Nile Basin Initiative
Shared Vision
Program
NILE
TRANSBOUNDARY
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENVIRONMENTA
ACTION
DRAFT GEF PROJECT
BRIEF
May 2001
Council of Ministers of Water Affairs
of the Nile Basin States
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. IDENTIFIERS............................................................................................................................................. i
2. SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................. i
Proposed Project ...................................................................................................................................... ii
A Program Approach ................................................................................................................................iii
3. COSTS AND FINANCING (US$)............................................................................................................. iv
4. FOCAL OPERATIONAL POINTS ENDORSEMENT................................................................................ v
5. IA CONTACT ........................................................................................................................................... vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................................vii
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................... ix
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................ 1
STRATEGIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT........................................................................................... 1
Evolving Regional Cooperation ................................................................................................................ 2
The Nile Basin Initiative ............................................................................................................................ 2
The Strategic Action Program .................................................................................................................. 3
PROJECT CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................... 7
Transboundary Environmental Analysis ................................................................................................... 7
Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin.................................................................................. 8
BASELINE COURSE OF ACTION ............................................................................................................... 9
Environmental Threats.............................................................................................................................. 9
Transboundary Environmental Issues .................................................................................................... 10
Baseline Activities................................................................................................................................... 11
PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE ................................................................................................ 13
Rationale for GEF Support ..................................................................................................................... 14
COMPONENTS, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................... 15
RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY................................................................................................................... 25
Risks ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
Sustainability........................................................................................................................................... 26
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ................................... 28
Stakeholder Participation........................................................................................................................ 28
Implementation Arrangements ............................................................................................................... 28
National Institutions ................................................................................................................................ 30
INCREMENTAL COSTS AND PROJECT FINANCING ............................................................................. 30
MONITORING, EVALUATION AND DISSEMINATION.............................................................................. 32
LESSONS LEARNED ................................................................................................................................. 33
ANNEX A. INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS........................................................................................... 39
ANNEX B. LOGICAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................... 57
ANNEX B1. PHASED FUNDING OVERVIEW............................................................................................ 63
ANNEX C. STAP REVIEW.......................................................................................................................... 65
ANNEX C1. RESPONSE TO STAP REVIEW ............................................................................................ 67
ANNEX D. GOVERNMENT REQUESTS ...................................................................................................69
ANNEX E. POLICY GUIDELINES FOR THE NILE RIVER BASIN STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM .... 71
ANNEX F. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN PROJECT FORMULATION........................................... 77
ANNEX G. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ..................... 85
ANNEX H. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART SHARED VISION PROGRAM.................................................... 87
ANNEX I. NILE BASIN-WIDE ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS ................................................................... 89
ANNEX J. COMMON CONCERNS BY SUB-REGION............................................................................... 97
ii
DRAFT PROJECT BRIEF
Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda:
Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project
1. IDENTIFIERS
Project Number
Project Name
Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project
Duration
5 years
GEF Implementing Agencies
UNDP for components 1.1, 3, 4, and 5
World Bank for Component 1 (except 1.1) and Component
2
Executing Agencies
Nile Secretariat with UNOPS
Requesting Countries
Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya,
Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda
Eligibility
Eligible under para 9 (b) of GEF Instrument
GEF Focal Area International
Waters
GEF Programming Framework
OP 9, Integrated Land & Water
2. SUMMARY
The Nile River is one of the world's great assets. Throughout history it has nourished
livelihoods, an array of ecosystems and a rich diversity of cultures in ten countries. The Basin
encompasses 3 million square kilometers--one-tenth of Africa's total landmass--and serves as
home to an estimated 160 million people. These people face considerable challenges, with half of
the riparian states being among the world's ten poorest countries and much of the region
characterized by instability and rapid population growth. Efforts to relieve poverty by promoting
more rapid economic development in the Basin are being undermined by increasingly severe
environmental degradation.
Despite these constraints, the Nile holds significant opportunities for cooperative development
and the riparian states have come to recognize the benefits to be gained from greater regional
integration. Various subgroups within the Basin have engaged in cooperative activities during
the last 30 years and in 1997 the riparian states began, with UNDP support, to work towards a
permanent legal and institutional framework for the Basin. In 1999 the riparians took a further
key step by launching the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), a transitional mechanism that includes all
of the Nile countries as equal members in a regional partnership to promote economic
development and fight poverty1. The NBI is comprised of the Council of Ministers of Water
Affairs of the Nile Basin (Nile-COM), a Technical Advisory Committee (Nile-TAC), and a
Secretariat (Nile-SEC). The NBI is guided by a Shared Vision "to achieve sustainable socio-
economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile
Basin water resources."
1 Eritrea attended its first Council of Ministers Meeting in August 2000 and has indicated its intention to participate.
The Nile countries are now moving forward to implement a Strategic Action Program through
the NBI, comprised of a number of basin-wide activities as well as subsidiary programs geared
towards joint investment opportunities. Financing for these activities is being sought through the
International Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile (ICCON). An initial set of seven basin-
wide projects (the Shared Vision Program or SVP) has been endorsed by Nile-COM and is being
prepared for implementation in these sectors: environmental action (this proposal), power trade,
efficient water use for agriculture, water resources planning and management, communications,
applied training, and socio-economic development and benefit sharing. The total cost of these
projects is expected to be about US$122 million.
At the same time, two groups of Nile countries - one in the Eastern Nile and the other in the Nile
Equatorial Lakes region - are identifying joint and mutually beneficial investment opportunities
(Subsidiary Action Programs or SAPs). Project preparation will begin during 2001 in these areas:
irrigation in a regional context; integrated water resources management/watershed management;
wastewater treatment, pollution control, and water quality management; water use efficiency
improvement; flood and drought management; water hyacinth and water weed control;
hydropower development and power pooling; and sustainable management and conservation of
lakes and linked wetlands. The total cost of these projects is expected to be in billions of dollars,
but this will be more clearly defined as the program unfolds.
PROPOSED PROJECT
The Nile countries recognize that future development of the Basin must be environmentally
sustainable. Identifying the environment and development synergies, and thus the sustainable
development opportunities in the Basin, has therefore emerged as a major priority. A
Transboundary Environmental Analysis (TEA) has been carried out by the Nile riparians with
funding from GEF PDF resources and support from UNDP and the World Bank. The TEA report
constitutes a collective synthesis of basin-wide environmental trends, threats and priorities. The
TEA also identifies the elements of an Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin, to be
implemented over the next decade or more under the NBI's Strategic Action Program in
coordination with other development activities.
The objective of this project is to provide a strategic environmental framework for the
environmentally sustainable development of the Nile River Basin, to improve the understanding
of the relationship between water resources development and environmental conservation in the
Basin, and to provide a forum to discuss development paths for the Nile with a wide range of
stakeholders. Focusing on transboundary issues provides the riparian countries with a major
opportunity to make significant progress towards their economic and environmental goals in
ways that have proved difficult to achieve independently.
This project will strengthen riparian cooperation and coordination by supporting a series of
measures focusing on various aspects of transboundary environmental management. Project
activities include capacity building, training, education and awareness raising, knowledge and
information sharing, development of a decision support system, communications, environmental
monitoring and field activities at selected pilot sites. Diverse stakeholder groups will be
encouraged to work together, both within their own countries and with counterparts in other
ii
riparian countries, to help build the mutual understanding, relationships and trust that are
essential to joint problem-solving.
A PROGRAM APPROACH
The GEF program will encourage more effective basin-wide stakeholder cooperation on
transboundary environmental issues by supporting priority actions in five main areas: (1)
institutional strengthening, (2) community-level land, forest and water conservation, (3)
environmental education and awareness, (4) wetlands and biodiversity conservation and (5)
water quality monitoring.
The design of the GEF intervention has been based on a phased programmatic approach, to allow
early progress and successes to be identified, nurtured and consolidated prior to further
expansion. The first phase of the program will consist of full implementation of two components
institutional strengthening (component 1) and water quality monitoring (component 5),
together with partial implementation of two components land, forests and water conservation
(component 2) and environmental education and awareness (component 3). Once this first phase
has achieved its benchmarks, a second phase will launch and complete an additional component
wetlands and biodiversity conservation (component 4) and will complete components 2 and
3.
Phased Programmatic Approach to GEF Program
Phase
1 Phase
2
(1) Institutional strengthening
X
Ongoing
(2)
Community-level land, forest and water
X X
conservation
(3) Environmental education and awareness
X
X
(4) Wetlands and biodiversity conservation
X
(5) Water quality monitoring
X
In the context of the SAPs, distinct GEF interventions are also envisaged in the areas of (a)
watershed management, (b) wetlands, biodiversity and protected areas management, and (c)
water hyacinth control. However, these subsidiary action interventions are not yet mature and
will need further dialogue and capacity building to materialize. The funding requested in the
present proposal covers Phase 1 of the GEF Nile program. Based on performance of the
program, a second submission for Phase 2 as well as for some of the suitable SAP projects may
be made to the GEF.
iii
3. COSTS AND FINANCING (US$)
GEF
Project Costs (Phase 1 the present proposal)
$19.28 million
Project Costs (Phase 2 to be requested at a later stage)
$7.37 million
Sub-total $26.65
million
Co-financing for Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)
Relevant SVP Projects
NBI/SVP Socio-Economic Development - Macroeconomic Integration
$11.00 million
Water Resources Planning and Management
$24.40 million
Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework, Phase I (UNDP)
$3.50 million
Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework, Phase II (UNDP)
$0.50 million
NBI/SVP Efficient Water Use for Agriculture
$5.00 million
NBI/SVP Confidence Building &
Stakeholder Involvement
$7.00 million
NBI/SVP Applied Training
$20.00 million
NBI/SVP Transboundary Environmental Action2 $12.70
million
Sub-total $84.10
million
GEF + Co-financing Subtotal
$110.70 million
NBI/SVP program preparation costs
PDF B (GEF)
$0.35 million
UNDP $0.15
million
World Bank
$2.57 million
ESMAP $1.02
million
Canada $0.67
million
Denmark $0.20
million
Finland $0.30
million
Germany $0.06
million
Netherlands $1.00
million
Norway $0.97
million
Sweden $0.22
million
Sub-total $7.51
million
GRAND TOTAL
$118.39 million
(Total Baseline
$403.0 million)
2 Under discussion with Canada
iv
The present project is a joint GEF Implementing Agency submission on behalf of UNDP and the
World Bank. The two IAs will continue to work in close partnership for the implementation of
this project. The two agencies have established a joint International Waters Partnership located in
Washington DC consisting of Bank and UNDP staff at the premises of the World Bank through
which all their joint work on the Nile is coordinated. The present project will be implemented
through the Partnership.
The project will be managed as an integrated whole, with the two agencies holding responsibility
for the components and funds as indicated below:
GEF Financing
COMPONENT
GEF
UNDP WORLD
IA
Phase 1 Phase 2
BANK
1. Institutional Strengthening
1.1 Regional capacity building
UNDP
6.94
6.94
1.2 Knowledge management
WB
1.15
1.15
1.3 Decision Support System River Basin Model
WB
3.65
3.65
1.4 Macro/sectoral policies and the environment
WB
0.44
0.44
Component Sub-total
12.17
6.94
5.24
2. Land, Forests and Water Conservation
UNDP
1.72 2.00 3.72
3. Environmental Education and Awareness
UNDP
2.46 1.00 3.46
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
UNDP
4.37 4.37
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide
WB
2.92
2.92
GEF Phase 1 - total
19.28 11.12
8.16
GEF Phase 2 - total
7.37
7.37
TOTAL
26.65 18.49
8.16
4. FOCAL OPERATIONAL POINTS ENDORSEMENT
Burundi
Jerome Karimumuryango, Directeur General de l'INECN, Ministry of Environment
Congo
Salomon Banamuhere Baliene, Ministère des Affaires Foncières, Environnement, Conservation
de la Nature, Pêche et Forêts
Egypt
Ibrahim Abdel Gelil, Chief Executive Officer, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Eritrea
Mebrahtu Iyassu, Executive Director, Eritrea Agency for the Environment, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs
Ethiopia
Tewolde Berhan G. Egziabher, General Manager, Environment Protection Authority
v
Kenya
Benard O. K´Omudho, Director, National Environment Secretariat, Ministry of Environment &
Natural Resources
Rwanda
Nsanzumuganwa, Emmanual, Secretary General, Ministry of Energy, Water and Natural
Resources
Sudan
Yassin Eisa Mohamed, International Cooperation Directorate, Ministry of Finance and National
Economy
Tanzania
A.R.M.S. Rajabu, Permanent Secretary, Vice President's Office
Uganda
Chris K. Kassami, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development
5. IA CONTACT
Inger Andersen, Partnership Coordinator
UNDP-World Bank International Waters Partnership
E-mail <iandersen1@worldbank.org> or <inger.andersen@undp.org>
vi
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CG Consultative
Group
DSS
Decision Support System
EAC
East African Cooperation
EN-SAP
Eastern Nile riparian grouping for project development: includes Egypt,
Sudan and Ethiopia
FAO
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
GEF
Global Environment Facility
HEP Hydro-Electric
Power
Development
ICCON
International Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile
ILWM
Integrated Land and Water Management Program for Africa
IMS
Information Management System
IUCN
World Conservation Union
LVEMP
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project
NBI Nile
Basin
Initiative
NEL-SAP
Nile Equatorial Lakes Region riparian group for project development:
includes the six countries in the southern portion of the Basin Burundi,
D.R. Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda as well as the
downstream riparians, Sudan and Egypt
NGO Nongovernmental
organization
Nile-COM
Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin
Nile-TAC
Nile Basin Initiative Technical Advisory Committee
Nile-SEC
Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat
NRBAP
Nile River Basin Action Plan
PCC
Project Coordination Committee
PCU
Project Coordination Unit
SAP
Subsidiary Action Program
Sida
Swedish International Development Agency
SVP
Shared Vision Program
TEA Transboundary
Environmental
Analysis
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
USAID
United States Agency for International Development
WWF
World Wide Fund for Nature
vii
PREFACE
In an historic effort, the ten countries of the Nile have come together within the Nile Basin
Initiative to realize a shared vision "to achieve sustainable socio-economic development through
the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources."
Recognizing the tremendous benefits that can be reaped from cooperation, yet fully aware of the
challenges ahead, the Nile countries have embarked on a remarkable journey to translate their
shared vision into concrete activities and projects that will build confidence and capacity across
the basin (the Shared Vision Program), as well as initiate concrete investments and action on the
ground at local levels (Subsidiary Action Programs).
Presented herein is one of the projects within the Shared Vision Program. The full project
portfolio includes:
! Nile Transboundary Environmental Action
! Nile Basin Regional Power Trade
! Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production
! Water Resources Planning and Management
! Confidence-Building and Stakeholder Involvement (Communications)
! Applied Training
! Socio-Economic Development and Benefit-Sharing.
As a whole, the Shared Vision Program aims to create an enabling environment for cooperative
development and management. Though each project is different in focus and scope, all
contribute to building a strong foundation for regional cooperation by supporting basin-wide
engagement and dialogue, developing common strategic and analytical frameworks, building
practical tools and demonstrations, and strengthening human and institutional capacity.
The seven projects of the Shared Vision Program build upon each other to form a coordinated
program. They address the major water-related sectors and cross-cutting themes deemed critical
by the Nile riparians to ensure an integrated and comprehensive approach to water resources
development and management, and that this development serves as a catalyst for broader socio-
economic development and regional cooperation. Together, the projects of the Shared Vision
Program seek to forge a common vision for - as well as build the capacity to achieve - the
sustainable development the Nile Basin for the benefit of all. They pave the way for the
realization of the Vision through investments on the ground within the Subsidiary Action
Programs.
The detailed preparation of the Shared Vision Program was accomplished through a unique,
multi-country, multi-sectoral and highly participatory process led by the Nile Council of
Ministers and Technical Advisory Committee and executed by the Nile Secretariat. More than
seventy national experts, including eight technical specialists from nine countries, were involved
ix
in detailed project preparation. For many, it was the first time that they were able to discuss
common concerns with their colleagues from neighboring and co-riparian countries. The energy
and hope for the future engendered by this preparation process were a visible demonstration of
the power of cooperation, strong riparian ownership, and the commitment of the Nile countries to
jointly pursue their common goal.
But the preparation of the Shared Vision Program is just a beginning. Implementing these
projects and ensuring that tangible benefits are realized is the next challenge. It is a challenge
that requires deepening partnerships with the international development community. Promoting
cooperation among the countries of the Nile will inherently be a complex process. However,
such cooperation is essential if sustainable development and management of the Nile Basin are to
be achieved.
x
DRAFT PROJECT BRIEF
BACKGROUND
1.
The Nile River is one of the world's great assets. From ancient human civilizations until
today, the flows of the river system have nourished livelihoods and played a central role in a rich
diversity of cultures. Evidence of persistent human endeavor is apparent throughout the Basin.
While this endeavor has brought significant benefits, the task of developing and managing the
Nile River on a sustainable basis for the Basin's peoples remains daunting. Famine, extreme
poverty, instability, rapid population growth, and accelerating environmental degradation are
characteristic features of the Basin today. Half of the Nile Basin states are among the 10 poorest
in the world. Facing these considerable threats to human welfare requires visionary and
courageous leadership as well as the emergence of a regional perspective on the management and
development of the Nile.
2.
Ten riparian countries share the Nile River: Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt, Eritrea,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. This transboundary character poses a
considerable challenge: achieving truly sustainable management of a river system whose
development potential for so many different people has created sharply different aspirations and
expectations both within and beyond the Basin. At the heart of the challenge is the imperative of
poverty eradication. The sustainable development of the Nile River can help alleviate poverty by
providing enhanced food, power and water security as well as employment, although the
magnitude of this task intensifies as populations in the Basin continue to grow and urbanization
and industrialization continue to intensify.
3.
The transboundary nature of the Basin also provides an extraordinary opportunity to
promote regional economic development in one of the world's poorest regions. The Nile above
Aswan is one of the least developed rivers in the world. Effective water and environmental
management can bring benefits to all involved riparians, which means that there is real "win-
win" potential in the Basin. There is an opportunity to transform the Nile, through collaborative
and visible actions on the ground, into a unifying force that builds on regional and international
interdependencies and promotes economic activities enabling co-Basin states to participate as
partners in emerging regional and global trade. Continued unilateral development of the river,
however, is more likely to engender unsustainable development, which in the long run could
perpetuate poverty and promote contention.
STRATEGIC AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT
4.
Cooperative management of the Nile River Basin is one of the greatest challenges of the
global international waters agenda. The Nile has enormous potential to foster regional social and
economic development through advances in food production, transportation, power production,
industrial development, environmental conservation and other related activities. To realize this
potential, the riparians have come to recognize that they must take concrete steps to address
current challenges and that cooperative, sustainable development holds the greatest prospect of
delivering mutual benefits to the region.
1
EVOLVING REGIONAL COOPERATION
5.
Appreciating the benefits of cooperation, various sub-groups within the Nile Basin have
engaged in cooperative activities over the past thirty years. An early regional UNDP-funded
project, Hydromet, was launched in 1967 with involvement of most of the riparian states. This
project terminated in 1982 and the participating countries continued the activities with their own
funding. In 1992 the Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin (Nile-COM)
launched the Cooperation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental
Protection of the Nile Basin. In 1993, the first in a series of ten annual Nile 2002 Conferences
sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) provided an informal
mechanism for dialogue and exchanges of views among the riparian countries as well as with the
international community.
6.
The Nile River Basin Action Plan (NRBAP) was prepared in 1995 with support from
CIDA, comprising 22 technical assistance projects totaling US$100 million. One of the projects
prioritized in the Action Plan aims to establish a Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework. This
US$3.4 million project was initiated in 1996 with UNDP funding, enabling the Nile riparians to
establish a forum for a process of legal and institutional dialogue aimed at reaching agreement on
core legal principles and institutional arrangements. A draft "Cooperative Framework" was
produced in early 2000, encompassing general principles, rights and obligations, and institutional
structure. This draft framework has moved the riparians a long way and important compromises
have been reached. However, some key issues remain to be resolved, and the process is
continuing.
7.
In 1997 the World Bank agreed to a request by the Nile-COM to lead and coordinate
donor support for this Committee's activities, and to organize a donor meeting--the International
Consortium for Cooperation on the Nile (ICCON)--to raise financing for cooperative projects.
As "cooperating partners," the Bank, UNDP, and CIDA have subsequently facilitated dialogue
and cooperation among the riparians, to create a climate of confidence within which a
cooperative framework can be established and sustained.
THE NILE BASIN INITIATIVE
8.
In 1998, recognizing that cooperative development held the best prospects of bringing
mutual benefits to the region, all riparians (except Eritrea) joined in a dialogue to design a
transitional institutional mechanism until a permanent cooperative framework is in place. In an
historic step they jointly created an inclusive regional partnership, to facilitate the common
pursuit of the sustainable development and management of Nile waters. The transitional
mechanism, launched in 1999, is comprised of the Nile-COM, a Technical Advisory Committee
(Nile-TAC), and a Secretariat (Nile-SEC) based in Kampala, Uganda. The overall process is
known as the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)3. The formation of the NBI and ongoing riparian
dialogue was initially supported by the World Bank, the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP), and CIDA as the original "cooperating partners," but the circle of donors is
rapidly expanding (see also para. 17.).
3 The NBI is a transitional institutional arrangement until a formal Cooperative Framework is established.
2
9.
The NBI provides an agreed basin-wide framework to fight poverty and promote
economic development in the region. The NBI also provides a process to facilitate substantial
investment in the Nile Basin to realize regional socio-economic development. The Initiative is
guided by a Shared Vision "to achieve the sustainable socio-economic development through the
equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources." The NBI
represents a deep commitment by the Nile riparian countries to foster cooperation and
sustainable development of the Nile River for the benefit of all. The primary objectives of the
NBI are:
(a)
To develop the water resources of the Nile Basin in a sustainable and equitable
way to ensure prosperity, security, and peace for all its peoples.
(b)
To ensure efficient water management and the optimal use of the resources.
(c)
To ensure cooperation and joint action between the riparian countries, seeking
win-win gains.
(d)
To target poverty eradication and promote economic integration.
(e)
To ensure that the program results in a move from planning to action.
THE STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM
10.
The NBI provides a transitional institutional mechanism, an agreed vision and basin-wide
framework, and a process to facilitate substantial investment in the Nile Basin to realize regional
socio-economic development. The establishment of the NBI begins the complex, challenging and
long-term process of building confidence and realizing mutual benefits through shared projects.
To translate its Shared Vision into action, the NBI has launched a Strategic Action Program,
which includes two complementary components: (1) a basin-wide Shared Vision Program (SVP),
and (2) Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs)4. While the SVP is comprised largely of grant-based
activities to foster trust and cooperation and build an enabling environment for investment, the
SAPs are the vehicle for the Nile Basin countries to engage in concrete activities for long-term
sustainable development, economic growth and regional integration.
11.
The first set of SAP actions identified for presentation to the first ICCON is but the start
of a process, which is expected to grow and expand as economic gains from collaboration take
root. The economic and intellectual linkages that the SVP and the SAPs will create across a
number of sectors will provide the "glue" which will contribute to bringing about greater
regional cooperation, stability and prosperity. As the NBI moves forward, it is anticipated that
subsequent ICCONs will progressively expand from a meeting of riparians and donors to a
meeting of riparians and investors as regional cooperation gains ground and the investment
climate stabilizes.
4 In the Nile Basin context, the Transboundary Environmental Analysis is equivalent to the Strategic Action
Program preparation process used elsewhere by the GEF. SAP has a different meaning in the Nile Basin context.
3
12.
The SVP includes a series of technical assistance and capacity building projects to be
implemented basin-wide to help establish an enabling environment for cooperative development.
The SVP project portfolio will include seven projects (Table 1). Each project has been
formulated through a multi-country, multi-sectoral, participatory process led by working groups,
each of which included a Nile-TAC member and sector experts from the NBI countries. These
projects address issues related to (a) transboundary water and environmental management (the
subject of this proposal), (b) power trade, (c) efficient use of water for agriculture, (d) water
resources planning and management, (e) confidence building and stakeholder involvement, (f)
applied training, and (g) benefit sharing and integration. All projects aim to provide a common
foundation--including common analytical frameworks, practical tools and demonstrations, and
human capacity--to support regional cooperation; serving to forge a common vision and ensure
long-term sustainability.
13.
The SAPs will be initiated in parallel to the SVP, implementing investment projects that
confer mutual benefits at the sub-basin level while following the guidance of the overall NBI
Policy Guidelines endorsed by the Nile-COM (see Annex E). The Nile riparians have formed
two SAPs. The Eastern Nile (EN-SAP) includes Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia; while the Nile
Equatorial Lakes Region (NEL-SAP) includes the six countries in the southern portion of the
Basin -- Burundi, D.R. Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda -- as well as the
downstream riparians, Sudan and Egypt.
4
Table 1. Overview of Nile Basin Initiative Shared Vision Program Projects
TYPE FUNCTION
PROJECT
OBJECTIVES
INDICATIVE
COST
US$MILLION
Provide a strategic framework for environmentally sustainable
39
1. Nile Transboundary
development of the Nile River Basin.
T
Environmental Action
Support basin-wide environmental action linked to
E
Project
transboundary issues in the context of the NBI Strategic Action
C
Program
H
2. Efficient Water Use for
Provide a conceptual and practical basis to increase water
5
N
Agricultural Production
availability and efficient water use for agricultural production
I
Building a Foundation for
C
Transboundary Regional
3. Nile Basin Regional Power
Establish the institutional means to coordinate the development
12
A
Cooperation:
Trade
of regional power markets among the Nile Basin countries.
L
Enhance the analytical capacity for basin-wide perspective to
28
· Basin-wide engagement and
4. Water Resources Planning
support the development, management, and protection of Nile
dialogue
and Management
Basin waters.
· Common strategic and analytical
5. Confidence Building &
Develop confidence in regional cooperation under the NBI and
7
frameworks
Stakeholder Involvement
ensure full stakeholder involvement in the NBI and its projects.
