4TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON
OCEANS, COASTS, AND ISLANDS
İ J. Oliver
ORGANIZATION OF WORKING GROUP ON
MARINE TRANSPORTATION
Global Oceans Conference
GOC 2008
Vietnam
R O Korea
Indonesia
Organized by the
Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands and
Hosted by the Government of
CANADA
Vietnam, Ministry of
Flemish Government,
Belgium
Agriculture and Rural
Development
with principal funding
from the Global
Environment Facility
Pre-conference version, April 2, 2008
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands--Strategic Oceans Planning to
2016
The Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands has undertaken a strategic planning effort for the
period 2006-2016 to develop policy recommendations for specific next steps needed to advance the global
oceans agenda aimed at governments, UN agencies, NGOs, industry, and scientific groups. To this effect,
Working Groups have been organized around 12 major topic areas related to the global oceans
commitments made at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and to emerging issues
facing the global oceans community.

The Working Groups have been organized and coordinated by the Global Forum Secretariat, under the
direction of Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts,
and Islands, and involving the following staff from the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy,
University of Delaware: Miriam Balgos, Kateryna Wowk, Caitlin Snyder, Shelby Hockenberry, and
Kathleen McCole.


Working Group on Maritime
Transportation


WORKING GROUP LEADERS:

Gerard J. Mangone, University of Delaware
College of Marine and Earth Studies

Jose Matheickal, GloBallast Program, International
Maritime Organization (IMO)





Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands

Working Group on Maritime Transportation











Organization of Working Group on
Maritime Transportation

















Draft April 15, 2008



Table of Contents


Foreword by Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum
iii
Organization of Maritime Transportation Working

Group
1. Overview of Marine Transportation

1
2. Organization of the Working Group
4

References
7




ii

Foreword


The challenges that face ports and maritime transport include policy, economic, and
environmental issues. These include issues related to energy and the environment, shipping and
fleet modernization, port capacity and performance measures, and international, national, and
regional trade and policy issues. Of particular interest for marine ecosystem management are
concerns about air pollution, marine biosecurity, including ballast water and invasive species,
impacts of pollution accidents such as oil spills, marine litter, and dumping of waste, the
establishment of Special Areas and Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, ship breaking and recycling,
seafarer competency and capacity building, and port and maritime transport security. The
Working Group on Maritime Transportation is being organized to develop a venue for
stakeholders to promote policy ideas that could address maritime transportation issues related to
the accomplishment of WSSD goals on oceans, coasts, and small island developing States
(SIDS). This Working Group will also be tasked to win support for policy ideas among the
various stakeholders involved in the maritime industry.


The Global Forum Secretariat thanks with deep appreciation the efforts of Dr. Gerard J.
Mangone and Dr. Jose Matheickal as they work towards organizing and mobilizing this
important Working Group.



Biliana Cicin-Sain
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands














iii

Overview of Marine Transportation Issues
Author: Gerard J. Mangone


Marine transportation is absolutely vital to the
efforts of the International Maritime
world economy. Since ancient times, the seas
Organization through MARPOL and its annexes,
have provided the great highways most
states have begun to recognize the full
efficiently and least costly for trade between
implications of ship operations on the seas. Yet
peoples. International trade is the lifeblood of
even as the mitigation of oil spills and dumping
modern states, allowing exchanges of vast
of wastes has been moving forward, other
quantities of commodities that promote
considerations about the marine environment
economic development and raise standards of
have been raised and called for action.
living. The most recent example is China which

has undergone a renaissance of trade with the
There are several aspects of marine
rest of the world by sea, importing raw materials
transportation that may be considered for the
and exporting finished goods. The United States
continued and profitable use of ships for trade
obtains about 90 percent of its imports by sea,
by sea while ensuring the most compatible
valued at 75 percent of all its imports. For
actions for protection of the marine
developed states, the true path of progress will
environment:
be an increase in trade, exploiting their resources

by fair trade by sea with developed states.
First, pollution accidents by oil and other

hazardous wastes, including dumping. Several
The nature of shipping has changed rapidly from
conventions now cover these dangers and
the old, slow, small vessels of pre-World War II
provide state regulations. Yet accidents, as seen
times to the large and powerful fleets of today.
in the Exxon Valdez or the Prestige, occur.
Tankers of 17,000 tons carried the oil to the
There is a need for improving the preparedness
Allies in Europe. Today, tankers measure from
of states for spills close to their shores and
200,000 to 400,000 tons. 500 containers of 22
developing states especially need better
feet in length were first loaded in the 1950s.
equipment and personnel training to respond to
Today, vessels can carry 4,000 to 6,000
spills.
containers. Ships have become more specialized

