Ballast
W
ater T
Global Ballast Water
Management Programme
reatment
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
R&D Dir
ectory 2nd Edition
2nd Edition
.dwa.uk.com
NOVEMBER 2004
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A cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility,
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Cover designed by Daniel W
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
2nd Edition
November 2004
November 2004 update
This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory has been compiled by Jose Matheickal, Steve
Raaymakers and Ravi Tandon of the GloBallast Programme Coordination Unit, International
Maritime Organization, London.
Information contained in the Directory has been provided by the various research groups listed in the
Directory or obtained from published reports.
Further Information:
Jose Matheickal
Technical Adviser
Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3279
Email jmatheic@imo.org
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR UK
Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Web http://globallast.imo.org
© International Maritime Organization
Published in November 2004 by the
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3279
Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Email jmatheic@imo.org
Web http://globallast.imo.org
The Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast) is a cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility (GEF),
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) to assist developing countries to reduce
the transfer of harmful organisms in ships' ballast water.
The opinions expressed in this document are not necessarily those of GEF, UNDP or IMO
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Contents
Background ................................................................................................................................2
Structure of the Directory ...........................................................................................................2
Future of the Directory................................................................................................................3
Request for Submissions............................................................................................................3
The Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD)......................................................................3
Disclaimer...................................................................................................................................5
The R&D Directory ......................................................................................................................7
1. Projects Completed .............................................................................................................7
Australia ...........................................................................................................................9
Brazil..............................................................................................................................18
Canada ..........................................................................................................................19
China .............................................................................................................................23
Germany ........................................................................................................................24
Japan .............................................................................................................................26
Netherlands ....................................................................................................................27
New Zealand ..................................................................................................................28
Norway ...........................................................................................................................33
Poland............................................................................................................................38
Singapore.......................................................................................................................39
United Kingdom ..............................................................................................................43
United States of America.................................................................................................46
2. Projects Under Way...........................................................................................................75
Australia .........................................................................................................................77
Canada ..........................................................................................................................78
Croatia ...........................................................................................................................79
China .............................................................................................................................80
Germany ........................................................................................................................83
Israel ..............................................................................................................................89
Japan .............................................................................................................................90
Netherlands ....................................................................................................................95
New Zealand ..................................................................................................................96
Norway ...........................................................................................................................97
Singapore.......................................................................................................................98
South Africa.................................................................................................................. 101
Ukraine......................................................................................................................... 102
United Kingdom ............................................................................................................ 104
United States of America............................................................................................... 105
Appendix One: Template for Submissions to be Included in the Directory.
1
Background
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), with funding provided by the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has initiated the Global
Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast).
To implement the programme, a Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) has been established at IMO in
London. One of the many functions of the PCU is to establish and maintain an information resource
centre and clearing house, in order to improve the global communication and dissemination of
information relating to this issue, and thus facilitate increased coordination and cooperation between
the many parties involved. This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory has been developed as part
of this effort.
Structure of the Directory
This directory lists research and development projects that are focussed specifically on the physical,
mechanical and/or chemical treatment of ballast water to prevent/reduce the transfer of aquatic
organisms and on technologies for monitoring treatment efficacy. It does not list broader research
projects relating to ballast water or bio-invasion issues in general (see Aquatic Invasions Research
Directory (AIRD) below).
The directory is organised into two primary divisions:
· Projects Completed
· Projects Under Way
Within each primary division research projects are listed by country.
Within each country they are listed in alphabetical order by name of the principal researcher.
Finally, information categories for each research project are:
· Name of project
· Treatment options researched
· Principal researcher
· Contact details
· Host institution
· Location of research
· Funding level
· Funding source(s)
· Timeframe
· Aims and objectives
· Research methods
· Results.
Where information categories are left blank for certain projects this indic ates that the information was
not provided/is not available.
2
Future of the Directory
This hard copy directory has been developed into a searchable database accessible on the GloBallast
web site, http://globallast.imo.org/research/. It has also been provided to the Smithsonian Environ-
mental Research Centre (SERC) for use in the Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD) (see
below).
The GloBallast PCU continues to periodically update the electronic version of the directory on the
web site, and this printed version is the second edition to be published in hard copy.
Request for Submissions
It should be noted that this directory is by no means exhaustive. There may be many ballast water
treatment research and development activities underway around the world that have not yet been
identified and/or entered into the directory. R&D groups conducting projects not currently listed are
invited to complete the standard data form and submit it to the contacts listed on the inner title page,
preferably electronically.
The form can be downloaded as a Word document from http://globallast.imo.org/research/ and is
also printed in Appendix One.
The Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD)
It should be noted that a broader database of scientific research covering all disciplines relating to the
issue of marine bio-invasions in general has been developed by SERC in Maryland, USA. This is
called the Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD). AIRD can be accessed on
http://invasions.si.edu/aird.htm.
This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory is far more focussed than AIRD. It is intended to
supplement AIRD by providing more detailed entries on ballast water treatment R&D specifically.
These are of greater immediate interest, relevance and utility to IMO's shipping and ballast water
focussed constituencies than the general science of marine bio-invasions.
3
Disclaimer
The information presented has been
included in this R&D directory largely as
submitted, with basic editing and
formatting only, and without any
scientific or technical peer review.
Neither the GloBallast Programme nor
the International Maritime Organisation
(IMO) take any responsibility whatsoever
for any statement and claims made in
this directory, for the quality, accuracy
and validity of data presented, or for any
other contents in this directory.
Individuals and organisations that make
use of any data or other information
contained in this directory do so entirely
at their own risk.
Inclusion of information in this R&D
directory in no way constitutes any form
of endorsement whatsoever by IMO or
GloBallast.
1. Projects Completed
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Australia
Name of Project Ports Corporation of Queensland Ballast Water Initiative No. 2: R&D of
Ballast Water Treatment Technology
Treatment options researched pH adjustment, coagulation/flocculation, filtration, UV & ozone.
Principal Researcher(s) Darren Oemcke.
Contact Details United Water International Pty Ltd
GPO Box 1875
Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
Tel: +61 8 8301 2709
Fax: +61 8 8357 9728
Email: darren.oemcke@uwi.com.au.
Host Institution(s) CRC Reef Research Centre.
Location of Research Townsville, Australia.
Funding Level Ports Corporation of Queensland (PCQ) (AUD$92,000), CRC (AUD$90,000).
Funding Source(s) PCQ, CRC.
Timeframe of the Project July 1995 to June 1998.
Aims and objectives of the ·
Evaluate the effectiveness of treatment options tested and estimate cost for
project
ballast water treatment.
·
Determine sizes of treatment plant, design a full-scale pilot treatment plant.
·
Evaluate environmental impacts of treatment options, assess expected risk
reduction vs. cost.
Research Methods ·
Literature review.
·
Ballast water sampling:
-
Identification of potential problem species and characteristics of
ballast water which affect the disinfection technologies.
·
Disinfection testing:
-
Ozone, ultraviolet light and membrane filtration.
-
Pre-treatments examined included: pH adjustment, coagulation/
flocculation, filtration.
·
Pilot Plant Design.
Results The initial literature review suggested that ozone, UV irradiation and filtration
were strong candidates for ballast water treatment.
Experiments showed UV preceded by filtration to remove sediments and larger
organisms as having the most potential as an effective ballast water treatment at
doses which could be cost effective.
A pilot plant design for follow-up research was proposed.
9
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Ballast Water Exchange and Marine Plankton Distribution Trials on the
M.V. Iron Whyalla
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby and Gustaff Hallegraeff
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the Bulk Carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project Trials carried out in 1990 and 1992.
Aims and objectives of the Understand the behaviour of ballast tank sediments and identify procedures to
project minimise the transfer of marine organisms.
Identify practical aspects of ballast exchange in terms of efficiency and study
the effect of enclosing a natural community of microscopic marine plankton,
including algae and animals, in a closed tank during the ship's voyage.
Research Methods Onboard full scale trials on a 150,000 DWT bulk carrier.
Results Inspection of ballast tanks showed only minor amounts of sediment.
Approximately 100kg of sediment was estimated in the 55,000 tonnes of water
discharged, and 50% was present as inorganic sediment. 80% of this sediment
was smaller than 10 µm. Containment of plankton resulted in differential
survival of various organisms present. Computer based simulation of still-water
shear forces and bending moments indicated that emptying and refilling ballast
tanks is unsafe as a general practice for a ship of this size and design.
Continuous flushing does not significantly affect stresses and bending moments.
Exchange trials showed that approximately 4% of the original water remained
after exchanging three tank volumes and about 5% of the dead plankton of
Japanese origin was retained. The efficiency of exchange under stagnant
conditions was less effective. For the Iron Whyalla, the cost of replacing three
tank volumes was estimated at approximately AUD$2,300.
References:
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1993). Shipping ballast water trials on the
bulk carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla. AQIS Ballast Water Series Report No.2, Sept.
123 pages.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M.(1994). The transfer and control of marine
organisms in shipping ballast water: behaviour of marine plankton and ballast
water exchange trials on the M.V. Iron Whyalla. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol. 1,
pp 91-110.
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173.
10
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Ballast Water Heating and Sampling Trials on the BHP Ship MV Iron
Whyalla
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby, Gustaff Hallegraeff, Caroline Sutton.
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the MV Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project The project consisted of two shipboard tests the first in April 1997 on a
coastal voyage between Port Kembla in New South Wales to Port Hedland in
Western Australia. The second in June 1997 between Mizushima, Japan and
Port Hedland. The report was printed in October 1997.
Aims and objectives of the To test the viability of heat treatment as a means of minimising the risk of
project introducing new organisms into the ports where ballast is discharged.
Research Methods Involved onboard trials using ship's engine heat to heat ballast water and
sampling of ballast tanks for temperatures achieved and organism survival.
Results Earlier laboratory experiments indicated that toxic dinoflaggellate cysts are
killed after 4.5 hours at 38°C.
The full-scale shipboard trial showed that all ballast water in the ballast tank
exceeded 38o C after 30 hours of heating.
They showed that none of the zooplankton and only limited phytoplankton
survived the heat treatment.
The report concluded that heat treatment holds considerable potential and
deserves further R&D effort. It is attractive since it does not necessitate the use
of biocides that could be harmful to the environment. It is safe since the tanks
are always full of water and cost effective since it makes use of waste heat
normally discarded and is likely to be of practical use for a range of ships.
Variables that affect the viability of this method include the length of the ship's
voyage and the temperature of the surrounding seawater.
References:
Rigby, G.R., Hallegraeff, G.M. and Sutton, C. (1999). Novel ballast water
heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global
transport of harmful marine organisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 191: 289-293
11
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment to Minimise the Risks of Introducing
Nonindigenous Marine Organisms into Australian Waters A Review of
Current Technologies and Comparative Costs of Practical Options
Treatment options researched All treatment options of practical interest have been reviewed, especially those
that have or are being demonstrated at practical scales.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Geoff Rigby (Reninna Consulting) and Alan Taylor (Alan H Taylor and
Associates).
Contact Details Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com.
Host Institution(s) Reninna Consulting and Alan H Taylor and Associates.
Location of Research Australia.
Funding Level Approximately AUD$30,000.
Funding Source(s) Funded from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service Ballast Water
Research Programme budget, which has come from a levy on ships calling on
Australian ports.
Timeframe of the Project Project completed January 2001.
Aims and objectives of the The main objective was to review the current status and technical effectiveness
project of appropriate treatment technologies and to develop indicative cost data for use
of these options as a basis for selection of the most appropriate technologies.
Research Methods Desktop review through local and international networks of researchers together
with links and contacts with the shipping industry, regulators, equipment
vendors, classification societies and ship builders.
Results Detailed results and summary available in AFFA Ballast Water Research Series
Report No. 13, January 2001 (http://www.affa.gov.au).
References:
Rigby, G. and Taylor, A. (2001). Ballast water management and treatment.
Trans ImarE, Vol 113, Part 3, pp 79-99;
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173;
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (2002). On the nature of ballast tank
sediments and their role in ship's transport of harmful marine microorganisms.
J. Marine Environ. Engg. In press.
12
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Ballast Water Exchange and Marine plankton Distribution Trials on the M.V.
Iron Whyalla
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby and Gustaff Hallegraeff
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the Bulk Carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project Trials carried out in 1990 and 1992.
Aims and objectives of the Understand the behaviour of ballast tank sediments and identify procedures to
project minmimise the transfer of marine organisms.
Identify practical aspects of ballast exchange in terms of efficiency and study
the effect of enclosing a natural community of microscopic marine plankton,
including algae and animals, in a closed tank during the ship's voyage.
Research Methods Onboard full-scale trials on a 150,000 DWT bulk carrier.
Results Inspection of ballast tanks showed only minor amounts of sediment.
Approximately 100kg of sediment was estimated in the 55,000 tonnes of water
discharged, and 50% was present as inorganic sediment. 80% of this sediment
was smaller than 10 µm. Containment of plankton resulted in differentia l
survival of various organisms present. Computer based simulation of still-water
shear forces and bending moments indicated that emptying and refilling ballast
tanks is unsafe as a general practice for a ship of this size and design.
Continuous flushing does not significantly affect stresses and bending moments.
Exchange trials showed that approximately 4% of the original water remained
after exchanging three tank volumes and about 5% of the dead plankton of
Japanese origin was retained. The efficiency of exchange under stagnant
conditions was less effective. For the Iron Whyalla, the cost of replacing three
tank volumes was estimated at approximately A$2,300.
References:
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1993). Shipping ballast water trials on the
bulk carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla. AQIS Ballast Water Series Report No.2, Sept.
123 pp.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1994). The transfer and control of marine
organisms in shipping ballast water: behaviour of marine plankton and ballast
water exchange trials on the M.V. Iron Whyalla. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol. 1,
pp 91-110.
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line, J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173.
13
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Does Heat Offer a Superior Ballast Water Treatment Option?
Treatment options researched This work involves the use of heat treatment using various engineering designs
to kill or inactivate harmful organisms present in ballast water
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby1, Gustaaf Hallegraeff2 and Alan Taylor3
Contact Details 136 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown
NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 4943 0450
Fax: 61 2 4947 8938
Email : rigby@mail.com
2Private Bag 55 Hobart
Tasmania 7001
Australia
Tel: +61 3 6226 2623
Fax: +61 3 6226 2698
Email : Hallegraeff@plant.utas.edu.au
359 Hillcrest Drive
Templestowe
Victoria 3106
Australia
Tel/Fax: +61 3 9846 2650
Email : aht@ahtaylor.com
Host Institution(s) Reninna Pty Limited, University of Tasmania, Alan H Taylor & Associates
Location of Research Hobart and Newcastle, Australia and on-board the Iron Whyalla
Funding Level Estimated overall program costs approximately A$250,000
Funding Source(s) BHP, AQIS, Shipping Industry, Reninna Pty Ltd, University of Tasmania, Alan
H Taylor & Associates
Timeframe of the Project 1993 to present time
Aims and objectives of the The overall project objective has been to test the viability of heat treatment as a
project means of killing or inactivating harmful ballast water organisms and to develop
practical and cost effective designs for implementation of the technology. The
most recent work has sought to gain a better understanding of the biological
effects of heat for the range of organisms and conditions likely to be
encountered in ballast water and to extend the initial range of options and
designs for future extension and implementation of this technology.
Research Methods This work has involved a range of laboratory studies coupled with on-board
full-scale ship trials on the Iron Whyalla as well as the investigation of
engineering designs, cost effectiveness and practicality of a range of designs for
various ships and voyages.
Results New data and biological interpretations of the effects of heat on marine
organisms have identified that a threshold treatment temperature of 40-45OC is
generally sufficient to kill or inactivate most organisms of concern in ballast
water. Lower temperatures with longer treatment times are likely to be more
effective than shorter times at higher temperatures. A number of full scale
shipboard case studies for various heating regimes utilising waste heat from the
ship's cooling systems, auxiliary steam condenser cooling water auxiliary boiler
and other heat sources are presented for a variety of ships, voyages and
operating conditions.
14
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Suggested Designs to Facilitate Improved Management and Treatment of
Ballast Water on New and Existing Ships
Treatment options researched Design options for ballast water exchange (sequential and flow-through),
heating via main engine cooling water, chemical, filtration, hydrocyclones,
ultraviolet irradiation, fresh or recirculated water, discharge to shore based or
dedicated treatment ships and best practice design aspects related to sea chests,
ballast tanks (especially strength, water flow and minimisation of sediment
accumulation), ballast pumps and pipework and chain lockers in relation to
sediments.
Principal Researcher(s) Alan H Taylor (Alan H Taylor and Associates) and
Dr Geoff Rigby (Reninna consulting).
Contact Details Alan H Taylor and Associates Pty Limited
59 Hillcroft Drive
Templestowe Vic 3106
Australia
Tel: +61 (0)3 9846 2650
Fax: +61 (0)3 9846 2650
Email: aht@ahtaylor.com
Web: www.ahtaylor.com
Host Institution(s) Alan H Taylor & Associates and Reninna Consulting.
Location of Research Australia.
Funding Level Approximately AUD$15,000.
Funding Source(s) Funded from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service Ballast Water
Research Programme budget which has come from a levy on ships calling at
Australian ports.
Timeframe of the Project Project completed January 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To suggest designs to enhance ballast water management on new and existing
project ships.
Research Methods Review of designs of existing ships and new ships and develop further designs
and enhancements to facilitated better ballast water management.
Results Detailed results and summary available in the Department of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries Australia (AFFA) Ballast Water Research Series Report
No.12, January 2001 (http:www.affa.gov.au).
15
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Hi Tech Marine HT2001
Treatment options researched Proprietary Biocide
Principal Researcher(s) Glenn Thornton, Dr. Marcus Scammell, Rohm & Haas.
Contact Details Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd
PO Box 524
Newport NSW 2106
Australia
Tel: +61 2 9997 7494
Fax: +61 2 9997 8962
Email: gthornton@htmarine.com.au
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Hawkesbury River & Sydney, Australia; Philadelphia, USA.
Funding Level US$ 750,000.
Funding Source(s) Joint venture Hi Tech Marine, Rohm & Haas.
Timeframe of the Project 2.5 years 1991-1993.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate the effectiveness and bio-degradability of a chemical Biocide
project technology, environmental risk assessment and indicative cost data.
Research Methods Plate leaching trials, biota mortality trials, and environmental degradation trials.
Results Positive. However, prior to sea trials in 1993, advised by AQIS (Department of
Agriculture) that chemical treatment of ballast water was not acceptable.
16
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Hi Tech Marine SeaSafe (Onboard) & WaterSafe (Shore based) Systems
Treatment options researched Biocidal Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Glenn Thornton & Bob Prentice
Contact Details Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd
PO Box 524
Newport NSW 2106
Australia
Tel: +61 2 9997 7494
Fax: +61 2 9997 8962
Email: gthornton@htmarine.com.au
Host Institution(s) Independent.
Location of Research Sydney, Australia; Hobart, Australia.
Funding Level AUD$2,500,000.
Funding Source(s) Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd (principal), BDT Senior Thermal Engineering Pty Ltd,
Hisaka Works Ltd., Intercontinental Ship Management Pty Ltd, Lloyds
Register.
Timeframe of the Project 1995 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate the effectiveness of our heat treatment technology and to develop
project indicative cost data.
Research Methods SeaSafe sea trials Adelaide Hobart; Sydney Hobart; Geelong Hobart,
M.V. `Sandra Marie' 1997.
WaterSafe system first demonstrated June 1997. For methodology of systems
see http://www.htmarine.com.au.
Treatment time/temperatures based on mortality figures of toxic Dinoflagellate
cysts (G. catenatum), from Bolch & Hallegraeff, Hallegraeff & Rigby, and
human pathogen mortality figures from Dr. B.J. Hudson, Chief Microbiologist,
Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney.
WaterSafe system now elevated to 90°C for 60 seconds.
Results On-board (SeaSafe system):
Sea trial (Sydney Hobart) was conducted in gale-force weather and achieved
an 80-90% kill rate for G. catenatum cysts, at temperatures of 50°C for 45
seconds. Trial monitored by AQIS, test results obtained by Dr. G. Hallegraeff
in Hobart.
Shore-based (WaterSafe system):
Shore based demonstration at Sydney, Australia, monitored by AQIS, NSW
Government and various shipping industry representatives. Results obtained by
Dr. R. Campbell 100% mortality of all marine organisms including G.
catenatum cysts at temperature of 80°C for a period of 60 seconds.
WaterSafe system now elevated to 90°C for 60 seconds, which has resulted in a
mortality of 99.9% of human pathogens including Hepatitis A virus (per Qld
Dept Public Health).
Reviewed by: Rigby G.R. and A.H. Taylor `Ballast Water Treatment Report
No. 13 Ballast Water treatment to Minimise the Risks of Introducing
Nonindigenous Marine Organisms into Australian Ports.' January 2001.
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia ISBN 0-642-47669-1.
Report on results of testing available on request or visit:
http://www.htmarine.com.au
17
Projects Completed - Brazil
Brazil
Name of Project Use of Chlorine for Ballast Water Treatment
Treatment options researched Chlorine
Principal Researcher(s) Julieta Salles Vianna da Silva
Flavio da Costa Fernandes
Contact Details Julieta Salles Vianna da Silva
Address : 253 Kioto Street, Arraial do Cabo/RJ Brazil 28930-000
Tel : 55 21 22 26229013 Fax : 55 21 22 26229093
Email : julieta@mar.com.br
Flavio da Costa Fernandes
Address : 253 Kioto Street, Arraial do Cabo/RJ Brazil 28930-000
Tel : 55 21 22 26229013 Fax : 55 21 22 26229093
Email : flaviocofe@yahoo.com
Host Institution(s) IEAPM Admiral Paulo Moreira Marine Research Institute
Location of Research Bulker Frotargentina
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Petrobras Brazilian Petroleum S/A
Timeframe of the Project March 1999 to September 2001
Aims and objectives of the The objective of this study was to assess the chlorine efficacy, to determine its
project minimum concentration eliminate organisms in ballast water and to observe the
formation of trihalomethane on board. This study also is concerned about the
evaluation of survival of microalgae and trihalomethane formation in laboratory
in different concentrations of chlorine and cells.
Research Methods The experiment was done in 8 wing tanks: 4 tanks used as control and 4 tanks
treated with chlorine at 1, 3, 5 and 10 ppm. Every day, during six to eight days,
samples were taken from every tank to analyze salinity, pH, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, chlorine,
trihalomethane, zooplankton and phytoplankton. Experiments in laboratory
were made to assess the THM formation using Tetraselmis chui in different
concentrations.
Results The maximum mortality of total zoo- and phytoplankton was 76.4% and we did
not find significant differences (<0.05) among treatments. Concentrations above
3 ppm are not recommended due to formation of high values of THM
(>100µg/L). The lowest chlorine concentration tested (1ppm) presented the
lowest THM concentration. It is suggested the use of low concentration of
chlorine in continuous flux, to improve the chlorine efficiency.
