Executive Summary

Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Moving Toward Ecosystem-Based Management and Integrated Coastal and
Ocean Management in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Report from the
Strategic Planning Workshop on Global Ocean Issues in Marine Areas Beyond
National Jurisdiction in the Context of Climate Change
Nice, France, January 23-25, 2008


Overview

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction - which include more than 60% of the
world's oceans - represent the last and largest global commons on Earth.

These areas are highly rich in biological diversity which plays a crucial role in the
functioning of marine ecosystems. Scientific evidence is beginning to demonstrate
that loss in biodiversity could well lead to significant declines in ecosystem function,
and may well threaten the life support function of the oceans. The impacts of climate
change, such as ocean warming and ocean acidification, are likely to produce
significant adverse impacts which are not yet fully understood.

These areas, like areas within national jurisdiction, also host a wide variety of
important human activities which provide significant benefits to global, regional, and
national economies. Examples include the maritime transportation industry which
carries 90% of the world's goods, the submarine cable industry which provides for the
vital links that sustain communication among all peoples on earth, the oil and gas
industry which provides essential energy resources, the fishing industry which
contributes to food security and is a source of livelihood for 400 million fishers
around the world, the biotechnology industry which utilizes the oceans' biodiversity
for a wide of important products from cancer drugs to cleaners to beauty supplies.

The question of governance in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) is a major
issue which countries will need to address over the next decade. While there has
been substantial progress in recent years in achieving integrated governance of oceans
in areas under national jurisdiction and in regional seas areas, governance of areas
beyond national jurisdiction remains largely sectorally-based, fragmented, and
inadequate. This means that it is difficult to address inter-connected issues (such as
the impacts of human uses on the environment, multiple-use conflicts among users,
and responses to climate change effects) through an integrated and ecosystem-based
approach. There are, moreover, significant differences of opinion among
stakeholders regarding what actions need to be taken to improve governance in ABNJ,
especially regarding the question of distribution of benefits from the uses of
biodiversity in these ocean areas.

The Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands and partners convened the
Strategic Planning Workshop on Global Ocean Issues in Marine Areas Beyond
National Jurisdiction in the Context of Climate Change on January 23-25, 2008, in

1
Nice, France, with the gracious hosting of Nice officials and nongovernmental
organizations as a key step in an informal process to bring together major relevant
interests to facilitate open and constructive multi-stakeholder dialogue to inform and
support the more formal processes that have been or may be established by the United
Nations General Assembly or other fora regarding such issues. The Workshop
brought together 45 experts from governments (developed and developing countries),
NGOs, international organizations, science, and industry groups (submarine cables,
fishing, marine transportation), all participating in their personal capacity in these
informal discussions and following Chatham House rules (speak freely with no quotes
attributed to particular individuals) (See Annex 1 for a list of participants). The
Workshop participants considered strategic perspectives for the next 5-10 years;
clarified some issues; laid out various perspectives; developed options; and identified
possible avenues for consensus-building among disparate interests. This Report
aims to reflect the richness and diversity of views expressed at the Workshop. It is not
a consensus document. It should be stressed that not all the participants agreed with
all points set out here; nevertheless the Workshop discussions were most successful in
charting some options for advancing this important issue in the next decade.

This was the first of a series of three workshops which the Global Forum will convene
in 2008 on this issue. The second will be held during the 4th Global Conference on
Oceans, Coasts, and Islands in Hanoi, Vietnam, April 5, 2008; and the third will be
held in Singapore on November 12-14, 2008.

The Workshop was organized by the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands;
the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy at the University of Delaware;
NAUSICAA, Centre National de la Mer, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France; the World
Ocean Network; and Le Centre de Decouverte du Monde Marin, Nice, with principal
support from the Nippon Foundation, Japan, and with additional funding support by
Canada's Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and UNESCO.

