4TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON
OCEANS, COASTS, AND ISLANDS
Working Group on
Capacity Development
POLICY BRIEF ON CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Global Oceans Conference
GOC 2008
Vietnam
R O Korea
Indonesia
Organized by the
Global Forum on Oceans,
Coasts, and Islands and
Hosted by the Government of
CANADA
Vietnam, Ministry of
Flemish Government,
Belgium
Agriculture and Rural
Development
with principal funding
from the Global
Environment Facility
Pre-conference version, March 30, 2008
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands--Strategic Oceans Planning to 2016
The Global forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands has undertaken a strategic planning effort for the period 2006-2016
to develop policy recommendations for specific next steps needed to advance the global oceans agenda aimed at
governments, UN agencies, NGOs, industry, and scientific groups. To this effect, Working Groups have been
organized around 12 major topic areas related to the global oceans commitments made at the 2002 World Summit on
Sustainable Development and to emerging issues facing the global oceans community.
The Working Groups have been organized and coordinated by the Global Forum Secretariat, under the direction of
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair and Head of Secretariat, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, and
involving the following staff from the Gerard J. Mangone Center for Marine Policy, University of Delaware: Miriam
Balgos, Kateryna Wowk, Caitlin Snyder, Shelby Hockenberry, and Kathleen McCole.
Working Group on Capacity Development
WORKING GROUP LEADER:
Jan Mees, Flanders Marine Institute, Belgium
Ali Mohamed, NEPAD
Indumathie Hewawasam, Independent Consultant, formerly
The World Bank
Magnus Ngoile, Marine and Costal Environment
Management Project, Tanzania
Michael O'Toole, Benguela Current LME
WORKING GROUP MEMBERS:
Marina N'Deye, Portugal
Fazal Ibrahim Ali, Universities Consortium Coordinator,
University of the West Indies
Isabel Noronha, Portugal
Margarita Astralaga, IUCN-Spain
Victoria Radchenko, International Ocean Institute,
Ukraine
Robert Bechtloff, UNEP/GPA
Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Centro de Ecologia,
Awni Behnam, International Ocean Institute
Pesquerias y Oceanographia del Golfo de Mexico,
(EPOMEX), Mexico
Charles A. Buchanan, Administrator Luso-American
Development Foundation, Portugal
Mario Ruivo, Portuguese Committee for
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC)
Chua Thia-Eng, PEMSEA
Dann Sklarew, GEF IW:LEARN
Margaret Davidson, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration Coastal Services Center
Cesar Toro, IOCARIBE
Ehrlich Desa, Capacity Building Section, UNESCO
Grant Trebble, African Marine and Coastal Resource
Over-exploitation Prevention Strategy (AMCROPS),
Ambassador Luís Fonseca, Comunidade dos Países de
South Africa
Lingua Portuguesa (CPLP)
LaVerne Walker, Coastal Zone Unit, St. Lucia
Anamarija Frankic, University of Massachusetts Boston
Dixon Waruinge, UNEP Regional Seas
Julius Francis, Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
Association, Tanzania
Rolf Willmann, FAO
Guillermo Garcia Montero, Acuario Nacional, Comite
Oceanografico Nacional, Cuba
Khulood Tubaishat, Regional Organization for the
Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and
Gulf of Aden (PERSGA)
Ampai Harakunarak, Thailand Environment Institute
Nedal M. Al Ouran, Al-Balqa Applied University,
Alice Hicuburundi, UN DOALOS
Jordan, and Advisor to PERSGA
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent Consultant and former
Ademilson Zamboni, Integrated Coastal Zone
Director, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
Management Program, Brazil
(IOC)
Ignatius KV Kauvee, University of Namibia
Mai Trong Nhuan, Ha Noi National University, Vietnam
Robin Mahon, Caribbean LME Programme
Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
Working Group on Capacity Development
Policy Brief:
Strategic Interventions for Developing Capacity to Improve Governance of
Oceans, Coasts, and Small Island Developing States Over the Period 2008 to
2018
Lead Author:
Indumathie Hewawasam
Draft March 30, 2008
Table of Contents
Foreword by Biliana Cicin-Sain, Global Forum
iii
Policy Brief
1. What is Capacity Development?
1
2. Why is developing capacity important for managing
1
oceans, coasts and small island states?
3. Why is the success of most capacity development
2
programs mixed at best?
4. Strategic Framework for developing and enhancing
4
capacity for ocean and coastal governance
5. Implementing the Strategy
8
6. Conclusion
14
References
16
ii
Foreword
Capacity Development in Ocean and Coastal Management
Capacity development on ecosystem-based integrated coastal and ocean management is
essential to achieve sustainable development of oceans and coasts and the development of
suitable responses to address climate change, preserve biodiversity and resources, provide
for sustainable livelihoods from oceans and coasts, as well as respond to new and
emerging challenges.
As the Policy Brief on Capacity Development developed by Working Group Chair
Indumathie Hewawasam demonstrates, notwithstanding much development support from
various donors, the on-the-ground results in terms of long-term and in-country and in-
region institutionalized capacity development have been disappointing.
Under its GEF/MSP grant, Fostering a Global Dialogue on Oceans, Coasts, and SIDS,
and on Freshwater-Coastal-Marine Interlinkages, in the period 2005 to 2008, the Global
Forum conducted assessment in 7 different world regions to ascertain the status of
capacity development efforts in ocean and coastal management and to identify gaps and
needs. The assessments were carried out by regional consultants in the following
regions: Pacific Islands, Caribbean, Atlantic Small Island Developing States, Indian
Ocean, East Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In addition, an 8th assessment focused on
the capacity development needs of the 8 nations forming part of the Community of
Portuguese-Speaking Nations (Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique,
Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor Leste) was formulated by high-level participants
from these countries at the Ocean Policy Summit organized by the Global Forum in
Portugal in October 2005, In particular, the assessments addressed: 1) the presence (or
absence) of university formal programs related to ocean and coastal management in
countries in the region; 2) the presence (or absence) of informal programs on ocean and
coastal management targeted to decision makers in countries in the region; 3) gaps in
both formal and informal programs on capacity building in ocean and coastal
management.
The following regional capacity assessments were carried out and are available on the
Global Forum's website: http://www.globaloceans.org
1. Implementing the Pacific Islands Regional Oceans Policy: A Rapid Assessment on
the Status of Ocean and Coastal Management in the Pacific Islands Region with
recommendations for Immediate Priority Actions
Cristelle Pratt and Mary Power, Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission
(SOPAC), and Alf Simpson, Independent Consultant (2006)
2. Strategies for Implementing Coastal and Ocean Management in the Wider
Caribbean Region
iii
Franklin McDonald, United Nations Environment Programme, and Peter Edwards,
University of Delaware (2007)
3. Implementation Strategy for Advancing Ocean and Coastal Management in the
Atlantic SIDS
Marina Pereira Silva, Independent Consultant, Cape Verde, and Isabel Torres de Noronha,
Portugal, Oceans Strategy Advisor to Community of Portuguese-Speaking Nations
(2006)
4. Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, and the South China Sea (AIMS) SIDS
Rapid Assessment: Policy Analysis on Strategies for Implementation of Ocean and
Coastal Management Priorities
Nirmal Jivan Shah, Nature Seychelles; Peter Edwards, Jamaica; LaVerne Walker, St.
Lucia; Lindsey Williams, US (2006).