18
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Canada
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment Evaluation Using Copper and Sodium
Hypochlorite as Ballast Water Biocides
Treatment options researched Copper ion and Sodium Hypochlorite
Principal Researcher(s) Fleet Technology Ltd.
311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 1Z8
In partnership with
ESG International Inc.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Contact Details David Stocks
Fleet Technology Ltd.
311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 1Z8
Tel: 613-592-2830
Email: dstocks@fleetech.com
Barry Burns
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Constitution Hall
525 west Allegan Street
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Tel: 517-335-3301
Email: burnsb@michigan.gov
Host Institution(s) Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Constitution Hall
525 West Allegan Street
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Location of Research Field studies conducted in Europe and Great Lakes.
Laboratory studies conducted in Ontario, Canada.
Funding Level US$190,000.
Funding Source(s) Michigan Great Lakes Protection Fund.
Office of the Great Lakes, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Timeframe of the Project 7/15/2001 6/1/2002.
Aims and objectives of the The project aims to help MDEQ to determine whether practical methods of
project treating ballast water are currently available. The determination is required by
recent state legislation.
Research Methods Laboratory and ship-board testing.
Results Copper Ion Biocide The study's toxicity data suggest that in sufficiently high
concentrations, copper ion could be an effective biocide. However, at the
concentrations needed to achieve the desired effectiveness, the level would be
far too high to be discharged into the Great Lakes. Given this, and the absence
of any known neutralizing agent that would allow copper to be safely
discharged into the Great Lakes, it was concluded that copper ion cannot be
considered to be a viable ballast water biocide at this time.
Hypochlorite Biocide The conclusions of the 2001/2002 shipboard and
laboratory study using sodium hypochlorite as a ballast water biocide were
limited and considered preliminary. A follow-up study on sediment impacts on
hypochlorite toxicity and ballast tank corrosion was conducted in 2003/2004 to
19
Projects Completed - Canada
complement the previous work. The follow-up study further addressed
environmental and safety concerns, treatment costs, and a conceptual shipboard
dosing system.
Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to assess hypochlorite toxicity with
various amounts of ballast water sediment present. Most microorganisms and
adult organisms tested were killed at total residual chlorine (TRC) levels of 10
ppm or less. The highest 48-hour LC90 for the 1000 ppm sediment
concentration was 9 ppm TRC.
The following conclusions were drawn following the ballast tank corrosion
study.
·
The addition of hypochlorite at the dose levels necessary to be biologically
effective has no effect on the standard ship-type coating system (paint
permeability).
·
Corrosion rates of bare steel are increased by the presence of hypochlorite
at the biologically effective dose rates under constant exposure conditions.
However, the amount of increased corrosion is not considered significant
over the life of a ship due to the relatively small amount of time that
elevated hypochlorite concentrations would be present in a ballast tank.
The remaining 2003/2004 hypochlorite evaluations (environmental/safety
concerns, costs, and shipboard installation) were favorable in that no apparent
prohibitions for its use as a ballast water biocide were found. Provided proper
safety standards, dosing, and de-chlorination techniques are followed,
compliance with environmental and safety standards would not be an expected
problem.
20
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Treatment of Residual Ballast Water in the NOBOB Ship using Heat.
Treatment options researched Heat
Principal Researcher(s) 1David T. Stocks, 2Martin O'Reilly.
Contact Details 1. BMT/Fleet Technology Ltd., Kanata, ON. Canada.
Email: dstocks@fleetech.com
2. ESG Stantec Consulting Inc., Guelph, ON. Canada
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Great lakes Region Canada
Funding Level $150,000
Funding Source(s) NOAA.
Timeframe of the Project 2003
Aims and objectives of the Heat treatment of ballast water to reduce aquatic invasive species has been
project proposed and tested in large ocean going ships where time in ballast and
available energy is such that sufficient rise in temperature of the ballast water
can be achieved. In the Great Lakes, ships do not have long periods of time in
ballast nor sufficient energy to perform full ballast tank heating. By restricting
the heat treatment to the residual ballast water, the time and energy
requirements for treatment are significantly reduced to within the capacity of
the typical NOBOB ship entering the Great Lakes.
The study examines the heat requirements for the thermal treatment of residuals
in a NOBOB ship, and determines if the energy demand for the treatment is
within the capacity of a ship's normal generation and/or can be done
economically using shore based equipment. Objectives are;
To establish heat energy input requirements through numerical modelling
verified by at ship experiments.
To establish thermo -toxicity of typical ballast-borne biota through laboratory
toxicity testing.
Research Methods Ship board tria ls, heat dissipation modelling, thermo toxicity testing.
A heat dissipation model is developed, using variational finite difference
techniques, to quantify heat loss from the residual ballast water to the
surrounding environment. An at ship experiment using portable heat (steam)
generating equipment is conducted to calibrate the heat dissipation model and
demonstrate the energy requirements needed to achieve the temperature profile
deemed effective in the thermo -toxicity tests.
A series of thermo toxicity tests are performed over a representative range of
biota to establish time temperature lethality
Results Not provided.
21
Projects Completed - Canada
Name of Project Sodium Hypochlorite as a Ballast Water Biocide
Treatment options researched Biocides
Principal Researcher(s) 1David T. Stocks, 2Martin O'Reilly. 3William McKracken
Contact Details 1. BMT/Fleet Technology Ltd., Kanata, ON. Canada.
Email: dstocks@fleetech.com
2. ESG Stantec Consulting Inc., Guelph, ON. Canada
3. Consultant Michigan, USA
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Great lakes Region Canada
Funding Level $300,000
Funding Source(s) State of Michigan, Great lakes Protection Fund, Transport Canada
Timeframe of the Project 2001-2004
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate the efficacy and impact of using Sodium Hypochlorite as a biocide for
project application to Great Lakes shipping. To address the concerns of the Michigan
Environmental Science Board review of Phase 1 work and assist the State of
Michigan in their legislation of ballast water treatment options.
Research Methods A field demonstration on-board the MV Federal Yukon,
Toxicology testing in the biological laboratory,
Discharge impact assessment
Corrosion testing in the material laboratory.
Engineering development of ship systems and
Economic evaluation
Results Phase 1 results are not fully conclusive but demonstrate that Sodium
Hypochlorite is an effective biocide, is economically feasible, has some
detrimental effects on ship steel (corrosion). The assessment of impact on the
receiving environment is still being developed.
22
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
China
Name of Project Effects of the Chlorination Treatment for Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Chemical biocide
Principal Researcher(s) S Zhang, X Chen, D Yang, W Gong, Q Wang, J Xiao, H Zhang, Q Wang,
Contact Details Dalian Maritime University
Environmental science and engineering college
Dalian Maritime University
Lingshui Road 1,Dalian, 116026
P.R. China
Tel: +86 411 4725440
Fax: +86 411 4729777
Email: zhangshuohui@yahoo.com.cn
Host Institution(s) Dalian Maritime University, P.R. China
Location of Research Dalian Maritime University, P.R. China
Funding Level USD 40000
Funding Source(s) GloBallast Programme
Timeframe of the Project 2002 2004
Aims and objectives of the This project deals with the effects of the chlorination treatment for ballast water.
project
Research Methods ·
Bacteria test
·
Phytoplankton test
·
Natural seawater test
·
Amphipod test
·
Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) test
·
Breakdown test of available chlorine
·
Natural seawater, ballast water and sediment were treated with chlorination
in the laboratory
Three or four parallel samples are used in the test according to standard
methods, such as: German ATS Benchmark or Chinese National Standard.
Most of the tests are replicated. Some of the tests are replicated many times.
Optimal conditions for test organisms are selected and the reliability of test
organisms was ensured through employing a standard biocide. Although there
are a few differences among the test data of the replicating test, the test data
appears to be reliable.
There is a control group in every test and once the mortality of control is over
10%, the data will be invalid.
Results Our experiments selected Sodium Hypochlorite as biocide. The results indicate
that chlorination treatment is effective in killing organisms and bacteria in
seawater. They also show that available chlorine with concentration of 20 mg/L
is able to kill almost all the bacteria in the seawater. However, the
concentrations of available chlorine for phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic
invertebrate's treatment vary depending on the species and the density of them,
ranging from 5 mg/L to 100mg/L.
23
Projects Completed - Germany
Germany
Name of Project Process for the Removal of Organisms from Different Waters
Treatment options researched Chemical treatment: oxidising, environmentally friendly biocide formulation
Peraclean® Ocean; with and without separation of solids
Principal Researcher(s) Degussa AG
Contact Details Degussa AG, BW-FEA -A
Rodenbacher Chaussee 4
D-63457 Hanau-Wolfgang
Germany
Tel: +49 6181-59-3892
Fax: +49 6181-59-3311
e-mail: rainer-g.fuchs@degussa.com
Web: www.degussa.com
Host Institution(s) Degussa.
Location of Research Germany.
Funding Level Ca. US$200,000.
Funding Source(s) Federal Ministry for Research and Technology of Germany.
Timeframe of the Project 1998-2002.
Aims and objectives of the ·
Develop laboratory test methods to compare different chemical treatment
project
options as a prescreening to full scale testing.
·
Compare different treatment options in full scale testing.
·
Develop dosage equipment for full scale testing.
Research Methods ·
Chemical treatment options were tested in the lab with the testing standard
ATS = Artemia Testing Standard by Dr. Voigt-Consulting, Germany.
·
Full scale testing was enabled by taking part in a shipboard testing program
by Maritime Solutions Inc., USA in 2001; more testing planned in 2002.
·
Field trials were conducted together with Hamann Wassertechnik,
Germany in 2001; more testing planned in 2002.
Results ·
Laboratory tests showed complete mortality of different species with 400
ppm Peraclean® Ocean or less.
·
Field trial aboard a ship (together with Maritime Solutions Inc.) in USA,
2001, showed 99-100% mortality of all examined zooplankton,
phytoplankton and a 3 log. removal of culturable bacteria with 200 ppm
Peraclean® Ocean (stand alone treatment).
·
Field trial at Hamburg, Germany in 2001, together with Hamann
Wassertechnik showed complete killing and/or separation of the observed*
or added** species at a dosage rate of 100 ppm Peraclean® Ocean or more.
·
Treatment with Peraclean® Ocean after separation of solids: planned for
2002.
* Cyclops (Copepode), Daphnia, Copepode nauplii, Rotifiers, Ciliates,
Nematodes, undetermined eggs, larval Polychaetes, Cladocera,
Foraminifera.
** Artemia nauplii and Artemia eggs.
24
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Peraclean® Ocean a Potential Treatment Option for Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Chemical treatment
Principal Researcher(s) Rainer Fuchs
Contact Details Degussa AG
Dr. Rainer Fuchs
Rodenbacher Chaussee 4
D-63457 Hanau-Wolfgang
Germany
Tel: +49 6181-59-3892
Fax: +49 6181-59-3311
Email: rainer-g.fuchs@degussa.com
Web: www.degussa.com
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Degussa AG, Germany
Funding Level 50% BMBF, 50% Degussa AG
Funding Source(s) 1) German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany
2) Degussa AG, Germany.
Timeframe of the Project 1998-2003
Aims and objectives of the The project was set up to explore possibilities for peroxygen chemicals to treat
project ballast water in an environmentally friendly way.
Laboratory trials and field trials, e.g. on a ship, were planned.
Research Methods Treatment of different waters that contained different species was done. Killing
rates after different exposure times with different formulations and different
species were observed.
Results Peraclean® Ocean, a liquid oxidizer formulation showed promising results.
Treatment of different waters that contained different species was done. For a
first evaluation of the performance of Peraclean® Ocean, the Artemia Testing
Standard (ATS-benchmark; contact: m.voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de) was
applied at lab-scale. This benchmark test uses the brine shrimp, Artemia salina,
as indicator organism. The ATS involves 4 different development stages of the
brine shrimp: adults, larvae, nauplius-stages, pre-incubated eggs and cysts. The
ATS-data showed that the addition of Peraclean® Ocean at levels of above 350
ppm resulted in 100% mortality of all Artemia live stages.
Further experiments were carried out with a number of other indicator
organisms.
Dosing rates of 50 350 ppm Peraclean® Ocean and exposure times of 2-72
hours proved to be 100% effective (no survivals) for many different species.
Peraclean® Ocean can be used alone or in combination with a solid separation
technology.
25
Projects Completed Japan
Japan
Name of Project Unwanted Aquatic Organisms in Ballast Tank Report of the Ballast Water
Management by Heat Treatment using Main Engine Water Cooling Circuit
and Findings of the On-Board Research
Treatment options researched Heat treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Japanese Shipowners' Association.
Contact Details Kaiun Bldg
No 6-4, 2-Chome
Hirakawa-cho
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102, Japan
Tel: +81 3 3264 7171
Fax: +81 3 3262 4760
Web: www.jsanet.or.jp.
Host Institution(s) Japanese Shipowners' Association.
Location of Research On board the ore carrier MV Onde Maru in the Japanese port of Kure and en-
route to Port Walcott in Australia.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project February 1995.
Aims and objectives of the To determine:
project · The results of treating ballast water with heat obtained from the cooling
circuit of the main engine.
·
The effect of re-ballasting at sea.
·
The viability of the phytoplankton in the ballast tank.
Research Methods Conducted an at-sea analysis of heat treatment, re -ballasting and the viability of
phytoplankton between Japan and Australia.
Results The experiment discovered that:
·
The marine organisms in the ballast tank were minimised by the heat
treatment, but the question of how to make the prescribed water
temperature uniform in the ballast tank still remained.
·
None of the phytoplankton in the original ballast tank survived the journey
to Port Walcott, but there was still the possibility of cysts surviving in
bottom sediments.
·
Other harmful aquatic organisms were taken into the ballast tank when
reballasting at sea.
·
The ballast water was heated to a high of 43°C at the inlet but only reached
350 C at the point of the ballast tank furthermost from the inlet.
26
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Netherlands
Name of Project Global Market Analysis of Ballast Water Treatment Technology
Treatment options researched All treatment options of practical interest are reviewed.
Principal Researcher(s) H.A. Schilperoord and F.J. Tjallingii
Contact Details Royal Haskoning
PO Box 94241
1090 GE Amsterdam
Tel. +31 (0)20 569 77 83
Fax +31 (0)20 569 77 66
Email: h.schilperoord@royalhaskoning.com
Web: www.royalhaskoning.com
Host Institution(s) Royal Haskoning.
Location of Research Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Northeast Midwest Institute, USA.
Timeframe of the Project June-November 2001.
Aims and objectives of the Provide a global analysis of the market for a ballast water treatment technology
project industry. An insight in the probable ma rket for ballast water treatment systems
in light of forthcoming national and international ballast water management
requirements.
Research Methods Based on an analysis of Lloyds Register of Ships and discussions by an expert
group consisting of representatives of the shipping and port industry and
shipping experts at Royal Haskoning a number of assumptions regarding the
IMO's Convention on ballast water are drawn.
Results The study resulted in an estimation of the potential market (in number of
vessels) in three time periods (-2003, 2003-2008 and 2008-2013). The
calculations on potential turnover were made by mu ltiplying the numbers of
vessels with the cost of fitting a modal (existing or new) vessel with a treatment
system. From 2008 the potential market is estimated to be between
USD700 million and USD1 billion per annum.
The report is shown on: www.nemw.org/Haskoningreport.pdf
27
Projects Completed New Zealand
New Zealand
Name of Project Heat Treatment of Ships' Ballast Water: Development and Application of a
Model Based on Laboratory Studies
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : doug@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research Nelson, New Zealand.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report printed 1999.
Aims and objectives of the To determine, using laboratory methods, the optimum conditions required for
project the application of heating to kill invasive species in ballast water.
Research Methods Adult samples of the starfish Coscinasterias calamaria, the zoospores of the
seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the larvae of Crassostrea gigas were used for
laboratory study of effects of heat treatment.
Results The study assumed that the organisms could be transported in ballast water in a
viable state for the duration of a sea journey and therefore pose a threat. The
study developed a linear model intended for use in the prediction of kill times
over a temperature range of between 35-48°C.
28
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Shipboard Heat Treatment of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research RoRo vessel Rotoma.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project
Aims and objectives of the To test the shipboard efficacy of heat treatment.
project
Research Methods Cawthron developed a shipboard system on the RoRo vessel Rotoma for the
heat treatment of ballast water. Water from ballast tanks is pumped through a
heat exchanger, which is heated by the vessel's engine exhaust.
Results Studies have shown that a complete kill of test organisms can be achieved in 6-
10 hours by heating to 36-38°C.
29
Projects Completed New Zealand
Name of Project Oxygen Deprivation as a Treatment for Ships' Ballast Water Laboratory
Studies and Evaluation
Treatment options researched Oxygen deprivation.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs.
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email: doug@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research Nelson, New Zealand.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report printed in 1999.
Aims and objectives of the To demonstrate the potential for the use of oxygen deprivation as a treatment
project option for infected ballast water.
Research Methods Adult samples of the starfish Coscinasterias calamaria, the zoospores of the
seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the larvae of Crassostrea gigas were used for
laboratory study of effects of nitrogen, sulphide and glucose in killing the
sample organisms through oxygen depletion.
Results Study concluded that lowering the level of oxygen to less than 3 mg/L leads to
effective kills of Undaria zoospores and Coscinasterias calamaria larvae.
However, more research is required both into the species range affected by
deoxygenation and into the practicality of the various methods before shipboard
investigations of this technology can be conducted.
30
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Mid Ocean Ballast Water Exchange: Shipboard Trials of Methods for
Verifying Efficiency
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange.
Principal Researcher(s) Michael Taylor (Cawthron Institute) and Elizabeth Bruce (Battelle).
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute (New Zealand) and Battelle (USA).
Location of Research Onboard testing conducted on the coastal container vessel MV Spirit of Vision
and the trans-Pacific chemical carrier MT Iver Stream.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report published in August 1999.
Aims and objectives of the ·
To review the availability of existing methods to measure and record the
project
volumes of water pumped through the ballast tanks and determine the
efficiency of mid-ocean ballast water exchange practice.
·
To verify ship compliance with mid-ocean ballast water exchange controls
and guidelines.
·
To develop and pilot test, including on at least two ships with different
ballast tank configurations, ballast water exchange verification
methodologies.
Research Methods The study used:
·
A series of laboratory-based experiments which assessed the suitability of
Rhodamine WT tracer dye for measuring the dilution efficiency of mid-
ocean exchange;
·
Three voyages on the Spirit of Vision and one voyage aboard the Iver
Stream.
Results The study found that the tracer dye Rhodamine WT is particularly useful for
measuring the dilution efficiency of mid-ocean ballast water exchanges. In each
of the mid-ocean ballast water exchange trials, all of which used the flow-
through dilution method, the dilution efficiency of the completed exchange was
in excess of 90% for the Spirit of Vision (capacity tank = 114 cubic metres) and
99% for the Iver Stream (capacity tank = 1435 cubic metres).
31
Projects Completed New Zealand
Name of Project Shipboard Trials on Chemical Carrier MT Iver Stream and Use of Models for
Designing Heat Treatment Systems
Treatment options researched Heat
Principal Researcher(s) Doug Mountfort, Tim Dodgshun and Michael Taylor (Cawthron).
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson, New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email: info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute (New Zealand).
Location of Research On-board heat treatment trials conducted on the trans-Pacific chemical carrier
MT Iver Stream.
Funding Level Confidential.
Funding Source(s) New Zealand Foundation of Research Science and Technology.
Timeframe of the Project 2001- 2002
Aims and objectives of the ·
Using sea-going trials identify factors that must be considered for
project
optimisation of heat treatment of ship's ballast water.
·
By developing models, achieve optimal design and performance standards
for heat treatment systems.
Research Methods Trials on the chemical carrier Iver Stream (32,000 tons) were conducted during
passage from Japan to New Zealand in February 2001 using tanks (1500 m3
capacity) in the bottoms of which steam heated coils were fitted as standard
equipment. Details on sampling and analysis can be found in Proc 1st Int Ballast
Water Treatment R&D Symposium, IMO. London, 2001.
Results The results of the first phase of this study showed that:
·
Temperature variability (thermocline) occurred in heated tanks in calm sea
conditions. Uniform temperatures of tank contents could be achieved
(raising the tank temperature to 35oC for > 30 h) in moderate to rough sea
conditions leading to effective kills of ballast organisms.
·
Heat loss from tanks was a key consideration in achieving the desired tank
temperature.
It was concluded that:
·
Some organisms might develop a tolerance to heating depending on
whether the treatment is "fast" or "slow".
·
Priority should be given to optimising design of heat treatment systems so
that heat losses are minimized and contents are adequately mixed during
treatment.
·
Details on operating and installation costs of treatment systems need to
accompany the design concept.
32
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Norway
Name of Project Use of Gas Supersaturation to Remove Organisms in Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Injections of gas (air and N2) to create gas supersaturation
Principal Researcher(s) Anders Jelmert
Contact Details Dr. O. Enger
Forinnova A/S
Thormøhlensgate 55
N-5008 Bergen
Norway
www.forinnova.no
Host Institution(s) Forinnova A/S
Location of Research Institute of Marine Research
Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station
N5392 Storebø, Norway
Funding Level US$35,000
Funding Source(s) Norwegian Research Board: 50%
Industry: 50%
Timeframe of the Project Autumn 2000 Summer 2001
Aims and objectives of the Studies on the effects of gas supersaturation on several organisms in ballast
project water.
Research Methods Survival and other chosen end-point measures of organisms as a function of gas
mixture, pressure and exposure time.
Results (Preliminary)
Increased mortality in Artemia sp. naupleii exposed to air at 1 atm for 18 hours,
yielding 119% nitrogen supersaturation.
33
Projects Completed Norway
Name of Project OptiMar Ballast Systems' Research 1998
Treatment options researched Mechanical separation (Lakos separator), UV treatment (MicroKill UV).
Principal Researcher(s) Halvor Nilsen.
Contact Details OptiMarin AS
Randabergv. 101
N-4027 Stavanger
Norway
Tel: +47 51542269
Fax: +47 51542439
Email: halvor.nilsen@stavanger.online.no
Web: www.optimarin.com
www.microkill.com
Host Institution(s) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
Location of Research Austevoll Aquaculture Research Institute Station.
Funding Level ECU 50,000.
Funding Source(s) Norwegian Maritime Directorate & OptiMarin AS.
Timeframe of the Project March/April 1998.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a system of remove as many suspended solids and uni- and multi-
project cellular organisms through primary mechanical and secondary UV treatment.
Research Methods The results were obtained in a semi-scale laboratory test of an integrated
hydrocyclone-UV unit, designed for removal of exotic species in ballast water.