Background

Since 2001, the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands has brought together
ocean leaders from governments, UN agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and science
groups from close to 100 countries to advance the global oceans agenda, particularly
the implementation of the ocean targets from the World Summit on Sustainable
Development and addressing new challenges such as climate change and governance
of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. The Global Forum Working Group on
Governance of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction was organized in late 2005 to
consider the issues related to moving toward integrated ecosystem-based governance
in areas beyond national jurisdiction, to contribute to the discussions of the 3rd Global
Conference on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands (held at UNESCO in Paris in January
2006), and to provide input into the discussions of the 2006 UN Ad Hoc Open-ended
Informal Working Group to Study Issues relating to the Conservation and Sustainable
Use of Marine Biological Diversity beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction (New York,
February 2006). Members of the Global Forum Working Group are noted in Annex
2.




2
Major Points Raised at the Nice Workshop

Workshop discussants spent most of the time discussing: I. The nature of the issues
in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction; II. The management of various marine
activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction; III. The policy and legal issues that
are raised; and IV. Issues related to the science/policy interface, climate change
effects.. The special issues raised by marine genetic resources were also discussed.

I. The Nature of the Issues in Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

1. A sense of urgency­ participants recognized that there is a need to accelerate the
implementation of ecosystem-based integrated management in areas beyond national
jurisdiction. However, they recognized as well that the issues are thorny, that there
are significant differences on some of these issues among developed/developing
countries, industry, and environmental NGOs, as well as uncertainty. Formal
changes to the regime governing areas beyond national jurisdiction may take time to
sort out (for example, the Law of the Sea discussions spanned the period 1967 to 1994,
with the actual negotiations taking place over a 9 year period (1973-1982).

2. Three forcing functions--participants identified three forcing functions that
catalyze the need for improved governance: 1) the effects of uses on marine
biodiversity and the marine environment; 2) effects of uses on one another (multiple
use conflicts); and 3) the effects of the deterioration of the oceans on climate change
as well as climate changes that are expected to exacerbate the forces that are leading
to biodiversity loss in the oceans. A Census of Marine Life participant emphasized
the importance of marine biodiversity for ecosystem function. Deep-sea ecosystems
provide goods (including biomass, bioactive molecules, oil, gas, minerals) and
services (climate regulation, nutrient regeneration and supply to the photic zone,
food); they also have a profound role in global biogeochemical and ecological
processes that is essential for the sustainable functioning of the biosphere and for
human wellbeing.



The reduction of biodiversity may be associated with exponential reductions of
ecosystem functions: 20-25% species loss can cause a reduction of 50-80% of
ecosystem functions. The Census of Marine Life results thus suggest that the
conservation of deep-sea biodiversity can be crucial for the sustainability of the
functions of the largest ecosystem of the biosphere.

3. Current Situation: Sectoral management of different uses by different global
and regional institutions. Participants reviewed the current management situation
of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction, noting that a variety of existing
uses--such as submarine cables, fisheries, shipping, marine scientific research, oil
and gas development, and dumping --are managed separately under different sectoral
regimes by different regional and global institutions, with few, if any connections,
among them, in most cases. There is also no mechanism for an area-wide
environmental review process of the effects of one use on other uses and on the
environment.


Participants also underlined that the economic and social values and perspectives on
future problems/opportunities by various ocean industries have not been well

3
documented and aggregated, and that a study on these questions would be very useful.

4. Emerging uses are not yet adequately managed and there are important
legal/policy gaps. Participants considered emerging uses of areas beyond national
jurisdiction such as: bio-prospecting for marine genetic resources, carbon storage
and sequestration; iron fertilization; seabed mineral exploration and exploitation;
mariculture facilities; floating energy facilities--and the view was expressed that
there are inadequate management frameworks and environmental review processes
for such uses, and that if such activities were to go forward, detailed development of
appropriate regulatory policy and legal frameworks would need to be articulated.