with refrigerated vessels, roll-on, roll-off auto
More enforcement is required for the Oil
carriers, and liquid natural gas tankers.
Preparedness and Hazardous Waste Recovery
Moreover, the fleet has grown enormously to
plans aboard vessels. Moreover there is a lack of
94,000 ships over 100 gross tons with a 650,000
reception facilities that should be provided by
tonnage capacity. In 2007 the fleet grew again
states for ships to unload their wastes. An
with an increase of 4% in number and 7% in
enormous increase in cruise vessels, literally
tonnage. Such an expansion of giant vessels
floating hotels, must be supervised for their
requiring great power for their operations have
discharges of waste water, including garbage,
long since changed from coal-steam power to
plastics, and photographic chemicals.
hydrocarbon fuels for their mighty engines


Second, the designation of Special Areas and
The dynamic increase in world shipping has
Sensitive Seas should be encouraged. Some 14
brought tremendous benefits to the people of the
of these have already been established to
world through trade. But it has come at a price
recognize the peculiar ecological,
for the use and abuse of the world's ocean and
environmental, and socio-economic importance
coastal areas. Only in the 1950s did the first
of certain coastal areas and narrow passages. To
international convention, which was limited and
absolutely limit any discharges in these areas,
slowly ratified, recognize the hazards of oil
and in places to require a compulsory pilot, will
pollution. Over the last thirty years, through the

1
definitely protect and benefit the marine
Sixth, the beneficial achievement of double-
environment.
hulls for all future tankers must be followed by

improved practices in ship construction.
Third, the reduction of alien species invading a
Performance goals could be established by naval
state by ballast water needs attention. Ships that
architects in the construction of ships to fit the
have discharged cargo, or are empty, load water
special needs of the vessel ­whether tanker,
into their bottoms to stabilize the vessel at sea.
container, roll-on, roll-off, refrigerated, or
Approaching a coastal area, the foreign water is
passenger. This would include designs not only
discharged with its alien species. In their new
for their mission, but internal structure and
habitat they may cause considerable ecological
machinery least likely to offend the
damage. An international convention to require
environment. An important development for
states to develop management plans for ballast
hulls has been the achievement of a convention
water on their vessels has been signed, but to
to eliminate toxic paint used to cover the bottom
date only 10 ratifications have been received.
and sides of vessels to repel barnacles and other
Every effort should be made to obtain
biota clinging to the vessel. Unfortunately such
ratification by 30 states with a minimum 35% of
paint also infected or killed other marine
world tonnage.
organisms. The International Convention on the

Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on
Fourth, port and maritime transportation security
Ships comes into effect September 17, 2008,
must be improved to meet the possibilities of
ratified by 25 states with 38% of the world's
terroristic attacks. There is great need for a long
tonnage. Other states must be encouraged to
range tracking and identification system for all
ratify this important convention.
vessels on the world ocean with complete

collaboration by states. Examination of ships'
Seventh, the deconstruction of vessels after their
manifests need to be improved, with special
life utility has been exhausted also needs
attention to the origins. This is particularly
attention. Over the next thirty years, some
difficult in the ports of developing states where
40,000 ships may need to be broken up and
not only additional scanning materials may be
disposed of.
required, but personnel must be trained in the
Little attention has been paid to this matter,
detection of weapons. Some 34,000 cargo
especially as the developed states have tended to
transport units were inspected for deficiencies in
send their ships to China, India, Bangladesh,
construction, safety, and other hazards. Some
and less developed states for deconstruction and
8,000 were found with deficiencies, not
to save costs. With modern vessels invested with
necessarily related to security, but potentially so.
many kinds equipment that contain noxious

substances, such as mercury and cadmium, as
Fifth, the supply and competency of seafarers
well as contaminated metal structures, hazards
must be improved. Although the Standards of
are endemic for both the waters in which the
Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping
ship may be destroyed as well as the workers
Convention sets standards, its application may
performing the tasks. Much more information is
be limited. Some audit of meeting the
required about the number, extent, and facilities
requirements may reveal weaknesses. In
for ship deconstruction. Training for the workers
particular, developing states should be assisted
who are largely unaware of the dangers in
with recruiting and training seamen, either
breaking up structures and equipment must be
through local academies or enrolment in other
developed. Study should be given immediately
academies. Standard teaching materials should
for an international convention setting standards
be prepared, while competency in the English
for the deconstruction of vessels.
language can be most helpful in international

shipping relations. Modern vessels require far
Eighth, the air emissions of ships from the
more sophistication in their crews about safety
combustion of engine fuel has become a current
and environment issues than the able-bodied
problem for the environment. In fairness, ships
seamen of the past needed.
may contribute only about 10% of air pollution

