Ballast
W
a
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Global Ballast Water
Management Programme
reatment
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
R&D Dir
ectory
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
AUGUST 2002
More Information?
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SR United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 7587 3247 or 3251
Fax: +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Web: http://globallast.imo.org
A cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility,
United Nations Development Programme and International Maritime Organization.
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
August 2002
Acknowledgements
This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory has been compiled by Leonard Webster and Steve
Raaymakers of the GloBallast Programme Coordination Unit, International Maritime Organization,
London.
Information contained in the Directory has been provided by the various research groups listed in the
Directory or obtained from published reports.
Further Information:
Leonard Webster
Administrative Assistant
Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3113
Email lwebster@imo.org
Steve Raaymakers
Technical Adviser
Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3251
Email sraaymak@imo.org
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR UK
Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Web http://globallast.imo.org
International Maritime Organization
Published in August 2002 by the
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
Tel +44 (0)20 7587 3251
Fax +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Email sraaymak@imo.org
Web http://globallast.imo.org
The Global Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast) is a cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility (GEF),
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) to assist developing countries to reduce
the transfer of harmful organisms in ships' ballast water.
The opinions expressed in this document are not necessarily those of GEF, UNDP or IMO
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Contents
Background ...........................................................................................................................................2
Structure of the Directory ....................................................................................................................2
Future of the Directory .........................................................................................................................3
Request for Submissions.....................................................................................................................3
The Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD) ...........................................................................3
The R&D Directory ................................................................................................................................5
1. Projects Completed ......................................................................................................................5
2. Projects Under Way....................................................................................................................35
Appendix One: Template for Submissions to be Included in the Directory.
1
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Background
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), with funding provided by the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), has initiated the Global
Ballast Water Management Programme (GloBallast).
This programme is aimed at reducing the transfer of harmful marine species in ships' ballast water, by
assisting developing countries to implement existing IMO voluntary guidelines on ballast water
management (IMO Assembly Resolution A.868(20)), and to prepare for the anticipated introduction
of an international legal instrument regulating ballast water management, currently being developed
by IMO member countries.
To implement the programme, a Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) has been established at IMO in
London. One of the many functions of the PCU is to establish and maintain an information resource
centre and clearing house, in order to improve the global communication and dissemination of
information relating to this issue, and thus facilitate increased coordination and cooperation between
the many parties involved. This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory has been developed as part
of this effort.
Structure of the Directory
This directory lists research and development projects that are focussed specifically on the physical,
mechanical or chemical treatment of ballast water to prevent/reduce the transfer of aquatic organisms.
It does not list broader research projects relating to ballast water or marine bio-invasion issues in
general (see Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD) below).
The directory is organised into two primary divisions:
· Projects Completed
· Projects Under Way
Within each primary division research projects are listed by country.
Within each country they are listed in alphabetical order by name of the principal researcher.
Finally, information categories for each research project are:
· Name of project
· Treatment options researched
· Principal researcher
· Contact details
· Host institution
· Location of research
· Funding level
· Funding source(s)
· Timeframe
· Aims and objectives
2
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
· Research methods
· Results.
Where information categories are left blank for certain projects this indicates that the information was
not provided/is not available.
Future of the Directory
This hard copy directory has been developed into a searchable database accessible on the GloBallast
web site, http://globallast.imo.org/research/. It has also been provided to the Smithsonian
Environmental Research Centre (SERC) for use in the Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD)
(see below). The GloBallast PCU will periodically update the directory and disseminate updates in
hardcopy and via the web site.
Request for Submissions
It should be noted that this directory is by no means exhaustive. There may be many ballast water
treatment research and development activities underway around the world that have not yet been
identified and/or entered into the directory. R&D groups conducting projects not currently listed are
invited to complete the standard data form in Appendix One and submit it to the contacts listed below,
preferably electronically. This form is available at http://globallast.imo.org/research.
The Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD)
It should be noted that a broader database of scientific research covering all disciplines relating to the
issue of marine bio-invasions in general has been developed by SERC in Maryland, USA. This is
called the Aquatic Invasions Research Directory (AIRD). AIRD can be accessed on
http://invasions.si.edu/aird.htm.
This Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory is far more focussed than AIRD. It is intended to
supplement AIRD by providing more detailed entries on ballast water treatment R&D specifically.
These are of greater immediate interest, relevance and utility to IMO's shipping and ballast water
focussed constituencies than the general science of marine bio-invasions.