II. The Policy and Legal Issues that are Raised

5. What is needed in moving toward ecosystem-based integrated management in
areas beyond national jurisdiction?
Participants underscored that there is much experience in how to move toward
ecosystem-based integrated management at national levels and at regional levels and
that much can be learned from examining these experiences. Ecosystem-based
integrated ocean and coastal management is well rooted in international instruments
adopted at various fora, starting with Agenda 21 at the 1992 UN Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED) and continuing with the Plan of
Implementation of the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) and
related instruments. At the national level, about 40 nations (incorporating about
three-quarters of the world's Exclusive Economic Zones) have moved toward
integrated ecosystem-based management by establishing national ocean policies. At
the regional trans-boundary level, the application of ecosystem-based and integrated
management has taken place, to varying degrees, in the 16 Large Marine Ecosystems
supported by the Global Environment Facility and in the 18 Regional Seas
Programmes.

In general, some commonalities in moving toward ecosystem-based and integrated
management at both national and regional levels are:
1. Enunciation and application of governing principles
2. Development of capacity for area-based assessment, planning, and ultimately
decision-making
3. Development of institutional capacity for addressing interactions among uses
and their effects on biodiversity and the environment
4. Development of capacity for enforcement
5. Funding to support the management interventions


6. Principles. There are already well-accepted established principles of modern
ocean governance (rooted in the Law of the Sea, Agenda 21 and the WSSD POI
and other related instruments) which apply to marine areas beyond national
jurisdiction. However, there are some important gaps and differences of opinion
in some areas.
Participants noted that there are major international law principles that are well
accepted that apply to marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. These would include
the following:


4
--Conditional freedom of activity on high seas
--Obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment
--Application of a transparent, science-driven approach to sustainable use of the
oceans
--Precautionary approach
--Integrated Ecosystem approach
--Responsibility of states for actions of nationals, eg breaches of international law


While such principles are well accepted internationally, some participants considered
that it may be useful to review these principles and to consider the promotion of a
UNGA resolution to set out these established principles and to confirm their
applicability to areas beyond national jurisdiction.

In respect to the specific issue of marine genetic resources in ABNJ, however, there
were significant different views among participants on the principles and institutions
that were applicable. These ranged from the application of the principle of "common
heritage of mankind", to that of "freedom of the seas." Some proposed the designation
of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction as "areas of common concern."

There was also discussion about the usefulness of examining modes of benefit sharing
which had been developed in other areas, such as marine scientific research, ocean
mining (under the International SeaBed Authority), the Convention on Biological
Diversity, and the collection of material and documentation of case studies on as wide
a range of experiences as possible so as to inform future debates on the management
of marine genetic resources in ANBNJ.

7. Capacity for area-based assessment, planning, ultimately decision-making
Capacity for area-based assessment and planning in areas beyond national jurisdiction
is, at present, quite limited. There are some informal efforts at assessment, such as
the Census of Marine Life. The "Assessment of Assessments" - the preparatory stage
of a regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine
environment - may ultimately provide adequate area-based information. There is
however little capacity to assess and respond, in particular, to the effects of climate
change.

8. Institutional capacity for addressing interactions among uses and their effects
on biodiversity and the environment
This area is especially ill developed in relation to areas beyond national jurisdiction.
There is a need to develop more sophisticated mechanisms for addressing interactions
among uses and their effects on biodiversity and the environment. Some participants
underscored the need for the establishment of a cross-sectoral environmental review
process. It was recognized that this is an issue that is on the agenda for the Ad Hoc
Working Group.

The Figure below shows a variety of options that various participants proposed for
enhancing cross-sectoral institutional capacity. The options range from "least
action" on the left side of the continuum to "most action" on the right side of the
continuum. For example, on the "least action" side, the options include the

5
strengthening of existing sectoral authorities and use of codes of conduct. In the
middle of the continuum, are options such as introducing some form of cross-sectoral
coordination, such as a regular meeting (or council) of the sectoral authorities, or
area-wide environmental review. Existing institutional frameworks such as
UNICPOLOS or UN-Oceans might possibly be adapted to play such a role. On the
"most action" end of the continuum, options include, for example, expansion of the
mandate of the International Seabed Authority (toward a multiple use mandate),
establishment of a Stewardship Council to govern areas beyond national jurisdiction,
and use of the UN Trusteeship Council.