Results The removal of particles and mortality of the various biota at four consecutive
stages through the treatment system was recorded. Cysts of the brine shrimp
Artemia sp. were removed at an efficiency of 13.7% in the hydrocyclone, and
the naupilus-larva of Artemia were removed at an efficiency of 8.3%. Through
the UV-unit, the naupleii showed a mortality of 99.5% and the numbers of
hatching cysts was 26 % lower than the numbers before the unit. The microalga
were removed with an efficacy of 10 - 30 % range in the hydrocyclone, and
showed a mortality in the UV-unit of 84.7% and 87.6 %, respectively for P.
minimum and Tetraselmis sp. The removal of bacteria in the hydrocyclone was
negligible, while the bacterial numbers were reduced corresponding to a -2.3
log and -1.9 log elimination respectively, by UV treatment in two separate
trials.
34
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project OptiMar Ballast Systems Research 1999
Treatment options researched Mechnical separation (Lakos separator), UV treatment (MicroKill UV).
Principal Researcher(s) Halvor Nilsen.
Contact Details OptiMarin AS
Randabergv. 101
N-4027 Stavanger
Norway
Tel: +47 51542269
Fax: +47 51542439
Email: halvor.nilsen@stavanger.online.no
Web: www.optimarin.com
www.microkill.com
Host Institution(s) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
Location of Research Austevoll Aquaculture Research Institute Station.
Funding Level ECU 60,000.
Funding Source(s) OptiMarin AS.
Timeframe of the Project March/April 1999.
Aims and objectives of the Repeat of the 1998 test but with another separator.
project
Research Methods The results were obtained in a semi-scale laboratory test of an integrated
hydrocyclone-UV unit, designed for removal of exotic species in ballast water.
Results Same as 1998. Subsequent to these tests, the Optimar Ballast Water Treatment
System has been installed aboard the cruise-liner Regal Princess and is the first
fully functional ballast water treatment system aboard an operating vessel.
Further tests are required, especially in relation to scaling-up to handle larger
quantities of ballast water on tankers and bulk carriers.
35
Projects Completed Norway
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment by Ozonation
Treatment options researched Ozone treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Aage Bjørn Andersen, Egil Dragsund, Bjørn Olav Johannessen.
Contact Details Det Norske Veritas
Veritasveien 1
N-1322 Høvik
Norway
Tel: +47 67 57 85 86
Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
Email: aage.bjorn.andersen@dnv.com
Web: www.dnv.com
Host Institution(s) DNV Høvik, Norway.
Location of Research DNV Høvik and University of Oslo.
Funding Level NOK 800,000 (NOK 500,000 for 1999-2000; NOK 300,000 for 2000-1).
Funding Source(s) Barber Ship Management.
Timeframe of the Project 1999 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate and test whether ozone represents an appropriate risk reducing
project alternative for ballast water treatment.
Research Methods ·
Review of recent literature.
·
Laboratory testing of:
- Efficiency of ozone disinfection.
- Oxidant decay rates in seawater.
- Corrosivity of ozone treated seawater.
Results Literature review has identified ozonation as a potentially efficient option
representing a chemical method without environmental harmful side effects.
Findings from the literature have been an input to the planning of the laboratory
testing phase.
The estimated increase in corrosivity of the ballast water is based on a limited
short period experiment. Prior to a full-scale evaluation of ballast water
ozonation, a more detailed long-term test on corrosion should be undertaken.
Further work will encompass full-scale methodology verification aboard a
vessel trading between the USA and Australia. This will be performed in co-
operation with Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and US
Coast Guard (USCG). Final arrangements have not yet been formalised.
36
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Corrosion Effects of Ballast Water Treatment Methods
Treatment options researched N/A.
Principal Researcher(s) Egil Dragsund (DNV), Bjørn Olav Johannessen (DNV), Aage Bjørn Andersen
(DNV), John Olav Nøkleby
Contact Details Det Norske Veritas
Egil.dragsund@dnv.com
Host Institution(s) Det Norske Veritas, Veritasveien 1, 1322 Høvik, Norway
Location of Research Det Norske Veritas, Veritasveien 1, 1322 Høvik, Norway
Funding Level 700,000.- NoK
Funding Source(s) DNV Research funds
Timeframe of the Project 01.01.03 15.12.03
Aims and objectives of the This project is an integrated element of a larger research programme undertaken
project by DNV and Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA).
This programme was initiated in 2003 and will run until 2005. The overall aim
is to expand the understanding associated to proposed treatment options for
non-indigenous species introductions and to develop methods, standards and
norms for risk reducing measures (treatment methods).
Research Methods Literature review, laboratory studies, full scale verification studies
Results Ballast Water Verification Protocol
Standard for Certification
Performance criteria Ship/Crew safety
37
Projects Completed - Poland
Poland
Name of Project System for Destruction of Microorganisms Occurring in Ballast Waters:
Technical Assumptions
Treatment options researched Heat treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Zdzislaw Sobol, Wladyslaw Korczak, Bohdan Wojaliewicz.
Contact Details Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia
Department of Protection of the Environment and Hygiene of Transport
Ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9B
81-519 Gdynia
Poland
Tel: +48 58 622 30 11
Fax: +48 58 622 33 54
Web: www.immt.gdynia.pl.
Host Institution(s) Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia.
Location of Research Gdynia, Poland.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report Date 1995.
Aims and objectives of the Selection of appliances for the treatment of micro- and macro-organisms
project occurring in ballast water.
Research Methods
Results Heat treatment is preferable to chemical treatment as it does not require carrying
chemicals onboard, and heat is continuously available from boiler steam or
main and auxiliary engine cooling system. The costs are also small when
compared with other methods. The chemical method required final deactivation
before it is discharged into the sea, making heat more competitive. Use of UV
was not considered, as ballast water is extremely dirty and coloured.
Disinfecting methods using radiation was not considered, as its use is not
neutral to a natural sea environment.
38
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Singapore
Name of Project Development of Dinoflagellate "Cyst-on-Demand" Protocol, and
Comparison of Particle Monitoring Techniques for Ballast Water Treatment
Evaluation
Treatment options researched Filtration, Hydrocyclone, UV, Biocides and Photocatalysis
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Jose Matheickal (IESE) and Dr. Michael Holmes (TMSI)
Contact Details Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Innovation Centre, Unit 237, Block 2
18 Nanyang Drive
Singapore 637723
Tel: +65 67941556
Fax: +65 67921291
Email: jtmath@ntu.edu.sg
Host Institution(s) Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering
Location of Research Singapore
Funding Level -
Funding Source(s) -
Timeframe of the Project 2002-2003
Aims and objectives of the ·
to evaluate the use of particle counting as a measure of ballast water
project
filtration efficiency and to continuously monitor filter performance
·
to develop and optimise a culturing protocol for mass-culturing of
dinoflagellate cysts
Research Methods ·
lab-scale and pilot scale evaluation of filtration systems
·
comparison of various particle monitoring techniques using different water
samples
·
excystment and encystment studies using dinoflagellate cultures
Results Dramatic variations in particle counts were present between electrical sensing
zone based particle counters and the commonly used light obscuration based
counters. The latter one dramatically undercounted particles in smaller size
classes compared with the research grade ESZ instruments for all types of
samples. However, light obscuration particle counters can give a cheap and
practical solution for online monitoring of ballast water, provided the
instrument is calibrated using appropriate calibration standards, right
concentration of particles used and correct flow rate is chosen. It is strongly
recommended that ballast water monitoring be conducted using an electrical
sensing zone based particle counting instrument for any verification purposes.
The second part of the study developed culture protocols for producing
hypnozygotes (cysts) of the CCMP1735 strain of dinoflagellate Scrippsiella Sp.
on demand. It was observed that transferring a large biomass of motile cells to
nutrient deficient media induces cyst formation. Once the hypnozygotes mature
they begin spontaneously excysting after about 2 days. However, hypnozygotes
can be stored in a quiescent state for up to 2 months in the dark at 5 to 7 oC,
although the proportion of viable cells drops after about 1 month storage. The
time to excystment of cold-stored hypnozygotes can be predicted from the time
of cold storage. Dinoflagellate, being an invasive species of international
concern, can be an ideal surrogate organism for treatment system evaluation.
The protocol developed in this study can be used to produce sufficiently large
number of dinoflagellate cysts.
39
Projects Completed - Singapore
Name of Project Dockside Evaluation of Various Self-cleaning Filtration Technologies
Treatment options researched Self-cleaning Filtration
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Jose Matheickal (IESE)
Contact Details Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Innovation Centre, Unit 237, Block 2
18 Nanyang Drive
Singapore 637723
Tel: +65 67941556
Fax: +65 67921291
Email: jtmath@ntu.edu.sg
Host Institution(s) Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering
Location of Research Singapore.
Funding Level S$ 1 million
Funding Source(s) IESE and Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore.
Timeframe of the Project 2002-2003.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a filtration system coupled with a secondary treatment system for
project ballast water treatment and to study the biological and hydraulic performance of
the system.
Research Methods Pilot-scale test runs using a dockside facility. Use flow cytometers, particle size
distribution and specific DNA probes for system performance evaluation.
Results Self-cleaning Filter systems showed promising results in terms of hydraulic
performance as well as biological efficacy. Tests using various screen types
showed that candle type screen elements offered the best results in terms of
filter backwashing efficiency.
40
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Development of Methods and Diagnostic Kits for Rapid Microbiological
Monitoring of Ballast Water Quality
Treatment options Development of rapid monitoring technologies
researched
Principal Researcher(s) Tay Joo Hwa, Tay Tiong Lee Stephen, Volodymyr Ivanov
Contact Details Maritime Research Centre
Nanyang Technological University
50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
Host Institution(s) Maritime Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Nanyang Technological University
Location of Research Maritime Research Centre
Blk N1, # B3b-29
50, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
Funding Level USD100,000.00
Funding Source(s) Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, Maritime Research Centre
Nanyang Technological University
Timeframe of the Project Dec 2000 Dec 2003
Aims and objectives of The objectives of the research project are
the project 1) to develop and optimise the quantitative method for fast microbiological
examination of ballast water using a flow cytometer;
2) to develop and optimise the semi -quantitative method and diagnostic kit for
microbiological examination of ballast water suitable for any operator
unskilled in microbiology; and
3) to perform the field tests of ballast water in Singapore using these
developed methods.
Research Methods The following methods were used for the microbiological monitoring of
ballast water:
Fast approach for microbio logical monitoring of ballast water by skilled
technician in specialized laboratory using a combination of hybridization of
whole-cell rRNA with fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probes measured
by flow cytometer.
Fast approach for microbiological monitoring of ballast water by unskilled
operator in simple laboratory or even on board through the counting of the
particles in narrow range of size which is specific for bacterial cells, probably
between 1 to 10 µm.
Simple approach for microbiological monitoring of ballast water using
chromogenic indication of bacteria presence in ballast water.
Results The concentrations of total bacteria, enterobacteria, Vibrio spp., and E.coli
have been compared for ballast water samples taken from ships in Singapore
Harbour. The cell concentrations were enumerated using FISH and flow
cytometry. The data were highly variable, reflecting the many influences upon
ballast water as it is utilized in proportion of the total concentration of cells
for the ballast water sampled. For the ballast water sampled these
concentrations were 0.67-39.55% for eubacteria, 0-2.46% for enterobacteria,
0.18-35.82% for Vibrio spp., and 0-2.46% for E.coli.
Correlations were found between the number of particles and the number cells
measured for seawater and ballast water samples for various size ranges in an
attempt to determine the best size range for analysis. The range of size
examined were 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 µm. The range of cell sizes, which
would give an optimal measurement between the number of particles and the
number of cells, was found to be 1-6 µm. The size range would be of use for
practical analysis of environmental samples on the basis of forward scattering
41
Projects Completed - Singapore
of light. Analysis of ballast water samples by flow cytometry was found to be
compatible with analysis by a particle counter.
Particle counting in the size ranges of 1 to 2 µm and 1 to 4 µm and bacterial
cell enumeration (eutrophs and oligotrophs) by plates was performed for
ballast water samples. Portable particle counter could be used for estimation
of bacterial cell concentration in ballast water. It takes 16 seconds for analysis
of one sample, while conventional plate counting takes 3 to 7 days. The
coefficient of correlation was 0.9. Total number of the particles (bacterial
cells) detected by particle counter was lower than that of the cells enumerated.
The particle counting had the coefficient of variation from 0.1 to 14% and
coefficient of variation for plate counting was 2 to 53%.
Simple and portable test kit based on the chromogenic detection of coliforms
in ballast water was also developed. Performance of test kit was studied in the
laboratory with the suspension of test bacteria and with the samples of ballast
water. Linear relation was observed between the length of stained part of the
test kit with logarithm of test bacteria concentration. Best minimum detection
limit with test bacteria was 400 cells with -galactosidase activity/ml.
However, in the analysis of ballast water samples the minimum detection
limit was approximately 1 cell with -galactosidase activity/ml. Developed
test kit is very portable and simple to use. It could be employed by anybody
for microbiological analysis of ballast water on-site. The presence and
absence of coliforms could be determined by coloration on the scaled band
and can be used for semi -quantitative enumeration of coliforms in the ballast
water.
42
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
United Kingdom
Name of Project Disinfection of Ballast Water A Review of Potential Options
Treatment options researched Mechanical (filtration), physical (UV and heat treatment), chemical.
Principal Researcher(s) K Müller, J S Carlton
Contact Details Lloyds Register Engineering Services
Lloyds Register House
29 Wellesley Road
Croyden CR0 2AJ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 8681 4040
Fax: +44 (0)20 8681 6814
Host Institution(s) Lloyds Register, Engineering Services, Technical Investigation, Propulsion &
Environmental Engineering Department.
Location of Research
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report date July 1995.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate disinfection options for ballast water.
project
Research Methods Study comprised desk based review of various disinfection options and
laboratory-based trials to examine likely effectiveness of selected disinfection
methods for onboard use.
Results Treatment options for the disinfection of ballast water at sea or at the port of
origin (as an alternative to the exchange of ballast water at sea) are described in
terms of efficiency, practicality, cost, environmental impact and safety
considerations.
43
Projects Completed United Kingdom
Name of Project Testing Ballast Water Treatment Equipment
Treatment options researched Not applicable
Principal Researcher(s) Prof. Arne E Holdø
Contact Details Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
College Lane
Hatfield
Herts. AL10 9AB
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 1707 284272
Fax: +44 1707 285086
Email: a.e.holdo@herts.ac.uk
Host Institution(s) University of Hertfordshire
Location of Research University of Hertfordshire
Funding Level internal
Funding Source(s) internal
Timeframe of the Project End of July 2003
Aims and objectives of the Construction and testing of facility enabling ballast water treatment equipment
project to be tested for certification/ classification
Research Methods Fluid mechanic designs
Results Availability of facility
44
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Efficiency of Ballast Water Exchange in Regional Seas
Treatment options researched Ballast water exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Tracy McCollin
Contact Details Tracy McCollin
FRS Marine Laboratory
PO Box 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen
AB11 9DB
Tel: +44 (0)1224 295 573
Fax: +44 (0)1224 295 511
Email: mccollint@marlab.ac.uk
Host Institution(s) FRS Marine Laboratory.
Location of Research Scotland, United Kingdom.
Funding Level Approx £325 000.
Funding Source(s) Scottish Executive Environmental and Rural Affairs Department and Scottish
Natural Heritage.
Timeframe of the Project July 1999-January 2003
Aims and objectives of the ·
Carry out a detailed assessment of the efficiency of in -transit exchange in
project
the North Sea and Irish Sea on planktonic organisms in ship's ballast
tanks.
·
Assess the survival of planktonic organisms whilst on passage in ballast
tanks.
Research Methods Marine Laboratory staff travel with a vessel on the ballast leg of its journey
back to the west coast of Scotland from ports within northern Europe. The
vessel carries out a ballast exchange process and samples are taken from the
ballast tanks before, during and after exchange.
Results When low salinity port water was exchanged the final salinity of the water
in the ballast tanks after exchange was always lower in comparison to the
final values obtained after exchanging higher salinity port water. This
indicates that some of the original port water remained in the tanks and had
a dilution effect on the water loaded into the tanks during exchange. For
zooplankton, ballast water exchange generally resulted in an increase, or no
change, in the number of taxa and diversity but a decrease in abundance. The
phytoplankton results did not have such a clear pattern. There was generally
a decrease in abundance after exchange. More detailed analysis of the
similarity of the taxa present before and after exchange is being carried
out.
45
Projects Completed United States
United States of America
Name of Project Electro-Ionization Treatment for Ballast Water; First Assessment of
Effectiveness Against Marine Microbiota and Design of Shipboard, Shore
Based, and Tender Ballast Treatment Systems
Treatment options researched Electro Ionization(EIMSTM)
Principal Researcher(s) Joe Aliotta, Ph.D Marine Environmental Partners, Inc
Dr. Andrew Rogerson, Ph.D Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale,
FL
Contact Details Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
3001 W. State Road 84
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33312
United States of America
Tel: +1 954 791 3700
Fax: +1 954 791 2447
E-mail: mark@mepi.net
Web: www.mepi.net
Capt. "Bud" C.E. Leffler, President
Jon Stewart, Exe. VP Sales & Marketing
Mark Yonge, Exe. VP Maritime Affairs
Host Institution(s) Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
Location of Research Ft. Lauderdale, Florida USA.
Funding Level Private.
Funding Source(s) Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
Timeframe of the Project October, 2000 January, 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate & demonstrate the effectiveness of electro-ionization technology in
project killing marine microbes similar to those found in ballast water and to design a
best available technology treatment system process for ship, land based and
tender installations.
To develop data from which to design an electro-ionization treatment system for
the treatment of ballast water.
Research Methods Marine Environmental Partners, Inc. supplied a pilot system to Nova Ocean
Research Center. The system components are 150 gal. Tank containing seawater
to mimic ballast tanks, a NI-OX/LTM gas generator and a ClorinTM gas
generator. High-pressure pumps, & differential pressure injectors. Sea Water
(salinity ca.32 g/l) from the port is used as well as seeding with ca.50liters of
seawater enriched with a mixture of protists (algae and protozoa).
Bacteria were counted by standard plate counting methods. Plates incubated and
number of colonies recorded. Protists are counted by enrichment cultivation
using methods fully detailed in Rogerson and Gwaltney (2000).
All data converted to percentage survival levels to normalize for any differences
in the numbers of starting organisms. Chlorine levels were kept below detection
in the treated water.
Results The results of this project are incorporated in the results of Project "Electro-
sanitization of Ballast Water" in this directory.
46
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project AquaHabiStatTM, or AHSTM
Treatment options researched Removal of dissolved oxygen as water enters ballast tank through use of a
vacuum tank. Maintaining low DO for duration of voyage.
Principal Researcher(s) Browning Transport Management, Inc.
Contact Details Wilson Browning Jr and Wilson Browning III
Browning Transport Management, Inc.
127 Bank Street
Norfolk, VA 23510
United States of America
Tel: +1 757 622 3321
Fax: +1 757 625 7456
Email: will@wjbrowning.com
leslie@wjbrowning.com
Web: www.wjbrowning.com
Host Institution(s) The Commonwealth of Virginia; Old Dominion University; Hampton Roads
Sanitation District; Virginia Institute of Maritime Science.
Location of Research Hampton Roads, VA.
Funding Level >US$2.5 million.
Funding Source(s) Browning Transport Management and the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Timeframe of the Project The project consisted of three 10-day time series tests completed in summer
2000 and two 10-day series tests completed December 2000.
Aims and objectives of the To measure the decline, by microscopic counts, of "ambient zooplankton other
project than copepods" as a marker group for larval forms to compare the deoxygenated
water with the normal simulated ballast water. Did not consider copepods'
activities to mimic larval forms as much as would other zooplankton.
Research Methods A pump located near the bulkhead moved ambient water from Elizabeth River
(VA) into a 5,000 liter (18 foot diameter) plastic swimming pool. From there, a
computer controlled system pumped the water out of the first pool and used a
propriety spray system to inject the water into a vacuum tank that was kept near
or below 1 psia by a vacuum pump under the direction of the computer control
system.
A second pump pulled the water out of the vacuum and placed it in a duplicate,
treated pool. Both pools were covered to simulate a ballast tank. Daily samples
were taken.
Of the first three 10-day series tests, the first two were done microscopically
from relatively warm water (20-26°C). The third 10-day test, also in 20-26°C
water, was analysed microscopically and by ATP analysis. The water arrived in
the treated tank with a DO of 1ppm or less and in general declined to 0.5ppm in
five days and to zero in ten days.
Results After ten days, the treated tank had no organisms present, while the untreated
tank did.
47
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Progress Report on the AquaHabiStat (AHS) Deoxygenation System
Treatment options researched Mechanical deoxygenation on intake
Principal Researcher(s) Wilson J. Browning, Jr. (Inventor and Coordinating Investigator), J. Parker
Davis, Wilson J. Browning III
Captain Claude Thompson, US Coast Guard (Ret.) Former Chief of the
Engineering Faculty of the USCG Academy
Dr. Roger Mann, PHD, Professor of Marine Biology and Deputy Director of the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Contact Details AquaHabiStat
223 East City Hall Ave. Suite 200
Norfolk, Virginia 23510
Tel: +1 757-233-7278
Fax: +1 757-625-7456
www.AquaHabiStat.com
Email@aquahabistat.com
Host Institution(s) Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Old Dominion University
Hampton Roads Sanitation District
Location of Research South Eastern Virginia, United States
Funding Level Approximately $4 million
Funding Source(s) State government, Private Investors, NOAA
Timeframe of the Project Initial prototype testing summer and fall 2000. Anticipated vessel and flow rate
testing summer and fall 2003
Aims and objectives of the The main objective is to study the effectiveness of AHS system in reducing
project larval aquatic invaders in the ballast water of ships at high flow rates. While the
AHS prototype has demonstrated capability of functionality suitable for many
commercial vessels, it would like to broaden the spectrum capabilities to
coordinate with the cargo discharge rates of the normal operational procedures
of larger vessels such as tankers.
Current planning and funding is in process to show that the same prototype
system will maintain efficacy at an anticipated flow rate of 300 tons per hour,
onboard a vessel or barge.
AHS anticipates executing onboard comparison tests that will allow it to gather
direct data of the effects of vacuum deoxygenation as compared directly to
ballast exchange procedures.
Research Methods In the experiments taken in summer of 2000, micro-organisms including
zooplankton (>75 and 80 µm) as well as biomass were monitored in treated and
untreated water samples using 18 foot diameter 20,000 litre pools loosely
covered with black plastic for better simulation of a dark ballast tank.
Replication and Control methodology was established in multiple stages. First,
The entire experiment consisted of three separate, sequential 10-day time - series
tests, simulating the ballast voyages of three separate bulk carriers returning to
Hampton Roads in ballast from Europe, to load a new cargo of coal. Sampling
was conducted about 1000 meters from the coal piers, which receive the highest
concentration of ballast water discharge in the United States. The three
replicate simulated voyages were organized as if they carried both treated and
untreated ballast water.
Also, each of the three separate individual sequential tests provided a control on
any one single other of the individual tests in the event that a single test
encountered unusual conditions in the ambient water being drawn from the
Elizabeth River for testing. Averages of the three were used for reporting
purposes.
