose major
eral agencies dealing with tourism at the regional level, in-
problems in most urban centers, and the efficient sustain-
cluding the Caribbean Alliance for Sustainable Tourism.
able management of those wastes has become a worldwide
The AIMS region has not implemented regional tourism
challenge. This issue is even more critical for SIDS, con-
planning. Within each region, there are examples of coun-
sidering their unique situation of restricted land area, lim-
tries with mature resort-based tourism industries and those
ited freshwater resources, high dependence on the coastal/
20

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marine environment, and high vulnerability to contamina-
(vii) Establish port reception facilities for the collection
tion. These characteristics, associated with increasing popu-
of waste in accordance with Annex V of the Inter-
lation growth rates, urbanization, tourism, industrialization,
national Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
changes in consumption patterns, and the economic con-
from Ships (MARPOL 73/78).
straints faced by SIDS, have resulted in underground water
and freshwater resource contamination as well as marine
(viii) In conformity with the Basel Convention and rel-
pollution and coastal degradation, among other impacts.
evant decisions taken by the parties to that Con-
vention, formulate and enforce national laws and/
BPoA Goals on Waste Management
or regulations that ban the importation from States
that are members of the Organization for Economic
In response to both the above concerns and an awareness
Cooperation and Development (OECD) of hazard-
that a combination of short and long-term mechanisms for
ous wastes and other wastes subject to the Basel
the appropriate management of wastes are required, SIDS
Convention, including hazardous wastes and other
agreed to adopt and implement the following eight actions
wastes destined for recycling and recovery opera-
at the national level, as prescribed in the third chapter of
tions.
the BPoA:
Data Sources
(i) Develop fiscal and policy incentives and other mea-
sures to encourage environmentally sustainable
Sources of information for this section include the National
imports and local products with low waste or de-
Assessment Reports prepared by SIDS; the UN 2002 Coun-
gradable waste content.
try Profiles published for the Johannesburg World Summit
on Sustainable Development and the concept papers pre-
(ii) Develop and implement appropriate regulatory
sented at the UN Expert Meeting on Waste Management in
measures, including emission discharge and pollu-
SIDS held in Havana, Cuba in November 2003. Two im-
tion standards, for the reduction, prevention, con-
portant sources of information for the Pacific Region SIDS
trol and monitoring of pollution from all sources;
were the 2003 SPREP report Port Improving Ships' Waste
for the safe and efficient management of toxic, haz-
Management in Pacific Islands Ports; and the SPREP/
ardous and solid wastes, including sewage, herbi-
Sinclair Knight Merz Ltda. (1991) Solid Waste Character-
cides, pesticides industrial and hospital effluent; and
ization and Management Plans Project, a series of reports
for the proper management of disposal sites.
commissioned by SPREP to assess the solid waste man-
agement of eight Pacific Region Countries, including Fiji,
(iii) Ratify and implement relevant conventions, includ-
Tonga, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and
ing the Basel Convention on the Control of
Solomon Islands. For the assessment of the waste manage-
Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
ment of the Caribbean SIDS, important sources of infor-
and Their Disposal, and the Convention on the Pre-
mation were the 1998 national country profiles produced
vention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes
by the ECLAC/ CDCC Secretariat 1998 on the basis of ques-
and Other Matter (London Convention of 1972), as
tionnaires submitted by SIDS governments.
well as relevant regional conventions.
General Trends
(iv) Formulate and implement public awareness and
education campaigns designed to gain local recog-
The overall progress of the 41 SIDS on implementation of
nition of the need to control wastes at the source; of
BPoA goals related to waste management is summarized in
the value of reuse, recycling and appropriate pack-
Appendix D and presented here:
aging; and of the possibilities for converting wastes
to resources in culturally appropriate ways.
· Little information was available regarding the de-
velopment of policy and/or fiscal incentives to re-
(v) Introduce clean technologies and treatment of waste
duce the generation of wastes (Action i). Informa-
at the source and appropriate technology for solid
tion was not found for 46% of the 41 SIDS. Never-
waste treatment.
theless, at least 39% (16) have developed some sort
of incentives for the minimization of wastes, in-
(vi) Develop information systems and baseline data for
cluding the 19% (8) that have implemented those
waste management and pollution control, monitor-
incentives. At least 14% (6) have not developed any
ing the types and quantities of wastes, for both sea-
incentives.
and land-based sources of pollution.
21

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· No less than 90% (37) SIDS have some kind of
of landfills in Samoa, St. Lucia, Mauritius and
regulatory measures for the management of wastes
Seychelles). 11 of the 41 SIDS have mentioned the
and the control of pollution (Action ii), but only in
accomplishment or the current development of such
some SIDS (between 46% and 66% of the 41 SIDS)
improvements in the disposal of solid domestic
are those measures part of some sort of compre-
wastes. Small and large scale recycling initiatives
hensive waste management program, plan or strat-
were mentioned by 39% (16) of the SIDS. Many
egy (WMP). Only 4 SIDS reported the establish-
SIDS report the existence of some kind of public,
ment of a WM Authority.
private and/or community-based initiative for the
recycling of glass, paper, aluminum, and a few coun-
· Regarding Action (iii), 83% (34) SIDS are members
tries have initiated plastic recycling programmes.
of the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Composting is also used, although less extensively;
95% (39) SIDS are parties to the United Nations
at least Mauritius, Nauru, Samoa, and Seychelles
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
have been carrying out composting and other SIDS,
Only 46% (19) are parties to the Convention on the
such as Barbados, have proposed, but not imple-
Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of
mented, composting. Hazardous and chemical
Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention of
wastes from hospitals are in most cases incinerated
1972). Four SIDS have signed the London
in small incinerators, often reported as inappropri-
Convention's 1996 Protocol and only two SIDS have
ate, either being too old or unable to satisfy the de-
signed both London and the 1996 Protocol. 63%
mand for hazardous waste disposal. No informa-
(26) SIDS are parties to the Basel Convention. 28
tion was available regarding the treatment of agri-
SIDS (68%), including the recently acceded
cultural wastes, such as pesticides, and little infor-
Vanuatu, are parties to Annexes I and II of the In-
mation was available regarding sewage treatment
ternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollu-
facilities. A few SIDS (e.g., Niue, Palau, Seychelles,
tion from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol
Solomon Islands) reported the use of home septic
of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78). Three
tanks, which may be suitable in cases of undevel-
SIDS reports did mention that, although they are
oped areas, if properly constructed and maintained.
not parties to MARPOL, its provisions have been
Other SIDS, such as Kiribati, reported no sewage
given effect through national legislation instruments
treatment at all; the sewage is discharged directly
(Loper et al, 2004).
into the sea (Action v).
· For 19% (8) of the SIDS, no information was found
· At least 21 (51%) SIDS have performed specific or
regarding educational initiatives designed to gain
comprehensive surveys related to the characteriza-
local recognition of the importance of participating
tion of wastes and/or establishment of monitoring
in the waste management process (Action iv). Of
programs (Action vi). Eight SIDS have made ex-
the 41 SIDS, no less than 49% (20) have formu-
plicit their recognition of the importance and need
lated and/or implemented some kind of public
of such studies.
awareness program or regular educational cam-
paign, while 32% (13) reported a complete lack of
· Limited information is available regarding the es-
initiatives or cited unsatisfactory programs, al-
tablishment of port reception facilities for the col-
though a number of SIDS (24% or 10) have made
lection of wastes, as prescribed in Annex V of the
explicit their recognition of the need to start or in-
MARPOL Convention. Although eight SIDS were
tensify educational initiatives.
reported to have established some kind of facili-
ties, only four have been able to satisfy the demand
· Regarding the introduction of new technology for
for waste reception at their ports. Six other SIDS
clean production and/or for the treatment of the dif-
have reported that the establishment of reception
ferent classes of wastes (e.g., solid, sewage, domes-
facilities has been proposed (Action vii).
tic, agricultural, industrial, hospital, etc.; Action v),
for 22% (9) of the SIDS no information was avail-
· Although 63% of SIDS have signed to the Basel
able regarding this action. Most of the improve-
Convention, only 7 (17%) have reported the pro-
ments reported for SIDS on the application of waste
duction and enforcement of national legislation that
treatment techniques have been related to the col-
bans the importation of wastes in compliance with
lection and disposal of solid domestic wastes, such
the Basel Convention (Action viii).
as the transformation of open dumping sites into
controlled sanitary landfills (e.g. the modernization
22

---

Regional Variations
Ship-generated WMP. As in the Pacific, most efforts in the
waste management sector have been towards the creation
Pacific (total of 14 SIDS; the percentages presented in this
and conversion of dumping sites into sanitary landfills, and
section are relative only to this region.) Many initiatives
no substantial improvements have been made, regarding
have been undertaken at the regional level over the past
alternative treatment techniques of wastes. Exceptions are
decade to assist the SIDS of the Pacific region in develop-
the recently introduced clean techniques reported by Ja-
ing policies and improving the treatment techniques for the
maica (i.e. biodigestors) and St. Kitts and Nevis (i.e. inten-
proper management of wastes. Thus, a number of SIDS in
sive recycling). Educational programs and/or public aware-
the Pacific have developed or are currently developing some
ness campaigns have been carried out in at least 56% of the
sort of comprehensive national waste management plan, pro-
Caribbean SIDS. Many SIDS of the Caribbean have car-
gram or strategy (WMP). However, it is not clear to what
ried out some kind of survey and developed a baseline for
extent these WMPs are articulated within coastal manage-
the management of wastes (at least 69%). However, no
ment plans or other national environmental plans, nor the
monitoring is known to be taking place in any of the Carib-
extent to which policy and fiscal incentives to minimize
bean SIDS. Although 88% of the Caribbean Region SIDS
the generation of wastes in SIDS have been considered in
are signatories to the Basel Convention, only 28% have re-
those plans. The other obvious outcome of the regional as-
ported the formulation and enforcement of national laws
sistance is the overall improvement on the management of
and/or regulations that ban the importation of wastes in con-
the solid wastes disposal sites in some SIDS. Approximately
formity with the convention, and 38% have reported that
36% of the Pacific SIDS have reported the creation, and/or
such national legal instruments were not developed. No in-
the recovery of sanitary landfills either as accomplished or
formation is available for the other SIDS.
as in process. However, the application of suitable alterna-
tive technologies for the treatment of domestic wastes, such
AIMS (total of 11 SIDS; the percentages presented in
as recycling, composting, and on-site sewage treatment, is
this section are relative only to this region.) AIMS is by
urgently needed. Educational initiatives have also been
far the group with the least amount of available information
largely carried out in the Pacific SIDS. At least 50% have
on waste management. In contrast to the Pacific and the
some kind of educational program and/or public awareness
Caribbean, the AIMS regional cooperation doesn't seem to
campaign in place, with more intensive educational initia-
be providing substantial assistance for the management of
tives, being carried out by Nauru and Kiribati. Other im-
wastes. Although much progress has apparently been made
portant contributions of the regional cooperation concern
in some countries of the AIMS group, such as in Mauritius,
shipping-related marine pollution, through the SPREP/SPC
Seychelles, and Singapore in many others, such as in
Regional Maritime Programme's ships waste management
Comoros, the problems related to the lack of appropriate
plan, which is expected to be integrated with the National
waste management are of urgent concern. The development
Waste Management Plans. An area that requires urgent at-
of some kind of National WMP has been mentioned for
tention is the regulation of movement and import of haz-
45.5% of the AIMS SIDS, but only Mauritius is known to
ardous substances in the region. Although 57% of the SIDS
have started implementation. For 45% of SIDS in the AIMS
of the Pacific Region are signatories to the Basel Conven-
region, regulations and standards for waste management
tion, except for the Samoa (Government of Samoa NAR,
and pollution control have been reported to exist under
2004), none of them provided information and/or indica-
health and environmental legal instruments. At least 46%
tions that they have formulated and enforced national laws
of SIDS in the region have some kind of educational pro-
and/or regulations to ban the importation of hazardous
gram and/or public awareness campaign in place, although
wastes in compliance with the Basel Convention.
many are considered unsatisfactory and/or inefficient by
the nations themselves. Little information was found re-
Caribbean. (total of 16 SIDS; the percentages presented in
garding the application of technologies for the treatment of
this section are relative only to this region). Regional (and
wastes, but as in the other two regions, it seems that most
sub-regional) cooperation in the Caribbean, as in the Pa-
of the efforts have been concentrated on converting dump-
cific region, has been crucial to the improvement of waste
ing areas into sanitary landfills. Sewage treatment is pro-
management, and has occurred through initiatives such as
vided and some recycling is taking place but on a very small
the OECS (Organization of East Caribbean States) Solid
scale in Mauritius and Seychelles, while Singapore cited
Waste Management Program. 62% of the Caribbean SIDS
the use of composting techniques, but also on a small scale.
mentioned the development of some comprehensive national
WMP; at least 2 nations, Barbados and Jamaica, are already
Observations
implementing the plans. The existence of incentives for the
minimization of wastes generated is not clear. 37% of the
Analysis of available information indicates that most SIDS
Caribbean SIDS are the beneficiary of the OECS Solid and
do recognize the crucial importance of having environmen-
23

