4TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON OCEANS,
COASTS, AND ISLANDS
Working Group on Achieving Ecosystem Management
and Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management by
2010 in the Context of Climate Change
Working Group on Progress Indicators
POLICY BRIEF ON EBM/ICM AND
INDICATORS FOR PROGRESS
Global Oceans Conference
GOC 2008
Vietnam
R O Korea
Indonesia
Organized by the
Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands and
Hosted by the Government of
CANADA
Vietnam, Ministry of
Flemish Government,
Belgium
Agriculture and Rural
Development
with principal funding
from the Global
Environment Facility
Pre-conference version, March 30, 2008
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands--Strategic Oceans Planning to 2016
The Global forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands has undertaken a strategic planning effort for the period 2006-2016
to develop policy recommendations for specific next steps needed to advance the global oceans agenda aimed at
governments, UN agencies, NGOs, industry, and scientific groups. To this effect, Working Groups have been
organized around 12 major topic areas related to the global oceans commitments made at the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development and to emerging issues facing the global oceans community.
The Working Groups have been organized and coordinated by the Global Forum Secretariat, under the direction of
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, and
involving the following staff from the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware: Miriam
Balgos, Kateryna Wowk, Caitlin Snyder, Shelby Hockenberry, and Kathleen McCole.
Working Group on Ecosystem-based Management and Integrated Coastal and
Ocean Management and Indicators for Progress
WORKING GROUP LEADERS:
Milton Asmus, International Representative,
Steven Murawski and Jack Dunnigan,
Brazilian Agency for Coastal Management
NOAA
Dan Basta, NOAA National Marine
Nguyen Chu Hoi, Ministry of Agriculture and
Sanctuaries Program
Rural Development, Vietnam
Dominique Benzaken, Marine Division of the
Al Duda and Peter Bjornsen, Global
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and
Environment Facility
the Arts, Australia
Gi-Jun Han, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and
Fatima Dia Toure, Senegal
Fisheries, Republic of Korea
Rudolf Dorah, Solomon Islands
Camille Mageau, Department of Fisheries and
Kristina Gjerde, IUCN
Oceans, Canada
Vladimir Golitsyn, Moscow State University
Antonio Diaz de Leon and Porfirio Alvarez,
Lynne Hale, The Nature Conservancy
Environmental, Regional Integration and
Marea Hatziolos, World Bank
Sectoral Policy, Environment and Natural
Andrew Hudson, UNDP
Resources Ministry (SEMARNAT), Mexico
Pablo Huidobro, GEF Gulf of Mexico LME
Ellik Adler, UNEP Regional Seas Programme
Timothy Kasten, UNEP, DEPI, Nairobi
David Johnson, OSPAR
Carl Lundin, IUCN
Khulood Tubaishat, The Regional
Vladimir Mamaev, UNDP, Europe and the CIS
Organization for the Conservation of the
Yuriy Mikhaylichenko, Ministry of Economic
Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Development and Trade of the Russian
(PERSGA)
Federation
David Freestone, World Bank
Tony Ribbink, African Coelacanth Ecosystem
Magnus Ngoile, Marine and Coastal
Programme (ACEP) Secretariat
Environment Management Project (MACEMP),
John Richardson, Maritime Policy Task Force,
Tanzania
European Commission
Ali Mohammad, New Partnership for Africa's
Indroyono Soesilo, Agency for Marine and
Development (NEPAD)
Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs
Tonny Wagey, Ministry of Marine Affairs and
and Fisheries, Indonesia
Fisheries, Indonesia
Kristian Teleki, International Coral Reef
Indumathie Hewawasam, Independent
Action Network, Switzerland
Consultant, formerly The World Bank
Hiroshi Terashima, Institute for Ocean Policy,
Mick O'Toole, Benguela Current Large Marine
Ocean Policy Research Foundation, Japan
Ecosystem Programme
Chika Ukwe, United Nations Industrial
Qinhua Fang, Environmental Science
Development Organisation
Research Centre of Xiamen University, China
Isabelle Van der Beck, GEF International
Julian Barbiere and Stefano Belfiore, IOC,
Waters Projects in Latin America, UNEP
UNESCO
David VanderZwaag, Dalhousie University,
Philippe Vallette, World Ocean Network,
IUCN Specialist Group on Ocean Law and
NAUSICAA, France
Governance
Christopher Corbin, Caribbean Environment
Dixon Waruinge, UNEP Regional Seas
Programme, UNEP
Programme
Margaret Davidson, Zac Hart, and Ginger
Clive Wilkinson, Global Coral Reef
Hinchcliff, NOAA Coastal Services Center
Monitoring Network
Yihang Jiang, GEF Yellow Sea LME
WORKING GROUP MEMBERS:
Ignatius KV Kauvee, University of Namibia
Fernando Almuna, Chile
\
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Working Group on Ecosystem-based Management and Integrated Coastal
and Ocean Management and Indicators for Progress
Policy Brief:
Ecosystem-based Management and Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management and Indicators for Progress
Lead Authors
Steven Murawski, Ned Cyr, Margaret Davidson, Zac Hart, NOAA
Miriam Balgos, Kateryna Wowk, Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum
Draft March 30, 2008
\
Table of Contents
Foreword by Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum
iii
Policy Brief
1. INTRODUCTION....................................... 1
- Global Goals on EBM and ICM
- The Imperative of Addressing Climate
Change Impacts Through EBM/ICM
2. STATUS AND TRENDS IN OCEAN AND
4
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS AND PEOPLES....
3. EBM AND ICM AND THEIR INTER-
5
RELATIONSHIP.......................................
- EBM: An Emerging Scientific Consensus
- ICM: An Established Framework
- EBM and ICM: Similarities and Differences
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF EBM AND ICM AT 8
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS AND
IN OCEAN AREAS BEYOND NATIONAL
JURISDICTION.........................................
5. PRIORITY POLICY ISSUES.....................
16
6. GOALS, TARGETS, AND OBJECTIVES TO
19
ADDRESS PRIORITY AREAS.....................
References.......................................................... 24
Appendix. INDICATORS FOR PROGRESS
27
ii
\
Foreword
Working Group on Ecosystem Management (EBM) and Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management (ICM) by 2010 in the Context of Climate Change
and Working Group on Indicators for Progress
Achievement of the global goals established by heads of State at the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development is essential for attaining sustainable development of oceans and coasts.
Yet, implementing the paradigms of Integrated Ocean and Coastal Management (ICM) and
Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) at national and regional levels and in areas beyond
national jurisdiction (64% of the ocean) has proven difficult and faced many obstacles. Global
Conference participants in Hanoi will assess (within the limits of available data) the extent to
which, and under what circumstances, progress is being (or not being) made in achieving
implementation of ICM and EBM in areas of national jurisdiction (coastal zones and Exclusive
Economic Zones), in various transboundary ocean regions, and in ocean areas beyond national
jurisdiction. A major aspect of this work will be to determine what kind of indicators on
ecosystem-based management and integrated ocean and coastal management are needed in order
to take stock of tangible progress achieved in addressing coastal and ocean management
challenges.
With regard to EBM and ICM, the WSSD established goals to:
Encourage the application of the ecosystem approach by 2010 for the sustainable
development of the oceans, particularly the management of fisheries and conservation of
biodiversity.
Promote integrated coastal and ocean management at the national level and encourage
and assist countries in developing ocean policies and mechanisms on integrated coastal
management.
Assist developing countries in coordinating policies and programs at the regional and
sub-regional levels aimed at conservation and sustainable management of fishery
resources and implement integrated coastal area management plans, including through
the development of infrastructure.
Two Global Forum Working Groups-- Working Group on Ecosystem Management (EBM) and
Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICM) by 2010 in the Context of Climate Change
and Working Group on Indicators for Progress--have been working in tandem to produce initial
information on the application of EBM/ICM at national and regional areas and in areas beyond
national jurisdiction, as well as on indicators that have been utilized by various international and
national entities to measure progress on EBM/ICM. The information contained in this Policy
Brief is at a preliminary stage of development at this point and will be much revised and
enriched through the discussions at the Global Conference related to the EBM/ICM issues and
through the application of insights arrived at by the ten other Working Groups on topics related
to EBM/ICM.
Following the Global Conference, the results of the discussions and of all the Working Groups
will be used to prepare a global report providing a report card on how far we have come, what
obstacles must be overcome, what needs to be done, what emerging issues must be addressed,
what funding is needed, and what capacity must be developed to further propel the
implementation of integrated and ecosystem-based management approaches to governance of the
world's oceans. The report card will also take into consideration the effects of climate change on
ocean and coastal ecosystems and peoples, as outlined in the 2007 IPCC report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
\
iii
Major Discussion Goals on EBM/ICM at the Global Conference
Given the preliminary information developed in this Policy Brief, the main discussion goals on
EBM/ICM at the Global Conference are:
1. To reiterate overall agreement on the conceptual basis of EBM/ICM and their
interrelationship.
2. To review in detail, to the extent possible given the available information, the existing
experiences of applying the EBM and ICM practices at national and regional levels, and in areas
beyond national jurisdiction.
3. To consider and develop recommendations on modalities for mobilizing ongoing systematic
review of progress (or lack thereof) on a periodic basis in this area through the combined actions
of national and international entities.
4. To consider and develop recommendations on the indicators that might be utilized in such
systematic review of progress.
5. To consider and develop recommendations on priority actions that should be undertaken by
national and international entities to further advance the application of ICM/EBM in national and
regional areas and in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
The special collaboration of various offices of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (National Marine Fisheries Service, National Ocean Service (including the
Coastal Services Center)) in the preparation of this Policy Brief is acknowledged with sincere
thanks.
Biliana
Cicin-Sain
Global
Forum
on
Oceans,
Coasts,
and
Islands
\
iv
Policy Brief:
Ecosystem Management and Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management by 2010 in the Context of Climate Change
1. INTRODUCTION
natural resource management and
integrated coastal management
Over half of the world's population
lives along the coast on only 10% of
Closely related to EBM is the concept
the Earth's land, creating intense
of integrated coastal management
pressure on coastal habitats and
(ICM). A well-documented approach
resources. Much of the booming
with a history of implementation in
global population relies on oceans for
countries worldwide, ICM shares a
food, waste disposal, energy
host of principles with EBM, and the
production, marine transportation
two concepts are generally regarded as
supporting an increasingly global
complementary, yet with differing
economy, and views the coasts as
areas of emphasis. The driving force
source of inspiration and a preferred
of ICM is typically accommodating
leisure destination.
multiple to achieve sustainable
development of coastal and ocean
Nearly 75% of the world's marine
areas. EBM offers a more explicit
capture fisheries are considered to be
focus on maintaining ecosystem
fully or overexploited and have
service functions. Although ICM is
essentially reached their maximum
articulated and embraced in a number
potential at about 100 million metric
of international and national policies
tonnes/year (FAO 2006). Any
and agreements, and EBM is a more
additional catches will likely come
recent paradigm with conceptual work
from rebuilding depleted stocks, but
still underway, the two practices will
instituting effective policies to do so
be needed in concert to address the
vary considerably across the globe..
monumental challenges facing the
Ensuring sustainable harvest of the
world's coastal and ocean areas.
ocean's valuable resources is but one
aspect of managing multiple uses and
expectations from ever more crowded
oceans and coasts. It is widely
recognized in governmental policies
and by the public that natural resource
management policies need to take a
more holistic, or ecosystem approach.
Concurrently, coastal managers are
recognizing the challenges inherent to
managing coastal resources based on
small scale, political boundaries and
are also embracing a more holistic,
integrated approach to management.
Consequently, managers are now
augmenting single species, resource-
specific management plans to
incorporate ecosystem-based
management (EBM) approaches to
1
Global Goals on EBM and ICM
by national and local governments, the
The Johannesburg Plan of Action
development of new ocean and coastal
(JPOA) of the World Summit on
knowledge, data, and information
Sustainable Development (WSSD)
systems, and the creation of new ocean
calls for "the application by 2010 of
and coastal management funding
the ecosystem approach, noting the
initiatives. Recent estimates indicate
Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible
that over 100 countries have now
Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem and
implemented ICM programs, due in
decision V/6 of the Conference of
part to ICM being recommended for
Parties to the Convention on Biological
ocean and coastal management in key
Diversity." Significant progress has
international guidance such as the UN
been made in the technical
Conference on Environment and
development and implementation of
Development (UNCED), including
the ecosystem approach to
Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration of
management (EBM). EBM is being
Principles, the Climate Change
implemented widely, both as a formal
Convention, the Biodiversity
approach and informally through local,
Convention, the Global Programme of
national, and international multi-
Action for the Protection of the Marine
sectoral management efforts. The
Environment from Land-based
concept has been incorporated widely
Activities, and the Barbados
in national ocean policy statements
Programme of Action for the
(e.g., EU Marine Strategy, Canadian
Sustainable Development of Small
Oceans Act, Report of the U.S.
Island States. Additionally, ICM
Commission on Ocean Policy),
principles have been articulated and
national legislation (e.g., U.S.
embraced by a number of international
Endangered Species Act), international
institutions including the Organization
and intergovernmental agreements
for Economic Cooperation and
(e.g., APEC's Bali Plan of Action,
Development (OECD), the World
Convention for the Conservation of
Bank, and the World Conservation
Antarctic Living Marine Resources,
Union.
Benguela Current Commission, Guinea
Current Commission, UNEP Regional
The purpose of this policy brief is to
Seas Programme) and a host of
broadly assess the progress in the
research, assessment and management
achievement of the WSSD goal on the
programs (e.g., the Large Marine
implementation of ICM and EBM by
Ecosystem (LME) programs).
2010 by: determining trends in the
operationalization of ecosystem
The JPOA also calls for the
management and integrated coastal and
"promotion of integrated coastal and
ocean management; identifying gaps in
ocean management at the national level
implementation; assessing potential for
and encouragement and assistance to
improvement; and recommending
countries in developing ocean policies
tangible priority next steps to decision-
and mechanisms on integrated coastal
makers.
management." Although the JPOA
suggested no explicit deadline for
The WSSD 2010 goals on achieving
achieving this goal, much progress has
ecosystem management and integrated
been documented in this area,
coastal and ocean management is of
specifically in adoption and
primary concern for this report, though
implementation of major international
it is influenced by and linked to many
ocean agreements, new ICM initiatives
of the other WSSD goals and targets
2
being addressed by other Global
the Global Forum Working Group on
Forum Working Groups. Challenges
Oceans, Climate, and Security).
to assessing progress toward these
goals include the need to mobilize
Six key issues impact coasts and
political and public will, the need for
oceans and need to be addressed
adequate funding and capacity
through a coordinated program of
development, and the need for
action:
integration among sectors and
agencies. If progress is to be made on
· increasing acidification of the
ecosystem management and integrated
oceans and its impacts on
coastal and ocean management, the
sensitive plants and animals,
overarching, cross-cutting issues of
such as coral reefs, bivalves,
poverty reduction, capacity
crustaceans, and plankton,
development, compliance and
· loss of sea ice at both poles,
enforcement, monitoring and
and the ensuing impact on
evaluation, and public education and
Arctic and Antarctic
outreach will have to be concurrently
ecosystems,
addressed.