Additional replication and control issues were addressed by utilizing two
separate laboratories from two separate disciplines [i.e. university, and
48
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
municipal forensic sanitation laboratories]. Each of these maintained their own
replicate and control procedures as outlined in "Pool Sampling". Neither of
these laboratories are affiliated with AHS except to having received
remuneration for their efforts. AHS served only as the Engineering and
Coordinating Investigator.
The obvious high correlation of the various separate tests, different sampling
techniques, and separate double-lab analyses created a high enough level of
confidence in the results such that funds were not expended on formal
statistical correlations and cross correlations. The water in the pools was
monitored for water quality (dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity,
conductivity, and pH).
Results The AHS system removed dissolved oxygen (DO) from ballast water to levels
below 1 ppm with a vacuum equivalent of negative 14.2 psi and, after three
days in the treated water, all larval stages that could become "nuisance species"
and other organisms 75 microns and above were eliminated.
49
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project The Great Lakes Ballast Water Technology Demonstration Project:
Filtration Mechanical Test Program
Treatment options researched Mechanical filtration.
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi, MS (Northeast/Midwest Institute) and Richard Harkins, PE,
(Lake Carriers' Association);
with Ivor Knight, PhD, James Madison University, Mary Balcer, PhD,
University of Wisconsin Superior; Michael Parsons, PhD, University of
Michigan; David Wright, PhD, and Rodger Dawson, PhD, University of
Maryland; and Donald Ried, MS, Napean, Ontario.
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
United States of America
Tel: +1 202 544 5200
Fax: +1 202 544 0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org.
Host Institution(s) Northeast-Midwest Institute.
Location of Research Gulf of St Lawrence, Great Lakes, Duluth Harbor.
Funding Level Over $1.5 million
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Protection Fund, Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources,
US Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office.
Timeframe of the Project 1996 1998.
Aims and objectives of the To establish the biological and operational effectiveness of ballast filtration.
project
Research Methods Testing was conducted on the Canadian seaway sized (222.5m x 22.86m) bulk
carrier MV Algonorth in 1997 and a barge in Lake Superior in 1998. The test
programme involved extended testing with 25 and 50 micron filter screens at
1500 US gpm with and without a prefilter. Bioeffectiveness was measured in
matched treatment and control tanks and evaluated for relative zooplankton,
phytoplanklton and microbial concentrations.
Results Study concluded that filtration at 25 and 50 microns yielded similar biological
results: macrozooplankton removed at a rate of 96 percent or higher, 2)
microzooplankton (rotifers) and total phytoplankton removed at rate of 70-80
percent; and 3) no significant reduction in total bacteria, though attached
bacteria significantly reduced. Zooplankton width, rather than length, was
dimension most predictive of removal efficiency. Filtration is suitable for some
shipboard applications and particle removal will reduce sedimentation in ballast
tanks. Future designs must have improved features to facilitate handling of the
heavy filter screen elements.
50
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Program Field Trials and
Comparison of Commercially Available Primary and Secondary Ballast
Treament Alternatives
Treatment options researched Filtration and UV; Cyclonic Separation and UV.
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi, MS (Northeast/Midwest Institute) and Richard Harkins, PE,
(Lake Carriers' Association) with Ivor Knight, PhD, James Madison University,
Mary Balcer, PhD, University of Wisconsin Superior; Mike Parsons, PhD,
University of Michigan; David Wright, PhD, and Rodger Dawson, PhD,
University of Maryland; Donald Ried, MS, Napien, Ontario, and Nicole Mays,
NEMWI.
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
United States of America
Tel : +1 202-544-5200
Fax : +1 202-544-0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org
Host Institution(s) Northeast Midwest Institute.
Location of Research Barge-based tests: Duluth-Superior Ha rbor, MN and Two Harbors, MN; Ship-
board tests: M/S Regal Princess Vancouver to Alaska voyages.
Funding Level Approximately US$600,000.
Funding Source(s) US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, National Sea Grant Association,
US Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project Fieldwork took place May-September 2000.
Aims and objectives of the To develop protocols for assessing biological and operational effectiveness of
project ballast treatments on a barge-based platform and ship installation; to assess and
compare the relative effectiveness of filtration/UV and cyclonic separation/ UV
under field conditions at a flow rate of 1500 gpm; to draw conclusions about the
generalizability of barge-based information to ship context.
Research Methods Barge-based biological tests involved sampling triplicate matched treatment and
control collection tanks at two time intervals and turbidity levels. Samples were
subjected to live/dead and density analysis of zooplankton; total chlorophyll a,
growth rate, and density analysis of phytoplankton; inactivation rate of a spiked
MS 2 bacteriophage; and total bacteria counts. Particle removal, flow rate, and
power consumption were measured. M/S Regal Princess tests involved three
before/after in-line tests; three ballast tank "time zero" tests (water was placed
in matched treatment and control ballast tanks and then removed immediately);
and three ballast tank "retention tests" (water was retained for 18-24 hours).
Samples were analyzed for density/inactivation of zooplankton, phytoplankton
and bacteria.
Results Not provided.
51
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project M/T Stolt Aspiration (Parcel Tanker)
Treatment options researched OptiMar Ballast System (Separation and UV)
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
USA
Tel : +1 202-544-5200
Fax : +1 202-544-0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org
Host Institution(s) Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project.
Location of Research Great Lakes and Western Europe.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Protection Fund.
Timeframe of the Project Summer/fall 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Verify effectiveness of the OptiMar System.
project
Research Methods On board sampling.
Results Not provided.
52
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Inactivation of Human Pathogens through Photon Engineering
Treatment options researched UV light.
Principal Researcher(s) Fred C. Dobbs and Mounir Laroussi.
Contact Details Dr Fred C. Dobbs
Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Old Dominion University
4600 Elkhorn Avenue
Norfolk, VA 23529-0276
United States of America
Tel: +1 757-683-5329
Fax: +1 757-683-5303
Email: fdobbs@odu.edu
Web: www.ocean.odu.edu/dobbs/dobbsnew.htm
Dr Mounir Laroussi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University,
Applied Research Center Newport News, VA 23606
United States of America
Tel: +1 757-269-5640
Email: laroussi@jlab.org
Host Institution(s) Old Dominion University.
Location of Research Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Funding Level US$99,903.
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program.
Timeframe of the Project 1 Oct 1999 - 31 March 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To design, construct, and develop a laboratory prototype UV reactor that will
project provide an effective second step, following filtration, to minimize
microorganisms in ships' ballast waters.
Research Methods Bench-top studies to test the efficacy of a UV lamp in killing bacteria and
dinoflagellates and inactivating viruses in flowing water. Tests will proceed
under various flow rates and with various repeated-pass scenarios.
Results Not provided.
53
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project The Feasibility of Biocide Application in Controlling the Release on
Nonindigenous Aquatic Species from Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Biocide treatment of ballast water using glutaraldehyde.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Michael Parsons, Dr Peter Landrum, Ms Larissa Sano, Lt Curtis s C. Potter,
Ms Ann Krueger.
Contact Details Dr Michael Parsons
236A NA&ME Bldg., Room 2145
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
United States of America
Tel: +1 734 763 3081
Fax: +1 734 936 8820
E-mail: parsons@engin.umich.edu
Host Institution(s) Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (University of
Michigan, College of Engineering) and the Great Lakes Environmental
Research Lab (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association).
Location of Research Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Funding Level US$306,000.
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Fishery Trust Fund.
Timeframe of the Project March 1998 February 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To investigate the potential for biocide treatment in helping reduce the number
project of nonindigenous species released into Great Lakes' waters.
Components of this objective are to establish the concentrations of
glutaraldehyde required to achieve 90% mortality rates (LC90) in 24-hour
water-only exposures using a range of representative aquatic organisms;
Determine the effect of sediments on glutaraldehyde efficacy in 24-h water-
sediment exposures; Measure degradation rates of glutaraldehyde under
conditions similar to those found in ballast tanks; Determine the concentrations
of glutaraldehyde that may pose a risk to organisms exposed in receiving
waters; Conduct a field trial of glutaraldehyde treatment using a foreign
NOBOB (no ballast on board) vessel transiting from the Baltic area to the Great
Lakes.
Research Methods Laboratory testing, which included a 24-hour acute lethal toxicity bioassays,
chronic toxicity bioassays, degradation experiments and shipboard application
(still in development).
Results Not provided.
54
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Evaluation of SeaKleen® for controlling aquatic pests in ships' ballast
water
Treatment options researched Chemical (Biocide)
Principal Researcher(s) Stephen J. Cutler*, Horace G. Cutler, Jan Glinski, David Wright, Rodger
Dawson and Denis Lauren
Contact Details Garnett, Inc.
1050 Creek Hollow Run
Watkinsville, GA 30677
USA
*Tel: +1 770 552 9895
Email: cutlers1@bellsouth.net
Host Institution(s) *Garnett Inc., Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA
2Planta Analytica, New Fairfield, CT 06812 USA
3University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD 20688 USA
4HortResearch , Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
Location of Research Same as Host Institution
Funding Level $2,500,000
Funding Source(s) Private Company
Timeframe of the Project July 2001-June 2003
Aims and objectives of the This project includes the evaluation of SeaKleen® against a variety of aquatic
project nuisance species residing in ballast tanks of ships. Furthermore, this study
includes the degradation of the active component in fresh and salt water studies
using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Research Methods While investigating the use of various natural products as molluskocidal agents,
it was observed that several agents belonging to the chemical class of
naphthoquinones were found to be highly effective. Further investigation in the
structure-activity-relationship led to the biologically active agent menadione,
which is being developed under the trademark SeaKleen®. This product has
been shown to possess significant efficacy against a wide variety of estuarine
and fresh water organisms including Cyprinodon variegatus, Eurytemora
affinis, Isochrysis sp., Neochloris sp., and Glenodinium foliacium cysts. In
addition, current studies have shown SeaKleen® is very effective against free
swimming Glenodinium foliacium, Cyclopoidea sp (Cyclops). In order to gain
a better understating of its effects, studies were designed to evaluate SeaKleen®
against the edible oyster, Mytilus galloprovincialis . Based on the broad
spectrum activity of SeaKleen® against marine organisms, it was of interest to
determine the degradation of the active component, menadione, when subjected
to normal applications. Using an HPLC assay, SeaKleen® was subjected to
sterilized and unsterilized sea and fresh water over a period of 72 hours, and
samples taken at 24 hour intervals, to determine longevity and breakdown.
Results Not provided.
55
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Electro-Ionization Treatment for Ballast Water; Shipboard Installation on
Carnival M/S Elation
Treatment options researched NI-OX gas system interfaced with seawater electrolysis
Principal Researcher(s) C. E. Bud Leffler , William Paul, Marine Environmental Partners
Dr. Andrew Rogerson Ph.D. & Courtney Campbell
Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
Contact De tails Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
255 E. Dania Beach Blvd. Suite 220
Dania Beach, Fla. U.S. 33004
Tel: +1 954-924-5500
Fax: +1 954-924-5508
Email: bud@mepi.net
jon@mepi.net
Web: www.mepi.net
C.E. Bud Leffler President & CEO, Jon Stewart V.P. Sales & Marketing
Bill Paul Manager Installation & Service Engineering
Host Institution(s) NOVA Southeastern University Oceanographic Research Center,
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
Location of Research Fort Lauderdale Florida USA and Long Beach, California USA.
Funding Level Private.
Funding Source(s) Private.
Timeframe of the Project Installation was completed Jan 2002. Testing will be completed 17 March 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate and demonstrate the viability of utilizing multiple processes of electro-
project disinfection to eliminate biota in ship's ballast water.
Research Methods Verification of killing effectiveness was determined by indirect counting
methods. These are all enrichment cultivation methods that rely on scoring the
growth of organisms after treatment. Growth is a strong index of survival
because only healthy, undamaged cells will reproduce. Bacteria were
enumerated by standard plate counting methods using Marine agar 2216 to
nourish total heterotrophic bacteria. Protists (algae and protozoa) were counted
by growing cells in tissue culture wells after inoculating with a small aliquot
(around 20 microliter) of treated water.
Growth of any protists was assumed to have originated from a single cell
inoculated into the well. In this way, an approximate count of each population
was attained (i.e. amoebae, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, diatoms,
dinoflagellates and autotrophic flagellates).
The number of macroinvertebrates was determined by direct observation after
collecting organisms on an 80 micron mesh. Typically 10 litres or more was
processed.
Results The current prototype system has been tested with the pending Coast Guard
Protocol to obtain samples, provide a growth medium and then count the living
organisms that have survived. The initial results were very promising as they
had 99.9% elimination of biota. These first tests were done looking at bacteria
and a current round is under way to look at all levels of growth including
zooplankton. From the results of these tests a permanent shipboard system has
been designed capable of treating all of the ballast on the ship and having the
redundancy of a back up system.
This unit will be PLC controlled and be able to provide signals to verify that the
system has operated for the required time and the ballast is now safe to
discharge. This signal could be sent to the internet and this would allow any
port to access this information. The system would also log when ballast was
taken on board and where if that is required. The redundancy of the system is
such that a failure of any component causes a spare to be turned on and thus
maintain the optimum performance.
56
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Electro-Sanitization of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Electro-ionization
Principal Researcher(s) C.E.Leffler1, Andrew Rogerson2
Contact Details 1 Marine Environmental Partners, Inc. (MEP)
3874 Fiscal Court, Suite 200
West Palm Beach
Florida 33404 USA
Phone: +1 561 842 9900
Fax: +1 561 842 9922
Email: bud@mepi.net
Website: www.mepi.net
2 Nova Southeastern University
Host Institution(s) Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
Location of Research Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
Nova Southeastern University
Funding Level Private funding
Funding Source(s) Marine Environmental Partners
Timeframe of the Project Spring 2002 May 2003
Aims and objectives of the Refine laboratory and shipboard electro-ionization systems for ballast water
project sanitization.
Develop biological and chemical tests to evaluate performance and safety of
treatment.
Design a scalable system to treat ballast on diverse ship types.
Research Methods Sanitization Efficacy
-
Bacteria and Protist Enumeration
-
Chlorine/Bromine (4500-ClF. DPD Ferrous Titrimetric Method)
-
Oxidative Reduction Potential (ORP) (2580 Oxidation-Reduction
Potential)
-
Reduction Potential Analysis (Conducted by Nanospec Company)
Effluent Safety
-
Acute and Chronic Toxicity (Conducted by Toxikon Corporation)
-
Chlorinated/Brominated organics (Mass Spectroscopy Method 8260)
conducted by Spectrum Laboratories
General
- Dissolved oxygen (4500-0 G. Membrane Electrode Method)
- pH (4500-H+)
- Temperature (2550)
- Conductivity/Salinity (2520 B. Electrical Conductivity Method)
- Turbidity (2130 B, Nephelometric Method)
Results MEP's electro-ionization system shows promise for use in sanitizing ballast
water. The system as tested on Carnival's ELATION disinfected seawater
(California coast, Pacific Ocean, and Florida coast, Atlantic Ocean) to at least a
95% kill of biota.
The effluent safety also shows promis e. No detectable trihalomethanes were
present at de-ballast from the ELATION pilot trials. The concentrations of
reactive halogens present at ballast discharge from the 1/20th scale model testing
to date were ecologically non-toxic producing no mysid shrimp mortality and no
effect on mysid shrimp growth or fecundity.
Chemical and biological research methods that were tested provided useful
information for system development and for determining efficacy and safety.
57
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Onboard Ballast Water Treatment/Management with Ozone & Sonics
Phase I
Treatment options researched Filtration, low frequency sonics and ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas L. Maddox
Contact Details T.L. Maddox Companies
16149 Westwoods Business Park
Ellisville, MO 63021-4505
United States of America
Tel: +1 636 394 8161
Fax: +1 636 394 6776
Email: tlm@tlmcos.com
Web: www.zebra -mussels.com
http://invasions.si.edu
Host Institution(s) United States Department of Commerce.
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
National Sea Grant Program.
Location of Research Lab work in USA.
Funding Level US$175,000.
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program NA96RG0478.
Timeframe of the Project Phase I: October 1, 1999 September 30, 2000.
Aims and objectives of the Develop a ballast treatment system which treats only the ballast water actually
project being discharged at any given point in time@ 5,000GPM . This system would
kill bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, dinoflagellates, etc. All of this to
occur without producing any byproducts. This system would also be: compact,
quiet, safe, user friendly, reliable, durable, low maintenance, environmentally
friendly, PLC controlled and monitored, use off-the-shelf components, flexible
and scalable for use on any size, age, and type of ship, economical to operate,
and have no moving parts.
Research Methods Phase I -
Demonstrate the effectiveness of combining the use of filtration
and a low-frequency sonic contact reactor with ozone.
Phase II - Demonstrating the unit dockside at several locations @ 150 GPM.
Phase III - Incorporate the findings from early work into an operable,
shipboard system @ 5,000 GPM.
The method uses a mechanically driven acoustic transducer operating at low-
frequency to promote intimate mixing of gases, liquids, and solids to improve
the contact between the organisms in ballast water and ozone bubbles, resulting
in greater mortality at small dosing rates. The processes produce high-intensity
acoustic compression and rarefaction waves which are propagated throughout
the reactor. The intense pressure and turbulence induced shear caused by these
waves will stress and traumatize the organisms, increasing their vulnerability to
the ozone.
Results Phase I Final Report available upon request. Also available are the lab results by
Dr. Robert A. Andersen at Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of
Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay
Harbor, ME 04575 USA.
58
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Onboard Ballast Water Treatment/Management with Ozone & Sonics
Phase II
Treatment options researched Filtration, low frequency sonics and ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas L. Maddox
Contact Details Environmental Technologies, Inc., a T.L. Maddox Company
16149 Westwoods Business Park
Ellisville, MO 63021-4505
United States of America
Tel: +1 636 394 8161
Fax: +1 636 394 6776
Email: tlm@tlmcos.com
Web: www.zebra -mussels.com
http://invasions.si.edu
Host Institution(s) United States Department of Commerce
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Sea Grant Program
United States Dept. of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife
United States Department of Transportation
United States Maritime Administration
Location of Research On dock or barge in the Chesapeake Bay area, USA.
Funding Level US$250,000.
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program NA03AR4170008.
Timeframe of the Project Phase II: 1 March 2003 29 February 2004
Aims and objectives of the Develop a ballast treatment system which treats only the ballast water actually
project being discharged at any given point in time@ 5,000GPM . This system aims to
kill bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, dinoflagellates, etc. All of this to
occur without producing any byproducts. This system would also need to be:
compact, quiet, safe, user friendly, reliable, durable, low maintenance,
environmentally friendly, PLC controlled and monitored, use off-the-shelf
components, flexible and scalable for use on any size, age, and type of ship,
economical to operate, and have no moving parts.
Research Methods Phase I -
Demonstrate the effectiveness of combining the use of filtration
and a low-frequency sonic contact reactor with ozone (Completed).
Phase II - Demonstrating the unit dockside at several locations @ 150 GPM.
(Current Phase).
Phase III - Incorporate the findings from early work into an operable,
shipboard system @ 5,000 GPM (Future).
The method uses a mechanically driven acoustic transducer operating at low-
frequency to promote intimate mixing of gases, liquids, and solids to improve
the contact between the organisms in ballast water and ozone bubbles, resulting
in greater mortality at small dosing rates. The processes produce high-intensity
acoustic compression and rarefaction waves which are propagated throughout
the reactor. The intense pressure and turbulence induced shear caused by these
waves will stress and traumatize the organisms, increasing their vulnerability to
the ozone.
For details of lab methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of these
techniques, see next section.
Results Phase I final report available upon request. Also available are the lab results by
Dr. Robert A. Andersen at Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of
Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay
Harbor, ME 04575 USA.
Phase II results to be determined
59
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project An Evaluation of the Feasibility and Efficacy of Biocide Application in
Controlling the Release of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species from Ballast
Water
Treatment options researched Chemical - Use of glutaraldehyde.
Principal Researcher(s) Russell A Moll, Michael G Parsons, Larissa M Lubomudrov.
Contact Details Dr Michael Parsons
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
University of Michigan
236A NA&ME Bldg., Room 2145
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
United States of America
Tel: +1 734 763 3081
Fax: +1 734 936 8820
Email: parsons@engin.umich.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Michigan.
Location of Research Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Office of the Great Lakes, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality,
Coastal Zone Management Program, Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Timeframe of the Project Report Date April 1997.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of biocide application in controlling the
project release of nonindigenous aquatic species from ballast water
Research Methods The results were obtained mainly through laboratory experiments and
theoretical studies.
Results Preliminary results indicated that treating ballast water with glutaraldehyde may
prove to be a viable option if the chemical costs can be substantially reduced,
however there are still critical gaps. Study concluded that treating ballast water
with the chemical glutaraldehyde could be readily implemented by installing
pumps to gauge the chemical into ballast tanks as they are filled.
Glutaraldehyde demonstrates broad biocidal activity and can be effective in
eliminating various organisms in ballast water, however it is considered non-
biocidal at low concentrations. It is currently classified as a non-carcinogen and
non-mutagen, however some studies have reported positive results for these
effects under certain laboratory conditions. Studies show that the greatest
human risks associated with glutaraldehyde exposure are irritation to the skin
and respiratory tract. The half-life of glutaraldehyde will probably be short
(between 12 and 24 hours) and may vary with pH, temperature and the amount
of chemical constituents in the water. The residence time of the chemical in
water will be an important factor affecting the concentration released into the
environment. It decomposes into carbon dioxide under aerobic conditions,
which helps to limit the environmental risks.
60
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Acrolein as a Potential Treatment Alternative for Control of
Microorganisms in Ballast Tanks: Five Day Sea Trial
Treatment options researched Chemical Treatment: Acrolein Technology (2-propenal)
Principal Researcher(s) Joseph E. Penkala, Ph.D., Melissa Law, and Jennifer Cowan, M.S.
Contact Details Joseph Penkala
Baker Petrolite Corporation
12645 West Airport Blvd.
Sugar Land, Texas 77478, USA
Tel: +1 281 276 5674
Fax: +1 281 276 5492
Email: Joseph.Penkala@BakerPetrolite.com
Host Institution(s) Baker Petrolite Corporation
Location of Research Baker Petrolite Corporation: Sugar Land TX Technology Laboratories
Gulf of Mexico: Guanta, VZ to Panama City, FL
Houston Ship Channel
Funding Level Corporate Allocation from Baker Petrolite Corporation
Funding Source(s) Baker Petrolite Corporation
Timeframe of the Project January 2002 to December 2002
Voyage: November 4, 2002-November 10, 2002
Aims and objectives of the Investigate the efficacy of acrolein in the control of microorganisms in ballast
project tanks aboard an 8000 MT DWT cargo ship on a 5 day voyage in the Gulf of
Mexico.
Research Methods Monitored growth of aerobic and sulphate reducing bacteria and levels of
chemical residual daily from uptake to discharge. Utilized serial dilution
culture techniques for enumeration of viable bacteria. Utilized differential pulse
poloragraphy to monitor acrolein residuals.