F
· Practical tools & demonstrations
(Communications)
A
· Institutional and human capacity
C
building
Strengthen institutional capacity in selected subject areas of
20
I
· Common vision and long-term
water resources planning and management in public and
L
sustainability
6. Applied Training
private sectors and community groups
I
Create or strengthen centers with capacity to develop and
T
deliver programs on a continuing basis
A
T
Strengthen Nile River basin-wide socio-economic cooperation
11
I
and integration through:
7. Socio-Economic
V
(a) joint identification, analysis, and design of cooperative
Development and Benefit
E
development options and priorities
Sharing
(b) development of criteria, methods, and frameworks for
sharing benefits/costs, and managing attendant risks
TOTAL ESTIMATED SVP PROJECT COSTS*
122
14.
The progress made by the EN-SAP and the NEL-SAP in identifying investment projects
is summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Nile Basin Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs)
Subsidiary Action Program
Indicative
Indicative
Program Areas and Indicative List of Projects
Preparation
Implementation
Cost Million
Cost Million
US$
US$
5
NEL-SAP Suggested Project Proposals
1. Water Use in Agriculture
1.1 Enhanced Agriculture Productivity through
1.2 45.0
Rainwater Harvesting and Small Scale Irrigation.
2. Sustainable Management and
2.1 Fisheries Project for Lake Albert
1.0
15.0
Conservation of Lakes and
Linked Wetlands
3. Watershed Management
3.1 Development of a Framework for
3.0
Cooperative Management of the Water
Resources of the Mara River Basin
3.2 Kagera River Basin Integrated Water
4.0
Resources Management
3.3 Malakisi-Malaba-Sio Basins Integrated
3.0
Water Resources Management
4. Water Hyacinth and Water
4.1 Water Hyacinth Abatement in the Kagera
0.7 4.0
Weed Control
River Basin
5. Hydropower Development
5.1.Hydropower Development,
11.0
Tbd
and Power Trade
5.2.Transmission Interconnection
3.2
Tbd
Subtotals
17.1 Tbd
ENSAP Suggested Project Proposals6
Area of Cooperation
Sub-Projects
Integrated Water Resources
· Eastern Nile Planning Model Sub-Project
0.4 5
6
Management
· Baro-Akobo Multipurpose Water Resources
3.0 >400
Development Sub-Project
Flood and Drought Management
· Flood Preparedness and Early Warning Sub-
0.4 7
14
Project
Hydropower Development and
· Ethiopia-Sudan Transmission Interconnection
10 150
Regional Power Trade
Sub-Project
· Eastern Nile Power Trade Investment
2.6* Tbd
Programme
Irrigation and Drainage
· Irrigation and Drainage Sub-Project
1.2* Tbd
Development
Watershed Management
· Watershed Management Sub-Project
2.1 >400
Subtotals
19.7 Tbd
*Estimated costs to be revised.
15.
The activities of the Nile Basin Initiative also include an "international discourse" to
promote international support for and dialogue on the sustainable development and management
of Nile waters. A first meeting on the "international discourse" took place in January 2001 and
was co-convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the World Conservation Union
(IUCN) and the World Bank with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation. The meeting
included participants from 27 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), academia, professionals
and institutions from within and outside the Basin. The meeting offered a good chance to begin a
5 Nile Equatorial Lakes investment project totals are early indicative figures subject to revision.
6 Eastern Nile SAP investment projects are still under definition and investment totals will be further refined. These
figures are therefore not included in the Incremental Cost Analysis.
6
dialogue on development options and a second "international discourse" meeting is scheduled for
June 2001.
16.
The ICCON is being established to support the NBI's Strategic Action Program. Its first
meeting is scheduled for June 2001. The ICCON will be a unique forum, organized by the World
Bank at the riparians' request, and envisioned as a long-term partnership of the riparian states
and the international community. The first meeting of the ICCON will seek funding for a
portfolio of basin-wide Shared Vision projects and for the preparation of the first set of projects
identified under the SAPs. The first ICCON meeting will also celebrate cooperation and
demonstrate international solidarity for cooperative development in the Nile Basin.
17.
Support for the Nile Basin Initiative has been characterized by partnership since it began.
The initial "cooperating partners" (CIDA, UNDP and World Bank) played the role of concerned
facilitators, assisting the process of dialogue. As the NBI moved into the preparation of the
Strategic Action Program, the partnership has expanded to include the governments of Denmark,
Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United
States, together with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the
Global Environment Facility (GEF). With the first ICCON, the circle of partners will widen as
the international development community commits further support to Shared Vision projects and
to the preparation of SAP projects.
PROJECT CONTEXT
18. The Nile countries recognize that future development of the Basin must be
environmentally sustainable. Identifying the environment and development synergies, and thus
the sustainable development opportunities in the Basin, is now a major priority. Focusing on
transboundary issues provides the riparian countries with a major opportunity to make significant
progress towards their economic and environmental goals in ways that have proved difficult to
achieve independently. Consensus has emerged in support of a set of activities in the riparian
countries to (a) provide a strategic framework for the environmentally sustainable development
of the Nile River Basin as part of the Shared Vision Program, (b) improve the understanding of
the relationship of water resources development and the environment throughout the Basin, and
(c) provide a forum to discuss development paths for the Nile Basin with a wide range of
stakeholders.
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
19.
To take this process forward, a Transboundary Environmental Analysis (TEA)7 was
initiated by the Nile riparian countries in December 1999 under the NBI's Shared Vision
Program, with funding from GEF PDF resources and support from UNDP and the World Bank.
The main objective was to help translate existing national environmental commitments and
interest into regional and basin-wide analytical frameworks, and eventually basin-wide actions.
The TEA8 was prepared through a highly participatory and transparent process to ensure
maximum consultation and involvement, which in turn would translate into maximum relevance,
ownership and commitment. The TEA report constitutes a collective synthesis of basin-wide
7 In the Nile Basin context, the Transboundary Environmental Analysis is equivalent to the Strategic Action
Program preparation process used elsewhere by the GEF. SAP has a different meaning in the Nile Basin context.
8 Obtainable from Inger Andersen: <iandersen1@worldbank.org> or <inger.andersen.@undp.org>
7
environmental trends, threats and priorities, and a product in terms of a set of national and
international actions to be carried out under basin-wide cooperation. The Transboundary
Environmental Analysis was approved by the Nile Council of Ministers meeting held in
Khartoum in March 2001. The present Project Brief is based on the findings of the TEA (see also
Annexes I and J and the Maps at the end of this document).
20.
The TEA emerged from two related sets of activities. The first consisted of broad and
participatory national consultations led by a National Expert in each of the nine participating
Nile countries, with findings and recommendations documented in National Reports then
synthesized by an international consultant. The national consultations were carried out in parallel
to assessments of priority needs in the other sectors included in the Shared Vision Program:
power trade; efficient use of water for agriculture; water resources planning and management;
confidence building and stakeholder involvement; applied training; and benefit sharing and
integration. All of the national consultations and assessments were guided by Nile-TAC
representatives, with basin-wide coordination by an international lead consultant in each sector.
The National Experts consulted with key stakeholders in national and local government agencies,
NGOs and research organizations, as well as people working on related projects and programs.
At least one workshop was held in each country to which a variety of stakeholders were invited.
These consultations built on existing national environmental planning processes within the
countries as well as sectoral master plans, many of which were themselves based on broad
consultative processes. The second activity, which was supported by the United States Agency
for International Development (USAID), involved a scoping study leading to preparation of a
multi-country technical background paper based on readily accessible and public domain
information and on findings from selected country visits.
AGENDA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION IN THE NILE BASIN
21.
The TEA provided the basis for identifying the elements of an Agenda for Environmental
Action in the Nile Basin, to be implemented over the next decade or more under the NBI's
Strategic Action Program in coordination with other development activities. The Agenda
recognizes the critical need for high-level commitment and improved public awareness for
successful long-term management and conservation of the Basin's natural resources and
ecosystems. It emphasizes the integration of environmental concerns into the development
process through capacity building, and more effective environmental monitoring, assessment and
planning with enhanced local participation, through demonstration projects involving the full
range of key stakeholders, and through policy reforms. The Agenda for Environmental Action
includes a broad range of actions that will need to be carefully coordinated with the other
elements of the NBI's Shared Vision Program and the SAPs, as well as the complementary
initiatives of other local, national and international partners. The emphasis throughout is on
stakeholder awareness and involvement, water and environmental management, training and
education, capacity building, information sharing and institutional development.
22.
The GEF eligible priority transboundary activities to be addressed in the initial phase of
the Agenda for Environmental Action are the subject of this proposal. Additional activities can
begin as success is achieved in this first phase, as transboundary collaboration and cooperation
matures, as national capacities increase and as more funding becomes available. Successful
implementation of the Agenda for Environmental Action will require mobilization of a range of
human and financial resources to support priority activities. A balance between preventive and
curative measures must be part of long-term development strategies. Domestic funding, at the
8
national and local level, should be anticipated in most nations to be the primary source for
investment activities. These funds can be supplemented by loans and grants from international
financial institutions and bilateral donors to support the implementation of priority investments.
BASELINE COURSE OF ACTION
ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
23.
The varied and valuable environmental resources of the Nile Basin are subject to a series
of threats with significant consequences for future development of the Basin. The proximate or
immediate causes of these threats have been studied extensively and are reasonably well
understood, even though reliable data are scarce and some of the transboundary linkages require
further elaboration. Agricultural and grazing lands are being degraded, water quality is declining,
wetlands and forests are being lost, the overexploitation of natural resource is continuing,
pollution from urban, industrial and agricultural sources is increasing, waterborne diseases are
proliferating, and the harmful impacts of floods and droughts are intensifying. Many of these
threats have a direct impact on human health and welfare, while others undermine people's
ability to secure their livelihoods, with poorer people most affected by the deteriorating
environmental conditions. Collectively, these threats represent a substantial barrier to the long-
term achievement of sustainable development in the Nile Basin countries. A summary of the
major direct threats to the environment of the Nile Basin is provided in Table 3 and Annexes I
and J, with respective maps attached at the end of this document.
24.
The underlying or driving forces behind the threats to the Nile Basin's environmental
resources are complex and difficult to make generalizations about with any degree of certainty.
Environmental threats have often been attributed to rapid human population growth and
persistent poverty, although the linkages between poverty and the environment are complex and
vary considerably from place to place. Looking beyond population and poverty, there is now
increasing acceptance that the underlying causes of environmental threats are often related to
institutional, governance, awareness and information issues as well as sectoral and
macroeconomic policies. Gaining a better understanding of the complex interactions between
these factors and the Nile Basin's environmental resources is critical to the design of effective
remedial actions. Efforts that focus on the technical aspects of natural resource management and
conservation can then be complemented by parallel efforts targeting the policy issues and
institutional structures that play a key role in managing those resources in a more sustainable and
equitable manner.
9
Table 3. Summary of Basin-wide Common Causes and Priority Environmental Threats
Reported for Basin Countries
Common Causes for Environmental Threats
Basin-wide causes
Policy, governance, institutional and capacity constraints, insufficient environmental education
and awareness, limited access to environmental knowledge and information (including relevant
scientific data), unclear tenure and inadequate access to resources for local stakeholders,
inadequate management of protected areas and other environmental hot spots
Priority Environmental Threats by Country
Burundi
Deforestation, soil erosion, degradation of river banks and lakeshores, mining, wildlife hunting
DR Congo
River and lake pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, wildlife hunting
Egypt
Water and air pollution, filling of wetlands, desertification, waterlogging and soil salinity,
sanitation, river bank degradation
Ethiopia
Deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, desertification, sanitation, loss of biodiversity (including
agrobiodiversity), floods, droughts
Kenya
River and lake pollution (point and non-point source), deforestation, desertification, soil erosion,
sedimentation, loss of wetlands, eutrophication and water weeds
Rwanda
Deforestation, soil erosion, degradation of river banks and lake shores, desertification, wildlife
hunting, overgrazing
Sudan
Soil erosion, desertification, pollution of water supplies, wildlife hunting, floods, droughts,
sanitation, deforestation,
Tanzania
Deforestation, soil degradation, desertification, river and lake pollution, poaching and shortage of
potable water
Uganda
Draining of wetlands, deforestation, soil erosion, encroachment into marginal lakeshore and
riverine ecosystems, point- and non point-source pollution
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
25.
Several key transboundary environmental issues have been identified in the Nile Basin:
(a)
Exchange of information and knowledge sharing among and between key
resource users, research institutions and other stakeholders throughout the Basin
regarding best practices and lessons from experiences is very limited. Relatively
few local stakeholders have access to adequate means of communications.
(b)
Point and non-point source pollution can cross national boundaries and affect
downstream riparians. Soil erosion and non-point source pollution are serious
problems in many areas in the Basin. Deforestation and soil erosion can lead to
increased sedimentation and greater flood risks downstream, while sediments also
accumulate in wetlands and reservoirs. Urbanization and industrialization often
lead to greater pollution of the Nile River and its tributaries as pollution
prevention and treatment measures generally do not keep pace with this
development. Increased use and improper application of pesticides and fertilizers,
especially in the large irrigation schemes in the northern reaches of the Basin, lead
to increased runoff and pollution of drainage canals. All of these impacts have the
potential to reach and harm downstream water users. Data and information related
to the transboundary aspects of these issues are scarce and awareness of
downstream impacts generally lacking. Only limited work has been done to
identify environmental hot spots or to carry out systematic water quality
monitoring at environmentally-sensitive sites of transboundary and regional
significance. Moreover, there is insufficient understanding of the river basin
dynamics to assess the downstream environmental impacts of future river system
interventions or changes in watershed management regimes.
10
(c)
Lack of capacity to perform adequate environmental impact assessments for
planned investments and installations, although variable between the countries, is
generally widespread throughout the Basin. This is either due to missing or
outdated regulations or to insufficient enforcement of existing ones. While some
countries have adopted environmental impact assessment guidelines relatively
recently, the institutional capacity to enforce and monitor the process has been
identified as generally poor. As a result, the capacity to assess the transboundary
environmental impacts of planned basin-wide investment programs is currently
insufficient to support a transition toward sustainable development.
(d)
Water hyacinth and other invasive aquatic weeds have spread throughout
many parts of the Nile Basin, impairing the functions of natural ecosystems,
threatening fisheries and interfering with transportation. Programs are underway
in the Basin to combat these invasive species and considerable progress has been
made in the Lake Victoria region, largely supported by activities funded by the
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project.
(e)
Water-dependent ecosystems throughout the Nile Basin contribute to the
stability, resistance and resilience of both natural and human systems to stress and
sudden changes. In particular, significant transboundary benefits derive from the
Basin's wetlands' roles in maintaining water quality, trapping sediment, retaining
nutrients, buffering floods, stabilizing micro-climates and providing storm
protection. The ecological and economic role of wetlands in supporting
sustainable development in the Basin is not well understood or widely
appreciated.
(f)
Key plant and animal species often have habitats in adjoining countries,
requiring cross-border protected areas and other conservation measures for
effective management. For example, the Nile is a principal flyway for birds
migrating between central Africa and Mediterranean Europe, and Nile wetlands in
a variety of countries provide indispensable habitats for these birds.
(g)
Water-borne diseases such as malaria, diarrhea and bilharzia (schistosomiasis)
are prevalent throughout the Basin and thus of major concern the Nile countries.
Actions to curb these remain a priority in most of the Nile countries.
(h)
Lack of awareness and understanding of the transboundary environmental
consequences of the decisions being taken over land and water resource
management in all of the riparian countries is a major barrier to strengthening
environmental management.
(i)
Environmental impacts of macro and sectoral policies on the Nile Basin's land
and water resources--including transboundary impacts linked to trade, transport
and migration--are poorly understood.
BASELINE ACTIVITIES
26.
All of the riparian countries have carried out various national environmental planning
processes aimed at diagnosing and prioritizing environmental problems. These include national
11
environmental action plans, national conservation strategies, national biodiversity strategies and
action plans, tropical forestry action plans, and so on. Many of these processes have been based
on broad national consultations. The main environmental threats in each country are therefore
reasonably well known, even though reliable data is often lacking and some of the underlying
causes of the threats are less well understood.
27.
A wide variety of projects and programs have attempted and are attempting to address
various environmental threats in the Nile riparian countries, many with support from bilateral or
multilateral development agencies. The overwhelming majority of these initiatives have been
implemented at a national rather than transboundary level. These baseline activities are listed in
Annex A. The achievements, lessons and experiences of these activities have been carefully
considered in the design of the project. Achieving the project's objectives in the absence of these
initiatives would have entailed far higher costs.
28.
A set of very sizable and important baseline activities for this project is the NBI's SAP
investment projects (described above), still under development. These are expected to include
substantial investments over several decades. The proposed SAP includes projects on efficient
water use in agriculture, wetlands conservation, water hyacinth control, watershed management,
hydropower development and river simulation projects. The present GEF project will provide a
basin-wide framework for these follow-on investment activities (see Table 2 for further details).
Two other particularly notable initiatives have been launched in the Lake Victoria region of the
Nile Basin. These are discussed below
29.
The objectives of the recently established East African Community (EAC) are to develop
policies and programs aimed at widening and deepening co-operation among partner states
(Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) in the political, economical, social and cultural fields; research
and technology; defense, security and legal and judicial affairs for their mutual benefit. As such
many cooperative actions are already implemented such as moves towards free movement of
goods and labor, a passport union and other similar integrating actions. The Lake Victoria
Development Program (LVDP) has been established by the partner states to create a body for
cooperation in the joint and efficient management and sustainable utilisation of natural resources
for the coordinated management of the Lake Victoria Basin. This regional initiative is supported
by several donors and the management of catchments that straddle international borders such as
the Mara Basin could be placed under the overall institutional framework of the EAC.
30.
A Partnership Agreement between the EAC and its Development Partners was signed at
an EAC Heads of State Summit held in Arusha in April 2001. The Development Partners who
have signed the agreement include the World Bank, Sweden, Norway, France and the East
African Development Bank.
31.
The Partnership Agreement between the EAC and the Development Partners is a long
term initiative for the three EAC States to act as a single block to address issues of common
interest of the member countries with some support from the Development Partners. In this
endeavor, the Lake Victoria Basin has been targeted as a Growth Zone common for the three
EAC countries. In the Agreement, the Development Partners have undertaken to do the
following:
·
Assist the EAC in the formulation of policies to guide activities relevant to
sustainable development of the Lake Victoria Basin;
12
·
Assist in the mobilization of resources for the implementation of identified
programs;
·
Assist the efforts of the EAC in exploiting the opportunities for development in
the Lake Zone;
·
Assist the EAC in building capacity through the development and strengthening
of local institutions and organizations concerned with the sustainable
development of Lake Victoria Basin; and
·
Promote coordination of the development efforts undertaken by the established
actors/institutions within the Partner States or with an interest in supporting the
development of the Lake Victoria Basin.
32. The Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) is a large
comprehensive project that covers Lake Victoria and its catchment in Kenya, Tanzania and
Uganda. Its main objective is the rehabilitation of the ecosystem for the benefit of the inhabitants
and national economies. It commenced in 1994 with a Tripartite Agreement and is funded by
GEF and IDA in addition to national contributions. Many of the achievements of the LVEMP
and the experience gained in these fields should provide important lessons for the present
project. The present project will not undertake any activities in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda that
are already being funded by the LVEMP. However, many of the LVEMP activities are highly
relevant to the rest of the Basin, and many of the activities in the present project will include
Kenyan, Tanzanian and Ugandan participation to ensure transfer of lessons and experiences.
33.
Further information on the baseline projects can be found in Annex A.
PROJECT OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE
34.
The objective of the project is to provide a strategic environmental framework for the
management of the transboundary waters and environment challenges in the Nile River Basin.
The project will improve the understanding of the relationship of water resources development
and the environment in the Basin, and provide a forum to discuss development paths for the Nile
with a wide range of stakeholders. The environmental framework established by the project will
also promote: (a) enhanced basin-wide cooperation and environmental awareness essential to the
successful implementation of the Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin through the
NBI's SVP, SAPs and other programs, and (b) a basin-wide institution, the NBI, with
substantially enhanced environmental management capacities.
35.
More effective cooperation and coordination between the riparian countries is badly
needed if the Nile Basin's environment is to be conserved in ways that help improve the quality
of life of the inhabitants. This project will strengthen riparian cooperation and coordination by
supporting a series of measures focusing on various aspects of transboundary environmental
management. Project activities will include capacity building, training, education and awareness
raising, knowledge and information sharing, communications, environmental monitoring and
activities at selected pilot sites. All project components will require site selection and stakeholder
participation from at least two riparian countries; while many will involve all of the countries.
Consistent emphasis will be given to encouraging diverse stakeholder groups to work together,
both within their own countries and with counterparts in other riparian countries, as an essential
contribution to building the mutual understanding, relationships and trust that are essential to
collaborative problem-solving in the future.
13
36.
The project (phases 1 and 2) will encourage more effective basin-wide stakeholder
cooperation on transboundary environmental issues by supporting the implementation of the
actions prioritized by the TEA, in the following areas:
1.
Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Cooperation.
2.
Community-level Land, Forest and Water Conservation.
3.
Environmental Education and Awareness.
4.
Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation.
5.
Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide.
37.
The present GEF project will be implemented through a programmatic and phased
approach, to allow early progress and successes to be consolidated prior to further expansion.
The first phase of the GEF program (to be supported under the present Project Brief) will consist
of full implementation of two components institutional strengthening (component 1) and water
quality monitoring (component 5), together with partial implementation of two components
land, forests and water conservation (component 2) and environmental education and awareness
(component 3). At the end of the third project year, an assessment of the achievements of the
present GEF project, as well as in the larger Nile Basin Initiative, will be made against a number
of agreed benchmarks. Contingent upon satisfactory performance of the program, a second
submission for the second phase as well as for some of the suitable SAP projects will be made to
the GEF. This second phase will launch and complete an additional component wetlands and
biodiversity conservation (component 4) and will complete components 2 and 3. The second
phase submission to the GEF may also include some of the suitable SAP projects. Preliminary
performance indicators for Phase 1 completion are provided in Annex B (Logical Framework
Analysis); these will be further refined during project appraisal and formulation.
38.
It is recognized that the NBI is a long-term undertaking and that progress toward the set
goals will take decades. Detailed performance benchmarks will be defined during the project
design and will relate to the GEF project components. (For further discussion of the performance
benchmarks, please see section on Monitoring, Evaluation and Dissemination in paras. 69 73
of the present Project Brief.)
RATIONALE FOR GEF SUPPORT
39.
GEF participation will broaden the range of partners supporting the NBI, facilitate an
increased emphasis on analysis and management of transboundary environmental issues
throughout the Basin and assist in the full integration of environmental concerns into design and
implementation of the large-scale program of investments to be planned in the immediate future.
40.
The Project fully supports the objectives of GEF Operational Program Number 9, the
"Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area Operational Program." Consistent with the
priorities of Operational Program 9, GEF can "be a catalyst for action to bring about the
successful integration of improved land and water resource management practices on an area-
wide basis." It specifically addresses the goal of the Operational Program to assist a "group of
countries to utilize the full range of technical, economic, financial, regulatory, and institutional
14
measures needed to operationalize sustainable development strategies for international waters
and their drainage basins." Special attention is given to "integrated land and water resources
management" and the special protection of sensitive areas as "land degradation resulting in
damage to the water resources" is often a transboundary problem that requires "political
commitments on the part of neighboring countries to work together, establish factual priorities,
and decide on joint commitments for action."
41.
The NBI, consistent with GEF guidelines, will "achieve changes in sectoral policies and
activities as well as in leveraging donor and regular Implementing Agency participation" and its
"projects focus on integrated approaches for the use of better land and water resources
management practices on an area-wide basis." "Community involvement and stakeholder
participation" are especially important and the GEF basin-wide project is aiming to "derive
lessons learned in testing workable mechanisms to improve community, NGO, stakeholder
[including the private sector, and] inter-ministerial participation in planning, implementing and
evaluating projects." As an outcome of the basin-wide project and in line with Operational
Program Number 9 "political commitments on the part of neighboring countries to work
together, establish factual priorities, and decide on joint commitments for actions" will be
supported. A "strengthened multi-country institutional arrangement is ... appropriate measure for
support." The program has been designed to "test various interventions and learn from
implementation." It will also provide critical support for activities in two GEF priority
development regions--Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa.
42.
Both the proposed project and the NBI itself are highly relevant to and consistent with the
goals of the recently-established Integrated Land and Water Management (ILWM) Program for
Africa. Concerned by the tremendous pressure exerted on Africa's natural resources base and the
concomitant ethical, political, economic, security and global environmental implications, a
March 1999 meeting of the GEF CEO and the Heads of Agencies of UNDP, UNEP, and the
World Bank agreed to prioritize development of a coordinated "Action Program" to promote and
support holistic and integrated approaches to reversing land and water degradation in Africa in
close collaboration with other key partners. The resulting ILWM Program is expected to aid
African countries to accelerate efforts to reverse land and water degradation, with tangible results
on the ground taking a programmatic approach. The ILWM Program concept uses a two-phase
approach: (a) a demonstration phase with expedited program development and implementation
process, and (b) a program expansion phase emphasizing development and implementation of
scaled-up activities. The proposed Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project is
consistent with the ILWM in its approach, aiming to strengthen the regional environmental
framework as a basis for more effective, larger-scale investment projects involving two or more
countries.
COMPONENTS, OUTPUTS AND ACTIVITIES
43.
As described above, the full basin-wide GEF program (phases 1 and 2) consists of a total
of 5 components as follows.
1.
Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Cooperation.
2.
Community-level Land, Forest and Water Conservation.
3.
Environmental Education and Awareness.
15
4.
Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation.
5.
Basin-wide Water Quality Monitoring.
44.
To build capacities incrementally while providing an opportunity to build on early
progress, the present proposal for Phase 1 of the project includes full implementation of
components 1 and 5 as well as partial implementation of components 2 and 3 (as described in
para 37). The remaining components will be included in Phase 2, subject to satisfactory project
performance and achievement of benchmarks in Phase 1.
1: Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Cooperation (Phase 1)
1.1 Regional Capacity Building for Transboundary Environmental Management
45. This component will help develop deeper and more effective cooperation on
transboundary environmental management among and between the Nile riparian countries,
including governments, NGOs, researchers and other stakeholders. Specifically, the component
will (a) strengthen the capacity of the NBI to coordinate and implement the national components
of the project, and (b) ensure effective cooperation with the other elements of the NBI Shared
Vision Program, the NBI SAPs, and the other active environment and development programs in
the Basin. Project activities will establish and support the activities of:
(a)
A Project Coordination Committee (PCC), composed, among others, of national
focal points, scientific experts, donors, etc., with a rotating chair.