5. Assessment of East Asia's Capacity Building in Oceans and Coastal Governance
PEMSEA, UNESCO-IOC, and the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands
(2007)
6. Assessment of Africa's Capacity Building Needs for the Development and
Implementation of Ecosystem-based Ocean Governance
Ali Mohammed and James Kamula, New Partnership for Africa's Development
(NEPAD) Coastal and Marine Coordination Unit (COSMAR) Secretariat
(2008)
7. Capacity Assessment in Ocean and Coastal Management in Latin America
Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), Mexico, and Patricia
Arceo, Consejo Nacional del Agua (2008 assessment in draft)
8. Assessment of Needs in Capacity Development for Ocean and Coastal
Management in the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Nations
Community of Portuguese-speaking Nations (CPLP) (2006)
While these assessments differ in the details of what is available and what is lacking in
each region, they invariably emphasize:
--the need for long-term funding and commitment to achieve the institutionalization of
capacity in ocean and coastal management, getting away from "a string of short courses
which do not add up to professional accreditation in the field;"
--the need to enhance in-country and in-region capacity, getting away from overreliance
on study abroad arrangements and on "twinning arrangements" with developed countries;
--study materials and curriculum geared to national needs and in the relevant national
languages
iv
Considering what type of capacity development is needed, the various assessments as
well as the Policy Brief on Capacity Development discuss various forms of capacity
development aimed at national, provincial and local decisionmakers; local communities;
training the next generation of leaders; the private sector; the public-at-large.
Given that the Global Forum is a global entity bringing together ocean leaders from
governments, international agencies, NGOs, science groups, and the private sector to
advance the global oceans agenda, it seems most appropriate for the Global Forum to
focus especially on the development of strategic directions to foster, on a long-term and
continuous basis, the further development of current ocean leaders and to educate and
train the new generation of ocean leaders.
By "ocean leadership," I mean the development of a broad vision and skills to be able to
address the thorny issues related to oceans, coasts, small island developing States,
biodiversity, and climate in an integrated manner, understanding the interrelationships
among issues and the impacts of uses and activities on the marine environment and on
each other. While rooted in the context, culture, and experience of a particular country,
an ocean leader will have the ability to understand the complex interplay among
international, national, and local policies and politics which typically molds actions in the
oceans area. The ocean leader will have a deep appreciation of the meaning of ocean
stewardship and of public benefit from sustainable ocean use and of his/her personal
responsibility to future generations and to the global community in this regard. The
ocean leader will have, as well, the capacity to think, act, and negotiate strategically to
advance stewardship of oceans at national and international levels. The ocean leader will
have the capacity to negotiate strategically with other countries and the private sector to
insure that the ocean resources in the areas of his/her national jurisdiction are used
sustainably and for the benefit of the country's public and especially of its coastal
communities. The ocean leader will have sufficient knowledge and understanding of
marine science, economics, public administration, and politics, to enable him/her to
formulate and implement ocean policies in an effective and efficient manner and with
lasting benefits to the public and to coastal communities.
To foster the continued development of current ocean leaders, in-service training and
ocean awareness workshops would be a good avenue for fostering the further
development and skills needed to develop and implement appropriate policy measures to
manage oceans sustainably.
Regarding educating and training the new generation of ocean leaders, specialized
programs in ocean and coastal management will be needed in universities, especially at
the post-graduate level, with the collaboration of training institutes in the field. There
should be engagement of national authorities in the establishment and operation of these
programs so that the programs can be institutionalized and play a useful role in assisting
the country's ocean development at both national and local levels, through targeted
research and outreach that addresses the country's ocean problems. A model that has
been advocated by many which I also think would be most useful is the development of
Regional Consortia involving university institutions in several countries where each
v
university would be a focal point in a particular specialty and where students could travel
and take courses and get credits at the other participating institutions.
The University Consortium of Small Island States, created at the 2005 Mauritius
International Meeting, represents a good model of how such Consortia might operate,
since the Chancellors of the participating universities--Universities of Malta, Mauritius,
South Pacific, Virgin Islands, and the West Indies, have already agreed to create curricula
that serves the broader agenda of supporting the Mauritius mandate for Small Island
Developing States and involves free exchanges of students with portable credits.
All of these suggestions will, of course, require funding, both domestic and external.
Mobilizing to generate country buy-in and multi-donor funding will be an important
priority.
In the next phase of the Global Forum's work, we hope to have seed funding to begin
moving in this dual direction--ocean leadership training for high-level leaders and
education of the next generation of ocean leaders with Global Forum partners. We thus
look forward to the Global Conference discussions for detailed recommendations in this
regard.
Discussions on Capacity Development at the Global Oceans Conference
1. Consider the implications of the Capacity Development Policy Brief. What specific
directions should be adopted?
2. Consider the question of ocean leadership awareness and training for high-level
leaders. What would be the most efficient way of carrying this out in various regions?
Through what modalities?
3. Consider the question of education, training, and certification of new ocean leaders
using in-country universities and possibly collaborating in Regional Consortia. What
form would such programs take? How could such a system be mobilized?
4. Consider the question of enhancing the ocean and coastal management curricula of
universities participating in the University Consortium of Small Island States (UCSIS).
What is the current situation? How can the "ocean" aspect of the UCSIS be enhanced?
5. Consider how the Working Group on Capacity Development and the Working Group
on Public Education/Outreach/Media can best collaborate to produce and apply public
education materials that can be used to educate broad audiences as well as be tailored to
particular community settings.
6. Discuss how a multi-donor initiative in capacity development, coupled with in-country
buy-in and support from regional entities, can be mobilized to support the capacity
development initiatives noted above.
vi
The Global Forum Secretariat thanks with deep appreciation all the members and leaders
of the Working Group on Capacity Development who have been working together for
several years to make critical advances in this crucial area. In particular, the leadership
and vision of Dr. Indumathie Hewawasam who has led the capacity development group
of the Global Forum since 2001, is acknowledged with sincere gratitude, as is the
leadership and vision of Dr. Awni Behnam, head of the International Ocean Institute,
who has contributed so much to advancing oceans governance capacity around the world.
Biliana
Cicin-Sain
Global
Forum
on
Oceans,
Coasts,
and
Islands
vii
Policy Brief:
Strategic Interventions for Developing Capacity to Improve
Governance of Oceans, Coasts, and Small Island Developing
States Over the Period 2008 to 2018
1. What is Capacity Development?
resources of the ocean and coastal
areas. Capacity development in
There are a number of definitions for
institutions is to improve their
capacity development or capacity building.
processes and build technical skills to
According to the recent study published by
perform their mandates better.
the National Research Council (NRC) of
Capacity building in civil society is to
the National Academies of Science (NAS)
empower people to understand and
(2008):
resolve issues associated with
managing resources and to maximize
Capacity building describes
the opportunities towards a better
programs designed to strengthen
livelihood.
the knowledge, abilities,
relationships and values that enable
2. Why is developing capacity
organizations, groups and
important for managing oceans,
individuals to reach their goals for
coasts and small island states?
sustainable use of ocean and
coastal resources. It includes
The issues confronting oceans, coasts and
strengthening the institutions,
small island states are becoming ever more
processes, systems and rules that
serious. The trends combined with new
influence collective and individual
and emerging issues are placing national,
behavior and performance in all
regional and global institutions at risk.
related endeavors. Capacity
Addressing them on a sustainable basis
building also enhances people's
requires capacity at different levels: in
ability to make informed choices
government, in the private sector, in NGOs
and fosters their willingness to play
and at the community level. To mobilize
new developmental roles and adapt
external or internal financing to address
to new challenge.