Sampling was conducted via port in ballast line during uptake and discharge and
via ballast tank sounding tubes during voyage. Chemical application was into
ballast line at the suction side of the ballast pump. The sample port and
chemical port were on parallel lines to avoid mixing.
A sea trial was conducted on board an 8000 MT DWT container vessel during a
5 day voyage from Venezuela to Florida. Dedicated ballast tanks were treated
with 1, 3, 9, or 15 ppm of acrolein during ballast intake in Venezuela.
Monitoring of viable bacteria and acrolein residuals was conducted prior to
treating, daily during the voyage, and during discharge.
Residuals of 1, 3, 9, and 15 ppm of acrolein were tested in this study.
Results Acrolein is a broad spectrum biocide with proven efficacy against bacteria,
algae, and other microorganisms. Extensive toxicity testing has demonstrated
its effectiveness against macroorganisms as well, including mollusks,
crustaceans, fish, and aquatic plants. Recent laboratory studies demonstrated
that 1-3 ppm of acrolein can effectively control various marine microorganisms.
When applied at treatment concentrations of 9 ppm, acrolein maintained 99.99
% efficacy for 2 days. At 15 ppm, acrolein was shown to be 99.9999 %
effective for 3 days as compared to untreated ballast tanks. En route monitoring
confirmed that regrowth of microorganisms was minimized when the acrolein
residual was maintained at >2 ppm. At the time of discharge, the acrolein
residuals were zero ppm, a consequence of its reaction with water, thus allowing
its safe discharge overboard. These findings show the potential of acrolein as
an effective treatment strategy which can be managed safely, can be safely
discharged into the marine environment, and is economical in the control of
organisms in ballast water.
61
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Shipboard Trial of Primary and Secondary Ballast Water Treatment
Systems
Treatment options researched Voraxial (cyclonic separator), UV, Biocide (SEAKLEEN registered trade
name).
Principal Researcher(s) Dr David Wright and Rodger Dawson.
Contact Details Dr David Wright
University of Maryland
Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
P O Box 38
Solomons, MD 20688
United States of America
Tel: +1 410 326 7240
Fax: +1 410 326 7210
Email: wright@cbl.umces.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory.
Location of Research Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Funding Level US$700,000.
Funding Source(s) National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.
Maryland Port Administration.
Timeframe of the Project September 2000 March 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Demonstrate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the above methods.
project
Research Methods Ballast water taken onto the Cape May (with 37,000 MT 23 Ballast tanks)
from Chesapeake Bay will be subjected to UV or biocide treatments and their
effectiveness and efficiency in killing organisms in the ballast water will be
tested using plankton counts, a variety of methods for live/dead assessment,
fluorescence (phytoplankton), laser particle counting, bacterial plating.
Results UV was 90-94% [input concentration not provided] effective at killing
zooplankton at a dose of ca. 200 mWsec cm2 using a 32kW system at a flow
rate of ca. 350 tons h-1. Two biocides were completely effective at killing
zooplankton. Peraclean Ocean® was effective at 100mg l-1. Seakleen® was
effective at <2 mg l-1. All three treatment were effective in inhibiting
phytoplankton growth at lower doses. No primary separation/filtration was
required to achieve these performances.
62
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Chesapeake Bay Ballast Water: an Investigative Assessment of Excimer
UV as a Method of Shipboard and Dockside Treatment
Treatment options researched Ultra Violet
Principal Researcher(s) Dr David Wright and Rodger Dawson
Contact Details Dr David Wright
University of Maryland
Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
P O Box 38
Solomons, MD 20688
United States of America
Tel: +1 410 326 7240
Fax: +1 410 326 7210
Email: wright@cbl.umces.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Maryland.
Location of Research Solomons and Maryland.
Funding Level US$247,000.
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project 01.10.98 30.06.02
Aims and objectives of the
project
Research Methods
Results Using benchtop and mesocosm-scale systems it was determined that an
effective UV treatment for ballast water would require a dose in the region of
200 mW sec cm2 at flow rates of above 1000 gallons per min. To effectively
treat large vessels many systems would have to be mounted in parallel and the
over power requirements would be in the megawatt range.
63
Projects Completed United States
Name of Pr oject Field Tests on Alternatives to Ballast Exchange
Treatment options researched Self Cleaning 50 micron Screen, Hydrocyclone, UV
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas D. Waite, Junko Kazumi
Contact Details College of Engineering
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
United States of America
Tel: +1 305 284 3467
Fax: +1 305 284 2885
Email: twaite@miami.edu, jkazumi@miami.edu
Host Institution(s) University of Miami.
Location of Research University of Miami Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science,
Biscayne Bay, Miami, Florida.
Funding Level Approx. US$400,000.
Funding Source(s) US Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project August 2000 September 2001.
Aims and objectives of the Determine treatment effectiveness of the unit processes listed above, and
project evaluate effects of turbidity on these processes, in particular, UV treatment.
Research Methods A dockside pilot facility operating at 340 m3/h was constructed. Samples were
taken before and after these unit processes. Samples were evaluated using
standard protocols for removal or inactivation of bacteria, phytoplankton and
zooplankton, and changes in ATP and protein concentrations.
Results Hydrocyclone was not as effective as the screen in removing zooplankton. UV
was effective in inactivating bacteria but not phytoplankton. Paper describing
results has been published in Marine Ecology Progress Series.
64
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Ballast Water Filter-Ultraviolet Treatment Technology Parameter Tests
Treatment options researched Self Cleaning 50 micron Screen, Hydrocyclone, UV, Media Filter
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas D. Waite, Junko Kazumi
Contact Details twaite@miami.edu, jkazumi@miami.edu
Host Institution(s) University of Miami.
Location of Research Miami, FL, USA.
Funding Level Approx. US$250,000.
Funding Source(s) US Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project October 2001 June 2003.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate effects of color on unit processes of screen, hydrocyclone and UV at
project large scale (340 m3/h). Evaluate feasibility of media filters for removing
particles from ambient seawater.
Research Methods Samples taken before and after the unit processes were evaluated for removal or
inactivation of bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and changes in ATP and
protein levels. Particle counts were used to monitor the effectiveness of various
media at different hydraulic loading rates.
Results Not provided.
65
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project West Coast Regional Applied Ballast Management Research and
Demonstration Project
Treatment options researched Cyclonic Separation and UV (Optimar Ballast System).
Principal Researcher(s) Maurya B. Falkner, California State Lands Commission, Marine Facilities
Division with Nick Welschmeyer, Ph.D., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories,
San Jose State University Foundation and Stephen Bollens, Ph.D., Romburg
Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University
Contact Details Maurya B. Falkner
California State Lands Commission
Marine Facilities Division
200 Oceangate, Suite 900
Long Beach, CA 90802
Tel: +1 562-499-6312
Fax: +1 562-499-6317
Email: falknem@slc.ca.gov
Host Institution(s) California State Lands Commission.
Marine Facilities Division.
Location of Research California State Lands Commission, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and
Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University.
Funding Level Approximately US $300,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and Port of Oakland.
Timeframe of the Project September 2000 - December 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Provide cost estimates and ballast water treatment options to the maritime
project industry. Conduct applied research, in cooperation with California State Water
Resources Control Board, U.S. Coast Guard, the maritime industry and
technology vendors on ballast water treatment.
Research Methods Utilize full-scale engineering designs to install the Optimar Ballast System on
two vessels, the Sea Princess and the R.J. Pfeiffer. Conduct shipboard
biological and operational evaluations of these systems under normal vessel
conditions. Biological efficacy testing includes sampling of treatment and
control tanks. Samples will be evaluated for zoo- and phytoplankton, bacteria
and virus removal and inactivation.
Results Not provided.
66
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project RJ Pfeiffer (Panamax containership)
Sea Princess and Star Princess (Cruise ships)
Treatment options researched OptiMar Ballast System (Separation and UV)
Principal Researcher(s) Nick Welschmeyer and Steve Bollens
Contact Details
Host Institution(s) Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and Romberg-Tiburon Center, San
Francisco State University.
Location of Research West coast of USA.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) California State Lands Commission and California State Water Resources
Control Board.
Timeframe of the Project Spring/Summer 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Verify effectiveness of the OptiMar System.
project
Research Methods On board sampling.
Results Not provided.
67
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Electrochemically Generated Ozone for On-Board Control of
Nonindigenous Invasive Species in Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Electrochemically generated ozone.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Tom D. Rogers, Principal Investigator, Dr. Dalibor Hodko (Lynntech, Inc.)
Associate Investigator, Capt. Phil Jenkins, Jenkins and Associates Ltd, Fonthill,
Ontario, Canada (Subcontractor).
Contact Details Lynntech, Inc
7610 Eastmark Dr
College Station, TX 77840
United States of America
Tel: +1 979 693 0017
Fax: +1 979 764 7479
Email: trogers@lynntech.com
Web: www.lynntech.com
Host Institution(s) Lynntech, Inc.
Location of Research College Station, Texas and Ontario, Canada.
Funding Level US$200,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Department of Commerce (Sea Grant).
Timeframe of the Project 1 September 2000 31 August 2002
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate:
project · Methods of on-board use of ozone (i.e., intake pulse treatment, in-tank
contacting).
·
Various factors pertaining to corrosion when using ozone.
·
Dose-rate requirements for ozone related to various water qualities typical
of representative ports and waterways.
·
Requirements for system integration into specific types of ships.
·
Safety requirements for on-board use of ozone.
·
Cost estimates for scale-up of technology and systems to meet on-board
implementation.
Research Methods Laboratory and pilot scale tests will be performed to meet tasks defined within
the scope of the project as presented to the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Results Not provided.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Pacific Ballast Water Treatment Pilot Project
Treatment options researched Various.
Principal Researcher(s) Scott Smith.
Contact Details Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinator
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
600 Capitol Way N.
Olympia, WA 98501
United States of America
Tel: +1 360 902 2724
Fax: +1 360 902 2845
Email: smithsss@dfw.wa.gov
Host Institution(s) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, USGS Biological Resources, US
Fish and Wildlife Services, Hyde Marine, Velox, California State Lands
Commission, University of Washington.
Location of Research Marrowstone Marine Field Station, WA, USA.
Funding Level US$330,000 plus in-kind contributions.
Funding Source(s) US Fish and Wildlife Service, USGS Biological Resources, Velox
Technologies, Hyde Marine.
Timeframe of the Project Phase I (Project Planning, Organisation and Funding): April 2000-
October 2000.
Phase II (All project deliverables completed. Final report submitted within six
months): October 2000-June 2001.
Aims and objectives of the This project aims to recommend a standard for the discharge of treated ballast
project water and recommend a sampling/monitoring protocol to verify an adequate
ballast water exchange. The final report will be made available for distribution
in the US.
Research Methods Laboratory and on-board tests.
Results Not provided.
69
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Clean Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Innovative application of high frequency ultrasound
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Christopher Sullivan
Contact Details Dr. Christopher Sullivan
Oceanit Laboratories, Inc.
1001 Bishop Street
Pacific Tower, Suite 2970
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
United States
Tel: +1 808 531 3017
Fax: +1 808 531 3177
Email: Csullivan@oceanit.com
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Honolulu, Hawaii.
Funding Level US $350,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. Department of Transportation/Coast Guard.
High Technology Development Corp.
Timeframe of the Project Through 2002.
Aims and objectives of the To design, build and demonstrate an effective ballast water treatment system
project that cleans ballast water of marine organisms by utilizing a unique high-
frequency ultrasound technology.
Research Methods Use innovative application of high-frequency ultrasound, with unique treatment
vessel configurations, to produce a viable ultrasonic ballast water treatment
system.
Results Not provided.
70
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Evaluations of Deoxygenation as a Ballast Water Treatment to Prevent
Aquatic Invasions and Ship Corrosion
Treatment options researched Deoxygenation through Venturi Oxygen Stripping
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Mario N. Tamburri, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, UMCES
Dr. Brenda J. Little, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center
Dr. Gregory M. Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Mr. Peter D. McNulty, NEI Treatment Systems, Inc.
Contact Details Dr. Mario N. Tamburri, Chief Scientist
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
P.O. Box 38 / One Williams Street
Solomons, MD 20688
Tel: +1 410 326 7440
Fax: +1 410 326 7428
Host Institution(s) Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD
Location of Research Solomons MD, Key West FL and Stennis Space Center, MS
Funding Level Approximately $500,000
Funding Source(s) NOAA/Sea Grant
Timeframe of the Project January 2003 September 2004
Aims and objectives of the Our current investigations are providing the critical information required to
project evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of deoxygenation as a ballast water
treatment to prevent aquatic invasions and tank corrosion. Specifically, we are:
·
exploring a rapid, in-line oxygen stripping system developed by NEI
Treatment Systems, Inc. to optimize the deoxygenation process,
·
examining the impact of this oxygen stripping technique on the immediate
and long-term survival of natural Chesapeake Bay planktonic organisms,
and
·
quantifying corrosion rates and establishing the mechanism under
deoxygenated conditions (with particular emphasis on microbiologically
influenced corrosion). These results will ultimately lead to a full-scale
shipboard evaluation of deoxygenation as a cost-saving ballast water
treatment.
Research Methods
Dockside, mesocosm experiments at the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
Solomons, MD. Natural seawater is pumped from one meter below the surface
into 10 identical 20-gallon, airtight acrylic cylinders, held inside a laboratory at
the end of the CBL pier. In five control cylinders, seawater is delivered directly
from the pump and in five treated cylinders the seawater first passes through the
rapid, in-line oxygen stripping system. Physical conditions are monitored
throughout the experiments with oxygen, temperature, and conductivity sensors
sealed within the cylinders. To examine mortality over time as a result of
deoxygenation, one treated and one control cylinder are drained completely
through a bottom valve 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after filling. Total
abundance and living versus dead zooplankton (greater than 50 µm) are
determined by visual counts under a dissecting scope. Phytoplankton are
examined under a compound microscope to identify major algae groups and
estimation of abundance are be determined by fluorometry. Finally, the density
of bacterial cells are determined by flow cytometry.
71
Projects Completed United States
Corrosion experiments with control and deoxygenated natural seawater are
being conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory Corrosion Facility, in Key
West, FL and at the NRL Stennis Space Center, MS. Individual tank are
maintained with either oxygenated seawater or seawater that has passed through
the rapid, in -line oxygen stripping system. Samples are collected every two
weeks over one year to assess changes in dissolved and particulate water
chemistry (dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen, particulate
organic carbon and nitrogen, bulk pH, sulfide concentration) using standard
techniques. Serial dilutions are used to determine numb ers of APB, SRB,
general heterotrophic aerobes, and anaerobes. Carbon steel coupons are also
exposed in each tank of oxygenated and deoxygenated natural seawater.
Samples from both containers are removed every two weeks and examined to
assess the extent of biofilm formation and corrosion morphology.
Environmental scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive
spectroscopy is being used to characterize the corrosion morphology, biofilm
structure and corrosion product composition on the metal surface. Swabs made
of the coupon surface and serial dilutions used to determine the microbial
composition of the biofilm. Finally microelectrodes are used to make O2
profiles through the biofilms.
Results Not provided.
72
2. Projects Under Way
Ballast Water Treatment R & D 2nd Edition November 2004
Australia
Name of Project A Portable Pilot Plant to Test the Treatment of Ships' Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Filtration, Ultraviolet, Ultrasonic shear
Principal Researcher(s) S Hillman, P Schneider, F Hoedt
Contact Details Tel: +61 7 4781 4779
Fax: +61 7 4775 1184
Email: steve.hillman@jcu.edu.au
Host Institution(s) CRC Reef Research Centre at the School of Engineering, James Cook
University
Location of Resear ch Douglas Campus
Townsville
Queensland
Australia 4811
Funding Level A$670,000 (approx)
Funding Source(s) Environment Australia, Ports Corporation of Queensland, Townsville, Mackay
and Gladstone Port Authorities, Amiad Australia, CRC Reef Research Centre,
Great Barrier Reef Research Foundation, Pasminco.
Timeframe of the Project 2002 2004
Aims and objectives of the The objective of project is to build a pilot treatment plant based on existing
project technologies and off the shelf equipment. Based on existing research results and
applications developed by others, the pilot plant uses various technologies, as
well as chemicals on a `plug and play' basis. The medium to longer term aim is
to develop a system that will be scaled up and used aboard ships.
Research Methods Seawater is stored in two 27,000-litre tanks. The water is drained to a 10,000-
litre tank where it can be inoculated with the organism of choice. This tank is
mixed using and aeration system to enhance homogeneity. This tank is
connected to the main pump which delivers the water to any, or all, of the
Amiad filter, the sonic disintegrator and the ultra-violet unit. Sampling points
are available pre and post the pump and each treatment unit.
This filter can be used with a number of different sized screens and the project
has available to it 20, 50 and 80 micron screens. To date only the 80-micron
screen has been used. The sonic disintegrator is driven by a variable frequency
drive that allows the speed of the machine to be varied to optimise effects. The
ultra-violet unit operates at 254 nanometres. All components are designed to be
able to be operated at greater than the design capacity of 3 litres per second.
We have innoculated a 10,000 litre tank of seawater with varying numbers of
Artemia (50 to 80 per litre). We have sampled at a number of points after the
culture leaves the tank. These are pre and post the pump, filter and sonic
disintegrator. We have done this with no treatment except the pump as well as
with the filter engaged or the disintegrator in operation.
Results Under development
77
Projects Under Way - Canada
Canada
Name of Project The Effect of an Integrated Cyclone/UV Ballast Water Treatment System on
the Survivorship of Marine Phytoplankton and Invertebrate Larvae
Treatment options researched Primary cyclonic separation and secondary UV irradiation.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Terri Sutherland and Dr Colin Levings.
Contact Details Fisheries and Oceans Canada
DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory
4160 Marine Drive
West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6
Canada
Tel: +1 604 666 8537
Fax: +1 604 666 3497
Email: sutherlandt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
Host Institution(s) Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Location of Research West Vancouver Laboratory.
Funding Level Financial and in-kind support.
Funding Source(s) Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP)
Velox Technology Inc.
Timeframe of the Project Initiated in April 1999 research ongoing
Aims and objectives of the To determine the effect of the treatment system on the survivability of marine
project invertebrate larvae and potentially harmful phytoplankton.
Research Methods The research methods and results are currently under peer review and will be
published in the Marine Ecology Progress Series.
Results As above.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Croatia
Name of Project Croatian Ballast Water Treatment Project
Treatment options researched Various Ballast Water Treatment Options
Principal Researcher(s) Prof. dr. sc. Josip Lovric, Dr. sc. Adam Benovic, Prof. dr. sc. Nikola Ruzinski
Contact Details Prof. dr. sc. Josip Lovric
Collegium Ragusinum
Cira Carica 4
20 000 Dubrovnik
Croatia
Tel: +385 (0)20 44 57 00
Fax: +385 (0)20 43 55 90
E-Mail: rektorat@vdu.hr
Web: www.vdu.hr
Host Institution(s) University of Applied Sciences Collegium Ragusinum, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of
Zagreb, Croatia.
Location of Research Research and Development Center for Mariculture, Bistrina, Mali Ston,
Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Funding Level 200,000
Funding Source(s) Ministry of Science and Technology, Republic of Croatia and
Janaf d.d. Adriatic Pipeline, Zagreb, Croatia.
Timeframe of the Project Project started in 1998.
Second segment: November 2002 November 2005.
Aims and objectives of the The main objective in first two years was getting information on possible ballast
project water treatment technologies on board, and key issues related to ballast water.
The last two years research mainly focused on removal of various species from
water samples.
Currently a pilot project is researching the effectiveness of different
technologies for removal of macro and micro organisms from ballast water in
the timeframe the ship spends between two harbours.
Research Methods Degradation trials, Mechanical separation processes, Biocides, Heat treatment.
Results Biocides (UV and Ozone)showed promising results; Some success in
mechanical separation; Waste-heat process and its possible usage in ballast
water treatment was theoretically evaluated.
79
Projects Under Way China
China
Name of Project Killing of Invasive Marine Species of Ship's Ballast Water using Hydroxyl
Radical on Board in the Main Pipe of Discharge
Treatment options researched Strong ionisation discharge; hydroxyl radical
Principal Researcher(s) Xiyao Bai, Mindong Bai, Zhitao Zhang, Bo Yang, Mindi Bai
Contact Details Key laboratory of strong electric -field ionization discharge of Liaoning Province;
Environmental Engineering Institute
Dalian Maritime University
Dalian 116026, Liaoning
P. R.China
E-mail: mindong-bai@163.com hjs@dlmu.edu.cn
Host Institution(s) Dalian Maritime University
Location of Research Dalian City (116026), Liaoning Province, P. R.China
Funding Level $500,000 USD
Funding Source(s) National Foundation Research of Science and Technology Ministry of China,
(2002CCC00900)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC: 60031001; 60371035)
Timeframe of the Project 2002~2006
Aims and objectives of the ·
To demonstrate that a strong ionisation discharge based ballast water
project
treatment technology can generate large quantities of hydroxyl radical at high
concentration.
·
To study the efficacy of hydroxyl radical in killing invasive marine species
within the main pipe used for the discharge of ship's ballast water.
·
To demonstrate that the energy consumption is only 20Wh/m3 of ship's
ballast water.
·
To demonstrate that the production of hydroxyl radical with the strong
ionisation discharge accords to 12 principles of Green Chemistry.
·
To realize the Zero Pollution, Zero Emission in the whole processes for the
production of hydroxyl radical and the treatment of ship's ballast water.
Research Methods With the Strong ionization discharge method, the strong electric field (Ed = 400Td,
1Td- 10-17Vcm2 ) is formed with the thinner a-A l2O3 dielectric layer in the micro-
gap at a high pressure (P = 0.1Mpa or n- 2.6×10-19/cm3). The electrons achieve the
average energy of above 12eV. As a result, O2 in air and H2O in seawater are
ionized and dissociated into a number of activated particles such as OH, O +
2 ,
O(1D), HO2 radicals, and then dissolved into a part of ballast water to form the
dissolved hydroxyl radicals. Also the hydroxyl radical is produced using excitated
ozone and water.
Results ·
The hydroxyl radical concentration is 23.4mg/L in 20t/h pilot-scale system.
·
The concentration of hydroxyl radical required for the killing of invasive
species in ship's ballast water is only 0.63mg/L.
·
The duration to kill mono-cell algae, bacteria and protozoan are very fast and
takes only 2.67s.
·
The hydroxyl radicals have much stronger oxidization and degradation action
on the photosynthesis pigments of phytoplankton. The contents of chl-a, chl-
b, chl-c and carotenoid are decreased to 35%-64% within 8.0s and then to the
lowest limit of detection after 5 minutes.
·
The lipid peroxide degree of cell is increased three times. The basic life
substances, monose, amylose, protein, DNA and RNA of cell, are greatly
destroyed. Also CAT, POD and SOD of antioxidant enzyme system are
destroyed. Biochemistry reactions are the main reasons of organism cell
death.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
·
The quality of ballast water is greatly improved. With the duration of 2.67s,
the decrease rates of COD, nitrite and ammonium salt are 100%, 98.3% and
99.5% respectively, and the turbidity is decreased to 50%. DO is increased
77% due to the decomposition of residual hydroxyl radical.