· climate change impacts on
fresh water flows and
The Imperative of Addressing
corresponding impacts on
Climate Change Impacts Through
coastal habitats and
EBM/ICM
anadromous species,
The oceans play a significant role in
· sea level rise and its impacts on
regulating the global climate and
coastal ecosystems and
moderating weather systems around
communities,
the world. Changes in climate can
· ocean warming effects on the
have a profound impact on the
productivity of marine
functioning of ocean, coastal and
ecosystems and distribution
island ecosystems, such as through
patterns of animals and
changes in coastal flooding, storm
invasive species, and
intensity, and changing current
· understanding the simultaneous
patterns. The 2007 Intergovernmental
impacts of long-term climate
Panel on Climate Change reports
change on ocean ecosystems in
significant warming, sea level rise,
the context of natural scales of
increased storm activity, changing
variation in ocean climate.
precipitation and wind patterns, and
ocean acidification, among other
SIDS are especially vulnerable to
climate change effects, that affect each
climate change with a high risk of
region differently. These trends are
beach erosion, sea level rise, coral
projected to increase and continue with
bleaching, and water resource
a 2.0 to 11.5 Fahrenheit degree rise and
reduction. In addition, SIDS are
a 7.08 to 23.22 inch sea level rise
heavily dependent upon marine and
during the 21st century, and increasing
coastal resources to support local
threats to biodiversity and essential
economies and livelihoods and have
habitats. Unfortunately, the most
little capacity for adaptation. Also
severe effects will be felt by
vulnerable are communities in river
developing countries, those that least
and coastal flood plains, areas with
contributed to the problem and the
extreme weather, and areas of rapid
least able to adapt (see the report from
growth and urbanization. The effects
of climate change will exacerbate
3
many of the problems and issues
on Climate Change (IPCC); Global
already occurring in the marine
Ocean Observing System; Regional
environment (see the report of the
Assessments OSPAR, HELCOM,
Global Forum Working Group on
Regional Seas Programme, Regional
Small Island Developing States).1
Fishery Bodies; State of the Nation's
Ecosystems Heinz Report; World
Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index; and
2. STATUS AND TRENDS IN
Global Marine Species Assessment.
OCEAN AND COASTAL
ECOSYSTEMS AND
Implementing EBM requires baseline
and monitoring data for both
PEOPLES
ecological and socioeconomic
components of the ecosystems.
A wide variety of assessment studies
Despite the above major studies,
have been carried out in recent years to
currently there are only a few marine
assess status and trends in ocean and
ecosystems with systematically
coastal ecosystems and peoples.
collected, long-term data on the status
Deteriorating coastal conditions and
and trends of natural and social
increased multiple uses highlight the
systems. This lack of data and long-
need to approach ocean and coastal
term monitoring capacity is a
management through EBM and ICM.
significant impediment to the
implementation of the ecosystem
Among the major studies that have
approach. Data on the socioeconomic
been carried out are the following:
status of coastal communities is also
Millennium Ecosystems Assessment--
essential in order to determine whether
Status and Trends in World
the Millennium Development Goals
Ecosystems; Global Marine
(MDGs) are being met in coastal
Assessment 2003 and Assessments
communities. With no periodic
of Assessments GRAME Survey
assessment of the socio-economic
(ongoing); Millennium Development
status of coastal communities, it is not
Goals (MDGs)--Tracking Progress in
possible to measure progress on the
Coastal Areas; Census of Marine Life;
MDG goal of alleviating poverty in the
FAO Status of World Fisheries and
context of coastal areas.
Aquaculture (SOFIA) and the
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries;
Most of the global marine and
Status of Coral reefs of the World
environmental assessments that have
(GCRMN/ICRAN); Global
been conducted have found serious
International Waters Assessment
declines in marine living resources,
(GIWA); UN Millennium Project;
losses of coastal habitats, elevated
Global Environment Outlook (GEO)
pollution levels, poor water quality in
Year Book 2007; Global Biodiversity
many areas, and overall deterioration
Outlook; GESAMP "A Sea of
of the marine environment exacerbated
Troubles;" Intergovernmental Panel
by the effects of climate change.
Coastal communities and local
1 The Global Forum Working Group on Climate,
economies are adversely impacted by
Oceans, and Security is addressing these issues as
will the Working Group on Small Island
such trends as poverty, land use
Developing States. The Climate group will assess
changes, overfishing, nutrient loading,
effects both in terms of community-related impacts
sewage, and developments which put
(adaptation, environmental refugees, public health)
and ecologically-related impacts (natural disasters,
the capacity of the marine environment
sea level rise, ocean acidification, ocean warming)
beyond its sustainable limit.
on specific regions and SIDS countries.
4
3. EBM AND ICM AND
assess future accomplishments. Below
THEIR INTER-
is a proposed common set EBM
RELATIONSHIP
principles taken from multiple sources.
Table 1 shows the sources of the
principles.
EBM: An Emerging Scientific
Consensus
Common EBM Principles:
Over the past decade, broad consensus
·
has emerged on the principles that
EBM is geographically
constitute an EBM. Publications, such
specified, with ecosystem units
as the report of the U.S. Ecosystems
corresponding to the temporal
Principles Advisory Panel (EPAP)
and spatial scales of
(1999), Sissenwine and Mace (2001),
management challenges.
McLeod et al.(2005) and Sissenwine
· EBM takes into account
and Murawski (2004) Murawski
ecosystem knowledge and
(2007) have elaborated sets of
uncertainties and applies a
principles or objectives that should be
precautionary approach in cases
included in any attempt to apply EBM.
where predictive ability is
Intergovernmental organizations such
limited.
as the Convention on Biological
· EBM recognizes that
Diversity (CBD 2006) and the Food
ecosystem change is inevitable.
and Agriculture Organization of the
· Priority targets of EBM should
United Nations (FAO) (FAO 2005)
include the conservation of
have published guidelines for the
ecosystem structure and
application of an ecosystem approach.
function.
Initiatives such as the Large Marine
· In EBM, management should
Ecosystem projects have attempted to
be decentralized to the lowest
operationalize EBM in a regional,
appropriate level.
international context. Taken together,
· EBM should encourage
these constitute significant experience
participation from all relevant
with the development and
stakeholders and scientific
implementation of EBM.
disciplines.
· EBM should strive to balance
Although there is not a single set of
diverse societal objectives that
agreed principles or operational
result from resource decision
objectives for EBM, there is
making and allocation.
substantial overlap among the efforts
· Recognizing that ecosystem
cited above. For the purposes of
processes are characterized by
gauging progress toward the JPOA
varying temporal scales and
goals, it would be useful for the 4th
lag-effects, objectives for EBM
Global Conference to establish a
should be set for the long term.
general set of principles for EBM so
· EBM should be implemented
that governments, NGOs, IGOs and
incrementally and adaptively.
others can establish performance
measures of EBM implementation and
5
Table 1. Various sets of principles for an Ecosystem Approach to Management.
Source
)
Principle
CBD
(
2005
EPAP
FAO
(2004)
U.K.
Australia
McLeod et
al
Sissenwine
Murawski
#1 Geographically specified
X
X
X
X
#2 Takes into account uncertainty
X
X
X
X
X
#3 Change is inevitable
X
X
X
#4 Conserves ecosystem structure
and
function X X X X X
#5 Management should be decentralized
X
X
#6 Involves all relevant sectors
X
X
X
X
X
#7 Balances diverse societal objectives
X
X
#8 Recognizes temporal scales and
lag
effects X X X X
#9 Implemented incrementally and adaptively
X
X
X
X
ICM: An Established Framework
priorities, trade-offs, problems,
With several decades of application,
and solutions.
much has been written about ICM and
· ICM is a dynamic and
numerous case studies of ICM
continuous process of
implementation and associated lessons
administering the use,
learned have been documented (Clark
development, and protection of
1996; Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998;
the coastal zone and its
Chua 2006). A host of international
resources towards
agreements and organizations, such as
transparently-agreed objectives.
the Convention on Biological Diversity
· ICM employs a
(CBD), the United Nations
multidisciplinary, holistic
Environment Programme (UNEP), and
systems perspective, which
the Food and Agriculture Organization
recognized the interconnections
(FAO) have articulated frameworks,
between coastal systems and
goals, and principles of ICM, and
uses.
despite minor variations, there is
· ICM maintains a balance
generally a great degree of consensus
between protection of valuable
on what distinguishes ICM from other
ecosystems and development of
management approaches. The World
coast-dependent economies. It
Bank (1998) offers the following
sets priorities for uses, taking
distinguishing characteristics of ICM:
account of the need to
minimize the impact on the
· ICM moves beyond traditional
environment, to mitigate and
approaches, which tend to be
restore if necessary, and to seek
sectorally oriented and
the most appropriate siting of
fragmented in character and
facilities. These are the
seeks to manage the coastal
activities contained in
zone as a whole using an
Environmental Impact
ecosystem approach where
Assessments.
possible.
· ICM operates within
· ICM is an analytical process
established geographic limits
that advises governments on
that usually include all coastal
6
resources, as defined by
highlights important similarities,
governing bodies.
particularly the guiding principle of
· ICM seeks the input of all
integration (inter-sectoral and inter-
important stakeholders to
governmental) and the emphasis on
establish policies for the
management of human activities (de
equitable allocation of space
Mooy 20072).
and resources in the coastal
zone. An appropriate
There are, however, key distinctions
governance structure is
between the two approaches in terms
essential for such decision
of defining ecosystems and the priority
making and oversight.
of the management approach. In
· ICM is an evolutionary process,
defining ecosystems, both process-
often requiring iterative
based and place-based approaches are
solutions to complex economic,
utilized, though spatial boundaries are
social, environmental, legal,
generally needed to define the
and regulatory issues.
parameters of an ecosystem in which
· ICM integrates sectoral and
to effectively manage human activities.
environmental needs. ICM
However a managed area is defined for
should be implemented through
the purposes of governance, though,
specific legal and institutional
ecosystems processes influence coastal
arrangements at appropriate
and marine environments at many
levels of the government and
scales. Thus, the influences to the
the community.
coastal area that should be considered
· ICM provides a mechanism to
will range further out to sea as well as
reduce or resolve conflicts that
further inland.
may occur, involving resource
allocation or use of specific
The issue of priority rests on whether
sites as well as the approval of
EBM assumes an implicit primacy of
permits and licenses.
the ecosystem. Some sources suggest
· ICM promotes awareness at all
that: 1) the three central elements of
levels of government and
sustainable development
community about the concepts
environment, economy, and social
of sustainable development and
equity are not equally weighted; and
the significance of
2) although humans are part of the
environmental protection. It is
ecosystem, human activities are
proactive (incorporating a
generally considered as "impacts" to
development planning element)
healthy, functioning ecosystems. Other
rather than reactive (waiting for
sources acknowledge the goal of EBM
development proposals before
as the sustainable use of coastal and
taking action).
marine resources noting, however,
that in striving toward sustainable
EBM and ICM: Similarities and
Differences
2 Paper written by Jennifer de Mooy on Ecosystem-
There are broad similarities between
based Management (EBM) and Integrated Coastal
EBM and ICM, especially in regard to
and Ocean Management (ICM): Issues and
the shared goals of maintaining
Implications for Operationalization as part of the
functioning ecosystems and the
Working Paper Series on Progress on Meeting the
Global Goals of Achieving Ecosystem Management
sustainable use of coastal and marine
and Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management by
resources. A further examination of the
2010 in the Context of Climate Change (see Annex
operation of EBM and ICM also
x).
7
development, there may be difficult
similarities and distinctions among the
choices between environmental,
two approaches.
economic, and social goals. The
implied principle may be that
ecosystem health is a priority for the
4. IMPLEMENTATION OF
reason that without it, ecological
EBM AND ICM AT
services and resources cannot meet
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL
human economic and social needs. In
comparison, ICM sources more clearly
LEVELS AND IN OCEAN
and consistently regard sustainable
AREAS BEYOND
development as a key goal assuming
NATIONAL JURISDICTION
a balance of the three elements of
environment, economy, and social
Implementation of EBM and ICM at
values.
the National Level
Among the many ICM programs
Coastal/Nearshore Management
operating worldwide, the guiding
ICM has now been implemented in
principle of integrated management
about 100 countries around the world.
at both sectoral and governmental
However, many of these initiatives
levels is the vehicle for achieving
have been focused on estuaries and
sustainable uses of the coastal
small areas of coasts instead of
environment.
national programs. Successful pilot
projects should now be scaled up to
In conclusion, EBM presents a
national efforts on ICM. Furthermore,
valuable set of principles, but the
implementation of ICM and EBM at
practice of operationalizing EBM is
the national level is not being tracked
still evolving. ICM adopts many of the
systematically. Informal efforts have
same principles and adds significant
nonetheless been made. A study by
experience of application. Both
Sorensen in 2002 showed that there
approaches are highly complementary
were more than 700 ICM initiatives
indeed, putting their shared
(including at the local level) in more
principles into practice illustrates the
than 90 nations around the world
strength of the integrated approach to
(Sorensen 2002). Data collected by
the coastal and ocean management (de
Cicin-Sain et al in 2000 showed
Mooy 2007).
significant increase in ICM efforts
around the world from 1993 to 2000
The UNICPOLOS process in 2006
(Table 2), although there were
incorporated a module on demystifying
substantial differences in the extent of
the concepts and understanding
ICM activity in various regions of the
implications which clarified the
world (Cicin-Sain et al, 2000).
8
Table 2: Coastal Countries with ICM Efforts, 1993 and 2000 Comparison
Unfortunately, there are no data
to the Secretariat of the CBD (an
available at the global level to
additional 28 reports were submitted
ascertain further progress (or lack
by non-coastal States for a total of 112
thereof) in integrated coastal and ocean
reports). Of the parties to the
management since the efforts noted
Convention who had not yet submitted
above.
their Third National Reports, 65 were
coastal or island nations. Only 12 of
Aggregate data on the Convention on
the 37 small island developing States
Biological Diversity (CBD) Third
identified by CBD had submitted
National Reports does show that as of
reports as of January 2007. Tables 3 a-
January 2007, 83 coastal or island
c show some of the results of these
nations and the European Community
reports.
have submitted Third National Reports
Table 3(a) Has your country established and/or strengthened institutional,
administrative and legislative arrangements for the development of integrated
management of marine and coastal ecosystems?
Percent of
Percent of
reporting
No. of
reporting
coastal
Countries
Countries
Countries
No
5 4.46%
5.95%
Early stages of development
35 31.25%
41.67%
Advanced stages of development
17 15.18%
20.24%
Arrangements in place
24 21.43%
28.57%
Not applicable
0 0.00%
0.00%
9
The majority of reporting countries are
management. More than a quarter of
in the early stages of addressing
countries report that the necessary
needed institutional, administrative and
arrangements are already in place.
legislative arrangements for integrated
Table 3(b) Has your country implemented ecosystem-based management of marine
and coastal resources, for example through integration of coastal management and
watershed management, or through integrated multidisciplinary coastal and ocean
management?
Percent of
Percent of
reporting
Number of
reporting
coastal
Countries
Countries
Countries
No
12 10.71% 14.29%
Early stages of development
45 40.18% 53.57%
Advanced stages of development
15 13.39% 17.86%
Arrangements in place
8 7.14% 9.52%
Not applicable
0 0.00% 0.00%
Table 3(c) Has your country identified components of your marine and coastal
ecosystems, which are critical for their functioning, as well as key threats?