2
while carrying a very large volume of world
oceans. Many shipwrecks of the past contain
transportation. But the emission of sulphur
not only treasure but invaluable artifacts of
dioxide and nitrogen dioxide from their stacks
civilization that should be spared from the
can have a deleterious effect on air quality. This
ravages of searching for gold, money, and
is especially true in crowded shipping areas
jewels. Traditionally salvors have been
close to the coasts of the world. Remedies are to
encouraged to save ships in peril or to recover
be found in the change of the fuel mix for
sunken vessels, generally receiving an award for
engines, which has costs, and already vessels in
their efforts. Cultural considerations were
some states have been using port generators for
overlooked and extraordinary damage was done
running their engines when loading and
to a vessel that could reveal much about the past.
unloading cargo. This practice should be
Judges in some admiralty courts have begun to
encouraged. Annex 6 of MARPOL to reduce
require salvors to take responsibility for
polluting emissions from ships is now under
historical artifacts and require proper disposition
consideration by states. One drawback is the
of them to museums and other institutions. This
convention may be voluntary whereas it should
should be encouraged. Furthermore the
be mandatory.
Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention,

which seeks a balance between the salvor's
Finally, note should be taken of efforts to
rights and responsibilities should move forward
preserve the cultural heritage in the world's
with eventual ratification by all states.























3
Proposed Organization of the
Working Group on Maritime Transportation


Background
indicating the international venues/processes
The challenges facing ports and maritime
that should be targeted.
transportation include political, economic,

and environmental issues. These include
Members of the Working Group will be
obstacles to the free circulation of trade
invited to:
through the liberalization of maritime-

related services and the promotion of
--organize and prepare short papers
compatible competition policies; the practice
(approximately two pages) on the
of sub-standard shipping; maritime security
issues with discussion of policy
and safety; and the protection of the marine
implications for discussion by the
environment.
Group;


Terms of Reference

--make recommendations on the
The Working Group on Maritime
composition of the Working Group
Transportation is being organized to develop
addressing the issue;
a venue for policy entrepreneurs to promote

policy ideas that could address maritime
--help organize and provide guidance
transportation issues related to the
for conducting structured
accomplishment of WSSD goals on oceans,
multistakeholder dialogues on the
coasts, and small island developing States
issue in various fora/meetings. The
(SIDS). This "think tank" will also be tasked
structured dialogues will use the
to win support for policy ideas among the
short paper(s) as a starting document,
various stakeholders involved in the
and work to reach consensus on
maritime industry. The Working Groups are
recommended next steps and/or
intended to:
implementation plans. The Working

Group Co-chairs will oversee the
--bring together the range of perspectives
drafting of a summary statement on
needed to consider the issue/theme, insuring
the issue for consideration by the
good cross-sector representation of experts
Global Forum Steering Committee.
from developing and SIDS countries,

developed countries, the government sector,
--help ensure follow-up from the
international organizations,
working group and deliberations
nongovernmental organizations, private
following meetings.
sector, and scientific groups;


The Working Group will name co-chairs,
--examine the major issues involved on the
one from a developing country and one from
topic with the aim of summarizing the
a developed country.
findings and making recommendations for

specific next steps that should be taken by
the international community on the topic,

4
Current Issues to be Addressed
4.3. Tension between International,
The following is a brief list of current issues
Multinational, National, and
in the maritime industry. It has not been
Regional Issues
made in an order of importance as such
4.4. International Treaty and Maritime
judgment could be subjectively influenced
Law Mechanisms
by the evaluator's opinion and bias. This is
4.5. EEZ, ICM, Resource Management,
followed by a more detailed discussion of
and Navigation
topics perceived to be of relevance to the

Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and
Following are the issues that could be of
Islands.
particular interest:


1. Marine Transportation, Energy,
1. Ship breaking/recycling: Although
Environment
ship recycling offers an
1.1. Air Emissions
environmentally sound way to
1.2. Marine Biosecurity (ballast water,
dispose of old ships, the majority of
invasive species)
ship breaking yards are not in a
1.3. Toxic Hull Coatings
position to safely dismantle retired
1.4. Ship breaking / recycling
vessels. Most ship breaking takes
1.5. Vessel Safety and Risk Assessment
place in China, India, Bangladesh,

and Pakistan, where stringent
2. Shipping and Fleet Modernization
standards governing environmental
2.1. Flag-state Growth and Renewal
protection or worker safety are either
2.2. Technology Trends (size, power,
not in place, or are not enforced.
speed, configuration)
When a vessel is inadequately
2.3. Seafarer Competency and Supply
cleaned prior to being dismantled,
2.4. Ship Construction
both ship breakers and the coastal

environment are put at risk. ,
3. Port Capacity and Performance
Workers often go without basic
Measures
protective gear for health and safety,
3.1. Energy and Environmental
and accident rates are high. Often the
Performance Measures
ships that come in for "breaking"
3.2. Capacity and Throughput
change their names, flags and
Improvements
registry just before they are beached
3.3. National Strategies for Port
in an attempt to hide their actual
Efficiency (hub and feeder
identity. The required phase out of
concepts)
single hulled tankers by 2010 is
3.4. ICM and Marine Transportation
expected to increase the demand for

proper ship dismantling. Ship
4. International, National, and Regional
breakers have begun to insist that the
Trade and Policy Issues
onus for delivery of "safe" ships
4.1. Trade Growth and Maritime
(free of oily waste & toxins, such as
Demand
asbestos) be put on the original
4.2. Market-based Policy Actions to
owners. There is a move on the part
Accelerate Improvements
of IMO to come up with a
convention governing ship breaking,
but environmental groups have

5
criticized the current draft as being
experience. The maritime industry
unlikely to bring about any
and maritime nations need to
significant improvements
develop a forward looking policy
(Greenpeace 2006).
that achieves one of two logical

alternatives: 1) ensure a continued
2. Air pollution: MARPOL Annex VI
supply of reliable labor or 2)
places limits on ship air emissions;
improve work conditions and
however, many scientists and
management techniques so that
environmentalists argue that the
seafarers are less inclined to seek
current level of permitted emissions
land-based employment. Topics to
are too generous. At the prescribed
include may relate to onboard work
level, with the current forecasted
conditions, fatigue, and other factors
growth in maritime transport, the
contribute to human error, which is
level of emissions would again reach
responsible for 70 ­ 80% of the
the current level in the near future
accidents. The International Labour
(Corbett 2007). Annex VI is
Organization (ILO) adopted the
undergoing a review, and the IMO is
Maritime Labour Convention in
considering proposals advocating
2006 in an effort to clarify and
more stringent measures to control
improve work expectations and
air emissions. Several of these
conditions for the mariner
proposals, for example the required
community.
use of distillate fuel in place of the

traditional marine bunker fuel, have
4. Ballast water/invasive species:
created a great deal of controversy
Ships use ballast water to control
and discussion at the global level.
trim and draft, provide stability, and
More work needs to be done to
enhance voyage safety. Ships take on
identify economically and practically
ballast when off-loading cargo and
suitable operational or technological
discharge ballast when loading
solutions to air emissions. Examples
cargo. Ballast water contains
include market driven incentive
thousands of organisms and
programs that encourage ship
pathogens present in the aquatic
managers and operators to go beyond
environment from which the ballast
set mandatory emission limits and
originated. Although the majority of
the refinement of scrubber
these organisms will perish during
technology.
transit, the risk of survival exists and

a number of invasive species are
3. Seafarer competency and supply:
believed to have been introduced via
The Standards of Training,
ballast water. The introduction of
Certification & Watchkeeping
marine invasive species has been
Convention (STCW 95) sets
cited as one of the top four threats to
standards of training and certification
the marine environment. On 13
of mariners and watchkeepers.
February 2004, the IMO adopted the
Despite these requirements, mariners
International Convention for the
cannot achieve competency in a class
Control and Management of Ships'
room or through exams, rather they
Ballast Water & Sediments, which
benefit more from on-the-job
sets ballast water discharge