·
The equipment to produce hydroxyl solution has some advantages such as
small volume, simple operation, and low running cost only 20Wh/m3, which
is only 1/30 cost in comparison with the open-ocean-exchange of ship's
ballast water.
81
Projects Under Way China
Name of Project Application Study of Ballast Water Treatment by Electrolysing Seawater
Treatment options researched Electrolysis of seawater.
Principal Researcher(s) Kun Dang, Peihai Yin, Peiting Sun
Contact Details Kun Dang:
Tel: +86 0411 472 9967
Email: david_dangkun@hotmail.com or dkxeme@dlmu.edu.cn
Peihai Yin:
Tel: +86 0411 472 9967
Email: phyin@dlmu.edu.cn
Host Institution(s) Dalian Maritime University
Location of Research Marine engineering college, DMU
Funding Level US$ 4,000+ R¥20,000
Funding Source(s) GloBallast Programme and COSCO
Timeframe of the Project 2002 -2004
Aims and objectives of the ·
To develop a model of a ballast water treatment unit that is used to treat
project
ballast water by means of electrolysing seawater at a capacity that can meet
the requirements of IMO conventions and the requirements of ship survey.
·
The system can regulate the chlorine concentration produced according to
the content of harmful organisms in the seawater and the temperature of
the seawater. This then is used to kill all harmful organisms and pathogens
with free residual chlorine kept in a minimum level.
·
To make a blue print for the installation of the system on board.
Research Methods Raw seawater and seawater with different concentrations of Artemia salina are
simulated as ships' ballast water and treated by electrolysis
Results ·
If the raw seawater is treated by electrolysis, it can kill 4 kinds of alga from
18 kinds with an initial chlorine concentration of 4.0ppm. The total
mortality of phytoplankton can be up to72% and the mortality of bacteria is
99.99%. Euciliata sp in the seawater can be killed immediately.
·
If the seawater with an Artemia salina density increased from 2
individual/ml to 6 individual/ml is treated by electrolysing with an initial
chlorine concentration of 4.0ppm, the mortality of Artemia salin is more
than 95% after 48 hours of contact.
·
If the seawater with an Artemia salina density of not more than 2
individual/ml is treated by electrolysing with an initial chlorine
concentration of 8.0ppm, the mortality of Artemia salina is more than 95%
after 24 hours of contact. With an initial chlorine concentration of 15 ppm,
99.99% of Artemia salina is killed after 12 hours of contact.
·
If the residual chlorine in the treated seawater is less than 0.5ppm, the
chlorine will have no effect on Artemia salina.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Germany
Name of Project Basic Examinations of the Biological, Chemical and Physical
Characteristics and Loadings of Ballast Water and the Design of Process
Modules for its Treatment and Disinfection Onboard
Treatment options researched Different treatment options to evaluate and combine most efficient modular
ballast water treatment systems for shipboard use
Principal Researcher(s) Ms Dr.-Ing. Anja Kornmueller
Contact Details Berkefeld Water Technology
Lueckenweg 5, D-29227 Celle, Germany
Phone: +49 5141 803 273
Fax: +49 5141 803 201
Email: a.kornmueller@berkefeld.de
Internet: www.berkefeld.de
Host Institution(s) Berkefeld Water Technology, Celle
RWO Marine Water Technology (www.rwo.de), Bremen
Location of Research Celle and Bremen, Germany
Funding Level Approx. 1,000,000
Funding Source(s) Federal Ministry for Research and Technology (Germany)
and Berkefeld
Timeframe of the Project Oct. 2002 Sept. 2005
Aims and objectives of the · To evaluate the basic conditions and requirements for ballast water
project
treatment (BWT) onboard, such as biological and chemical-physical water
characteristics, technical specifications and specific requirements of vessel
design and operation.
· To develop efficient and cost-effective modular process combinations for
BWT onboard.
Research Methods ·
Basic evaluation by desk based review (literature and internet search;
contact with organisations, authorities, research institutes and companies).
· Interdisciplinary approach combining the various demands by biological
and chemical-physical water characteristics, technical specifications and
specific requirements of vessel design and operation.
· Practical testing in a land-based pilot plant at three different locations
(river, brackish and seawater) to develop and optimise suitable modular
treatment systems consisting of particle removal and disinfection. Two
parallel test lines enable the direct comparison in the performance of
different processes at alternating influent concentrations.
· Modular designing of the BWT systems as the precondition for the
successful adaptation and installation to any kind of vessel.
Results · The variations in water quality are decisive for the dimensioning of BWT
systems. Because a comprehensive database on water quality does not exist,
these data were collected worldwide from major ports.
· The land-based testing has to be carried out under worst-case conditions like
strong algae blooms and high total suspended solid concentration to
guarantee that developed BWT systems will operate successfully onboard
under challenging conditions.
· The modular design in BWT is necessary to meet the complex requirements
in system specifications.
83
Projects Under Way Germany
Name of Project Bremen-Ballast Water-Project:
Development and Construction of an Efficient and Marketable Ballast
Water Treatment Plant
Treatment options researched Presently different methods are investigated in order to evaluate possibilities to
combine the most promising approaches
Principal Researcher(s) Coordination and shipside technology: GAUSS (Chr. Bahlke / O. Kerschek)
Biology, Methods, Standards: Dr. Stephan Gollasch
Biological Analyses: Alfred Wegener Institute (Prof. Smetacek)
Plant construction: Dr. St. Calenberg (Kraeft GmbH)
A. Höppner (Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AG)
Contact Details GAUSS mbH
Werderstr. 73, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Tel: +49 421 5905 4850
Fax: +49 421 5905 4851
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Host Institution(s) GAUSS mbH.
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Motorenwerke Bremerhaven. AG.
webmaster@mwb-bremerhaven.de
Location of Research GA USS mbH
Werderstr. 73, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Tel: +49 421 5905 4850
Fax: +49 421 5905 4851
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Funding Level Financially supported by the Federal State of Bremen and Bremerhaven.
Funding Source(s) Senator of Building & Environment, Bremen
Timeframe of the Project Phase 1: 01.10.2001 30.07.2002.
Phase 2: 01.07.2002 31.08.2003.
Phase 3: 01.09.2003 31.08.2004.
(Decision for successive phase is based on results of preceding phase).
Aims and objectives of the Creation of an efficient and cost effective shipboard system using the
project combination of different methods to treat ballast water. Persistent chemicals are
to be avoided.
Research Methods Phase 1: Theoretical investigation.
Phase 2: Shore based practical method assessment.
Phase 3: Test runs on board different ships.
Results To be determined.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project The Bremen Ballast Water Project
Treatment options researched Hydrocyclone, Separation Units, Various FilterTechnologies,
High/LowFrequencyUV, Pressuredifferencial Treatment, Ultrasound
Technologies, Various electrochemical Methods, Heat treatment
Principal Researcher(s) Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research; Ballast Water
Consultants GbR; GAUSS Institute for Environmental Protection and Safety in
Shipping mbH; MWB Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AG
Contact Details MWB Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AG, Barkhausenstrasse, 27568
Bremerhaven; Henning von Wedel, Tel.: +49-471-9450-226;
Henning.vonWedel@mwb -bremerhaven.de
Host Institution(s) -
Location of Research Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven; MWB
Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AG, Barkhausenstrasse, 27568 Bremerhaven
Funding Level 800,000
Funding Source(s) BIS Bremerhavener Gesellschaft für Investitionsförderung und
Stadtentwicklung mbH; Economic Development Company Ltd.
Timeframe of the Project August 2004 December 2004
Aims and objectives of the The treatment is multi stage and in line. We are conducting Tests to evaluate
project which methods are the most efficient (and the most cost efficient also). This
Project is a scientific project followed by an appropriate marketing approach.
The results of the evaluation will give us an indication about the favourable
technologies.
Parallel to this, methods and technologies for simple, effective and repeatable
tests of the quality of Ballast Water Treatment Plants are also evaluated.
Research Methods The focus is on technologies rather than the proprietary treatment components
of specific manufacturers. Various treatment technologies are tested single, in
comparison to similar technologies (e.g. high vs. low frequency UV) and then in
combination with other technologies.
Infiltration of test organisms is done in a way to evaluate the net effect of the
components and to eliminate side effects such as erratic temperature or pressure
changes or rotating devices of pumps.
Test Organisms are selected to have one representative of the various kinds of
organisms, which are potentially dangerous to the environment as an invasive
species.
For recovery tests the Ballast Tank of a floating Dock of MWB Motorenwerke
Bremerhaven AG is used.
Results It is expected, that we will have an objective overview about the most efficient
and cost effective ways to treat Ballast Water for the particular application e.g
Tanker, Container Vessel, Bulk Carrier, Cruise Ship etc. We will also know,
which technology is not efficient or too expensive. One result is also the
knowledge about the upscaling process towards larger vessels with higher
volumes of Ballast Water. Further more we are able to benchmark our plant
against other plants on the market via our newly developed tests procedures.
85
Projects Under Way Germany
Name of Project TREBAWA- Treatment of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Primary hydrocyclonic separation followed by UV irradiation.
Principal Researcher(s) European partnership of SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises)
Prime proposer: Reederei Hesse (Germany); Other partners: Vinave (Portugal);
Optimarin, Envirotech (Norway); Acomarin, FI; UV Systems (Germany);
Sandvik (Norway); Fresti (Portugal)
Research partners:
TTZ Bremerhaven (René Surma, Dolores Fernández)
University of Strathclyde (Peilin Zhou)
Institute de Soldadura Qualidade (ISQ) (Nuno Cosme)
Contact Details Dolores Fernández
An der Karlstadt 6
D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
Tel: +49 471 9448-707
Fax: +49 471 9448 722
e-mail: dfernandez@ttz-bremerhaven.de
Host Institution(s) TTZ Bremerhaven, Germany.
University of Strathclyde, UK.
Institute de Soldadura Qualidade (ISQ), Portugal.
Location of Research Portugal, Germany, UK, Norway.
Funding Level Total budget 856,000.
European funding 425,000.
Funding Source(s) European Commission, 5th Framework, CRAFT program.
Timeframe of the Project 2 years.
Estimated start date: October 2002.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a new technically and economically competitive ballast water
project treatment system based on a primary cyclonic separation and a UV treatment to
achieve the critical points:
i. A high degree of separation of in seawater suspended particles;
ii. A high performance for the UV system in inactivating and killing all the
inwater remaining organisms; and
iii. Integrated prototype compact in size, which fulfills the space requirements
of a wide range of existing ships.
Research Methods 1- Laboratory tests.
2- Prototype development and pilot tests.
3- Full-scale sea trials.
Results To be determined.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project A New Modular Concept for the Treatment of Ships' Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Physical separation: gravity separation and filtration
Chemical disinfection: non-toxic, chlorine free oxidising agent
(Peraclean®Ocean)
Principal Researcher(s) Hauke Röpell, Lothar Reinecke, Dr. Matthias Voigt
Contact Details Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH
Brookdamm 6, D-21217 Seevetal, Germany
Email: HaukeRopell@HamannWassertechnik.de
Dr. Voigt Consulting
Kampstraße 7, D-24601 Stolpe, Germany
Email: M.Voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de
Host Institution(s) Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH
Location of Research Lower Elbe River, Baltic Sea and Port of Hamburg
Funding Level 260,000
Funding Source(s) AIF (Federal Ministry of Research)
Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH
Dr. Voigt Consulting
Timeframe of the Project 2000-2003
Aims and objectives of the Testing of various physical separation options in combination with chemical
project disinfection of ballast water.
Design of a full scale treatment plant for land based tests and evaluations.
Identifying suitable combinations of above methods for various types of ships
(e.g. ballast water management scenarios).
Development of online mo nitoring systems for ballast water treatment.
Research Methods On shore tests done at a flow rate of 135 to 210 m³/h.
Testing of different cyclones (gravity separation) and self cleaning filters at
100 and 50 µm as well as dosing of 50 to 200 ppm Peraclean®Ocean.
Test carried out with in situ plankton population as well as selected indicator
organisms (different life stages of artemia, ATS).
Results The combination of gravity separation and filtration (50 µm) with a dosage of
150 ppm Peraclean®Ocean resulted in > 98% removal/mortality of all test
organisms.
Further full-scale test will be carried out on land and onboard a ship.
87
Projects Under Way Germany
Name of Project The Artemia Testing System for Ballast Water Treatment
Treatment options researched Physical separation (cyclone, filter), chemical treatment (oxidising agent)
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Voigt Consulting.
Contact Details Kampstr. 7
24601 Stolpe
Germany
Tel: +49 4326 987 37
Fax: +49 4326 987 38
Email: m.voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de
Web: www.drvoigt-consulting.de
Host Institution(s) Dr. Voigt-consulting.
Location of Research Germany.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Contract research (consulting).
Timeframe of the Project 1998 ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the To provide full-scale data for the efficiency of ballast water treatment options.
project Compare different treatment options.
Research Methods Ballast water treatment options are tested at full-scale flow rates in land-based
tests with a specially developed testing protocol (ATS = Artemia Testing
System) for the biological efficiency of ballast water treatment options.
Results The ATS, in combination with at least one more small (< 50µm) test species is
a useful tool for evaluation of new treatment options .
88
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Israel
Name of Project The Ternary Effect for Ballast Water Treatment
Treatment options researched Disc Filtration, UV disinfection, Advanced Oxidation Processes
Principal Researcher(s) Arkal Filtration Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Northeast
Midwest Institute
Contact Details Itay Kreisel, Chief Technologist
Arkal Filtration Systems
Bet Zera, Jordan Valley, 15135, Israel
Tel: +972 4 6775140
Fax: +972 4 6775461
E-mail: itayk@arkal.com
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Israel, USA
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Arkal Filtration Systems, Northeast Midwest Institute
Timeframe of the Project
Aims and objectives of the To develop a commercial full scale Ballast Water Treatment Unit
project
Research Methods Laboratory scale tests:
·
Reactive Oxygen Species Research to maximize hydroxyl radicals
concentration in sea water.
·
Dose Response tests, to optimise UV dose within the "Ternary System"
using Rotifers as indicators.
Pilot scale tests:
·
First set of pilot tests, Arkal Filtration Systems, to check the physics and
chemistry of the Ternary System (prototype one). Also-to examine
inactivation of taxa. Flow rate-10 m3/hr. Source-Mediteranean Sea.
·
Second set of pilot tests, Arkal Filtration Systems, to check the physics and
chemistry of the Ternary System (prototype two). Also-to examine
inactivation of taxa. Flow rate-10 m3/hr. Source - Mediteranean Sea.
Engineering tests: To design and operate a full BWT unit onboard a ship.
5 replications taken for each experiment. Raw sea water taken at same time as
samples for control.
Results First prototype pilot plant led to the "Ternary Effect" which was followed by a
pending patent. This patent deals mainly with an advanced filtration concept.
Regarding taxa inactivation: [No input concentration provided]
Microplankton - 93% inactivation (above 80 micron), mainly-toraminiferans
and crustaceans.
Picoplankton - 100% inactivation, heterotrophic protist as indicator.
Nanoplankton - 62% inactivation, mainly - diatoms and ebrida.
R.O.S. Research led to a finding of a catalyst which was followed by a second
pending patent.
Dose response tests are underway.
Second prototype pilot plant implementing the "Ternary Effect" is underway.
89
Projects Under Way Japan
Japan
Name of Project Test Procedure for Evaluation of Ballast Water Treatment System using
Copepoda as Zooplankton and Dinoflagellates as Phytoplankton
Treatment options researched N/A
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Yasuwo Fukuyo, Capt. Takeaki Kikuchi
Mr. Seiji Kino, Mr. Katsumi Yoshida
Contact Details Marine Pollution Prevention Research Department
The Japan Association of Marine Safety
Kaiyo-Senpaku BLDG., 15-16, Toranomon 1-Chome, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 105-0001 JAPAN
Tel: +81(3) 3502-3543
Fax: +81(3) 3581-6136
Host Institution(s) Marine Pollution Prevention Research Department
The Japan Association of Marine Safety
Location of Research Laboratory of Marine Technology of Kyushu-Island.
Funding Level This project is the second component of "Research and Development of the
Special Pipe System for Ballast Water Treatment".
Funding Source(s) The Nippon Foundation
Timeframe of the Project The project commenced in April 1999 and is ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the The objective of this study is to develop a specific test procedure for evaluation
project of a ballast water treatment system to terminate and eliminate harmful aquatic
organisms in ballast water based on biological and ecological nature of the
organisms in coastal waters.
Research Methods In order to establish an appropriate test procedure, it is essential to analyze the
biological and ecological features of organisms in port areas where ballast water
is taken on. Seasonal change and regional difference of composition and
numbers of plankton in Japanese waters were observed using several references
such as Nomura and Yoshida (1997). Special attention was paid to high
phytoplankton numbers occurring at red tides.
Based on data obtained by the analysis of plankton nature, necessity of selection
of test organisms for evaluation of ballast water treatment system was assessed.
For the selection, following criteria were considered; 1) the test organisms
should be available in a certain amount easily anytime and anywhere to put
enough concentration in test water to evaluate the result; 2) the organisms must
be found in both near-shore and off-shore waters easily, as the evaluation
experiment includes a test bed test on land and a onboard test in ship; 3) the
organisms should be easily differentiated its survival or fatality with high
accuracy for evaluation of effectiveness of treatments. A test procedure and a
standard for ballast water treatment were also designed using results of above
mentioned analysis.
Results The conclusion of the present study is:
·
The testing organisms for evaluation of ballast water treatment system are
Dinophyceae from phytoplankton and Maxillopoda (Copepoda) from
zooplankton. These individuals with 20µm or more in size can be used for
experiments.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
·
Evaluation of efficacy should be based on termination rate of the test
organisms before and after treatment. Live or dead can be distinguished by
shape and mobility of the test organisms.
·
In order to keep reproductivity and accuracy of the evaluation, number of
test organisms in test water should be counted no less than three times.
·
Standard for treatment approval is termination rate of test organisms more
than 95 %. The rate should be set higher along with the development of
techniques.
91
Projects Under Way Japan
Name of Project Progress Report on the `Special Pipe System' as a Potential Mechanical Treatment
for Ballast Water
Treatment options Mechanical treatment system using a special pipe
Principal Dr.Hiroshi Tokuda, Dr. Hiroharu Kato, Dr. Yasuwo Fukuyo,
Researcher(s) Capt. Takeaki Kikuchi, Mr. Seiji Kino, Mr. Katsumi Yoshida
Contact Details Captain Takeaki Kikuchi : The Japan Association of Marine Safety,
Toranomon 1-17-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, JAPAN
Tel:+81-3-3805-3543
Fax:+81-3-3581-6136
Email:kikuti@oak.ocn.ne.jp
Host Institution(s) Marine Pollution Prevention Research Department
The Japan Association of Marine Safety
Location of
Laboratory of Marine Technology of Kyushu-Island.
Research
Funding Level US$40,000 (1999), US$55,000 (2001), US$370,000(2002), US$450,000(2003)
Funding Source(s) The Nippon Foundation
Timeframe of the Phase 1: 1999-2000: Basic research of the special pipe system with and without addition
Project of ozone to the system
Phase 2: 2001-2002: Fixed point testing of the improved special pipe systems at Imari
Port
Phase 3: 2003: (in planning and to be carried out before March, 2004): On board testing
of the improved special pipe systems
Aims and objectives The objective of this study is to develop a ballast water treatment system to terminate
of the project and eliminate harmful aquatic organisms contained in ballast water with special attention
to criteria related to safety of ship and crew, practicability in terms of operational
complexity and installation on board ships, cost effectiveness, and consequential
environment impacts in addition to the effectiveness of treatment.
Research Methods The prototype special pipe system was designed to use shear stress to terminate
planktonic organisms. The potential was high, as reported at MEPC 44 in 2000, and
verbally at the 1st International Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium (2001,
London) and at the First International Conference on Ballast Water Management (2001,
Singapore). This structure was, however, not suitable for practical use, because its
pressure loss in passing water was high and needed higher pressure in a pipe with a
larger diameter. The higher pressure could not cause higher damage to organisms in the
pipe.
Then the special pipe was re-designed with a unit generating shear stress and cavitations.
Comparison of effectiveness between the former and the developed special pipe systems
was made to ascertain the higher level of effect on marine organisms and the smaller
pressure loss in the case of developed one.
Results Effectiveness of the prototype special pipe The prototype special pipe can kill or
inactivate about 55% of all phytoplankton and 65% of zooplankton respectively, in
natural seawater, by one passage through the pipe. And the effectiveness can be
increased, by injecting ozone into this pipe, to about 99% of phytoplamkton and 89% of
zooplankton respectively, in natural seawater. [No input concentration provided]
Effectiveness of the improved special pipe The improved special pipe system can kill
and inactivate about 70% and 95 % of all phytoplankton and zooplankton respectively, in
natural seawater in the case of one-passage treatment at the seawater flow rates
115 m3/hr. This effectiveness was obtained using 60% of the energy of the prototype
pipe. This effectiveness increased about 80% and 100 % respectively by two-times
passage treatment, and furthermore they reached 85% and 100 % respectively at flow
rates 150m3/hr. [No input concentration provided]
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Superconducting Magnetic Separator for Ballast Water Treatment
Treatment options researched Mechanical (filtration and magnetic separation)
Principal Researcher(s) Norihide Saho
Contact Details Mechanical Engineering Research Laboratory of Hitachi Ltd.
502, Kandatsu, Tsuchiura
Ibaraki 300-0013
Japan
Tel: +81 29 832 4209
Fax : +81 29 832 8229
Email : saho@merl.hitachi.co.jp
Host Institution(s) The Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan (offering)
Corporation for Advanced Transfer & Technology (offering)
Ship & Ocean Foundation
Location of Research Japan
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Corporation for Advanced Transfer & Technology (offering)
Ship & Ocean Foundation
Timeframe of the Project Phase 1: 2003
Basic research of superconducting magnetic separation system for ballast water
Phase 2: 2004
Detail design of superconducting magnetic separation system on board
Phase 3: 2005
On board testing of the superconducting magnetic separation system
Aims and objectives of the To develop a ballast water treatment system that is suitable for rapidly purifying
project ballast water on board
Research Methods A prototype water treatment system using a superconductor magnet to clean the
ballast water discharged from ships was developed.
The system is capable of treating 100 cubic meters of contaminated water a day
through the following process sequence: mixing contaminated water with
magnetic powder and a flocculant, stirring the mixture to make magnetic flocs,
filtering the flocs, transferring them to a rotary magnetic shell, and dumping
them in a sludge tank. The system was evaluated in experiments on two types of
contaminated water samples, one containing kaolin particles and the other crude
oil.
Test species used were Chattonella antiqua and Heterosigma akashio.