3
1. Projects Completed
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Australia
Name of Project Ports Corporation of Queensland Ballast Water Initiative No. 2:
R&D of Ballast Water Treatment Technology
Treatment options researched pH adjustment, coagulation/flocculation, filtration, UV & ozone.
Principal Researcher(s) Darren Oemcke.
Contact Details United Water International Pty Ltd
GPO Box 1875
Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
Tel: +61 8 8301 2709
Fax: +61 8 8357 9728
Email: darren.oemcke@uwi.com.au.
Host Institution(s) CRC Reef Research Centre.
Location of Research Townsville, Australia.
Funding Level Ports Corporation of Queensland (PCQ) (AUD$92,000), CRC (AUD$90,000).
Funding Source(s) PCQ, CRC.
Timeframe of the Project July 1995 to June 1998.
Aims and objectives of the · Evaluate the effectiveness of treatment options tested and estimate cost for
project
ballast water treatment.
· Determine sizes of treatment plant, design a full-scale pilot treatment plant.
· Evaluate environmental impacts of treatment options, assess expected risk
reduction vs. cost.
Research Methods · Literature review.
· Ballast water sampling:
- Identification of potential problem species and characteristics of ballast
water which affect the disinfection technologies.
· Disinfection testing:
- Ozone, ultraviolet light and membrane filtration.
- Pre-treatments examined included: pH adjustment, coagulation/
flocculation, filtration.
· Pilot Plant Design.
Results The initial literature review suggested that ozone, UV irradiation and filtration
were strong candidates for ballast water treatment.
Experiments showed UV preceded by filtration to remove sediments and larger
organisms as having the most potential as an effective ballast water treatment at
doses which could be cost effective.
A pilot plant design for follow-up research was proposed.
7
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Ballast Water Exchange and Marine Plankton Distribution Trials on
the M.V. Iron Whyalla
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby and Gustaff Hallegraeff
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450, Fax: +61 2 49 478 938, Email: rigby@mail.com.
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the Bulk Carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project Trials carried out in 1990 and 1992.
Aims and objectives of the Understand the behaviour of ballast tank sediments and identify procedures to
project minimise the transfer of marine organisms.
Identify practical aspects of ballast exchange in terms of efficiency and study
the effect of enclosing a natural community of microscopic marine plankton,
including algae and animals, in a closed tank during the ship's voyage.
Research Methods Onboard full scale trials on a 150,000 DWT bulk carrier.
Results Inspection of ballast tanks showed only minor amounts of sediment.
Approximately 100kg of sediment was estimated in the 55,000 tonnes of water
discharged, and 50% was present as inorganic sediment. 80% of this sediment
was smaller than 10 µm. Containment of plankton resulted in differential
survival of various organisms present. Computer based simulation of still-water
shear forces and bending moments indicated that emptying and refilling ballast
tanks is unsafe as a general practice for a ship of this size and design.
Continuous flushing does not significantly affect stresses and bending moments.
Exchange trials showed that approximately 4% of the original water remained
after exchanging three tank volumes and about 5% of the dead plankton of
Japanese origin was retained. The efficiency of exchange under stagnant
conditions was less effective. For the Iron Whyalla, the cost of replacing three
tank volumes was estimated at approximately AUD$2,300.
References:
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1993). Shipping ballast water trials on the
bulk carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla. AQIS Ballast Water Series Report No.2, Sept.
123 pages.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M.(1994). The transfer and control of marine
organisms in shipping ballast water: behaviour of marine plankton and ballast
water exchange trials on the M.V. Iron Whyalla. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol. 1,
pp 91-110.
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173.
8
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Ballast Water Heating and Sampling Trials on the BHP Ship MV Iron
Whyalla
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby, Gustaff Hallegraeff, Caroline Sutton.
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com.
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the MV Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project The project consisted of two shipboard tests the first in April 1997 on a
coastal voyage between Port Kembla in New South Wales to Port Hedland in
Western Australia. The second in June 1997 between Mizushima, Japan and
Port Hedland. The report was printed in October 1997.
Aims and objectives of the To test the viability of heat treatment as a means of minimising the risk of
project introducing new organisms into the ports where ballast is discharged.
Research Methods Involved onboard trials using ship's engine heat to heat ballast water and
sampling of ballast tanks for temperatures achieved and organism survival.
Results Earlier laboratory experiments indicated that toxic dinoflaggellate cysts are
killed after 4.5 hours at 38°C.
The full-scale shipboard trial showed that all ballast water in the ballast tank
exceeded 38oC after 30 hours of heating.