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tally sound management of wastes for their sustainable de-
a few countries have developed integrated coastal and ocean
velopment. Either implementation of the BPoA or from ini-
management institutions, laws, and processes to address both
tiatives started prior to 1994, some SIDS have made sig-
the environment and development dimensions of their
nificant progress in dealing with the sustainable manage-
oceans and coasts.
ment of wastes in the last ten years. Nevertheless, for most
SIDS, the achievement of this goal is still far from becom-
Although, as was indicated previously, the goal of this
ing a reality.
paper is to assess the implementation of the BPoA by SIDS,
the outcome of the January, 2005 Mauritius meeting can-
Many SIDS have developed, or at least drafted, some
not be ignored when addressing the future directions for
kind of legal framework or provisions to regulate the man-
SIDS in relation to ocean and coastal management. The
agement of wastes and control pollution, but only a few
Mauritius Strategy, the outcome of the Mauritius Interna-
have done so in a comprehensive manner. Even fewer have
tional Meeting, reaffirmed many of the goals outlined in
developed a waste management legal framework articulated
the BPoA, and placed many issues previously outlined in
within a national strategy for sustainable development and/
the BPoA back on the priority list for implementation by
or within an integrated coastal management strategy.
SIDS, including the need for an integrated and holistic ap-
proach when working towards sustainable development
Few countries have begun to implement waste manage-
(Mauritius Strategy, paragraph 12).
ment strategies due to obstacles related to inadequacy of
financial resources, weak institutional capacity, and trained
At the regional level, there has been some progress in
personnel.
improving the capacity of SIDS to develop National Ocean
Policy Strategies, a major example being the development
The "clean" technology applied in most of the SIDS (of
of the Regional Ocean Policy by the Pacific Islands lead-
those that have any applied technology), is not best suited
ers. If sufficiently funded and implemented, this policy
for the limitations and special needs of those islands. The
will provide guidance and assistance to the nations in the
most frequently mentioned progress in terms of technol-
region for the establishment of regimes for sustainable de-
ogy applied to the management of wastes, the creation and/
velopment of EEZs and coastal areas in the nations of the
or modernization of sanitary landfills, may function in the
Pacific.
short run, but without also taking strong proactive mea-
sures to reduce the generation of wastes and applying recy-
The data show that the AIMS region appears to have the
cling mechanisms (including composting), landfills may not
lowest level of implementation of the BPoA goals related
be a lasting solution. These difficulties should be addressed
to oceans and coasts. This is possibly a result of the cul-
in the regional and sub-regional levels to promote the ex-
tural heterogeneity, as well as the large geographical spread
change of knowledge and experience between nations with
of the AIMS region. As has been mentioned previously,
similar characteristics.
there are examples of countries in this region with good
progress in achieving the goals outlined in the BPoA (such
5. CONCLUDING STATEMENT
as Singapore and Mauritius). These countries could take
the lead in raising the awareness and helping provide an-
swers on how other AIMS countries can be more effective
The analysis of the data has shown that although in many
in the implementation of the BPoA. This will involve find-
instances SIDS have been successful in implementing some
ing creative mechanisms for collaboration, participation and
of the goals outlined in the BPoA, in relation to ocean and
awareness-raising of the cross-sectoral issues facing SIDS
coastal management and the related issues of biodiversity
in this unique region.
conservation, waste management, tourism, climate change
and sea level rise, much more still needs to be achieved by
The data confirm also, that although SIDS have, by and
SIDS. For the most part, management of oceans and coasts
in large, signed and ratified international agreements re-
in SIDS countries remains sectorally-based, possibly due,
lated to oceans and coasts, implementation continues to be
in part, to the sectoral nature of the BPoA itself. Thus, for
impeded by financial constraints and a lack of capacity.
example, the institutions and processes that have been cre-
Appropriate funding is critical to successful implementa-
ated for management of oceans and coasts, in many cases,
tion of the BPoA and this is also reaffirmed in the Mauritius
do not incorporate related issues, such as biodiversity con-
Strategy as an area for special focus. It is, therefore, neces-
servation, waste management, tourism, climate change and
sary to raise the profile of ocean and coastal related issues
sea level rise. It is often the case that institutional arrange-
at all levels (i.e., national, regional and international lev-
ments need to be streamlined in order to reduce overlap
els). The SIDS governments, along with the support of the
and conflict between ocean-related agencies and sub sec-
international community, should focus on building capac-
tors (such as tourism and environmental protection). Only
ity in the following key areas;
24

---

Successful management of their EEZs is critical to the
with respect to goals 7 and 8 (Environmental Sustainability
socio-economic success of SIDS. This would include iden-
and Global Partnerships for Development). As SIDS at-
tification of biodiversity resources and areas that need to
tempt to fulfill the BPoA and Mauritius goals, these issues
be protected and the establishment of regularized processes
should also be taken into account.
for EEZ decision-making. SIDS require capacity building
and financial assistance in order to: delimit their maritime
In summary, in the past ten years since the Barbados sum-
boundaries; submit any claims to the Continental Shelf
mit, SIDS nations have made some progress on particular
Commission by 13 May 2009; and engage in the study and
aspects of the Barbados Programme of Action agenda re-
assessment of seabed living and non-living resources within
lated to oceans and coasts, especially with respect to issues
their national jurisdictions (Mauritius Strategy, paragraph
of climate change, sea level rise, tourism, and waste man-
27).
agement, at both the national and regional levels. Progress
has been attained despite decreases in international fund-
Increased capacity of relevant SIDS agencies would also
ing which have taken place since 1994. However, the level
serve to improve nearshore coastal management of both land
of progress (or improvement) varies from country to coun-
and sea, incorporating a multi-purpose approach that con-
try as well as between regions. The Mauritius Strategy
siders all issues in the coastal area, including management
which was produced from the January 2005 International
of economic uses such as fisheries, tourism and aquacul-
Meeting on the 10-year review of the BPoA reinforces a
ture; vulnerability to climate change, sea level rise, and
number of the issues raised in this paper. The outcomes
natural hazards; protection of sensitive areas and habitats;
from the Mauritius meeting have served to re-energise the
land use planning and rules for siting settlements and struc-
efforts of SIDS and have brought ocean-related SIDS is-
tures in coastal areas; and waste management. This would
sues back on to the international agenda. A most important
also increase the capacity of SIDS to engage in the devel-
challenge for the next decade in SIDS countries, therefore,
opment of integrated ocean and coastal policies, and assist
continues to be the development of nested regimes for ocean
in implementation and enforcement of relevant legislation.
and coastal management by national governments, with the
Capacity building must be aimed at training the next gen-
involvement of civil society and the private sector, and with
eration of professionals in the field, as well as at existing
regional and international support and collaboration.
public officials and NGO practitioners to enable them to
acquire the skills and orientations needed for integrated
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Government of Tonga "National Assessment Report for the
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26

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UNFCCC. November 2000.
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29

---

Appendices
30

---

APPENDIX A
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Oceans and Coasts
31

---

Appendix A. Implementation of BPoA Goals for Oceans and Coasts
Table A-1. Pacific Nations
Country Institutions Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Cook Islands
Ministry of Marine
2nd ND Strategy
EEZ is a whale
National Policy
National Marine
* *
*
Resources1
(2005-2010)1
sanctuary1
Coordination
spill Prevention



Division1
Plan (NATPLAN)
Ministry of
National
Suarrow wildlife
in preparation
Transport1
Environmental
sanctuary1
National

Strategy1

Strategic
Environment

Development
Services1
Environmental
Plan 20031
Environment
Impact
Council1
Assessment1
Environment
Natural Heritage
Act 2003
Trust1
Marine

Pollution Act
Coordination
32
among several
ministries1
Federated States
National
* ICM
under
* Kosrae
Shoreline
* *
*
of Micronesia
Environmental
NEPA35
Management
Institution
Project35
Fiji Sector
Standing
Environmental
Integrated
Development
Mangrove
Vulnerability and
Fiji Coral Reef
Institute of
Committee on
Act 20032
Coastal
Strategy of Fiji
management
Adaptation
Conservation
Applied
Natural Resources2

Resources
19972
program (1985)
Assessment
Project (2002).
Science (USP)

Endangered
Management

Coastal Impact of
Coral reef
National Economic Protected
Plan (under
Strategic Plan
Sea Level Change
survey
Development
Species Act
development)2
for the New
19962
program
Council2
20022
Century ­ SD of



Fiji 19992
Provisional EIA
Institute of Applied National

for the extraction
Science
Implementation
Fiji Biodiversity
of Coral Reef
(U. South Pacific)
Plan for POPs
Strategy and
Products 19992
(under
Action Plan

development)2
Project 19992
Coastal Erosion

Investigation
Strategic
19992
Development
Status report of the
2003-20052
collection of coral
Ratified CBD,
and other benthic
CITES
reef organisms2
POPs Project2

---

Table A-1 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-
Environmenta
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
national
l Assessment
Building
management plans
Kiribati
* * * * Marine
Protected
* * *
Area(s)
implemented7
Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands
MIMRA Act
* National
Action
Jaluit Conservation
* * *
Marine
19983
Plan for
Project3
Resources

Terrestrial and

Authority
EPA Act 19843
Marine
Traditional
(MIMRA)3

Biodiversity
Environmental
MIVA Act3
(strategy and
Management

plan)3
Strategies Project3
OEPPC Act


20033
Committee of
Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Project3
under the RMI

33
National
Community-based
Commission on
MPA(s)
SD3
established7


Fisheries
Coastal Resources
Management
Management
Plan
Program in two

atoll communities3

Nauru
* * * * *
*
* *

---

Table A-1 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Niue *
*
*
*
*
*
* *
Palau
Division of fish
* *Palau
Fisheries
National
16 Marine protected
* Joint
coral
*
& Wildlife
Advisory
Environmental
area(s) established7
reef
protection
Committee
Management

monitoring
(DFNP)
(PFAC)
Strategy
Ngaremeduu
with US


(NEMS)
Conservation Area
Coral Reef
Division of
Palau National

(NCA).
Task Force
Marine Law
Tuna Fisheries
Palau Protected

(USCRTF)
Enforcement
Management
Area Network
2004

Plan.
(PAN) 2003
Bureau of

Marine
National
Resources
Biodiversity

Strategy and
Palau
Action Plan
International
(NBSAP)
Coral Reef
34
Centre
Papua New
National
*
ICM (under the
National
Marine protected
* *
*
Guinea
Environmental
NEMS)35
Environmental
area(s) established7
Institution35
Management
Strategy35

Biodiversity
Strategic Action
Plan (1999)35

---

Table A-1 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environ-mental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Samoa Division
of
Part VIII Land
Whole EEZ is
Development of the
Community inshore
* *
*
Environment
Surveys &
the National
Marine Resources
fisheries reserves
and
Environment
Marine
Use Policy
managed by the
Conservation of
Act 1989
Sanctuary for
undertaken as part
communities: 117
MNRE and the
(related to
sharks, dolphins, of the National
villages4
Fisheries
coastal sand
turtles and
Environmental

Division of the
mining)
whales
Management
Partnership with the
MAFFM4

Strategy (NEMS
World Bank and IUCN
Management
1994), should be
and selected
plan is being
ready for approval
communities set up
developed by the before the end of
pilot projects to verify
Division of
20044
the concept of
Environment

Community-based
and
National
Marine Protected Areas
Conservation of
Biodiversity
(CBMPA)4
MNRE and the
Strategy and Action
Fisheries
Plan (in
Division of the
preparation)
35
MAFFM4
Solomon
Islands
* * * *
*
* *
*
Tonga Extended
Humpback
Draft of marine
No integration5 Tonga
Fisheries
* Coral
Reef
*
Continental
Whale
reserves
Management Project
Monitoring
Shelf Committee moratorium ­
management
(coastal fisheries
using
(for EEZ
banning the
plan5
management project
GCRMN
delimitation)
whaling in
funded by AusAid)5
techniques

Tongan waters5
Offshore Fisheries

Ministry of
Aquaculture
Project (includes
TEMMP
Fisheries and
Management
inventory of offshore
study
Ministry of
Act
fisheries)5

Lands, Survey
Fish and Birds
TEMPP project ­
Dept of
and Natural
Preservation Act
Watershed and lagoon
Environment
Resources5
(not
management planning
Coral reef

implemented)5
for Fanga'uta and
seagrass and
Agency for
EIA Act 20035
Fangakakau Lagoon
water quality
Sustainable
Development of
System
monitoring.
Development
appropriate legal
Seaweed (Mozuku)
(not
framework ­
Farming Project (FAO,
operational)5
new fisheries
SPADP)5
bill for inshore
Marine protected
fisheries
area(s) established7
management

---

Table A-1 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environ-mental
Monitoring Capacity
Building
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Tuvalu *
Regulation
and
National
*
Protected area on a
Studies on coastal Monitoring
SPREP and
enforcement of
Environment
number of islets in the
inshore dynamics
programme
Australian
sand and gravel
Management
Funafuti Atoll, for coral
in order to
on ciguatera
Volunteers Abroad
extraction from
Strategy
and biodiversity
improve coastal
fish
have provided
coastal areas6
protection6
management
poisoning6
support to manage


(1993-1996)35
conservation areas
Controls
Initiation of a pilot
catching of
project on shellfish
under-sized fish
(clams and trochus)
and use of small-
farming6
size nets6


Initiation of a workshop
Establishment of
on protected areas6
protected areas6
Vanuatu
* * * * *
* *
*
* Information needed
References:
(1) Government of the Cook Islands. 2003. National Assessment Report for Barbados Programme of Action+10. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10
36
requested by UN DESA.
(2) Government of Fiji. 2003. National Assessment Report for Barbados Programme of Action+10. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested by
UN DESA.
(3) Marshall Islands Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination (OEPCC). Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics (EPPSO) & Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA).
2003. Republic of the Marshall Islands Draft Report on the Barbados Programme of Action (BPOA). SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested
by UN DESA.
(4) Government of Samoa. 2003. Samoa Barbados Plan of Action (BPoA) National Assessment Report. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested
by UN DESA.
(5) Kingdom of Tonga. 2003. Tonga National Assessment Report. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested by UN DESA.
(6) Government of Tuvalu. 2003. National Assessment Report of Tuvalu. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested by UN DESA.
(7) UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. World Database on Protected Areas. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/. Accessed May 19, 2004.