(b)
A small Project Coordination Unit (PCU) consisting of a Regional Project
Coordinator, a Chief Technical Advisor, three Thematic Lead Specialists
(corresponding to the three project components in Phase 1 of the project), and
support staff for procurement, finance and administration.
(c)
Ad hoc basin-wide Thematic Working Groups (possibly one for each of the
project components), to provide expertise on the implementation of project
components, to highlight country-specific needs and to jointly plan activities,
evaluate progress and exchange lessons learned from national experiences.
(d)
One National Project Coordinator for each country, to interact between the PCU,
the Thematic Working Groups and the respective national organizations
implementing the project components.
46.
The national focal point ministry for the project will host the office of the National
Project Coordinator. These focal point ministries are as follows:
(a)
Burundi: l'INECN, Ministry of Environment.
(b)
Congo: Ministère des Affaires Foncières, Environnement, Conservation de la
Nature, Pêche et Forêts.
(c)
Egypt: Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency.
(d)
Eritrea: Eritrea Agency for the Environment.
16
(e)
Ethiopia: Environment Protection Authority.
(f)
Kenya: Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources.
(g)
Rwanda: Ministry of Energy, Water and Natural Resources.
(h)
Sudan: Higher Council of Environment and Natural Resources.
(i)
Tanzania: National Environment Management Council.
(j)
Uganda: Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment.
47.
These national institutions have taken an active role in preparing the present project and
will play a key coordinating role in its implementation. Civil society organizations will play an
active role in the implementation of component 2, while NGOs and youth groups, schools and
universities, in addition to the ministries of education, will play a role in implementation of
component 3. The decision support system and knowledge management activities (parts of
component 1) will be managed by the respective ministries of water affairs in cooperation with
the ministries of environment and agriculture, as envisaged under the Water Resources Planning
and Management project of the SVP (see also Table 1).
48.
In most of the Nile countries, a national Nile Committee has been established, consisting
of all the relevant ministries and civil society organizations, including the ministries dealing with
finance, planning, agriculture, environment and of course, water resources. These Committees
have discussed and prepared the national positions on overall policy with respect to the emerging
Nile cooperation, including the Cooperative Framework, the NBI, the SVP projects and the
SAPs. Most countries plan that these Committees will continue to play a coordinating role for the
NBI. In most of the countries, the ministry of water affairs acts as convener and secretary for the
national Nile Committees.
1.2 Knowledge Management
49.
This component will provide key project participants and other stakeholders with
improved access to relevant environmental and resource management information as well as
enhanced abilities to communicate with one another. Project activities will:
(a) Facilitate the establishment of basin-wide environmental communication
email/internet services (in collaboration with the Water Resources Planning and
Management Project, which will establish the structure and technical standards
for the SVP communications network and information management system, see
also 2.1 below).
(b) Establish and maintain an electronic environmental knowledge base and
repository for resources and documents.
(c)
Publish an environmental SVP electronic newsletter and establish a website.
17
1.3 Decision Support System and River Basin Modeling9
50.
This component will afford a substantial learning process and support improved decision
making by developing a basin-wide decision support system (DSS), including a River Basin
Model. This first participatory, basin-wide development effort of the River Basin Model aims at
a simplified representation of the Basin's hydrology and river system behavior based on
available data. The model will allow assessments of potential future impacts of collaborative
projects that may have transboundary implications, and will provide quantitative river flow
information to support more detailed environmental assessments. A broad acceptance and use of
the River Basin Model will depend on demonstration of its usefulness and successful application
at regional, sub-regional and national levels. Relevant applications, including its use in SAP
projects or the evaluation of development and management options, will provide an important
testing and validation basis. Broader, multi-sectoral databases and finer scale models may be
developed in subsequent projects to address site-specific issues. Sub-component activities will
include the following:
1.3.1 Development of the River Basin Model component of the Nile Basin DSS and staff training
(a)
Assess the modeling needs and system requirements through a consultative
process with the riparian states, review existing models, and prepare design
specifications and a development plan for the River Basin Model.
(b)
Develop the River Basin Model with full participation from a core team of
national lead specialists.
(c)
Train core staff from the region to be able to understand, use, maintain and assist
in further model development.
1.3.2 Linkage of the Regional DSS Unit with national networks
(a)
Develop the National Expertise and capacity to use and maintain the Model
through national training sessions and workshops in each country.
1.3.3 River Basin Model applied and result recognized as useful by decision makers
(a)
Identify relevant projects/programs for model application, use the River Basin
Model and present the results to decision makers.
9 Key components of the DSS development process include: (a) strengthening of the institutional framework and
human capacity for DSS development and application, including the establishment of a Regional DSS Unit, National
Focal Point Institutions and a network of users; (b) development and application of a comprehensive information
management system (IMS), including communication networks, data and knowledge bases, geographical
information systems, and user interfaces; (c) development and application of a regional Nile River Basin planning
model; and (d) establishment of guidelines for the collection, processing, analysis and exchange of relevant data and
information. The total costs of the DSS development are estimated to be US$21 million US (out of the total costs of
the Water Resources Planning and Management project of US$28 million). This GEF project will support the River
Basin Model component of the DSS (US$3.6 million) as outlined below and provide the environmental content for
the IMS as discussed above in Output 1.2 (Knowledge Management). The remaining components of the DSS will be
funded from different sources.
18
1.3.4 Regional and national level training and consolidated DSS use
(a)
Fill critical data gaps, within budgetary constraints, and identify the means to
ensure that gap filling and additional data collection is done on a continuous basis
to ensure long-term sustainability of the River Basin Model.
(b)
Monitor, evaluate, and identify future needs. Recommend further model and
capacity development needed to support detailed environmental, ecological and
socio-economic assessments.
1.4 Macro and Sectoral Policies and the Environment
51. This component will encourage strengthening of national policies that affect
environmental conservation, as a component of sustainable economic development and as a key
step towards a more informed environmental policy debate. Project activities will support a
regional/transboundary study of the national and international policies determining the patterns
of economic development and environmental change in at least three of the riparian states (in
coordination with the SVP Benefit-sharing/Integration project).
2: Community-level Land, Forest and Water Conservation (Phase 1 and 2)
52.
Pilot activities at selected transboundary sites will demonstrate the feasibility of local-
level approaches to land and water conservation, including mitigation actions for soil erosion,
non-point source pollution and invasive water weeds. National NGO networks will be
strengthened and NGO-government collaboration improved. This component includes regional
institutional strengthening (2.1) and one set of problem identification and site selection activities
(2.2) that build on the basin-wide transboundary environmental analysis. These sets of activities
will provide the basis for planning and implementing community-level actions to be financed by
a micro-grant fund (2.3). Special effort will be made to ensure that NGOs and grassroots
organizations supported through this program include women's groups and organizations
operating in the region.
53.
In view of the interlinked nature of component 2 with the activities planned under the
Shared Vision Program project on "Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production" (see also
Table 1, project 3), a cost-sharing arrangement has been established between these two projects
for the management of this component. Moreover, activities under the two projects will be
designed with complementarity, in order to mutually reinforce one another.
54.
Sub-component activities will include:
2.1 Enhanced Basin-wide Capabilities and Cooperation
(a)
Conduct regional workshops for government and NGO personnel for training and
information sharing on lessons learned in land and water conservation and issues
of eutrophication and water weeds, including identification and mitigation of root
causes, participatory planning and implementation of projects, as well as
identification of areas most at risk and cost-effective site-specific mitigation
measures. Special attention will be made to ensure that women's groups and
NGOs are reached through the workshops and training.
19
(b)
Strengthen or, where necessary, help to establish national networks of NGOs
involved in land and water conservation, including access to email/internet.
Provide equipment, technology and information technology training.
(c)
Promote exchanges of knowledge and lessons learned among and between the
national NGO networks, including organization and management, funding options
and sources, access to cost-effective technical solutions, best practice on
community-level land, forest and water conservation, etc.
2.2 Priority Actions for Addressing Transboundary Soil Erosion
(a)
Carry out rapid assessments and mapping of critical erosion and deposition sites,
with analysis of site-specific root causes (mapping in coordination with the SVP
Water Resources Project and using existing GIS facilities).
(b)
Select pilot sites to focus activities addressing specific erosion problems.
2.3 Micro-Grant Fund to Support Local Land and Water Conservation Measures at Priority
Transboundary Sites (based on the criteria and priorities emerging from 2.1 and 2.2)
(a)
Develop terms of reference and management arrangements for a Nile Basin
Micro-grant Fund for enhanced local land and water conservation measures in a
transboundary context. Overall program to be managed by a representative board
made up of Basin and agency representation, with national fund management and
grant disbursement arrangements. Collaboration with the GEF Small Grants
Program and other micro-grants programs will be established to draw on
experiences and best practice.
(b)
Select grant applications that prioritize projects that (i) focus on transboundary
problems and sites, including those identified under Component 2.2, (ii) provide
for community participation in their design, implementation and evaluation, (iii)
pay attention to the needs of women and/or indigenous peoples and practices, (iv)
draw on local or Nile Basin scientific and technical resources, and (v) include
provision for capacity development. In view of the important role which women
play in household management, firewood and water management, agriculture and
vegetable gardening, special effort will be made to ensure that women
beneficiaries are reached through the micro-grant funding.
(c)
Emphasize piloting, best practice and exchanges of lessons learned. Successful or
promising initiatives can be scaled up as a part of the NBI SAP.
(d)
The types of activities to be supported will include:
(i)
Water weeds: (1) support for local community and private sector initiative
for water weed control (focusing on infestations in Burundi, D.R. Congo,
Rwanda and Sudan), through biological, mechanical or other forms of
removal; (2) support for exchange with other regions, projects and
countries, where successful water weed removal efforts have been
undertaken.
20
(ii)
Land management, soil conservation, reforestation/afforestation and land
degradation control: (1) physical and biological soil conservation
measures; (2) support to production/procurement of multi-purpose tree
seedlings; (3) flood check dams and water harvesting to decrease soil
erosion; (4) prevention of non-point source pollution from agriculture; (5)
organic farming demonstration sites (inter-cropping etc.); (6) agroforestry
demonstration plots; (7) extension services to promote agricultural
practices leading to less soil loss, better nutrient retention, and less
fertilizer and pesticide use; (8) Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
demonstration sites.
(iii)
Development and use of alternative energy and construction materials.
(iv)
Support for local environmental planning and awareness.
(v)
Exchange of lessons learned and field visits to demonstration sites.
3: Environmental Education and Awareness (Phase 1 and 2)
55.
This component will make an important contribution to deepening public awareness and
understanding of the community of interest and the ecospace which the Nile creates. It will help
inform a generation that has broader Nile-related transboundary environmental understanding
and create a constituency in support of environmental conservation. Component activities will be
coordinated with the NBI Shared Vision Program's Stakeholder Awareness and Communications
Project. Activities will:
3.1 Deepen Public Awareness and Understanding of Transboundary Environmental Issues
(a)
Establish national Working Groups representing likely users/implementers of
environmental education and awareness programs, including relevant government
departments, educators and NGOs, to explore and agree on the development and
dissemination of programs.
(b)
Form basin-wide teams to design and develop common environmental education
and awareness programs and materials aimed at public and school audiences,
emphasizing transboundary links and connections which the Nile naturally forms,
using TV, radio and web pages in addition to traditional media, to complement
existing initiatives.
(c)
Train team participants in development and implementation of environmental
education and awareness programs.
(d)
Through a variety of delivery mechanisms, (nature clubs, schools, the scout
movement, youth movement, university modules, etc) launch environmental
education and awareness programs in participating countries. In view of the fact
that schools are often not co-educational in the Nile countries, attention will be
paid to ensure that boys and girls are equally reached through the education and
awareness programs.
21
3.2 Enhanced Networking among Universities and Other Educational and Research
Institutions
(a)
Establish a basin-wide working group with representatives from principal
universities and research institutions to coordinate university programs in
environmental science, engineering, and policy studies.
(b)
Develop programs that encourage the exchange of students in environmentally
related disciplines among the principal universities of the riparian nations (to be
coordinated with the NBI SVP Communications and Applied Training project,
possibly with some resources from 2.3). Attention will be paid to ensure gender
balance among the exchange students selected.
(c)
Facilitate basin-wide and sub-basin teams of university-based educators and
researchers working on issues related to environmental monitoring, geographic
information analysis, and knowledge dissemination, and form connections
between these teams and international sources of remote sensing information (to
be coordinated with the NBI SVP Decision Support System and Applied Training
activities).
Funding for components 4 and 5 below does not form part of the current project proposal (Phase
1), but forms part of the overall GEF program for the Nile Basin. Based on performance in Phase
1 of the project, a subsequent proposal for Phase 2 will be submitted to the GEF after year 3 in
the present project.
4: Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation (Phase 2)
56.
This component will improve the understanding and awareness of the role of wetlands in
supporting sustainable development and improve management at selected transboundary wetland
sites, cross-border protected areas and key migratory bird sites. The emphasis of the entire pilot
program is on the management of significant transboundary ecosystems that straddle borders and
on important wetlands in the river system. Activities will include:
4.1 Enhanced Regional Cooperation and Capabilities
(a)
Based on the analysis contained in the TEA, select three key conservation areas to
be targeted by the project.
(b) Establish a basin-wide network of stakeholder representatives/experts in
biodiversity conservation, wetland management, sustainable use of natural
resources and sustainable livelihood initiatives involving local communities (to
include government officials, protected area managers, NGOs, researchers, etc).
(c) Develop education, training and awareness programs emphasizing the
transboundary aspects of Nile Basin conservation, including habitat and species
management, conservation and multiple use management of wetlands, and
integration of protected area management with local social and economic
development as well as sound wetland conservation and management.
22
4.2 Better Understanding and Broader Awareness of the Role of Wetlands in Supporting
Sustainable Development
(a)
Carry out in-depth ecological and economic studies of one or two of the most
important Nile wetlands, to explore (i) ecological processes, including wetlands'
role in flood control and waste treatment (including the impact of wetland
modification and loss on these roles), (ii) the economic value of wetlands, and
(iii) major threats to wetlands and their underlying social and economic causes.
4.3 More Effective Management of Wetlands and Transboundary Protected Areas
(a)
Prepare site-specific participatory management plans for selected pilot sites,
emphasizing multiple-use objectives where applicable, using a process that
facilitates dialogue among key stakeholders to build consensus on the problems
and opportunities of community participation and action in and around the
selected sites.
(b)
Undertake baseline assessments on the status and trends of biodiversity and the
related social, economic and institutional issues at each selected site.
(c)
Support actions at selected sites, including: (i) baseline assessments, including
flora and fauna rapid assessments, (ii) provision for key stakeholders to
participate in planning and implementation of management activities, (iii) training
for wetland and other protected area management staff, (iv) environmental
education and public awareness programs, including schools programs, flora and
fauna field guides, etc., (v) activities by local communities and sustainable
livelihood projects aimed at generating local benefits from conservation and
mitigating wetland and other protected area threats, (vi) support for boundary
setting and demarcation, basic facilities, equipment and on-the-job training for
protected area staff, (vii) sensitization of guards and other staff to local social and
economic issues.
5: Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide (Phase 1)
57.
This component will make an important contribution to improving water quality
monitoring across the Nile Basin. Capacities for water quality vary widely in the Basin and this
component will help upgrade the skills and capacities of key stakeholders. One essential outcome
will be the establishment of standard analytical methods and improved capacities to monitor a
limited number of key water quality parameters using uniform analytical methods across the
Basin. Additionally, cost recovery options for water quality monitoring and possibilities of
creating incentives for pollution prevention will be better understood. Improved water quality
information will enable better decision making by governments and other resource users,
particularly with respect to transboundary environmental management. A limited basin-wide
water quality monitoring program at selected environmental hotspots of transboundary
significance will be initiated. Project activities include:
23
5.1 Enhanced National Capacities for Water Quality Monitoring
(a)
Review current national efforts and capacities for monitoring source and non-
point source pollution, summarize and map regular sampling points in the Basin,
and construct preliminary map of known water quality along the Nile River.
(b)
Develop common analytical methods for water quality monitoring measurements
and quality assurance (to be coordinated with NBI SVP Water Resources Project,
LVEMP, and other current national and regional activities).
(c)
Identify list of relevant and realistic key surface water quality parameters to be
monitored by common methods in the Basin; develop catalogue of recommended
common analytical methods for water quality monitoring, a quality assurance
program, and training materials (including sampling methods, data recording and
electronic storage); and review and pilot test methods in one national laboratory in
each country.
(d)
Develop common formats for a water quality database in each country for storage
and processing of water quality parameters (using the capacities and
infrastructure provided through LVEMP, FAO, and the SVP Water Resources
Project to ensure regional integration).
(e)
Provide technical support to national environmental agencies designing water
quality monitoring programs for point and non-point source pollution for various
water uses and industrial sectors, including identification of strategic sampling
points (aided by DSS including models developed under the SVP Water
Resources Project, Pillar E).
(f)
Conduct regional training workshops on water quality monitoring and application
of common analytical methods developed for staff from environmental
organizations, academic institutions and targeted industries.
(g)
Increase understanding of possible cost recovery mechanisms for water quality
monitoring and for the creation of incentives for pollution prevention: Prepare
best practice resource materials and examples of respective environmental
legislation, rules, and regulations; compile list of sector specific pollutants and
range of existing standards for discharge monitoring and permitting from regional
and international experiences; present options to create incentives for pollution
prevention and cost recovery mechanisms for water quality monitoring.
(h)
Review lessons learned and conduct study tour related to water quality
accidents/recoveries and to well-run monitoring facilities.
5.2 Water Quality Monitoring Program at Environmental Hotspots of Transboundary
Significance Initiated
(a)
Review existing water quality monitoring stations and systems in the Nile Basin
and evaluate and recommend additional resources.
24
(b)
Initiate a Nile River water quality monitoring program at a selected number of
environmental hotspots of transboundary significance. Strategic sampling points
may focus on (i) the outlet/inflow of major Nile Basin lakes, marshes and other
features (to be coordinated with LVEMP), (ii) selected biodiversity hot spots, e.g.,
significant wetlands, migratory birds' route and cross-border protected areas (to
be coordinated with components 2 and 4), and (iii) points known to experience
major change in quality or quantity (using existing data/information facilities
listed in component 1). It is expected that the SAPs will design follow-on
investment programs addressing specific water quality interventions in the future.
RISKS AND SUSTAINABILITY
RISKS
58.
There are some important risks that may result in the project not meeting its desired
outputs:
(a)
Commitment of the Nile-Basin countries. Project success will be critically
dependent on the countries' continued commitment to the collaboration with other
Nile Basin member countries, and to achieving the objectives of the SVP, as laid
down by the Nile-COM and the Nile-TAC. This is intimately related to political
stability. Many countries in the region are facing insecurity and contention,
political uncertainty, extreme poverty, diseases, etc. All these conditions are not
conducive to a long-term project aimed at improving an enabling environment on
a regional basis. On the other hand, this and other NBI projects seek to contribute
towards building trust among the Nile Basin countries. It is therefore of crucial
importance that this process have tangible benefits. The emphasis on regional
cooperation, the collaborative efforts that have been made to design the project
and the regional ownership that is the result thereof are powerful instruments for
not only achieving the project's objectives, but also for accomplishing the longer
term trust and understanding.
(b)
Institutional leadership. The project depends on the capability of government
institutions and staff to provide visionary leadership. This may not be forthcoming
in a setting where there is general lack of incentives for staff, research and
innovation and supporting infrastructure. Through regional learning from study
tours, exchange visits and consultations, the project endeavors to create
institutional capacity and leadership that will form the basis for implementation of
project activities. It should be pointed out that the project intends to seek
visionary leadership within, and not outside the boundaries of the Nile Basin.
(c)
Regional coordination capacity. The institutions of the NBI supported by the
Nile-SEC have effectively managed a complex, multi-country sectoral process to
prepare the seven projects of the Shared Vision Program. This demonstrates
capacity for basin-wide coordination. Effective implementation of the SVP
projects, however, will be a challenge. The creation of a strong Project
Coordination Unit has been incorporated into the project design while continued
strengthening of the regional capabilities of the NBI institutions will be addressed
at the SVP level.
25
(d)
National institutional capacity. Recognizing that some countries in the Basin
face institutional capacity constraints, the project has been designed to strengthen
institutional and human resources capacity in the recipient countries. Component
1.1 of the present project, "Regional Capacity Building for Transboundary
Environmental Management" is specifically designed to develop a culture of good
practice within national environmental management institutions.
(e)
Insecurity and conflict. Seven of the ten countries in the Nile region are at
present, or have recently been, involved in internal or external conflict. This
brings both operational and political risks to a process and a project of this size.
However, there is an awareness at the highest political levels of the Nile countries
of the possibilities of a "cooperation and peace dividend" which the broader NBI
can leverage, and thus there is a high-level commitment to maintaining the
momentum of the process, in spite of the political landscape and reality of the
moment. Leaders in the Nile Basin countries have made it clear that they see the
NBI as a tremendous opportunity to bring further cooperation, economic
exchange and eventually greater integration and interdependence, which can yield
high returns in terms of growth, food security, sustainable development and
peace. Both of the Implementing Agencies are well represented in the countries
concerned and manage large programs delivering development and humanitarian
assistance. Moreover, as far as the regional Nile process is concerned, UNDP and
the Bank have been involved since 1995 and 1997 respectively, and are confident
of the agencies' ability to deliver this GEF project, as well as the larger NBI, in an
efficient and effective manner.
SUSTAINABILITY
59.
Sustainability issues include the following:
(a)
High level government commitment. The most important aspect underpinning
the sustainability of the present project is that it is set within a much larger
initiative, to which the governments of the Nile countries have committed
themselves at the highest level. The governments see the NBI as offering the
possibility of moving beyond isolated planning and unilateral actions in a non-
cooperative and possibly conflictual setting, towards cooperative development
planning in the utilization of this transboundary resource, seeking win-win
opportunities in the spirit of benefit sharing. The GEF project must therefore be
seen as a component within a much larger initiative, which has been underway
since 1995, with the initial endorsement of the Cooperative Framework project.
The governments of the region have taken extremely bold steps, seeking to move
beyond the acrimony of the past towards cooperation. In making their
commitments to the NBI, including the present project, the riparian countries have
committed themselves to discovery of cooperative solutions, sustainable
governance of a shared resource, and work towards further integration. While
intangible and unquantifiable, these commitments are the most important
elements within the present project to buttress the long-term sustainability of the
intervention.
26
(b)
Funding of regional institution. The Nile riparian countries have made a
conscious decision to self-finance the recurrent running costs of the regional
Secretariat. The riparian governments are contributing an annual amount to the
operations and the budget of the Secretariat. This decision has been taken to
assure true ownership and control of the process. Additional cost recovery
mechanisms are currently being explored.
(c)
Project ownership. Sustainability of project initiatives will greatly depend on the
approach adopted during project design and implementation. First and foremost is
the question of project ownership. Through a resolutely participatory process of
project design, every effort has been made to ensure that riparian country
stakeholders genuinely "own" the project. Local communities, NGOs and the
private sector have been engaged in the national and local consultations
underlying the TEA. These and other key stakeholders will need to be genuinely
engaged in project implementation and encouraged to take on ownership. Project
ownership will also be demonstrated through continued national commitment to
the Nile Basin institutional set-up.
(d)
Tangible benefits. Another important concern is whether the project outcomes
will indeed result in tangible benefits for local communities. It is recognized that
the initial beneficiaries of the project will be selected government agencies and
ministries, private sector and local communities. For long-term sustainability,
project benefits must reach local farmers and private sector. Incorporating
regional experiences at the national level will need to form an important element
of this strategy.
(e)
Recurring costs. Some project components will entail recurring costs past the
life-span of the project. Where this is the case, mechanisms for long-term cost
recovery will be explored and piloted during the duration of the project. It is
expected that, where the project has led to tangible benefits on the ground,
recurring costs are likely to be covered by the beneficiaries of the project.
(f)
Regional cooperation. Project sustainability will depend on maintaining and
strengthening the growing cooperation among the Nile-Basin countries. There is a
strong commitment and a clear notion of "crossing the Rubicon" among the
riparians--a sense that so much has been invested already that the NBI, including
the present project, must succeed for the process to move forward. Regional
commitment to the process is high, with the specifics of cooperation anchored in
the Policy Guidelines endorsed by the Nile Council of Ministers (see Annex E).
The core institutions governing the overall Nile Basin Initiative (Nile-COM, Nile-
TAC and Nile-SEC) as well as the Policy Guidelines have emphasized the
importance of transparent operational procedures, open communication networks
and information sharing as key principles to guide long-term regional
cooperation.
27
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION
60.
Extensive participation by a wide range of stakeholders is an explicit emphasis of the
entire project. Stakeholders have already participated in the national consultation processes
linked to the TEA, and the implementation of the project will build on these contacts and
relationships (See Annex F for list of stakeholders consulted in the preparation of the TEA and
the present project).
61.
Significant project components aim to broaden and deepen stakeholder involvement in
environmental management. The basin-wide Working Groups that will coordinate each of the
project components (see below) will all include a range of stakeholder representatives. Local
stakeholders, especially communities and smaller NGOs, are explicitly targeted beneficiaries for
the Micro-grant Fund. A wide range of stakeholders is also expected to be involved in and
benefit from the information and knowledge management component as well as the
environmental education and awareness program. Representatives of all major stakeholder
groups will also have opportunities to participate in monitoring and evaluating the project.
IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
62.
GEF Implementing Agency responsibilities. Building on the successful implementation
of the PDF phase of the project, the full GEF project will continue to be jointly implemented by
the two GEF implementing agencies, UNDP and the World Bank, each with its specialized
expertise and comparative advantage in the thematic areas of intervention. The PCU will provide
technical and managerial support to the Nile-Sec in overseeing the implementation of the project.
The PCU will be responsible for contracting, fund management, procurement, disbursement,
program administration and project level monitoring.
63.