issues requires capacity. Using the funds
efficiently and effectively also requires
The World Bank Institute, in a report
capacity. To ensure sustainability of ocean
published in 2004, defines "capacity"
and coastal programs, managing risks,
as "the ability to access and use
monitoring, scaling up and replicating
knowledge to perform a task" and
successes cannot be done in the absence of
capacity enhancement as "focusing on
capacity. Developing policy institutions
performance in carrying out change"
towards good governance will not happen
(WBI, 2004).
in the absence of capacity. Ensuring
equity and sharing of resources require
In the context of sustainable
capacity. Using or misusing information
management of oceans, coasts and
depends on capacity. Compliance with
small islands, capacity development
international conventions and agreements
involves investment in people,
requires improved capacity. Enabling
institutions, and society to understand
people to engage their governments on
the values associated with the
access to resources and management of
those resources effectively requires
for the mixed success of capacity
capacity. Using and managing technical
development programs. They include:
assistance effectively needs capacity
within government. Negotiating access
a) Ownership: Whose project is it? CD
agreements with the private sector will
programs often lack ownership, being
prove to be detrimental to the nation in the
too removed from the local context.
absence of adequate capacity. Monitoring,
Often the programs reflect external
control and surveillance to reduce illegal
priorities rather than the regional,
activity will not happen in the absence of
national or local priorities. They are
capacity. Managing conflicts between
not linked to ongoing programs in the
resource users requires capacity.
region or country. External advisers
Ownership of a program to manage ocean
run the program from inception to
and coastal resources and space requires
closure without transferring technical
capacity. Effective and credible leadership
know-how to the local level. The
is dependent on capacity.
programs are designed with little input
from national stakeholders, the
There are many projects and programs to
monitoring and evaluation is done by
support capacity. Usually they are part of
external consultants and advisers who
large investments funded by the donor
often refer to the program or project as
community. Equally, there are a number of
being `my program'. These programs
academic programs that play a big role in
normally die when the funding ends
capacity development. The IOI `Ocean-
with a few people trained and many
Learn' training programs are an example.
studies carried out. In many instances,
However, as noted by the NRC study
key stakeholders in government are not
(NAS, 2008), these programs are typically
even aware of the program and in some
"fragmented, lack standards for effective
instances request another donor to
monitoring and evaluation and are
support the very same program or
frequently too short-term to achieve and
elements of it.
sustain effective ocean and coastal
If sound policies are to be enacted and
management". Other challenges are
the institutional framework is to be
discussed in the next section.
strengthened to manage the ocean and
coast resource wisely, government has
3. Why is the success of most
to have ownership of the program.
capacity development programs
Externally-driven policy is either not
mixed at best?
enacted by Parliament or even if
enacted will not be implemented.
Drawing from the NAS study as well as
b) Lack of Political Will. Political will
the Regional Assessments supported by
is related to the Ownership issue. The
the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and
presence or absence of political will
Small Islands1, there are a range of reasons
largely impact the success of the CD
program. Capacity development for an
Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)
1 The Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Islands
program at the regional and local level
supported 8 Regional Capacity Needs Assessments
will not be successful if the national
to get an understanding about the issues and
policymakers are not aware or
constraints the different regions are facing in
capacity development and the options to resolve
supportive of the program. Zoning or
these issues on a regional basis. These assessments
gazettement of sensitive areas will not
have provided valuable contributions to this paper.
take place and efforts to control illegal
The different papers and their authors are cited in
or unsustainable activity will not
the references.
2
succeed in the absence of support from
a holistic vision, with a focus on
the national level. At the same time
linkages between sectors and CD
the presence of strong political will at
programs in other sectors. For instance
the regional and local level can bring
a CD program for ICM needs to be
pressure on the national level in
fully integrated with the government's
situations where the national
decentralization program to be
policymaker may appear to be
successful and sustainable.
influenced by vested interests.
e) Lack of Coordination Among
c) Limited Engagement of
Donors. The lack of coordination
Stakeholders. CD programs that are
among donors supporting CD is a
externally driven sometimes fail since
serious problem. Single sector focus,
they do not engage all relevant
attention on only one level of
stakeholders. For example, they may
government or only on the community
focus on national level actors whereas
level and fragmentation are all
the government is emphasizing
common problems. Coordination also
decentralization. Regional or
has its challenges including the
provincial and local level stakeholders
different administration and financial
may have little ownership or capacity
procedures, and funding cycles of
to implement the policy driven by
different donors. Other difficulties
external and national actors. In the
include changing thematic focus of
same way, a CD program in support of,
different donors. In the Africa region,
for example, the establishment of a
all multilateral and many bilateral
marine protected area may only focus
donors have agreed to financing the
on conservation dimensions when the
priorities governments lay out in their
government's emphasis is on poverty
poverty reduction strategies. This
reduction and employment generation.
comprises a programmatic approach to
Implementation will likely fail since
funding to allow coordination and
the program designers have not built
synergy. There are, however,
on synergies within the national
advantages and disadvantages with this
policies and discussed options such as
approach too. The poverty reduction
multiple-use marine management areas
programs rarely focus on ocean and
with core conservation zones.
coastal sectors. The rationale is that
these sectors: fisheries, tourism, oil,
d) Short Term and Fragmented Nature
gas, mining, all earn revenues (as
of Typical Investment in CD. CD
opposed to e.g., education and health).
programs to be successful typically
This is, however, a "catch 22" situation
require a long-term engagement.
because the revenues earned often have
Unfortunately, most donors cannot
to be transferred to the national
commit resources for more than 5 or at
treasury. CD in these sectors is
most 6 years. Due to the common lag
therefore donor dependent. And the
time in the start up of a program, the
donors are dependent on their
CD initiatives start implementation in
respective procedural requirements and
the second year. This situation
thematic emphases. The ideal solution
typically leaves 2-3 years to implement
in this type of situation is for the
the CD which is unrealistic, especially
government to play a lead role in
where the recipients of the CD are
coordinating the different donors
starting at a very low level. The
around a set of CD objectives. In order
investments are also fragmented rather
for the government to play this lead
than comprehensive. They do not have
role, they need to have sufficient
3
awareness and ownership of the oceans
investments in CD in ocean and coastal
agenda. This topic is further discussed
management be? It is obviously a difficult
in the implementation section.
question and it will be a great challenge to
make all stakeholders happy with a single
f) Poor attention to Context. Many CD
framework or response.
programs are designed with very little
attention to the context. Even within
In order to attract support from
one region there are a number of
multilateral, bilateral, NGO, and private
variations in capacity. As noted by
sector partners the framework for CD
Mohammed and Kamula, in the Africa
needs to be linked to the global priorities
region, management and scientific
of this donor community. This is
capacity and decision-making in the
sometimes a moving target since the
region vary greatly. They cite the
priorities of the donors also change
example of South Africa and Comoros.
according to global phenomena, political
The authors also note the differences
priorities of the donor nations, and
of language, varying political and legal
economic realities. Most importantly, the
approaches to ocean governance,
CD agenda needs to be closely linked to
differing levels of literacy and
national priorities in order to mobilize
opportunities for marginalized people
political leadership and interest in the
to appreciate the values of the oceans
program, which will in turn enable
and coasts.
budgetary and human resource allocations
in support for the program.
Other problems cited by the NAS
committee and regional assessments
There are many ways to prioritize the CD
include: (i) corruption -"...new policies
agenda. The following is one such, taking
and reforms will only be as effective as the
into consideration donor priorities and
government responsible for
emphases as well as client priorities as
implementation and enforcement. There is
outlined in the 8 regional needs
little incentive for stakeholders to develop
assessments and the current and emerging
the capacity for better ecosystem and
issues in the ocean and coastal
resource management if their efforts are
environment.
likely to be undermined by a corrupt or
weak national government" (NAS, 2008);
A. Sound Governance of Oceans and
(ii) issues of scale: "successfully
Coasts and Small Islands
addressing coastal environmental problems
The NAS study (2008) defines governance
requires recognition of the problem,
as encompassing the values, policies, laws
mobilization of resources to develop
and institutions by which a set of issues is
solutions, and leadership to drive change
addressed. The study draws on the findings
(Agardy, 2005) ; (iii) ineffective
of Juda and Hennessey (2001) to express
governance structures and (iv) conflicting
the processes of governance as being:
priorities.
markets, governments and the institutions
and arrangements of civil society.