SECTORAL
CROSS-SECTORAL
Sectoral
Some Cross-
Cross-Sectoral
Authorities
Sectoral
Coordination
Coordination
· Use of codes of
· Expanded
conduct
· Council of
International
sectoral authorities
· Enhanced
Seabed Authority
enforcement and
· Area-wide
· Stewardship
compliance
environmental
Council
impact assessment
· Improvement of
· UN Trusteeship
fisheries
· Expanded
Council
management
UNICPOLOS
organizations
· Expanded UN-
(RFMOs)
Oceans


The major intent of these discussions was to conceptually identify the wide range of
options available to improve governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction.
It should be stressed that time did not permit a detailed evaluation of each or
combinations of these options--such evaluation would be dependent on future studies
and analyses.

9. Enforcement capacity is limited to single sector uses
Regarding enforcement capacity, there is potential enforcement capacity related to
single sectors (such as, for example, shipping or fishing) but far less or no
enforcement capacity related to area-wide cross-sectoral issues.

10. There is no readily available funding for management of marine areas beyond
national jurisdiction
Participants discussed the fact that there is no readily available funding to support
management of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction. In the future, alternative
funding arrangements might be found, such as, for example, by changes to the Global
Environment Facility to allow for funding of management of these areas of common
concern, or the establishment of special trust funds for these areas.



6
11. Options for moving forward to improve the international legal and policy
framework
Participants discussed a wide range of possibilities for improving the legal and policy
framework to achieve ecosystem-based integrated governance of marine areas beyond
national jurisdiction. These are noted below. There was no attempt to evaluate the
desirability and pros and cons of each option--this question awaits further studies.

Options
· Enhanced implementation of existing international instruments and their scope of
application
· Voluntary codes of conduct
· More effective implementation, strengthening of, or extending, mandates of
existing institutions such as Regional Fisheries Management Organizations
(RFMOs) and Regional Seas Programmes (RSPs);
· Forming new regional institutions as required;
· A new Global Programme of Action on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction;
· A new implementing agreement to United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) in relation to activities in marine areas beyond national
jurisdiction;
· An amendment to UNCLOS;
· A Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD);
Other possible approaches to be determined

Reservations were raised as to the practicality and/or feasibility of some of these
options

12. Stakeholder involvement
With various industries and NGOs present, participants had the opportunity to
compare and contrast different modes of stakeholder involvement in different fora
(United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Food and Agriculture
Organization, International Maritime Organization).

Participants took the view that there is a need to develop a good process for
stakeholder involvement in the process of moving forward toward more integrated
governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction--e,g,, in identifying the
issues; in discussions of the needs and perspectives of various stakeholders; in
identifying and assessing options, etc.

III. Issues Related to the Science/Policy Interface, Climate change Effects, and
Special Issues Raised by Marine Genetic Resources

13. Knowledge Needs and Science/Policy Interface
Participants discussed the fact that the development of an effective framework for the
governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction needs to be based on the best
available, robust, peer-reviewed science and ongoing ocean monitoring efforts. The
following needs were regarded as particularly important:

--Maintain and strengthen continuous monitoring and observation of the oceans
--Increase understanding of deep sea ecosystems and biodiversity
--Improve effectiveness and coherence of science-policy interface

7
--Integrate industry experience into the knowledge base
--Ensure consideration of robust, sound, peer-reviewed science during the
policy-making process

Participants discussed some options for moving forward on these issues. These
included the following:
-- Develop a statement stressing the importance of ongoing and continued scientific
research in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction
--Continue support for the Census of Marine Life, the Assessment of Assessments and
similar approaches to data collection, banking and sharing of information
--Improve knowledge of deep sea ecosystems, uses, threats and impacts
--Develop capacity for integrated data and analysis
Carry out a study of socio-economic values of ocean industries and contributions to
the global economy, and of industry perspectives on future opportunities/constraints
--Include industry knowledge to ensure a whole-system approach, e.g. initiate a
dialogue with industry, including fisheries, submarine cables, biotech, and shipping,
to discuss how to improve the integration of their data with ocean science data
--Together with representatives from the science community (e.g., Census for Marine
Life), develop a marine policy-science roundtable that could support the
institutionalization of continued data collection on areas beyond national jurisdiction
--Ensure that knowledge needs and science-policy interface, including access to
integrated analysis, are developed to support any new arrangements for marine areas
beyond national jurisdiction