---

Appendix A. Implementation of BPoA Goals for Oceans and Coasts
Table A-2. Caribbean Nations
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated
Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
with NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Antigua and
National Sustainable
EIA Act8
National
*
Marine protected
* * *
Barbuda
Coordination Body under
Environmental
Physical
area(s) established19
development8
Management Act
Development

Plan (under
Ministry of Tourism,
consideration)
Culture, and Environment8
Bahamas Several
institutions Coast Protection Act9
National
BEST
Marine protected
Project for the
Monitoring of
*
manage different sectors
Continental Shelf Act9
Creeks and
coordinates area(s) established19
development of
coral reef
of oceans and coasts9

Wetlands
policies
a National
bleaching and
Departments of Lands,
Archipelagic Waters and
Initiative
Invasive Species sea level rise9
Surveys and Public
Maritime Jurisdiction Act9
Integrated
Strategy9

Works, and Ports are


Biodiversity
responsible for coastal
Bahamas Maritime
Coastal area
Management
9
management aspects
Authority9
Management
Database9

Program (IDB

Fisheries department
Fisheries Resources Act
sponsored in
Implemented
37
responsible for
and Amendment9
progress)
technologies to
management and

identify and
conservation of marine
Agriculture and Fisheries
monitor major
resources9
(Protected Areas) Rules9
sources of
Bahamas Environment,

pollution in the
Science and Technology
Marine Mammal (Dolphin)
marine
Commission (BEST) ­

environment
commission responsible
Legislation Act9
from land-based
for coordinating activities

sources9
for sustainable
EIA Act9

development, including

Database for
National Policies; BEST
National Biodiversity
ICM available9
Commission is
Strategy and Action Plan
establishing an
(1997)9
administrative and legal

process to identify
Recommendation to
relationships and overlaps
become party to the
of the international
Agreement to Promote
conventions; BEST
Compliance with
coordinates the
International Conservation
biodiversity sub-
Measures by Fishing
commission9
Vessels on the High Seas
Includes Director of
Adopted the FAO Code of
Fisheries
Conduct for Responsible
Bahamas National Trust
Fisheries9
(manages Parks)9

---

Table A-2 Continued
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Barbados Ministry
of
Physical National Strategic
ICZM Plan
* Marine
protected
* Coral
Reef

*
Development,
Plan10
(proposed)
area(s) established22
Monitoring
Health,
Environmental
Program10
Environment10
Management and
Beach Profiling

Land Use
Program10
National Commission Planning10
Tide Monitoring
on Sustainable

Program10
Development10
EIA Act10
Current

Environmental
Monitoring10
Coastal Zone
Management

Management Unit10
Act10 (proposed)
Coastal Resources


Inventory
Environment Unit10
Marine Areas

(preservation and
Fisheries Division10
management)
38

Act10
National

Conservation
Coastal Zone
Commission10
Management Act10


Ministry of Foreign
Fisheries
Affairs10
Management Act10

Marine Pollution
& Control Act
National
Conservation
Commission Act10

National
Biodiversity
Strategy and
Action Plan is
under
development10

---

Table A-2. (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Belize Coastal
Zone Coastal Zone
National ICZM
* 13
MPAs11
* Compiling
an
*
Management
Management Act11
Strategy11

inventory of
Authority11

Conservation and
coastal resources

National Biodiversity
Sustainable Use of
under UNFCCC11
Coastal Zone
Strategy and Action
the Belize Barrier

Management Institute Plan (1998)11
Reef Project network

Fisheries

of 6 MPAs11
Department11
National Protected


Areas System Plan
National Sustainable
for Belize (1995)11
Development Council
(not working)11
National
Environmental
Action Plan11

Environmental
Protection Act11
Cuba
Ministry of Science,
Environmental Act12
National
National
Marine protected
* * *
39
Technology and

Program of
Environmental
area(s) established22
Environment12
Fisheries Act12
ICZM12
Strategy12



Ministry of
National Biodiversity
National
Fisheries12
Strategy and Action
Environmental

Plan (1998)12
Action Plan12
Ministry of

Transportation12
Coastal Zone
Management Act12

System of MPA12

EIA Act12
Dominica Land
and
sea
Territorial Sea,
* * 2
MPA's
Proposed
* Beach
*
resources
Contigous Zone, EEZ
Monitoring.
management capacity Act 1981
Reef Health
component of the
Beach Control Act
(Fisheries
National
1966
Division)
Environmental
Fisheries Act 1987
Management Strategy Marine Resource
(1997)
Statutory Rules and
Orders

---

Table A-2. (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with Local/Sub-national Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Dominican
Institute for the
EIA Act13
Coastal Marine
*
Marine protected
Planning of Fisheries
* *
Republic
Environmental

Environmental
area(s) established22
biodiversity (GERF-
Protection13
Dominican
Programme
PNUD/ONAPLAN)13

Emergency
Coastal Salination

Centre of Research
Standards for
Plan of St.
Marine Biodiversity
on Marine Biology
LBA13
Domingo13
of Dominican
(ICZM),

Republic13
Autonomous
Integrated
University of St.
management of
Domingo13
marine-coastal

resources
Cooperation
strategy13
between institutions
on different aspects
of marine
management13
Grenada Grenada
Sustainable
* Integrated
Biodiversity
* Assessment
of
* *
Development
Watershed & CZ
Strategy and
Fisheries, Marine and
40
Council14
Project
Action Plan14
Coastal Areas14
National
Environmental
Management
System
Guyana Natural
Resources
Maritime
Coastal
National
Shore Zone
Design and
* *
Environmental
Boundaries Act
Management
Environmental
Management
Feasibility Study
Advisory
Program15
Action Plan
Program
Committee
(2001-2005)
(NREAC)
ICZM Committee15

---

Table A-2. (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with Local/Sub-
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Building
Strategies
NDP
national
Assessment
management
plans
Haiti
Ministry of the
Code of the
National ICZM
National
Transfrontier
* *
Caribbean
Environment and
Environment
(1998)16
Environmental
Environmental
Planning for
Natural
(Draft)

Action Plan16
Program16
Adaptation to
Resources16


Climate Change16

Biodiversity
Coasts of Haiti
Commission Haiti-
Strategy and
Resource
Dominican for
Action Plan16
Assessment and
Transfrontier
Management needs
Environmental
(1996)16
Issues16
Jamaica Sustainable
Natural
Atlas for ICZM
National
ICRI17
Policy on System of
Beach water
Caribbean
Development
Resources
(under
Environmental

protected Areas17
quality
Planning for
Council of Jamaica
Conservation
development)16
Action Plan17
MPAs cover 1.1%
Jamaica Coral Reef
monitoring
Adaptation to
(SDC-J)17
Act 199117


of the EEZ17
Action Plan17
(Blue Flag) 17
Climate change17
41

Wildlife
White Paper on
Draft bill on
Fisheries
National
Control Act17
Protected
Fisheries
Management Plan.
Environment and
Beach Control
Areas17
industry17
Kingston Harbour
Planning Agency17
Act
Draft IZCM
Rehabilitation
Center for Marine
Maritime Act
Policy 2002
Project
Sciences (UWI)
1996


National Council
on Ocean &
Coastal Zone
Management
Min of Land &
Environment
Fisheries Division
(Min of
Agriculture)

---

Table A-2. (Continued)
Country Institutions Legislation ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Building
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
St. Kitts and
Conservation
National
* National
Plan to declare 2
* *
*
Nevis
Commission
Conservation &
Environmental
areas as MPAs

Environmental
Action Plan 1994
Department of
Protection Act
Environment
1987
(assumed role of
Fisheries Act
Consrv.Comm.)
1984
Development
Control and
Planning Act
2000
St. Lucia
Sustainable
Fisheries Act
Integrated
Coastal Zone
Soufriere Marine
Physical Planning
* *
Development and
#10 1989
Development
Management
Management Area
Act
Environmental

Planning18
Project
Canaries and Ans-La-
Unit of the
Fisheries


Raye Marine
Ministry of
Regulations #10
Integrated
National
Management Area18
Planning18
1994
Watershed
Biodiversity
42


Management &
Strategy and
Coastal Zone
Maritime Act
Coastal Area
Action Plan18
Management Unit
198418
Management18



Department of
Coastal Zone
fisheries of
Management
Ministry of
Policy18
Agriculture,
Forestry, and
fisheries18
St. Vincent
* Fisheries
Act
*
National
Marine protected
* *
*
and the
1986
Biodiversity
area(s) established
Grenadines
Marine Parks
Strategy and
(Tobago Cays) 20
Act
Action Plan20
Maritime Areas
Act 1983
Town &
Country
Planning Act
High Seas
Fishery Act
200120

---

Table A-2. (Continued
untry Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Suriname
Ministry of Natural Ongoing
Coastal Multiple *
Galabi Nature
* Fisheries
*
Resources, Forest
National Strategic Management
Reserve (Sea Turtles)
Information
Service19
Plan
Areas
System19
Council for the
Environmental18
(MUMAs) (one
Environment

implemented
(proposed)19
National
and more to
Min Agriculture,
Biodiversity
develop in the
Animal Husbandry Strategy and
future)19
and Fisheries.
Action Plan is
National Institute
under
for Environment
development19
and Development

Sea Fisheries
Law19
Fisheries
Resolution 1992
Environmental
Act 2002 (Draft)
43
Trinidad and
Institute of Marine
Environmental
* National
Marine protected
Marine
Fish Age and
*
Tobago
Affairs21
Management Act
Environment
area(s) established21
Contaminations
Growth
Land and Marine
200021
Policy21
Studies21
Bacteriological
Resources
National Parks &

Water Quality
National Wetlands
Conservation of
Wetland Policy21
(recreational
Committee21
Wildlife Act21

waters)
Environmental
National
Wetland and
Management
Biodiversity
Segrass
Authority
Strategy and
Monitoring21
Town & Country
Action Plan21
Planning
Division21
* Information needed
References:
(8) United Nations. 2002. Antigua e Barbuda Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(9) United Nations. 2002. Bahamas Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(10) United Nations. 2002. Barbados Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(11) United Nations. 2002. Belize Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(12) United Nations. 2002. Cuba Country Profile (in Spanish). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(13) United Nations. 2002. Dominican Republic Country Profile (in Spanish). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(14) United Nations. 2002. Grenada Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(15) United Nations. 2002. Guyana Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(16) United Nations. 2002. Haiti Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(17) United Nations. 2002. Jamaica Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(18) United Nations. 2002. St. Lucia Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(19) United Nations. 2002. Suriname Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(20) United Nations. 2003. St. Vincent and the Grenadines Country Profile. Report to the Regional Consultation on SIDS Specific Issue
(21) United Nations. 2003. Trinidad and Tobago Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development
(22) UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. World Database on Protected Areas. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/. Accessed May 19, 2004.

---

Appendix A. Implementation of BPoA Goals for Oceans and Coasts
Table A-3. AIMS Nations
Country Institutions
Legislation ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with
Local/Sub-national Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Bahrain Central
Committee
Enactment of
No ICZM23 Charter
of
Declared as Ramsar
* Monitoring
Program
*
for the
Fisheries control
Environmental
protected sites
aims to establish
Implementation of
legislation
Action (2001)23
mangrove stands at
sound management
the BPOA

National
Tubi Bay and
of effluent discharge
Sub-Committee for
EAI for all new
Environmental
Hawar islands and
to the marine
the Conservation of
projects23
Strategy (NES)23
their marine
environment23
the Marine
surroundings23
Environment23

National
Commission for
Wildlife Protection
coordinates cross-
sectoral issues and
integrates
environmental
44
issues
Cape Verde
Ministry of
Implementation
Coastal Zone
2002-2012
Cabo Verde
* Project
Natura,
*
Environment,
of the FAO
Master Plan
National
Biosphere Reserve
assessment of the
Agriculture and
Code of Conduct (2002) Atlas of
Environment Plan
(Islands of Boavista,
characteristics of the
Fisheries (MAAP)
for Responsible
the coastline34
of Action
Maio, Sal)
country's
Directorate General
Fisheries and of
(NEPA2)
Integrated
ecosystems (1999-
for the Environment
the International
National
participatory
2001) 34.
(DGE) coordinates
Commission for
Biodiversity
ecosystem

environmental
the Conservation
Strategy and Plan
management in and
Experimental
policies
of Atlantic Tuna
of Action34
around protected
Fishing campaign
National Institute
(ICCAT) and in
areas34
(INDP) 34
for Fishing (INDP)
the national
34
legislation
regulation of
sand extraction
on beaches34

---

Table A-3 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Comoros General
Adoption of the
Presentation of a
Strategy of
Creation of marine
* *
*
Commission of the
Environmental
Project to fight
growth 2002-
protected areas;
NDP for the
Framework
marine land-
2010 for the
National Marine Park
coordination of
Law24
based pollution
sectors and
of Moheli, marine
Sustainable
(C. Nairobi)24
sustainable
turtle observatory24
Development
exploitation of
Policies 24
marine
Creation of the
resources24
National Directorate
for the
Environment24
Decentralization to
local communities24
Cyprus
Council of Ministers Program of
* * Marine
protected
* MED-POL
*
Minister of
adoption of the
area(s) established33
Fishing vessels
Agriculture, Natural
EU
monitoring
Resources, and
Environmental
through satellite
Environment
Framework25
(under
(MANRE)25
National Plan
development)25
45
Council for the for Sustainable
Environment
Development
2000
Minister of
EIA25
Communications25

Strategic EIA in
implementation
Fisheries
Regulations25

National Action
Plan for the
Development of
Aquaculture25
Water Pollution
Control Law25
Guinea-
* *
Coastal
* *
* * *
Bissau
Management
200226
Coastal Planning
Project initiated
in 198926
Coastal and
Biodiversity
Management
Program26

---

Table A-3 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/
Integrated
Local/Sub-national
Environmenta
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
with NDP
management plans
l Assessment
Building
Maldives Ministry
of
Environment
Integrated Reef
Marine
Marine resources
Marine
Marine
Marine
Home Affairs,
Protection and
Resources
resources and
and biodiversity
resources and
resources and
resources and
Housing and
Preservation Act
Management
biodiversity
under NEAP27
biodiversity
biodiversity
biodiversity
environment27
(1993)27
Programme27
under NEAP27

under NEAP27
under NEAP27
under NEAP27

Marine protected
National
area(s) established33
Biodiversity
Strategy and
Action Plan
(2001)27

Malta Planning
Marine
Coastal Area
* *
* Biodiversity
*
Authority28
Mammals
Management28
Monitoring

Protection

Programme.
Environmental
Regulation28
CZM
Tagging of
Protection

Programme28
Marine
46
Department28
Environmental
Turtles28

protection Act
Malta Maritime
(1991)28
Authority28

Commission on
Sustainable28

---

Table A-3 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation
ICZM
Plans/ Integrated with
Local/Sub-national Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Mauritius Institutional
and GMO bill is being
Response plans,
National
Establishment of
* Monitoring
Biotechnology
Legislative
finalized29
e.g., oil spills
Environmental
marine parks in
programme of centre is being
Development

contingency
Strategies (2000-
Balaclava and Blue
the coral reefs established
Strategy29
Secondary
plans29
2010) 29
Bays as part of EIP-
(1995) 29
legislation