Percent of
Percent of
reporting
No. of
reporting
coastal
Countries
Countries Countries
No
11 9.82%
13.10%
Plans for a comprehensive assessment of marine and
17 15.18%
20.24%
coastal ecosystems are in place
A comprehensive assessment is currently in progress
21 18.75%
25.00%
Critical ecosystem components have been identified,
27 24.11%
32.14%
and management plans for them are being developed
Management plans for important components of
17 15.18%
20.24%
marine and coastal ecosystems are in place
Not applicable
0 0.00%
0.00%
Exclusive Economic Zone
areas--to harmonize existing uses and
Management
laws, to foster sustainable
A recent development on which there
development, to protect biodiversity
is growing documentation, however,
and vulnerable resources and
concerns integrated oceans
ecosystems, and to coordinate the
management further offshore than
actions of the many government
most coastal management efforts,
agencies that are typically involved in
incorporating the 200-mile Exclusive
ocean affairs. It is estimated by the
Economic Zone (EEZ). In the last
Nippon Foundation Research Task
decade, a growing number of nations
Force on National Ocean Policies that
have undertaken concerted efforts to
about 40 countries have taken concrete
articulate and implement an integrated
steps toward cross-cutting and
vision for the governance of their EEZ
integrated national ocean policy
10
(Cicin-Sain, VanderZwaag, and
effects of these efforts. Though most
Balgos, 2008). At The Ocean Policy
regional programs have incorporated
Summit held in Lisbon, Portugal,
principles of ICM and EBM, and many
October 10-14, 2005, countries and
have agreed upon indicators inherent in
regions reported on their efforts to
each concept, there is not much
develop integrated ocean policies to
available information on the extent to
deal with multiple use conflicts among
which nations have operationalized the
uses, users, and management agencies,
concepts in ocean and coastal
degradation of marine resources, and
management, and even less
missed opportunities for economic
information on the effects these
development. These different national
management provisions are having in
policies are remarkably congruent in
regional ocean areas. Further research
terms of overall principles and most
and analysis is needed to determine the
recognize the need for transparency,
direct effects ICM and EBM
public and stakeholder involvement,
provisions incorporated within each
incentives for cooperative action, and a
program are having on regional ocean
national ocean office with clearly
areas.
articulated responsibilities.
Assessment
Countries which have adopted such
A recent assessment of the application
principles in their national ocean
of integrated coastal and ocean
policies include Australia, Brazil,
management approaches and
Canada, China, United Kingdom,
ecosystem-based management
Russian Federation, Jamaica, New
approaches in the context of regional
Zealand, Norway, Portugal, United
ocean governance has shown that
States, India, Japan, Mexico,
eighteen (18) Large Marine
Philippines, and Vietnam. Principles
Ecosystem3 (LME) projects funded by
which have been incorporated into
the Global Environment Facility,
national ocean policies include
approved or in the preparation stage,
sustainable development/sustainability,
are mobilizing to address issues of
integrated management, ecosystem-
overfishing, fishing down food webs,
based management, good governance,
habitat loss, and coastal pollution. Nine
adaptive management/best available
of these projects have completed the
science, precautionary approach,
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
preservation of marine biodiversity,
process to identify issues and their root
stewardship, multiple use management,
causes, and have further prioritized
and economic/social development and
coastal and marine issues. Nine LME
poverty alleviation. This analysis can
projects have also developed the
be viewed in detail in a forthcoming
Strategic Action Program (SAP)
book by Cicin-Sain, VanderZwaag and
development process for their region,
Balgos, 2008).
requiring national commitment to
institutionalize the SAP. All LME
Implementation of EBM and ICM at
projects have incorporated principles
Regional (Transboundary) Level
of ICM and EBM, and those in
Much effort has been focused on
operation have adopted ICM and EBM
managing regional ocean areas in
recent decades, in recognition of the
3
interdependencies of marine resources
Large Marine Ecosystems are ocean areas
typically 200,000 km2 or greater, which are
and ecosystems. Still unclear,
characterized by distinct bathymetry, hydrography,
however, are the `on the ground'
productivity, and trophically dependent populations
(Duda and Sherman 2002).
11
indicators (see Tables 4a-d for
· Eleven GEF approved projects
summaries of the application of EBM
underway: Baltic; Benguela Current;
and ICM in LMEs and Regional Seas
Black Sea; Gulf of Guinea;
Programmes (Wowk 20074)).
Mediterranean; Patagonia
However, the extent to which the
Shelf/Maritime Front; Red Sea; South
principles and practices of ICM and
China Sea; Western Pacific Warm
EBM have been applied by nations is
Water Pool-SIDS; Yellow Sea; and
unclear (Wowk 2007). At the 4th
Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts,
and Islands an LME Working Group
will further assess progress made in
LMEs, challenges to managing LMEs,
and provide guidance for the enhanced
management of LMEs.
4 Paper written by Kateryna Wowk on Achieving
Ecosystem Management and Integrated Coastal and
Ocean Management in Regional Ocean Areas as
part of the Working Paper Series on Progress on
Meeting the Global Goals of Achieving Ecosystem
Management and Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management by 2010 in the Context of Climate
Change (see Annex x).
12
Table 4a: Application of ICM/EBM to LME approved projects
Framework
Application
Baseline information
9 of the 11 approved LME projects have prepared or are preparing a TDA
Guiding principles of
9 of the 11 projects have incorporated ICM/EBM principles in a SAP
ICM/EBM
ICM/EBM indicators
9 of the 11 projects have agreed to ICM/EBM indicators in a TDA
Operative monitoring
9 of the 11 projects have operative monitoring and evaluation functions
/ evaluation functions
Legally binding
No legally binding instruments at this time
instrument
Domestic legislation
9 of the 11 projects have agreed upon a SAP in which the countries
committed to making institutional arrangements and taking policy actions,
based on sound science, to address the issues identified in the TDA.
Meeting of member
All Large Marine Ecosystem projects are discussed at an annual meeting,
states
though it is not clear if all member states are required to attend
Goal achievement
9 of the 11 projects have achieved the goal of problem identification; the
achievement of other goals is not clear at this time
Under the UNEP Regional Seas
The majority of RSPs have
Programme eighteen (18) regions are
incorporated principles of ICM, and
mobilizing to address issues of
have agreed upon ICM indicators to
sustainable management of ecosystems
measure success.
and biodiversity, land- and sea-based
pollution, and coastal development and
· Six UNEP/RSPs administered by the
integrated coastal zone management.
UNEP/RSP: Caribbean Region, East
Twelve Regional Seas Programmes
Asian Seas; Eastern Africa Region;
(RSPs) have adopted legally binding
Mediterranean Region; North-West
conventions, most with associated
Pacific Region; and Western Africa
protocols on specific issues, and 15 of
Region.
the RSPs have adopted Action Plans.
Table 4b: Application of ICM/EBM to UNEP/RSP administered programs
Framework
Application
Baseline information
All 6 UNEP/RSPs administered programs have baseline information
incorporated in their respective Action Plans; information typically includes:
levels and effects of marine pollutants; ecosystem studies; studies of coastal
and marine activities; and assessments of social and economic factors.
Guiding principles of
All 6 programs have incorporated ICM principles; incorporation of principles
ICM/EBM
specific to EBM is unclear at this time
ICM/EBM indicators
All 6 programs have identified ICM indicators; identification of indicators
specific to EBM is unclear at this time
Operative monitoring
4 of the 6 programs have operative monitoring and evaluation functions
/ evaluation functions
Legally binding
4 of the 6 programs have a legally binding instrument
instrument
Domestic legislation
The status of domestic legislation of member states is unclear at this time
Meeting of member
All member states to conventions meet annually to discuss progress and
states
provide recommendations for enhanced governance
Goal achievement
Unclear at this time
· Seven UNEP/RSPs administered by a
Sea Area; South Asian Seas; South-
regional organization: Black Sea
East Pacific Region; and Pacific
Region; North-East Pacific Region;
Region.
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden; ROPME
Table 4c: Application of ICM/EBM to regionally administered regional seas programs
13
Framework
Application
Baseline information
All 7 UNEP/RSPs administered by a regional organization have baseline
information incorporated in their respective Action Plans; information
typically includes: levels and effects of marine pollutants; ecosystem studies;
studies of coastal and marine activities; and assessments of social and
economic factors.
Guiding principles of
All 7 programs have incorporated ICM principles; incorporation of principles
ICM/EBM
specific to EBM is unclear at this time
ICM/EBM indicators
All 7 programs have identified ICM indicators; identification of indicators
specific to EBM is unclear at this time
Operative monitoring
6 of the 7 programs have operative monitoring and evaluation functions
/ evaluation functions
Legally binding
6 of the 7 programs have a legally binding instrument
instrument
Domestic legislation
The status of domestic legislation of member states is unclear at this time
Meeting of member
All member states to conventions meet annually to discuss progress and
states
provide recommendations for enhanced governance
Goal achievement
Unclear at this time
· Five RSPs administered by
Antarctic Region; Baltic Sea; Caspian
independent programs: Arctic Region;
Sea; and North-East Atlantic Region.
Table 4d: Application of ICM/EBM to independent regional seas programs
Framework
Application
Baseline information
3 of the 5 independent programs have baseline information
Guiding principles of
3 of the 5 programs have incorporated principles of ICM and EBM
ICM/EBM
ICM/EBM indicators
3 of the 5 programs have agreed upon ICM and EBM indicators
Operative monitoring
3 of the 5 programs have operative monitoring and evaluation functions
/ evaluation functions
Legally binding
3 of the 5 programs have a legally binding document
instrument
Domestic legislation
The status of domestic legislation of member states is unclear at this time
Meeting of member
All member states to conventions meet annually to discuss progress and
states
provide recommendations for enhanced governance
Goal achievement
Unclear at this time
Fewer programs have incorporated
This manual seeks to follow up the
principles and indicators specific to
commitments of the 2002
EBM, though this is likely to change as
Johannesburg World Sustainable
the concept gains momentum,
Development Summit to "encourage
consensus, and international
the application by 2010 of the
acceptance. The recent meeting of the
ecosystem approach" to the
UNEP/RSPs addressed the next steps
management of human activities that
following the global strategic
may affect the oceans (UNEP Regional
directions, 2004-2007, with a major
Seas Program 2007). The work by a
focus on ecosystem approaches
Chatham House Panel, with
(Wowk 2007). There is growing
government support, developed a
interest in the consistent application of
comprehensive suite of recommended
the ecosystem management approach
best practices for regional fisheries
to the management of regional seas.
management organizations (RFMOs),
Toward this goal, the Regional Seas
which, among other objectives,
Programme is currently developing a
addresses the challenge of
"Manual on the Ecosystem Approach
implementing ecosystem-based
to the Regional Seas Programmes".
14
management approaches to fisheries
for a legal binding instrument, rather
(Lodge et al 2007).
than a "soft" instrument, which was
justified by the alarming state of
Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone
coastal areas in the region and the
Management in the Mediterranean:
disadvantages of a status quo (Priority
A Model
Actions Programme 2005-2006). After
Despite several international and
a series of consultations, the Final Act
national efforts in recent decades to
of the Conference of the
ensure sustainable management of
Plenipotentiaries on the ICZM
coastal natural resources, coastal areas
Protocol was signed in Madrid on
throughout the Mediterranean still face
January 21, 2008.
severe pressures and problems, which
threaten coastal resources and
The ICZM Protocol mandated the
undermine the viability of economic
establishment of a common framework
activities. With the significance of the
for the integrated management of the
coastal areas widely recognized and
Mediterranean coastal zone and
with intense pressure to act in the face
provides for the implementation of
of the alarming state of the coastal
necessary measures to strengthen
areas in the region, e.g., increasing
regional co-operation for this purpose.
population growth on the south shores,
The implementation of this new legal
changing agricultural production
instrument for international
systems towards more intensive and
cooperation is acknowledged as an
resource demanding uses in the north
opportunity to provide a model for the
and in the south, industrial
management of other regional seas6.
development and expanding transport
infrastructure, mostly for expanding
Implementation of EBM and ICM in
tourism leading to increasing
Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction7
concentration of population and
economic activities in coastal areas, a
The question of governance of the 64%
feasibility study of a regional legal
of the oceans that lies beyond national
instrument on sustainable coastal area
jurisdiction looms as a major issue that
management in the Mediterranean was
countries will need to address and
recommended by the 12th meeting of
negotiate over in the next decade. This
the Contracting Parties of the 1995
is an area where many ocean industries
Barcelona Convention5, held in
operate producing important benefits
Monaco in November, 2001. The
to the global and regional economies.
Feasibility Study, prepared in 2002/3,
While there has been substantial
demonstrated the need for a regional
progress in recent years in achieving
legal instrument, at both the technical
integrated oceans governance in areas
and environmental levels. Preference
under national jurisdiction and in
among stakeholders was established
regional seas areas, governance of
areas beyond national jurisdiction at
5 The Barcelona Convention is the Convention for
the Protection of the Marine Environment and the
6 For more information about the Protocol on
Coastal Region of the Mediterranean, signed in
Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the
Barcelona on 16 February 16, 1976, as amended on
Mediterranean, download the ICZM protocol at
10 June 1995 to address sustainable development
http://www.pap-
challenges. The Barcelona Convention and its
thecoastcentre.org/razno/PROTOCOL%20ENG%2
Protocols are the legal basis of the Mediterranean
0IN%20FINAL%20FORMAT.pdf
Action Plan (UNEP/MAP), the first Regional Sea
7 This issue area is being addressed in-depth by the
Programme developed by the United Nations
Global Forum Working Group on Governance of
Environment Programme.
Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.
15
present remains largely sectorally-
understanding biodiversity and
based and fragmented. This means
ecosystem functions, forecasting
that it is difficult to address inter-
changes in ecosystems, inventories of
connected issues (such as fishing
deep-sea habitats, identification of
issues; extraction of genetic resources;
priority ecosystems in need of
maritime transportation; pollution;
protection, strategies for the
offshore oil and gas development;
sustainable use of marine resources,
marine scientific research; climate
methods and baselines for monitoring,
change; carbon sequestration and
and technology advancement
storage). There are, moreover,
(HERMES 2006).
significant differences of opinion
among developed and developing
In the case of deep seabed habitats
countries, industries, and
such as hydrothermal vents,
environmental interests, on what needs
information is needed on how specific
to be done to improve governance of
human uses affect ecosystem structure,
these important ocean areas.
functions, and properties. It is
important to emphasize that
There are ongoing formal and informal
ecosystem-based management aims to
policy development initiatives
maintain the integrity of the ecosystem
underway, with the intent to contribute
not only for its value in providing
to clarifying the issues, laying out
human needs and wants, but also for its
various perspectives, developing
intrinsic value. Although research
options, and identifying possible
activities and/or bioprospecting
avenues for consensus-building among
currently represents the major threat to
disparate interests. A Global Forum
hydrothermal vents, it is also important
Working Group on Governance of
to study the potential impacts of
Marine Areas Beyond National
potential uses such as seabed mining
Jurisdiction is addressing these issues,
and development of hydrogen fuel as
and their key findings will be
well as of global climate change. An
subsequently incorporated into this
array of ecological indicators has to be
report.
monitored in order to assess the
effectiveness of management strategies
Scientific investigations in the high
in addressing the objectives of
seas are moving forward at an
maintaining biodiversity, species
accelerated pace, in part driven by
distribution and abundance, primary
commercial interests in marine genetic
production and reproduction, trophic
resources and in part by the unfolding
interactions, mortalities below
of the richness in biological diversity
thresholds, species health, water and
in these marine areas, and the need to
sediment quality, and quality of deep
acquire sound scientific basis for
seabed habitats (UNESCO 2006a).
management interventions, particularly
for vulnerable marine ecosystems. For
example, the Hotspot Ecosystems
5. PRIORITY POLICY
Research at the Margin of European
ISSUES
Seas (HERMES) is contributing
information on the natural drivers
Challenges and Obstacles to the
controlling ocean margin ecosystems,
Implementation of EBM and ICM
topographic maps, mapping of
Despite the demonstrated progress,
ecosystem and habitat occurrence,
some general challenges remain to the
description of habitat and ecosystems,
16
full implementation of EBM and ICM.