14. Climate Change Issues
Participants discussed climate change issues, focusing especially on uncertainties
surrounding climate change and the apparent lack of preparedness in addressing the
policy implications of the effects of ocean changes on climatology and of changes in
the oceans due to climate change, e.g., ocean warming, ocean acidification, changes in
ocean currents, changes in polar regions, etc. Participants underscored the need for
adaptable and responsive governance mechanisms and management measures in place
to maintain, or restore the resilience of ocean ecosystems to adapt to the impacts of
climate change. Major points discussed are noted below:

--Address information gaps on the relationship between climate change and the
oceans, especially the understanding of the impacts of climate change on the oceans
(and vice versa)
--Develop mitigation measures for reducing the impacts of climate change on the
oceans
--Increase political awareness of the role of oceans in climate change at the global,
regional, and national levels and raise the visibility of the debate
--Establish an integrated, scientific assessment of the potential and cumulative
impacts of all human activities impacting the oceans, e.g. fishing, pollution, seabed
mining and impacts of climate change
--Generate scientifically-robust and sound information on the relationship between
climate change and the oceans (and vice versa) for planning and management
purposes
--Maintain and expand upon ocean observations, including weather observations to
catalogue occurrences of extreme weather events related to climate change

8
--Seek UNGA support for a high-level scientific panel to develop a Report on the
relationship between oceans and climate change
--Develop mitigation and adaptation measures to address the impacts of climate
change on ocean ecosystems, including the biogeochemical cycles (carbon, oxygen,
and nutrients)
--Technical feasibility and environmental impact analysis of the use of deep ocean
CO2 sequestration, carbon storage, ocean fertilization, and other mitigation measures
--Trace the distribution and range expansion of organisms transmitting diseases,
invasive species, red tides and other harmful algal blooms and the potential impact on
global ocean health, human health, and ecosystem services
--Enhance/Increase efforts to maintain or restore the productivity, biodiversity, and
resilience of ocean ecosystems in view of their increasing overall vulnerability to the
impacts of climate change and their importance in providing for ecosystem balance,
ecosystem services and food security

Participants also outlined possible next steps to address the climate/oceans issues:
--Observations should continue, providing the basis for understanding the parameters
of climate change and cause and effect (for example, sea temperature changes, current
flow patterns, marine food webs, and distribution of plankton, pelagic fish and other
pelagic megafauna)
--Initiate a dialogue to further collaboration and strengthen partnerships between the
oceans community, the IPCC and the WMO
--Collaborate and coordinate with all fora dealing with climate change, including
UNFCCC and IFC, to ensure ocean issues are on the agenda at the 2009 climate
change negotiations
--Produce and maintain a database on existing and emerging mitigation and
adaptation strategies addressing the impacts of climate change
--Conduct an analysis of implications of climate change on global ocean health and
ecosystem services

15. Special Issues Related to Marine Genetic Resources
Participants discussed a possible future vision related to these important ocean
resources. It was emphasized that this issue is complex involving several different
legal frameworks and engendering significant debate. It was recognized that there is a
lack of understanding of the extent, nature, location and vulnerability of marine
genetic resources (MGRs) due to their diversity, and that there are complex issues
concerned with ABNJ including controversial legal and policy issues. It was noted
that there are also accessible MGRs in areas within national jurisdiction that are not
being fully exploited. There was recognition that, given the nature of these issues,
ongoing debate and dialogue is crucial.

Suggested actions included the following:

A viable subset of total marine genetic resources in marine areas beyond national
jurisdiction should be surveyed, catalogued, mapped, protected and sustainably
managed under an effective and collaborative governance regime so as to meet
development and environmental needs of present and future generations.