I projects (1997) 29

controlling the
Sustainable
National

GIS coupling
import and export
fisheries
programmes on
Identification of
aerial
of wild flora and
management,
control of land-
other marine
photography
fauna, the Wildlife
including
based and marine
protected areas29
of the coastal
Regulations of
conservation of
sources of

region
1998, abides by the reosurces29
pollution29;
The Task Force on
together with
CITES list of
ICZM Strategy
control of coastal
Islets has also
an inventory
proscribed
and ICZM
developments
recommended the
of coastal
species29
Framework with
creation of marine
resources29

ecosystem based Research on the
protected areas of 1

Environmental
approach29
lagoon and the
km around each of
Monitoring of
47
Protection Act

high seas29
the 16 islets which
sea level rise
200229
National

will form part of the
and
programmes on
National
National Park29
associated
control of
Biodiversity

issues29
pollution from
Strategy &

land-based and
Action Plan
Research on
marine sources;
(NBSAP) 29
the lagoon
and on control

and the high
of coastal
seas, e.g.,
developments29
water quality,
bathymetric
surveys,
current
measurements

Long term
monitoring
programme is
under
development
for the MPAs
in place29

---

Table A-3 (Continued)
Country Institutions
Legislation ICZM
Plans/
Integrated with
Local/Sub-national
Environmental
Monitoring Capacity
Strategies
NDP
management plans
Assessment
Building
Sao Tome &
National
National Plan for
* * *
* * *
Principe
Commission on
Sustainable
Sustainable
Development
Development30
199930

EIA Act30
Environmental
Environmental
Inspection 200030
Act30
Sand Extraction
Act30
Fisheries Act30
National Park
Act30
Seychelles Marine
Parks
Incomplete
Currently
Environment
Marine protected
* Seychelles
Marine
Seychelles
Authority 31
marine parks
developing
Management Plan
area(s) established31
Ecosystem Project
Biosafety

legislation
ICZM
of Seychelles
to address the
Framework to
Seychelles Fishing
guidelines31
(EMPS) 2000-
impact of Climate
develop the
Authority31
201031.
Change on coral
capacity to deal

reef ecosystems31
with Living
Public Utilities
National Beach
Modified
48
Corporation31
Monitoring Plan31
Organisms31


Wetlands
Management
Programme31
Singapore Maritime
Prevention and
* * *
* * *
Singapore Port
Pollution Sea
Authority32
Act32
Ministry of the

Environment32
Merchant
Coordination by
Shipping Act32
MPA consultation
of other bodies and
stakeholders32
* Information not available
References:
(23) United Nations. 2002. Bahrain Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(24) United Nations. 2002. Comoros Country Profile (in French). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(25) United Nations. 2002. Cyprus Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(26) United Nations. 2002. Guinea-Bissau Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(27) United Nations. 2002. Maldives Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(28) United Nations. 2002. Malta Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(29) United Nations. 2002. Mauritius Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(30) United Nations. 2002. Sao Tome & Principe Country Profile (in French). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(31) United Nations. 2002. Seychelles Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(32) United Nations. 2002. Singapore Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published for the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(33) UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. World Database on Protected Areas. http://www.unep-wcmc.org/. Accessed May 19, 2004.
(34) Government of Cape Verde. 2004. National Assessment Report of Cape Verde. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 requested by UN DESA

---

APPENDIX B
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
49

---

Appendix B. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Table B-1. Pacific Islands
PACIFIC ISLANDS
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level Public education on
Assessment of the

mitigation
preparedness plans
plan/
data collection/
climate and sea level
socio-economic
programs/initiatives
(relating to climate
implementation
monitoring

impact of climate

and sea level change)

and SL change

Cook Islands
Has conducted a
Has national office
Limited solar power
GHG inventory1 none1
Conducted a social

national vulnerability
and plan. An early
infrastructure has
vulnerability
assessment. Has
warning system and
been implemented.
assessment.1
constructed seawalls.1
shelters exists.1
Wind power in
development1
Federated States of
Has drafted a national
information needed
information needed
GHG inventory2
information needed
information needed
Micronesia
policy.2
Fiji
Has conducted a
Has national office
Has established an
GHG inventory. Has
Has held community
none3
vulnerability and
and plan. Early
office for the
done computer
workshops on
adaptation
warning system
promotion of
modeling to predict
vulnerability and
assessment.3
exists.3
renewable energy.
SL rise effects. 3
adaptation.3
50
Major hydroelectric
system in operation-
serves a majority of
population. Projects
involving solar,
geothermal, and bio-
fuel energy are in
development.
Assessed potential for
wave, wind, and
hybrid energy.3
Kiribati
Has drafted a national
information needed
information needed
Installed tide gauge
information needed
none4
policy.4
and metrological
stations. GHG
inventory.4

---

Table B-1 (Continued)
PACIFIC
Adaptation and
Disaster preparedness Renewable energy
Climate and sea
Public education on
Assessment of the socio-
ISLANDS
mitigation
plans (relating to
plan/
level data
climate and sea level economic impact of climate and

programs/initiatives climate and sea level
implementation
collection/
SL change
change)
monitoring
Marshall
Has conducted
none5
Has a solar energy
GHG inventory5
Proposed but not
none5
Islands
mitigation
program.5
implemented.5
workshops, a
vulnerability index
assessment, and an
adaptation
simulation. Has an
office of
environmental
planning and policy
coordination5
Nauru
Has drafted a
information needed
none6 GHG
inventory6
Has TV and radio
information needed

national policy.6
programs. Included
51
in primary school
curricula.6
Niue
Has drafted a
Cyclone warning
none7 GHG
inventory7
information needed
In national communication.7
national policy.7
system.7
Palau
none8
Has national office and Solar power project.8 GHG
inventory8 none8 none8
plan. Limited early
warning system exists.8
Papua
Has a national office
Has national office and Limited hydro and
GHG inventory9
Limited inclusion in
none9
New
and has drafted a
plan. Limited early
solar power
primary school
Guinea
national policy.9
warning system exists.
implemented.9
curricula.9
Introduced flood and
wind resistant crops.
Trained homebuilders
in storm resistant
construction methods.9
Samoa
Climate change
Has national office and Policy exists. No
Extensive
Nat. climate
Conducted a community
policy in final stage
plan. Early warning
implementation.10
inventory and
awareness day. TV
vulnerability and adaptation
of preparation.
system exists. Disaster
database on GHG
and radio programs.
assessment (2003).10
Localized coastal
fund exists.10
and SL rise.10
Included in primary
management plans
school curricula.10
exists.10

---

Table B-1 (Continued)
PACIFIC ISLANDS
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level Public education on
Assessment of the socio-

mitigation
preparedness plans
plan/
data collection/
climate and sea level
economic impact of
programs/initiatives
(relating to climate
implementation
monitoring
climate and SL change
and sea level change)
Solomon Islands
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
Tonga
Extensive coastal
Has national office
Solar power is used
Installation of a tidal
Scholarships for
none11
project for tree
and plan. Early
on a small scale.
gauge.11
Tongans to study
planting and foreshore warning system
Potential for wind and
issues related to
building. National
exists.11
wave power has been
climate change.11
plan for phasing out
assessed. Fuel wood
ozone depleting
planting projects
substances.11
undertaken.11
Tuvalu
Plan currently in
Has national office
Minor progress, but
none12
Included in primary
Has assessed impact and
preparation. Sea walls
and plan. Early
no implementation.12
school curricula.12
arranged for emigration of
have been
warning system
populus12
constructed.12
exists. Annual
national disaster day.
Disaster equipment
distributed to all
islands.12
52
Vanuatu
Has drafted a national
information needed
Has established an
GHG inventory13
information needed
information needed
policy.13
initiative to make all
energy production
100% renewable.14
REFERENCES:
(1) Government of the Cook Islands (2003) "National Assessment Report For Barbados Programme of Action + 10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of
Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(2)Climate Change National Communication-1997. UNFCCC. FSM National Government Climate Change Program. 1997.
(3) Government of Fiji (2003). "National Assessment Report of Fiji". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(4)Initial Communication Under the UNFCCC. Kiribati Government Ministry of Environment and Social Development. September 1999.
(5) Marshall Islands' Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination (OEPPC), Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO) & Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(MOFA) (2003). "Republic of the Marshall Islands Draft Report on the Barbados Programme of Action (BPOA)" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action
+10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(6) 1st National Communication-1999. UNFCCC. Nauru Department of Island Development and Industry. October 1999.
(7) Niue Island Initial Communication. UNFCCC. June 2000.
(8) Republic of Palau (2004) "National Assessment Report For Barbados Programme of Action + 10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(9) Government of Papua New Guinea (2004) "National Assessment Report For Barbados Programme of Action + 10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of
Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(10) Government of Samoa (2003). "Samoa Barbados Plan of Action (BPoA) National Assessment Report". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(11) Kingdom of Tonga (2003). "Tonga National Assessment Report" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(12) Government of Tuvalu (2003). "National Assessment Report of Tuvalu". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN
DESA.
(13) Vanuatu National Communication to UNFCCC. July 1999 committee
(14) Government of Vanuatu: www.vanuatu.gov.vu

---

Appendix B. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Table B-2. Caribbean Nations
CARIBBEAN
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level
Public education on
Assessment of the
NATIONS
mitigation programs/
preparedness plans
plan/implementation
data collection/
climate and sea level
socio-economic
initiatives
(relating to climate

monitoring

impact of climate

and sea level change)

and SL change


Antigua and
National mitigation
Preliminary plan.15 none15 none15 none15 none15
Barbuda
assessment
produced.15
Bahamas
Currently drafting a
Has a national office
none16
Extensive tide gauge
none16 none16
national policy. Has an and plan. 16
system and climate
oversight committee.16
recording stations .16
Barbados
none17
Has a national office
Has implemented a
none17 none17 none17
and a disaster
solar energy project.
mitigation plan exist.17 Has constructed a
renewable energy
center. Has assessed
53
the potential for wind,
ocean thermal, and
wave energy.17
Belize
Has drafted a national
Has a national office
Has implemented
Has established a
none18 none18
policy.18
and plan. Family
hydroelectric
network of tide gauges
disaster preparedness
production of energy.
and climate
plan program. Has a
18
monitoring stations.18
TV and radio early
warning system.18
Cuba
Has a national
information needed
Has promoted
GHG inventory19 Public
awareness information needed
adaptation plan and
renewable energy.19
campaign (not
office for climate
specific).19
change. An extensive
assessment of climate
change impact on
country has been
carried out.19

---

Table B-2 (Continued)
CARIBBEAN
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level
Public education on
Assessment of the
NATIONS
mitigation programs/
preparedness plans
plan/implementation
data collection/
climate and sea level
socio-economic
initiatives
(relating to climate
monitoring
impact of climate
and sea level change)
and SL change
Dominica
Has drafted a national
Has a disaster
Has implemented a
none20
Has a conducted a
none20
policy.20
preparedness unit.20
hydroelectric energy
public awareness
program and is
campaign.20
developing a
geothermal project.20
Dominican Republic
none21 Has
national
office
and
Has promoted
none21 none21 none21
plan.21
renewable energy.21
Grenada
Has established a
Has a national plan.22
Has studied the
GHG inventory22 none22 none22
regional climate
potential for renewable
change center.22
energy.22
Guyana
Has a national
none23
Has drafted a national
GHG inventory23 Included
in
primary
none23
adaptation plan and
energy policy. Has
school curricula. Has
office for climate
assessed the potential
conducted a public
change. Has enacted
for hydroelectric and
awareness campaign.23
54
ICM.23
wind energy.23
Haiti
Has a national
Has national office and Has assessed the
none24 none24 none24
adaptation plan24
plan.24
potential for wind,
solar, and
hydroelectric power.24
Jamaica
none25 Has
national
office
and
Has promoted and
none25 none25 none25
plan. Has an extensive
installed wind energy
early warning
infrastructure.25
system.25
St. Kitts and Nevis
none26 Has
national
office
and
none26 GHG
inventory26 none26 none26
plan.26
St. Lucia
none27 Has
national
office
and
Has promoted
Has installed climate
Has conducted a public none27
plan.27
renewable energy.27
and sea level
awareness campaign.27
monitoring stations.27
St. Vincent and the
Has national plan. 28 Has
national
office
and
Has assessed the
GHG inventory28 Has
conducted none28
Grenadines
plan.28
potential for
community
geothermal energy.28
presentations.28
Suriname
none29 Has
national
office
and
Has assessed the
GHG inventory29 none29 none29
plan.29
potential for
geothermal energy.29
Trinidad and Tobago
none.30 Has
national
office
and
Has limited solar
GHG inventory30 Awareness
campaign
none30
plan.30
infrastructure.30
in preparation30

---

Table B-2 (Continued)
REFERENCES:
(15) Government of Antigua and Barbuda (2004)"National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(16) The Commonwealth of the Bahamas (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(17) The Government of Barbados (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested
by the UN DESA.
(18) Government of Belize (2003)."National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the
UN DESA.
(19) Integrated Analysis of Climate Change Impacts in Cuba: www.onu.org.cu/havanarisk/documents2.html
(20) The Commonwealth of Dominica (2003) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(21) Dominican Republic National Country Profile. ECLAC/CDCC Secretariat. Available at: http://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/natsids.htm
(22) The Government of Grenada (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested
by the UN DESA.
(23) The Government of Guyana (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by
55
the UN DESA.
(24) Republic of Haiti (2004)."Rapport National Barbade +10 Petits Etats Insulares" Written in French. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(25) The Government of the Jamaica (2003) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(26) The Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(27) The Government of St. Lucia (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested
by the UN DESA.
(28) The Commonwealth of St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2003) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action
+10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(29) The Republic of Suriname (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by
the UN DESA.
(30) The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.