4. Strategic Framework for
Governance is a priority theme for most
developing and enhancing
donors including multilateral and bi-lateral
capacity for ocean and coastal
as well as NGOs and the private sector.
Sound policies, effective legislation and
governance
institutions are a pre-condition for
managing the oceans and coasts and small
In a resource-constrained environment,
islands. The compliance with national and
often the question arises where should
international agreements requires both
4
political will and human resources to
· getting high level political
implement the obligations. De-limitation
endorsement and ministerial
of EEZs need both political leadership and
commitment;
collaboration with neighboring
· improved inter-agency
governments. The shift from `open
coordination and collaboration;
access' situations to `managed `access'
· high-level capacity building to
requires both political will to develop
enhance political support for ocean
appropriate policy and to commit
governance;
resources for implementation of the
· contingency plans for preventing or
policies through effective institutions.
mitigating marine pollution;
Regional cooperation for managing
· increase national capacities for
transboundary resources also requires
sustainable development of marine
political will to put in place sound policy,
resources;
harmonized legislation and effective
· shifting from sectoral approaches
institutions. At a different level, a seaweed
to cross-sectoral approaches;
farming association needs the support of a
· close coordination and
credible legal and institutional framework
communication among member
that enables access to credit, markets,
states for maritime surveillance of
information and technology for increased
EEZs;
productivity. In the same way, a coastal
· development of coastal
tourism operator relies on a transparent
management plans;
legal and institutional framework to ensure
·
that his business can be run profitably as
establishing and strengthening
well as sustainably. Civil society as a
national regulatory enforcement
whole has a stake in the sustainable and
authorities;
equitable exploitation and management of
· strengthening of management
revenues of marine resources, whether fish
structures, processes and
or diamonds, oil or gas. Establishment of
procedures within and between
an enabling and transparent framework for
institutions and public, private
private enterprise development is the role
partnerships; and
and responsibility of government. Non-
· policy, legal and regulatory reform
transparent governance regimes are often
at all levels and in all sectors to
associated with market failure, where
enhance their capacities.
information regarding the resource and
contract details is shared only with the
To provide some added flavor, promoting
privileged.
good governance includes monitoring,
control and surveillance (MCS) of the
Many of the priorities identified in the 8
nearshore and offshore marine
regional needs assessments can be
environment, fiscal management including
captured within this overall agenda. They
improved and transparent management of
include:
fisheries licenses, taxes and levies, and
improved management of the revenues
· maritime boundary and continental
including equitable sharing of benefits.
shelf demarcation;
Similarly, improved legislative and
· application of the ecosystem
institutional structures for marine
management approach to coastal
protected areas, better definition of these
and oceanic fisheries through
areas using improved science,
implementation of adaptive
development of improved management
management frameworks;
plans and sound enforcement of
5
management plans and processes, all
disease control is a serious issue. Science
require capacity development.
is a large part of environmental impact
assessments and strategic environmental
Developing public/private partnerships is
assessments. Minimizing environmental
very important to ensure sound
impact in the exploitation of marine
exploitation of resources, whether they are
resources is dependent on sound science.
fisheries, oil and gas, tourism. This will be
The assessment for Atlantic SIDS, for
further elaborated in a subsequent section.
example, expressed a priority for
The role of the government is paramount
developing contingency plans for
in establishing the parameters for ensuring
preventing and mitigating marine
environmentally sustainable exploitation
pollution. Sound science is the base of
of the resources, compliance with national,
such plans. Harnessing wind or wave
regional and global conventions and
energy, improving de-salinization, and
agreements and equitable benefit sharing.
improved carbon sequestration from
Engaging the private sector in sustainable
mangroves all is dependent on science. At
tourism, seaweed harvesting, aquaculture,
the local level, value addition of marine
managing marine parks, exploitation of
products as well as coastal products
fisheries and other natural resources
towards accessing higher prices and better
requires transparent legislation, institutions
markets could be the result of investment
and procedures. An informed public is also
of science. Transboundary assessment of
a great asset in monitoring the activities to
ocean pollution or migratory fish stocks
ensure both environmental sustainability
requires scientific capability. Decision-
and social inclusiveness. The development
support tools, such as GIS, are helpful in
of strategic environmental assessments,
spatial planning, zoning and integrated
environmental impact assessments, stock
coastal management.
assessments, environmental and social
baselines, monitoring, value chain
Preparation and adaptation for climate
analyses, and assessment of markets and
change requires significant investment in
access to credit all require sound capacity.
developing capacity. Capacity needs to be
developed in areas such as: the
B. The Scientific Agenda
establishment and monitoring of early
Investment in science is a prerequisite for
warning systems; understanding
the development of sound policy for ocean
meteorological data, issues related to
governance. Investment in CD to promote
ocean acidification, impacts of higher
the scientific agenda becomes even more
levels of Carbon Dioxide and sea surface
significant in light of the emerging issues
temperatures; and adaptation for storm
related to climate change, the volatility of
surge, sea-level rise, nearshore fisheries,
social systems, economic upheavals.
coral reef and MPA management.
Developing sustainable solutions to
current and emerging issues requires sound
Developing capacity should not be limited
scientific understanding. Developing
to the natural sciences. Investment in
ecosystem approaches and adaptive
capacity in the social sciences has often
management frameworks for managing
been found to be at a much lower level
resources requires sound science.
than investments in the natural sciences. In
Nearshore or offshore fisheries
many instances policy failure is associated
management is based on fish stock
with the lack of appropriate input from
assessments, trends assessments, satellite
local stakeholders whose lives the policy is
data assessment, the assessment of the
intending to improve. According to the
health of spawning grounds. The same is
NAS study (2008):
true for mariculture and aquaculture where
6
Knowledge that is relevant to
governance of oceans and coasts can play
good stewardship comes from
a significant role to promote empowerment
many sources, including elders,
of these communities to manage their
cultural practices,
resources better and to adopt more
communities, local resource
sustainable livelihoods. There are many
users, nongovernmental
examples around the world where
organizations, private sector,
community managed marine areas or
governmental agencies and
locally managed marine areas are helping
academia......capacity building
in the recovery of degraded marine
involves the exchange of
resources. The NAS study (2008)
information and expertise
discusses how CD helped achieve
between the builders and the
sustainable exploitation of fisheries and
local people who seek
ecosystems in Chile. Initiated with a small
assistance.
investment of US$5.5 million the CD
program had targeted 300 small scale
An important point to note is that in the
fishers. The initiative has been the basis
absence of capacity and political will, the
for expansion to more than 500
findings of scientific findings will not be
management and exploitation areas for
incorporated into policy. Policymakers
benthic resources (MEABRs) including
therefore need capacity or awareness of
more than 15,000 fishers along the Chilean
the importance of science and thus support
coast. The program has resulted in
the investment in, and the development of
"increased fishing income, retained and
scientific research. Chua (2006) refers to
enhanced community and cultural identity
the experience in Xiamen, where scientific
and served as basis for community
advice has been mainstreamed through a
empowerment" (NAS, 2008, Box 3.2).