There is often a lack of political will to
These include:
make decisions in controversial and/or
uncertain situations. The challenge is
· Insufficient data and
to use the accumulation of knowledge
information on marine
gained in uncertain circumstances to
ecosystem structure, function,
adapt and improve EBM measures.
and processes to permit a more
Another challenge arises when there
comprehensive and technical
are disparities between ecosystem
EBM and ICM;
boundaries and political jurisdiction
creating a lack of political due to the
In some areas, both a lack of overall
question of authority.
data collection and a complete
understanding of ecological processes
· Lack of capacity to implement
limit the implementation of EBM and
the new, more challenging,
ICM. Such limited data often allows
approaches;
for qualitative, rather than quantitative,
understanding of relationships.
EBM can be challenging when the
institutions to implement new
· Institutional and sectoral
management practices are not already
resistance and inertia;
in place. Many nations may lack the
scientific support and management
Limited knowledge and resources
structures to implement these new
often lead to resistance against change
ideas. Furthermore, poorly organized
in management policies. Resistance
management structures can lead to
can also occur due to sector-specific
policy gaps. Frequently, managers are
management authorities reluctance to
tied to existing legislation and do not
relinquish authority, lack of high level
have the capacity to implement new
cooperation, objections to specific
strategies.
measures (e.g. marine protected areas),
and perceived costs.
· Limited funding for ecosystem
science and management
· Lack of appropriate decision
institutions;
frameworks to manage the
complexity, uncertainty, and
Lack of funding is often the greatest
tradeoffs inherent in an EBM;
challenge and appears to be a universal
issue. The fiscal and human resources
There is often inadequate information
needed to support scientific research
to conclusively address all technical
are often not present and can be an
issues and managers must balance risk.
impediment to EBM implementation.
Priorities for science to reduce
Consequently, EBM will often have to
uncertainty and improve risk
rely on existing data and be
assessment must be addressed.
incorporated into the management
Improved models are needed to better
frameworks already operating.
assess the risk associated with
alternative policy options and better
· Lack of monitoring and
understand the costs and benefits
evaluation practices;
associated with each one.
The use of indicators and performance
· Lack of political will;
measures can be essential to
recognizing needed programmatic
17
adaptations and can help demonstrate
· Lack of widespread adoption of
the results and utility of a program.
integrated ecosystem
Although there exist a number of
assessments as a framework for
localized monitoring and evaluation
implementing EBM/ICM
efforts, there is no coherent, widely
recognized set of indicators with which
It is widely recognized that an
to gauge the implementation and
integrated approach to the integrated
effectiveness of EBM and ICM.
governance, ecosystem science and
decision making is required to
· Inadequate process guidance
undertake complex management
for implementation of ICM and
requirements of EBM/ICM. One tool
EBM;
for this is an integrated process of
assessment enveloping problems
Although a number of sources have
identified through governance
offered frameworks and explicit
structures, scientific monitoring, and
procedural guidance for
decision support tools. Integrated
implementation of ICM, EBM is often
ecosystems assessments offer such a
characterized as a set of guiding
framework, and, if implemented more
principles rather than a clearly defined
widely, would allow progress on many
process. As such, managers struggle
of the issues identified above. A
with how to operationalize EBM and
process diagram for integrated
how to put those concepts into action.
ecosystem assessments (IEAs) follows:
Development of Integrated Ecosystem Assessments
Management
Ecosystem
Evaluation
Driver
Pressure
Indicators
Identify major
IEA Steps
Organize relevant
human and natural
data. Select key
factors affecting
Indicators of
Ecosystem.
Ecosystem status
Define scale
Adaptive
management
State
Response
Link ecosystem
Evaluate ecological
status indicators
& economic impacts
to drivers
of management
& pressures
options
Impact
Ecological
Forecasts &
Models
Risk Assessments
18
6. GOALS, TARGETS, AND
draft report of the Working Group in
OBJECTIVES TO ADDRESS
the Appendix. Many thanks are due to
PRIORITY AREAS
Margaret Davidson, Ginger Hinchcliff,
and Zac Hart of the NOAA Coastal
Services Center for preparing the
Incorporate ICM into EBM and vice
Appendix.
versa
As indicated in the above discussion,
· Strengthen linkages between ICM
some progress has been made in the
and EBM initiatives
implementation of EBM and ICM.
· Develop governance arrangements
However because these concepts are
to incorporate both ICM and EBM
broad, any targets or objectives for
· Foster implementation of EBM and
their improved implementation must
ICM by sharing of baseline
be defined more specifically. For this
information, best practices, and
purpose, a limited number of process
lessons learned during
measures could be established to track
implementation.
implementation of EBM and ICM
· Build capacity to support
relative to JPOA goals. The following
ecosystem-based management and
set of process measures is being put
integrated coastal management
forward as an example:
programs
· The number of countries
Develop and Implement Measures of
implementing multi-sectoral
Progress
approaches to resource
A review of existing progress
management (OECD 1997,
indicators for ecosystem management
Rupprecht Consult and
and integrated coastal and ocean
International Ocean Institute
management, as well as a review of the
2006).
issues surrounding implementation of
· The number of countries with
such indicators is currently being
fishery management processes
undertaken by the Global Forum
that include habitat protection,
Working Group of Indicators for
by-catch reduction, place-based
Progress 8 and work to date is included
management, and regulations to
in the Appendix. Included in the
end overfishing.
review are the ICM indicators
· The number of countries with
developed by IOC, GESAMP, The
ICM plans in place (OECD
World Bank, IUCN, The European
1997, Olsen 2003, PEMSEA
Commission, OECD, Coastal
2003, Rupprecht Consult and
Resources Center, University of Rhode
International Ocean Institute
Island, NOAA, PEMSEA, and the
2006)
EBM principles and indicators
· The number of countries that
developed by COMPASS, CBD,
have developed and/or
United Nations, General Assembly,
implementing UNEP GPA
OSPAR Commission. Please see the
National Plans of Action.
· The number of UNEP Regional
Seas conventions adopting
8 The Global Forum Working Group on Indicators
for Progress has been organized to examine the
LBA protocols.
development of a common set of indicators to gauge
· The number of countries with
global progress in achieving critical coastal and
MPAs and/or marine zoning
ocean goals.
structures implemented (OECD
19
1997, Pomeroy et al. 2004, The
success rate may be quite low. Over
World Bank 2004)
time, as experience is gained, and if the
· The number of countries with
promoting institutions exhibit an
national-level legislation
adaptive management and learning
incorporating an ecosystem
culture, the success rate could
approach and integrated coastal
eventually improve.
and ocean management.
· The number of international
Enabling legislation that creates
agreements or plans of action
interagency/interministerial
incorporating or calling for
mechanisms at the national level to
ecosystem approaches.
coordinate the ICM/EBM application
· The number of regional GEF
and empowers and legitimizes local
LME programs implemented
community and government control to
(PEMSEA 2003)
establish subnational ICM, and EBM
· The number of countries with
initiatives is very important. The
public participation procedures
absence of such legislation will slow
included in the established ICM
the speed at which replication can
or EBM policy formulation
occur, and the presence of such
(OECD 1997, The World Bank
legislation will increase the rate at
2004).
which replication can proceed.
Organize Periodic Assessments of
Capacity development
Progress Made
The lack of capacity to implement
Since no international organization is
EBM/ICM is perhaps the most difficult
responsible for the tracking the
problem, both in developing and in the
progress of ICM/EBM planning and
developed world. The Global Forum
implementation activities, monitoring
Working Group on Capacity Building
and evaluation of progress made has,
has developed a set of
in the past, been carried out on an
recommendations on possible capacity
informal basis.
development initiatives that should be
taken into account.
There is a need to mount cross-national
and international agency collaboration
In addition, the National Research
to measure systematically progress
Council of the USA recently
achieved in EBM/ICM on a periodic
completed a study titled: "Increasing
basis, most likely every 2-3 years.
capacity for stewardship of oceans and
Global Conference participants should
coasts: A priority for the 21st century"
discuss alternative modalities for
(NRC 2007). They concluded:
getting this important job
accomplished.
"Given the increasing stress on the
world's oceans and coastal
Scaling up of the
resources from population growth,
climate change, and other factors, it
Application/Adoption of EBM and
is vital to grow capacity--the
ICM
people, the institutions, and
Well-supported pilot or demonstration
technology and tools--needed to
sites of ICM or EBM tend to be
manage ocean resources. Many
successful. However, when scaling up
initiatives focus on specific projects
from pilot sites to more widespread
rather than on growing capacity as a
replication, a large percentage of the
goal unto itself, resulting in
activities that are not funded or
replicate sites may fail and the initial
sustained past the typically short
20
project lifetime. The most
requires building a base of
successful capacity-building efforts
support for ocean and coastal
are based on periodic needs
stewardship through greater
assessments and include plans to
awareness of its long-term
maintain and expand capacity over
the long term."
societal benefits. Public
discussion of the costs and
The NRC study notes the following
benefits of environmental
gaps needed to more fully realize the
sustainability--stimulated by
objectives of ecosystem-based
the mass media, information
management world-wide:
campaigns, and educational
programs--will heighten
· Documentation of changes in
awareness of and build political
capacity through assessments
will for necessary changes in
that use a consistent set of
the processes of planning and
criteria. Regular assessments
decision-making.
will be needed to help
· Establishment of continuing-
programs to adapt to changing
education and certification
needs in long-term capacity-
programs to build the
building efforts. Some common
capabilities of practitioners.
criteria will facilitate
This will enable current and
comparisons through time and
future generations of
across programs, but
professionals to adapt and
assessments will need to be
apply the best practices to
tailored to fit the circumstances
ocean and coastal management
and characteristics of specific
in diverse settings.
programs.
· Networking of practitioners to
· Funding of capacity-building
increase communication and
through diverse sources and
support ecosystem-based
coordinated investments by
management along coastlines,
local, regional, and
in estuaries, and in adjoining
international donors. Building
large marine ecosystems and
sustainable programs requires
watersheds. The networks will
longer-term support than is
facilitate collection and
typically provided by
integration of information and
individual donors.
knowledge, new technologies,
· Support of dynamic and
and Web-based data
committed leaders, usually
management systems in support
local, to develop a culture of
of locally implemented,
stewardship and to work with
regionally effective, ecosystem-
the community to develop and
based management.
implement a plan of action to
· Collaboration among programs
sustain or improve ocean and
in neighboring countries
coastal conditions. Effective
through the founding of
leaders also serve as mentors
regional centers to encourage
and role models that can
and support integrated ocean
motivate future leaders.
and coastal management. The
· Development of the political
centers would link education,
will to address ocean and
research, and extension to
coastal management
address issues of concern in the
challenges. Political will
region and provide an issue-
21
driven, problem-solving
oceans and coasts. This summit should
approach to capacity-building.
be held to demonstrate political will,
with commitments to end
In order to fill these gaps, the National
fragmentation, and to build action
Research Council study provided the
plans for capacity-building based on
following recommendations:
regional needs assessments that
integrate with other programs that
RECOMMENDATION 1: Future
address ocean and coastal stewardship
investments in capacity-building
issues.
should be anchored by periodic needs
assessments used to develop regional
Summary
action plans.
In summary, to assist nations in
building and maintaining capacity to
RECOMMENDATION 2 : Capacity
implement EBM/ICM, the
should be built to generate sustained
international community needs to:
funding for ocean and coastal
governance.
--Provide support for nations to
implement EBM/ICM approaches,
RECOMMENDATION 4: Capacity-
especially in terms of adaptation to
building programs should include
climate change and natural resource
programs specifically designed to
management.
develop, mentor, and reward leaders.
--Assess progress and facilitate
RECOMMENDATION 5: Networks
information exchange and best
should be developed to bring together
practices
those working in the same or similar
ecosystems with comparable
--Undertake a funded, systematic effort
management or governance challenges
to track and monitor ICM/EBM at
to share information, pool resources,
national and regional levels and in
and learn from one another.
marine areas beyond national
jurisdiction, using common indicators,
RECOMMENDATION 6: Regional
perhaps with regional and national
centers for ocean and coastal
leads.
stewardship should be established as
"primary nodes" for networks that will
--Fund information clearinghouses and
coordinate efforts to fulfill action
networks, availability of experts, and
plans. These centers will require a
the development of best practices,
contingent of experience-based
utilizing case analyses.
professionals and infrastructure to
serve as a resource for the entire
--Implement capacity building
network.
objectives as detailed above.
RECOMMENDATION 7: Progress in
Strategic Opportunities for
ocean and coastal governance should
Advancement
be documented and widely
Numerous opportunities exist for
disseminated.
accelerated progress toward the JPOA
EBM and ICM goals. These include:
RECOMMENDATION 8: A high-
level summit should be held on
· The GEF work plan. GEF
capacity-building for stewardship of
continues to support, through
22
its International Waters,
implementation of these
Biodiversity and Climate
approaches. For example, in
portfolios, projects and
the U.S., an effort is underway
programs that include the
to refine and reauthorize the
ecosystem approach (e.g., the
national Coastal Zone
LME projects) and ICM.
Management Act embraces
These efforts should be
EBM and ICM.
continued and increased.
· Continued clarification of the
· The UNEP GPA work plan.
EBM. As global discourse on
UNEP is working with
EBM concepts and
countries to develop National
methodology continues to
Plans of Action (NPAs) for
clarify how this approach is put
land-based activities.
into practice, the dramatic
Countries that have not
similarities between ICM and
developed NPAs should be
EBM will become even more
strongly encouraged to do so.
apparent, and resource
managers will gain a better
· Regional Fishery Management
understanding of how to
Organizations and national
operationalize these concepts.
fishery management efforts.
Fishing is a major perturbation
· High level workshops to
in marine ecosystems. RFMOs
develop the principles for
and national governments
integrated ecosystem
should be encouraged to
assessments (e.g., through UN-
continue efforts to implement
FAO)
EBM, as called for by the UN
Fish Stocks Agreement and
Participants in the Global Forum
relevant UNGA resolutions.
should acknowledge these
opportunities and work toward their
· National legislation. The
implementation as means of helping
explicit adoption of EBM and
achieve the goal of implanting EBM
ICM principles in national and
and ICM in the 2010 time frame.
local legislation will accelerate
progress in global
23
References
Clark, J.R. 1996. Coastal Zone
Management Handbook.
Australian Government Workshop on
Lewis, New York.
Ecosystem Based Management
of Ocean Activities. 2003.
Convention on Biological Diversity
"Developing an Ecosystem-
(CBD), 2006. Ecosystem
Based Approach for Managing
approach principles. Available
Ocean Activities" -Cairns,
at
Australia,
http://www.cbd.int/ecosystem/p
rinciples.shtml
Belfiore, S., B. Cicin-Sain and C.
Ehler, Editors. 2004.
Ecosystems Principles Advisory Panel
Incorporating Marine Protected
(EPAP), 1999. Ecosystem-
Areas into Integrated Coastal
based fishery management.
and Ocean Management:
National Oceanic and
Principles and Guidelines.