---

Appendix B. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Table B-3. AIMS (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea And South China Sea) Nations
AIMS NATIONS
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level
Public education on
Assessment of the
mitigation programs/
preparedness plans
plan/implementation
data collection/
climate and sea level
socio-economic
initiatives
(relating to climate

monitoring

impact of climate and

and sea level change)

SL change


Bahrain
Has conducted a
none31 none31
Has installed air
none31 none31
national vulnerability
pollution monitoring
assessment and has
stations GHG
adopted mitigation
inventory31
measures.31
Cape Verde
Has a national
Has national plan.32
Has established a
GHG inventory32 none32 none32
adaptation plan.32
policy32
Comoros
Adaptation plan in
Has national office and Solar energy project
none.33
Included in primary
none33
production. 33
plan. An early warning exists. Has assessed
school curricula.
system exists.33
potential for wind,
Public awareness
hydroelectric and
campaign on radio.33
geothermal energy.33
56
Cyprus
Has a national
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
adaptation plan and
office for climate
change.34
Guinea-Bissau
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
Maldives
Has an agency
information needed
information needed
GHG inventory36
Included in primary
information needed
responsible for climate
school curricula.36
change activities.35
Malta
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
Mauritius
Has a national
Has a cyclone
Government
GHG inventory.
Public awareness
none37
adaptation plan and
emergency plan, which subsidizes solar water
Metrological data
campaign in place.
office for climate
is updated annually.37
heater purchases by
collection network.37
Oceanography institute
change.37
homeowners. It also
established.37
provides energy
efficient light bulbs to
public.37

---

Table B-3 (Continued)
AIMS NATIONS
Adaptation and
Disaster
Renewable energy
Climate and sea level
Public education on
Assessment of the
mitigation programs/
preparedness plans
plan/implementation
data collection/
climate and sea level
socio-economic
initiatives
(relating to climate

monitoring

impact of climate and

and sea level change)

SL change


Sao Tome & Principe information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
information needed
Seychelles
Has a national
Has national office and Solar and photovoltaic
GHG inventory38 none38 none38
adaptation plan.38
plan. A disaster fund
projects in place.
exists.39
Public awareness
campaign for energy
efficiency exists.39
Singapore
Has a national
Has a national plan
Has established a
Has installed
none40 none40
adaptation plan and
and regular disaster
limited solar energy
meteorological
office for climate
preparedness training.
program.40
monitoring stations.40
change.40
Has an early warning
system.40
REFERENCES:
57
(31) The Kingdom of Bahrain (2003) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by
the UN DESA.
(32) The Government of Cape Verde (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA.
(33) Union of Comoros (2003)."Evaluation Nationale du Programme d'Action de Barbade +10" Written in French. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of
Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(34) Cyprus Water Resourses and Climate Change: www.iucn.org/places/medoffice/CDCambio_climatico/ contenido/C/PDF/Cyprus_N.Tsiourtis.pdf
(35) Maldives National Adaptation Programmes of Action to Climate Change: www.unitar.org/ccp/bhutan/05-%20Maldives%20NAPA.pdf
(36) First National Communication of the Republic of Maldives to the UNFCCC. Maldives Ministry of Home Affairs, housing, and Environment. 2001.
(37) Republic of Mauritius (2003) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the
UN DESA.
(38) Government of Seychelles (2000), Initial National Communications under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Ministry of Environment and
Transport, Republic of Seychelles.
(39) Republic of Seychelles (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the
UN DESA.
(40) Government of Singapore (2004) "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by
the UN DESA.

---

APPENDIX C
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Tourism
58

---

Appendix C. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Tourism Management
Table C-1. Pacific Islands

PACIFIC
% GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
ISLANDS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Cook
47% (8) information
Cook Islands Tourism
information
information
Hospitality
Used, but
information
Working
Information
Islands
needed
Corporation (1)
needed
needed
and Tourism
info is
needed
towards
needed
Training
needed
adoption of
Centre (1)
determine
APEC/PATA
whether it
code for
its required
Sustainable
for all
Tourism(1)
tourism
projects
Federated
information information
No national body; tourism information
information
information
information Huvalu Forest information
Information
States of
needed
needed
offices decentralized at
needed
needed
needed
needed
Conservation
needed
needed
Micronesia
the state level
Tours (10)
59
Fiji
12.8% (8) 9.5%
(8)
Ministry of Tourism and
Fiji Tourism
Sustainable
Community
information Ecotourism
Green Globe
Information
National Tourism Council Development Development Workshops
needed
Grant
21- Best
needed
(2)
Plan, 1998-
Bill, parts
through
Program for
Practice &
2005;
XII through
Ministry of
indigenous
Benchmarking
Ecotourism
XVII (7)
Tourism and
Fijians: 60
Program (2)
and Village
Fiji Locally
local
Based
Managed
ecotourism
Tourism
Marine
projects; Fiji
Policy and
Protected
Locally
Strategy (2)
Areas
Managed
Network (7)
Marine
Protected
Areas
Network (2)
Kiribati
14.5% (8) 1.7%
(8) Kiribati
Visitors
Bureau,
information
information
information
information local guest
information
Information
Ministry of Commerce
needed
needed
needed
needed
houses, eco-
needed
needed
Industry and Tourism (9)
tours(9)
Specific
initiatives????

---

Table C Continued
PACIFIC
% GDP
%
National Body
National Plan
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
ISLANDS
employment
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Marshall
Information information
Marshall Islands
information
information
Marshall
information Jaluit Atoll
information
Amimono
Islands
needed
needed
Visitors Authority(3)
needed
needed
Islands
needed
Conservation
needed
Association:
Visitors
Area (JACA):
promotes
Authority
canoe tours,
Marshallese
training
culture tours;
handicrafts;
seminars;
Laura Farmers
Traditional
Workers
Association,
Canoe
Investment
etc. (3)
Building and
Act: WWII
Sailing
tour guide
Courses (3)
training (US
federal
program) (3)
60
Nauru
information information
information needed
information
information
information
information information
information
Information
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
Niue
13%(8) information
Niue Tourism Office
Niue Action
information
information
information information
Niue
Information
needed
(11)
Plan Policy,
needed
needed
needed
needed
Accreditation
needed
Home Stay or
Scheme (11)
Visit
Programme (11)
Palau
information information
Palau Visitors
STPAP:
efforts to
Pacific Asia
information Homestays
Environment
Sam's Land
needed
needed
Authority (12)
Sustainable
form
Travel
needed
offered at
Friendly
Tours-
Tourism
National
Association
several
Restaurant
Cultural
Policies and
Tourism
training(15)
locations;(12)
Program;
Historical
Action Plan
Unite
State Tourism
efforts to
Sites and
(created but not
integrate
Representatives; establish
Villages;
yet
STPAP into
Palau
green
WWII Tours
implemented)(15) national
Conservation
management
(12);
policy(15)
Society
guidelines
recommended
efforts(15)
and
efforts to
certification
inventory and
training(15)
register all
cultural
sites(15)

---

Table C Continued
PACIFIC
%
Community-
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Cultural
ISLANDS %
GDP employment
National Body
based
Standards
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Papua
6.3%(8) 3.2%(8) Papua
New
Guinea PNGTPA
Tourism
recognized
information Ecovitality:
information
Information
New
Tourism Promotion
2004-2008
Promotion
need for
needed
village home-
needed
needed
Guinea
Authority, falls under
Corporate
Authority
human
stays for
Ministry of Culture and
Plan;
Act 1993(16)
resource
tourists &
Tourism(13)
Tourism
development
conservation
Policy(16)
strategy for
and
tourism
development
sector(16)
projects in
cooperation
with the local
communities
(10)
61
Samoa
9.5%(8) 10%(8) Samoa
Tourism
Authority
Tourism
National
information
Yes, EIA
STA supports
Sustainable
National
(4)
Development Land Use
needed
Guidelines
community-
Tourism
Committee
Plan 2002-
Policy,
and
based tourism Indicators
for Cultural
2006 (4)
National
Regulations (4)
Program (4)
and National
Policy for
adopted by
Heritage (4)
Cultural and
STA for all
Natural
tourism
Heritage (4)
projects (4)
Solomon
2.9% (8) 1.6%(8) Solomon
Islands
Visitors
information
information
information
information Solomon
information
Information
Islands
Bureau
needed
needed
needed
needed
Island Village needed
needed
Stays:
network of
over twenty
village
homestays
(10)

---

Table C Continued
ACIFIC
% GDP
%
National Body
National Plan Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
SLANDS
employment
Legislation Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
onga
5%(8) 3.2%(8) Tonga
Visitors
Bureau
(5)
Six year plan
information Community
Used, but
Nuku'alofa
information
Information
(title?),
needed
Development
info is
Beautification
needed
needed
Tourism
Training
needed
Project,
Annual
Center 18-
determine
mooring bouy
Awareness
month
whether it
project in
Plan (5),
tourism
its required
Vava'u (5)
Nature
certificate,
for all
Tourism
Ahopanilolo
tourism
Project
College (5)
projects
(sponsored by
NZAID)
uvalu
3%(8) information No, but recognition of
information
information information
information Yes: some
No, but
Recognized
needed
need to enact legislation,
needed
needed
needed
needed
guest houses,
recognized
need to
set ecotourism standards,
some
need to set
preserve
and promote tourism (6)
conservation
ecotourism
traditional
areas, great
standards(14)
knowledge,
potential (6)
practices and
62
artifacts(14)
anuatu
16.6%(8) 12%(8)
Vanuatu Tourism Office
information
information information
information information
information
Information
www.vanuatutourism.com needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
EFERENCES:
ATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS, Pacific
) Government of the Cook Islands (2003) "National Assessment Report For Barbados Programme of Action + 10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
quested by the UN DESA.
) Government of Fiji (2003). "National Assessment Report of Fiji". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
) Marshall Islands' Office of Environmental Planning and Policy Coordination (OEPPC), Economic Policy, Planning and Statistics Office (EPPSO) & Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) (2003).
Republic of the Marshall Islands Draft Report on the Barbados Programme of Action (BPOA)" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN
ESA.
) Government of Samoa (2003). "Samoa Barbados Plan of Action (BPoA) National Assessment Report". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by
e UN DESA.
) Kingdom of Tonga (2003). "Tonga National Assessment Report" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
) Government of Tuvalu (2003). "National Assessment Report of Tuvalu". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
aribbean
7) United Nations (2002). Fiji Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
8) South Pacific Tourism Organization (2003). Table A2: Economic Importance of Tourism in Countries Within the Region http://www.tcsp.com/invest/table_A2.shtml Accessed March 29, 2004
) Kiribati Tourism Site (2001). http://www.kiritours.com/Tourism/tourism.htm. Accessed March 29, 2004.
0) United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. SIDS Ecotourism Success Stories. http://www.sidsnet.org/eco-tourism/
1) Niue Tourism Office (2004). Official Website. http://www.niueisland.com/. Accessed March 29, 2004.
2) Palau Visitors Authority. http://www.visit-palau.com/ Accessed March 29, 2004.
3) Papua New Guinea Tourism Promotion Authority. www.pngtourism.org.pg/. Accessed March 29, 2004.
4) Government of Tuvalu (2004). SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
5) Government of Palau (2004). Barbados Programme of Action +10 Review. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA. Compiled
y Ministry of Resources and Development.
6) Government of Papua New Guinea (2004). SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.

---

Table C Continued
Appendix C. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Tourism Management
Table C-2. Caribbean Nations
CARIBBEAN % GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employme
Plan
Legislation Building
Required
based
Preservation
nt sector
Initiatives
Antigua and
informati
information Ministry of
information
information Small Tourism
Used, but
Bendals
Quality
information
Barbuda
on needed needed
Tourism and the
needed
needed
Enterprises
info is
Community
Tourism
needed

Environment(2)
Project (with 30
needed
Group:
for the

small enterprises determine
Greencastle
Caribbean
participating)(20)
whether it
Hill(20)
Participant
its required
(10)
for all
tourism
projects(2)
Bahamas
over
50%(19) Ministry
of Sustainable
New
Birdwatching
Used, but
Tiamo Resort
Quality
information
50%(19)
Tourism
Tourism
legislation
tour guide
info is
(9)
Tourism
needed
Policy,
encouragin
courses(19)
needed
for the
Guidelines
g
determine
Caribbean
63
and
developme
whether it
Participant
Implementati
nt of
its required
(10); Blue
on Strategy
timeshare
for all
Flag
for the Out
properties
tourism
Program
Islands of the
(8)
projects
Pilot
Bahamas
Phase(11)
(1994) (19)
Barbados
informati
information
Tourism
information information
Used, but
information
Quality
information
on needed needed
Ministry of
Development
needed
needed
info is
needed
Tourism
needed
Tourism(21);
Programme(21)
needed
for the
Barbados
determine
Caribbean
Tourism
whether it
Participant
Authority
its required
(10); Blue
for all
Flag
tourism
Program
projects
Pilot
Phase(11)

---

Table C-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN
%
Community-
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Cultural
NATIONS %
GDP
employment
National Plan
based
Standards
Body
Legislation
Building
Required
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Belize
18% 2002
~25% (1) Ministry
of
Tourism
information Tourism
information
Belize
tour guide
information
(1)
Tourism (1)
Development
needed
Training Unit
needed
Ecotourism
license (1)
needed
Project 4 yr
(3 yr project),
Association(9);
$14M US
Small Tourism
Community
project (1)
Enterprises
Management of
Program for
Marine
Sustainability
Protected Areas
(STEPS) tech
Tour Guiding
assistance for
Project,
small hotels (1)
Advanced
Marine Guiding
Program (1)
Cuba
information information
Ministry of
Developmental information information
Used, but
information
information information
needed
needed
Tourism
Program(3)
needed
needed
info is
needed
needed
needed
(MIT) in
needed
64
accordance
determine
w/ the
whether it
Ministry of
its required
Science,
for all
Technology
tourism
and the
projects (3)
Environment
(3)
Dominica
information information
National
National
information Funding from
Used for
National Trail
Nature
information
needed
needed
Development
Tourism Plan,
needed
European
most major
includes 20
Islands
needed
Corporation
which will be
Union to
national
villages and
Standards
(8)
part of
support
development promotes
of
Integrated
tourism human
projects that
community
Excellence
National
resource
are likely to
tourism
(8); Quality
Development
development(12) have a
(proposed but
Tourism for
Plan (8)
negative
not
the
effect on the
implemented)(12) Caribbean
environment
Participant
(under
(10)
Physical
Planning
Act) (12)

---

Table C-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN
%
Community-
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Cultural
NATIONS %
GDP
employment
National Plan
based
Standards
Body
Legislation
Building
Required
Preservation
sector
Initiatives

information information
Secretary of
SECTUR's
Law #85/68; information
Used, but
Ecotourism
Blue Flag
information
Dominican
needed
needed
State of
National
Law #
needed
info is
Project of the
Program
needed
Republic
Tourism
Strategy for
67/74; The
needed
Oviedo Lagoon,
Pilot
(SECTUR) (4)
the
Resolution
determine
the
Phase(11)
Development
247/98; the
whether it
EcoDevelopment
of Ecotourism
Judicial
its required
Project of the
(4)
decree 303-
for all
Samana Bay
87; & the
tourism
(CEBSE)(4);
Judicial
projects
Cruz Verde
decree 531-
90 (4)
Grenada
information information
Grenada
National Plan
information
Small
information Grenada
Quality
information
needed
needed
Board of
for Tourism
needed
Tourism
needed
Community-
Tourism for
needed
Tourism
Development
Enterprise
based Nautical
the
65
(1997)(22);
Project
Tourism Project;
Caribbean
1996 Tourism
provides
St. Davids
Participant
Policy(80)
technical
Community
(10)
assistance to
Tourism
small hotels.
Project(22)
(22)
Guyana
information information
Guyana
Chapter 20 of
information
March 2003
information Iwokrama
information
Georgetown
needed
needed
Tourism
National
needed
charette
needed
International
needed
Heritage
Authority and
Development
hosted by
Centre for Rain
District(18)
Ministry of
Strategy
MTIC, WWF
Forest
Tourism
and
Conservation
Industry and
supported by
and
Commerce
USAID and
Development;
UNDP(18)
Saxacalli
tourism
development
project(18)
Haiti
information information
Secretary of
Le Plan
information
information
information information
information
information
needed
needed
State for
Directeur du
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
Tourism
Tourisme