As this is a joint UNDP-World Bank supported project, the relative strengths of each
agency have been drawn upon for the design of the present project. The backstopping,
management and support to the project will draw on the comparative advantages of each agency,
including such matters as in-house technical expertise, technical experience in relevant project
components, on the ground presence, ability to handle small contracts expeditiously, etc. The
Washington-based UNDP-World Bank Nile Team will backstop both the components for which
the UNDP and the Bank act as GEF Implementing Agencies. The two partner agencies will
support project implementation as follows:
1. Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Cooperation (Phase 1)
1.1 Regional capacity building for transboundary environmental management
(UNDP)
1.2 Knowledge management
(World Bank)
1.3 Decision Support System - River Basin Model
(World Bank)
1.4 Macro/sectoral policies and the environment
(World Bank)
2. Land, Forest and Water Conservation (Phases 1 and 2)
(UNDP)
28
3. Environmental Education and Awareness (Phase 1 and 2)
(UNDP)
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation (Phase 2)
(UNDP)
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide (Phase 1)
(World Bank)
64.
Implementation at regional level. A project organizational chart is shown in Annex G.
It should be noted that the final arrangement will be coordinated with other SVP projects under
the direction of Nile-TAC. The NBI transitional institutional structure, comprised of the Nile-
COM and Nile-TAC and supported by the Nile-Sec, will provide overall policy guidance to the
project.
65.
Project management arrangements have been designed to (a) provide basin-wide
guidance and leadership, (b) facilitate decentralized project implementation within the riparian
countries participating in each component, and (c) coordinate effectively with the activities of the
NBI SAPs as well as other elements of the NBI Shared Vision Program. To achieve these aims,
the following management structure is envisioned:
(a)
The transitional NBI institutional structure--comprising the Nile-COM and the
Nile-TAC, supported by the Nile-Sec--will provide overall policy guidance to the
project and ensure regional as well as inter-sectoral integration of the entire
Shared Vision Program.
(b)
The PCC will oversee the Project with a membership composed of national focal
points, scientific experts and donors.
(c)
A number of ad hoc basin-wide Thematic Working Groups (possibly one
corresponding to each of project components 2 to 5) will be established with
representatives from each participating country, to plan and facilitate joint
activities, review and evaluate progress, and exchange lessons from national
experience. These Working Groups will play a key leadership role in the
implementation of the project components.
(d)
A small PCU will implement the project in liaison with the Nile-Sec. The PCU
will consist of a Regional Project Coordinator (reporting to the PCC), a Chief
Technical Advisor, three Thematic Lead Specialists (corresponding to the three
project components in Phase 1 of the project) and support staff. The PCU will
begin by developing a detailed project work plan, including a detailed monitoring
plan.
(e)
One National Project Coordinator in each country will provide a critical link
between the Thematic Lead Specialists based in the PCU, the basin-wide
Thematic Working Groups, and the national organizations and individuals
involved in implementing the various project components within the respective
countries. Project implementation will ensure participation of all government and
private sector stakeholders, including ministries of water, agriculture, and
forestry, local communities, and NGOs.
29
NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
66.
A large number of national government and NGO institutions will participate in the
different components of the project. Annex H provides an overview of some of the agencies and
institutions that the project would aim to involve in the implementation phase.
INCREMENTAL COSTS AND PROJECT FINANCING
(The following data are provisional pending the inclusion of cost estimates for the planned EN-
SAP projects in the baseline)
67.
The total baseline of the project is estimated at US$$403.0 million and the alternative
scenario is estimated at US$513.7 million. The incremental cost is estimated at US$110.7
million. In addition to the US$350,000 grant from the PDF Block B, already disbursed, GEF is
requested to finance a total of US$26.6 million, which is divided into two distinct project phases.
The total for Phase 1 is US$19.3 million while the total for Phase 2 is US$7.4 million. Total co-
financing is US$84.1 million (of which US$71.4 million will support other SVP/NBI projects,
while an additional US$12.7 million will be raised at ICCON as a non-GEF funded increment to
the present GEF project). The costs of monitoring and evaluation, supervision and quality
control, contingencies as well as execution costs are included in these amounts.
Table 4 Incremental Costs and Project Financing (US$ millions)
Component Base
Alternative
Incremental Co-financing NBI
SVP
GEF
Line10
Scenario11
Cost12
Co-financing
1 93.0
116.6
23.6
0.0 15.0
8.6
1a
(DSS) 0.0 28.0 28.0 0.0 24.4 3.6
2 205.9
222.0 16.1 7.4 5.0 3.7
3
0.9 31.3 30.4 0.0 27.0 3.4
4
74.2
81.3
7.1
2.7
0.0
4.4
5 29.0
34.5 5.5
2.6 0.0
2.9
TOTAL
403.0
513.7
110.7
12.7
71.4
26.6
10 For this analysis, the "Business-as-Usual" scenario has been used as Baseline.
11 The Alternative Scenario is equal to the Baseline plus the Incremental Cost.
12 The total Incremental Cost includes the costs to the GEF and Co-financing.
30
Table 5. Summary Budget (in US$)
Components TOTAL
GEF
Non-GEF
1. Institutional Strengthening (Phase 1)
1.1 Regional capacity building for transboundary env. management
6,936,149
6,936,149
0
1.2 Knowledge management
1,154,139
1,154,139
0
1.3 Decision Support System - River Basin Model
3,646,986
3,646,986
0
1.4 Macro/sectoral policies and the environment
436,686
436,686
0
12,173,959 12,173,959 0
2. Land, Forests and Water Conservation (Phase 1)
2.1 Basin-wide cooperation and NGO networks
3,656,370
1,194,997
2,461,373
2.2 Transboundary soil erosion
305,210
305,210
0
2.3 Micro-grant fund for local conservation initiatives
5,137,982
215,236
4,922,746
9,099,561 1,715,442 7,384,119
3. Environmental Education and Awareness (Phase 1)
3.1 Public awareness and understanding
3,062,563
3,062,563
0
3.2 Networking universities and other research institutions
402,742
402,742
0
3,465,305 3,465,305 0
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation (Phase 1)
4.1 Regional cooperation and capabilities
0
0
0
4.2 Wetlands in sustainable development
0
0
0
4.3 Management of wetlands & cross-border PAs
0
0
0
0 0 0
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide (Phase 1)
5.1 Capacity building for water quality monitoring
1,506,249
1,506,249
0
5.2 Transboundary water quality monitoring initiated
4,007,266
1,418,221
2,589,045
5,513,514 2,924,470 2,589,045
PHASE 1 TOTAL
29,252,340
19,279,176
9,973,163
2. Land, Forests and Water Conservation (Phase 2)
2.3 Micro-grant fund for local conservation initiatives
2,000,000
2,000,000
0
2,000,000 2,000,000 0
3. Environmental Education and Awareness (Phase 2)
3.1 Public awareness and understanding
1,000,000
1,000,000
0
1,000,000 1,000,000
0
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation (Phase 2)
4.1 Regional cooperation and capabilities
1,185,766
1,185,766
0
4.2 Wetlands in sustainable development
2,735,816
0
2,735,816
4.3 Management of wetlands & cross-border PAs
3,183,786
3,183,786
0
7,105,368 4,369,552 2,735,816
PHASE 2 TOTAL
10,105,368 7,369,552 2,735,816
OVERALL PROJECT TOTAL 39,357,708 26,648,729 12,708,979
31
Table 6. Summary Budget by Implementing Agency
GEF
GEF Financing
COMPONENT
Implemen-
Phases
UNDP
World
ting Agency Phase 1 Phase 2
Bank
1. Institutional Strengthening
1.1 Regional capacity building
UNDP
6.94
6.94
1.2
Knowledge
management
WB 1.15
1.15
1.3 Decision Support System - River Basin Model
WB
3.65
3.65
1.4 Macro/sectoral policies and the environment
WB
0.44
0.44
Component Sub-total
12.17
6.94
5.24
2. Land, Forests and Water Conservation
2.1 Basin-wide cooperation and NGO networks
UNDP
1.19
1.19
2.2 Transboundary soil erosion
UNDP
0.30
0.30
2.3 Micro-grant fund for local conservation initiatives
UNDP
0.22
2.00
2.22
Component Sub-total
1.72 2.00 3.72
3. Environmental Education and Awareness
3.1 Public awareness and understanding
UNDP
2.06
1.00
3.06
3.2 Networking universities and other research UNDP 0.40
0.40
institutions
Component Sub-total
2.46 1.00 3.46
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
4.1 Regional cooperation and capabilities
UNDP
1.19
1.19
4.2 Wetlands in sustainable development
UNDP
4.3 Management of wetlands & cross-border PAs
UNDP
3.18
3.18
Component Sub-total
4.37 4.37
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide
5.1 Capacity building for water quality monitoring
WB
1.51
1.51
5.2 Transboundary water quality monitoring initiated
WB
1.42
1.42
Component Sub-total
2.92
2.92
Phase 1 total
19.28 11.12
8.16
Phase 2 - total
7.37 7.37
TOTAL 26.65
18.49
8.16
MONITORING, EVALUATION AND DISSEMINATION
68.
A basin-wide monitoring and evaluation program will be developed and implemented.
Activities will include developing a structured work plan and reporting formats, defining
performance indicators, adopting a standard methodology for data collection and analysis, and
supporting capacity building in monitoring and evaluation. An independent mid-term and final
evaluation will be conducted, with broad dissemination of findings and lessons learned.
69.
Key to the mid-term evaluation will be an assessment of performance against agreed
benchmarks. The mid-term evaluation will be undertaken in the third project year to provide an
assessment of achievements made through the funding of the present GEF project, as well as in
the larger Nile Basin Initiative. Based on program performance, a second submission for the two
remaining components as well as for some suitable SAP projects may be made to the GEF.
70.
It is recognized that the NBI is a long-term undertaking and that progress toward the set
goals will take decades. Detailed performance benchmarks will be defined during project design
and will relate to the GEF project components. The following parameters will shape the
definition of the performance benchmarks:
32
(a)
Broader appreciation of transboundary impacts of water management actions.
(b)
Increased regional cooperation in environmental and water management fields.
(c)
Increased basin-wide community action and cooperation in land and water
management.
(d) Greater basin-wide professional networks of environmental and water
professionals.
(e)
Exchanges on common environment and water issues among Basin university and
school networks--south-south and north-south.
(f)
Greater appreciation of river hydrology and more informed discussion of
development paths.
(g)
Expanded information and knowledge base on land and water resources available
to professionals and NGOs.
71.
Monitoring against the broader goals set out in the Shared Vision Program will be
undertaken in the Socio-Economic Development and Benefit Sharing Project of the SVP, funded
outside the scope of the present GEF project. In that broader monitoring exercise, the following
parameters will help assess how the countries have progressed toward the long-term goals of the
SVP.
(a)
Increased and active discourse on economic development scenarios, win-win
investments and trade-offs coupled with increased capacity in water policy
formulation.
(b)
Increased riparian cooperation through on the ground preparation of projects and
programs for joint physical, social and economic infrastructure.
(c)
Increased private sector investment in co-riparian states.
(d)
Development of common platform of understanding of Nile riparian issues in the
Basin.
(e)
Strengthened and competitive economies.
(f)
Reduced regional conflict and tension.
(g)
An agreed long-term legal and institutional set-up for Nile Basin cooperation.
LESSONS LEARNED
72.
Lessons learned from the NBI to date, from the region and from the broader GEF
international waters project portfolio were reflected in project design. The lessons that are of the
greatest relevance to the project include:
33
(a)
Development of a shared vision. This important step allows development and
expression of a common overarching goal for cooperation and a common view
of the objectives of riparian involvement in a transboundary dialogue and/or
institution. Goals need to take full account of historical, environmental, and
socio-economic development constraints and opportunities.
(b)
Moving from challenges and constraints to opportunities. Long-term conflict over
scarce resources creates challenges, but also provides opportunity for cooperation,
thereby unlocking a huge development potential. In spite of a history of
conflicting water demands and difficulties, the Nile riparian countries have come
together to forge a new environment of cooperation seeking win-win benefits. The
Nile countries have committed themselves to identifying and pursuing
cooperative investment opportunities. However, embedded in this is the
realization that much work is required to transform the situation of the past into a
new culture of cooperation. The Shared Vision Program was designed to provide
the "software" and the enabling environment that will foster sound transboundary
cooperation and development among the Nile riparian states. A first step in a
cooperative dialogue may be to facilitate a move from a primarily country focus
toward wider needs and interests based upon which opportunities for
collaboration can be better identified.
(c)
Sharing benefits not sharing water. A dialogue that moves away from a
stalemate in sharing a limited resource to sharing its benefits--especially in
situations where water quantity is at stake--can provide a much more
constructive base for continued cooperation and open an avenue for regional
integrated planning. This also implies the need for "widening the circle" from
water departments alone to broader sectoral involvement, such as agriculture,
environment, planning, energy, infrastructure, and education.
(d)
Institutional and legal framework. The dialogue and commitment to agree on a
basic legal and institutional framework should be supported and where
necessary capacity should be built to assist in this process. Partnership and trust
among countries requires a "leveling of the playing field" in terms of
information and skills among riparian partners. Entering into dialogue and
eventually agreeing on a framework for cooperation demonstrate national and
regional political commitment and facilitate the initiation of more concrete
investment discussions.
(e)
Investment and appropriate frameworks--an iterative and mutually supportive
process A legal and institutional framework needs investment and investment
needs a legal and institutional framework. The parallel processes of dialoguing on
a cooperative framework while also building a vision and incentive for agreement
in form of a cooperative strategic action and investment program can be mutually
supporting. In the Nile context, work was begun in 1996 on a legal and
institutional framework. As this evolved, a parallel track addressing investment
issues was begun in 1997. The two tracks, while closely linked, reinforced one
another.
34
(f)
Acceptance of principle of subsidiarity and agreed policy guidelines. The
acceptance of the commonly known European principle of subsidiarity has proven
immensely useful in the Nile context. Once political agreement was found and a
common set of Policy Guidelines agreed, within which all agreed to operate, this
provided the opportunity to explore subsidiary actions, which would involve those
countries affected by and involved in the proposed activities.
(g)
Trust. Developing trust and personal relations among riparian delegations from
countries that have often been in conflict for decades or more is a key ingredient
to moving the process further. Trust and confidence among and between
riparian parties and between riparians and donor partners need to be built and
long-term involvement of specific individuals can be very important.
(h)
Long-term commitment to process and product. Involvement in regional
processes requires a substantial commitment in terms of time, and long-term
provision of financial and human resources. The dialogue process and support
for development of trust underpin an enabling environment for cooperation, and
a sense of ownership and commitment by all parties to a process that may
require years to bear fruit. Sustained riparian commitment expressed on a
political level (i.e. beyond the technical ministries) allows for growing
confidence in the process and facilitates a broader level of support from national
and donor partners. For donor agencies, a key requirement is that they be able to
stay with the process. Long-term support that will not be subject to political and
institutional changes must be a mainstay of any donor involvement. As much of
this work is based on relationships and trust built up over years with key
riparian players, the donor institution must be able to keep key staff involved for
required periods of time if the support is to yield maximum benefits.
(i)
Partnerships. Building broad partnerships among and within the riparian
countries and with key international agencies and donors is essential for a
coordinated process and implementation of programs and for utilizing the
comparative advantage of donor institutions. Public support and broad
ownership in the countries should be encouraged and built early in the process.
(j)
Management structures and implementation arrangements. Financial
sustainability, careful attention to institutional set-ups and selection of staff, and
consideration of efficient, transparent and accountable management structures
are all essential. Regional projects often have high overhead costs given the
inherent complexity of their tasks. Moreover, there is often a push to place a
project activity in each participating country. The present project has been
designed with minimum organizational structures, and will instead draw on
consultancy expertise (preferably regional consultants) when required. Location
of in-country project activities will be based on careful planning efforts, with a
view to balancing optimum results with the broadest possible geographical
coverage.
35
LIST OF ANNEXES AND ATTACHMENTS
REQUIRED ANNEXES
A. INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS
B. LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX
B1. PHASED FUNDING OVERVIEW
C. STAP REVIEW (To be added after COM endorsement)
C1. RESPONSE TO STAP REVIEW (To be added after COM endorsement)
D. GOVERNMENT REQUESTS (To be added after COM endorsement)
OPTIONAL ANNEXES
E. POLICY GUIDELINES FOR THE NILE RIVER BASIN STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM
The Policy Guidelines, endorsed by the Council of Ministers of Water Affairs in February
1999, provide a basin-wide framework for moving forward with cooperative action and set
forth the primary objectives of the Nile Basin Initiative.
F. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN PROJECT FORMULATION
This annex describes the process of preparing the entire Shared Vision Program portfolio and
the GEF project in particular. A list of all stakeholders consulted during the transboundary
environmental analysis is attached.
G. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROJECT
The organizational structure for the proposed Transboundary Environmental Action Project
is depicted in chart form.
H. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART SHARED VISION PROGRAM
The organizational structure for the entire Shared Vision Program is depicted in chart form.
I. TRANSBOUNDARY ANALYSIS NILE BASIN ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
This annex contains an overview table describing the basin-wide environmental threats
identified by the National Experts during the transboundary analysis. The locations given
correspond to the attached maps.
J. TRANSBOUNDARY ANALYSIS COMMON CONCERNS BY SUB-REGION
This is a table summarizing prevalent environmental threats on a sub-regional scale.
MAPS
The environmental threats identified in the transboundary analysis are depicted on the basin-
wide map. Individual maps are attached for each Basin country highlighting environmental
issues of transboundary significance.
STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM FOR THE NILE RIVER BASIN (IBRD 30967)
BURUNDI (IBRD 30966)
CONGO, D.R. (IBRD 30961)
EGYPT, A.R. OF (IBRD 30957)
ETHIOPIA (IBRD 30960)
KENYA (IBRD 30963)
RWANDA (IBRD 30965)
SUDAN (IBRD 30958)
TANZANIA (IBRD 30964)
UGANDA (IBRD 30962)
36
AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST13
NILE BASIN SHARED VISION PROGRAM
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS (REPORT)
A Transboundary Environmental Analysis (TEA) has been carried out by the Nile
riparians. The Transboundary Environmental Analysis report constitutes a collective
synthesis of basin-wide environmental trends, threats and priorities. The TEA also
identifies the elements of an Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin, to be
implemented over the next decade or more under the NBI's Strategic Action Program in
coordination with other development activities.
13 The Transboundary Environmental Analysis report can be obtained from Inger Andersen, Partnership
Coordinator, UNDP-World Bank International Waters Partnership: iandersen1@worldbank.org or
inger.andersen@undp.org
37
ANNEX A
INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS
BROAD DEVELOPMENT GOALS
The Nile River Basin is home to about 160 million people in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt,
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, with six of these countries
among the world's poorest. The Basin contains an extraordinarily rich and varied range of
ecosystems, with mountains, tropical forests, woodlands, savannas, high and low altitude
wetlands, arid lands and deserts, culminating in a delta partially below sea level. Extreme
poverty, combined with rapid population growth, war, civil strife, drought and famine, has put
enormous pressure on these environmental resources, which in turn represent the only source of
livelihood for many millions of Africa's most impoverished people. As a result, there is an
urgent need to integrate environmental concerns into poverty alleviation and sustainable
economic development strategies, specifically through improved land and water resource
management practices.
Recognizing their common concerns and interests, the Nile riparian countries have recently taken
a historic step towards cooperation with the establishment in 1999 of the Nile Basin Initiative
(NBI), which provides an agreed framework to fight poverty and promote economic
development. The NBI provides a transitional institutional mechanism, an agreed vision and
basin-wide framework, and a process to facilitate substantial investment in the Nile Basin to
realize regional socio-economic development. The establishment of the NBI begins the complex,
challenging and long-term process of building confidence and realizing mutual benefits through
shared projects. To translate its shared vision into action, the NBI has launched a Strategic
Action Program, which includes two complementary components: (1) a basin-wide Shared
Vision Program (SVP), and (2) Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs).
The SVP includes a series of technical assistance and capacity building projects to be
implemented basin-wide to help establish a foundation for transboundary regional cooperation
and provide a common vision to ensure long-term sustainability; they incorporate common
analytical frameworks, practical tools and demonstrations, and institutional and human capacity
building. The SVP project portfolio will include seven projects. Four of these projects are
thematic in nature, addressing issues related to transboundary water and environmental
management (the subject of this proposal), power trade, efficient use of water for agriculture, and
water resources planning and management; the remaining three are facilitative, supporting efforts
to strengthen confidence building and stakeholder involvement, applied training, and benefit
sharing and integration.
The SAPs will be initiated in parallel to the SVP, implementing investment projects that confer
mutual benefits at the sub-basin level while following the guidance of the overall NBI Policy
Guidelines endorsed by the Nile-COM (see Annex F). The Nile riparians have formed two SAPs.
The Eastern Nile (EN-SAP) includes Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia; while the Nile Equatorial Lakes
Region (NEL-SAP) includes the six countries in the southern portion of the Basin--Burundi,
D.R. Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda--in cooperation with the downstream
riparians, Sudan and Egypt.
39
The identification of environment and development synergies and sustainable development
opportunities has emerged as a major NBI priority. Although political, economic and social
differences persist between them, the Nile riparian countries share several critical environmental
problems and threats that reinforce the need for regional collaborative efforts. The riparians have
recognized that focusing on issues of common concern provides them with a major opportunity
to make significant progress towards their economic and environmental goals in ways that have
proved difficult to achieve independently.
A Transboundary Environmental Analysis (TEA) has been carried out by the Nile riparians as
part of the SVP, with support from UNDP, World Bank and other international partners, and
with funding provided by the Global Environment Facility. This process identified the elements
of an Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin, based on a collective synthesis of
environmental trends, threats and priorities. This Agenda includes a recommended program of
complementary preventive and curative actions to address current and emerging environmental
issues. It delineates key measures for institutional strengthening, human resource development
and expansion of public awareness at regional, national and local levels. The Agenda is to be
implemented over the next decade or more under the NBI's Strategic Action Program in
coordination with other development activities.
The project will support the priority transboundary activities to be addressed in the initial
implementation phase of the Agenda for Environmental Action. The objectives are to provide a
strategic environmental framework for environmentally sustainable development of the Nile
River Basin, improve understanding of the relationship of water resources development and
environment in the Basin, and provide a forum to discuss development paths for the Nile with a
wide range of stakeholders. The project seeks to conserve the Basin's unique but critically
threatened environmental assets while helping to ensure that its natural resources are used in an
optimal and sustainable way to foster economic development and mitigate the appalling levels of
poverty that pervade the region.
BASELINE SITUATION
The baseline situation consists of existing projects and programs for the riparian countries
included in country-level plans and strategies for economic development, environmental
conservation and natural resource management, supplemented by other activities being planned
or conducted by individual governmental agencies at national and local levels as well as private
enterprises and NGOs. The total baseline is estimated at US$403 million as detailed in Table 1,
Project Baseline Summary at the end of this Annex. This amount includes US$77 million for the
estimated costs of defined NBI NEL-SAP projects currently under preparation. The total
estimated costs of the NBI EN-SAP projects also form part of the baseline, however, finalized
cost estimates are still not available.
Perpetuation of the baseline would limit the NBI's ability to encourage more effective integrated
land and water management within overall economic development strategies on a basin-wide
scale. The majority of support for natural resource management and environmental conservation
would continue to focus on independent national-level activities. Some sub-regional activities
will be implemented through the NEL-SAP and the EN-SAP projects in addition to important
existing East African activities involving Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (such as the GEF-funded
40
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project and the Sida-funded Lake Victoria Initiative).
However, none of these activities will be implemented on a basin-wide scale, which is the key to
success of the entire NBI. The ability of the Nile riparians to effectively address transboundary
environmental issues requiring coordination at the basin-wide level would remain limited,
especially for those environmental issues related to future investments in land and water
management. Key cross-border environmental issues such as environmental information sharing,
community-level land and water management (including the spread of aquatic weeds),
environmental education and awareness, transboundary benefits from wetland conservation
(including threats to migratory species) and water quality monitoring would not therefore be
addressed adequately or at the appropriate scale.
1. Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate Regional Cooperation
The baseline for this component amounts to US$93 million, with two main types of project
intervention: first, capacity building and institutional support to the water resources and
environment sectors; second, water resources assessments combined with planning, modeling,
forecasting and simulation, including environmental planning and monitoring. This baseline of
action is, significantly, largely national in character and is unevenly distributed within the Basin.
Apart from Bank and FAO-funded regional projects that were specifically designed in the
context of the wider Nile program, there are no other projects in the institutional strengthening
category which specifically target the coordination of transboundary elements required for
cooperative management of shared water resources.
2. Community-level Land, Forest and Water Conservation
The baseline is very large under this rather broad category, as would be expected, consisting of
projects totaling US$206 million, including three sub-regional NEL-SAP projects with estimated
costs of US$61 million. Many of these projects target agricultural productivity or expansion
through irrigation or other intensification as the basis for food security and poverty alleviation.
Other projects in this category attempt integrated land and water management with an emphasis
on soil conservation, as well as land rehabilitation and community-based efforts in afforestation,
reforestation and forest management. While it is recognized as cross-cutting, multi-sectoral and
interdisciplinary, the IDA portion of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project is
categorized as baseline under this component.
3. Environmental Education and Awareness
The TEA identified less than US$1 million in current, externally-funded baseline activities for
this category. This is mainly because most environmental education and awareness activities are
being undertaken on a relatively small scale by large numbers of NGOs and community
organizations and are widely dispersed within the Basin. There is no central project database
documenting these activities. While existing and emerging environmental NGOs are
undoubtedly very active in environmental education and awareness in a number of the Nile Basin
countries, their activities seem almost exclusively to be limited to local and national levels. There
is no program beginning to build awareness of interdependence and opportunities for cooperation
across national boundaries. The proposed NBI project on Communication and Stakeholder
41
Involvement will be the first of its kind, attempting to develop common messages and common
dialogues among the people of the Nile Basin.
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
Non-GEF-funded baseline actions under this component are comparatively large at US$74
million, including a US$16 million NEL-SAP fisheries project for Lake Albert. This is an
impressive total for a region as pervaded by poverty and food security concerns as the Nile
Basin. The focus of these projects is mainly environmental management and planning, targeting
wetlands and other protected areas, with an emphasis on both conservation and sustainable uses.
The projects are distributed very unevenly within the Basin, however. Apart from the Lake
Albert initiative, the only project with a transboundary focus is a GEF project addressing East
African cross-boundary protected areas (since this is GEF-funded, however, it does not form part
of the baseline). The critical linkages between transboundary water resource management and
the Basin's acutely threatened and dwindling natural ecosystems is of such importance that the
significance of the transboundary wetland conservation (including biodiversity) issues can
scarcely be overestimated.