Atmospheric Administration,
Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
United States.
Available:
http://www.iucn.org/dbtw-
Food and Agricultural Organization of
wpd/edocs/PDF-2004-001.pdf
the United Nations [FAO].
Fisheries Department, 2005.
Chua, T.-E. 2006. The Dynamics of
Putting into practice the
Integrated Coastal
ecosystem approach to
Management. Practical
fisheries. Rome, Italy
Application in the Sustainable
Coastal Development in East
Food and Agricultural Organization of
Asia. PEMSEA, GEF, UNDP,
the United Nations [FAO].
IMO. Quezon City, Philippines.
2006. State of the World
Cicin-Sain, B. and R.W. Knecht. 1998.
Fisheries and Aquaculture.
Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Rome, Italy.
Management: Concepts and
Practices. Island Press,
Joint Nature Conservation Committee,
Washington, DC.
United Kingdom, "The
Ecosystem-Based
Cicin-Sain, B., V. Vandeweerd, P.A
Approach"
at
Bernal, L.C. Williams and
http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-
M.C. Balgos. 2006. Meeting
1576
the Commitments on Oceans,
Coasts, and Small Island
National Research Council [USA]
Developing States Made at the
2007. Increasing capacity for
2002 World Summit on
stewardship of oceans and
Sustainable Development: How
coasts: A priority for the 21st
Well Are We Doing? Co-
century. Committee on
Chairs' Report Volume 1,
International Capacity-Building
Third Global Conference on
for the Protection and
Oceans, Coasts, and Islands.
Sustainable Use of Oceans and
Coasts. Ocean Studies Board.
Division on Earth and Life
Studies. National Research
24
Council of the National
2003. Sustainable Development
Academies. The National
Strategy for the Seas of East
Academies Press. Washington,
Asia: Regional Implementation
D.C.
of the World Summit on
Sustainable Development
McLeod, K. L., J. Lubchenco, S. R.
Requirements for the Coasts
Palumbi, and A. A. Rosenberg.
and Oceans. PEMSEA, Quezon
2005. Scientific Consensus
City, Philippines.
Statement on Marine
Ecosystem-Based
Pomeroy, R.S., Parks, J.E., and
Management. Signed by 221
Watson, L.M. 2004. How is
academic scientists and policy
your MPA. doing? A
experts with relevant expertise
Guidebook of Natural and
and published by the
Social Indicators for Evaluating
Communication Partnership for
Marine Protected Area
Science and the Sea at
Effectiveness. IUCN, Gland,
http://compassonline.org/?q=E
Switzerland, and Cambridge,
BM.
United Kingdom. xvi + 216 pp.
Murawski, S.A. 2007. Ten myths
Priority Actions Programme. 2005-
concerning ecosystem
2006. Protocol on Integrated
approaches to marine resource
Management of Coastal Areas
management. Marine Policy
for the Mediterranean.
31:681-689.
Available: http://www.pap-
thecoastcentre.org/about.php?bl
PAP/RAC. 2007. ICZM Protocol (as
ob_id=56&lang=en
signed in Madrid on 21 January
2008). Available:
Sissenwine, M.P. and Mace, P.M.
http://www.pap-
2001. Governance for
thecoastcentre.org/razno/PROT
responsible fisheries: an
OCOL%20ENG%20IN%20FI
ecosystem approach.
NAL%20FORMAT.pdf
Reykjavik Conference on
Responsible Fisheries in the
Olsen, S.B. 2003. Frameworks and
Marine Ecosystem, Reykjavik,
indicators for assessing
Iceland.
progress in integrated coastal
management initiatives. Ocean
Sissenwine M.P, Murawski S.A. 2004.
& Coastal Management 46
Moving beyond ``intelligent
(2003) 347361.
tinkering'': advancing an
ecosystem approach to
Organisation for Economic Co-
fisheries. p. 2915. In:
operation and Development
Browman H.I., Srergiou K.I.,
(OECD). 1997. Integrated
editors. Perspectives on
Coastal Zone Management:
ecosystem-based approaches to
Review of Progress in Selected
the management of marine
OECD Countries. Paris,
resources. Marine Ecology
France. OCDE/GD(97)83.
Progress Series 274:269303.
PEMSEA (Partnerships in
Environmental Management
The World Bank. Post, J.C., and
for the Seas of East Asia).
Lundin, C.G., editors. 1996.
25
Guidelines for Integrated
Rupprecht Consult- Forschung &
Coastal Zone Management.
Beratung GmbH and
Environmentally Sustainable
International Ocean Institute.
Development Studies and
2006. Evaluation of Integrated
Monograph Series No. 9,
Coastal Zone Management
Washington, D.C.
(ICZM) in Europe Final
Report. Cologne, Germany.
The World Bank. Adapted by
Hatziolos, M.E. and Staub, F.,
UNEP. 2007. PROPOSAL FOR A
2004. Score Card to Assess
MANUAL ON THE
Progress in Achieving
ECOSYSTEM APPROACH
Management Effectiveness
FOR THE REGIONAL SEAS.
Goals for Marine Protected
Available:
Areas.
http://www.unep.org/regionalsea
s/RS_Global_Meetings/9th_Glo
bal_Meeting/inf.06_Manual_on_
Ecosystem_Approach.pdf
26
APPENDIX
Working Group on Indicators for Progress
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Introduction
Environmental Protection (GESAMP)
Among the thirteen Working Groups
of the Global Forum is the "Indicators
The World Bank
for Progress" Working Group, charged
with examining development of a
IUCN
common set of indicators to gauge
global progress in achieving critical
The European Commission
coastal and ocean goals.
The Indicators for Progress Working
Organization for Economic
Group has focused on development of
Cooperation and Development
indicators for the Global Forum's
(OECD)
Theme 1: Achieving Ecosystem
Management and Integrated Coastal
Coastal Resources Center, University
and Ocean Management by 2010.
of Rhode Island
This Appendix reviews the literature
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
on implementation of ICM and EBM
Administration (NOAA)
measures. As performance
measurement often becomes
Partnerships in Environmental
increasingly complex as the scale of
Management for the Seas of East Asia
measurement and thus the number of
(PEMSEA)
parties involved increases,
measurement at the global scale will be
Principles and Indicators of
challenging. This review is intended to
Ecosystem-based Management (EBM)
identify key lessons learned in
indicator implementation--lessons that
Coastal Marine Perception Application
will aid in development of new global
for Scientific Scholarship
indicators or scaling up of existing
(COMPASS)
regional and national indicators into a
global assessment.
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD)
The following experiences with use of
indicators are summarized using a
United Nations, General Assembly
common organizational framework:
Protection of the Marine Environment
Principles and Indicators of Integrated
of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR)
Coastal Zone Management (ICM)
Commission
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Other Coastal and Ocean Resource
Commission (IOC)
Reports:
Joint Group of Experts on the
United Nations CSC
Scientific Aspects of Marine
World Resources Institute (WRI)
27
Global Programme of Action for the
Protection of the Marine
Environment from Land-Based
Activities (GPA/UNEP)
European Environment Agency (EEA)
28
Document/Project Title
the economic, social and
A Handbook for Measuring the
cultural benefits that can be
Progress and Outcomes of Integrated
derived from these ecosystems
Coastal and Ocean Management,
without compromising their
(2006)
health and productivity);
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014
· Environment and development
/001473/147313e.pdf
principles (principles endorsed
by the international community
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
at the 1992 UNCED and in
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
subsequent international
Commission (IOC) of UNESCO
agreements, e.g., the right to
develop, inter-generational
Primary Point(s) of Contact
equity, environmental
Stefano Belfiore, Julian Barbiere,
assessments, precautionary
Robert Bowen, Biliana Cicin-Sain,
approach, polluter-pays
Charles Ehler, Camille Mageau, Dan
principle, and openness and
McDougall, Robert Siron
transparency in decision-
making);
Document/Project Summary
· The special character of coasts
"Step-by-step guide to help users in
and oceans (high productivity,
developing, selecting and applying a
great mobility and
common set of governance, ecological
interdependence of coastal and
and socioeconomic indicators to
ocean systems, as well as their
measure, evaluate and report on the
linkages with terrestrial areas,
progress and outcomes of ICOM
which requires managing these
interventions." Also includes "results,
systems as a single, integrated
outcomes and lessons learned from
unit).
eight pilot case studies conducted in
several countries."
Proposed Indicator Framework
Each of three categories includes
Proposed Principles or Criteria
goals, objectives, indicators, and
"ICOM is based on several principles,
parameters used to measure the
with sustainable development being
indicators. Goals in each category are
the overarching principle":
provided below.
· Sustainable development of
coasts and oceans (maximize
Categories Goals
Governance
Ensuring adequate institutional, policy and legal arrangements
Ensuring adequate management processes and implementation
Enhancing information, knowledge, awareness and
participation
Mainstreaming ICOM into sustainable development; economic
instruments mainstreaming
Ecological
Organization: conserve the ecosystem structure - at all levels
of biological organization so as to maintain the biodiversity
and natural resilience of the ecosystem
Vigour: conserve the function of each component of the
ecosystem so that its role in the food web and its contribution
to overall productivity are maintained
29
Quality: conserve the geological, physical and chemical
properties of the ecosystem so as to maintain the overall
environmental quality
Socioeconomic
A healthy and productive economy
A healthy and productive environment
Public health and safety
Social cohesion
Cultural integrity
Lessons Learned/Recommendations
studies to learn from one
for Indicator Development
another.
· Strategies on applying
· The application of indicators
indicators and involving
requires a sound understanding
local/regional stakeholders
of their definition and
depends on the cultural
description, so IOC is
background of the area in
considering the translation of
question, so documentation and
this handbook in major
evaluation of different
languages.
strategies is beneficial when
devising a monitoring and
evaluation system.
· Selection of indicators should
be preceded by analysis of
different analytical frameworks
to identify key issues and
elements to be examined.
· Focusing on the attributes
associated with the phases of
the ICOM cycle will provide a
reference framework for
developing indicators.
· Indicator users should establish
criteria for the assessment of
progress for different cycles
because measurement of some
aspects of ICOM (e.g.
socioeconomic and ecological)
involves a timeline of decades
rather than years or one cycle.
· Worldwide or trans-regional
comparisons based on a few
indicators could motivate users
to apply indicators in their
region and support
dissemination of the ICOM
indicators. Application of
similar indicators in different
countries or areas would allow
comparisons and allow case
30
Document/Project Title
government, social and
The Contributions of Science to
economic sectors and the
Integrated Coastal Management,
community in policy
(1996)
development, planning, conflict
http://www.fao.org/docrep/meeting/00
resolution and regulation
3/w1639e/w1639e00.htm
pertaining to all matters
affecting the use and protection
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
of coastal areas, resources and
Joint Group of Experts on the
amenities.
Scientific Aspects of Marine
Environmental Protection (GESAMP)
Proposed Indicator Framework
N/A
Primary Point(s) of Contact
N/A
Document/Project Summary
"In this report, GESAMP draws on
experience from programmes in
different geographic and
socioeconomic settings to identify how
science and scientists can contribute to
the effectiveness of Integrated Coastal
Management (ICM)."
Proposed Principles or Criteria
"The concept of an integrated approach
to the management of coastal areas is
intentionally broad and has four
elements:
· Geographical: It takes account
of interrelationships and
interdependencies (viz.,
physical, chemical, biological,
ecological) between the
terrestrial, estuarine, littoral and
offshore components of coastal
regions;
· Temporal: It supports the
planning and implementation of
management actions in the
context of a long-term strategy;
· Sectoral: It takes account of
interrelationships among the
various human uses of coastal
areas and resources as well as
associated socio-economic
interests and values;
· Political/Institutional: It
provides for the widest possible
consultation between
31
Document/Project Title
ecosystem approach where
Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone
possible;
Management, (1996)
· Is an analytical process that
http://www-
advises governments on
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/W
priorities, trade-offs, problems,
DSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/08/0
and solutions;
1/000009265_3961219091924/Render
· Is a dynamic and continuous
ed/PDF/multi_page.pdf
process of administering the
use, development, and
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
protection of the coastal zone
The World Bank
and its resources towards
democratically agreed
Primary Point(s) of Contact
objectives;
Jan C. Post and Carl G. Lundin,
· Employs a multidisciplinary,
Editors
holistic systems perspective,
which recognized the
Document/Project Summary
interconnections between
A brief guidance document discussing
coastal systems and uses;
major issues in coastal zone
· Maintains a balance between
management, principles of integrated
protection of valuable
coastal zone management (ICZM), and
ecosystems and development of
guidelines for development of ICZM
coast-dependent economies...;
programs.
· Operates within established
geographic limits, as defined by
Proposed Principles or Criteria
governing bodies, that usually
"ICZM focuses on three operational
include all coastal resources;
objectives:
· Seeks the input of all important
· Strengthening sectoral
stakeholders to establish
management, for instance
policies for the equitable
through training, legislation,
allocation of space and
and staffing;
resources in the coastal zone...;
· Preserving and protecting the
· Is an evolutionary process,
productivity and biological
often requiring iterative
diversity of coastal ecosystems,
solutions to complex economic,
mainly through prevention of
social, environmental, legal,
habitat destruction, pollution,
and regulatory issues;
and overexploitation;
· Integrates sectoral and
· Promoting rational
environmental needs...;
development and sustainable
· Provides a mechanism to
utilization of coastal
reduce or resolve conflicts that
resources."
may occur, involving resource
allocation or use of specific
"ICZM's distinguishing characteristics
sites as well as the approval of
are that it:
permits and licenses;
· Moves beyond traditional
· Promotes awareness at all
approaches, which tend to be
levels of government and
sectorally oriented and
community about the concepts
fragmented in character and
of sustainable development and
seeks to manage the coastal
zone as a whole using an
32
the significance of
environmental protection..."
Proposed Indicator Framework
N/A
33
Document/Project Title
A short, straightforward self
Score Card to Assess Progress in
assessment tool to help marine
Achieving Management Effectiveness
protected area (MPA) managers and
Goals for Marine Protected Areas,
local stakeholders identify where they
(2004)
are succeeding and where they need to
http://www.icriforum.org/mpa/SC2_en
address gaps, and ultimately to
g_nocover.pdf
determine their progress along a
management continuum.
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
The World Bank
Proposed Principles or Criteria
N/A
Primary Point(s) of Contact
· Marea E. Hatziolos, Senior
Proposed Indicator Framework
Coastal and Marine Specialist,
The scorecard proposes indicators in
Environment Department, The
each of the six stages, or elements of
World Bank, Email:
evaluation, described in the World
mhatziolos@worldbank.org
Commission on Protected Areas
· Francis Staub, AJH
(WCPA) Framework for protected area
Environmental Services, Email:
management. Progress for each
fstaub@environmentservices.c
indicator is graded on a scale of 0-2 or
om
0-3 to develop a final score.
Document/Project Summary
Element of Evaluation
Indicators
Context
Legal status--does the MPA have legal status?
MPA regulations--are unsustainable human activities (e.g.
poaching) controlled?
Law enforcement--can staff sufficiently enforce MPA
rules?
MPA boundary demarcation--are the boundaries known
and demarcated?
Integration of the MPA in a larger coastal management
plan--is the MPA part of a larger coastal management
plan?
Resource inventory--is there enough information to
manage the area?
Stakeholder awareness and concern--are stakeholders
aware and concerned about marine resource conditions and
threats?
Planning
MPA objectives--have objectives been agreed?