They showed that none of the zooplankton and only limited phytoplankton
survived the heat treatment.
The report concluded that heat treatment holds considerable potential and
deserves further R&D effort. It is attractive since it does not necessitate the use
of biocides that could be harmful to the environment. It is safe since the tanks
are always full of water and cost effective since it makes use of waste heat
normally discarded and is likely to be of practical use for a range of ships.
Variables that affect the viability of this method include the length of the ship's
voyage and the temperature of the surrounding seawater.
References:
Rigby, G.R., Hallegraeff, G.M. and Sutton, C. (1999). Novel ballast water
heating technique offers cost-effective treatment to reduce the risk of global
transport of harmful marine organisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 191: 289-293
9
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment to Minimise the Risks of Introducing
Nonindigenous Marine Organisms into Australian Waters A
Review of Current Technologies and Comparative Costs of
Practical Options
Treatment options researched All treatment options of practical interest have been reviewed, especially those
that have or are being demonstrated at practical scales.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Geoff Rigby (Reninna Consulting) and Alan Taylor (Alan H Taylor and
Associates).
Contact Details Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com.
Host Institution(s) Reninna Consulting and Alan H Taylor and Associates.
Location of Research Australia.
Funding Level Approximately AUD$30,000.
Funding Source(s) Funded from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service Ballast Water
Research Programme budget, which has come from a levy on ships calling on
Australian ports.
Timeframe of the Project Project completed January 2001.
Aims and objectives of the The main objective was to review the current status and technical effectiveness
project of appropriate treatment technologies and to develop indicative cost data for use
of these options as a basis for selection of the most appropriate technologies.
Research Methods Desktop review through local and international networks of researchers together
with links and contacts with the shipping industry, regulators, equipment
vendors, classification societies and ship builders.
Results Detailed results and summary available in AFFA Ballast Water Research Series
Report No. 13, January 2001 (http://www.affa.gov.au).
References:
Rigby, G. and Taylor, A. (2001). Ballast water management and treatment.
Trans ImarE, Vol 113, Part 3, pp 79-99;
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173;
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (2002). On the nature of ballast tank
sediments and their role in ship's transport of harmful marine microorganisms.
J. Marine Environ. Engg. In press.
10
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Ballast Water Exchange and Marine plankton Distribution Trials on
the M.V. Iron Whyalla
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Geoff Rigby and Gustaff Hallegraeff
Contact Details Geoff Rigby
Reninna Consulting
36 Creswell Avenue
Charlestown NSW 2290
Australia
Tel: +61 2 49 430 450
Fax: +61 2 49 478 938
Email: rigby@mail.com.
Host Institution(s) Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and the Broken Hill
Propriety Limited (BHP).
Location of Research Onboard the Bulk Carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) AQIS and BHP.
Timeframe of the Project Trials carried out in 1990 and 1992.
Aims and objectives of the Understand the behaviour of ballast tank sediments and identify procedures to
project minmimise the transfer of marine organisms.
Identify practical aspects of ballast exchange in terms of efficiency and study
the effect of enclosing a natural community of microscopic marine plankton,
including algae and animals, in a closed tank during the ship's voyage.
Research Methods Onboard full-scale trials on a 150,000 DWT bulk carrier.
Results Inspection of ballast tanks showed only minor amounts of sediment.
Approximately 100kg of sediment was estimated in the 55,000 tonnes of water
discharged, and 50% was present as inorganic sediment. 80% of this sediment
was smaller than 10 µm. Containment of plankton resulted in differential
survival of various organisms present. Computer based simulation of still-water
shear forces and bending moments indicated that emptying and refilling ballast
tanks is unsafe as a general practice for a ship of this size and design.
Continuous flushing does not significantly affect stresses and bending moments.
Exchange trials showed that approximately 4% of the original water remained
after exchanging three tank volumes and about 5% of the dead plankton of
Japanese origin was retained. The efficiency of exchange under stagnant
conditions was less effective. For the Iron Whyalla, the cost of replacing three
tank volumes was estimated at approximately A$2,300.
References:
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1993). Shipping ballast water trials on the
bulk carrier M.V. Iron Whyalla. AQIS Ballast Water Series Report No.2, Sept.
123 pp.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. (1994). The transfer and control of marine
organisms in shipping ballast water: behaviour of marine plankton and ballast
water exchange trials on the M.V. Iron Whyalla. J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol. 1,
pp 91-110.