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide
The baseline of action for this component amounts to US$29 million, almost entirely in Egypt,
indicating the low priority given to the transboundary aspects of water quality in the wider Nile
Basin. At a sub-basin level, the GEF and IDA-funded Lake Victoria Environmental Management
Project addresses water quality issues in the Lake Victoria basin (again, the GEF portion does
not form part of the baseline). Relatively little attention has been given to this issue in the wider
Nile Basin, however, even though it is of growing concern, particularly in the Basin's more
heavily populated and farmed areas. Pollution and water quality issues are becoming especially
critical at and around large-scale irrigation schemes with intensive use and storage of
agrochemicals (e.g., in Egypt and Sudan), as well as larger urban and industrial settings
throughout the Basin. Only in Egypt is a large water quality monitoring program in place.
Although the adverse impacts are often fairly local and not basin-wide phenomena, water quality
issues are major human health and environmental concerns at these sites.
ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO
Non GEF-Funded Alternative
Nile Basin Initiative's Strategic Action Program and Cooperative Framework
The project alternative is augmented by a significant part of the project portfolio of the NBI's
Shared Vision Program (SVP) and the Cooperative Framework project (Phases I and II).
Together, these consist of seven technical assistance and capacity building projects aiming to
create a basin-wide enabling environment for cooperative development.
42
Non-GEF-funded portion of the Alternative (Co-financing, in US$m)
PROJECT AMOUNT
CORRESPONDING PROJECT
($US m)
COMPONENT
NBI/SVP Socio-Economic Development -
11.0 Institutional
Strengthening
1
Macroeconomic Integration
Water Resources Planning and Management
24.4
Institutional Strengthening
1
Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework, Phase I
3.5
Institutional Strengthening
1
Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework, Phase II
0.5
Institutional Strengthening
1
NBI/SVP Efficient Water Use for Agriculture
5.0
Land Management
2
NBI/SVP Confidence Building & Stakeholder
7.0 Awareness
3
Involvement
NBI/SVP Applied Training
20.0
Awareness
3
NBI/SVP Transboundary Environmental Action
12.7
Water Quality; Land&Forest;
2, 4 & 5
Biodiversity
Total 84.1
As described in the body of this Project Brief, the NBI's Strategic Action Program includes
Subsidiary Action Programs in addition to the SVP. The EN-SAP and NEL-SAP are identifying
sub-basin projects planned for submission for funding to the International Consortium for
Cooperation on the Nile (ICCON) in 2001. Details of the SAP projects had not become available
at the time of drafting this Project Brief. However, it is already evident that the SAP projects in
water resources management, agriculture, communications, macro-economic planning and other
economic development sectors will add significantly to the alternative as well as to the baseline,
depending on project type.
GEF-Funded Alternative
The alternative consists of the steps needed to establish a sound basin-wide environmental
framework consistent with current and projected patterns of economic development. This would
be accomplished through GEF support to facilitate the priority transboundary actions outlined in
the Agenda for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin, combined with additional resources
from the projects outlined above, which are funded through the ICCON mechanism by other
international as well as domestic sources. These steps would generate sustainable global benefits
embodied in mitigation of the environmental problems identified in the TEA. GEF participation
would finance the incremental costs needed to remove barriers to regional environmental
conservation and sound natural resource use, including transaction costs for joint planning
activities, development of common approaches to sectoral policies, further cross-border data
collection and analysis, knowledge management and information sharing at a regional level, and
coordination of efforts among the participating countries.
43
The GEF alternative would support a regionally led initiative to promote more effective
management and conservation of the natural resources and environmental assets of the Nile
Basin. This would greatly facilitate the ability of the NBI and the cooperating countries to
address transboundary environmental issues and common natural resource management concerns
at a basin-wide level. The GEF alternative would allow the Agenda for Environmental Action in
the Nile Basin to be initiated and undertaken with support from a variety of sources. GEF
support would also increase the visibility of and demonstrate the opportunities for more effective
transboundary environmental management in the Basin. In this way the project would
complement the innovative and far-reaching regional NBI investment programs currently being
prepared and about to be undertaken on a significant scale in a variety of economic development
sectors, including water, agriculture and hydropower. The alternative would also test and
demonstrate a variety of approaches to Nile transboundary environmental management issues, of
which the most successful and promising could be scaled up or replicated in subsequent NBI
Strategic Action Program investments.
The project will encourage more effective basin-wide stakeholder cooperation on transboundary
environmental issues by supporting implementation of actions prioritized by the TEA in the
following areas:
1. Institutional strengthening to facilitate regional cooperation
Transboundary threats to be addressed. Overall basin-wide capacities for environmental
management are quite limited and there have been relatively few efforts to exchange
environmental information and experiences among and between key resource users, research
institutions and other stakeholders throughout the Basin. Understanding of the dynamics of the
river system is insufficient to assess the downstream environmental impacts of future river
system interventions or changes in watershed management regimes. The environmental impacts
of macro and sectoral policies on the Nile Basin's land and water resources are poorly
understood.
Objective and global benefits. This project component will strengthen NBI's capacity in basin-
wide program management, regional coordination, knowledge management, understanding of the
Nile Basin system and policy analysis. The largest sub-component will link with the non-GEF-
funded SVP Water Resources Management Project to develop a basin-wide Decision Support
System, with GEF resources used to support the development and application of a River Basin
Model including the training of management teams from the riparian countries. This will help
provide a regional perspective on water resources management as well as the assessment of
transboundary environmental impacts of investment projects, and will support the exploration of
alternative development strategies. A Nile Basin environmental knowledge base accessible to all
key stakeholders will be developed. Transboundary impacts of national economic and sectoral
policies linked to trade, transport and migration will be further analyzed and regional dialogues
initiated with policymakers and other donor organizations. The component will also facilitate
effective implementation and coordination of all project activities at a national level. The active
participation of basin-wide Thematic Working Groups will further enhance regional cooperation
and technical transfer among the countries involved with respect to each of the other five project
components. Baseline costs of this component are US$93 million and incremental costs are
44
US$52 million (including US$28 million for the Decision Support System) of which US$12.2
million are requested from the GEF for Phase 1 funding.
2. Community-level land, forest and water conservation
Transboundary threats to be addressed. Relatively few local stakeholders have access to
adequate means of communication. For local stakeholders, tenure is often unclear and access to
resources inadequate. Soil erosion is a chronic problem throughout the Basin. Deforestation and
soil erosion can lead to increased sedimentation and greater flood risks downstream, while
sediments also accumulate in wetlands and reservoirs. Water hyacinth and other invasive aquatic
weeds have spread throughout many parts of the Nile Basin.
Objective and global benefits. This component will help to strengthen national and
international NGO networks within the Basin, including access to internet/email (with
information technology equipment funded from non-GEF sources). Regional land and water
conservation training workshops will emphasize transboundary cooperation as well as
government-NGO partnerships. The component will also support in-depth examination of
transboundary soil erosion and sediment transport. Major sources and root causes will be further
analyzed by teams from the participating countries, and priority sites will be identified for pilot
activities. A Micro-grant Fund will be established with GEF and Canadian (to be confirmed)
support to finance pilot initiatives in the priority land and water conservation areas identified by
the TEA, including aquatic weed infestations. Key grant selection criteria will include
participation of local communities, targeting of issues with direct cross-border impacts,
identification of lessons and best practices, and the potential for promising initiatives to be scaled
up or replicated within the NBI SAP. Baseline costs of this component are US$206 million and
incremental costs are US$16 million of which US$1.7 million is requested from the GEF for
Phase 1 funding, while an additional US$2 million will be requested from the GEF for Phase 2
funding.
3. Environmental education and awareness
Transboundary threats to be addressed. In all the riparian countries, lack of awareness and
understanding of the transboundary environmental consequences of decisions concerning land
and water resource management is a major barrier to strengthening environmental management.
Objective and global benefits. This component will develop and deliver education and
awareness programs that emphasize the way in which environmental issues are shared by the
Nile riparian countries. Economic and ecological linkages with neighboring countries upstream
and downstream will be emphasized, as well as the riparians' mutual dependence on the natural
resources and environmental assets of the entire Basin. A variety of media will be used in
programs developed by basin-wide teams of educators for delivery throughout the Basin
(translated to appropriate languages). This component aims not only to highlight the importance
of sustainable environmental management, and the role of every individual and community in
trying to achieve this, but also contribute to breaking down the mistrust between countries that
has long proved a constraint to more effective basin-wide collaboration. The component will also
support basin-wide networking among universities and other research institutions, with
exchanges of information, teachers and students. Baseline costs of this component are US$1
45
million and incremental costs are US$30 million of which US$2.5 million are requested from the
GEF for Phase 1 funding, while an additional US$1 million will be requested from the GEF for
Phase 2 funding.
4. Wetlands and biodiversity conservation
Transboundary threats to be addressed. Water-dependent ecosystems throughout the Nile
Basin contribute to the stability, resistance and resilience of both natural and human systems to
stress and sudden changes. In particular, significant transboundary benefits derive from the Basin
wetlands' role in maintaining water quality, trapping sediment, retaining nutrients, buffering
floods, stabilizing micro-climates and providing storm protection. The ecological and economic
role of wetlands in supporting sustainable development in the Basin is not well understood or
widely appreciated. Key plant and animal species with habitats in adjoining countries often
require cross-border protected areas and other conservation measures for effective management.
Adequate management of protected areas and other environmental hot spots is generally lacking.
Objective and global benefits. This component will support further analysis of the key
economic and ecological role of wetlands in the transboundary Basin system and promote
awareness of the need to conserve and manage these natural resources, building on the promising
national wetland programs that have already been established in a few of the riparian countries.
The regional capacity for monitoring and managing wetland resources will be strengthened
through technical assistance and training. Programs emphasizing the multiple-use management
of internationally significant wetlands will be developed and presented through basin-wide
workshops attended by wetland managers and other key stakeholders. Pilot activities will be
undertaken to demonstrate best practice management of a small number of sites with a strong
emphasis on local stakeholder involvement. Baseline costs of this component are US$74 million
and incremental costs are US$7 million, of which US$4.4 million will be requested from the
GEF for Phase 2 funding.
5. Water quality monitoring basin-wide
Transboundary threats to be addressed. Physical impacts from land and water management as
well as aquatic pollutants can cross national boundaries downstream. Urbanization,
industrialization and increased use of agricultural chemicals all lead to increased runoff and
pollution that harm downstream water users. In addition, waterborne diseases are prevalent
throughout the Basin. Data and understanding related to the transboundary aspects of these issues
is lacking. Only limited work has been done to identify environmental hot spots or to carry out
systematic water quality monitoring at environmentally sensitive transboundary sites.
Objective and global benefits. This component will augment the collective capacity of the
riparian countries to monitor a limited set of agreed key water quality parameters on a basin-
wide scale. Teams from the participating countries will work together on developing common
analytical methods, identifying parameters to be measured, and preparing and delivering training
programs for key national stakeholders through regional workshops. GEF resources will also be
used to provide a systematic overview of existing monitoring stations in the Basin, to identify
gaps and to strengthen monitoring at transboundary "hot spot" sites. The result of this component
will be to substantially upgrade basin-wide capacity to make high quality and consistent water
46
quality information available to inform decision making and thereby target future investments
more effectively. Baseline costs of this component are US$29 million and incremental costs are
US$6 million, of which US$2.9 million are requested from the GEF for Phase 1 funding.
Domestic benefits
Domestic benefits arising from the project are expected to be largely incidental. The project sub-
components that are expected to generate measurable domestic benefits will be financed from
non-GEF sources. These are:
(a)
Information technology equipment provided to NGOs under component 2.
(b)
Approximately 50-80 percent of the micro-grant activities under component 2.
(c)
Water quality monitoring equipment purchased under component 5.
SCOPE OF ANALYSIS
The scope of analysis includes the geographic, institutional, market, policy and legislative issues
having a transboundary impact on the Nile Basin's environmental resources. This includes
actions at the national and regional levels, as well as actions undertaken on the ground as part of
the national development and/or conservation efforts within the parts of the countries that fall
within the Nile Basin itself. The defined baseline includes non-GEF projects outside the NBI that
were still active in 1999. Reference to the NBI's investment program, the SAP, has been made in
the text where figures exist, such as for the NEL-SAP. The size of the investment program is
expected to total several billion US dollars over the coming decades, but it is only in the
definition stage, and actual figures have therefore not been fully reflected in the incremental cost
analysis. Some of the projects in the investment program will form the baseline while others will
be part of the alternative.
Relevant actors/elements in the program include (a) national governments; (b) local governments
for sub-national jurisdictions within the Basin; (c) local (and community-based), national and
international NGOs active in the Basin; (d) the private sector; (e) universities and other research
institutions; (f) government policies, laws, regulations and development plans; (g) other donors
active in the Basin and (h) relevant international conventions and agreements entered into by the
Nile countries related to land and water management.
COSTS
The costs of the action are over and above those incurred by the countries to implement their
national environmental policies and environmental action plans and to comply with existing
environmental laws and regulations. The incremental cost, by which the alternative scenario
exceeds the costs of the baseline situation, is estimated at US$110.7 million. In addition to the
US$350,000 grant from the PDF Block B, already disbursed, GEF is requested to finance
US$26.6 million. Project co-financing is expected to amount to US$84.1 million (of which
US$71.4 million will support other SVP/NBI projects, while an additional US$12.7 million will
be raised for the project through the ICCON process to complement the GEF increment
(Discussions with Canada are underway in this regard.). The costs of monitoring and evaluation,
47
supervision and quality control, contingencies and execution are included in these amounts. The
project builds on a substantial baseline and is complemented by significant associated financing.
The nine participating Nile Basin country governments are fully committed to the project and to
the sustainability of activities undertaken beyond the life of the project.
In line with the above, therefore, the GEF project total for Phase 1, which is requested in the
present project proposal, amounts to a total of US$19.3 million, while the GEF resources which
will be requested for Phase 2 amounts to a total of US$7.4 million.
48
Incremental Cost Matrix (US$million)
Component/
Category
Amount Domestic Benefits
Global Benefits
Other Costs
1. Institutional
Baseline
93.0
The institutional framework in
Strengthening to
most riparian countries
Facilitate
includes national legislation,
Regional
environmental plans and
Cooperation
strategies, and projects for
natural resource management
and environmental
conservation.
Alternative
116.60
Some gains in institutional and
Establishment of an environmental
human capacity through
framework that will promote: (a) enhanced
training and involvement of
basin-wide cooperation essential to
National Experts in the project.
successful implementation of the Agenda
for Environmental Action in the Nile Basin
through the SVP, SAPs and other programs,
and (2) a basin-wide institution (NBI) with
substantially enhanced environmental
management capacities.
Increment 23.60
1a. Decision
Baseline 0.00
Currently
insufficient
Support System
understanding of river basin
(DSS)
dynamics to assess the
downstream environmental
impacts of future river system
interventions or changes in
watershed management
regimes. Existing efforts are
fragmented and have not
included all riparians.
Alternative
28.00
Some incidental domestic
Improved technical foundation for
benefits.
transboundary water resources planning and
management, including environmental
assessments. Improved access to
information within and between the riparian
countries, improved knowledge of shared
biological resources, enhanced
understanding of river basin dynamics,
especially transboundary effects. Also
regional, integrated planning and
management of water resources.
Increment 28.00
2. Community-
Baseline
205.9
Local-level capacities and
level Land, Forest
access to resources and
and Water
information throughout the
Conservation
Basin are mostly inadequate.
Alternative
222.0
Emphasis will be on
Improved understanding of transboundary
transboundary soil erosion hot
soil erosion processes and land and water
spot sites and areas with
conservation. Increased knowledge from
biodiversity of global
exchanges of lessons and experiences
significance. There will be
among and between national NGO
some incidental domestic
networks. Improved environmental
benefits. Equipment provided
management involving activities designed
to NGO networks will be
and implemented by local stakeholders plus
funded from non-GEF sources
enhanced government-NGO collaboration.
and 50-80% of micro grants
will be funded from non-GEF
sources.
49
Component/
Category
Amount Domestic Benefits
Global Benefits
Other Costs
Increment 16.10
3. Environmental
Baseline
0.90
Low level of environmental
Education and
awareness and education on
Awareness
issue of shared water resources
among the public, students,
officials and professionals.
Alternative
31.30
Some incidental domestic
Deepened public awareness and
benefits.
understanding of riparian countries' co-
dependence on sound environmental
management. Strengthened transboundary
education and research initiatives.
Increment 30.40
4. Wetlands and
Baseline
74.20
There is generally inadequate
Biodiversity
information, awareness and
Conservation
management of wetlands and
protected areas.
Alternative
81.30
There will be some incidental
Enhanced information and knowledge of
domestic benefits.
economic and ecological contribution of
wetlands to conservation and development.
Increased basin-wide appreciation of
wetland functions. Improved protection of
key transboundary conservation areas and
key sites for migratory species.
Increment 7.10
5. Basin-wide
Baseline
29.00
Existing water quality
Water Quality
monitoring efforts are
Monitoring
inconsistent, uncoordinated and
mainly do not include the
sharing of transboundary
information.
Alternative
34.50
Monitoring at selected sites
Improved water quality information for
will provide some incidental
basin-wide natural resource and
domestic and capacity building
environmental management, especially at
benefits, net of domestic
transboundary and globally-significant hot
contributions.
spot sites.
Non-GEF funding will be
sought for investments in
monitoring equipment that
generate domestic benefits.
Increment 5.50
TOTALS Baseline
403.00
Alternative
513.70
Increment
110.70
GEF
26.60
Non-GEF
84.10
50
Project Baseline Summary
Baseline ($US millions)
Component
Total Baseline
Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate
1
93.0
Regional Cooperation
Land, Forest, and Water Conservation
2
205.9
Environmental Education & Awareness
3
0.9
Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
4
74.2
51
Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide
5
29.0
TOTAL
403.0
Other Baseline Projects
Country Project
Year
Budget14
Implementing Agency
Donor
Location & Issues
Relevant
(US$M)
Agency
Addressed
Proj. Comp.
Integrated Development - Bututsi (1)
2000-2002
5.6
-
Agriculture, Land mgt
2
Support to the Mgt and Rehab of Env.
Ongoing
3.0
General Directorate for Land and Environment UNDP Biodiv./Nature
Conservation
4
(wetlands component)
Mgt. (DGATE)
Rural Development Program (wetlands
Ongoing
5.0
Provincial Directorate for Agriculture and
FIDA-
Wetlands
4
component)
Livestock (DPAE)
OPP
RUNDI
Agricultural Development - Muyinga (1)
2000-2002
0.1
-
Agriculture, Land mgt
2
U
B
Soil Erosion Program (2)
2000-2002
0.1
General Directorate for Land and Env. Mgt.
Soil erosion
2
Forestry - World Bank (2)
2000-2001
0.1
Forestry Department
IDA
Forest mgt
2
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 1996-2000
0.22 (GEF) National Institute for Env. and Nature
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Conservation
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
13.9
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
0.25(GEF) Ministry of Tourism and Environment
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Range Management and Pasture Improvement 5 years
2.5
Ministry of Agriculture
Land and Water Conservation
2
CONGO
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
2.5
Capacity building/Env Sector/Upgrade NEAP 1998-2000
1.1
Min. of State for Environmental Affairs,
Instit.
Strengthening
1
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Lake Manzala Engineered Wetland
1997-2002
4.5 (GEF) Min. of State for Environmental Affairs,
GEF Pollution
5
52
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
National Oil Spill, River Nile & Lake Nasser 2000-2002
0.9
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Disaster mgt
5
Used Oil & Domestic Waste/Along Nile
1999-2001
0.6
Min. of Water Resources, Egyptian
Pollution
5
Environmental Affairs Agency
National Environmental Disaster Plan
1999-2002
4.4
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
Disaster mgt
5
Organic Agriculture
Ongoing
0.5
Min. of Agriculture
Land and Water Conservation
2
National water Quality and Availability
1997-2004
21.3
National Water Resources Centre (NWRC)
Canada/E WQ Monitoring, Water
5
Management (NAWQAM) Project
gypt
resources Management
T
National Water Resources Plan for Egypt
1998-2002
3.9
Ministry of Water resources and Irrigation
Netherlan Water Resources Planning
1
P
Y
(MWRI)
ds/ Egypt
EG
DSS for Water Resources Planning based on 1998-2001
1.5
National Water Resources Centre (NWRC)
Italy/Egyp DSS development
1
Environmental Balance
t
Monitoring, Forecasting and Simulation of the Ongoing
15.0
FAO/ Ministry of Water resources and Irrigation USAID
Water resources management
1
Nile River
(MWRI)
Updating Meteorological Network
Ongoing
1.4
Government of Egypt
Egypt
Hydrological network
1
METAP III
1996-2001
4.2
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
UNDP/W Instit. Strengthening
1
B
Wetlands & Coastal/Mediterranean Region
1997-2002
2.8 (GEF) Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
GEF
Instit. Strengthening
4
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 1995-1997
3.5 (GEF) Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Local Initiative Facility to Urban Environment 1993-1998
0.9
NGOs
UNDP
Env. Education/Awareness
3
Italian Cooperation Project
1998-2002
2.0
EEAA, Min. Water Res. & Irrigation, Min. of Italy
1
Culture
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
57.7
14 Project budgets indicated as GEF funded are not added in the baseline.
Country Project
Year
Budget14
Implementing Agency
Donor
Location & Issues
Relevant
(US$M)
Agency
Addressed
Proj. Comp.
Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE)
1989-to date
0.5
IUCN and Environmental Protection Authority NORAD Biodiv./Nature
Conservation
4
project
(EPA)
Regional Conservation Strategy Projects
1994-1999
1.5
IUCN and National Regional Governments with NORAD Biodiv./Nature
Conservation
4
the Technical Support from EPA
National Action Program to Combat
1997-1999 0.3
EPA
UNDP/
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Desertification
UNSO
Environmental Support Project
1999-2003
12.3
Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)
The
Water supply & sanitation
1
Netherlan master plan; water res. & env.
ds/Ethiopi meta database
a
Flow Forecasting
2000-2001
0.2
Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)
UNDP
Flow forecasting
1
I
A
P
Capacity Building of The Hydrology
1998-2001
0.7
Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)
NORAD/ Data Collection
1
I
O
Department
Ethiopia
Soil Conservation for Hydrology
Ongoing
1.4
Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)
EU/Ethiop Sediment transport in rivers
2
ETH
ia
Ecological Sustainable Industrial
2000-2002 1.5
EPA
Netherlan Instit. Strengthening
1
Development
ds/
UNIDO
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 2000-2002
0.33(GEF) Institute for Bio-diversity Conservation and
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Research (IBCR)
Bird Life Project
2000-2002
0.2 (GEF) Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History NGO
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
53
(EWLNHS)
Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
1994-1999
2.45 (GEF) National governmental departments
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources
1994-1999
3.9
National governmental departments
UNDP/G Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
OV
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
22.3
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan Recently concluded
Min. of Env. and Natural Resources (National GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Environment Secretariat)
Integrated Water Resource Management
2000-2003
0.6
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Sida/Keny Watershed management
2
(MENR)
a
NYA
Water Resources Assessment Project (WRAP 1996-2000
0.3
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources The
Water Resources database &
1
5)
(MENR)
Netherlan water res. assessment
KE
ds/Kenya
National Action Program to Combat
Five Years
8.3
Min. of Env. And Natural Resources
UNDP/
Land and Water Conservation
2
Desertification
UNSO
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
9.2
Country Project
Year
Budget14
Implementing Agency
Donor
Location & Issues
Relevant
(US$M)
Agency
Addressed
Proj. Comp.
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan Ongoing
0.17 (GEF) Ministry of Lands and Environmental Protection GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Environmental Law Formulation
2000-2001
0.1
Ministry of Lands and Environmental Protection UNDP
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Implementation of National Environmental
1996-2001
0.8
Ministry of Lands and Environmental Protection UNDP
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Action Plan
Potable Water Supply (A.E.P.)
1999-2001
0.1
Ministry of Water, Energy and Natural
Rwanda Land and Water Conservation
2
Resources
Capacity Building for the National
Ongoing
0.3
Ministry of Public Works, Transport and
UNDP Capacity
building
1
Meteorological Service
Communications (MINITRACO)
Database for Geology and Mining
Ongoing
0.3
Ministry of Public Works, Transport and
IDA Information
systems
1
Communications (MINITRACO)
Rehab & Reforestation
Ongoing
0.4
Ministry of Geology and Mining, Energy, Water EU Environmental
conservation. 2
and Natural Resources (MINERENA)
ANDA
A.E.P. Umutara
1999-2001
1.2
Ministry of Water, Energy and Natural
Denmark Land and Water Conservation
2
RW
Resources
A.E.P à partir du lac Mugesera (Karenge-
1998-2000
2.0
Ministry of Water, Energy and Natural
RFA
Land and Water Conservation
2
Kigali)
Resources
A.E.P. Umutara-Kibungo-Kigali rural
1998-2000
3.0
Ministry of Water, Energy and Natural
IDA
Land and Water Conservation
2
Resources
National Program for Soil and Water
1999-2001
4.3
Ministry of Agriculture
Rwanda Land and Water Conservation
2
Conservation
54
Management of natural Forests in Nyungwe 2000-2001
1.2
Ministry of Agriculture
EU
Land and Water Conservation
4
(cross-border w. natural forest of Kibira in
Burundi)
Agro-forestry in the Oriental High Plateau
1997-2001
1.0
Ministry of Agriculture
EU
Land and Water Conservation
2
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
14.7
Biodiversity Mgt - Dinder National Park
1999-2002
0.8 (GEF) Higher Council for Environment & Natural
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Resources
Biodiversity Mgt - Dinder National Park
1999-2002
0.5
Higher Council for Environment & Natural
UNDP Biodiv./Nature
Conservation
4
Resources
Lower Atbara Area Development Scheme
1995-2003
4.5
Ministry of International Cooperation and
UNDP
Land and Water Conservation
2
federal states
Area Rehabilitation Scheme Juba
1998-2001
1.5
Ministry of International Cooperation and
UNDP
Land and Water Conservation
2
federal states
SUDAN
Area Rehabilitation Scheme - Wau
1998-2001
1.5
Ministry of International Cooperation and
UNDP
Land and Water Conservation
2
federal states
National Action Plan to Combat
1997-1999
0.3
National Desertification Unit
UNDP
Land and Water Conservation
2
Desertification
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
1999 - 2000
0.3 (GEF) Higher Council for Environment & Natural
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Plan
Resources
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
8.3
Country Project
Year
Budget14
Implementing Agency
Donor
Location & Issues
Relevant
(US$M)
Agency
Addressed
Proj. Comp.