6
standards. Reliable and practicable
under MARPOL guidelines is an
ways of achieving these standards
approach to marine pollution
remain under development. Several
management that is gaining ground.
research efforts, including the IMO's
Their effectiveness and advantages,
GloBallast programme, exist and a
along with lessons learned in their
number of pilot projects are running
establishment and implementation
onboard commercial vessels. Many
have to be documented and used in
ship-owners consider mid-ocean
future designations. There is current
ballast water exchange to be
concern over PSSA designation of
ineffective, as well as hazardous for
the Torres Strait, specifically
ship stability, so the drive to find an
Australia's decision to introduce
ecologically-friendly way to treat
compulsory pilotage, for example,
ballast water continues (Wallenius
does this violate a ship's right to
Marine nd).
transit passage through an

international strait?
5. Ship construction: Just as the single

hull tankers are being scrapped,
7. Impacts of pollution accidents
double hulls are now being
such as oil spills and dumping of
constructed. Vietnam has already
waste
secured orders for constructing
Oil spills are among the most
double hull tankers. It is being
damaging forms of marine pollution.
considered as the next suitable place
Oil pollution poses a serious threat to
for ship construction after China.
the integrity of marine ecosystems
There is currently a move towards
and must be avoided at all costs.
"goal-based ship construction
Dumping of waste in the marine
standards", which sets a performance
environment adds to the pollution
goal and then builds the ship to
problem, which leads to a host of
satisfy that goal, as opposed to
economic impacts. Quick action by
building one that satisfies
governments and rough seas could
prescriptive requirements. (This
minimize the damage in the case of
approach is similar to Formal Safety
oil spills. Many different types of
Assessment (Hoppe 2005).) This
equipment and methodologies are
move is bound to have a positive
available for use in cleaning up oil
impact on the vessel and
pollution. However, there is a need
environment safety. It would perhaps
to promote the adoption of
be good idea for a new entrant in to
preventive approaches to oil spills
the ship construction market to try
and other forms of marine pollution.
developing the required skills.

Discuss the increased demand for
Many shipping companies complain
larger ships, e.g. Suezmax,
about the lack of adequate reception
Malaccamax, etc.
facilities and cite this as a

contributing factor to a ship's
6. Special Areas and Particularly
decision to illegally dump waste
Sensitive Sea Areas
overboard.
The designation of Special Areas and

Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas


7
8. Port and maritime transportation
5. Port authorities of maritime countries
security
6. Shipping industry
The poor state of seaport and
7. Cruise lines
maritime security, even in the face of
8. Other
the industry's importance in world

trade is commonly attributed to low
References:
operating budgets, in addition to

tools and protocols for conducting
Corbett, James. 2007. "Policy Analysis For
inspections, collecting and mining
Sustainable Shipping."
data, and sharing information among
Greenpeace. 2006. "Draft I.M.O. Treaty
the border enforcement agencies that
Called "Shockingly Inadequate" In
have not kept pace with the size,
Addressing Global Ship Scrap
speed, and complexity of the
Crisis." London, Brussels.
international networks that transport
Hoppe, H. 2005. "Goal-Based Standards ­ A
people and goods. There is a need for
New Approach To The International
maritime countries to begin the
Regulation Of Ship Construction."
development of secure maritime
Maritime Safety Division,
transportation systems to support
International Maritime Organization.
their sustained ability to trade with
Wallenius Marine. nd. "Finding Solutions
the world.
To The Ballast Water Problem."


9. Shipwrecks

The exploration of abandoned
shipwrecks involve the resolution of
national and international issues that
include ownership and potential
claimants, identification, location,
shipwreck event, cargo, permit for
exploration, legality of exploration,
salvage history, history, competition
and cooperation, costs, timing of
exploration, and risks.


Draft List of Members
Maritime experts and other ocean leaders
from the following organizations will be
invited to participate:
1. UN Division for Ocean Affairs and
the Law of the Sea (DOALOS)
2. International Maritime Organization
(IMO)
3. UNEP
4. Gerard J. Mangone Center for
Marine Policy, University of
Delaware