Rigby, G.R. (2001). Ocean exchange as a means of mitigating the risks of
translocating ballast water organisms - a review of progress 10 years down the
line, J. Marine Env. Engg., Vol 6, pp. 153-173.
11
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Suggested Designs to Facilitate Improved Management and
Treatment of Ballast Water on New and Existing Ships
Treatment options researched Design options for ballast water exchange (sequential and flow-through),
heating via main engine cooling water, chemical, filtration, hydrocyclones,
ultraviolet irradiation, fresh or recirculated water, discharge to shore based or
dedicated treatment ships and best practice design aspects related to sea chests,
ballast tanks (especially strength, water flow and minimisation of sediment
accumulation), ballast pumps and pipework and chain lockers in relation to
sediments.
Principal Researcher(s) Alan H Taylor (Alan H Taylor and Associates) and
Dr Geoff Rigby (Reninna consulting).
Contact Details Alan H Taylor and Associates Pty Limited
59 Hillcroft Drive
Templestowe Vic 3106
Australia
Tel: +61 (0)3 9846 2650
Fax: +61 (0)3 9846 2650
Email: aht@ahtaylor.com
Web: www.ahtaylor.com
Host Institution(s) Alan H Taylor & Associates and Reninna Consulting.
Location of Research Australia.
Funding Level Approximately AUD$15,000.
Funding Source(s) Funded from the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service Ballast Water
Research Programme budget which has come from a levy on ships calling at
Australian ports.
Timeframe of the Project Project completed January 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To suggest designs to enhance ballast water management on new and existing
project ships.
Research Methods Review of designs of existing ships and new ships and develop further designs
and enhancements to facilitated better ballast water management.
Results Detailed results and summary available in the Department of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries Australia (AFFA) Ballast Water Research Series Report
No.12, January 2001 (http:www.affa.gov.au).
12
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Hi Tech Marine HT2001
Treatment options researched Proprietary Biocide
Principal Researcher(s) Glenn Thornton, Dr. Marcus Scammell, Rohm & Haas.
Contact Details Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd
PO Box 524
Newport NSW 2106
Australia
Tel: +61 2 9997 7494
Fax: +61 2 9997 8962
Email: gthornton@htmarine.com.au
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Hawkesbury River & Sydney, Australia; Philadelphia, USA.
Funding Level US$ 750,000.
Funding Source(s) Joint venture Hi Tech Marine, Rohm & Haas.
Timeframe of the Project 2.5 years 1991-1993.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate the effectiveness and bio-degradability of a chemical Biocide
project technology, environmental risk assessment and indicative cost data.
Research Methods Plate leaching trials, biota mortality trials, and environmental degradation trials.
Results Positive. However, prior to sea trials in 1993, advised by AQIS (Department of
Agriculture) that chemical treatment of ballast water was not acceptable.
13
Projects Completed - Australia
Name of Project Hi Tech Marine SeaSafe (Onboard) & WaterSafe (Shore based)
Systems
Treatment options researched Biocidal Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Glenn Thornton & Bob Prentice
Contact Details Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd
PO Box 524
Newport NSW 2106
Australia
Tel: +61 2 9997 7494
Fax: +61 2 9997 8962
Email: gthornton@htmarine.com.au
Host Institution(s) Independent.
Location of Research Sydney, Australia; Hobart, Australia.
Funding Level AUD$2,500,000.
Funding Source(s) Hi Tech Marine Pty Ltd (principal), BDT Senior Thermal Engineering Pty Ltd,
Hisaka Works Ltd., Intercontinental Ship Management Pty Ltd, Lloyds
Register.
Timeframe of the Project 1995 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate the effectiveness of our heat treatment technology and to develop
project indicative cost data.
Research Methods SeaSafe sea trials Adelaide Hobart; Sydney Hobart; Geelong Hobart,
M.V. `Sandra Marie' 1997.
WaterSafe system first demonstrated June 1997. For methodology of systems
see http://www.htmarine.com.au.
Treatment time/temperatures based on mortality figures of toxic Dinoflagellate
cysts (G. catenatum), from Bolch & Hallegraeff, Hallegraeff & Rigby, and
human pathogen mortality figures from Dr. B.J. Hudson, Chief Microbiologist,
Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney.
WaterSafe system now elevated to 90°C for 60 seconds.
Results On-board (SeaSafe system):
Sea trial (Sydney Hobart) was conducted in gale-force weather and achieved
an 80-90% kill rate for G. catenatum cysts, at temperatures of 50°C for 45
seconds. Trial monitored by AQIS, test results obtained by Dr. G. Hallegraeff
in Hobart.