Marine Experts Group, which is an
integral element of existing institutional
The World Resources Institute (2005)
arrangements. This Expert Group has in
reports on the successful recovery of
turn been able to mobilize technical
coastal fisheries in Fiji through the
assistance and expertise from different
establishment of locally managed marine
research and academic institutions to
areas (LMMAs). The study emphasizes the
provide technical backstopping to local
blend of the traditional conservation
government. This type of mainstreaming
practices and the modern methods of
of scientific finding is essential to ensure
monitoring for improved incomes and
that the output from research is
better management of the resource and
incorporated into government policy and
ecosystem. The Fiji LMMA network has
processes.
been successful in establishing 71 sites at
an approximate cost of $400,000 in
C. Poverty, Local Empowerment and
external funding, which had mainly been
Sustainable Livelihoods
for consultative workshops of CD. The
No CD program for sound management of
innovation in this project is the income
oceans and coasts in the developing world
generating component in the management
will be complete without attention to
plans and the partnership with the private
poverty among coastal communities and
sector. According to WRI, in Verata, a
their dependence on ocean and coastal
bioprospecting arrangement had been set
resources. Much has been written about
up with a pharmaceutical company in
the linkages between poverty and
which the community was paid licensing
environmental degradation. One cannot
fees for samples of medicinal plants and
attempt to address the one without
marine invertebrates collected in their
addressing the other. CD to improve the
district. The $30,000 generated had been
7
put into a trust fund to support the sound
A. Political Will and Leadership.
management of fisheries activities (WRI,
Implementing a broad strategy such as CD
2005, p.144-148).
for ocean and coastal governance would
firstly require political will and strong
CD is required to ensure that the
leadership. Generating political will and
governance regime that controls access to
enabling leadership also requires CD.
land, the marine areas, credit, markets,
Chua (2006) discusses the efforts of
information and technology are equitable.
PEMSEA where large numbers of mid-
As many of the marine and coastal
level government officials in the region
products are developed for the
trained in management as well as technical
international market, information on world
skills in rapid appraisal, risk assessment,
prices, whether of fish, sea-weed or
environmental monitoring, economic
oysters can assist the harvesters in
valuation and governance. These officials
negotiating the price with middlemen or
have become the leaders of ICM in their
directly with the buyers. Capacity is also
respective countries.
required to promote the formation of
In order for a CD strategy to address this
associations, whether for fishing,
problem effectively, a multi-pronged
mariculture, eco-tourism or other
strategy is needed that addresses:
enterprise. Donor (or government)
awareness raising and influencing the
assistance can be channeled more easily to
political leadership; enlightening and
a community association than to
empowering the civil society which
individuals. The provision of technical as
comprises voters; and the strengthening of
well as project management skills can also
institutions to place greater emphasis on
be organized in a more efficient manner.
public-private partnerships and
participatory mechanisms in the
Partnerships to be discussed later in the
governance of coastal and marine
paper, are very important to ensure the
resources..
sustainability of community initiatives.
They are particularly important in the
B. CD is Required at All Levels of
provision of assistance for value addition,
Government and for Civil Society
credit and access to markets. In Tanzania,
Organizations.
public/private partnerships are helping
As mentioned above, capacity is needed to
seaweed farming associations to get
be developed at all levels of government
assistance to add value to their product, to
and in civil society organizations for a
access credit and inputs and markets.
program to be successful in achieving
sound governance of oceans, coasts and
5. Implementing the Strategy
small island states. Mobilizing political
will requires awareness raising at the
Once the need for CD is established, from
national level; ensuring the enactment of
a donor perspective, the first priority
sound policy requires capacity at the
would be to find out where and what
national as well as provincial and local
strategic areas the resources would be
level. The media and journalists also need
spent. The next priority would be to learn
training and awareness raising to
who or which institutions would assist in
disseminate the right messages.
delivering the CD. Third, the donors
Parliamentarians also need awareness
would be keen to know the strategies for
raising seminars. In Tanzania, all these
ensuring sustainability of the investment.
levels were focused on, in order to get a
All of the following elements of a strategy
key piece of legislation, the Deep Sea
are focused on ensuring sustainability.
Fishing Authority (DSFA) Act of 1989
amended and passed by Parliament. The
8
Amendment aimed at establishing a
a discussion of existing efforts, training
common and sound governance regime
courses, current and emergent issues in the
and incorporated an equitable revenue
region, towards strengthening the quality,
sharing agreement between the mainland
efficiency of delivery and innovation in
Tanzania and Zanzibar. The concerted
CD programs.
effort, a key element of the World Bank
and GEF supported Tanzania Marine and
There is growing recognition however,
Coastal Environmental Management
that regional organizations are well
Project led to the unanimous passage of
equipped to foster a culture of information
the DSFA Act Amendment in early 2005.
sharing and communication. Many
regional organizations already have
CD for sound governance of oceans and
mechanisms through which they
coasts also needs to support the
disseminate scientific and policy
decentralization efforts of government. As
information in the region. They use
power over natural resources is gradually
scientific symposia, newsletters to promote
decentralized, the regional and local levels
scientific and policy understanding in the
of government need the capacity to
region. The NAS study (2008)
manage these resources in a sustainable
recommends: "regional centers for ocean
and equitable manner. In the GEF-
and coastal stewardship should be
supported Namibia Coastal Management
established as "primary nodes" for
Project (NACOMA), the project supports
networks that will coalesce efforts to fulfill
the decentralization efforts of the
actions plans. These centers will require a
government towards empowering regional
contingent of experience-based
and local governments and community
professionals and infrastructure to serve as
organizations in the development and
a resource of the entire network." The idea
implementation of an integrated coastal
is that these organizations, being from the
management policy for the Namibian
region and comprised of practitioners from
coast. We discussed the need for
the region would be better able to serve the
empowerment and developing capacity for
needs of their national and local
community organizations under the section
counterparts.
on Poverty.
Involving the private sector in these CD
C. Partnerships
initiatives can ensure the sustainability of
Implementation of CD also requires many
the program. Public -private partnerships
partnerships in government, in the non-
have proven to be useful in continuing to
government agencies; in the private sector
develop capacity in the community even
and with regional organizations; in
after the external financing has been fully
academia and in research institutions. The
utilized. Adding value to a marine product
challenge sometimes is for governments to
(example seaweed), training people to be
recognize that they are ill equipped to
more efficient and productive, ensuring
handle a large CD program by themselves.
that they are empowered to obtain credit
They are also suspicious of consultants,
and inputs are of interest and benefit to the
and sometimes with reason, since outputs
private partner. It is in the interest of the
have not always been what the terms of
private partner if the product is of
reference called for, or what the
sufficient quantity and quality. This type
government needed. The recommendation
of partnership is a way of minimizing risk
from the PEMSEA assessment (2007) is
and vulnerability to both the community
therefore of interest. As mentioned earlier,
and to the private partner. In the same
it calls for the creation of a network of
way, a tourism entrepreneur is interested in
ICM trainers and practitioners to facilitate
ensuring that the beach is clean and there
9
is no dynamiting of fisheries that destroys
departments, four Atlantic provincial
the reefs and the fish. The tourism
governments, community organizations,
entrepreneur is therefore interested in
academia and the private sector
working with the fisheries department and
the municipality and community groups in
Sustainability of the investment in CD can
monitoring and controlling the illegal
be ensured only through sharing,
fishing activities. Both types of public
dissemination, replication and
private partnerships are being
communication. Often, governments are
implemented in Tanzania with support
not well equipped to promote this, nor are
from the Tanzania Marine and Coastal
officials in government who receive
Environmental Management Project on a
training. In a `business as usual' scenario,
small scale. If successful, they can be
the information gathered in CD programs
replicated widely.
may well sit on a shelf.. In many
government systems there is no official
Transparency in legal and institutional
mechanism to share the information a
processes, investment in science, and
trainee has received.
sound level of skills in the community are
all of interest to the private sector. The
In the IOI training programs, course
private sector can play a very effective role
participants are required to disseminate
in promoting co-management of MPAs,
knowledge gained from the training
promoting sound levels of exploitation,
program by means of presentations to their
eco-labeling and branding, promoting
own and/or related agencies. Each
access to markets, investing in adaptation
participant holds a seminar/ workshop for
and minimizing risk.
colleagues in their home country, to share
the knowledge and information acquired.