8
Steering Committee, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands*

Co-Chairs
Management Project (MACEMP),
Satya Nandan, Secretary-General,
Charles Ehler, Consultant to UNESCO
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Gerard J.
Ministry of Natural Resources and
International Seabed Authority,
Julius Francis, Executive Secretary,
Mangone Center for Marine Policy,
Tourism
Jamaica
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
University of Delaware (also Head of
Rolph Payet, Advisor to the President,
Tiago Pitta e Cunha, Member, Cabinet
Association, Tanzania
Secretariat, Global Forum)
Seychelles
of Fisheries and Maritime
Matthew Gianni, Political Advisor,
Patricio A. Bernal, Executive-
Lori Ridgeway, Director-General,
Commissioner, European Commission
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition,
Secretary, Intergovernmental
International Coordination and Policy
Mary Power, Director, Resource
Netherlands
Oceanographic Commission,
Analysis, Department of Fisheries and
Mobilization Office, World
Vladimir Golitsyn, Professor of
UNESCO, Paris, France
Oceans, Canada, and Camille Mageau,
Meteorological Association
International Law, Moscow State
Veerle Vandeweerd, Director,
Director, Marine Ecosystems
Cristelle Pratt, Director, South Pacific
University of International Relations
Environment and Energy Group,
Conservation Branch, Department of
Applied Geoscience Commission
Lynne Hale, Director, Marine
United Nations Development
Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
(SOPAC), Fiji
Strategy, The Nature Conservancy
Programme (UNDP)
Mario Ruivo, Intersectoral
Diane Quarless, Chief, Small Island
Art Hanson, former Ministerial Ocean
Governmental
Oceanographic Commission, Ministry
Developing States Unit, UNDESA
of Science, Technology, and Higher
Ambassador, Department of Fisheries
David Balton, Deputy Assistant
Education, Portugal
John Richardson, Head, Maritime
and Oceans, Canada, member of the
Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries,
Policy Task Force, European
Canadian Foundation for Innovation
Indroyono Soesilo, Chairman, Agency
Bureau of Oceans, U.S. Department of
Commission
(CFI)
for Marine and Fisheries Research,
State
Department of Marine Affairs and
Anne Rogers, United Nations
Gregor Hodgson, Director, Reef
Phil Burgess, Director, Cetacean
Fisheries, Indonesia
Department of Economic and Social
Check
Policy and Recovery, Department of
Affairs (UNDESA)
Ambassador Enele S. Sopoaga,
Paul Holthus, Independent Consultant
the Environment and Water
Tuvalu, Former Vice-Chair, Alliance
Eduard Sarukhanian, Director, World-
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent
Resources, Australia
of Small Island Developing States
Weather-Watch-Applications, World
Consultant and former Director,
Nguyen Chu Hoi, Director, Institute of
(AOSIS)
Meteorological Organization (WMO),
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Fisheries Economics and Planning,
Switzerland
Chris Tompkins, Independent
Commission (IOC)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Consultant
Alan Simcock, Independent
Dan Laffoley, World Commission on
Development, Vietnam
Consultant
Intergovernmental
Protected Areas-Marine, IUCN
Aldo Cosentino, Director-General,
Dann Sklarew, Director and Chief
Carl Lundin, Head, IUCN Marine
Directorate for Nature Protection, Sea
Salvatore Arico, Programme
Technical Advisor, GEF, IW:LEARN
Programme
Protection, Ministry for Environment
Specialist, Ecological Sciences,
Asterio Takesy, Director, Secretariat
and Protection of the Territory, Italy
UNESCO
Dawn Martin, President, Sea Web,
for the Pacific Regional Environment
USA
Margaret Davidson, Director, Coastal
Julian Barbiere and Stefano Belfiore,
Programme
Services Center, National Oceanic and
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Gerald Miles, The Nature
Khulood Tubaishat, Advisor, The
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Commission, France
Conservancy, Pacific Region,
Regional Organization for the
USA
Chua Thia-Eng, Partnership in
Brisbane, Australia
Conservation of the Environment of
Antonio Diaz de Leon, Director-
Environmental Management for the
the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Iouri Oliounine, Executive Director,
General, Environmental, Regional
Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA),
(PERSGA)
International Ocean Institute, Malta
Integration and Sectoral Policy,
IMO/UNDP/GEF, Philippines
Chika Ukwe, Industrial Development
Pietro Parravano, President, Institute
Environment and Natural Resources
Anjan Datta, Global Programme for
Officer (International Waters), United
for Fisheries Resources, World
Ministry (SEMARNAT), Mexico
the Protection of the Marine