Participatory Environmental Resource
1997-1999
10.0
Min. of Natural Resources & Tourism
USAID
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Management Project
National Action Plan to Combat
1997-1999
0.4
Division of Environment under Vice President's UNDP/U Land mgt
2
Desertification
office
NSO
River Basin Management and smallholder
1997-2003
10.6
Ministry of Water
World
Water resources mgmt. &
2
Irrigation Improvement Project.
Bank
irrigation
Capacity Building for Environmental
1998-2003
1.8
Prime Minister's office; Mwanza municipality DANIDA Instit. Strengthening,
5
ANZANIA
T
Management and Pollution Abatement in
pollution
Mwanza Region
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
1995-1996
0.3 (GEF) Division of Environment under Vice President's GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Plan
office
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
22.8
National Wetlands Conservation and
July 1996-
2.2
Min. of Water Lands and Environment
Netherlan Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Management Project
2001
ds Govt.
Tree Seed Project
Oct 1998-
2.1
Forestry Dept, Min. of Water, Lands and Env. NORAD/ Forest mgt
2
2003
G of
Uganda
South East and South West Integrated
July 99 -
3.7
Forestry Dept, Ministry of Water, Lands and
ADB Land
mgt.
2
Watershed Management Project.
2004
Environment
Environment Management Capacity Building 1996-2000
8.4
Nat. Environment Management Authority
World
Instit. Strengthening
1
Project
Bank
55
Integrated Water Resources Management of 1999-2004
9.4
Ministry of Local Govt.
DFID
Integrated basin management
2
Lakes George & Edward Basin
Strengthening Water Resources Monitoring
1996-2003
12.0
Directorate of Water Development (DWD)
Danida
Water resources information
1
and Assessment Services (WRAP)
National Environment Monitoring Agency
1998-2002
1.5
National Environmental Management Authority Uganda Monitoring
1
(NEMA)
National Parks and Wildlife Management.
1995-1999
5.0
Uganda Wildlife Authority
USAID
Instit Strengthening
1
Environment Laws and Institutions Project
1996-1999
0.4
Ministry of Water Lands and Environment
UNEP
Instit. Strengthening
1
Kibali Wild Coffee
1999
0.8
Uganda Coffee Trade Federation
IBRD/GE Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
F
UGANDA
Peri-urban Plantations Project
1996-2000
1.8
Forestry Dept, Ministry of Water Lands and
NORAD/ Forest mgt
2
Environment (MWLE).
G of
Uganda
Mt. Elgon Conservation and Development
1996-2000
1.4
Ministry of Water Lands and Environment
IUCN
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Biomass Study Phase III
1996-2000
0.7
Forestry Dept, Ministry of Water Lands and
EU Forest
mgt/Energy
2
Environment (MWLE).
Development Through Conservation Project 1989-2002
2.8
Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Industry
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Water Resources Assessment Project
1996-2000
7.0
Directorate of Water Development
Danida
Water resources
1
Environment Management
1996-2001
11.8
Ministry of Natural Resources
IDA
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Bwindi Forest and Mgahinga Gorilla
1995-1999
4.0 (GEF) Government of Uganda
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
0.25 (GEF) Ministry of Water Lands and Environment
GEF Biodiv./Nature
Conservation 4
Plan
(MWLE).
Cross-border Biodiv. Project (Sango Bay)
1998-2002
1.77 (GEF) Ministry of Water Lands and Environment
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Protected Areas Management & Sustainable 1999-2002
12.4
Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities IDA
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Use
Protected Areas Management & Sustainable 1999-2002
2.0 (GEF) Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Use
Country Project
Year
Budget14
Implementing Agency
Donor
Location & Issues
Relevant
(US$M)
Agency
Addressed
Proj. Comp.
Small - Towns Water Supply
1995-2001
42.3
Ministry of Water Lands and Environment
IDA
Water resources
2
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
125.7
Strengthening of National Capacities in Nile 2000-2002
5.3
Nile-Council of Ministers through Nile-SEC
FAO
Instit. Strengthening
1
al
Basin
on
Operational Water Resources Management
1996-1999
3.6
Ministers of Water Affairs - Nile Countries
FAO/
Instit. Strengthening
1
e
gi
R
and Information Systems in the Nile Basin
Italy
Countries Project (basin-wide)
NBI Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program Design phase
tbd
Relevant sector ministries under coordination by tbd
Water Resources; Early
(Egy, Eth, Sud)
Ministers of Water Affairs
warning Systems and
Modeling; Agriculture; Land
&Water Conservation; Power
NBI Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action
(relevant NEL-SAP projects under design listed
Program (Bur, DRC, Ken, Rwa, Tan, Ug) :
below:)
1. Water Use in Agriculture
Design phase
46.2
Relevant sector ministries under coordination by tbd
Soil & Water Conservation
2
Ministers of Water Affairs
2. Sustainable management
Design phase
16.0
Relevant sector ministries under coordination by tbd
Wetlands and Biodiversity
4
and Conservation of Lakes
Ministers of Water Affairs
and Linked Wetlands
3. Watershed Management
Design phase
10.0
Relevant sector ministries under coordination by tbd
Soil & Water Conservation
2
(three sub-projects)
Ministers of Water Affairs
56
4. Water Hyacinth and Water Weed
Design phase
4.7
Relevant sector ministries under coordination by tbd
Water Resources; Soil &
2
Control
Ministers of Water Affairs
Water Conservation
Lake Victoria Environment Management
1996-2001
35.0
Ministries of environment affairs Ken, Tan, Uga IDA
Water Res.; Soil & water
2
n
si
Project (LVEMP)
+ many local partners
conservation
Lake Victoria Environment Management
1996-2001
35 (GEF) Ministries of environment affairs Ken, Tan, Uga GEF
Water Res.; Soil & water
2
Project (LVEMP)
+ many local partners
conservation
Sub-ba
Lake Victoria Water Resources Project (Ken, 1996-1999
4.9
Ministries of Water Affairs - Ken, Tan, Uga
FAO/
Instit. Strengthening
1
Tan, Uga)
Japan
Lake Victoria Development Initiative
Planned
-
EAC- Secretariat and member states
Sida
Instit. Strengthening
1
Reducing Biodiv Loss - Cross Border Sites - 1998-2002
12.6(GEF) Gov't Tan, Gov't Ken, Gov't Uga
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
East Africa
East African Sub-Regional Project on
1997-1999
0.2
Division of Environment under Vice President's Denmark/ Instit. Strengthening
1
Environmental Law
office
UNEP/
UNDP
Institutional Support for the Protec. E. Africa
10 (GEF) Gov't Tan, Gov't Ken, Gov't Uga
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Biodiversity
Afr NGO-Govt Partnerships
1994 - 1999
4.3 (GEF) Natl. NGOs, Govt. & intl. NGOs
GEF
Biodiv./Nature Conservation
4
Biodiv.Action/Birdlife (BkF, Cam, Eth, Gha,
Ken, Mad, SiL, SA, Uga)
East African Communities' Organization for Planned
-
NGOs and CBOs with environment mandate
Instit.
Strengthening
1
Management of Lake Victoria Resources
within the Lake Basin
(ECOVIC)
Sub-total of known non-GEF projects
125.9
Grand
403.0
Total
ANNEX B
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE NILE BASIN INITIATIVE TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
(SHARED VISION PROGRAM)
Intervention
Indicators of Performance
Means of Verification
Risks and Assumptions
Overall Goal
The vision of the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)
is to achieve sustainable socio-economic
development through equitable utilization
of, and benefit from, the common Nile
Basin water resources.
The NBI's Strategic Action Program aims to
support establishment of an enabling
environment for cooperative development.
The project aims to develop a framework for
basin-wide environmental action linked to
transboundary issues within the context of
the Nile Basin Initiative's (NBI's) Strategic
Action Program.
Project Objective
· Examples of effective basin-wide stakeholder
· NBI Environment Project documents
57
The project aims to create more effective
cooperation on key environmental issues identified
that show that basin-wide
basin-wide stakeholder cooperation on
by the TEA include:
cooperation on environmental action
transboundary environmental issues by
· Exchanges of information and knowledge, including
is taking place.
supporting the implementation of a subset of
the establishment of networks
· Project monitoring and evaluation
the actions prioritized by the TEA.
· Capacity building and training
reports.
· Improved environmental monitoring and enhanced
· Reports of other local, national, and
applied research capabilities
international investigations
· Pilot project interventions
· Environmental issues given greater weight in
economic development policies and projects
Intervention
Indicators of Performance
Means of Verification
Risks and Assumptions
Result/ Component 1:
· DSS river basin planning model developed
· Project and DSS progress and
· The non-GEF-funded portion of
Institutional Strengthening to Facilitate
· DSS Information Management System with
performance reports (incl. needs
the Water Resources Planning
Regional Cooperation
environmental content developed.
assessment report, user manuals, QA
and Management Project will
1. Regional Capacity Building for
· Participatory development of River Basin Model
reports, and training program
support other DSS components,
Transboundary Environmental
completed.
assessment)
including developing the
Management
· Five training workshops conducted for core staff to
· Project monitoring and evaluation
Information Management System
2. Decision Support System (DSS)
use and maintain River Basin Model.
reports
and strengthening the
3. Communications and Knowledge
· Basin-wide environmental web site and electronic
· Workshop reports (with gender
institutional frameworks and
Management
communication network functioning.
specific data)
human capacity for DSS
4. Macro and sectoral policies and the
· Newsletter published regularly (in 3 languages) with · Project Newsletter
development and application.
environment
best practices, lessons, workshops and additional
· Evaluation of River Basin Model
· The DSS component of the Water
resource material of interest for all project areas.
performance and utility
Resources Planning and
· Basin-wide Thematic Working Groups established
· Reports of studies on relationships
Management Project will
and functioning effectively for each of project
between macro and sector policies
establish the structure and
components 2 to 5.
and environment, including root
technical standards for the
· Transboundary studies of macro and sector policies
causes.
communications network and
and environment (including root causes) completed
Information Management System
in 4 countries, including at least one southern and
to be used by the project.
one northern Nile country.
· The Newsletter will use
58
information and publishing
facilities supported by CIDA
(through a parallel
Communications Project) in
collaboration with the DSS.
· Stakeholders are willing to share
information and will collaborate
in the design and maintenance of
the DSS.
· Qualified and motivated staff and
other resources available.
· Additional financial resources
can be mobilized to cover the
hardware costs associated with
the establishment of NGO
networks.
· Key issues and constraints related
to the use of new technology can
be overcome.
Intervention
Indicators of Performance
Means of Verification
Risks and Assumptions
Indicators for Phase 1 Completion
Verification of Phase 1 Completion
· Basin-wide Thematic Working Groups established
· Project and DSS progress and
and functioning effectively for each of project
performance reports (incl. needs
components 2 to 5.
assessment report, user manuals, QA
· Newsletter published regularly (in 3 languages) with
reports, and training program
best practices, lessons, workshops and additional
assessment)
resource material of interest for all project areas.
· Project monitoring and evaluation
reports
· Workshop reports (with gender
specific data)
· Project Newsletter
Result/ Component 2:
· National and international environmental NGO
· Project progress reports.
· National and international NGOs
Community-level Land, Forest and Water
networks established or strengthened in 5 countries
· Survey of users of NGO networks.
are willing to share information
Conservation
· Four regional training workshops (with gender
· Workshop reports.
and collaborate with the project.
1. Enhanced basin-wide capabilities and
balance) conducted on NGO-government
· Reports on assessments and studies
· Studies provide usable insights
cooperation
collaboration with basin-wide participation
of transboundary soil erosion.
on transboundary soil erosion to
2. Improved understanding of
· Transboundary assessments and studies of soil
· Micro-grant Fund reports on
guide grant-making emphasis of
transboundary soil erosion
erosion completed, involving at least 5 countries,
institutional arrangements,
Micro-grant Fund.
3. Micro-grant Fund to support local-level
including at least one southern and one northern Nile
organization and management, grant
· Adequate institutional
59
land, forest and water conservation
country, and participation of a full range of
selection criteria and grant making.
arrangements can be made in
initiatives at transboundary sites
stakeholders.
· Monitoring and evaluation reports
each country to house, manage,
· Priority transboundary sites and areas identified for
for Micro-grant Fund, including
safeguard and administer the
pilot activities in 5 countries.
monitoring and evaluation for
Micro-grant Fund.
· Micro-grant Fund established and functioning
individual grants.
· Community-level stakeholders
effectively reaching NGOs and grassroots groups
· Satisfactory gender ratios reached in
are ready to submit proposals to
across gender lines. Micro-grants made to support
grant-making.
and engage in joint activities with
local-level pilot initiatives, adoption of best
the Micro-grant Fund.
practices and exchanges of lessons learned. Specific
verifiable indicators developed for the Micro-grant
Fund. Indicators to include gender targets for micro-
grant beneficiaries.
· Promising or successful pilots identified for scaling
up or replication through the NBI's SAP.
Intervention
Indicators of Performance
Means of Verification
Risks and Assumptions
Indicators for Phase 1 Completion
Verification of Phase 1 Completion
· National and international environmental NGO
· Project progress reports.
networks established or strengthened in 3 Nile
· Workshop reports.
countries. Micro-grant Fund established and
· Reports on assessments and studies
functioning effectively.
of transboundary soil erosion.
· First round of grant making satisfactorily completed. · Micro-grant Fund reports on
· Two regional training workshops conducted on
institutional arrangements,
NGO-government collaboration with basin-wide
organization and management, grant
participation.
selection criteria and grant making.
· Transboundary assessments and studies of soil
· Monitoring and evaluation reports
erosion completed, involving at least 2 countries,
for Micro-grant Fund.
including participation of a full range of
stakeholders.
Result/ Component 3:
· National Working Groups established and
· Project progress reports.
· National Working Groups are
Environmental Education and Awareness
functioning effectively.
· Gender sensitive environmental
willing to participate, work
1. Public awareness and understanding of
· Regional training provided to 50 stakeholders in
education and awareness program
jointly and share information
Nile transboundary environmental
environmental education and awareness program
materials.
with counterparts from other
issues
development.
· Survey of environmental education
riparian countries.
2. Enhanced networking among
· Gender sensitive environmental education and
and awareness program users to
· Adequate institutional
60
universities and other research
awareness programs for public and schools
evaluate impact of activities.
arrangements for development
institutions
developed and delivered, using both innovative and
· Survey of users of university and
and delivery of environmental
traditional media. Specific verifiable indicators will
research institution network to
education programs can be made
be developed in consultation with national education
evaluate impact of activities.
within each country, e.g., with
authorities.
the Ministries of Education.
· University and research institutions brought into a
network to coordinate programs in environmental
science, engineering and policy studies. One
coordinating institution selected per country.
Specific verifiable indicators developed in
consultation with regional Working Group.
Indicators for Phase 1 Completion
Verification of Phase 1 Completion
· National Working Groups established and
· Project progress reports.
functioning effectively.
· Environmental education and
· Regional training provided to 20 stakeholders in
awareness program materials.
environmental education and awareness program
development.
· Environmental education and awareness programs
for public and schools developed and delivery plan
at an advanced or final stage.
Intervention
Indicators of Performance
Means of Verification
Risks and Assumptions
Result/ Component 4:
· Basin-wide wetland management network of
· Project progress reports.
· Wetland management
Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
stakeholders and experts established and functioning · Survey of users of wetland
stakeholders and experts are
1. Enhanced regional cooperation and
effectively.
management network to evaluate
willing to participate in and share
capabilities
· Wetland education, training and awareness programs
impact of activities.
information through a network
2. Better understanding and broader
developed in 3 languages and delivered in 5
· Wetland education, training and
facilitated by the project.
awareness of the role of wetlands
countries.
awareness program materials.
· Wetlands and other priority
3. More effective management of
· Two ecological and economic studies of the role of
· Reports on studies on the role of
transboundary sites selected for
wetlands
wetlands in sustainable development completed in
wetlands in sustainable development.
studies and for pilot initiatives
one southern and one northern Nile country.
· Progress reports on pilot initiatives.
are accessible.
· Pilot initiatives completed in support of capacity
building and management at 3 key transboundary
sites, involving at least one southern and one
northern Nile country. Specific verifiable indicators
will be developed for the site interventions.
Indicators for Phase 1 Completion
· Component to begin in Phase 2
· Phasing indicators as for Component 1.
Result/ Component 5:
· Existing national capacities assessed, including
· Project progress reports and maps.
· Technical institutions and their
1. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-
documentation of sampling points in each country.
· Reports on national water quality
staff of sufficient capacity and
61
wideEnhanced national capacities for
· Common analytical methods selected for basin-wide
monitoring capacities.
ready to engage in developing
water quality monitoring
use.
· Manual of common Nile Basin water
monitoring programs with
2. Transboundary
water
quality
· Methods pilot tested in one national laboratory in
quality analytical methods.
national and international
monitoring established
each country then revised based on experience and
· Progress reports on basin-wide water
exchanges of information.
adopted basin-wide.
quality monitoring program.
· Additional financial resources are
· Four regional training workshops on water quality
· Best practice materials and workshop
available for laboratory
monitoring conducted in each country
reports.
resources, sampling instruments
· National water quality database developed in each
and other hardware needed for
country.
water quality monitoring.
· Water quality monitoring program sampling points
· Adequate institutional
established at 3-5 environmental hotspots of
arrangements, including
transboundary relevance per country.
computer systems are made to
· Study tours conducted with basin-wide participation
house and maintain national
to examine water quality incidents and corrective
water quality databases.
measures.
· Adequate financial resources are
· Best practice materials on pollution prevention and
mobilized to cover the recurring
control prepared at a regional level in three
costs of monitoring systems.
languages and disseminated in each country.
· Political commitment exists to
· Four regional training workshops conducted on
share information and to establish
pollution prevention and monitoring needs, and cost
common monitoring approaches.
recovery mechanisms for water quality monitoring.
Indicators for Phase 1 Completion
· Component to be completed in Phase 1.
ANNEX B1
PHASED FUNDING OVERVIEW
GEF Financing
GEF
Phases
GEF
OUTPUT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Non-GEF
COMPONENT
Implementing
Implementing Agency and
Sub-totals
FOR SECOND PHASE OF GEF FUNDING
Funding
Agency
Funding Distribution
and TOTALS
Phase 1
Phase 2
1. Institutional Strengthening
1.1 Regional capacity building
All GEF funding in Phase 1.
UNDP
6,936,149
0
6,936,149
0
1.2 Knowledge management
All GEF funding in Phase 1.
World Bank
1,154,139
0
1,154,139
0
1.3 Decision Support System - River Basin All GEF funding in Phase 1.
World Bank
3,646,986
0
3,646,986
0
Model
1.4 Macro/sectoral policies and the environment All GEF funding in Phase 1.
World Bank
436,686
0
436,686
0
12,173,959 0
12,173,959 0
2. Land, Forests and Water Conservation
2.1 Basin-wide cooperation and NGO networks All GEF funding in Phase 1.
UNDP
1,194,997
0
1,194,997
2,461,373
2.2 Transboundary soil erosion
All GEF funding in Phase 1.
UNDP
305,210
0
305,210
0
2.3 Micro-grant fund for local conservation Institutional arrangements in place. First round of
UNDP 215,236
2,000,000
215,236
4,922,746
initiatives
grant making satisfactorily completed.
63
1,715,442 2,000,000 3,715,422 7,384,119
3. Environmental Education and Awareness
3.1 Public awareness and understanding
Organizational arrangements, detailed work plans
UNDP 2,062,563
1,000,000
3,062,563 0
and early pilots completed.
3.2 Networking universities and other research All GEF funding in Phase 1.
UNDP
402,742
0
402,742
0
institutions
2,465,305 1,000,000 3,465,305
0
4. Wetlands and Biodiversity Conservation
4.1 Regional cooperation and capabilities
Institutional framework established (Component 1).
UNDP
0
1,185,766 1,185,766
0
4.2 Wetlands in sustainable development
No GEF funding.
UNDP
0
0
0
2,735,816
4.3 Management of wetlands & cross-border Institutional framework established (Component 1).
UNDP
0
3,183,786
3,183,786
0
Pas
0 4,369,552 4,369,552 2,735,816
5. Water Quality Monitoring Basin-wide
5.1 Capacity building for water quality
All GEF funding in Phase 1.
World Bank
1,506,249
0
1,506,249
0
monitoring
5.2 Transboundary water quality monitoring All GEF funding in Phase 1.
World Bank
1,418,221
0
1,418,221
2,589,045
initiated
2,924,470
0
2,924,470
2,589,045
TOTAL
19,279,176
7,369,552
26,648,729 12,708,979
ANNEX C
STAP REVIEW
To be completed upon completion of present Project Brief
following Nile-TAC and Nile-COM endorsement
65
ANNEX C1
RESPONSE TO STAP REVIEW
To be completed upon completion of present Project Brief
following Nile-TAC and Nile-COM endorsement
67
ANNEX D
GOVERNMENT REQUESTS
To be received from all Nile countries no later than 30 June 2001.
69
ANNEX E
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF WATER AFFAIRS OF THE NILE BASIN STATES
POLICY GUIDELINES FOR THE NILE RIVER BASIN STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM1
1. INTRODUCTION
· To ensure that the program results in a move
from planning to action.
The Nile is one of the world's greatest riches and
is of inestimable value for its peoples--a resource
3. THE SHARED VISION
which needs to be held in trust for future genera-
tions. Sustainable development and management
To achieve sustainable socio-economic development
of the Nile Basin presents a great challenge and
through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from,
there remain many opportunities for growth and
the common Nile Basin water resources.
development for the future, bringing the promise
of regional harmony and economic development.
Cooperative action:
At the heart of this challenge is the imperative to
eradicate poverty. Without action today, the ripar-
An important approach to cooperative action
ian countries will face many problems including
within a basin-wide framework is the principle of
famine, extreme poverty, environmental degrada-
subsidiarity: to take decisions at the lowest appro-
tion and rapid population growth. This is a clear
priate level, to facilitate the development of real
challenge for the peoples of the Basin and calls for
action on the ground.
vision and leadership.
4. THE STRATEGIC ACTION PROGRAM
The purpose of this brief document is to set out
policy guidelines for taking the strategic action
The strategic action program comprises two com-
which is necessary to realize the potential of the
plementary sub-programs. These promote the
Nile for the good of all. The time has come to
Shared Vision and realize the vision through ac-
move from planning to action.
tion on the ground see Figure 1.
2. OBJECTIVES
While the Shared Vision is being developed and
promoted at the basin-wide level, building com-
The objectives are:
mitment and clear goals, it needs to filter down to
the country and local level. However, the Shared
· To develop the water resources of the Nile Ba-
Vision cannot stand alone; it has to be nourished
sin in a sustainable and equitable way to en-
and fed by actions on the ground--actions which
sure prosperity, security and peace for all its
meet the needs of the people and build trust and
peoples.
confidence amongst the riparian countries. Action
on the ground will take place at local, national and
· To ensure efficient water management and the
sub-basin levels, and will integrate upwards within
optimal use of the resources.
a basin-wide framework.
· To ensure cooperation and joint action be-
5. SHARED VISION PROGRAM
tween the riparian countries, seeking win-win
gains.
The main task of the Shared Vision Program will
be the creation of an enabling environment for in-
· To target poverty eradication and promote
vestments and action on the ground, within a ba-
economic integration.
sin-wide framework. This Program will promote
the Shared Vision through a limited, but effective,
set of basin-wide activities and projects.
1 Policy Guidelines for the Nile River Basin Strategic Action Program, Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the
Nile Basin states, February 1999
71
The Shared Vision Program
illustrated in Figure 2 (and further
Figure 1:Strategic Action Program
explained in Annex 1), comprises 5
for the Nile
Shared Vision
broad themes, as follows:
1. The "Shared Vision Program"
comprises a limited range of essen-
tial but effective activities to create a
· Cooperative Framework
Shared Vision
coordination mechanism and an
(Project D3, ongoing) [B].
Sub-Program
"enabling environment" for the im-
plementation of the Shared Vision
· Confidence building and
through action on the ground.
stakeholder involvement [C].
2. "Subsidiary Action Programs"
plan and implement action on the
· Socio-economic,
ground at the lowest appropriate
Subsidiary
environmental and sectoral
level, taking into account benefits
Action
analyses [D].
and effects of planned activities on
Sub-Programs
other countries.
Action on the
· Development and investment
Ground
planning [E].
· Applied training [F].
The Shared Vision (A) will
be underpinned by a coop-
Figure 2: A Basin-wide Shared Vision Program
erative framework (B). The
ongoing Cooperative
A
Framework Project D3,
supported by UNDP, is
Shared Vision
building such a regional
To achieve sustainable socio-economic
framework. Supporting
development through the equitable utilization of, and
this "roof," are four major
benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources
basin-wide tasks (C-F)
B
Co-operative framework (Institutional and Legal) (D3)
which are the "pillars" of a
basin-wide Shared Vision
C
D
E
F
Program. Other activities
Confidence Building Socio-economic, env.
Development &
Applied Training
& Stakeholder
&Sectoral Analysis
Investment Planning
will be added as they are
involvement
needed and agreed upon.
· Political engagement · Macro economic analysis
· Win - win scenarios
· Specific support to
All activities within these
· Awareness creation
· Regional sectoral analysis
· Data Management
universities/applied
· Community awareness (poverty alleviation, water,
· Modeling including
research
tasks have a major capacity
· Multi-stakeholder
energy, agriculture,
decision support
institutions in relevant
building component and
participation
environment, industry)
systems
disciplines
· Confidence building
· Regional integration
· Regional integrated
· Building centers of
contribute to human re-
activities
opportunities
planning
excellence
sources development
· Etc..
· Financing alternatives inc.
· Etc.
· Targeted knowledge
private sector
transfer
within the Basin--this
· Opportunity cost analysis
· Etc.
provides the "foundation"
· Etc.
of the proposed program
(G).
G
Capacity building & human resource development
72
Figure 3 outlines the project cycle for the Shared
subsidiarity). Given the hydrological condi-
Vision Program.
tions of the Nile Basin, action on the ground
will mainly be planned and implemented at a
Figure 3: Shared Vision Program Project Cycle
sub-basin level.