---

Table C-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN
%
Community-
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Cultural
NATIONS %
GDP
employment
National Plan
based
Standards
Body
Legislation
Building
Required
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Jamaica
information information
Ministry of
Master Plan
Tourism Board
Public
Required for
Valley Hikes: Blue Flag
information
needed
needed
Industry and
for
Act
education
all major
local guides
Program Pilot
needed
Tourism
Sustainable
program
projects
(9)
Phase(11); Quality
Tourism
geared
under the
Tourism for the
Development
towards
NRCA Act
Caribbean
2001-2011
enhancing
Participant (10)
(completed
tourism
Nov. 2001) (5)
education in
schools and
tertiary
institutions
(8)
St. Kitts and
information information
St. Kitts
St. Kitts and
information
information
Required for
information
Quality Tourism
Comprehensive
Nevis
needed
needed
Tourism
Nevis
needed
needed
all major
needed
for the Caribbean survey and
Authority
Tourism
projects
Participant (10)
assessment of
Master Plan
under
historic
66
(1993)(17)
Development
properties in
Control and
Tourism
Planning Act
Master Plan(17)
2000(17)
St. Lucia
information information
St. Lucia
No, but
No current
St. Lucia
information
information
Recommendation
needed
needed
Hotels and
SLHTA in
legislation, but
receiving
needed
needed
for tourism
St. Lucia
Tourism
beginning
recommendation help from
planning
Heritage
Association
stages of
for
regional
guidelines (e.g.
Tourism
(only private
formulating
comprehensive
organizations
setbacks) (16);
Programme(16)
sector body
major
Environmental
CARICOM
Quality Tourism
with
Environmental Mgmt Act and
and CAST(16)
for the Caribbean
Environmental Management
Resource Mgmt
Participant (10)
Committee)(6)
Programme(16) Act(16)
St. Vincent
information information
Ministry of
Tourism
information
Ministry of
Information
Biabou
Green
North Leeword
and the
needed
needed
Tourism and
Sector
needed
Tourism
needed
Community
Programme, Best Tourism
Grenadines
Culture(15)
Strategic Plan
conducts
Group, Union Practices(15);
Association
2002-2006(15)
ongoing tour
Island Eco-
Quality Tourism
(heritage
guide
tourism
for the Caribbean village at Fitz-
training;
Committee(15) Participant (10)
Hughes) (15)
STEP
resource(15)
center;
UNESCO
Youth Path
Project

---

Table C-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN % GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Suriname
information information
Ministry of
National
None, but
Small Tourism
no, but draft
Sustainable
Norm and
information
needed
needed
Transport,
Integrated
Tourism
Enterprise
Environmental Tourism
Standards
needed
Communication, Tourism
Act being
Project,
Impact
Development being
and Tourism;
Development formulated
Caribbean
Assessment
and
developed(14);
Suriname
Programme
to establish
Regional Human Regulations
Conservation Suriname
Tourism
2002-
Suriname
Resources
have been
Program;
Sustainable
Foundation(14);
2005(14)
Tourism
Development
developed(14)
community-
Tourism
Tourism Union
Authority(14) Programme for
based
Development
of the Republic
Economic
products and
Assessment
of Suriname
Competitiveness;
services in
and Guide (7)
(TOURS) (7)
plans to establish
the Upper
a Hotel &
Suriname
Tourism
River(7)
Training
67
Centre(14)
Trinidad and
information information
Ministry of
Tourism
None Expansion
of
Required for
Renaissance
Trinidad and
Carnival on
Tobago
needed
needed
Tourism(13);
Master
Trinidad and
some
Districts
Tobago
Trinidad and
Tourism &
Plan(13)
Tobago
activities
being
Tourism
Heritage
Industrial
Hospitality and
under
established;
Industry
Festival on
Development
Tourism Institute Environmental Footprints
Certification
Tobago(13)
Company (8)
(8)
Management
Eco-resort
Programme
Act 2000(13)
(9)
implements
tourism
industry
standards (8);
Quality
Tourism for
the
Caribbean
Participant
(10)

---

Table C-2 Continued
REFERENCES:
(1) Government of Belize (2003). "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the
UN DESA.
(2) United Nations (2002). Antigua e Barbuda Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(3) United Nations (2002). Cuba Country Profile (Written in Spanish). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable
Development. Translated into English by Carlos Sanchez.
(4) United Nations (2002). Dominican Republic Country Profile (Written in Spanish). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on
Sustainable Development. Translated into English by Carlos Sanchez.
(5) United Nations (2002). Jamaica Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(6) United Nations (2002). Saint Lucia Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(7) United Nations (2002). Suriname Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(8) World Tourism Organization (2001). Tourism Market Trends: Americas. Printed by the World Tourism Organization. Madrid, Spain.
(9) United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. SIDS Ecotourism Success Stories. http://www.sidsnet.org/eco-tourism/
(10) Quality Tourism for the Caribbean. http://www.carec.org/projects/hotels/qtc_project.htm. Accessed March 2004.
(11) Blue Flag Program. http://www.blueflag.org/Other_new.asp. Accessed March 2004.
(12) Government of Dominica (2003). Dominica's National Report on Barbados Programme of Action +10. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(13) Government of Trinidad and Tobago (2003). National Assessment Report, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of
68
Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(14) Government of Suriname (2004). Final National Assessment Report. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN
DESA.
(15) Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines (2003). Report to the Regional Consultation on SIDS Specific Issues. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme
of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(16) Government of St. Lucia. Draft Final Report. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(17) Government of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis (2003). National Assessment of the BPOA+10. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA. Prepared by the Planning Unit, Ministry of Finance, Development and Planning.
(18) Government of Guyana (2004). Guyana's Assessment Report on the Barbados Programme of Action Plus 10. National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(19) Government of the Bahamas (2004). National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(20) Government of Antigua and Barbuda (2004). National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(21) Government of Barbados (2004). Barbados National Assessment Report on the Implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action. Assessment of the Barbados
Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA. Prepared by the Ministry of Housing Lands and the Environment.
(22) Government of Grenada (2004). Grenada National Report on Sustainable Development. Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN
DESA. Submitted by Ministry of Finance.

---

Appendix C. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Tourism Management
Table C-3. AIMS (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, and South China Sea) Nations

AIMS
% GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Bahrain
information information
Not really, but
no, but
information
information
Used, but
information
information
information
needed
needed
tourism governed by recognizes
needed
needed
info is
needed
needed
needed
National
need for
needed
Commission for
tourism
determine
Wildlife
planning at
whether it
Protection(?)(1)
national level
its
(1)
required
for all
tourism
projects(1)
Cape
information information
PROMEX
National
information
National
Used, but
Yes, and under
still in period information
Verde
needed
needed
(Promotion of
Strategic
needed
school for
info is
further
of tourism
needed
Tourism and
Development
hotel and
needed
development(11) attraction-
Investment of Cabo
Plan for
tourism
determine
not yet at
Verde)(8)
Tourism in
activities
whether it
regulation (8)
69
preparation(11)
being
its
established(11) required
for all
tourism
projects(11)
Comoros
information information
Ministère des
No (8) None
No
training
no Yes,
but
No(8) Restoration
needed
needed
Transports,
structures for
information
and
Tourisme, Postes,
the tourism,
needed on
development
and
hotel, and
details(2)
of the
Télécommunications
craft sectors
historical,
(8)
(8)
cultural, and
artistic
heritage
(FESNACO)
(8)

---

Table C-3 Continued
AIMS
% GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Cyprus
information information
Cyprus Tourism
Strategy on
information
information
Used, but
Cyprus
Code of
information
needed
needed
Organization-
Tourism (5)
needed
needed
info is
Agrotourism
Environmental needed
coordinates Blue
needed
Programme
Behavior (5);
Flag program (5)
determine
(9)
Blue Flag
whether it
Program
its required
participant
for all
tourism
projects(5)
Guinea-
information information
information needed
information
information
information
information information
information
information
Bissau
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
needed
Maldives
information information
Ministry of
information
"One island
information
information information
The President
information
needed
needed
Tourism(10)
needed
one resort"
needed
needed
needed
of Maldives
needed
70
policy;
Green Resort
Resort
Award and
building
other
height must
international
be lower
awards(10)
than highest
palm tree(10)
Malta
24%(6) 27%(6) Ministry
of
Tourism
information
Malta Travel new Tourism
information information
information
information
and Malta Tourism
needed
and Tourism Degree at
needed
needed
needed
needed
Authority(6)
Services Act University of
(6)
Malta(6)

---

Table C-3 Continued
AIMS
% GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Mauritius
11% (3) information
Ministry of
2 Tourism
National
information
information Chameral
information
information
needed
Tourism(3)
Master
Tourism
needed
needed
Integrated
needed
needed
Plans,
Policy,
Development
Tourism
Sustainable
Project(3)
Environment
Ecotourism
Charter (3)
Sector in
National
Biodiversity
Strategy and
Action Plan,
Tourism
sector in
National
Environment
Action Plan
(3)
71
Sao Tome
information information
Tourism Department none as of
information
information
Used, but
Treks into
information
information
&
needed
needed
and Ministrry of
2001, but
needed
needed
info is
protected
needed
needed
Principe
Planning and
Tourism
needed
"obô" areas
Financial(8)
Master Plan
determine
(8)
was
whether it
projected (8)
its required
for all
tourism
projects
Seychelles
20% (4) 17%

(4) Ministry
of
Tourism
Vision 21:
information
information
information information
setback limits
information
and Transport (4)
Tourism
needed
needed
needed
needed
for hotels on
needed
Development
coast,
in
aesthetic
Seychelles:
standards (4)
2001-2010
(December
2001) (4)

---

Table C-3 Continued
AIMS
% GDP
%
National Body
National
Relevant
Capacity
EIA
Community-
Standards Cultural
NATIONS
employment
Plan
Legislation
Building
Required
based
Preservation
sector
Initiatives
Singapore
12% in
9.5% in
Singapore Tourism
Tourism 21
None (7) Singapore information information
information
information
1996 (7)
1996 (7)
Board (7)
Blueprint (7)
Confederation needed
needed
needed
needed
of Industries
and
Singapore
Hotel
Association;
STB tour
guide training
program
"Exploring
the Nature
Trails of
Singapore";
other efforts
(7)
72
REFERENCES:
(1) Bahrain's General Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment & Wildlife (2003)."The Kingdom Of Bahrain National Assessment of the Barbados
Programme Of Action". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(2) Union of Comoros (2003). "Evaluation Nationale du Programme d'Action de Barbade +10" Written in French. SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action
+10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(3) Republic of Mauritius (2003). "Republic of Mauritius National Assessment Report of the BPoA +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(4) Republic of Seychelles (2004). "Seychelles - National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action+10 Review" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of
Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.
(5) United Nations (2002). Cyprus Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(6) United Nations (2002). Malta Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(7) United Nations (2002). Singapore Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development.
(8) World Tourism Organization (2001). Tourism Market Trends: Africa. Printed by the World Tourism Organization. Madrid, Spain.
(9) United Nations Division for Sustainable Development. SIDS Ecotourism Success Stories. http://www.sidsnet.org/eco-tourism/
10) Maldives Ministry of Tourism. www.visitmaldives.com/. Accessed March 2004.
(11) Government of Cape Verde (2004). SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA.

---

APPENDIX D
Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Waste Management
73

---

Table D-1 Continued
Appendix D. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Waste Management
Table D-1. Pacific Nations

PACIFIC
Incentives
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean technology +
Information
Port reception
Ban
NATIONS
for
measures and
(23)
campaigns/
treatment
System and
facilities
importation
minimization
management
programs
baseline data
of
of wastes
Hazardous
wastes
Cook
User Pay
Sewage, agriculture,
R UNCLOS;
WM Plan is
Construction of engineered landfills,
Information
Rudimentary
Information
Islands
System,
packaging, and
Applied to
expected to
sewage treatment plants and new
needed
facilities cope
needed
educational
disposal of heavy
become sign.
conduct them(1)
recycling centers are prescribed in the
with little
campaigns &
machinery are
MARPOL
WM Plan(1)
demand. Cargo
regulations on expected to be
(has adopted
ships/ tankers
packaging of
regulated by the
its
are encouraged
imports and
National WM Plan
provisions)(2);
to retain their
local products
currently under
wastes(2)
prescribed in
elaboration (1)
the WM
74
Plan(1)
Federated
Information
Information needed
A UNCLOS;
No much
No adequate collection/treatment of
Lack of
unsatisfactory
Information
States of
needed
A Basel
transparency;
domestic wastes, nor of industrial
information is
(2)
needed
Micronesia
limited
wastes (4)
identified as a
sharing/exchanging
main constraint
info between
for public
government and
policy and
public (3)
decision-
making (3)
Fiji Provisions
for
Public Health Act/
R UNCLOS
Department of
Establishment of proper landfills in
1991 SPREP
unsatisfactory(7) Information
W
Local Govern. Act:
Environment,
process(5) proposed facilities: reducing commissioned
needed
minimization
control
NGO and regional
W/ separation at source would be
Solid Waste
included in
collection/disposal
initiatives (5 and 6)
encouraged and recycling established;
Characterization
Sustainable
of W/sewage; 1991's
some companies recycle papers and
Report of
Development
Litter Decree: poorly
scrap metals;(6).
Lautoka and
Bill (under
implemented.
Nadi (7);
review) (5)
Sustainable
virtually no
Development Bill
information on
(under review) has
hazardous
provisions on W
wastes (6)
mgnt. and pollution
control (5 and 6)