Nations Industrial Development
Fisheries Forum
Ambassador Angus Friday, Chair,
Environment from Land-Based
Organization (UNIDO)
Sian Pullen, Independent Consultant,
Alliance of Small Island States
Activities, The Hague
Marjo Vierros, Visiting Professor,
New Zealand, and former Head of
(AOSIS), Permanent Representative of
Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary,
Institute of Advanced Studies, United
European and Middle East Marine
Grenada to the United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity
Nations University, Vancouver
Program, WWF International, UK
Gi-Jun Han, Ministry of Maritime
Al Duda, Senior Advisor, International
Eugenio Yunis, Chief, Sustainable
Victoria Radchenko, Director,
Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of
Waters, Global Environment Facility
Development of Tourism World
International Ocean Institute, Ukraine
Korea
(GEF)
Tourism Organization
Tony Ribbink, Director, Sustainable
Elie Jarmache, Chargé de Mission,
Serge Garcia, Independent Consultant,
A.H. Zakri, Director, Institute of
Seas Trust
Secrétariat Général de la Mer, France
and Former Director, Marine Fisheries
Advanced Studies, United Nations
Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Centro de
Magnus Johannesson, Secretary-
Resources Division, Food and
University, Yokohama
Ecologia, Pesquerias y Oceanographia
General, Ministry for the
Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Nongovernmental
del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX),
Environment, Iceland
Marea E. Hatziolos, Senior Coastal
Mexico
Ambassador Jagdish Koonjul,
and Marine Specialist, Environment
Milton Asmus, International
Nirmal Jivan Shah, Chief Executive,
Mauritius, former Chair, Alliance of
Department, The World Bank
Representative, Brazilian Agency for
Nature Seychelles
Small Island States (AOSIS)
Coastal Management
Indumathie Hewawasam, Independent
Alan Simcock, former Executive
Gerhard Kuska, Associate Director
Consultant
Awni Behnam, President, International
Director, OSPAR, and former co-
and Director of Ocean and Coastal
Ocean Institute, Malta
Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical
chair, UN Informal Consultative
Policy, White House Council on
Advisor, International Waters,
Charles A. Buchanan, Administrator
Process on Ocean Affairs and Law of
Environmental Quality, USA
UNDP/GEF
Luso-American Development
the Sea
Tom Laughlin, Deputy Director,
Foundation, Portugal
David Johnson, Executive Secretary,
Nancy Targett, Dean, University of
International Affairs Office, National
OSPAR Convention, London
Torkil J. Clausen, Managing Director,
Delaware College of Marine and Earth
Oceanic and Atmospheric
DHI Water Policy and Senior Adviser,
Studies
Administration (NOAA), USA
Vladimir Mamaev, GEF Regional
Global Water Partnership
Technical Advisor, UNDP, Europe
Kristian Teleki, International Coral
Haiqing Li, Deputy Director-General,
and the CIS, Slovak Republic
Simon Cripps, Director, Global
Reef Action Network, Switzerland
State Oceanic Administration (SOA),
Marine Programme, World Wide Fund
Hiroshi Terashima, Executive
China
Franklin McDonald, Adviser, UNEP
For Nature (WWF) International
Caribbean Environment Programme
Director, Institute for Ocean Policy,
John Low, Adviser to the Minister of
(UNEP/CEP), and former Director,
Richard Delaney, Executive Director,
Ocean Policy Research Foundation,
Marine Resources for the Cook Islands
National Environmental Policy
Center for Coastal Studies,
Japan
Rejoice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister
Agency, Jamaica
Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA
Grant Trebble, African Marine and
of Environmental Affairs and
Vaclav Mikulka, Director, UN
Annick de Marffy, former Director of
Coastal Resource Over-exploitation
Tourism, South Africa
Division for Ocean Affairs and the
Division of Ocean Affairs and Law of
Prevention Strategy (AMCROPS),
Jan Mees, Director, Flanders Marine
Law of the Sea
the Sea (UNDOALOS), United
South Africa
Institute, Belgium
Nations International Consultant
Ali Mohamed, Coordinator, Coastal
Philippe Vallette and Manuel Cira,
Guillermo Garcia Montero, President,
and Marine Secretariat, New
Sylvia Earle, Chair, Deep Ocean
NAUSICAA, France, and the World
National Aquarium, Havana, Cuba
Partnership for Africa's Development
Exploration and Research (DOER),
Ocean Network
and Explorer-in-Residence, National
Magnus Ngoile, Team Leader, Marine
(NEPAD), Kenya
Geographic Society
David VanderZwaag, IUCN Specialist
and Coastal Environmental
Group on Ocean Law and Governance
* Please note: Members of the Steering Committee participate in their individual capacities.

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