Results The experiment showed that more than 90% of the particles in the
contaminated water can be removed in about five minutes. This result indicates
that this system is capable of purifying water continuously and at high speed
within a limited space. It is concluded that the new water-treatment system has
the potential to be effective for the treatment of ballast water, removing 96% of
organisms.
93
Projects Under Way Japan
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment System with Jet Filter
Treatment options researched Hybrid system with filtration
Principal Researcher(s) Mr. Shunji Sukizaki, Marine Biological Research Institute of Japan Co., Ltd.
Mr. Yuichi Takahashi, Fuji Filter Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Mr. Masaaki Yutani, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
Contact Details Mr. Masaaki Yutani, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
1-1 , Toranomon 2-Chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8688
Tel: +81 3 3587 7206
Fax: +81 3 3587 7722
E-mail: masaaki.yutani@mail.mol.co.jp
Host Institution(s) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines
Location of Research Tokyo, Japan
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Private
Timeframe of the Project 2003-2005
Aims and objectives of the In 2003, development of filtration system.
project In 2004, hybridization with optimum disinfection system.
In 2005, construction of full scale prototype.
Research Methods In 2003, land base tests of small models with different size of filter mesh
(5µm, 7µm, 20µm, 50µm)
In 2004, land base tests of several disinfection systems separately and jointly
with filtration system.
In 2005, onboard test of full-scale prototype.
Results The effectiveness of filtration system with optimum mesh size has been
confirmed in land base tests.
Filtration system with 5-micron filter has satisfied the D-2 requirement except
requirement for microbes.
The washing system for filtration unit has been developed and its patent
application has been made.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory August 2004
Netherlands
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatments R&D in the Netherlands
Treatment options researched Filtration, Hydrocyclone, UV
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Jan P. Boon, Dr. C.C. ten Hallers-Tjabbes, Ing. J.R. van Niekerk, J.L.
Brouwer MSc
Contact Details NIOZ: Dr. Jan P. Boon, Marine Environment
P.O. Box 59
1790 AB Den Burg
Texel, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)222 369466
E-mail: boon@nioz.nl
Host Institution(s) Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
Location of Research NIOZ, Texel
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Netherlands Government
Timeframe of the Project 2003 2006
Aims and objectives of the To investigate a combination of techniques: filtration & UV / Hydrocyclone &
project UV
Research Methods 3 phases:
·
A dockside test
·
Followed by a semi-full scale test at sea on the research ship The Pelagia
·
Followed by a full scale test on board of 2 large vessels
Results No results so far. The testing period starts in the end of 2003
95
Projects Under Way New Zealand
New Zealand
Name of Project A Proposed Frame-Work for Approving Ballast Water Treatment
Technologies
Treatment options researched Generic
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Doug Mountfort
Contact Details Dr Doug Mountfort, Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand
Phone: +64 03 54 82 319
Fax: +64 03 54 69 464
Email: douglas.mountfort@cawthron.org.nz
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Location of Research Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
Funding Level Approx $NZ 20K
Funding Source(s) New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST)
Timeframe of the Project Ongoing
Aims and objectives of the Despite the many technologies that are being advanced for the treatment of
project ships' ballast water there currently exists no satisfactory procedure for their
evaluation, validation and approval. Among the reasons for this are: until
recently lack of an international standard for ballast water treatment, lack of an
international standard on sampling methodology, lack of agreement on what
constitutes a valid range of testing organisms that can be used as an
international testing standard. Despite this, new treatment technologies are
being installed on ship's without having gone through stringent testing and
verification protocols that would be required to meet an international standard.
Our objective is to outline a framework that could be adopted in which a new
technology would be evaluated, verified and certified before approval for
release. Within this framework the mode of operation of a proposed
international body approving new treatment technologies is described. The new
framework will provide the vendor with clear pathways leading to the eventual
approval of a new technology following performance review in each stage of
the evaluation chain.
Research Methods NA
Results N/A
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Norway
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment Verification Protocol - DNV
Treatment options researched The development of a standard for certification for the approval of ballast water
treatment system
Principal Researcher(s) Aage Bjørn Andersen (DNV), Bjørn Olav Johannessen (DNV), Egil Dragsund
(DNV)
Contact Details Det Norske Veritas
Host Institution(s) Det Norske Veritas, Veritasveien 1, 1322 Høvik, Norway
Location of Research Det Norske Veritas, Veritasveien 1, 1322 Høvik, Norway
Funding Level 700,000.- NoK
Funding Source(s) DNV Research funds
Timeframe of the Project 01.01.03 15.12.03
Aims and objectives of the This project is an integrated element of a larger research programme undertaken
project by DNV and Norwegian Institute of Water Research (NIVA).
This programme was initiated in 2003 and will run until 2005. The overall aim
is to expand the understanding associated to non-indigenous introductions and
to develop methods, standards and norms for risk reducing measures (treatment
methods).
Research Methods Literature review, laboratory studies, full scale verification studies
Results Ballast Water Verification Protocol
Standard for Certification
97
Projects Under Way Singapore
Singapore
Name of Project Ballast Water Exchange Verification Test Kit Development
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange Verification
Principal Researcher(s) Michael R. McNeely, Ph.D.
Contact Details Michael R. McNeely, Ph.D., President / CTO
GattaCo Pte. Ltd.
1 Liang Seah Street #03-06
Liang Seah Place
Singapore, 189022
Tel: +65 9390 9570
Fax: +65 6336-1924
Email: mrm@gattaco.com
Host Institution(s) GattaCo Pte. Ltd.
Location of Research Singapore
Funding Level NA
Funding Source(s) NA
Timeframe of the Project 2003-2005
Aims and objectives of the Using proprietary technology for water testing, GattaCo is developing an
project inexpensive, easy to use, testing kit for ballast water. This kit will identify the
concentration of certain chemical markers that can be used to distinguish
between port and mid-ocean waters.
This kit will be used to independently verify that a ship is carrying water
indicative of mid -ocean in its ballast tanks, and, hence, has probably exchanged
its ballast water mid-ocean. Mid-ocean exchange is currently an acceptable
method of ballast water treatment.
Research Methods GattaCo has propriety technology for performing chemical analysis of several
analytes simultaneously in an inexpensive, easy to use platform.
GattaCo is interfacing with several research institutions around the world to
identify the most appropriate markers for this chemical analysis.
Results Project is currently underway.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Developing Innovative Ballast Water Treatment Technology with a Special
Emphasis on Fe(VI) (Ferrate) as a Potential Secondary Disinfectant
Chemical
Treatment options researched Ferrate as a Disinfectant Chemical
Principal Researcher(s) Pitchaivelu Selvakumar
Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Singapore
Leslie Loke, IESE
Luke Daly, Ferrate Treatment Technologies, LLC
Contact Details Luke J. Daly
1322 Waltham Avenue
Orlando, Florida 32809
Tel: +1 407 857 5721
Fax: +1 407 826 0166
Email: luke.daly@ferrate.info
Host Institution(s) Nanyang Technological University
Location of Research Singapore
Funding Level $500,000
Funding Source(s) IESE, FTT, NOL, MPA
Timeframe of the Project April 2004 April 2006
Aims and objectives of the 1. To protect the public health, shipping, and the port's interests by
project
developing a set of treatment technologies and rapid diagnostic tools to
identify and control the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms via a ship's
ballast water.
2. To evaluate Ferrate as a secondary treatment chemical to polish the
filtration system performance.
To meet the IMO standards for microbes using Ferrate.
Research Methods 1. Ferrate was produced on site using commodity feed chemiacals.
2. Zooplankton (>50 microns) and zoo/phyto-plankton (>15 micron and <50
microns) were analysed before and after treatment with Ferrate.
Samples were viewed through a microscope to closely monitor the number of
viable (live) organisms present in the respective category.
Results The results indicated that there was not even a single live phyto- and zooplankton
(< 50µ) present in the samples for a dosage as low as 1 mg/L, but, considerable
number of larger (> 50µ) live zooplankton were present at this dosage (Figure 1).
However, at higher dosage all zoo/phytoplankton were killed if dosages were
increased to 2 mg/L (Figure 1). Therefore, the optimum dosage for the removal of
zoo and phytoplankton may lie between 1 mg/L to 2 mg/L
The cost of ferrate treatment (O&M) is estimated to be 1.3 cents (US) per tonne of
ballast waterat a dose of 2 mg/L. Therefore ferrate has a potential as a secondary
disinfectant chemical in the ballast water treatment technology.
99
Projects Under Way Singapore
Name of Project Shipboard Trials Of An Innovative Ballast Water Treatment System For
Prevention Of Transfer Of Harmful Organisms
Treatment options researched Filtration as primary removal of particles followed by an environmental
friendly chemical (Ferrate)
Principal Researcher(s) Leslie Loke, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Singapore
P Selvakumar, IESE, Singapore
Frank Weitz, IESE, Singapore
Tay Joo Hwa, IESE, Singapore
Contact Details Leslie Loke
Institute for Environmental Science and Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, Innovation Centre Block 2, Unit 237
18 Nanyang Drive
Singapore 637723
Tel: (65) 6794 1512
Fax: (65) 6792 1291
Email: ctloke@ntu.edu.sg
Host Institution(s) Nanyang Technological University, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore,
Tropical Marine Science Institute, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Neptune Orient Lines
Pte Ltd
Location of Research Singapore
Funding Level S$ 1,189, 000
Funding Source(s) TEC, MPA, IESE, NOL, TMSI, NP, ABS, FTT, Hydac
Timeframe of the Project April 2004 December 2005
Aims and objectives of the ·
To study the efficiency of filtration plus ferrate based treatment system at a
project
full commercial scale level (1200 m3/hour) to control the transfer of
harmful aquatic organisms via a ship's ballast water.
·
To evaluate and identify design and engineering needs to produce
commercial scale compact Ballast Water Treatment system
·
To meet the IMO standards for bioinvasive species.
Research Methods ·
Install compact system and observe real-time variation and shipboard
needs
·
All samples will be evaluated using standard protocols for zooplankton (>50
microns), zoo/phyto-plankton (>10 micron and <50 microns) and
microorganisms o meet the IMO standards.
Results IESE's research activities were initiated in 1998 to develop suitable
technologies. This successive progress from laboratory to pilot plant scale R&D
is now has reached a final stage to study at a full commerc ial scale prototype
treatment system. This treatment system is based on self-cleaning filtration as
the primary treatment step, followed by a chemical disinfectant (Ferrate)
secondary treatment. This will be installed onboard a Neptune Orient Lines
(NOL).
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
South Africa
Name of Project In-line Ballast Water Treatment System based on Mechanical (Ultrasound),
Electro-Chemical and Ozone Treatment
Treatment options researched Mechanical (ultrasound), Electro-Chemical, Ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Ian Vroom
Email: ian@resource-technology.com Mobile: +27 (0)82 579 7966
Bernard Jacobs
Email: bernard@resource-technology.com Mobile: +27 (0)82 886 8787
Charles Tapanlis
Email: charles@resource-technology.com Mobile: +27 (0)82 292 1326
Contact Details Resource (Pty.) Ltd.
P.O. Box 431, Sea Point, 8060
Cape Town
South Africa
Tel: +27 (0)21 462 7653
Fax: +27 (0)21 462 7656
Host Institution(s) Private
Location of Research Cape Town and Saldanha Bay, Western Cape, South Africa
Europe, Australia, USA & sea trials 3rd & 4th Quarter 2004
Funding Level US$ 450 000
Funding Source(s) Internal
Timeframe of the Project 2002 2005
Aims and objectives of the Resource has developed a proprietary (patent-pending) in-line Ballast Water
project Treatment system, the Reactor, for treatment of ballast water bourn undesirable
organisms. The system has been designed for fitment "at sea" if required.
Among the advantages of the Reactor System are its effectiveness, simplicity,
absence of moving parts or externally added toxic substances, light weight and
compactness, ease of installation either as original equipment or by retro -fitting,
its low maintenance, capacity to operate for lengthy periods without
maintenance, safety, and cost-effectiveness.
The system is intended to be available for commercial fitment by the first
quarter of 2005.
Research Methods Dock side sampling, laboratory and dockside testing of scale model.
Dock side testing of full scale prototype (600- 1000 m3/h).
The "Artemia Testing System for ballast water treatment options " as laid out by
Dr M Voigt of Dr Voigt - consultants was adopted.
Bacteria tests (ecoli, cholera, streptococcus) Conducted and verified by the
South African Bureau of Standards (S.A.B.S.), an internationally accredited
testing laboratory according to ISO/EC 17025 (No TO113.)
Results 95-98% kill rate of Artemia samples (scale dockside) [Input concentration not
100% kill rate of bacteria (scale dockside) provided]
Full Scale testing currently underway. Third party verified data announcement
anticipated for August 2004.
101
Projects Under Way Ukraine
Ukraine
Name of Project Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Filtration Treatment of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Hybrid system including mechanical filtration in combination with
hydrodynamic cavitation
Principal Researcher(s) Mr Anatoliy Mikhailovich Andryushchenko
Contact Details Andryuschenko Anatoliy
Director, CJSC "Engineering Center TRANSZVUK"
65014 Odessa, 6, Nahimova lane
Tel: +38 0482 22 09 31
Fax: +38 0487 28 01 02
?mail: transsound@paco.net
Host Institution(s) CJSC "Engineering Center TRANSZVUK"
Location of Research Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, Odessa Branch National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine
Funding Level Approximately US$31,500 plus in-kind support
Funding Source(s) GloBallast Programme
Timeframe of the Project February 2003 November 2004
Aims and objectives of the ·
To search of the technological solution for ships' ballast water treatment
project · Developing of pilot ships installation.
·
Tests of hydraulic cavitation method efficiency for decontaminating of
ballast waters in a combination with filtering.
·
Study of seawater hydraulic cavitation decontaminating in relation to
macro and microorganisms, including bacteria etc. in a combination with
filtering.
·
Analyze of the received results.
·
Estimation of the specific power costs.
Research Methods The hydrodynamic cavitation decontamination of fluids is based on local
complex high-intense ultrasonic effect on a flow at high-speed phase changes,
in combination with instantaneous (exemplary time of effect - 10-4...10-6 s)
pressure changes. Thus the potentially expensive electronic generators of
ultrasound are not applied and the thermal energy is not spent. In zone of sharp
differential pressure at movement of fluids there is an instantaneous gas -making
and, under certain conditions, generation of an ultrasound of high intensity as a
result of hydrodynamic effects.
Generated in narrow zone of a flow the ultrasound breaks down macro- and
micro -organisms structure. Besides, at a secondary pressure changes (from
vacuum to overpressure), there is a so-called pressure jump caused by transition
of medium velocity from ultrasonic to subsonic. This pressure jump results in
collapse of steam-gaseous bladders, that is accompanied by potent mechanical
effect on a fluid.
The efficiency of a bactericide effect of ultrasonic oscillations depends on the
form of micro-organisms, strength of chemical composition of cellular wall,
availability of a sheath, age of culture, ultrasound intensity, frequency of
ultrasonic oscillations and duration. It is known, that irradiation of water by
ultrasound at specific output more than 3 W/ cm2 at frequencies 500 to1000
kHz, results in complete break down of micro-organisms in water column at
depth of 100 mms.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Results ·
Estimation of applicability of hydraulic cavitation decontamination for
treating ship ballast waters to meet requirements of Regulations E-1 to E-4.
·
Results depends on water decontaminating degree (different macro and
micro -organisms), on hydrodynamic parameters, modes of seawater filtering
and filter materials.
·
Estimation of specific power costs.
·
Development of technical advisories on designing full scale system
103
Projects Under Way United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Name of Project EU MARTOB Project
Treatment options researched Thermal, UV, US, Ozone, Oxicide, De-Oxygenation and Advance Oxidation
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Ehsan Mesbahi (Project Manager)
Prof. Atilla Incecik (Project Coordinator)
Miss Ana Paula Esteves (Project Administrator)
Contact Details School of Marine Science and Technology, Armstrong Building
University of Newcastle
Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 191 222 6723 (Ehsan.mesbahi@ncl.ac.uk)
: +44 191 222 6724 (Atilla.Incecik@ncl.ac.uk)
Fax: +44 191 222 5491
Host Institution(s) University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Location of Research UK: UNEW, ABC, FRS, INTERTANKO, SOU, TQ, ICS
Finland: AAU, VTT
Netherlands: TNO, TME, BERSON, HW
Norway: SINTEF, MARINTEK, Shell MP, WW, FUELTECH, NSA
France: IFREMER, BV
Sweden: ALFA LAVAL, SSPA
Greece: EPE
Denmark: MAN B&W.
Funding Level Approximately 3.8 million.
Funding Source(s) Partially funded by European Commission under the 5th Framework
Programme for research, technological development and demonstration
activities, GROWTH, (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport).
Timeframe of the Project MARTOB started in April 2001and will run for three years.
Aims and objectives of the The objectives of MARTOB are:
project · To investigate methodologies for preventing the introduction of non
indigenous species through ships' ballast water;
·
To develop design tools and treatment equipment to be used in the further
development of ballast water treatment techniques;
·
To assess the direct and indirect environmental aspects of current and
newly developed methods;
·
To develop cost-effective (capital and running), safe, environmentally
friendly onboard treatment methods;
·
To produce guidelines for crew training and criteria for selecting
appropriate ballast water management methods for different types of ship;
·
To assess the financial, technical and operational effects of a sulphur cap
on marine bunker fuel in European waters, and propose a verification
scheme ensuring compliance with a sulphur cap from all players in the
market;
To help to facilitate the introduction of an important sulphur emission
abatement measure without unintentional distortion of competition in the
shipping market.
Research Methods Theoretical, laboratory tests and onboard sea trials.
Results Under preparation.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
United States of America
Name of Project Assessment of On-Shore Treatment of Ballast Water Discharges (a
Programme of Several Ongoing, Inter-Related Research Projects, Funded
by Various Agencies)
Treatment options researched Onshore treatment plants.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Andrew Cohen (Senior Scientist, Biological Invasions Program, San
Francisco Estuary Institute), Dr David Jenkins (Emeritus Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley), Arleen
Navarett (Senior Marine Biologist, Water Quality Bureau, City and County of
San Francisco).
Contact Details Dr Andrew Cohen
San Francisco Estuary Institute
180 Richmond Field Station
1325 S 46th Street
Richmond, CA 94804
United States of America
Tel: +1 510 231 9423
Fax: +1 510 231 9414
Email: acohen@sfei.org
Web: www.sfei.org/invasion.html
Host Institution(s) San Francisco Estuary Institute
University of California at Berkeley
City and County of San Francisco
Location of Research Richmond Field Station, Richmond, CA.
Funding Level Total of around US$325,000 in received, obligated and pending funding.
Funding Source(s) US Fish and Wildlife Service, California Sea Grant College System, Pollution
Mitigation funds arranged through the San Francisco Bay Regional Water
Quality Control Board.
Timeframe of the Project Began in 1999 and is ongoing
Aims and objectives of the To assess the potential and estimate the relative costs of treating ballast water
project discharges in onshore treatment plants, using either existing wastewater
treatment plants or purpose-built treatment plants.
Research Methods ·
Benchtop tests and on-paper analyses of potential limitations on ballast
water treatment in existing municipal wastewater treatment plants and the
probable effectiveness of treatment of ballast water in existing municipal
wastewater treatment plants, based in a variety of test organisms;
·
Design and on-paper analyses of probable effectiveness of treatment of
ballast water in purpose-built, onshore ballast treatment plants;
·
Estimate costs of treatment in existing wastewater treatment plants and
purpose-built treatment plants.
Results To be determined.
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Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Laboratory-Scale Investigation of Ballast Water Treatment using Ferrate
Treatment options researched Ferrate addition
Principal Researcher(s) Luke Daly, Ferrate Treatment Technologies, LLC
Debra Reinhart, University of Central Florida
Virender Sharma, Florida Institute of Technology
Linda Walters, University of Central Florida
Andrew Randall, University of Central Florida
Contact Details Luke J. Daly
1322 Waltham Avenue
Orlando
Florida 32809
Tel: +407 857 5721
Fax: +407 826 0166
Email: luke.daly@ferrate.info
Host Institution(s) University of Central Florida
Location of Research Orlando, Florida
Funding Level $178,000
Funding Source(s) NOAA
Timeframe of the Project September 1, 2004 March 31, 2006
Aims and objectives of the ·
To evaluate iron(VI) or ferrate as a cost-effective alternative to existing
project
ballast water treatment technologies.
·
To eliminate phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other microorganisms from
seawater by applying ferrate to samples collected from the Port of Cape
Canaveral Florida.
·
To demonstrate that ferrate is also toxic to larger, more complex marine
organisms like fish and invertebrate larvae thereby eliminating the need for
primary treatment that is required by other ballast water treatment biocides
and UV systems.
·
To show why ferrate is an environmentally friendly, safe, and easy-to-
implement solution for treating ship ballast water.
Research Methods ·
Conduct ferrate disinfection tests in the laboratory on zooplankton,
phytoplankton, and microorganisms in sea water under various contact
times, dosage, and environmental conditions (pH, salinity, and turbidity);
and,
·
Dockside testing of 500 gallons of port seawater from Cape Canaveral,
Florida; and,
·
Based on laboratory and dockside findings, determine the technical and
commercial feasibility for a full-scale ferrate ballast water treatment
implementation.
Results Preliminary studies have been conducted with harbour water taken at two
locations in the Port of Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA. Sample A was taken at
the inner Port, while Sample B was collected to the exit at the Port nearer to the
open ocean. Samples were analysed for Total Coliform, Eschericha. coli, and
Hetrotrophic bacterial counts. The total coliform and E. coli in samples A was
reduced to non-detectable levels with the addition of a very small ferrate dose of
only 0.5 mg/L. The levels of Heterotrophic bacteria in both samples A and B
were also reduced to non-detectable values at a dose of approximately 2 mg/L.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment by De-oxygenation with Elevated CO2 for a
Shipboard Installation
Treatment options researched Hypoxia combined with elevated carbon dioxide levels
Principal Researcher(s) Mo Husain and Horst Felbeck
Contact Details Mo Husain, President
MH Systems, Inc.
10951 Sorrento Valley Road, Suite 2F
San Diego
CA 92121 USA
Tel: +858 452 1280
Fax: +858 452 6035
Email: husainm@mhsystemscorp.com
Host Institution(s) MH Systems, Inc. and Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Location of Research San Diego, California
Funding Level Not Available
Funding Source(s) Internal R&D
Timeframe of the Project 2 Years
Aims and objectives of the The goals of the project were:
project
a) Test the effect of "inert gas" on marine organisms as a possible
treatment method for ballast water
b) Establish a basic design for a full scale treatment system
c) Estimate the costs of the treatment for the ship operator
Research Methods Several different marine invertebrates, plankton and Vibrio cholerae were
incubated in experiments to determine their survival. The parallel incubations
were gassed with nitrogen (anaerobic) or "Trimix" (2% oxygen, 12% carbon
dioxide, balance nitrogen).