Management plan--is there a management plan and is it
being implemented?
Inputs
Research--is there a program of management-oriented
survey and research work
Staff numbers--are there enough people employed to
manage the protected area?
Current budget--is the current budget sufficient?
Process
Education and awareness program--is there a planned
34
education program?
Communication between stakeholders and managers--is
there communication between stakeholders and managers?
Stakeholder involvement and participation--do
stakeholders have meaningful input to management
decisions?
Indigenous people--do indigenous and traditional peoples
resident or regularly using the MPA have input to
management decisions?
Staff training--is there enough training for staff?
Equipment--is the site adequately equipped?
Monitoring and evaluation--are biophysical,
socioeconomic, and governance indicators monitored and
evaluated?
Outputs
Context indicators--have context indicators (above) been
improved?
Products and services
Mechanisms for stakeholder participation in decision-
making and /or management activities (e.g. advisory
council)--are mechanisms available to ensure stakeholder
participation?
Environmental education activities for stakeholders (e.g.
public outings at the MPA)--have education activities been
developed for stakeholders?
Management activities--have the two critical management
activities been improved to address threats?
Visitor facilities--does the MPA have sufficient visitor
facilities?
Fees--if fees (entry fees, tourism, fines) are applied, do
they help MPA management?
Staff training
Outcomes
Objectives--have MPA objectives been addressed?
Threats--have threats been reduced?
Resource conditions--have resource conditions improved?
Community welfare--has community welfare improved?
Environmental awareness--has community environmental
awareness improved?
Compliance--are users complying with MPA regulations?
Stakeholder satisfaction--are the stakeholders satisfied
with the process and outputs of the MPA?
35
Document/Project Title
Document/Project Summary
How Is Your MPA Doing? A
A guidebook offering a process and
Guidebook of Natural and Social
methods to evaluate the effectiveness
Indicators for Evaluating Marine
of management actions in attaining
Protected Area Management
goals and objectives that are specific to
Effectiveness, (2004)
MPAs, the marine environment and
http://effectivempa.noaa.gov/guideboo
coastal communities.
k/guidebook.html
Proposed Principles or Criteria
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
N/A
IUCN--The world Conservation
Union
Proposed Indicator Framework
The document identifies 42 indicators
Primary Point(s) of Contact
in three categories and discusses how
Robert S. Pomeroy, John E. Parks,
each of those indicators relate to
Lani M. Watson
common goals and objectives
associated with MPA use
Category Indicator
Biophysical
Focal species abundance
Focal species population structure
Habitat distribution and complexity
Composition and structure of the
community
Recruitment success within the
community
Food web integrity
Type, level and return on fishing effort
Water quality
Area showing signs of recovery
Area under no or reduced human impact
Socioeconomic
Local marine resource use patterns
Local values and beliefs about marine
resources
Level of understanding of human impacts
on resources
Perceptions of seafood availability
Perceptions of local resource harvest
Perceptions of non-market and non-use
value
Material style of life
Quality of human health
Household income distribution by source
Household occupational structure
Community infrastructure and business
Number and nature of markets
Stakeholder knowledge of natural history
Distribution of formal knowledge to
36
community
Percentage of stakeholder group in
leadership positions
Changes in condition of ancestral and
historical sites/features/monuments
Governance
Level of resource conflict
Existence of a decision-making and
management body
Existence and adoption of a management
plan
Local understanding of MPA rules and
regulations
Existence and adequacy of enabling
legislation
Availability and allocation of MPA
administrative resources
Existence and application of scientific
research and input
Existence and activity level of community
organization(s)
Degree of interaction between managers
and stakeholders
Proportion of stakeholders trained in
sustainable use
Level of training provided to stakeholders
in participation
Level of stakeholder participation and
satisfaction in management
Level of stakeholder involvement in
surveillance
Clearly defined enforcement procedures
Enforcement coverage
Information dissemination
37
Document/Project Title
progress in implementation of the EU
Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone
ICZM recommendation of 2002 as
Management (ICZM) in Europe,
well as degree to which countries'
(2006)
ICZM strategies observe the eight
http://www.rupprecht-
principles of good ICZM agreed as
consult.eu/download/Evaluation%20of
part of the 2002 Recommendation.
%20ICZM%20in%20Europe%20---
The analysis includes the 24 coastal
%20FINAL%20REPORT.pdf
Member States of the European Union,
and results are reported for each of the
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
five European regional seas: the Baltic
The European Commission appointed
Sea, the North Sea, the Atlantic
the International Ocean Institute (IOI),
(North-East region), the Mediterranean
a nonprofit organization, and
Sea and the Black Sea.
Rupprecht Consult - Forschung &
Beratung, GmbH, an independent and
Proposed Principles or Criteria
specialized consulting and research
The document describes eight
company, to conduct the analysis.
principles of good ICZM agreed as
part of the EU ICZM Recommendation
Primary Point(s) of Contact
of 2002 (see below).
Rupprecht Consult - Forschung &
Beratung, GmbH (project coordinator)
Proposed Indicator Framework
A single indicator is proposed for each
Document/Project Summary
of the eight principles of good ICZM:
This analysis, requested by the
European Commission, assesses
Eight Principles of Good ICZM
Indicator
A broad overall perspective (thematic and Is there a holistic thematic and
geographic) which will take into account
geographic perspective in the process?
the interdependence and disparity of
natural systems and human activities with
an impact on coastal areas.
A long-term perspective which will take
Is there a long-term perspective
into account the precautionary principle
envisaged?
and the needs of present and future
generations.
Adaptive management during a gradual
Is an adaptive management approach
process which will facilitate adjustment
applied during a gradual process?
as problems and knowledge develop. This
implies the need for a sound scientific
basis concerning the evolution of the
coastal zone.
Local specificity and the great diversity
Is the process local context specific?
of European coastal zones, which will
make it
possible to respond to their practical
needs with specific solutions and flexible
measures.
Working with natural processes and
Does the ICZM respect and work with
38
respecting the carrying capacity of
natural processes?
ecosystems, which will make human
activities more environmentally friendly,
socially responsible and economically
sound in the long run.
Involving all the parties concerned
Is the process based on participatory
(economic and social partners, the
planning and management?
organisations representing coastal zone
residents, non-governmental
organizations and the business sector) in
the management process, for example by
means of agreements and based on shared
responsibility.
Support and involvement of relevant
Does the process support and involve all
administrative bodies at national, regional relevant administrative bodies?
and local level between which
appropriate links should be established or
maintained with the aim of improved
coordination of the various existing
policies. Partnership with and between
regional and local authorities should
apply when appropriate.
Use of a combination of instruments
Is there a balanced combination of
designed to facilitate coherence between
instruments in planning and
sectoral policy objectives and coherence
management?
between planning and management.
39
Document/Project Title
the analysis are based on a
Integrated Coastal Zone Management:
questionnaire survey of OECD
Review of Progress in Selected OECD
countries, carried out in late 1995 and
Countries, (1997)
early 1996.
http://www.safecoast.org/editor/databa
nk/File/OECD%20-
Proposed Principles or Criteria
%20coastal_zone_management.pdf
Although the report does not offer
explicit ICZM principles or criteria,
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
the evaluation of countries' ICZM
Organisation for Economic Co-
efforts is based on guidelines that
operation and Development (OECD)
accompanied the OECD's 1992
Recommendation on ICZM. Those
Primary Point(s) of Contact
guidelines, which could be interpreted
N/A
as principles, are mirrored in the
indicators below.
Document/Project Summary
A publication examining the degree to
Proposed Indicator Framework
which OECD countries have
The report identifies 13 indicators that
implemented ICZM as contained in an
assess progress on specific ICZM
OECD Council Recommendation
guidelines, in multiple subject areas,
adopted on 23 July 1992. Results of
offered by the OECD:
Subject Area
Indicator(s)
National CZM objectives Have policy objectives specific for the coasts and their
and co-ordinating
resources been identified and adopted formally?
mechanisms
Has an authority been designated to co ordinate actions
concerning ICZM across national, regional and local
government agencies?
Indicators and monitoring a) Have coastal environmental indicators been
developed? If yes, are these indicators being monitored
on a regular basis?
b) Is there a specific section on coastal resources or the
coastal zone in a regularly published state of the
environment report?
Sectoral objectives and
Have environmental objectives been developed and
enforcement
adopted for the following ICZM aspects?: land-use
planning and zoning, coastal waters planning,
conservation requirements, ecosystem protection and
restoration, discharge limits, water quality for receiving
waters and for waters flowing into the coastal zone,
control and reducing inputs from polluting and hazardous
substances.
Have monitoring and enforcement procedures been
established for the objectives listed in the previous
question, and are these maintained?
EIA and public
Have Environmental Assessment procedures, including
participation
economic and social criteria, been established that apply
to the coastal zone?
40
Are public participation procedures included in the
established coastal zone management policy formulation
or Environmental Assessment processes?
The Polluter Pays
Has the Polluter-Pays-Principle been adopted as a basis
Principle and resource
for dealing with pollution in coastal zone management?
pricing
Are coastal zone resources being priced at levels that
reflect social costs of use and depletion?
Enforcement of CZM
Has national level legislation been enacted to enforce
objectives
coastal zone management objectives?
Fisheries
a) Has a pro-active policy been established to achieve
sustainable management and conservation of fisheries
resources at the international, national and regional
levels, ensuring co-operation of the relevant authorities?
b) If yes, has this policy been successful?
Tourism
Is a designated co-ordinating authority in place with the
mandate to balance tourism development and the carrying
capacity of the coastal zone?
Agreements on shared or a) Is your country a contracting party to an international
common coastal waters
agreement that covers international cooperation for the
management of shared or common coastal waters?
b) If yes, does this international co-operation cover the
preparation, implementation and monitoring of an
integrated action plan that is consistent with other coastal
zone management initiatives?
41
Document/Project Title
based on the widely recognized, five-
"Frameworks and Indicators for
step ICM policy cycle.
Assessing Progress in Integrated
Coastal Management Initiatives,"
Proposed Principles or Criteria
(2003), in journal Ocean and Coastal
The author identifies three
Management
characteristics that ICM initiatives
http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/Olse
must observe to advance the broader
n_Frameworks.pdf
coastal management goals of "specific
improvements in the bio-physical
Components of the report also
environment" and "specific
available in
improvements in the quality of life of
the human populations in the area of
A Manual for Assessing Progress in
concern." ICM initiatives must:
Coastal Management (1999)
1. "be sustainable over long
http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/SEL
periods of time;
_003F.PDF
2. be capable of being adapted to
often rapidly changing
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
conditions; and
Coastal Resources Center, University
3. provide the mechanisms to
of Rhode Island
encourage or require particular
forms of resource use and
Primary Point(s) of Contact
collaborative behaviors among
Stephen B. Olsen
institutions and user groups"
Document/Project Summary
Proposed Indicator Framework
This academic manuscript offers two
The first framework observes four
frameworks for assessing progress in
"orders" of coastal governance
ICM over the extended periods of time
outcomes and proposes indicators to
involved. The first framework is based
mark progress in achieving those
on four "orders" of outcomes pursued
outcomes.
by ICM. The second framework is
Outcome Indicator
Categories
1st Order (enabling conditions) Constituencies that actively support the ICM
initiative
A formal governmental mandate for the program
with the authority necessary to implement a course
of action
Resources, including sustained annual funding,
adequate to implement the plan of action
A plan of action constructed around unambiguous
goals
The institutional capacity necessary to implement
the plan of action
2nd Order (changes in
Changes in the behavior of institutions and interest
behavior)
groups
Changes in behaviors directly affecting resources of
concern
Investments in infrastructure supportive of ICM
42
policies and plans
3rd Order (the harvest)
Improvements in some coastal ecosystem qualities
Improvements to some societal qualities
4th Order (sustainable coastal
Unknown
development)
The second framework observes the
ICM cycle and proposes indicators to
widely recognized five steps of the
assess progress in each step.
Step of the ICM Cycle
Indicator(s)
Step 1: Issue identification and An assessment of the principal environmental,
assessment
social and institutional issues and their implications
Identification of the major stakeholders and their
interests
Selection of the issues upon which the ICM
initiative will focus its efforts
Definition of the goals of the ICM initiative
Active involvement of stakeholders in the
assessment and goal setting process
Step 2: Preparation of the plan Scientific research on selected management
questions
Boundaries of the areas to be managed defined
Documentation of baseline conditions
Definition of the action plan and the institutional
framework by which it will be implemented
Development of institutional capacity for
implementation
Testing of Second Order behavioral change
strategies at pilot scales
Active involvement of stakeholders in planning and
pilot project activities
Step 3: Formal adoption and
Formal endorsement of the policies/plan and
funding
provision of the authorities necessary for their
implementation
Funding required for program implementation
obtained
Step 4: Implementation
Behaviors of strategic partners monitored, strategies
adjusted
Societal/ecosystem trends monitored and interpreted
Investments in necessary physical infrastructure
made
Progress and attainment of Third Order goals
documented
Sustained participation of major stakeholder groups
Constituencies, funding and authorities sustained
Program learning and adaptations documented
Step 5: Self assessment and
Program outcomes documented
external evaluation
Management issues reassessed
Priorities and policies adjusted to reflect experience
43
and changing social/environmental conditions
External evaluations conducted at junctures in the
program's evolution
New issues or areas identified for inclusion in the
program
44
Document/Project Title
pressures on the nation's coasts, and
Coastal Zone Management Act
performance indicators, which measure
(CZMA) Performance Measurement
outcomes produced by the National
System, (ongoing)
Coastal Zone Management Program
http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/suc
and National Estuarine Research
cess/czm_perf_measures.html
Reserve System (NERRS), the two
programs mandated by the CZMA.
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
The performance measures for the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
National Coastal Zone Management
Administration (NOAA), Office Ocean
Program are collected in six categories
and Coastal Resource Management
and are the focus of this summary.
(OCRM)
Proposed Principles or Criteria
Primary Point(s) of Contact
A "visioning" effort to more clearly
Kate Barba, Chief, National Policy and
articulate the goals and principles of
Evaluation Division, Office of Ocean
U.S. coastal zone management is
and Coastal Resource Management,
underway.
NOAA, Kate.Barba@noaa.gov.
Proposed Indicator Framework
Document/Project Summary
The system identifies six focus areas of
An effort underway to measure
the CZMA and prescribes performance
national progress in achieving the
measures for each. Performance
desired outcomes of the U.S. Coastal
measurement data is collected annually
Zone Management Act of 1972. The
from each of the nation's individual
system consists of contextual
state coastal management programs for
indicators, which measure specific
integration into a national assessment.
Category Indicator(s)
Government coordination and decision-
% of federal consistency projects
making
submitted where the project was modified
due to consultation with the applicant to
meet State CZM policies
# of a) educational activities offered by
the CZM program and b) participants, by
category
# of a) training opportunities offered by
the CZM program and b) participants, by
category
Public access
# of new public access sites added
through acquisition or easement using
CZM funds
# of existing public access sites that have
been enhanced using CZM funds
# of sites where public access sites are a)
created, b) protected, or c) enhanced
through CZM regulatory activities
Coastal habitat
# of acres of key coastal habitats a)
created or b) restored using CZM funds
# or acres of key coastal habitats
45
protected by acquisition or easement
using CZM funds
# of acres of key coastal habitats lost or
gained due to activities subject to core
CZM regulatory programs
Coastal water quality
% of marinas in the coastal zone
participating in a Clean Marina
designation program
# of volunteer monitoring program
activities in coastal watersheds conducted
with CZM funds
# of miles or # of sites monitored by
volunteer programs
# of coastal communities supported by
CZM funds in developing or
implementing ordinances, policies, or
plans to control or prevent polluted runoff
to coastal waters
Coastal hazards
# of communities in the coastal zone that
have a) undertaken activities to reduce
future damage from hazards and b)
implemented educational programs or
campaigns to raise public awareness of
coastal hazards using CZM funds
# of coastal communities supported by
CZM funds in a) developing and
implementing local plans that incorporate
growth management principles and b)
port or waterfront redevelopment plans
46
Document/Project Title
document also details specific
Sustainable Development Strategy for
strategies and action programmes for
the Seas of East Asia: Regional
implementing the Strategy and
Implementation of the World Summit
discusses how to monitor
on Sustainable Development
implementation progress.