9
Some participants also underscored the fact that conservation, management, and
sustainable use of living marine resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction is
needed to contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

Participants identified a variety of options for considering the special issues involved
in the management of marine genetic resources, however there was not time for a
detailed evaluation of the practicability and/or feasibility of each:

--Identify: a) potential benefits from research and commercialization of marine
genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction; b) options for benefit sharing,
including learning from case studies on best practices; c) modalities for promoting
equitable use.
--Promote continued and focused marine scientific research
--Identify means of data banking, knowledge management and sharing: the biotech
industry should provide information on where the samples of organisms identified to
be of medicinal, industrial, other value, have been collected, for management and
conservation purposes.
--Involve the biotech industry in the planning process
--Facilitate government-to-government discussions, especially between developed and
developing nations
--Identify and assess management options, which are potentially applicable in
addressing the threats to marine genetic resources, including codes of conduct,
permits and environmental impact assessment, area-based management, and
ecosystem-based management, for adoption across sectors and regions.
--Carry out economic analysis; analysis of comparative advantage
--Form partnerships and formal agreements of collaboration, including MOUs.


IV. Next Steps in the Global Forum's Work on Improving Governance of
Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Participants discussed and identified the following next steps in the Global Forum's
informal process to support the formal processes that have been established or will be
established by the United Nations to consider the issues of governing marine areas
beyond national jurisdiction. Again lack of time prevented a detailed evaluation of
each of these options:

· Provide an overview of the governance issues and options in marine areas beyond
national jurisdiction (analyze costs/benefits of options, and their administrative and
political feasibility)

· Solicit multi-stakeholder perspectives on the issues

· Provide an overview of the range of modes of benefit sharing

· Initiate an ongoing process to facilitate dialogue among the key stakeholders,
including developed and developing countries, on the more contentious issues in
the governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction


10
· Act globally to raise awareness about issues of lack of jurisdiction over one half of
the planet's surface in view of its importance for the future of humankind.





11
Annex 1.

Nice Workshop Participants

Workshop Co-Chairs:
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands, and University of Delaware (Project Director)
David Freestone, Senior Adviser, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank (also Editor,
International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law)

Facilitators:
Salvatore Arico, UNESCO Ecological Sciences and Global Forum Expert Working
Group on Governance of Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction Co-Chair
Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands (Project Coordinator)
Marjo Vierros, United Nations University­Institute of Advanced Studies

Rapporteurs:
Caitlin Snyder, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Kateryna Wowk, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Jordan Diamond, Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley

Participants from Governments:
Lori Ridgeway, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, and Co-Chair of the
UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea,
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Jennifer Mooney, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Fuensanta Candela Castillo, Acting Head of Unit International Policy and Law of
the Sea, European Commission
Daniela Chitu, Maritime Affairs Coordinator, European Commission
Mary Seet-Cheng, Ambassador of Singapore to Panama
Christian Estrosi, President, Departement des Alpes Maritimes, and Minister of
Overseas Territories, France
Sivu Maqungo, Minister Counsellor, Legal Expert on Oceans and Law of the Sea,
Permanent Mission of South Africa to the United Nations
Jean-Louis Bissuel, Director of Maritime Affairs, Principality of Monaco
Anne Medecin, Chef de Division, Direction des Affaires Internationales, Principality
of Monaco
Patrick Van Klaveren, Ministre Conseiller, Délégué Permanent auprès des
organismes internationaux à caractère scientifique, environnemental et humanitaire,
Principality of Monaco
Norma Taylor Roberts, Director, International Organizations Department, Ministry
of
Foreign Affairs, Jamaica, Former Coordinator for G-77
Porfirio Alvarez-Torres, Director for Regional Integration, Ministry of Environment
and Natural Resources, SEMARNAT

Participants from Intergovernmental Organizations
Gabriele Goettsche-Wanli, Principal Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea Officer,
UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea

12
Jean-François Pulvenis de Séligny-Maurel, Director, Fisheries and Aquaculture
Economics and Policy Division, Food and Agriculture Organization
David Freestone, Senior Adviser, Legal Vice Presidency, World Bank (also Editor,
International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law)
Patricio Bernal, Executive Secretary, Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, UNESCO
Salvatore Arico, Programme Specialist, UNESCO Ecological Sciences (Global
Forum Expert Working Group Co-Chair)
Jihyun Lee, Environmental Affairs Officer for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity,
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Francois Bailet, UN Division of Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea

Participants from Industry
Stetson Tinkham, International Coalition of Fishing Organizations
Erik Ranheim, Manager, Research and Project Section, INTERTANKO
Mick Green, Chairman, International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC)
Douglas R. Burnett, International Cable Law Advisor, International Cable Protection
Committee (ICPC)

Participants from Academia/NGOs
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, and Director,
Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware (Project
Director)
Richard Chemla, Le Centre de Decouverte du Monde Marin, Nice
Kristina Gjerde, High Seas Policy Advisor, IUCN
Lucien Chabason, Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations
(IDDRI), Paris
Dong-Sung Kim, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute, Korea
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent Consultant, former Executive Secretary,
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
Marjo Vierros, United Nations University­Institute of Advanced Studies,
Yokohama, former Programme Officer for marine biodiversity, Convention on
Biological
Diversity
Miriam Balgos, Global Forum and University of Delaware (Project Coordinator)
Annick de Marffy, International consultant and former Director, UNDOALOS
Philippe Vallette, World Ocean Network and NAUSICAA, France
Matt Gianni, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
Vladimir Golitsyn, Professor, Moscow State University of International Relations,
former Director, UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
Roberto Danovaro, Census of Marine Life, Italy
Alain Piquemal, Director of the Law of the Sea and Marine Activities Centre
(CERDAME), University of Nice

Participants from Foundations
Jens Ambsdorf, Lighthouse Foundation, Germany
Philippe Mondielli, Scientific Director, Fondation Prince Albert II De Monaco

13
Annex 2

Existing Members ­ Global Forum Expert Working Group on
Governance of Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction

Co-Chairs
Salvatore Arico, Programme Specialist for Biodiversity, Division of Ecological and
Earth Sciences, UNESCO
Sivu Maqungo, Minister-Counsellor, Permanent Mission of South Africa to the
United Nations

Working Group Members
Frida Armas-Pfirter, Austral University, Argentina
Miriam Balgos, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Awni Behnam, International Ocean Institute
Thia-Eng Chua, Partnerships in Environmental Management in the Seas of East
Asia (PEMSEA)
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Bruno Corréard, Independent Consultant and Responsible Fishing Alliance
John Dolan, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan
David Freestone, World Bank
Anne Frenette, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Serge Garcia, formerly with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Valentina Germani, UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
(UNDOALOS)
Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
Kristina Gjerde, The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Lyle Glowka, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Vladimir Golitsyn, Professor of International Law Moscow State University of
International Relations (MGIMO-University)
Barbara Hanchard, Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency
Arlo Hemphill, Great Wilderness
Paul Holthus, formerly with Marine Aquarium Council
Elie Jarmache, Prime Minister's Office, France
Sam Johnston, Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations University (UNU-IAS)
Kim Juniper, University of Victoria
Lee Kimball, formerly with The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent Consultant, former Executive Director, International
Ocean Institute
Jihyun Lee, CBD Secretariat
Rebecca Lent, NOAA Fisheries International Office
Eric Mathur, Synthetic Genomics, Inc.
Jennifer Mooney, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Akari Nakajima, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan
Daniel Owen, Fenners Chambers, United Kingdom
Rosemary Rayfuse, University of New South Wales
John Richardson, European Commission
Lori Ridgeway, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Julien Rochette, High Seas Governance, IDDRI
Karen Sack, Greenpeace International

14
Charlotte Salpin, UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
(UNDOALOS)
Renée Sauvé, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
Tullio Scovazzi, University of Milano-Bicocca
Norma Taylor Roberts, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Jamaica
Hiroshi Terashima, Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan
Chris Tompkins, Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs, UK
Philippe Vallette, NAUSICAA, France
Monica Verbeek, Seas at Risk
Marjo Vierros, United Nations University ­ Institute for Advanced Studies


15

Document Outline