Aerobic controls, which were gassed with air, were done in parallel for each
incubation. All incubations were done with several to many specimens of each
species (depending on size and availability).
Results All organisms tested died within a few hours after incubation in Trimix. The
survival rate appears to be significantly shorter than an anaerobic incubation
alone. All invertebrates showed no mortality in aerobic incubations. Vibrio
cholerae was non viable (>99%) after an incubation period of 24h.
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Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Ballast and Oily Water Treatment System (BOWTS)
Treatment options researched Series of stages that include mechanical separation and filtration, chemical
attachment and stripping, and ultraviolet microbial sanitation.
Principal Researcher(s) Several and various corporate and alliance members
Contact Details Martin Fox
Director, Emerging Technology Division
Santa Barbara Applied Research Incorporated
1925 N. Lynn Street, Suite 1102
Arlington, VA 22209
United States of America
Tel: +1 703 526 0022
Fax: +1 703 526 0222
Email: martinfox@sbar.com
Host Institution(s) Santa Barbara Applied Research Incorporated.
Location of Research California, USA and Chesapeake Tidewater Area, USA.
Funding Level Under discussion.
Funding Source(s) Internal R&D. Seeking institutional/government partners.
Timeframe of the Project Initial feasibility exploration < 1 year.
Establishment of treatment criteria to be determined.
Aims and objectives of the 1. Prove scalability of existing system to permit increased flow rates and
project
filtration levels appropriate to economic treatment of large capacity ballast.
2. Exploration of the level of ballast water treatment (how clean of what
species) that will help establish reasonable criteria, both biologic and
economic, for the use of government regulators.
Research Methods Empirical.
Results To be determined.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Field Test Demonstration of Improved Methods of Ballast Water Treatment
and Monitoring Utilizing Filtration, Ozone and Sonics: Phase III
Treatment options researched Filtration, low frequency sonics and ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas L. Maddox
Contact Details Environmental Technologies, Inc.
T.L. Maddox Co mpany
16149 Westwoods Business Park
Ellisville, MO 63021-4505
Tel: +1 636 394 8161
Fax: + 1 636 394 6776
Email: tlm@tlmcos.com
Web: www.zebra-mussels.com
http://invasions.si.edu
Host Institution(s) US Department of Commerce
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Sea Grant Program
US Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife
US Department of Transportation
US Maritime Administration
Location of Research On dock beside the MARAD ship Cape Wrath located in Baltimore, MD, USA
Funding Level US$303,300
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program #NA04OAR4170150
Timeframe of the Project Phase III 1 September 2004 31 December 2004
Aims and objectives of the Develop a ballast treatment and monitoring system which treats only the ballast
project water actually discharged at any given point in time @ 5,000 GPM. This
system aims to kill phytoplankton, zooplankton, dinoflagellates, etc. All of this
to occur without byproducts. This system would also need to be: compact,
quiet, safe, user friendly, durable, low maintenance, environmentally friendly,
PLC controlled and monitored, use off-the-shelf components, flexible and
scalable for use on any size, age, and type, economical to operate, and have no
moving parts
Research Methods Phase I Demonstrate the effectiveness of combining the use of filtration and a
low-frequency sonic contact reactor with ozone in a laboratory environment
(Completed). For details of lab methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of
these techniques, see next section.
Phase II Demonstrate the unit dockside at 150 GPM along side the MARAD
ship Cape Wrath located in Baltimore, MD, USA (Completed).
For details of lab methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of these
techniques, see next section.
Phase III Demonstrate a unit dockside along side the MARAD ship Cape
Wrath located in Baltimore, MD, USA @ 500 GPM. This next level of testing
will also incorporate both a chemical and biological monitoring system
capable of satellite data transmission. This monitoring system to insure the
ballast water treatment system is working safely, effectively and without
harmful by-products whenever the ship's ballast water system is discharging
it's ballast (Under way).
Phase IV Incorporate the findings from early work into an operable,
monitored shipboard system @ 5,000 GPM. The method uses a mechanically
driven acoustic transducer operating at low-frequency to promote intimate
mixing of gases, liquids, and solids to improve the contact between the
organisms in ballast water and ozone bubbles, resulting in greater mortality at
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Projects Under Way United States
small dosing rates. The processes produce high-intensity acoustic compression
and rarefaction waves which are propagated throughout the reactor. The
intense pressure and turbulence induced shear caused by these waves will
stress and traumatize the organisms, increasing their vulnerability to the ozone
(Future).
Results Phase I final report available upon request. Also available are the lab results
by Dr. Robert A. Andersen at Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of
Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West
Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA.
Phase II final report available upon request.
Phase III final report will be available by 31 December 2004.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Ozone Treatment Applied with Diffusers
Treatment options researched Ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Nutech O3, Inc
Contact Details 5214 Monroe Place
Hyattsville, MD 20781
Tel: +703 288 1910
Fax: +301 277 7496
Email: mikej@nutech-o3.com
Host Institution(s) University of North Carolina at Wilmington, University of Washington,
Western Washington University, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Technical Services Co., Inc., BP
Exploration (Alaska) Inc.
Location of Research Port Angeles, WA; Long Beach, CA; Cherry Point, WA; Valdez, AK
Funding Level $600,000 plus $225,000 Matching
Funding Source(s) NOAA, US Fish and Wildlife, BP Exploration, Northeast Technical Services,
Nutech O3, Inc.
Timeframe of the Project October 2001 May 2005
Aims and objectives of the Demonstration of full scale shipboard ozonation system using diffusers for the
project removal of aquatic nuisance species.
Research Methods This study is the first of several phases, and measured the effects of ozone
treatment and ballast water exchange, replicated on multiple dates with ballast
water originating from Puget Sound. The experiments were designed to
compare changes in treatment tanks over time to those observed in untreated
control tanks. Treatment tanks (designated for ozone or ballast water exchange)
were filled from the same source as untreated control tanks and all tanks were
sampled at fixed time points throughout the same experiment.
Three ozone experiments and two ballast water exchange experiments were
conducted. Including a third tank as a control, ballast tanks were filled at the
same time and location to obtain a direct comparison between the efficacy of
exchange and ozonation. Samples were collected at multiple time points,
including before and after treatment, from each tank using several access
locations (manways or Butterworth® openings) on the deck of the ship.
Treatments were as follows: No. 3 wing port (ozone treatment); No. 3 wing
starboard (air-sparged control); and No. 4 port (ballast water exchange).
Samples were used to measure changes in biota and water chemistry over time,
as described below.
Effects of treatment on biota were measured in two ways. First, for organisms
entrained in the ballast tanks, samples were collected from treatment and control
tanks at least before and after treatment, and sometimes at intermediate time
points, to compare changes in concentration and condition of resident organisms
between treatments. This approach was used to measure effects of ozone and
ballast water exchange treatments on bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
Second, for larger organisms (which are rare and more difficult to sample), a
defined number of individual organisms were placed in various types of cages
to measure the effect of ozone treatment. This second approach was used for
fish, crabs, mysids, and amphipods. These caged organisms were placed in
ozone treated and control tanks to compare mortality rates over time; a similar
approach was not used in the BWE tanks, due both to the turbulence associated
with this treatment and the mode of action, which was considered to be
primarily achieved through removal and not mortality.
One preliminary and three full experiments were conducted over the course of
one year. The preliminary test, designed to provide data for the full scale
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Projects Under Way United States
testing, provided information on the chemical reactions of ozone, including by-
product formation and their effects on bacteria. Experiment 1 closely mimicked
the ozone dosage that could be achieved on the S/T Tonsina during routine
operations. During a typical 3.5-day voyage, the ozone system would apply
0.62 mg/L/hours ozone to the 2,850,000 L of each segregated ballast water tank
in the vessel for a duration of five hours. This would be achieved by treating
the 12 segregated ballast water tanks separately. During experiment 1, the
ozone-loading rate was 0.59 mg/L/hours and lasted 5 hours. Experiment 2
achieved an ozone-loading rate of 0.86 mg/L/hours that resulted from improved
operation of the ozone generator. In experiment 3, where only the vertical
portions of the tanks were treated and the experiment lasted for 10 hours, an
ozone-loading rate of 1.35 mg/L/hours was achieved. In Experiments 2 and 3,
much larger amounts of ozone were purposely directed to the tank
compartments that were sampled.
Results 1.
Using this prototype system, 5-10 hours of ballast water ozonation
resulted in a 71-99% reduction of selected marine phytoplankton, zooplankton
and bacteria. The results depended upon the individual organism and the
amount of ozone gas delivered to individual ballast water tanks over time.
2.
Large, mobile organisms (especially benthic crabs and amphipods)
appeared to be relatively resistant to ozone treatment compared to planktonic
organisms.
3.
Our experiments may have underestimated the efficacy of ozone
treatment resulting from the possible residual toxicity of bromine over time.
Some organisms appeared affected by the initial treatment and may succumb
over time, however, such effects are not included in our analysis. Additional
study under field conditions is warranted to test for such effects.
4.
The efficacy of ozone treatment to reduce planktonic organisms was as
good as that of BWE aboard the same vessel for which empty-refill exchange
resulted in an average reduction of 64% for zooplankton.
5.
Both field and laboratory experiments suggested that significant
organism mortality can be achieved once concentrations of ozone-produced
oxidants reach 1 3 mg/L (as chlorine equivalents), or when oxidation-
reduction potential reaches levels of 700 800 mV. Once further validated,
such toxicity thresholds could be used to help develop control targets for aiding
the routine operation of ozone systems.
6.
Our preliminary results suggested that bromine was the ozone-
produced oxidant that was responsible for organism mortality. Furthermore,
bromine may persist at toxic concentrations in ballast waters 1 - 2 days
following ozonation depending on storage conditions and exposure to sunlight.
Additional experiments are being conducted in the summer of 2004. Results
will be published when they become available.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Venturi Applied Ozone Treatment
Treatment options researched Venturi applied ozone treatment
Principal Researcher(s) Nutech O3, Inc.
Contact Details 5214 Monroe Place
Hyattsville, MD 20781
Tel: +703 288 1910
Fax: +301 277 7496
Email: mikej@nutech-o3.com
Host Institution(s) University of North Carolina at Wilmington, University of Washington, Iowa
State University, Northeast Technical Services Co., Inc., BP Exploration
(Alaska) Inc.
Location of Research Port Angeles, WA; Long Beach, CA; Cherry Point, WA; Valdez, AK
Funding Level $1,700,000
Funding Source(s) NOAA
Timeframe of the Project June 2004 August 2005
Aims and objectives of the This project, will determine the effectiveness of a new, single point injection
project technology for injecting ozone into the ballast water. We believe this
technology will be more effective in killing the invasive species, because far
greater quantities of ozone will be injected and the distribution of ozone will be
uniform through the ballast water. It will also be far less expensive to install
since only a single 50 foot to 100 foot pipe, and a venturi, will be required to
inject the ozone into the ballast water intake pipe. On the S/T Tonsina, nearly
21,000 feet of pipe was required because the ozone was injected into the ship's
ballast water tanks. Therefore, our objective will be to prove our theory that
injecting ozone into ballast water via a single point is more effective in
removing invasive aquatic species than our system onboard the S/T Tonsina.
We also plan to demonstrate that ballast water treated with ozone will not create
any environmental hazards when it is discharged from the ship. The injected
ozone reverts to oxygen within a few seconds. We believe any toxic levels of
bromine, or bromate ion, created by the ozone will either rapidly disintegrate to
levels that meet with accepted discharge guidelines or may be easily removed
by the introduction of additional off-the-shelf chemicals that are routinely used
to remove excess chlorine from chlorinated municipal water supplies.
Research Methods It is our intent to select a ship, design a single point ozone injection system for
this ship, install the system on the ship during an early 2005 out-of-service
period, and test the effectiveness of this system in the control of invasive
aquatic species. The details of this plan are discussed in our statement of work.
A general plan for our scientific protocol is found below.
Goal: To establish the absolute treatment efficiency of the single point
ozonation process for organisms at the various trophic levels in ballast water
under "normal" ship operations.
Experimental Considerations
·
Organisms to be studied Trophic levels
a. Bacteria
b. Phytoplankton
c. Zooplankton
d. Caged Organisms
·
Control Studies
No treatment
·
Time Course
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Projects Under Way United States
a. TRO concentrations two maximum
b. TRO decomposition with time (C*T)
·
WET Testing
Function of TRO
·
Chemical Characterization
a. Water Quality Parameters
i. Baseline data for each experiment
ii. Have shown extensively that none are altered necessary to do
more?
b. Bromoform
·
Open Ocean Exchange
None planned
·
Laboratory Experiments for selected pathogens and indicator organisms
a. Vibrio cholerae
b. Escherichia coli
c. Enterococcus sp.
Sampling
·
Multiple Depths in Treatment Tanks
a. Flowing water via lines
i. Bacteria
ii. Phytoplankton
iii. Chemistry
b. Vertical tows
i. Zooplankton
c. Niskin Bottles (if necessary)
·
Time
a. e.g. 0, 2.5, 5.0 7.5 and 10 hours for most parameters
b. 0, 5.0 and 10.0 for zooplankton
·
Multiple horizontal sampling points
·
Seasonal sampling
·
Sampling/tests at both ports of call
a. North
b. South
Analysis
·
Ship Board
a. Heterotrophic plate counts (if space is available)
b. Zooplankton (if space is available)
c. Chemical Characterization
·
Shore Based
a. Phytoplankton (chlorophyll and flow cytometry)
b. 3-D Characterization of treated and untreated water
Control and Monitoring
·
The goal will be to incorporate both on-line, real-time measurements and
individual sample analysis of the effluent (and the water in the ballast tank)
to control the TRO.
·
Monitoring will be conducted by testing TRO similar to the use of
disinfection monitoring used in drinking water.
Output and Anticipated Benefits
The ongoing Sea Grant Funded research at the USGS Marrowstone Marine
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Field Station has indicated that a single point injection system is efficacious and
a cost-effective treatment system for a full scale system installation. Our
proposed research will thoroughly examine the efficacy of this in line ozonation
system on-board our test vessel. The benefits for preventing the introduction of
ANS present in ballast water are numerous and well documented. Future
introductions of aquatic nuisance species could result in enormous economic
and environmental impacts.
Results This study was funded in June 2004. Testing will begin in early 2005. Results
will be posted when they become available.
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Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project De-oxygenation through Venture Oxygen Stripping
Treatment options researched Deoxygenation
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Mario Tamburri, University of Maryland/Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
Dr. Greg Ruiz, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Mr. Peter McNulty, NEI Treatment Systems
Contact Details Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences
PO Box 38 / One Williams Street
Solomons, Maryland 20688
Tel: +1 410 326 7440
Fax: +1 410 326 7428
Email: tamburri@cbl.umces.edu
Host Institution(s) Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences
Location of Research TECO Ocean Shipping bulk carrier from Port Arthur, Texas and Jacksonville,
Florida, USA
Teekay Shipping tanker from Singapore the west coast of USA
Funding Level $380,000
Funding Source(s) NOAA Ballast Water Technology Demonstration Program
Timeframe of the Project September 2004 August 2006
Aims and objectives of the The Full-Scale Controlled Experiments Under Real-World Conditions
project evaluations of Venturi Oxygen StrippingTM will be divided into two distinct
phases or objectives. 1) Engineering Efficacy: Install and verify operational
abilities, effectiveness to produce intended conditions, and reliability of the
VOS systems onboard active vessels, 2) Biological Efficacy: Test the ability of
VOS to reduce concentrations living ballast water organisms, during normal
vessel operations, to meet IMO standards.
Research Methods The first objective will be addressed by evaluating engineering efficacy.
Teekay and TECO will work with NEI to install and test the mechanical
components of the treatment technologies to determine operational abilities,
safety, and reliability using standard scientific principles. This will include the
continuous monitoring of physical conditions of treated and untreated ballast
water (e.g., temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH), impacts on the vessel
structurally and operationally, and basic system performance.
The second objective will be addressed by evaluating biological efficacy.
Replicate samples will be collected and evaluated for both treated and untreated
(control) ballast tanks at two or three depths (to include shallow and deep
locations) immediately after filling and just prior to discharge after a voyage.
The number of living organisms per unit volume will be determined from the
samples for two different size classes: greater than 80 µm and between 80 to 10
µm, using direct microscopic observations, selective staining, and flow
cytometry. In addition, the concentrations of total bacteria will also be
determined by flow cytometry and the abundance of three specific indicator
microbes (E. coli, V. cholera and intestinal Enterococci) will be quantified
using direct plate counts and chromogenic substrate methods. This basic design
will measure the effect of the VOS treatment on concentrations of live
organisms in discharge water, controlling for the effect of initial concentration
(before and final samples) and the effects of time (control tanks).
Results To be determined.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Shipboard Trials of Ballast Water Treatment Systems in the United States
Treatment options researched Mechanical: Separation and Filtration Chemical: Biocides
Principal Researcher(s) Drs. David A. Wright and Rodger Dawson, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory,
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.
Contact Details Dr. David Wright
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
1 Williams Street, P.O. Box 38
Solomons, MD 20688
USA
Tel: +1 410 326 7240
Fax: +1 410 326 7210
E-Mail: wright@cbl.umces.edu
Thomas P. Mackey
Hyde marine, Inc.
28045 Ranney Parkway
Cleveland, OH 44145
USA
Tel: +1 440 871 8000 ext. 112
Fax: +1 440 871 8104
E-mail: tmackey@hydemarine.com
Host Institution(s) University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science
Location of Research Baltimore, Maryland USA
Funding Level $1,200,000
Funding Source(s) National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Maryland Port Administration,
U.S. Maritime Administration
Timeframe of the Project 2001-2005
Aims and objectives of the A variety of ballast water treatment technologies are scheduled to be tested at
project full-scale aboard ships of the U.S. reserve fleet. Two biocides and an ultraviolet
light irradiation unit have been tested in 2001, and combination technologies
including a centrifugal separator, a depth filter plus secondary treatments
(biocides and UV) will be tested in 2003-2005.
Research Methods Treated and untreated water samples from shipboard mesocosms and ballast
tanks are examined for zooplankton (microscopic live/dead examination aboard
the ship), phytoplankton growth potential (following a grow-out period under
fluorescent light), acridine orange fluorescent bacterial counts and cultural
bacteria (also following grow-out periods). In all cases treated samples are
compared with untreated samples to determine the efficacy of each treatment.
Water samples are also examined to determine particulate profile and water
quality parameters.
Results 100 ppm Peraclean Ocean®, an inorganic oxidant and 2ppm Seakleen® (an
organic, natural product cellular oxidant) were both effective in controlling
zooplankton and phytoplankton in ballast water. UV irradiation, using a 32kW
system was able to inhibit phytoplankton growth and resulted in zooplankton
mortalities of >95% at ballast water flow rates of ca. 1500gpm.
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Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Performance Verification of Ballast Water Treatment Technologies by
USEPA/NSF Environmental Technology Verification Program
Treatment options researched Performance testing of all treatment technologies
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas G. Stevens, Raymond M. Frederick, Richard A. Everett, James T.
Hurley, Carlton D. Hunt, Deborah C. Tanis
Contact Details Thomas Stevens
NSF International
789 Dixboro Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
United States
Tel: +1 734 769 5347
Fax: +1 734 769 5195
Email: stevenst@nsf.org
Host Institution(s) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NSF International
U.S. Coast Guard
Location of Research Multiple locations in United States.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Coast Guard
Timeframe of the Project June 2001 ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the Develop and implement a program for verification of the performance of
project technologies designed to treat ballast water.
Research Methods Develop testing protocol with stakeholder input, and implement testing program
that will produce credible, independent data on performance efficiency and
operation and maintenance requirements, and make public the results of the
testing for use by purchasers, users and regulators.
Results A draft protocol has been produced and is in review by a technical panel; the
final draft will be available soon for general stakeholder (US and international)
review and comment, leading to a final protocol. Pilot testing against the
protocol is being planned.
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Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory 2nd Edition November 2004
Name of Project Crumb Rubber Filtration for Ballast Water Treatment
Treatment options researched Crumb Rubber Filtration for Ballast Water Treatment
Principal Researcher(s) Yuefeng Xie
Contact Details Environmental Engineering, TL 175
Penn State Harrisburg
Middletown, PA 17057, USA
Tel: +1 717 948 6415
Fax: +1 717 948 6580
Email: yxx4@psu.edu
Host Institution(s) Penn State Harrisburg
Location of Research Middletown, Pennsylvania, USA
Funding Level $200,000
Funding Source(s) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA
United States Geological Survey
Timeframe of the Project 2003 - 2006
Aims and objectives of the The objectives of this research are to investigate the application of crumb rubber
project filtration for ballast water treatment and develop design and operational criteria
for on-board crumb rubber ballast water filters for ballast water treatment. The
removal of turbidity, particles, phytoplankton, and zooplankton in crumb rubber
filter will be evaluated under in various design, operational, and water quality
parameters. Filtration rate, run time, and filter backwash will also be evaluated.
The ultimate goal of this proposed project is to provide design and operational
criteria for a ballast water crumb rubber filter which could be used in a
subsequent full-scale demonstration project. Our hypnosis is that a well
designed crumb rubber filter, operated at 20-40 gpm/ft2, can achieve an
effective removal of invasive species.
Research Methods The research will be conducted in three phases. Phase I consists of field pilot
studies to evaluate the effects of crumb rubber size, filter media depth, filtration
rate, and coagulation on the filter performance using water from a fresh water
lake, Pinchot Lake in Gifford Pinchot State Park. Phase II consists of the
development of design and operational criteria for an on-board crumb rubber
filter. Phase III consists of field pilot studies to verify the design and
operational criteria and investigate other factors (e.g., turbidity and salinity)
which may affect the design and operation of an on-board crumb rubber filter.
Results The success of the proposed project will result in design and operational criteria
for a ballast water crumb rubber filtration system. Because of its higher water
filtration rate, lighter weight, and longer filter run time, crumb rubber filtration
is potentially an ideal treatment technique for ballast water treatment. As an in-
vessel treatment facility in cargo ships or cruise ships, these crumb rubber filters
could potentially be installed inside the ballast water tanks. The crumb rubber
filters could also be mounted on a barge as a mobile treatment unit. For land
based treatment facilities, using the crumb rubber filtration could significantly
reduces the land requirements and the capital and operational cost of the ballast
water treatment. This technology could also be developed for storm water and
combined effluent treatment. The use of the crumb rubber will also minimize
the waste tire piles and promote green technology concepts.
119
Appendix One:
Template for Submissions to be
Included in the Directory
This form is available as a Word document from http://globallast.imo.org/research/
Ballast Water Treatment R & D Directory November 2004
Name of Project
Treatment options researched
Principal Researcher(s)
Contact Details
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research
Funding [US$]
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project
Aims and objectives of the
project
Research Methods
Results
Ballast
W
ater T
Global Ballast Water
Management Programme
reatment
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
R&D Dir
ectory 2nd Edition
2nd Edition
.dwa.uk.com
NOVEMBER 2004
More Information?
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