Requirements for the Coasts and
Oceans (2003)
Proposed Principles or Criteria
http://www.pemsea.org/pdf-
Although the document discusses
documents/sds-sea/SDSSEA-Full.pdf
principles for implementation of the
Strategy, it does not discuss the
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
broader principles of ICM.
Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia
Proposed Indicator Framework
(PEMSEA)
The document suggests monitoring
institutional, operational, and
Primary Point(s) of Contact
environmental indicators to assess
Regional Programme Director,
implementation of the Strategy. The
GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional
document proposes interim
Programme on Partnerships in
institutional and operational indicators
Environmental Management for the
for use until final indicators, desired
Seas of East Asia, (632) 920-2211,
targets or reference values for each
info@pemsea.org, www.pemsea.org
indicator, and protocols for assessing
them are widely agreed upon.
Document/Project Summary
Indicators are offered for monitoring
This document describes a strategy
Strategy implementation at the
adopted by East Asian countries for
regional, local, and subregional levels,
integrated coastal and ocean
as well as for implementation of the
management of East Asia seas. The
Strategy by other stakeholders.
National Implementation
Category Indicator
Institutional Coastal/marine
policy
· # of countries under development
· # of countries in place
Operational
National coastal and marine environmental strategy
· under development
· in place
National coastlines with land-and-sea-use development plans
· length of coastline under development
· length of coastline in place
47
Ship waste reception facilities in ports and harbors
· % of ports/harbors with licensed facilities and services
under development
· % of ports/harbors with licensed facilities and services in
place
National marine and coastal areas under environmental
management programmes
· total area under development
· total area in place
River basins under ecosystem development and management
programmes
· total river basin area under development
· total river basin area in place
Local Implementation
Category Indicator
Institutional
Local governments empowered to manage marine coastal
resources
· # of countries under development
· # of countries in place
Operational
Local coastal strategies
· under development
· in place
Length of municipal coastlines under an integrated management
program
· length of coastline under development
· length of coastline in place
ISO 14000 certification of local governments
· # of certifications under development
· # of certifications in place
Sewage treatment
· % of coastal urban population with treatment facilities
under development
· % of coastal urban population with treatment facilities in
place
Drinking water
· % of coastal urban population with treated water supply
under development
· % of coastal urban population with treated water supply in
place
Waste management
· % of coastal urban population with garbage collection and
licensed disposal facilities under development
· % of coastal urban population with garbage collection and
licensed disposal facilities in place
Subregional
48
Category Indicator
Institutional
Intergovernmental environmental management mechanisms for
transborder areas and LMEs
· # of mechanisms under development
· # of mechanisms in place
Operational
Transborder marine areas/LMEs under environmental
management plans
· total transborder/LME marine area under development
· total transborder/LME marine area in place
Sea areas with regional contingency plans and compensation
systems
· sea area under development
· sea area in place
Implementation by other stakeholders
Category Indicator
Private sector
# of ISO 14000 certification of industries and private
enterprises
· under development
· in place
Civil society
# of registered environmental NGOs
· under development
· in place
Academe/scientific
# of graduates from undergraduate or postgraduate
community
programmes on environmental/coastal management
· under development
· in place
# of graduates from short-term training programmes on
environmental/coastal management
· under development
· in place
Level of funding of environmental research and development
programs supported by national/international programmes
· under development
· in place
49
Document/Project Title
systems, such as between air,
Scientific Consensus Statement on
land and sea; and
Marine Ecosystem-Based
·
Integrates ecological, social,
Management, (2005)
economic, and institutional
perspectives, recognizing their
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
strong interdependencies."
Published by the Communication
Partnership for Science and the Sea
The report also includes key elements
(COMPASS), signed by 221 academic
of ecosystem-based management
scientists and policy experts
articulated by the U.S. Commission on
Ocean Policy and the Pew Oceans
Primary Point(s) of Contact
Commission. EBM:
K.L. McLeod, J. Lubchenco, S.R.
·
makes protecting and restoring
Palumbi, and A.A. Rosenberg,
marine ecosystems and their
COMPASS.
services the primary focus,
even above short-term
Document/Project Summary
economic or social goals for
This brief document presents national
single services;
scientific consensus on understanding
·
considers cumulative effects
of marine ecosystems and the concepts
of different activities on the
of ecosystem-based management.
diversity and interactions of
Specifically, the document discusses
species;
the meaning of ecosystem-based
·
facilitates connectivity among
management, the meaning of an
and within marine ecosystems
ecosystem, core scientific knowledge
by accounting for the import
about ecosystems, key elements of
and export of larvae, nutrients,
ecosystem-based management, and
and food;
actions consistent with an ecosystem-
·
incorporates measures that
based approach.
acknowledge the inherent
uncertainties in EBM and
Proposed Principles or Criteria
account for dynamic changes
"Ecosystem-based management:
in ecosystems;
·
emphasizes the protection of
·
creates complementary and
ecosystem structure,
coordinated policies at global,
functioning, and key
international, national,
processes;
regional, and local scales,
·
is place-based in focusing on a
including between coasts and
specific ecosystem and the
watersheds
range of activities affecting it;
·
maintains historical levels of
·
explicitly accounts for the
native biodiversity in
interconnectedness within
ecosystems to provide
systems, recognizing the
resilience to both natural and
importance of interactions
human-induced changes;
between many target species
·
requires evidence that an
or key services and other non-
action will not cause undue
target species;
harm to ecosystem functioning
·
acknowledges
before allowing that action to
interconnectedness among
proceed;
50
·
develops multiple indicators to
governance that accounts for
measure the status of
both local and wider public
ecosystem functioning, service
interests.
provision, and effectiveness of
management efforts; and
Proposed Indicator Framework
·
Involves all stakeholders
N/A
through participatory
51
Document/Project Title
(c) Internalize costs and
The Ecosystem Approach (CBD
benefits in the given ecosystem
Guidelines), (2004)
to the extent feasible.
5. Conservation of ecosystem
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
structure and functioning, in
Secretariat of the Convention on
order to maintain ecosystem
Biological Diversity (CBD)
services, should be a priority
target of the ecosystem
Primary Point(s) of Contact
approach.
The Secretariat of the Convention on
6. Ecosystems must be managed
Biological Diversity,
within the limits of their
secretariat@biodiv.org
functioning.
7. The ecosystem approach should
Document/Project Summary
be undertaken at the
A guidance document offering a
appropriate spatial and
description of the ecosystem approach
temporal scales.
to management, as well as 12
8. Recognizing the varying
principles of the ecosystem approach
temporal scales and lag-effects
along with their rationale, suggested
that characterize ecosystem
annotations to the rationales, and
processes, objectives for
implementation guidelines.
ecosystem management should
be set for the long term.
Proposed Principles or Criteria
9. Management must recognize
1. The objectives of management
that change is inevitable.
of land, water and living
10. The ecosystem approach should
resources are a matter of
seek the appropriate balance
societal choice.
between, and integration of,
2. Management should be
conservation and use of
decentralized to the lowest
biological diversity.
appropriate level.
11. The ecosystem approach should
3. Ecosystem managers should
consider all forms of relevant
consider the effects (actual or
information, including
potential) of their activities on
scientific and indigenous and
adjacent and other ecosystems.
local knowledge, innovations
4. Recognizing potential gains
and practices.
from management, there is
12. The ecosystem approach should
usually a need to understand
involve all relevant sectors of
and manage the ecosystem in
society and scientific
an economic context. Any such
disciplines.
ecosystem-management
programme should:
The document also offers five points of
(a) Reduce those market
"operational guidance for application
distortions that adversely affect
of the ecosystem approach:"
biological diversity;
1. Focus on the functional
(b) Align incentives to promote
processes and relationships
biodiversity conservation and
within ecosystems.
sustainable use;
2. Enhance benefit-sharing.
3. Use adaptive management
practices.
52
4. Carry out management actions
5. Ensure intersectoral
at the scale appropriate for the
cooperation.
issue being addressed, with
decentralization to the lowest
Proposed Indicator Framework
level, as appropriate.
N/A
53
Document/Project Title
participation in planning,
Report on the work of the United
implementation and
Nations Open-ended Informal
management;
Consultative Process on Oceans and
·
Be based on best available
the Law of the Sea at its seventh
knowledge, including
meeting (2006)
traditional, indigenous and
scientific information and be
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
adaptable to new knowledge
United Nations, General Assembly
and experience;
·
Assess risks and apply the
Primary Point(s) of Contact
precautionary approach;
N/A
·
Use integrated decision-
making processes and
Document/Project Summary
management related to
Proceedings of the seventh meeting of
multiple activities and sectors;
the United Nations Open-ended
·
Seek to restore degraded
Informal Consultative Process, which
marine ecosystems where
was established in 1999 to facilitate
possible;
review of developments in ocean
·
Assess the cumulative impacts
affairs and law of the sea by the UN
of multiple human activities
General Assembly. The topic of the
on marine ecosystems;
seventh meeting was ecosystem
·
Take into account ecological,
approaches and oceans.
social, cultural, economic,
legal and technical
Proposed Principles or Criteria
perspectives;
An ecosystem approach should:
·
Seek the appropriate balance
·
Emphasize conservation of
between, and integration of,
ecosystem structures and their
conservation and sustainable
functioning and key processes
use of marine biological
in order to maintain ecosystem
diversity; and
goods and services;
·
Seek to minimize adverse
·
Be applied within
impacts of human activities on
geographically specific areas
marine ecosystems and
based on ecological criteria;
biodiversity, in particular rare
·
Emphasize the interactions
and fragile marine ecosystems.
between human activities and
the ecosystem and among the
Implementation of an ecosystem
components of the ecosystem
approach could be achieved through:
and among ecosystems;
·
Its inclusion in the
·
Take into account factors
development of national
originating outside the
policies and plans;
boundaries of the defined
·
Encouraging and supporting
management are that may
marine scientific research, in
influence marine ecosystems
areas within and beyond
in the management area;
national jurisdiction, in
·
Strive to balance diverse
accordance with international
societal objectives;
law;
·
Be inclusive, with stakeholder
·
Understanding, through
and local communities'
increased research, the
54
impacts of changing climate
the best available scientific
on the health of marine
advice and the application of
ecosystems, and developing
the precautionary approach
management strategies to
and consistent with
maintain and improve the
international law;
natural resilience of marine
·
Identifying and engaging
ecosystems to climate
stakeholders to promote
variations;
cooperation;
·
Understanding, through
·
Sectoral approaches and
increased research, the
integrated management and
impacts of underwater noise
planning on a variety of levels,
on marine ecosystems and
including across boundaries,
taking into account those
in accordance with
impacts;
international law;
·
Where appropriate,
·
Effective integrated
strengthening regional
management across sectors;
fisheries management
·
Advancement of the Plan on
organizations, adapting their
Implementation of the World
mandates and modernizing
Summit on Sustainable
their operations in accordance
Development, including, inter
with international law;
alia, the elimination of
·
Strengthened and improved
destructive fishing practices,
coordination and cooperation
the establishment of marine-
within, and, in accordance
protected areas consistent with
with international law,
international law and based on
between and among States,
scientific information,
intergovernmental
including representative
organizations, regional
networks by 2012 and
scientific research and
time/area closures for the
advisory organizations and
protection of nursery grounds
management bodies;
and periods, proper coastal
·
Effective and full
land use and watershed
implementation of the
planning and the integration of
mandate of existing
marine an coastal areas
multilateral organizations,
management into key sectors;
including those established
and
under UNCLOS;
·
Conducting, in accordance
·
Application of the Rio
with national legislation and
Principles and the use of a
international law, assessments
broad range of management
in relation to marine activities
tools for the conservation and
likely to have a significant
sustainable use of marine
impact on the environment.
biodiversity, including sector
specific and integrated area-
Proposed Indicator Framework
based management tools on a
N/A
case-by-case basis, based on
55
Document/Project Title
A guide to implementation of North
EcoQO Handbook: Handbook for the
Sea ecological quality objectives
Application of Ecological Quality
(EcoQOs), or indicators, developed to
Objectives to the North Sea. First
support application of the ecosystem
Edition. (2007)
approach to management in the area.
http://www.ospar.org/documents/db
The EcoQOs measure progress in
ase/publications/p00307_EcoQO%2
reaching the desired level of elements
0Handbook%202007%201st%20edi
within ten ecological quality issues.
tion.pdf
Proposed Principles or Criteria
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
N/A
OSPAR Commission
Proposed Indicator Framework
Primary Point(s) of Contact
The report describes ecological quality
N/A
objectives for each of 25 elements
within ten ecological quality issues.
Document/Project Summary
See the full report to view the
objectives, which are fairly detailed.
Ecological Quality Issues
Ecological Quality Elements
Commercial fish species
Spawning stock biomass of commercial fish species
in the North Sea
Marine mammals
Seal population trends in the North Sea
By-catch of harbour porpoises
Seabirds
Proportion of oiled common guillemots among those
found dead or dying on beaches
Mercury concentrations in seabird eggs
Organohalogen concentrations in seabird eggs
Plastic particles in stomachs of seabirds
Local sand eel availability to black-legged kittiwakes
Seabird population trends as an index of seabird
community health
Fish communities
Changes in the proportion of large fish and hence the
average weight and average maximum length of the
fish community
Benthic communities
Imposex in dog whelks (Nucella lapillus) or other
selected gastropods
Density of sensitive (e.g., fragile) species
Kills in zoobenthos in relation to eutrophication
Changes in zoobenthos in relation to eutrophication
Plankton communities
Phytoplankton chlorophyll a
Phytoplankton indicator species for eutrophication
Threatened and/or declining
Presence and extent of threatened and/or declining
species
species in the North Sea, as shown on the initial
OSPAR list
Threatened and/or declining
Restore and/or maintain the quality and extent of
habitats
threatened and/or declining habitats in the North Sea,
as shown on the initial OSPAR list
56
Eutrophication
Eutrophication status of the North Sea
Winter nutrient (DIN and DIP) concentrations
Phytoplankton chlorophyll a
Phytoplankton indicator species for eutrophication
Oxygen
Kills in zoobenthos in relation to eutrophication
Changes in zoobenthos in relation to eutrophication
57
Document/Project Title
implementation of the Work
United Nations Commission on
Programme on Indicators of
Sustainable Development (CSD),
Sustainable Development adopted by
(2007)
the Commission on Sustainable
http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo
Development (CSD) at its Third
/indicators/isd.htm
Session in April 1995 and presented to
the CSD in 2001."