---

Table D-1 Continued
PACIFIC
Incentives
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean technology +
Information
Port reception
Ban
NATIONS
for
measures and
(23)
campaigns/
treatment
System and
facilities
importation
minimization
management
programs
baseline data
of
of wastes
Hazardous
wastes
Kiribati Little
import
WM Plan under
IMO member;
Sld WMP* has
sewage system direct discharges into
GIS based
relatively small
Information
of glass
development (2 and 8)
A UNCLOS;
Community +
sea and is limited to one municipality;
information/
demand; no
needed
bottles is
R London;
Ministry of
collecting solid waste but no
monitoring
port WMP* nor
permitted (2)
and A Basel
Environment and
selection/treatment (2)
system under
W reception
(2);
Social
development (8)
facilities for
Development +
oily wastes (2)
NGO's
participation;
waste Reduction
Pilot Project
designed with
consultation of
stakeholders (8);
Marshall
Information
WM Plan under
IMO member;
Public debate and
Very small scale recycling; Ebeye
Information
Relatively
Information
75
Islands
needed
development (2)
A UNCLOS;
discussion is under
Health and Infrastructure Project
needed
minor demand
needed
A Basel; A
way (2) more
(1999):New equipment forSW
for the
MARPOL
Information
collection, landfill
reception of
Annexes
needed
mgmt/expansion/fencing/recycling (9)
ship W (7)
(given effect
in national
law) /SPREP
Conv. +
Dumping
Protocol and
Pollution
Protocol (2)
Nauru Information
Nat. Envir.
R UNCLOS;
Env Unit's
SW collection; Some composting;
Information
little demand
Information
needed
Coordination
R London; A
environmental
New dumpsite will be selected and
needed
for the
needed
Committee
Basel; A
education
subjected to EIA; No recycling; some
reception of
established to
SPREP
programme (school waste oil used as supplementary fuel
waste(2)
implement Action
Conv.(2)
study kits, posters
at the phosphate mine; Hospital W
Plan prepared as part
to encourage
management requires revision
of the Nat. Envir.
retention of
(Quarantine Service Act)(2)
Manag. Strategy
rubbish by boats
more Info needed (2)
and
participation in
World Cleanup
Day) (2)

---

Table D-1 Continued
PACIFIC
Incentives
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean technology +
Information
Port reception
Ban
NATIONS
for
measures and
(23)
campaigns/
treatment
System and
facilities
importation
minimization
management
programs
baseline data
of
of wastes
Hazardous
wastes
Niue Government
Nat. WM Plan as
S UNCLOS;
Information
Modern landfill under WMP*;
A waste stream
information
Information
policy bans
part of an AusAID
Not S
needed
domestic W collection; some
analysis study
needed
needed
import of
W management
MARPOL or
recycling; Hospital W incinerated;
was carried out
glass bottled
project; Nat.
London but
Some hazardous/ chemical W are to
in June/July
beverages
building code:
adopted both
be packaged/ stored for disposal under 2000 under the
(excluding
requirements for the
in National
SPREP program. Asbestos disposed at AusAID WMP
hard liquor) (2) construction of
Law (2)
government's site; sewage treatment:
project; A
septic tanks (often
septic tanks, water seal longdrop, and
hazardous waste
ignored-less than
longdrops; Health Dept. operates
audit was
50% of households
septic sludge removal service (2).
carried out in
on the island/many
July 2000 (2)
not meeting design
specifications);
76
Amendments to this
Code and more
monitoring is
expected to improve
the situation (2)
Palau No
formal
A WMP*
A UNCLOS;
Population does
Domestic W only partially collected;
Information
Small demand;
Ratified
long term
completed/
not S
not recognize W
limited recycling; Quarantine/ hospital needed
Envir. Quality
Waigani(10)
program(10)
implemented,
MARPOL nor disposal as a
W incinerated (may be burnt in open
Protection
currently under
London but
problem;
pits when incinerators are not
Boards
review (w/ emphasis
both are given inappropriate
operating or quantity exceeds
enforces strict
upon recycling);
effect &
dumping is a
capacity); Some of the urban sewage
disposal laws
Nat. Environmental
observed in
common; some
is treated but most of it is disposed to
and fines are
Quality Protection
Nat. Law; S
awareness
septic tanks or village-based systems
issued (2)
Board's regulations
SPREP Conv., campaigns are in
that discharge untreated sewage to the
address specific
Dumping
place (2) but the
sea(2, 10); No facilities or procedures
issues, including
Protocol and
need for more
for hazardous W (but addressed in the
marine pollution.
Pollution
effective programs
Nat. WMP) (2)
Nat. regulations are
Protocol (2) R
is recognized(10)
continuously under
Waigani(10)
review/ modified as
necessary to suit
emerging
requirements. Env.
regulations are
enforced (fines)(2)

---

Table D-1 Continued
PACIFIC
Incentives
Regulatory measures
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port reception
Ban
NATIONS
for
and management
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
facilities
importation
minimization
programs
baseline data
of
of wastes
Hazardous
wastes
Papua New
Information
National Environment
IMO member; Unsatisfactory;
Domestic and industrial W
No; little
Limited
A Waigami
Guinea
needed
Act 2000 will integrate
R UNCLOS;
hampered by
collected separately; Direct
information
demand; some
Env. Planning
R London; A
resource constraints + dumping is employed (no
available and
facilities
Act+Env.
Basel; S
high level of
containment of leached liquids or
lack of
available in the
Conatminants
MARPOL; S
illiteracy; need for
fencing to keep out scavengers);
monitoring
2 ports (2)
Act+water resources
SPREP
efficient programs
several recycling initiatives are in
systems(11)
Act (all in place)(11)
Conv./1993
recognized(11)
effect (2)
Tokyo MOU
(2)
Samoa Fiscal
and Guidelines, draft
IMO member; Yes; both for general
Yes including composting
Characterization There are some
R Waigami;
policy
standards, codes of
R UNCLOS;
public and as part of
projects and onsite sewage
of wastes, land
facilities(12);
National
incentives to
environmental
96 Protocol; S school
treatment (3, 12)
based sources of more
laws and
encourage
practices and
Basel
curriculums(3,12)
pollution,
information
regulations
low-waste or
legislation in force;
estimation of
needed
are in
degradable
management
persistent
place(12)
imports and
strategies(3, 12)
organic
77
local products
pollutants,
(3 and 12)
identification of
contaminated
sites (3,12)
Solomon
Unsatisfactory 1980's Public Health
IMO member; Limited (radio
Domestic W collection
No monitoring;
W reception
Information
Islands
(7)
Act & Regulation;
R UNCLOS;
programs or the
inadequate for the demand; No
some isolated
facilities are
needed
1993 Honiara Litter
R London;
newspaper/ annual
segregation; unsatisfactory
waste
rudimentary or
By-Law; 1998 Envir.
Observer to
week-long "Keep
landfills; Sewage facilities: septic
assessment
non-existent (2)
Bill 1998 & Envir. Act
Tokyo MOU
Honiara Clean"
tanks/ municipal sewage systems
surveys (7)
(regulating the
(2)
Campaign) (7)
w/ ocean outfalls (primary
discharge of pollutants
treatment) (2 and 7)
to the air, water or
land; the transport,
collection, treatment,
storage and disposal of
W; promoting
recycling, re-use and
recovery of materials
in economically viable
manner; and to comply
and give effect to
regional and
international
conventions and
obligations relating to
the environment.)(7)

---

Table D-1 Continued
PACIFIC
Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions (23) Educational

Introduction of clean
Information
Port reception
Ban importation of
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
campaigns/
technology +
System and
facilities
Hazardous wastes
wastes
management
programs
treatment
baseline data

No (7) Several
projects
IMO member; A Yes, but
collection of domestic
Information
Information
Information needed
Tonga
including a solid UNCLOS; R
unsatisfactory
W, but no segregation;
needed
needed
WM Plan under
London/ 96
(7and 13)
little recycling (2)
development (4)
Protocol; S
MARPOL, 1990
OPRC(2)
Tuvalu No (7) No
sewage
R UNCLOS; S
Lack of public
unsatisfactory (2 and 7) 1995
W
study; unsatisfactory (2) Information
needed
legislation/stand
MARPOL
awareness is
insufficient data;
ards; Pilot WMP Annexes (given
mentioned as a
no monitoring (2
(2001-2002 on
effect in Nat.
management
and 7)
Funafuti w/
Law) (2)
challenge (7)
assistance of
AusAID)(2)
Vanuatu No
(7) WM
legislation
IMO member; R unsatisfactory (7) unsatisfactory (7) Information
Ship WM
Information needed
in draft stage;
London/ 96
needed
facilities/
current
Protocol; S
procedures are
78
regulatory
Basel; A
deficient (7)
measures poorly
MARPOL
enforced (7)
REFERENCES:
[1] Government of the Cook Islands "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews
Requested by UN DESA, 2003.
[2] South Pacific Region Environment Programme (SPREP) "Port Improving Ships' Waste Management in Pacific Islands Ports" Report, 2003.
[3] Draft Working Report of the Federated States of Micronesia National Multi-Stakeholder Consultation. "A National Review of Progress in the Implementation of the Earth Summit
Commitments and Agenda 21" Kolonia, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, 8-9 November 2001.
[4] Climate Change National Communication *Federated States of Micronesia, 1997. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/micnc1.pdf
[5] Government of Fiji "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews Requested by UN
DESA, 2003.
[6] United Nations' Fiji Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
[7] SPREP/ Sinclair Knight Merz Ltda. "Solid Waste Characterization and Management Plans Project". Report commissioned by the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme
(SPREP) to assess the solid waste management of 8 Pacific Region Countries: Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Solomon Islands and Western Samoa, 1991.
http://www.sprep.org.ws/solid_waste/report_doc.asp
[8] Kiribati Solid Waste Project description/ Concept Paper for Tarawa Solid Waste Reduction Project for UNDP/ Kaoki Mange! Kiribati SWM Project NEWS UPDATE, 2003.
[9] Government of the Marshal Islands "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews
Requested by UN DESA, 2003.
[10] Government of Palau "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews Requested by UN
DESA, June 2004.
[11] Government of Papua New Guinea "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews
Requested by UN DESA, June 2004.
[12] Government of Samoa "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews Requested by UN
DESA, 2003.
[13] Government of Tonga "National Assessment Report for the Barbados Plan of Action +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Plan of Action +10 Reviews Requested by UN
DESA, 2003.

---

Appendix D. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Waste Management
Table D-2. Caribbean Nations
CARIBBEAN Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port
Ban
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
reception
importation of
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
Hazardous
wastes
Antigua and
No, but the need OECS Solid and IMO member; Some public
Clean technologies, such
Some info
OECS Sld and
No (4)
Barbuda
is recognized(1, 2) ship generated
R UNCLOS;
awareness and
as the disposal of solid
systems and
Ship
WMP
S MARPOL
educational
waste in landfills have
baseline data
Generated
beneficiary:
and R Annex
campaigns have been proposed but not
have been
WMP
WMP ready but
V (3); R
been promoted
applied (1 and 4)
developed (3 and
beneficiary(3)
not enacted yet
London; A
(4)
4)
some
(3); Regulations, Basel
port/reception
economic
facilities have
instruments and
been
public
developed (3 and
participation
4)
developed (4) but
not in force still
79
(1)
Bahamas Information
Environmental
IMO member; Some
Lack of available
One survey to
Information
Yes (5 and 6)
needed
Health Services
R UNCLOS;
educational
appropriate technology (5)
categorize
needed
Act (5);
A Basel
programs and
waste(5 and 6)
amendments to
campaigns are
better specify
in place (6)
standards
+regulations are
under review(6)
Barbados Campaigns
to
Integrated long-
IMO member; Educational and Use of clean technologies
Indicators have
Yes (7) No
(7)
incentive public
term solid WM
R UNCLOS;R public
(composting/ hazardous
been developed
minimization of
Plan
London; A
awareness
waste disposal) have been
and included in
wastes (7)
implemented;
Basel;
initiatives as
proposed; recycling
the National
environmental
Environmental
part of the
programs for
List of
levy on non-
standards
Integrated Solid glass/paper/oil; members
Indicators of
recyclable goods (including for
WM Plan (7 and
of the business sector are
Sustainable
has been
wastewater) in
8)
involved in recycling
Development (7)
implemented (8)
prep.(7 and 8)
programs (7 and 8)
Belize Information
National Solid
IMO member; Inadequate but
Information needed
Monitoring
Information
Information
needed
WMP* at pre-
UNCLOS; A
foreseen in the
prescribed in
needed
needed
implementation
Basel
Solid WMP*(9)
the Solid WM
stage(9)
Plan(9)

---

Table D-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port
Ban
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
reception
importation of
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
Hazardous
wastes
Cuba Information
information
IMO member;
Public
Information needed
National survey
Information
Yes (10)
needed
needed
R UNCLOS;
awareness
of the main
needed
R London; A
campaigns (10)
sources of
Basel
contamination
(10)
Dominica Information Solid WM Act
IMO member;
Gov.- promoted No but recognizes the
Info systems/
OECS Sld and
National laws
needed
revised in 2002;
R UNCLOS;
public
need (12)
baseline data
ship generated
have been
OECS Solid and S MARPOL
awareness/
developed for
WMP
developed (12)
ship generated
and R Annex
educational
waste
beneficiary (3)
WMP (3 and 11);
V (26); A
campaigns (12)
management;
facilities
Regulations/
Basel; S
baseline data
proposed but
80
economic
Cartagena
developed for
not established
instruments and
Convention
pollution
(12)
public
(Oil Spills
control (12)
participation
Protocol);
developed (12)
Dominican
Information
Regulations
IMO member;
Gov-promoted
Use of clean technologies,
Baseline data
Proposed but
No (13)
Republic
needed
have been
S UNCLOS;
public
including the use of filters
has for waste
not established
developed (13)
R London; A
awareness/
to trap gases have been
management(13)
(13)
more info
Basel
educational
proposed; Recycling
needed
campaigns (13)
programs for
glass/paper/oil. NGO's
recycling programs for
plastic; business sector
involved in glass
recycling/ reuse (13)