Establishment of working groups by Nile-TAC
2. The appropriate planning level needs to in-
volve all those who will be affected. Coun-
tries involved will be a function of the loca-
tion, type, and scale of activity, as well as po-
Preparation of consultant TORs
tential upstream and downstream impacts.
3. The role of the overall (basin-wide) frame-
work is to ensure appropriate consultation
and involvement of those affected on the one
Detailed project preparation
hand, and subsidiarity on the other.
4. Subsidiary Action Programs will build on
principles of equitable utilization, no signifi-
Preparation of CG documentation
cant harm and cooperation.
5. The range of development project options
CG process: information to NILE-COM & mobiliza-
tion of funding
(see below) will vary depending on the nature
of the needs and opportunities in the different
geographical areas.
6. Investigations will seek solutions both that
Implementation
have benefits for all involved and distribute
benefits, costs, and risks equitably as well as
use resources efficiently and protect the envi-
ronment.
6. SUBSIDIARY ACTION PROGRAMS
7. Bundling several projects into a program
Within the basin-wide framework, Subsidiary Ac-
provides the opportunity to counterbalance
tion Programs will comprise actual development
the positive and negative impacts of different
projects at sub-basin level, involving two or more
projects, such that the cumulative sum of im-
countries. This will allow the move from planning
pacts within the program optimizes benefits
to action. While local and national governments
for all parties involved.
will address what needs to be done at the local and
national levels, the challenge of regional coopera-
Some of the types of projects which could be bun-
tion is to address development opportunities with
dled into Subsidiary Action Programs are as fol-
transboundary implications.
lows:
Guidelines for subsidiary action programs
Common understanding has been reached on the
following guidelines for the implementation of
Subsidiary Action Programs, pending the estab-
lishment of the Cooperative Framework.
1. Action on the ground needs to be planned at
the lowest appropriate level (the principle of
73
I. Generic Water Resources Management Project
Figure 4: Subsidiary Action Program Cycle
Possibilities
· Water Supply & Sanitation
Establishment of working groups
· Irrigation & Drainage Development
· Fisheries Development
·
Hydropower Development & Pooling
· Watershed Management
Facilitated prioritization process & formulation
· Sustainable Management of Wetlands & Biodiver-
of priority Subsidiary Action Programs (TOR)
sity Conservation
· Sustainable Management of Lakes & linked Wet-
land Systems
· River Regulation
Preliminary analysis (project fiches)
· Flood Management
· Desertification Control
· Water Hyacinth & Weeds Control
· Pollution Control & Water Quality Management
CG process, information to NILE-COM through
· Water Use Efficiency Improvements
Nile-TAC & mobilization of funding
II. Other Related Joint Development Project Possi-
bilities
Infrastructure:
· Regional energy networks, including power inter-
Pre-feasibility
connection and gas pipelines
· Telecommunication development
· Regional transport, including: railway and road
networks; river and marine navigation; aviation
Feasibility/final design
Trade and Industry:
· Promotion of trade (including border trade)
· Industrial development
· Regional tourism development
Funding & implementation
· Promotion of private investment and joint ventures
· Marketing and storage of agricultural products
· Forest crop harvesting
Health, environment, other:
7. RIPARIAN CONSULTATION PROCESS
· Malaria and other endemic diseases control
· Protection of wildlife
Maintaining riparian dialogue
· Environmental management
· Disaster forecasting and management
The Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the
The program cycle for Subsidiary Action Program
Nile Basin (NILE-COM) is the main policy and
development is outlined in Figure 4.
guidance forum for Nile Basin cooperation. The
NILE-COM has established a Technical Advisory
Committee (Nile-TAC) as an inclusive, transi-
tional institutional mechanism to coordinate joint
activities, pending the successful completion of
the Cooperative Framework Project D3. The Nile-
TAC will establish working groups to undertake
specific tasks (see below). High priority will con-
tinue to be placed on strengthening the process of
consultation in order to build trust and confidence.
Other fora, such as the Nile 2002 series of confer-
ences (supported by CIDA) will continue to be
valuable mechanisms for the exchange of views.
74
Shared Vision Program preparation
support for cooperative water resources develop-
ment and management and other related projects
The Nile-TAC will be responsible to the NILE-
in the Nile Basin. Within this forum, Nile riparian
COM for the preparation of the Shared Vision countries will seek funding pledges for projects
Program, which will be coordinated and imple-
from bilateral, multilateral and possibly private
mented at the basin-wide level.
funding agencies.
Subsidiary Action Program identification
9. CONCLUSIONS
To help with identifying subsidiary action pro-
On the basis of the Shared Vision for the Nile Ba-
grams, Nile-TAC will promote the establishment
sin and the arrangements outlined in this docu-
of working groups of concerned countries. The ment, the Council of Ministers is committed to
Subsidiary Action Programs that will evolve will
foster cooperation and sustainable development of
be within the Shared Vision and its framework de-
the River Nile for the benefit of all.
veloped at the basin-wide level. The sole responsi-
bility for these programs will then rest with the in-
volved riparians--with all affected countries being
able to participate. Figure 5 illustrates how country
activities will take place within possible sub-basin
frameworks (with many smaller sub-basins within
the two larger sub-basins illustrated), which them-
selves will be within a basin-wide framework.
This basin-wide framework will itself be within an
"international discourse" to promote international
support for sustainable Nile water development
and management.
Figure 5: An Illustration of Possible Levels of
Nile Cooperation
International Nile Discourse
Burundi
Rwanda
Ethiopia
Sudan
Tanzania
Eastern Nile
Southern Nile
Egypt
Eritrea
Kenya
DRC
Uganda
Nile Basin
8. CONSULTATIVE GROUP (CG)
The NILE-COM has requested the World Bank
and its partners to organize and host a consultative
group - the International Consortium for Coopera-
tion on the Nile (ICCON). The objective of the
ICCON is to seek coordinated and transparent
75
ANNEX F
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT IN PROJECT FORMULATION
The preparation of this project, as well as the other projects within the Shared Vision Program project
portfolio, was directed by the institutions of the NBI and involved the active participation of technical ex-
perts from across the Basin. This complex, multi-country, multi-sectoral process, which is described be-
low, demonstrates riparian ownership and commitment to successful project implementation.
Evolution of the Shared Vision Program: A coordinated basin-wide program
The Shared Vision Program evolved from four thematic areas, or pillars, as described in the NBI policy
guidelines for a coordinated program of seven basin-wide projects, between February 1999 and December
2000. The process, as summarized in Table 2, was executed and coordinated by the Nile-Sec, involved
active participation of and guidance from the Nile-TAC, and received formal endorsement by the Nile-
COM at critical milestones.
The final portfolio of Shared Vision Program projects includes:
(a)
Environmental analysis and management (this proposal).
(b)
Promoting power trade in the Nile Basin.
(c)
Efficient use of water for agriculture.
(d)
Water resources planning and management.
(e)
Confidence building and stakeholder involvement.
(f) Applied
training.
(g)
Socio-economic development and benefit-sharing.
Four of these are sectoral projects--focusing on environment, power, agriculture, and water resources
management--and three are cross-cutting projects related to confidence building and stakeholder in-
volvement, training, and macro-economics. The projects build on each other, and together will serve to
provide an enabling environment for cooperative development.
77
Table 1. Preparation of the Shared Vision Program
Date Meeting
Key
Outcomes
Type Location
July 1998
Nile-TAC
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Drafting of Policy Guidelines that define the SVP and 4 major thematic ar-
eas of the program.
Feb 1999
Nile-COM and
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Adoption of the NBI Policy Guidelines, and instruction by Nile-COM to
Nile-TAC
prepare a portfolio of priority SVP projects for ICCON.
May 1999
SVP Planning
Sodere, Ethiopia
Preliminary list of priority projects, including project goals & objectives,
Meeting
based on consultation and brainstorming by Nile-TAC members and 2 addi-
tional sectoral experts from each country.
May 1999
Nile-COM and
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Approval of list of priority projects and project preparation process.
Nile-TAC
Nile-COM endorses GEF PDF-B project for submission to GEF Secretariat.
Sept 1999
Nile-TAC
Entebbe, Uganda
Based on output from Sodere Planning Meeting, development of Project
Concept Notes for 7 priority projects and approval of a detailed project
preparation process and schedule for each project.
Nov, 1999
PDF B Review
Washington DC
GEF SEC approved PDF B funding.
meeting
Dec 1999
Project Prepara-
Entebbe, Uganda
Review and further development of Draft Project Concept Notes/Documents
tion 1
by Working Groups (WG). For each project, the WGs included a Nile-TAC
member and National Expert(s) from each country. A total of 8 National
Experts were involved from each country. Each project was assisted by a
Lead Consultant.
Dec 1999
National Analy-
(basin-wide) Nile Basin
Lead Consultants together with National Experts prepare Draft Project
- Nov
sis & Consulta-
countries
Documents. Depending on the project and country, National Experts pro-
2000
tions
vided inputs through preparation of National Reports, country consultations
and/or country visits by Lead Consultants.
Jan 2000
Nile-TAC
Entebbe, Uganda
Review of progress in project preparation and further refinement of Project
Concepts, as warranted.
Jan Apr
National consul-
In all Basin countries
GEF PDF-B funds facilitated the holding of national consultation work-
2000
tations
shops in each of the Nile riparian countries. This allowed for further stake-
holder involvement and consultation.
Mar 2000
Environment
Entebbe, Uganda
Review of draft National Reports. Agreements of common transboundary
Experts
priorities.
Mar 2000
Nile-TAC
Delft, the Netherlands
Review of progress in project preparation and further refinement of project
concepts/design, as warranted.
July 2000
Project Prepara-
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Review and further development of detailed Draft Project Documents by
tion 2
WGs.
Aug 2000
Nile-COM and
Khartoum, Sudan
Approval of SVP Project Portfolio and updated Project Summaries.
Nile-TAC
Oct 2000
Nile-TAC
Via electronic mail
Review of Final Project Documents.
Feb 2001
Nile-COM and
Khartoum, Sudan
Final approval of SVP Project Portfolio and Project Documents.
Nile-TAC
The Transboundary Environmental Analysis
Highly participatory. The Transboundary Environmental Analysis (TEA) was prepared through a highly
participatory and transparent process to ensure maximum consultation and involvement, which in turn can
translate into maximum relevance, ownership and commitment.
Political commitment. The decision to carry out a process of environmental analysis was taken by the
Nile Basin Initiative's Council of Ministers for Water Affairs, based on the recommendations by the Nile-
TAC at meetings held in Addis Ababa in May 1999, which prepared the strategic guidance for the overall
Shared Vision Program.
National Experts. During October November 1999, the national Ministries of Water Affairs consulted
with their national environment authorities for the nomination of a National Environment Expert from
each of the nine countries who would serve as National Expert and Drafting Group member.
78
Initiation of Transboundary Analysis. The Transboundary Environmental Analysis process was for-
mally launched with a one-week workshop in December 1999 at the Nile Basin Secretariat in Entebbe,
Uganda. During this workshop, participants from each of the Nile countries studied GEF guidelines and
operations, and started initial identification of common Nile-related transboundary environmental priori-
ties. The National Experts participated in this workshop, together with UNDP and World Bank staff.
Members of the TAC participated in several of the workshop sessions. One of the key workshop outputs
was a preliminary characterization of the major basin-wide environmental threats by the National Experts.
The workshop participants also agreed on a basic approach and methodology for the process ahead; de-
cided to hold broad national consultations in each of the nine countries to ensure that the report would
emerge reflecting national concerns and priorities, and agreed on the format for the National Report
which each National Expert would produce; and, finally, committed to a challenging work plan for the
following six months. For the riparian countries, this workshop began the critical process of working to-
gether on shared environmental concerns at an operational level, complementing the commitment to po-
litical cooperation that had already been established through the Nile Basin Initiative.
National consultations. The national consultation process varied between countries, reflecting national
traditions and preferences as well as the nature of individual Nile Basin issues within each country. In
each case the National Experts started by identifying the major stakeholder groups. The national minis-
tries or departments responsible for water resources and for environment were usually facilitators of the
consultation as well as being important stakeholders themselves. Other key stakeholders included national
government agencies responsible for natural resources and for planning, local government agencies, na-
tional and local NGOs, universities and other research institutions, participants in related projects and
programs, and selected individual experts (see table below for a list of stakeholders involved in the na-
tional consultations).
Broad participation. At least one stakeholder workshop was held in each riparian country. All of the
workshops were led by the national Nile-TAC representative and many had ministerial-level participa-
tion. The workshops served the dual purpose of explaining the relatively complex context for and back-
ground to the consultations, including making sure that the Nile Basin Initiative itself was well under-
stood, as well as soliciting inputs and suggestions on environmental priorities. In some cases workshop
participants were able to respond to early drafts of the National Reports. In all cases the workshop partici-
pants were encouraged to contact the National Experts directly to request information about progress or to
provide further inputs. In countries where the national capital is outside the Nile Basin, the National Ex-
perts traveled to the Nile Basin region of their countries for consultations. In some cases additional work-
shops or briefings were conducted for NGO groups.
Coordination with environmental planning initiatives. All of the riparian countries had previously un-
dertaken comparable national environmental planning processes aimed at diagnosing and prioritizing en-
vironmental problems. These include national environmental action plans, national conservation strate-
gies, national desertification action plans, national biodiversity strategies and action plans, tropical for-
estry action plans, etc. Many of these processes had themselves been based on broad consultations. The
findings from these planning frameworks were reflected in the National Reports.
National Reports. The National Experts prepared their National Reports to reflect the results of the con-
sultations as well as prior analytical work done in their respective countries. These reports in draft form
were made available to and reviewed by the stakeholders who had participated in the consultations. By
March 2000, the National Reports were received from each of the nine countries and a second workshop
for the National Experts was therefore held in Entebbe. The purpose of this workshop was to review the
environmental analysis in each of the reports and begin to identify common themes and priorities, around
which joint and common environmental management action could be taken.
79
Consolidation of findings. Following the March 2000 workshop, a draft Consolidated Report was pro-
duced and shared with the Nile-TAC members and the National Experts. This was followed by a final
workshop held in Addis Ababa in July 2000 during which the Consolidated Report and the project action
components were carefully reviewed and revised to fully reflect the national and basin-wide priorities.
Throughout the process, policy guidance was provided by the National Nile-TAC members and close in-
teraction took place between the Nile-TAC members and the National Experts. Moreover, the Nile-Sec
provided administrative and logistical support and facilitated links to related NBI activities while UNDP
and World Bank staff provided technical guidance. Coordination between the countries was provided by
an international Lead Consultant who also prepared the Consolidated Report based on the national find-
ings and recommendations. The core funding for these activities was provided by the Global Environment
Facility. Additional funding was provided by UNDP and the World Bank.
A parallel set of activities supported by USAID involved a scoping study preparing a multi-country tech-
nical background paper based on readily accessible and public domain information. This activity was car-
ried out by a US-based consulting team that consulted with stakeholders in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda. The National Experts worked closely with the consult-
ing teams during their country visits. The National Experts reflected some of the results of this scoping
study in the consolidated Transboundary Environmental Analysis report.
The impressive collaboration between the riparian countries' Experts laid a promising foundation for the
detailed design and implementation of the transboundary project activities proposed as a result of the
Transboundary Environmental Analysis.
Table 2. Stakeholders consulted during Transboundary Analysis and
Project Formulation Process
COUNTRY STAKEHOLDER
BURUNDI
Agri-Consult
Département de l'Environnement
Deuxième Vice-Présidence de la République
Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
Générale de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Aménagement - Génie Rural (Gestion des Marais)
Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU) Cartographie
Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU) Climatologie
Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU)
Institut National Pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) - Département Technique
Institut National Pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN)
Ministère de Développement Rural et de l'Artisanat
Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage
Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage - Département des Pêches et Pisciculture
Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement
Ministère de l'Energie et des Mines - Géologie et Mines
Ministère de la Santé Publique - Propreté Environnement Santé (PES)
Programme des Nations unies pour le Développement (PNUD)
Universitè du Burundi
D.R. CONGO Agence Nationale de Metéorologie et de Telédétection par Satellite (METTELSAT)
Bureau d'Etudes de l'Association pour le Développement de Beni et Lubero (ADEBEL)
Bureau Dendrologie
Cellule Juridique au Secrétariat Général de l'Environnement Conservation de la Nature, Pêche et Forêts (SG
ECNPF)
Centre National d'Information Environnementale (CNIE)
Comité Interministériel de Coordination en matière d'environnement
Comité National d'Action de l"Eau et de l'Assainissement (CNAEA)
80
COUNTRY STAKEHOLDER
Comité National MAB (Man and Biosphere)
Direction d'Etudes et Planification
Direction de Pêche et Ressources en Eau (DPRE)
Direction des Etablissements Humains et Protection Environnementale
Institut Géographique de Congo
Institut Supérieur des Techniques Appliqués (ISTA)
Ministère de l'Agricultre, Elevage et Développement Rural
Ministère de l'Intérieur et des Affairs Coutumières
Ministère du Plan et Consultant national chargé du volet utilisation efficace de l'eau pour l'agriculture
National du Projet FAO
Notabilité de la Province du Nord Kivu
Organisations autogérées et Organisations non-gouvernementales (ONGS)
Point Focal Lutte contre la Désertification
Programme Hydrologique International (PHI)
Régie de Distribution d'eau (REGIDESO)
Régie des Voies Fluviales (RVF)
Services Généraux
Service National pour la Promotion et le Développement de la Pêche (SENADEP)
Société Nationale d'Electricité (SNEL)
Système d'information Géographique (SIG)
EGYPT
Ain Shams University - Engineering Department
Ain Shams University Environmental Institute
Arabian Youth and Environment Office
Cairo University Engineering Department
Climate Change and Environmental Research Institute
Drainage Research Institute
Egypt Youth for Development and Environment
Egyptian Environment Federation
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Central Department for Information and Environmental Awareness
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Environment Quality Department
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Natural Protectorate Department
Groundwater Research Institute
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation - National Water Quality and Availability Project
National Water Research Center
Water Resources Master Plan Project
ETHIOPIA
Agri-Service Ethiopia (ASE)
Bureau of Agriculture
Bureau of Economic Development and Planning
Bureau of Water Resources and Energy
CARE Ethiopia
Christian Relief and Development Agency (CRDA)
CISP
Conservation Strategy for Ethiopia
Ethiopia Environmental NGO (EENGO)
Environmental Protection Authority
Ethiopian Aid
Ethiopian Aid
Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS)
Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organization
HNDEE (Oromo Grass-roots Development Initiative)
Institute for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (IBCR)
Japan International Volunteer Center (JIVC)
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Mines and Energy
Ministry of Planning and Economic Development
81
COUNTRY STAKEHOLDER
Ministry of Transportation and Communication
Ministry of Water Resources
Natural Resources Management in Amhara National Regional Government
OXFAM-Great Britain
Regional Conservation Coordinating Committee
Soil Conservation Program-Sweden
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
KENYA
Africa Water Network
Care Kenya
Department of Civil Engineering University of Nairobi
East African Cross-Border Biodiversity Project
Forest Department
International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) Mbita Point Station
International Network for Water and Sanitation (NETWAS)
Irrigation and Drainage Branch Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
IUCN East African Regional Office
Kenya Association of Manufacturers
Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) Kisumu
Kenya Water Institute
Kenya Wildlife Society (KWS)
Kipsaina Youth Conservation Group
Kisumu Municipal Council
Lake Basin Development Authority
Lake Victoria Environment Management Project
Maseno University College
MENR - Uasin Gishu District
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MENR) - Suba District
Ministry of Finance and Planning
Ministry of Local Authorities
Moi University
National Environment Secretariat
National Irrigation Board
National Museums of Kenya
Osienala Kisumu
Pan-African Paper Mills
Water and Sanitation Department (WSD) - Kisumu Municipal Council
Water Development Department
Wetlands Program
World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF)
RWANDA
Association pour la Recherche en Aménagement du Territoire (ARAMET)
CESTRAR
Division Aéronautique au Ministère des Travaux Publics, du Transport et des Communications (MINITRACO)
ELECTROGAZ
Institut de Recherche Scientifique (l'IRST)
Institut des Science Agronomiques de Rwanda (l'ISAR)
Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et des Forêts (MINAGRI)
Ministère de l'Eau et des Ressources Naturelles (MINERENA)
Ministère de l'Energie
Ministère de la Justice (MINIJUST)
Ministère des Terres, de la Réinstallation et de la Protection de l'Environnement (MINITERE)
Ministère du Commerce, de l'Industrie et du Tourisme (MINICOM)
National Office for Population (ONAPO)
Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux (ORTPN)
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
82
COUNTRY STAKEHOLDER
SUDAN
Animal Resources Research Corporation
Arab Organization for Agricultural Development
Environmentalist Society
Farmers Union
Fisheries Research Center
Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Geologist Trade Union
Higher Council of Civil Defense
Higher Council of Environment and Natural Resources
Hydraulic Research Station
Institute of Disaster Management
Institute of Environment and Natural Resource Research
Institute of Environmental Studies
Juba University College of Environment and Natural Resource Studies
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Animal Resources
Ministry of Economic Planning
Ministry of International Cooperation and Investment
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources
Ministry of Justice
National Forest Corporation
Save the Children Great Britain
Sudanese Environmental Conservation Society
Union of Engineers
UNESCO National Committee
University of Khartoum College of Agriculture
Wildlife Department
Wildlife Research Center
World Health Organization (WHO)
TANZANIA Environment Division of the Vice President's Office
Green Shinyanga Group
Health through Sanitation and Water Project - Mwanza
Journalist Environmental Association (JET)
Lake Victoria Environment Management Project
Mwanza Town Council Directors Office
Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Crop and Irrigation Division
Ministry of Communication and Transport
Ministry of Energy and Minerals
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Lands Fisheries Division
Ministry of Local Government
Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
Ministry of Water
National Environment Management Council
National Land Use and Planning Commission
Tanzania Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (TANGO)
Tanzania Traditional Energy and Environment Organization (TATEDO)
United Nations Development Programme
University of Dar es Salaam
Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Authority - Mwanza
Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
UGANDA
Action for Rural Development
Auxfound Environmental Awareness
District Environment Office of Jinja
District Environment Office of Mukono
Environment Protection and Economic Development Project (EPED)
Friends of Wetlands
83
COUNTRY STAKEHOLDER
Greenwatch
IUCN - Kampala
Jinja District
Jinja Municipal Council
Jinja Urban Wetlands
Kakuto Fish Farming
Kampala City Council
Lugazi Peoples Enterprise Development
Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural Resources
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry, and Fisheries - Agriculture Department
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development - Directorate of Energy
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Tourism Trade and Industry
Ministry of Water, Land and Environment
Ministry of Water, Land, and Environment - Directorate of Water Development
Ministry of Water, Land, and Environment - Forestry Department
Ministry of Works, Transport and Communications
Mukono District
National Association of Professional Environmentalists
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)
National Strategy for the Advancement of Rural Women in Uganda
National Wetlands Program
NEMA - GEF Biodiversity Conservation Project
Uganda Electricity Board
Uganda Environmental Protection Forum
Uganda Investment Authority
Uganda National NGO Forum
Uganda Neem Movement
Uganda Wetlands and Resource Conservation Association
Uganda Wildlife Authority
Uganda Women Tree Planting Movement
84
ANNEX G
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENT PROJECT
Possible Project Organization Chart
Environment Project (GEF)
Council of Ministers
Technical Advisory Committee
Project Coordination Committee
Members: Natl. Focal Pts/Env;
85
Donor agencies; Scientific input; etc.
Project Coordination Unit
Project Coordinator
Procurement
Finance
Admin
Lead Specialist
Lead Specialist
Lead Specialist
Lead Specialist
Land/Water Conservation
Env Edu/Awareness
Biodiv Consrv
Water Quality
Ad hoc Basin-wide
Thematic Working Groups
National Project Coordinators
(one per country)
National Specialists
Min. of Edu, Nature Clubs
Min of Env, Wildlife Services
Ministry of Env, Industries,
Env, Ag, Forestry
NGOs, Youth Groups
NGOs, eco-tourism, etc.
National Labs,
NGOs, community groups
Etc.
etc.
etc.
ANNEX H
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART SHARED VISION PROGRAM
Policy level
Nile-COM
Nile-TAC
Benefit Sharing /
Integration
PMU -
Adim
87
Regional
Procurem
Level
Finance
Conf Bldg
Environ
Power
Agricul
WRM
Training
Special Basin-wide
Working Groups, ad hoc
National SVP Coordinator Office
National
(one per country)
Level
Conf Bldg
Environ
Power
Agricul
WRM
Training
ANNEX I
NILE BASIN-WIDE ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
1. Land Degradation
· Decreasing vegeta-
· Land use conversion due · Poverty and population pres-
Basin-wide
Severe
tion/forest cover; loss
to increasing need for
sure leading to pressure on re-
of density and diver-
arable land and grazing
sources; absence of alternative
sity
areas; slash and burn
livelihoods and weak capacity Critical areas:
· Deterioration of wa-
practices for land clear-
to increase unit agricultural
· Burundi: along Ruvubu
tershed: high run-off
ing and shifting cultiva-
production
River and other river
associated with in-
tion
· Insufficient energy alternatives
basins, along steep slopes
creased erosion lead-
· Uncontrolled logging
to fuelwood
of high mountains
ing to loss of fertile
for fuelwood and char-
· Unsustainable land use prac-
· D.R. Congo: Territories of
soils and sedimenta-
coal production (espe-
tices perpetuated through weak
Beni, Lubero, Rutshuru and
tion and siltation
cially with increased fu-
policies and laws and failure to
Irumu; Virunga National
downstream
elwood prices), con-
Park
n
enforce laws and regulations;
struction material and
t
io
· Energy crisis associ-
lack of forest protection
· Border area between D.R.
ated with price in-
local industry fuel needs · Insufficient awareness and
Congo, Rwanda, Uganda
r
e
sta
creases due to de-
· Unsustainable and inef-
knowledge of sustainable land
fo
creased availability of
ficient resource use (e.g.
· Ethiopian highlands
use practices and effects of de-
De
fuelwood and charcoal
overgrazing, extensive
forestation
· Rwanda: Nyungwe
A.