D. Information Sharing and
Colleagues have access to best practices
Communication
and information that may be unavailable in
Power and information are closely linked.
their own country. The seminars promote
Information regarding the resource, rules
institutional capacity-building and
pertaining to access, other rules that
encourage networking among oceans-
govern exploitation, information regarding
related decision makers.
the market, financing and other key pieces
of information may only be available to
One problem with regard to resource
some and not others in certain regimes.
management at the government level is
The sharing of this information `levels the
that there is also a great degree of
playing field'. Sustainable exploitation of
confidentiality regarding information
ocean and coastal resources is dependent
related to resource data and revenues from
on information sharing, communication
ocean sectors whether fisheries
and networking. An example of such an
management, MPA management, oil or
information sharing network is the Atlantic
gas exploitation. Sharing this type of
Coastal Zone Information Steering
information is traditionally not allowed.
Committee (ACZISC)
Transparency with regard to these issues is
(http://aczisc.dal.ca/). The ACZISC was
critical to inform the citizenry about the
established in 1992 to promote regional
benefits from resource exploitation and the
cooperation in Atlantic Canada with regard
sharing of these benefits.
to Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management, coastal mapping and
Data on licenses or revenue from EEZs
geomatics. The ACZISC is multi-
and revenue from oil exploitation from
disciplinary and multi-sectoral with
offshore or gas exploitation may be
representation from ten Canadian federal
difficult to obtain. The details of access
10
agreements and revenue sharing
Sharing Tool) 3promote shared learning
arrangements are often considered
and communication. An informed citizenry
confidential. Regional programs such as
can perform an effective monitoring role
the LME programs have the facility to
and keep their governments honest through
promote the sharing of resource use
debate and participation in decision-
agreements towards improvement of
making processes. Networks are a very
sustainability and equity in benefit sharing.
effective way of promoting learning,
sharing experience and information
As many regional needs assessments
dissemination. They can also help in
identified, sharing of experience between
minimizing duplication and increasing
and among countries can be very
efficiency. As noted by the NAS study
beneficial. South-South cooperation can
(2008):
help maximize comparative advantages. In
the Wider Caribbean region, the need for
Networks are vital to
improved inter-agency coordination and
advancing capacity in ocean
collaboration was emphasized. The
and coastal stewardship.
strengthening and formalization of
Networks and networking are
linkages among the GEF supported
cost-effective and efficient
Caribbean International Waters project, the
mechanisms for maintaining
LME Ecosystem and White Water to Blue
and building capacity. One of
Water Initiative and Meso-American
the major benefits of
Barrier Reef Program were specifically
networking is bringing like-
mentioned. South-South cooperation,
minded people together to
particularly among SIDS with regard to
share information, and
drawing, sharing and application of
whenever possible, resources.
lessons learned was emphasized (Edwards
This avoids duplication of
et al, 2007). Similarly, the Community of
effort recognizes existing
Portuguese Speaking Nations (CPLP)
excellence in universities,
emphasized the need for strengthening or
increases information
creating coordinating mechanisms at the
exchange, and foments regional
national level to make information and
cooperation.
data available both nationally and with
other CPLP members through a network of
The Assessment of East Asia's capacity
focal points for ocean issues (Torres de
needs, identifies the creation of a
Noronha, 2006).
`functional network of training
institutions' which would promote debates
Fostering communication needs many
on CD issues such as creating job demand
actors: governments, national and
international NGOs, regional
organizations, and by specialized
3 The Distance Learning and Information Sharing
Communication networks such as IW:
Tool (DLIST) is an information sharing process
LEARN of UNDP/GEF 2and DLIST
focusing on the transboundary coastal zone of the
(Distance Learning and Information
Northern Cape, South Africa and Namibia. DLIST
Benguela aims to assist coastal planners, managers
and resource users implement effective integrated
2 IW:LEARN is the Global Environment Facility's
coastal zone management (ICZM) solutions. By
(GEF) International Waters Learning Exchange and
facilitating information sharing & knowledge
Resource Network. IW:LEARN aims to strengthen
management, DLIST seeks to promote the
International Waters Management by facilitating
sustainable use, protection and development of our
structured learning and information sharing among
coasts for the benefit of all. (www.dlist.org)
stakeholders. (www.iwlearn.net)
11
(PEMSEA, 2007). According to the
supported by a number of donors including
authors, the network could share and
the World Bank to total more than $500
compile training course curricula for
million. In India also a number of donors
informal and formal training. A potential
supported the Emergency Tsunami
advantage would be to review all ICM and
Rehabilitation Program, with the World
marine affairs curricula worldwide in order
Bank and the Asian Development Bank
to identify commonality and innovative
contributing the most. There still remains
approaches.
the problem that these programs are not
long term as in our discussions for oceans,
E. Donor Collaboration
coasts and small island states.
The lack of collaboration among the
donors was discussed in the section on
The LME programs have typically been
challenges for capacity development. The
long term, with different and successive
issue is well articulated in the NAS study
phases. The Bay of Bengal LME program
(2008):
has been supported by donors for about 25
years.
Cooperation among donors can
add to capacity building
There is experience of donors pooling their
initiatives. Without cooperation
resources, but this has happened only
donors may support the same
where either a fully endorsed strategy is
types of programs, resulting in
available (e.g. poverty reduction strategy
redundancy, wasted effort, and
or sector investment strategy); or a set of
competition for the same
ecosystem goals (LMEs); or in support of
skilled professionals. At the
critical ecosystems (the Critical Ecosystem
same time, lack of coordination
Partnership Fund). More on the latter will
may leave some important
be discussed in the section to follow.
issues unaddressed or under-
funded. Joint efforts can result
F. Financial Sustainability
in greater efficiency and reduce
This is a subject that comes up repeatedly
transaction costs as well.
in discussions about CD for ocean and
coastal governance, although there are
Most donors agree with this position and
substantial resources committed for
there have been many joint statements
supporting ocean governance: for example
issued where donors have pledged to
from the GEF, from the World Bank, all
collaborate and cooperate and to provide
regional Banks, large number of bilaterals
funding to support the priorities of
and private sector partners and NGOs. The
governments. Donors have also acted on
reason why the issue continues to come up
this pledge and there are a number of
is obviously tied to the need for donor
programs where they pool their resources.
collaboration, the targeting of the funding,
Examples are in Africa where most
the need for consistency with the client's
multilateral and bilateral donors pool their
priorities and the local context, the
resources in support of the government's
fragmentation and the short term nature of
poverty reduction strategy (e.g. Tanzania,
financing discussed in the challenges
Uganda, Ghana, Benin). There are other
section.
programs which are sector specific, which
attract `basket funding' or pooled
Apart from the large donors mentioned
resources from a variety of donors around
above, there are also a number of different
a sectoral strategy, whether in agriculture,
sustainable financing initiatives for
education, health or water supply. In
protecting and managing the ocean and
Tanzania the water supply project is
coastal resources either underway or being
12
proposed. It is not the aim of this paper to
conservation and integrated ecosystem
do an exhaustive analysis of all funding
management in areas of globally important
sources for CD for managing the oceans.
biodiversity, through consolidating
Just a few new initiatives are being
conservation outcomes in existing CEPF
mentioned to assess how they may or may
regions and expanding funding to new
not be what the requests are all about.
critical ecosystems" (World Bank, 2007.
p.4).