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
United Nations Division for
Proposed Principles or Criteria
Sustainable Development
N/A
Primary Point(s) of Contact
Proposed Indicator Framework
Matthias Bruckner, Associate
The set consists of 96 indicators, 50 of
Sustainable Development Office,
which are designated as core
Division for Sustainable Development,
indicators, with the remaining
United Nations Department for
indicators allowing for a more
Economic and Social Affairs, Email:
comprehensive and differentiated
brucknerm@un.org.
assessment of sustainable development
by countries. The indicators are
Document/Project Summary
presented in a framework of 14
"The CSD indicator set is based on the
themes, and additional sub-themes.
previous two editions, which have
One of the 14 themes is Oceans, seas
been developed, improved and
and coasts.
extensively tested as part of the
Theme
Sub-theme
Core Indicator
Other Indicator
Oceans,
Coastal zone
Percentage of total
Bathing water quality
seas, and
population living in coastal
coasts
areas
Fisheries
Proportion of fish stocks
within safe biological limits
Marine
Proportion of marine area
Marine trophic index
environment
protected
Area of coral reef
ecosystems and
percentage live cover
58
Document/Project Title
human modification of coastal zone
Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems
and what we know concerning five
(PAGE): Coastal Ecosystems, (2001)
important goods and services provided
http://pdf.wri.org/page_coastal.pdf
by coastal ecosystems." The report
synthesizes existing reports and is one
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
in a series of five PAGE reports on
World Resources Institute
five main categories of ecosystems:
agriculture, forests, freshwater
Primary Point(s) of Contact
systems, grasslands, and coastal and
Lauretta Burke (WRI), Yumiko Kura
marine ecosystems.
(WRI), Ken Kassem (WRI), Carmen
Revenga (WRI), Mark Spalding
Proposed Principles or Criteria
(UNEP-WCMC), Don McAllister
N/A
(Ocean Voice International)
Proposed Indicator Framework
Document/Project Summary
The report proposes indicators in the
"Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems
broad area of coastal zone extent and
(PAGE): Coastal Ecosystems analyzes
change as well as indicators for five
quantitative and qualitative
important goods and services provided
information and develops selected
by coastal ecosystems: shoreline
indicators of the condition of the
stabilization, water quality,
world's coastal ecosystems and marine
biodiversity, food production: marine
fisheries. Specifically the study looks
resources, and tourism and recreation.
at measures that show the degree of
Category Indicator
Coastal zone extent and change
Coastal zone extent
Characterization of natural features
Extent of natural habitats
Loss of natural habitats
Natural versus altered land cover within
100km of coastline
Human population within 100 km of
coastline
Disturbance to benthic community--
distribution of trawling grounds
Shoreline Stabilization
Natural versus altered land cover within
100 km of coastline
Beach area/profile
Severity and impact of natural hazards
Vulnerability to erosion and coastal
hazard
Low-lying areas
Water Quality
Eutrophication parameters
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) events
Global occurrence of hypoxic zones
Shellfish bed closures
Beach closures
59
Beach tar balls
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and
heavy metal accumulation in marine
organisms
Oil spills (frequency and volume)
Solid waste accumulation on beaches
Biodiversity
Species richness
Conservation values
Threatened species
Habitat degradation--coral bleaching
Threats to habitat
Threats to ecosystem structure
Food Production
Analysis of the condition of fish stocks
Commercial harvest of important fish
stocks
Percentage change in catch from the peak
year
Change in tropic composition of fish
catch
Tourism and Recreation
Value to tourism and employment in the
tourism sector
Importance of tourism to the economy
Tourist arrivals
Equitable distribution of tourism
benefit--leakage of tourism revenue
60
Document/Project Title
broad update on the global status of
The State of the Marine Environment:
these nine threats, providing regional
Trends and Processes, (2006)
and sometimes national examples.
http://www.gpa.unep.org/documents/so
e_-_trends_and_english.pdf
Proposed Principles or Criteria
N/A
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
Global Programme of Action for the
Proposed Indicator Framework
Protection of the Marine Environment
The document offers a broad
(GPA) of the United Nations
assessment of global status in nine
Environment Programme (UNEP)
primary land-based threats to the
coastal and marine environment, but
Primary Point(s) of Contact
does not propose specific indicators for
Dr. Ljubomir Jeftic (Research and
those threats: sewage, persistent
Compilation)
organic pollutants (POPs), radioactive
substances, heavy metals, oils
Document/Project Summary
(hydrocarbons), nutrients, sediment
The authoring agency, GPA, is
mobilization, marine litter, and
committed to dealing with nine land-
physical alteration and destruction of
based threats to the marine
habitats.
environment. This report provides a
61
Document/Project Title
Western and Central Europe (WCE).
Europe's environment--the fourth
The report highlights priority areas
assessment (2007)
such as environment-related health
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/state_of_en
concerns (issues related to air quality,
vironment_report_2007_1/en
inland waters, soil, hazardous
chemicals), climate change,
Authoring Agency/Organization(s)
biodiversity loss, overuse of marine
European Environment Agency (EEA)
resources, the current patterns of
production and consumption, and
Primary Point(s) of Contact
pressures caused by econonmic
European Environment Agency,
activities (agriculture, tourism,
eea.europa.eu, eea.europa.eu/enquiries
transport, energy). The document
for inquiries.
includes a chapter (5) entitled "Marine
and Coastal Environment."
Document/Project Summary
"The latest in a series of assessments
Proposed Principles or Criteria
of the pan-European environment
N/A
published over the past 15 years by the
EEA, the report assesses
Proposed Indicator Framework
environmental progress in 53 countries
The document identifies seven key
-- an area with a total population of
marine and coastal issues across pan-
more than 870 million people. The
European seas and discusses multiple
region includes: Eastern Europe,
sub-issues, or broad indicators, within
Caucasus and Central Asia (EECCA),
each of those key issues.
South Eastern Europe (SEE), as well as
Key Issues
Sub-issues
Eutrophication
Extent of eutrophication
Loads and sources of nutrients
Nutrient concentrations
Chlorophyll-a
Fisheries
Fish catches
Fishing fleets
Status of fisheries
Ecological impacts
Pollution from hazardous
Inputs and sources or hazardous substances
substances
Trends in concentrations and impacts of hazardous
substances
Oil pollution
Accidental oil spills
Operational oil discharges from ships
Pollution from the oil industry
Invasive alien species
Modes, rate of introduction and responses
Coastal zones
Concentration of population and major urban
developments
Natural assets and protected areas
Development of coastal zones and related habitat loss
Climate change and seas
Sea surface temperature
Sea level rise
62
Arctic ice cover
Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems
Acidification of the seas
63
Steering Committee, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands*
Co-Chairs
Management Project (MACEMP),
Satya Nandan, Secretary-General,
Charles Ehler, Consultant to UNESCO
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Gerard J.
Ministry of Natural Resources and
International Seabed Authority,
Julius Francis, Executive Secretary,
Mangone Center for Marine Policy,
Tourism
Jamaica
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
University of Delaware (also Head of
Rolph Payet, Advisor to the President,
Tiago Pitta e Cunha, Member, Cabinet
Association, Tanzania
Secretariat, Global Forum)
Seychelles
of Fisheries and Maritime
Matthew Gianni, Political Advisor,
Patricio A. Bernal, Executive-
Lori Ridgeway, Director-General,
Commissioner, European Commission
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition,
Secretary, Intergovernmental
International Coordination and Policy
Mary Power, Director, Resource
Netherlands
Oceanographic Commission,
Analysis, Department of Fisheries and
Mobilization Office, World
Vladimir Golitsyn, Professor of
UNESCO, Paris, France
Oceans, Canada, and Camille Mageau,
Meteorological Association
International Law, Moscow State
Veerle Vandeweerd, Director,
Director, Marine Ecosystems
Cristelle Pratt, Director, South Pacific
University of International Relations
Environment and Energy Group,
Conservation Branch, Department of
Applied Geoscience Commission
Lynne Hale, Director, Marine
United Nations Development
Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
(SOPAC), Fiji
Strategy, The Nature Conservancy
Programme (UNDP)
Mario Ruivo, Intersectoral
Diane Quarless, Chief, Small Island
Art Hanson, former Ministerial Ocean
Governmental
Oceanographic Commission, Ministry
Developing States Unit, UNDESA
of Science, Technology, and Higher
Ambassador, Department of Fisheries
David Balton, Deputy Assistant
Education, Portugal
John Richardson, Head, Maritime
and Oceans, Canada, member of the
Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries,
Policy Task Force, European
Canadian Foundation for Innovation
Indroyono Soesilo, Chairman, Agency
Bureau of Oceans, U.S. Department of
Commission
(CFI)
for Marine and Fisheries Research,
State
Department of Marine Affairs and
Anne Rogers, United Nations
Gregor Hodgson, Director, Reef
Phil Burgess, Director, Cetacean
Fisheries, Indonesia
Department of Economic and Social
Check
Policy and Recovery, Department of
Affairs (UNDESA)
Ambassador Enele S. Sopoaga,
Paul Holthus, Independent Consultant
the Environment and Water
Tuvalu, Former Vice-Chair, Alliance
Eduard Sarukhanian, Director, World-
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent
Resources, Australia
of Small Island Developing States
Weather-Watch-Applications, World
Consultant and former Director,
Nguyen Chu Hoi, Director, Institute of
(AOSIS)
Meteorological Organization (WMO),
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Fisheries Economics and Planning,
Switzerland
Chris Tompkins, Independent
Commission (IOC)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Consultant
Alan Simcock, Independent
Dan Laffoley, World Commission on
Development, Vietnam
Consultant
Intergovernmental
Protected Areas-Marine, IUCN
Aldo Cosentino, Director-General,
Dann Sklarew, Director and Chief
Carl Lundin, Head, IUCN Marine
Directorate for Nature Protection, Sea
Salvatore Arico, Programme
Technical Advisor, GEF, IW:LEARN
Programme
Protection, Ministry for Environment
Specialist, Ecological Sciences,
Asterio Takesy, Director, Secretariat
and Protection of the Territory, Italy
UNESCO
Dawn Martin, President, Sea Web,
for the Pacific Regional Environment
USA
Margaret Davidson, Director, Coastal
Julian Barbiere and Stefano Belfiore,
Programme
Services Center, National Oceanic and
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Gerald Miles, The Nature
Khulood Tubaishat, Advisor, The
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Commission, France
Conservancy, Pacific Region,
Regional Organization for the
USA
Chua Thia-Eng, Partnership in
Brisbane, Australia
Conservation of the Environment of
Antonio Diaz de Leon, Director-
Environmental Management for the
the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Iouri Oliounine, Executive Director,
General, Environmental, Regional
Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA),
(PERSGA)
International Ocean Institute, Malta
Integration and Sectoral Policy,
IMO/UNDP/GEF, Philippines
Chika Ukwe, Industrial Development
Pietro Parravano, President, Institute
Environment and Natural Resources
Anjan Datta, Global Programme for
Officer (International Waters), United
for Fisheries Resources, World
Ministry (SEMARNAT), Mexico
the Protection of the Marine
Nations Industrial Development
Fisheries Forum
Ambassador Angus Friday, Chair,
Environment from Land-Based
Organization (UNIDO)
Sian Pullen, Independent Consultant,
Alliance of Small Island States
Activities, The Hague
Marjo Vierros, Visiting Professor,
New Zealand, and former Head of
(AOSIS), Permanent Representative of
Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary,
Institute of Advanced Studies, United
European and Middle East Marine
Grenada to the United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity
Nations University, Vancouver
Program, WWF International, UK
Gi-Jun Han, Ministry of Maritime
Al Duda, Senior Advisor, International
Eugenio Yunis, Chief, Sustainable
Victoria Radchenko, Director,
Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of
Waters, Global Environment Facility
Development of Tourism World
International Ocean Institute, Ukraine
Korea
(GEF)
Tourism Organization
Tony Ribbink, Director, Sustainable
Elie Jarmache, Chargé de Mission,
Serge Garcia, Independent Consultant,
A.H. Zakri, Director, Institute of
Seas Trust
Secrétariat Général de la Mer, France
and Former Director, Marine Fisheries
Advanced Studies, United Nations
Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Centro de
Magnus Johannesson, Secretary-
Resources Division, Food and
University, Yokohama
Ecologia, Pesquerias y Oceanographia
General, Ministry for the
Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Nongovernmental
del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX),
Environment, Iceland
Marea E. Hatziolos, Senior Coastal
Mexico
Ambassador Jagdish Koonjul,
and Marine Specialist, Environment
Milton Asmus, International
Nirmal Jivan Shah, Chief Executive,
Mauritius, former Chair, Alliance of
Department, The World Bank
Representative, Brazilian Agency for
Nature Seychelles
Small Island States (AOSIS)
Coastal Management
Indumathie Hewawasam, Independent
Alan Simcock, former Executive
Gerhard Kuska, Associate Director
Consultant
Awni Behnam, President, International
Director, OSPAR, and former co-
and Director of Ocean and Coastal
Ocean Institute, Malta
Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical
chair, UN Informal Consultative
Policy, White House Council on
Advisor, International Waters,
Charles A. Buchanan, Administrator
Process on Ocean Affairs and Law of
Environmental Quality, USA
UNDP/GEF
Luso-American Development
the Sea
Tom Laughlin, Deputy Director,
Foundation, Portugal
David Johnson, Executive Secretary,
Nancy Targett, Dean, University of
International Affairs Office, National
OSPAR Convention, London
Torkil J. Clausen, Managing Director,
Delaware College of Marine and Earth
Oceanic and Atmospheric
DHI Water Policy and Senior Adviser,
Studies
Administration (NOAA), USA
Vladimir Mamaev, GEF Regional
Global Water Partnership
Technical Advisor, UNDP, Europe
Kristian Teleki, International Coral
Haiqing Li, Deputy Director-General,
and the CIS, Slovak Republic
Simon Cripps, Director, Global
Reef Action Network, Switzerland
State Oceanic Administration (SOA),
Marine Programme, World Wide Fund
Hiroshi Terashima, Executive
China
Franklin McDonald, Adviser, UNEP
For Nature (WWF) International
Caribbean Environment Programme
Director, Institute for Ocean Policy,
John Low, Adviser to the Minister of
(UNEP/CEP), and former Director,
Richard Delaney, Executive Director,
Ocean Policy Research Foundation,
Marine Resources for the Cook Islands
National Environmental Policy
Center for Coastal Studies,
Japan
Rejoice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister
Agency, Jamaica
Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA
Grant Trebble, African Marine and
of Environmental Affairs and
Vaclav Mikulka, Director, UN
Annick de Marffy, former Director of
Coastal Resource Over-exploitation
Tourism, South Africa
Division for Ocean Affairs and the
Division of Ocean Affairs and Law of
Prevention Strategy (AMCROPS),
Jan Mees, Director, Flanders Marine
Law of the Sea
the Sea (UNDOALOS), United
South Africa
Institute, Belgium
Nations International Consultant
Ali Mohamed, Coordinator, Coastal
Philippe Vallette and Manuel Cira,
Guillermo Garcia Montero, President,
and Marine Secretariat, New
Sylvia Earle, Chair, Deep Ocean
NAUSICAA, France, and the World
National Aquarium, Havana, Cuba
Partnership for Africa's Development
Exploration and Research (DOER),
Ocean Network
and Explorer-in-Residence, National
Magnus Ngoile, Team Leader, Marine
(NEPAD), Kenya
Geographic Society
David VanderZwaag, IUCN Specialist
and Coastal Environmental
Group on Ocean Law and Governance
* Please note: Members of the Steering Committee participate in their individual capacities.