· Large scale habitat
cultivation on steep hill- · Land tenure system leading to National Forest, Gishwati
destruction and loss of
slopes and uncontrolled
allocation and use of marginal
Forest
wildlife in terms of
logging)
lands and lack of incentives for · Sudan: Nile Basin south of
numbers and biodiver- · Lack of local planting/
sustainable land use practices
Khartoum, Atbara River,
sity; progressive dis-
replanting
Blue Nile
appearance of Na-
· Large number of refugees and
· Human migration and
tional Parks
resettlements without basic
resettlement; encroach-
· Tanzania: Several divisions
support
· Variability in local
ment into forested areas
in Mwanza region; some
climate and rainfall
· Drought and overall arid cli-
districts in Kagera region
patterns
mate and topography
· Uganda: Mt. Elgon and
Rwenzori areas; SW
highlands
1 Specific locations are indicated on the country maps attached to this report
89
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Loss of top soil and
· Massive continued loss · Population pressure and pov-
Regional
Severe
reduction of soil fertil-
of vegetative cover due
erty leading to unsustainable
ity leading to decrease
to deforestation and loss
land use practices
in agricultural produc-
of other land cover, de-
Critical areas:
· Topography (uneven relief,
tion and food security
terioration of catchment
high stream flow velocities)
· Burundi: Ruvubu River
· Reduction of vegeta-
buffer zones
and rainfall patterns (floods,
region, steep slopes/
tive cover and loss of
· Inappropriate agricul-
droughts, climate variability)
hillsides
habitats and biodiver-
tural practices leading to · Lack of land use policies and · D.R. Congo: Lubero; near
sity
decreased soil quality
improper land use manage-
Kasenyi (south shore of
· Water quality degrada-
and erosion, such as use
ment; weak extension service
Lake Albert)
tion from high sedi-
of marginal lands, over-
on soil conservation and lack
· Egypt: River bank/river bed
ment loads, siltation of
grazing and free grazing
of incentives for conservation
erosion north of Aswan
shallow lakes, wet-
· Lack of soil and water
often connected with prevalent
dam
lands, reservoirs, and
conservation measures
land tenure system
low lying lands down-
and/or abandonment and
· Ethiopia: Blue Nile and
· High livestock density
n
stream
poor maintenance of
Tekeze area, Baro and
io
anti-erosion works
· Lack of awareness of land-
Akobo region
os
· Degradation of river
water interaction
beds and river bank
· Bush fires and slash and
· Kenya: Trans-Nzoia
· Lack of EIAs or systematic
o
il
Er
erosion; desertification
burn practices
district; Uasin Gishu
and wind erosion
implementation of EIA for in-
district; Kakamega/Vihiga
.
S
frastructure projects due to
districts; Kisii and Migori
B
(northern arid re-
gions); sheet and rill
lack of financial and human
districts; lakeshore
erosion and gully for-
resources
· Rwanda: Runyinya,
mation (after heavy
Murama, Bulinga,
rainfall) in highlands
Nyamutera, Kibali
· Landslides and flood-
ing leading to destruc-
· Sudan: Sobat region; along
tion of infrastructure
Blue Nile; Atbara region;
(houses, means of
wind erosion along main
communication, com-
Nile (Nile State and
munal facilities)
Northern State)
· Tanzania: Steep hills in
Mwanza, Mara, and Kagera
region; lakeshores
· Uganda: Mt. Elgon and
Rwenzori and SW
mountain areas
· Destruction of vegeta- · Poor land use and agri-
· Lack of or insufficient national Mostly sub-regional
Moderate
tive cover especially in
cultural practices such
land use plans, laws and regu-
to severe
i
o
n
riparian and lakeshore
as dry season cultivation
lations, and/or enforcement of
at
buffer zones
near banks and destruc-
existing laws
Critical areas:
ad
· Erosion, landslides,
tion of vegetative cover · Population pressure and rapid · Burundi: Lake Cohoha
e
gr
to increase arable land
D
and downstream sedi-
growth of urban centers
· Ethiopia and Sudan: Atbara
mentation leading to
area; high animal den-
· Expansion of farm lands and
and Sobat, Blue Nile and
change in river course
sity
inadequate agricultural prac-
tributaries; main Nile
· Drop in water levels and
(Sudan)
a
k
e
s
h
ore
· Adverse effects on
tices near river banks and
riverine aquatic life
drying up of waterways
shores, including overgrazing
d
L
· Egypt: Nile below Lake
and lake ecosystems
· Increased urban devel-
· Land subsistence; relief and
Nasser
k
an
opment and construction
morphological structure of soil
and industrial activities
· Rwanda: Nyabarongo
Ban
near river banks; poorly · Climatic variability and condi-
River
tions; seasonal floods and in-
i
v
er
planned tourism centers
termittent increase of lake lev- · Tanzania: estuaries of
.
R
rivers into Lake
C
els
· Uganda: Severe in seasonal
wetlands near shore of
Lake Kyoga
90
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Water and air pollu-
· Use of toxic chemicals · Inadequate policy guidance,
Localized-
Overall
tion
and lack of containment
lack of or insufficient safe-
Mining operations in the
low
· Soil degradation and
and treatment facilities
guards (EIA, anti-pollution/
Basin include gold, coal,
erosion of sites and
(esp. mercury use in
environmental legislation) and copper, diamond, iron ore,
Severe in
adjacent river banks;
gold mining)
enforcement
phosphate, manganese, tin,
certain
deforestation and
· Lack of or inadequate
· No regulation/ enforcement of wolfram and zinc mines
locations
landslides leading to
site rehabilitation
private mining entrepreneurs
river siltation
· Inadequate mining prac- · Lack of (government) planning Critical areas mainly:
· Adverse impact on
tices
and oversight
flora and fauna
· Burundi: Kibira
c
t
s
· High demand for con-
· D.R. Congo: Irumu,
pa
struction materials and
indiscriminate clearing
Mahagi, and Aru regions
vegetation
n
g
Im
· Rwanda: Bisesero, Rutsiro,
ni
Gatumba, Rutongo,
Mi
Nyakabingo, Nemba,
D.
Rwinkwavu, Musha
· Tanzania: Mara, Mwanza,
parts of Shinyanga, and
Kagera regions
· Sudan: Gissan and Kurmuk
on Blue Nile and in
northern Sudan; north of
town of Atbara
· Uganda: Lake George area
(past copper and current
cobalt processing)
2. Water Quality Degradation
· Degradation of water
· Discharge and run-off of · Weak policies, laws and regu-
Basin-wide
Moderate
quality, rendering wa-
untreated water from
lations for environmental pro-
ter unsuitable for do-
urban and industrial
tection (e.g. EIA); insufficient
mestic, agricultural,
sources containing dis-
enforcement and monitoring
Critical areas:
industrial and other
solved nutrients, indus-
especially in respect to indus-
· Point source pollution:
uses
trial pollutants, agricul-
trial facilities; low budgetary
localized around urban
c
e
)
tural chemi-
provision for enforcement of
· Adverse impacts on
centers, such as Kampala,
cals/fertilizers; lack of
existing regulations; lack of
Khartoum, Cairo and other
o
ur
water-dependent flora
and fauna; loss of
recycling of waste mat-
sufficient human resources
urban centers in Egypt
ter; uncontrolled dump-
o
i
n
t s
habitats and biodiver-
· Point Sources: Inadequate
· Non-point sources: regional
sity; nutrient dis-
ing of waste
funding of investments; high
n-p
problem mostly from
charges leading to in-
· Non-point source pollu-
capital costs; high operation
agricultural sources.
creased eutrophication
tion from agriculture
and maintenance costs; inade-
Hotspots include large
a
nd no
due to improper and
quate containment and treat-
· Pollution of lakes and
irrigation schemes in Sudan
nt
tributaries, resulting in
high application rates of
ment of wastes and lack of
and Egypt, and nutrient
contamination of
agro-chemicals
sanitary facilities
pollution from agricultural
o
n (poi
drinking water
· Degradation of vegeta-
· Non-point sources: Unsustain-
areas around Lake Victoria
tive cover especially ri-
able land use practices in com-
and its tributaries
l
l
uti
· Lack of adequate liq-
uid and solid waste
parian buffer zones and
bination with lack of security
Po
wetlands in Basin which
of land tenure
disposal systems and
A.
accumulation of refuse
could act as filters
· Inadequate zoning regulations
and/or enforcement; inade-
· Decrease in environ-
mental quality, disap-
quate environmental and land
pearance of natural
use planning
habitats and prolifera-
· Low environmental awareness
tion of water hyacinth
and sense of value of environ-
mental protection
91
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
l
· Pollution of drinking
· Lack of water supply
· Lack of environmental regula-
Basin-wide localized
Severe
water sources (ground
systems and/or other re-
tions and laws, monitoring and
e
n
ta
and surface water) and
liable drinking water
enforcement and general waste
high dissolved nutrient
source; drinking water
management strategies
Critical areas:
r
o
nm
loads resulting in in-
contamination with fecal
· All large urban centers,
n
vi
· Rapid growth of urban centers
E
creasing eutrophica-
matter leading to spread
and lack of financial resource
such as Kampala,
tion and spread of in-
of pathogens
nd
base to build needed water
Khartoum, Cairo and urban
fectious diseases (diar- · Lack of or insufficient
supply and sanitation infra-
centers in Nile delta
rhea, malaria, bilhar-
a
s
e
s
a
sewerage or alternative
structure, combined with lack · Rural villages (local
se
zia, dysentery, intesti-
sanitation systems; leaks
of planning for urban expan-
nal worms)
threats)
and insufficient mainte-
sion and required infrastruc-
n
e
Di
· Risks to public health
nance of existing facili-
ture
a
l
th
due to poor sanitation
ties; lack of urban
· High capital costs for invest-
r
bor
He
conditions, especially
stormwater sewers and
ments; high operation and
a
te
during rainy season
solid waste disposal fa-
maintenance costs
and floods
cilities
· Previous low priority given to
· Increased absence
· Insufficient sanitation
sanitation by government and
e
r
n
s
W
from work due to
and hygiene training in
agencies; lack of awareness of
nc
sickness; increase in
conjunction with wide-
connection between sanitation
malnutrition and death
spread poor sanitary
and safe drinking water; need
rates especially among
conditions
t
i
o
n
Co
for better hygiene education
ta
vulnerable groups
· Increased breeding
ni
such as small children,
· Poverty and poor health condi-
ground for mosquitoes
tion of large parts of the popu-
.
Sa
the displaced and the
in water weed infested
B
elderly
lation
areas and irrigation ca-
nals
· Algal blooms and in-
· Discharge of nutrients
· Inadequate environmental pro- Regional, sub-basin
Moderate
n
creasing invasion by
from domestic and in-
visions in planning of indus-
water weeds
dustrial waste water-
trial and urban centers
sources and agricultural
Critical areas:
· Decreased water qual-
· Land degradation
o
p
h
i
c
a
tio
ity
run-off
· Lake Victoria region,
· Over-use of agro-chemicals
u
tr
· Degradation of catch-
including Kagera basin
E
· Change/reduction in
ment area especially
· Poor land use and farming
(lakes and river),
C.
fish stock
wetlands
practices
· Urban areas in delta area in
Egypt
· Continuing spread of
· High dissolved nutrient
· Introduction of hyacinth; in-
Regional
Severe in
weeds and infestation
levels from pollutant
sufficient preventive measures
certain
of lakes and rivers, eu-
discharge from indus-
against introduction of foreign
areas
trophication
trial and domestic
species in general
Critical areas:
sources and agricultural
· Interference with
· Lack of capacity in water re-
· Burundi: Ruvubu River,
ecology and economy,
run-off due to poor land
sources and environment de-
Lake Cyohoha and
e.g. mats on water sur-
use practices and lack of
partments in some countries
Rwihinda
face impair navigation
water treatment
resulting in insufficient en-
· D.R. Congo: Lake Albert
and fishing activities
· Inadequate response
forcement of environmental
(severe), Lake Edward
and lead to decrease in
mechanisms
regulations
(moderate)
i
o
n
fish yields as well as
at
· Delay in mobilizing funds and
to eutrophication
· Kenya: Winam Gulf (Lake
creating national/regional pro-
f
e
st
Victoria)
· Decrease in diversity
grams to combat infestation
In
of certain fish species
· Rwanda/Tanzania/
eed
Burundi: Kagera river
· Increase in occurrence
of water borne dis-
· Rwanda: Lake Cyohoha,
a
t
er W
eases; increased water
Lake Rwero, Nyabarongo
.
W
evaporation
River, entire stretch of
D
Kagera
· Sudan: White Nile south of
Jebel Aulia dam
· Tanzania: Southern shore
of Lake Victoria, especially
in bays of Mara and
Mwanza regions
· Uganda: Lake Victoria,
Lake Kyoga and Victoria
Nile
92
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Decreased life span of · Climatic conditions and · Inappropriate land manage-
Basin-wide localized
Moderate
dams and reservoirs as
topographic features up-
ment practices and lack if soil
to severe
well as siltation of
stream (heavy rains and
conservation practices often
(depend-
flooded fields, plains
steep slopes) as well as
perpetuated by specific land
Critical areas:
ing on
and irrigation canals;
land practices resulting
tenure systems; deterioration
· Burundi: Shallow lakes in location)
additional threat often
in catchment degrada-
in catchment through defores-
the NE
associated with toxic
tion and soil erosion
tation (see above)
pollutants adsorbed in
(such as encroachment
· Egypt: Aswan Dam
· Lack of stringent enforcement
silt particles
for agricultural pur-
reservoir
of environmental regulations
poses)
· Siltation leading to
and policies
· Ethiopia: Finchaa, Tekeze
ion
decrease of wetlands
· Kenya: Lower reaches of
at
· Lack of awareness of link be-
and reduction of bene-
i
lt
tween land based activities and
Yara, Nzoia, Kuja, Sondu-
S
ficial functions and
water pollution
Miriu, Nyando
E.
uses
· Sudan: Roseires, Sennar,
· Heavy silt loads in
Khasm el Girba reservoirs;
water bodies; sedi-
Gezira, Rahad and new
mentation leading to
Halfa irrigation schemes;
formation of sand
main Nile
bars, changes in river
course and river bank
· Tanzania: Mara River,
erosion
Simiyu River, Shinyanga
and Mwanza regions
· Uganda: Nile River system
especially Kioga
3.Disaster Preparedness and Remediation
Floods -
Floods -
Floods -
Regional
Severe
· Direct impacts include · Heavy rainfalls in con-
· Irregular and large seasonal
loss of life and prop-
junction with specific
and year to year variability in
Most critical areas:
erty (crops/ livestock
natural terrain features,
rainfall patterns increased by
and arable land, hous-
increased by certain
climatic changes; misman-
Floods -
ing, infrastructure);
land use practices; lack
agement of land and water re-
· Blue Nile and Atbara from
other results are food
of planning of urban set-
sources leading to soil erosion
Ethiopian highlands to
insecurity (availability
tlements to prevent set-
and increased run-off
Lake Nasser
and increased prices),
tlement in flood prone
Droughts -
loss to economy and
areas, aggravated by by
· Flash floods in wadis in dry
environmental impacts
population pressure and · Climatic zone/ geography;
areas (e.g. between Aswan
effects from El Niño
and Cairo)
Droughts -
lack of land ownership
Droughts -
· Floods from recent rise in
· Direct impacts are
Lake Victoria lake levels
food insecurity, fam-
· Long/prolonged dry
o
u
g
h
ts
ine and human migra-
season resulting in water
· Gambella plain in Ethiopia,
Dr
tion; long-term im-
shortage, aggravated by
lower river reaches in
a
nd
pacts include change
improper management
Kenya (Nzoia and Nyando
ds
in water availability
of land and water re-
River)
oo
(e.g. permanently
sources (e.g. deforesta-
Droughts
Fl
dried springs, peren-
tion, overgrazing) lead-
A.
nial rivers becoming
ing to decrease in vege-
· Severe drought prone areas
seasonal)
tative cover, water re-
north of 8th parallel
Floods/droughts -
tention capacity, and
· -Localized droughts in all
groundwater recharge;
Nile countries
· Dislocation of people
and increased desertifi-
and problems associ-
cation
ated with high number
of disaster victims
Floods/droughts -
such as food insecurity · Poorly equipped mete-
and high incidence of
orological services and
waterborne diseases
lack of efficient and re-
liable early warning sys-
tems contributing to
lack of disaster prepar-
edness
93
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Pressure on and de-
· Sudden, large-scale
· Political instability, armed
Localized
Moderate
struction of surround-
refugee influxes over-
conflicts, governance problems
overall
ing ecosystems, for
whelming local capacity
and social unrest
fuel or agriculture;
to provide protect, shel-
Main areas of current
· Natural catastrophes such as
threat to wildlife habi-
ter and food
settlements of refugees and
famine
tats and pressure on
displaced people:
· Inadequate basic subsis-
drinking water re-
tence resources such as
· Burundi: Rivubu River
sources
fuelwood and water; in-
region
· Spread of disease in
adequate waste con-
le
· Ethiopia: Sudan /Ethiopia
camps, especially wa-
tainment and treatment
cross-border area near
e
op
terborne, contributing
facilities
P
Dinder (=Alatish valley),
to poor health, malnu-
Gambella region, Ben-
trition and death
Shangul-Gumuz region,
i
s
p
l
a
ced
· Migration of large
Baro/Akobo area, Dobus
numbers of people to
swamp area, SW part of
d
D
refugee camps and es-
country
s
an
tablishment of new,
· Rwanda: south of country
gee
unplanned settlements
near Burundi border
leading to conflict
e
fu
R
with existing popula-
· Sudan/Uganda border area
B.
tion
and Sudan/ Uganda/D.R.
Congo area
· Sudan: Refugees in eastern
Sudan, Kassala and Gedarif
States; displaced people
along selected areas of Nile
· Tanzania: SW lakeshores,
Muleba Ngara and
Karagwe districts of
Kagera region
· Increase in severe
· Climatic changes tem-
· Global phenomenon related to Basin-wide Low
to
floods and droughts
peration, precipitation
anthropogenic activities lead-
moderate
and wet and dry cycles
ing to increased emission of
· Potential negative im-
pacts may include:
green house gases
· Changes in weather and
Ecosystems:
rainfall patterns
Changes in species
· Impacts and vulnerabil-
distribution and com-
ity due to floods and
position; changes in
droughts
migration patterns;
· Population pressure on
ge
wildlife habitat dete-
limited resources
rioration
h
an
Food securiy, agricul-
e C
at
ture and land-use:
l
im
Decreasing food secu-
C
rity; land degradation
of
s
e.g. through landslides
and change in forest
p
a
ct
and rangeland cover;
desertification
a
i
n
Im
Water resources:
Change in local water
n
cert
availability; deteriorat-
.
U
C
ing water quality
Health and settlements:
Increase in waterborne
diseases; possible in-
crease in urbanization
Economy:
Vulnerability of
mostly agrarian based
economies in SSA to
climate change related
impacts
94
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Routine accidents
· Poorly separated traffic
· Complex navigational hazards Subregional
Low over-
i
s-
(collisions, ground-
and inaccurate naviga-
(e.g. hidden channels) com-
all
t
d
ings, wreckage) and
tion charts
bined with lack of mapping
associated pollution
and insufficient maintenance
Critical incidents reported
· Limited navigational
risks/ pollution
of waterways (e.g. no regular
from Lake Victoria and
l
l
s
,
boa
devices and aids and
dredging)
Egyptian river traffic;
· Navigation risks
lack of technology
l
spi
generally relevant in large
Oil discharge:
· No emergency response sys-
lakes, rivers and their ports
(oi
· Old and poorly con-
structed ships and addi-
tem; lack of government con-
ng
· Contamination of sur-
trol
face and groundwater,
tional overloading as
a
ppi
s
)
river banks and lake-
well as non-qualified
Oil discharge:
ge
shores
boat owners
· Lack of technology for preven-
ar
a
nd M
ch
Oil discharge:
tive and remediation measures;
· Adverse impact on
high cost of water treatment;
ds,
natural habitats and
· Discharge from tankers
lack of reception and treatment
Ai
biodiversity and spe-
(cleaning of tanks) and
cies loss
bilge and ballast water
facilities at ports
i
s
k
s,
as well as increasing in- · Industrialization of coasts and
cidences of oil spills
river banks combined with
o
n
R
ti
through accidents of
lack of EIA and inadequate
ga
tankers (ships)
control and enforcement of
vi
environmental regulations
Na
· Discharge of petroleum
D.
products from industrial · Lack of oil spill emergency
sectors and leaking stor-
plans and measures
age tanks
4.Loss of Biodiversity, Habitat and Wetlands
Species loss and decline Species loss and decline of · Population pressure and pov-
Basin-wide
Severe
of ecosystems and
ecosystems and unique
erty combined with high reli-
unique habitats -
habitats -
ance on primary natural re-
a
b
i
t
a
t
s
Areas are related to specific
· Disappearance of
· Poaching and illegal
sources and income from agri-
d
H
issues of species loss*:
unique animal and
trade in valuable species
culture
,
an
plant species, espe-
as well as intensive and · Low financial and staff capac- · Species and ecosystems/
e
m
cially endemic ones;
unsustainable resource
ity in management of protected
unique habitat loss
decline of species di-
use and land manage-
areas and associated lack of
- Wetlands
- Forest areas
c
osyst
versity
ment, such as deforesta-
control and monitoring; poor
tion, wetlands conver-
enforcement of laws protecting - Specific protected
a
l
E
· Decrease in numbers
Areas
of large mammals
sion, expansion of agri-
gazetted forests and game
p
eci
with negative impact
culture (crops and live-
sanctuaries; lack of financial
· Agrodiversity
on tourism and associ-
stock farming, overfish-
resources for development and
es, S
- Intense primary
ated decrease in reve-
ing, uncontrolled burn-
implementation of effective
agricultural
areas
p
eci
nue
ing and forest fires)
and relevant programs
l
e
S
· Decrease in forest
· Lack of alternative in-
· Weak agricultural extension
ab
cover constituting de-
come sources especially
services
a
lu
crease in food, fuel,
in areas of resettlement · Lack of awareness of biodiver- * For specific locations
f
V
timber and shelter
Loss of agrodiversity -
sity concerns and benefits from please refer to maps attached
o
Loss of agrodiversity-
conservation
to this report
ion
· Expansion of hybrid/
ct
· Loss of genetic base
high yielding crop and
· Lack of regulations to prevent
ru
(cattle breeds, crops,
livestock varieties lead-
introduction of exotic species
e
st
vegetables/ fruits);
ing to decrease of ge-
· Inadequate and unregulated
d
D
loss of benefits from
netic diversity of domes-
land use practices; insufficient
local variety qualities
an
tic species
integrated programs for people
(tolerance, productiv-
· Introduction of exotic
living in protected areas
Loss
ity, resilience); de-
species (not only re-
.
pendency on exotic
A
seeds and breeds/ im-
stricted to agricultural
ported varieties
species)
95
ISSUE
SYMPTOMS/ IMPACTS
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
ROOT CAUSES
EXTENT1
SEVERITY
· Decrease and degrada- · Reclamation of wetlands · Lack of wetland protection and Basin-wide
Severe in
tion of wetland areas
to expand agricultural
management regulations and
Important and/or degraded
most
(reclamation, siltation,
production
measures and/or lack of im-
wetlands:
countries
flood damage; water
· Deforestation, erosion
plementation
weed infestation)
· Burundi: Ruvubu, Kanyaru
and sedimentation
· Poverty and population pres-
valley and around Lake
· Decreased benefits
· Overuse of natural re-
sure; shortage of land; inade-
Rwihinda, Nyamuswaga
from functioning wet-
sources (overfishing/
quate land use policies
wetland
lands, e.g. less
hunting/ overgrazing,
· Lack of awareness of wetlands
groundwater recharge,
· D.R. Congo: SW lakeshore
farming practices)
function and value; cultural
decreased buffering of
of Lake Edward
habits
floods, loss of filter
· Pollution from indus-
· Egypt: Lake Nasser area,
function to absorb and
trial, agricultural and
Nile delta (shores of Lake
degrade pollutants and
domestic sources
Mariut, Burullus and
associated decrease in
Manzala); Qarun and
water quality; decreas-
Rayan
ing ability to act as
ion
sediment trap; destruc-
· Ethiopia: Gambella flood
at
tion of habitats and
plain (Baro and Akobo
ad
loss of biodiversity
River), Lake Tana, Finchaa
e
gr
area, Dobus Swamp/Alatish
River
d
D
· Kenya: Winam Gulf/
e
t
l
an
Kisumu, estuary of Nzoia
River, Yara swamp
W
B.
· Rwanda: Upstream of
Risumu Falls, lakes south
of Kagera National Park
(Lakes Rwehikama, Ihema,
Hago, and Rwanyakizinga),
Lake Cyohoha and entire
Lake Bugesera area, Lake
Rweru, Lake Mugesera
· Sudan: Sudd, Machar
Marshes, Dinder wetlands
· Tanzania: Simiyu river,
Lake Victoria shores, banks
of Kagera River/swamps
· Uganda: shores of Lake
Victoria, Kyoga, Lakes
Edward, George and Albert
96
ANNEX J
COMMON CONCERNS BY SUB-REGION
EQUATORIAL
LOWER
WHITE NILE
EASTERN
LOWER NILE
BASIN-WIDE
C
L
A
(M
H
(K
OMMON CONCERNS
AKES
LTITUDE
ALAKAL
IGHLAND
HARTOUM
WATERSHED
TO
TO MED.)
KHARTOUM)
1. Land Degradation
A. Deforestation
B. Soil
erosion
C. River bank and lakeshore degradation
D. Mining
impacts
2. Water Quality Degradation
A. Pollution (point and non-point source)
B. Sanitation concerns (rural and urban sani-
tation)
C. Eutrophication
D. Water
weed
infestation
E. Siltation
3. Disaster Preparedness and Remediation
A. Floods
and
droughts
B. Refugee
problems
C. Uncertain impacts of climate change
D. Navigation risks, aids, and mapping
4. Loss of Biodiversity, Habitat and Wetlands
A. Biodiversity loss and destruction of
valuable species and habitats
B. Wetland
degradation
NOTE: Key for table:
Sub-regional severity of threats identified in basin-wide Transboundary
= high
= moderate
= low
Analysis is
1 Equatorial
Lakes
2 Lower
Altitude
Watershed
3 White Nile (Malakal to Khartoum)
4 Eastern
Highlands
5 Lower Nile (Khartoum to Mediterranean)
97