The Sustainable Seas Trust for the
Western Indian Ocean nations of Africa is
At the community level, sustainability of
a financing initiative. According to
the initiative is demonstrated when they
Anthony Ribbink, noting the looming
are self-sufficient and no longer require
crises along Africa's coasts:
external financing. Micro-credit initiatives
go a long way in helping these
Organizations in eight African
communities in ensuring that the enterprise
countries have been inspired to
is viable and has the potential for growth.
find a long-term solution and
Micro-credit initiatives have been highly
have made a global
successful in many parts of the world and
commitment to do their part.
particularly in South Asia where the
They have formed and are
Grameen Bank model was pioneered by
growing the first independent
Mohammed Yunus. A CD initiative can
multi-national transborder
focus on ensuring that the legal and
Sustainable Seas Trust. This is
regulatory regime favors the formation and
a new vehicle for funding
maintenance of village banks, community
African initiatives to conserve
banks, women's banks and other
marine genetic resources and
microfinance enterprises. The CD
meet the needs of coastal
initiative can focus on training the
village communities. It is
community associations in project
hoped that the global
management, financial management, book-
community will also make a
keeping and information sharing, getting
commitment to support the
access to markets and to credit.
Trust (Ribbink, 2007).
Demonstration projects are also a good
way of learning and to promote adaptive
The world famous ocean explorer and
management.
Scientist Sylvia Earle's vision Defying
Ocean's End has estimated the overall cost
The needs assessment for Africa (NEPAD,
of implementing the agenda at US$18.6
COSMAR, 2007) proposes promoting
billion over ten years
sustainable financing capacities and
(www.defyingoceansend.org).
enhancement of opportunities. The study
proposes the development and
The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund
maintenance of a directory of financial
(CEPF), the second phase is supported by
mechanisms that may be used at different
the GEF, France and the MacArthur
spatial and temporal scales, within and
Foundation is not focused only on marine
among ecological and social systems and
and coastal ecosystems. However, "it aims
among the stakeholders in the region. It is
to strengthen the involvement and
proposed that regional organizations
effectiveness of civil society in
publish a directory bi-annually, to enable
contributing to the conservation and
small and medium sized initiatives to have
management of globally important
an opportunity to mobilize funds.
biodiversity. The Global Environmental
Objective is to achieve sustainable
13
The study proposes a number of areas
6. Conclusion Thoughts to be
towards financial sustainability:
further discussed
· micro-financing models and examples;
· real estate and development rights
Some questions we can discuss in this
through concessions, purchase or
section include:
donation to promote conservation;
· in the fishing industry, tradable fishing
a) "who's capacity are we striving to
quotas, fish catch levies, eco-labeling
build?"
and certification, access fees and fines;
b) if many groups from politicians,
· bioprospecting;
senior bureaucrats, program
· eco-tourism accreditation;
managers, NGOs, CBOs, media
· government revenue allocation through
what specific strategies are
direct bonds and earmarks for marine
required to reach them effectively.
conservation, tax exemption;
c) what is the level of capacity that
· grants and donations through bilateral
various target groups require? -
and multilateral sources; and
general information, short-term
· carbon credit trading and the potential
courses, Masters/Ph.D. levels, life-
to develop similar trading
long learning?
opportunities and off-sets by managing
d) would this not depend on the needs
the oceans and their ecosystems better.
from each region and within each
region, each country. E.g. In the
The authors propose that the
Africa region, South Africa would
implementation of these and other
certainly not require the same level
strategies be through a proposed African
of capacity development as their
Marine Ecosystem-based Capacity
neighbors in Angola.
Building Foundation based on the lessons
e) The delivery of CD necessarily
learned from the Madagascar Foundation.
needs to be within a framework
Much more detail about the concept is
that stakeholders can understand
provided in the report by J. Church et al
and will buy into. As we have
(2007).
discussed earlier, the strategic
interventions need to be tailored to
the needs of each region or
Establishing new regional institutions,
country.
foundations and trusts do have a cost in
f) Should we not also consider
terms of resources and the expert time, not
emerging strategies such as
to mention the endorsement of the national
resilience building and those that
governments in order to generate
promote self-organization.
ownership. Broadening the mandate of an
g) We need to remember however,
existing regional institution with a sound
that this are strategic interventions
record may be easier in terms of the
for the Global Forum to support.
political process as well as accreditation.
The interventions will need to be
The areas proposed in the NEPAD,
determined bearing in mind the
COSMAR report are indeed priorities
resources available and the
which have not received much focus in
comparative advantage of potential
either the national or regional programs,
partners to deliver the CD.
except perhaps in the case of fisheries. The
h) Multi-Donor Conference Should
need is undoubtedly there, but the subject
we not support a multi-donor
requires much more discussion.
Summit to agree on a strategy to
promote greater coordination on
the subject of CD? This could
14
bring ocean leaders, both in
government,in non-governmental
circles, private sector including
academic institutions together with
the donor community some
organizing principles could be
decided on.
15
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Process. Washington, DC
No. 3, University of Amsterdam Press,
Amsterdam.)
National Research Council, Committee
on International Capacity Building for
the Protection and Sustainable Use of
Oceans and Coasts of the Ocean
Studies Board (2008), Increasing
Capacity for Stewardship of Oceans
and Coasts: A Priority for the 21st
16
Steering Committee, Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands*
Co-Chairs
Management Project (MACEMP),
Satya Nandan, Secretary-General,
Charles Ehler, Consultant to UNESCO
Biliana Cicin-Sain, Director, Gerard J.