---

Table D-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port
Ban
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
reception
importation of
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
Hazardous
wastes
Grenada Waste
OECS WMP
IMO member;
No (15); lack of
None in place nor
Baseline data
OECS WMP
No (15)
minimization
project; WM
R UNCLOS;
population
proposed; no recycling (15) for waste
beneficiary (3)
project (14); more Act (2001)
S MARPOL
awareness &
management (15) facilities
information
called for a
and R Annex
information
proposed but
needed.
National
V (3)
identified as a
are not
Strategy,
major
established (15)
established a
constraint(14)
WM authority +
legal &
regulatory
framework (14 and
15)
Guyana Information
Draft National
IMO member
Some isolated
No(16) but recognizes the
Information
Information
Information
needed
Solid WM
UNCLOS A
campaigns(16)
need (17)
needed
needed
needed
81
Policy provides
Basel
more
legal &
information
regulatory
needed
framework (16)
Haiti Information
Municipal
IMO member;
Information
Unsatisfactory(19) Information
Information
Information
needed
governments
R UNCLOS;
needed
needed
needed
needed
use guidelines
R London; A
from the
Basel
Ministry of
Environment (18)
Jamaica Information
National Solid
IMO member;
Recognizes the
Some improvement:
Information
Docs. under
Information
needed
WMP
R UNCLOS;
need for
currently upgrading major
needed
prep. for the
needed
implemented by
R London; A
widespread
landfill site to sanitary
construction of
National SWM
Basel
public
landfill; introduction of
facilities in
Authority(20);
education (21)
biodigesters and septic
Kingston
guidelines are
tanks(20)
Harbor(20)
being
developed;
sewage effluent
standards are in
place(21)

---

Table D-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port
Ban
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
reception
importation of
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
Hazardous
wastes
St. Kitts and
Not in place but
OECS Solid and IMO member;
Information
Two sanitary landfills
Some info
OECS Sld and
No(23)
Nevis
prescribed in the Ship generated
R UNCLOS;
needed
constructed(22); recycling
system and
ship generated
Nat. WM
WM Program;
S MARPOL
programs for glass
baseline data
WMP
Plan(22)
WM Act (2000)
and R Annex
supported; members of
developed(22)
beneficiary(3);
(22); Nat.
V(3); A Basel;
business sector involved in
systems
WMPlan in
recycling programs(23);
developed for
prep. w/
Sewage treatment is
small
economic
recognized as
recreational
instruments &
unsatisfactory(22)
craft/ large
regulations(22 and
commercial
23)
craft(23)
St. Lucia
No specific
OECS Solid and IMO member;
Programs in
Many improvements in the Contracts are
Modest
Information
incentives(24)
Ship-generated
R UNCLOS;
schools(24 and 25); collection and disposal
monitored by
reception
needed
82
more info
WM Program;
R London; A
public
(landfills) of domestic
the Operations
facilities
needed
Solid WM Act
Basel; S
awareness &
wastes after the WM
Manager,
provided at the
& Authority
MARPOL and education
Authority
Enforcement
main ports and
(1996); Water
R Annex V (3)
integrated into
establishment/privatization Officers and
marinas
and Sewage Act
the operations
of services. Bio-
Landfill
(seems to cope
(1999); Shore
of the Solid
hazardous wastes
Monitoring
w/ little
Generated WM
WM Authority
management have
Officer of the
demand)(3 and
& Ship
(24 and 25)
improved (24 and 25)
Solid WM
24)
Generated WM
Authority(24)
Policies (2000);
new WM
legislation (in
draft) defines
roles &
responsibilities
(3, 24 and 25)

---

Table D-2 Continued
CARIBBEAN Incentives for
Regulatory
Conventions
Educational
Introduction of clean
Information
Port
Ban
NATIONS
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
technology + treatment
System and
reception
importation
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
of
Hazardous
wastes
St. Vincent and
Solid WM Unit
OECS Solid and IMO member;
Solid WM
No clean technologies/
One waste
Facilities
Information
the Grenadines
initiatives (TV
Ship-generated
R UNCLOS;S
Unit's public
recycling (only for glass);
characterization
proposed but
needed
ads.; school
WMP*: WMP
MARPOL and awareness and
no paper/ oil/ hazardous
study in St
not established
programs,
enacted; Central
R Annex V (3); educational
chemicals recycling;
Vincent(28)
(26 and 28)
exhibitions, tech Water e Sewage
R London; A
campaigns (26, 27 bottling companies
and financial
Authority &
Basel; S
and 28)
engaged in reuse programs
assistance)(26)
Solid WM Unit
Cartagena
(26); One sanitary landfill
(1999)(3, 26 and 27)
Convention
constructed, one
(Oil Spills
restructured, several
Protocol);
closed(27); composting in
landfills(28)
Suriname Information
Legislation in
IMO member;
Unsatisfactory;
Unsatisfactory; some
Information
Information
Information
needed
prep for the
London
identified as a
restructuring of sanitation
needed
needed
needed
83
establishment of
major
equipment occurred during
a semi-
constraint(29)
Urgency Program;
governmental
programs and plans
company &
exist(29)
provision of
integrated WM
Act(29)
Trinidad and
Information
Regulations in
IMO member;
Gov.- promoted Use of clean technologies
Some baseline
Proposed(30)
National laws
Tobago
needed
prep w/ public
R UNCLOS;
public
not officially proposed but
data for WM;
not yet
participation;
S 96 Protocol;
awareness &
some recycling programs
info systems for
formulated(30)
framework for
A Basel ; S
educational
exist; informal programs
WM &
WM (treatment
Cartagena
campaigns(30 and
for recycling glass/ plastic
pollution
& disposal of
Convention
31)
by local community
control are in
waste) in prep
(Oil Spills
groups/ private sector(30)
prep(30)
(30 and 31)
Protocol)

---

Table D-2 Contin-
EFERENCES:
] United Nations Antigua e Barbuda Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
] Government of Antigua e Barbuda. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA,
004.
] Vasantha Chase Peter Norville (Head of Unit, OECS Environment and Sustainable Development Unit/ Consultant Programme Officer on Solid Waste Management, OECS Environment and
ustainable Development Unit) ORGANISATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) Marine Waste Management in the OECS Presented at the Regional Symposium on "Solid Waste
Management in the OECS; Past, Present and Future" Grenada June, 2003.
] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat. "Antigua e Barbuda's Country Profiles Reports" prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. (available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/antigbarb.htm)
] United Nations The Bahamas Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
] Government of The Bahamas. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat "Barbados Country Profile" report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/barbados.htm.
] Government of Barbados. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
] Government of Belize. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2003.
0] United Nations Cuba Country Profile (Written in Spanish). 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
1] Government of Dominica. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
2] ECLAC/CDCC Secretariat. "Dominica country profile" report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/dominica.htm.
3] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat. Dominican Republic country profile report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/domrep.htm.
84
4] Government of Grenada. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
5] ECLAC/CDCC Secretariat. Grenada country profiles reports prepared by the on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/grenada.htm.
6] Government of Guyana. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
7] United Nations Guyana Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
8] United Nations Haiti Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
9] Government of Haiti. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, December 2003.
0] Government of Jamaica. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
1] United Nations Jamaica Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
2] Government of St. Kitts and Nevis. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA,
004.
3] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat. St Kitts and Nevis Country Profiles report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/stkittsnevis.htm
4] Sweeney V. SIDS CASE STUDY IN WASTE MANAGEMENT Evolution and Implementation of a Solid Waste Management Strategy in St. Lucia, Presented at the
003 UN Expert Meeting on Waste Management in SIDS held in Havana, Cuba, 1994. http://www.sidsnet.org/workshops/expert-meetings.html.
5] Government of St. Lucia. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
6] Esther Richards/ SWMU 2003 Composting Program in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Available at http://topics.developmentgateway.org/oecsaid/
7] Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN
ESA, 2004.
8] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat St. Vincent and the Grenadines country profile report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/stvicentgrenad.htm
9] Government of Suriname. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2004.
0] ECLAC/CDCC secretariat Trinidad and Tobago country profile report prepared on the basis of questionnaires submitted by Governments, 1996. Available at
tp://www.sdnp.undp.org/~eclac/CARMIN/DOCS/trinidad.htm
1] Government of Trinidad and Tobago. "National Assessment Report Barbados +10". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA,
004.

---

Appendix D. Assessment of Barbados Programme of Action Goals related to Waste Management
Table D-3. AIMS (Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, South China Sea) Nations

AIMS
Ban
Incentives for
Regulatory
Educational
Information
Port
NATIONS
Conventions
Introduction of clean
importation of
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
System and
reception

technology + treatment
Hazardous
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
wastes
Bahrain
Government
Standards for
IMO member;
Information
Information needed
Lack of
Information
Information
incentives to
healthcare and
R UNCLOS;
needed
information is
needed
needed
industries to
industrial wastes
R Basel
mentioned as a
convert to clean
have been
main constraint;
production and
developed and
Integrated
minimize waste
implemented;
Environmental
is mentioned(1);
ministerial
(including
more
orders and
Waste access)
information is
decrees aiming
approach had
needed
to control,
been proposed(1)
reduce and
threats;(1)
Cape Verde
Ecologic tax has
Information
IMO member;
General
Information needed
Information
ports are not
Information
85
been introduced
needed
R UNCLOS;
environmental
needed
equipped with
needed
on the CIF value
R London; A
education
waste
of imported
Basel
programs (2)
collection or
goods in non-
treatment
biodegradable
plants for
packages (2)
wastewaters
and trash (2)
Comoros
information
EPA enacted in
R UNCLOS;
information
W collection/disposal
No (3) No
(3) Information
needed
1994 but no WM A Basel ; S
needed
virtually non existent;
needed
authority or plan
MARPOL
limited recycling (3)
(3)
Cyprus
Proposed Law
Waste
IMO member;
Household
Information needed
Municipal Solid
information
Yes (4)
on Waste
Management
R UNCLOS;
Recycling
Waste
needed
Management
Strategy is being
R London; A
Project in 5
Recycling
will include
finalized by
Basel
municipalities
Study:
prevention and
consultants
(4)
composition of
reducing of
(more
waste in
generation of
information
landfills; more
wastes(4)
needed);
information
Proposed Law
needed (4)
on Waste
management (4)

---

Table D-3 Continued
AIMS
Ban
Incentives for
Regulatory
Educational
Information
Port
NATIONS
Conventions
Introduction of clean
importation of
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
System and
reception

technology + treatment
Hazardous
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
wastes
Guinea-
Government
Mentioned
IMO member;
Information
Information needed
Information
information
information
Bissau
policy has
Water and
UNCLOS A
needed
needed
needed
needed
attempted to
Sanitation
Basel
reduce wastes
Master Plan and
through
a Plan for Urban
campaigns (5)
Solid Wastes;
more
information
needed (5)
Maldives
Information
National WMP*
IMO member;
Information
Information needed
1998 Study on
information
information
needed
in process of
R UNCLOS;
needed
the Solid Waste
needed
needed
development (6)
A Basel
Management
for Male City (6)
Malta
Information
National WMP*
IMO member;
Intends to give
Information needed
Intends to
information
information
needed
approved in
R UNCLOS;
prominence to
establish
needed
needed
86
2000; Strategy
R London; A
the issue in
Information
approved in
Basel
educational
System (7)
2001 (7)
curriculum and
programs (7)
Mauritius
Considered as
Nat. Sld WMP*;
IMO member;
Campaigns and
Composing and Recycling
Some baseline
No (3) Yes
(8)
priority in the
Nat Sewage Plan R UNCLOS;
School
Projects (8); overall sewage
information but
New Solid
and specific
S MARPOL;
Programs (8)
facilities improved;
monitoring has
WMP* (8)
regulations for
A Basel
collection and disposal of
been identified
hazardous
sld W in sanitary landfills
as a main
wastes(8) detailed
(3)
constraint (8)
pollution control
provisions;
effluent and
emission
standards(3)
Sao Tome &
Information
Information
IMO member;
Information
Information needed
Information
information
information
Principe
needed
needed
R UNCLOS
needed
needed
needed
needed

Information
detailed
IMO member;
National one-
septic tanks most common
Information
No (3) Information
Seychelles
needed
pollution control
R UNCLOS S
week
treatment; only 2% of the
needed
needed
provisions;
MARPOL;R
campaigns;
pop w/out proper sanitary
effluent and
London; A
recognizes the
facilities; solid W
emission
Basel
need for a more
collection/disposal in
standards in their
comprehensive
sanitary landfills;
EPA (enacted in
program (3)
composting; small
1994) (3)
incinerator for hospital W;
limited recycling(3)

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Table D-3 Continued
AIMS
Ban
Incentives for
Regulatory
Educational
Information
Port
NATIONS
Conventions
Introduction of clean
importation of
minimization of measures and
(23)
campaigns/
System and
reception

technology + treatment
Hazardous
wastes
management
programs
baseline data
facilities
wastes
Singapore
Public policy &
Environmental
IMO member; Yes; public
Incineration plans with
Some
Information
No, but dispose
educational
Public Health
R UNCLOS;
awareness
generation of electric
information
needed
of Hazardous
programs; Green Act &
A Basel
programs (9)
energy & recycling
system(10); more
Wastes Act
productivity &
regulations;
programs(9 and 10);
information
(1998) &
green labeling (9
Codes of
needed
regulations w/ a
and 10)
Practices (9 and 10)
permits
system10)
87
REFERENCES:
[1] Bahrain's General Commission for the Protection of Marine Resources, Environment & Wildlife "The Kingdom Of Bahrain National Assessment of the Barbados Programme
Of Action". SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2003.
[2] Republic of Cape Verde "Republic of Cape Verde National Assessment Report of the BPoA +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10
Reviews requested by the UN DESA, 2003.
[3] Payet, R.A., Sogun, N., Ranaivoson E., Payet, R.J. & F. Ali Abdallah. UNEP/ GEF/ MALMAR Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA) Regional Assessment 45b
"Indian Ocean Islands", 2003.
[4] United Nations Cyprus Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
[5] United Nations Guinea- Bissau Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
[6] United Nations Environment Program Maldives: State of the Environment 2002. Publication of the UNEP Global Environmental Outlook Series, 2002.
[7] United Nations Malta Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002.
[8] Government of the Republic of Mauritius "National Assessment Report of the BPoA +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews
requested by the UN DESA, 2003.
[9] United Nations Singapore Country Profile. 2nd UN Country Profiles Series published on the 2002 Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development. (2002).
[10] Government of Singapore "National Assessment Report of the BPoA +10" SIDS National Assessment of the Barbados Programme of Action +10 Reviews requested by the
UN DESA, January 2004.

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