Ministry of Natural Resources and
International Seabed Authority,
Julius Francis, Executive Secretary,
Mangone Center for Marine Policy,
Tourism
Jamaica
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
University of Delaware (also Head of
Rolph Payet, Advisor to the President,
Tiago Pitta e Cunha, Member, Cabinet
Association, Tanzania
Secretariat, Global Forum)
Seychelles
of Fisheries and Maritime
Matthew Gianni, Political Advisor,
Patricio A. Bernal, Executive-
Lori Ridgeway, Director-General,
Commissioner, European Commission
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition,
Secretary, Intergovernmental
International Coordination and Policy
Mary Power, Director, Resource
Netherlands
Oceanographic Commission,
Analysis, Department of Fisheries and
Mobilization Office, World
Vladimir Golitsyn, Professor of
UNESCO, Paris, France
Oceans, Canada, and Camille Mageau,
Meteorological Association
International Law, Moscow State
Veerle Vandeweerd, Director,
Director, Marine Ecosystems
Cristelle Pratt, Director, South Pacific
University of International Relations
Environment and Energy Group,
Conservation Branch, Department of
Applied Geoscience Commission
Lynne Hale, Director, Marine
United Nations Development
Fisheries and Oceans, Canada
(SOPAC), Fiji
Strategy, The Nature Conservancy
Programme (UNDP)
Mario Ruivo, Intersectoral
Diane Quarless, Chief, Small Island
Art Hanson, former Ministerial Ocean
Governmental
Oceanographic Commission, Ministry
Developing States Unit, UNDESA
of Science, Technology, and Higher
Ambassador, Department of Fisheries
David Balton, Deputy Assistant
Education, Portugal
John Richardson, Head, Maritime
and Oceans, Canada, member of the
Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries,
Policy Task Force, European
Canadian Foundation for Innovation
Indroyono Soesilo, Chairman, Agency
Bureau of Oceans, U.S. Department of
Commission
(CFI)
for Marine and Fisheries Research,
State
Department of Marine Affairs and
Anne Rogers, United Nations
Gregor Hodgson, Director, Reef
Phil Burgess, Director, Cetacean
Fisheries, Indonesia
Department of Economic and Social
Check
Policy and Recovery, Department of
Affairs (UNDESA)
Ambassador Enele S. Sopoaga,
Paul Holthus, Independent Consultant
the Environment and Water
Tuvalu, Former Vice-Chair, Alliance
Eduard Sarukhanian, Director, World-
Gunnar Kullenberg, Independent
Resources, Australia
of Small Island Developing States
Weather-Watch-Applications, World
Consultant and former Director,
Nguyen Chu Hoi, Director, Institute of
(AOSIS)
Meteorological Organization (WMO),
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Fisheries Economics and Planning,
Switzerland
Chris Tompkins, Independent
Commission (IOC)
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Consultant
Alan Simcock, Independent
Dan Laffoley, World Commission on
Development, Vietnam
Consultant
Intergovernmental
Protected Areas-Marine, IUCN
Aldo Cosentino, Director-General,
Dann Sklarew, Director and Chief
Carl Lundin, Head, IUCN Marine
Directorate for Nature Protection, Sea
Salvatore Arico, Programme
Technical Advisor, GEF, IW:LEARN
Programme
Protection, Ministry for Environment
Specialist, Ecological Sciences,
Asterio Takesy, Director, Secretariat
and Protection of the Territory, Italy
UNESCO
Dawn Martin, President, Sea Web,
for the Pacific Regional Environment
USA
Margaret Davidson, Director, Coastal
Julian Barbiere and Stefano Belfiore,
Programme
Services Center, National Oceanic and
Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Gerald Miles, The Nature
Khulood Tubaishat, Advisor, The
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Commission, France
Conservancy, Pacific Region,
Regional Organization for the
USA
Chua Thia-Eng, Partnership in
Brisbane, Australia
Conservation of the Environment of
Antonio Diaz de Leon, Director-
Environmental Management for the
the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden
Iouri Oliounine, Executive Director,
General, Environmental, Regional
Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA),
(PERSGA)
International Ocean Institute, Malta
Integration and Sectoral Policy,
IMO/UNDP/GEF, Philippines
Chika Ukwe, Industrial Development
Pietro Parravano, President, Institute
Environment and Natural Resources
Anjan Datta, Global Programme for
Officer (International Waters), United
for Fisheries Resources, World
Ministry (SEMARNAT), Mexico
the Protection of the Marine
Nations Industrial Development
Fisheries Forum
Ambassador Angus Friday, Chair,
Environment from Land-Based
Organization (UNIDO)
Sian Pullen, Independent Consultant,
Alliance of Small Island States
Activities, The Hague
Marjo Vierros, Visiting Professor,
New Zealand, and former Head of
(AOSIS), Permanent Representative of
Ahmed Djoghlaf, Executive Secretary,
Institute of Advanced Studies, United
European and Middle East Marine
Grenada to the United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity
Nations University, Vancouver
Program, WWF International, UK
Gi-Jun Han, Ministry of Maritime
Al Duda, Senior Advisor, International
Eugenio Yunis, Chief, Sustainable
Victoria Radchenko, Director,
Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of
Waters, Global Environment Facility
Development of Tourism World
International Ocean Institute, Ukraine
Korea
(GEF)
Tourism Organization
Tony Ribbink, Director, Sustainable
Elie Jarmache, Chargé de Mission,
Serge Garcia, Independent Consultant,
A.H. Zakri, Director, Institute of
Seas Trust
Secrétariat Général de la Mer, France
and Former Director, Marine Fisheries
Advanced Studies, United Nations
Evelia Rivera-Arriaga, Centro de
Magnus Johannesson, Secretary-
Resources Division, Food and
University, Yokohama
Ecologia, Pesquerias y Oceanographia
General, Ministry for the
Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Nongovernmental
del Golfo de Mexico (EPOMEX),
Environment, Iceland
Marea E. Hatziolos, Senior Coastal
Mexico
Ambassador Jagdish Koonjul,
and Marine Specialist, Environment
Milton Asmus, International
Nirmal Jivan Shah, Chief Executive,
Mauritius, former Chair, Alliance of
Department, The World Bank
Representative, Brazilian Agency for
Nature Seychelles
Small Island States (AOSIS)
Coastal Management
Indumathie Hewawasam, Independent
Alan Simcock, former Executive
Gerhard Kuska, Associate Director
Consultant
Awni Behnam, President, International
Director, OSPAR, and former co-
and Director of Ocean and Coastal
Ocean Institute, Malta
Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical
chair, UN Informal Consultative
Policy, White House Council on
Advisor, International Waters,
Charles A. Buchanan, Administrator
Process on Ocean Affairs and Law of
Environmental Quality, USA
UNDP/GEF
Luso-American Development
the Sea
Tom Laughlin, Deputy Director,
Foundation, Portugal
David Johnson, Executive Secretary,
Nancy Targett, Dean, University of
International Affairs Office, National
OSPAR Convention, London
Torkil J. Clausen, Managing Director,
Delaware College of Marine and Earth
Oceanic and Atmospheric
DHI Water Policy and Senior Adviser,
Studies
Administration (NOAA), USA
Vladimir Mamaev, GEF Regional
Global Water Partnership
Technical Advisor, UNDP, Europe
Kristian Teleki, International Coral
Haiqing Li, Deputy Director-General,
and the CIS, Slovak Republic
Simon Cripps, Director, Global
Reef Action Network, Switzerland
State Oceanic Administration (SOA),
Marine Programme, World Wide Fund
Hiroshi Terashima, Executive
China
Franklin McDonald, Adviser, UNEP
For Nature (WWF) International
Caribbean Environment Programme
Director, Institute for Ocean Policy,
John Low, Adviser to the Minister of
(UNEP/CEP), and former Director,
Richard Delaney, Executive Director,
Ocean Policy Research Foundation,
Marine Resources for the Cook Islands
National Environmental Policy
Center for Coastal Studies,
Japan
Rejoice Mabudafhasi, Deputy Minister
Agency, Jamaica
Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA
Grant Trebble, African Marine and
of Environmental Affairs and
Vaclav Mikulka, Director, UN
Annick de Marffy, former Director of
Coastal Resource Over-exploitation
Tourism, South Africa
Division for Ocean Affairs and the
Division of Ocean Affairs and Law of
Prevention Strategy (AMCROPS),
Jan Mees, Director, Flanders Marine
Law of the Sea
the Sea (UNDOALOS), United
South Africa
Institute, Belgium
Nations International Consultant
Ali Mohamed, Coordinator, Coastal
Philippe Vallette and Manuel Cira,
Guillermo Garcia Montero, President,
and Marine Secretariat, New
Sylvia Earle, Chair, Deep Ocean
NAUSICAA, France, and the World
National Aquarium, Havana, Cuba
Partnership for Africa's Development
Exploration and Research (DOER),
Ocean Network
and Explorer-in-Residence, National
Magnus Ngoile, Team Leader, Marine
(NEPAD), Kenya
Geographic Society
David VanderZwaag, IUCN Specialist
and Coastal Environmental
Group on Ocean Law and Governance
* Please note: Members of the Steering Committee participate in their individual capacities.