Shore-based (WaterSafe system):
Shore based demonstration at Sydney, Australia, monitored by AQIS, NSW
Government and various shipping industry representatives. Results obtained by
Dr. R. Campbell 100% mortality of all marine organisms including G.
catenatum cysts at temperature of 80°C for a period of 60 seconds.
WaterSafe system now elevated to 90°C for 60 seconds, which has resulted in a
mortality of 99.9% of human pathogens including Hepatitis A virus (per Qld
Dept Public Health).
Reviewed by: Rigby G.R. and A.H. Taylor `Ballast Water Treatment Report
No. 13 Ballast Water treatment to Minimise the Risks of Introducing
Nonindigenous Marine Organisms into Australian Ports.' January 2001.
Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Australia ISBN 0-642-47669-1.
Report on results of testing available on request or visit:
http://www.htmarine.com.au
14
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Germany
Name of Project Process for the removal of organisms from different waters
Treatment options researched Chemical treatment: oxidising, environmentally friendly biocide formulation
Peraclean® Ocean; with and without separation of solids
Principal Researcher(s) Degussa AG
Contact Details Degussa AG, BW-FEA-A, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4,
D-63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
Tel: +49 6181-59-3892
Fax: +49 6181-59-3311
e-mail: rainer-g.fuchs@degussa.com
Web: www.degussa.com
Host Institution(s) Degussa.
Location of Research Germany.
Funding Level Ca. US$200,000.
Funding Source(s) Federal Ministry for Research and Technology of Germany.
Timeframe of the Project 1998-2002.
Aims and objectives of the · Develop laboratory test methods to compare different chemical treatment
project
options as a prescreening to full scale testing.
· Compare different treatment options in full scale testing.
· Develop dosage equipment for full scale testing.
Research Methods · Chemical treatment options were tested in the lab with the testing standard
ATS = Artemia Testing Standard by Dr. Voigt-Consulting, Germany.
· Full scale testing was enabled by taking part in a shipboard testing program
by Maritime Solutions Inc., USA in 2001; more testing planned in 2002.
· Field trials were conducted together with Hamann Wassertechnik, Germany
in 2001; more testing planned in 2002.
Results · Laboratory tests showed complete mortality of different species with 400 ppm
Peraclean® Ocean or less.
· Field trial aboard a ship (together with Maritime Solutions Inc.) in USA,
2001, showed 99-100% mortality of all examined zooplankton, phytoplankton
and a 3 log. removal of culturable bacteria with 200 ppm Peraclean® Ocean
(stand alone treatment).
· Field trial at Hamburg, Germany in 2001, together with Hamann
Wassertechnik showed complete killing and/or separation of the observed* or
added** species at a dosage rate of 100 ppm Peraclean® Ocean or more.
· Treatment with Peraclean® Ocean after separation of solids: planned for 2002.
* Cyclops (Copepode), Daphnia, Copepode nauplii, Rotifiers, Ciliates,
Nematodes, undetermined eggs, larval Polychaetes, Cladocera,
Foraminifera.
** Artemia nauplii and Artemia eggs.
15
Projects Completed - Japan
Japan
Name of Project Unwanted Aquatic Organisms in Ballast Tank Report of the
ballast water management by heat treatment using main engine
water cooling circuit and findings of the on-board research
Treatment options researched Heat treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Japanese Shipowners' Association.
Contact Details Kaiun Bldg
No 6-4, 2-Chome
Hirakawa-cho
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102, Japan
Tel: +81 3 3264 7171
Fax: +81 3 3262 4760
Web: www.jsanet.or.jp.
Host Institution(s) Japanese Shipowners' Association.
Location of Research On board the ore carrier MV Onde Maru in the Japanese port of Kure and en-
route to Port Walcott in Australia.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project February 1995.
Aims and objectives of the To determine:
project · The results of treating ballast water with heat obtained from the cooling
circuit of the main engine.
· The effect of re-ballasting at sea.
· The viability of the phytoplankton in the ballast tank.
Research Methods Conducted an at-sea analysis of heat treatment, re-ballasting and the viability of
phytoplankton between Japan and Australia.
Results The experiment discovered that:
· The marine organisms in the ballast tank were minimised by the heat
treatment, but the question of how to make the prescribed water temperature
uniform in the ballast tank still remained.
· None of the phytoplankton in the original ballast tank survived the journey to
Port Walcott, but there was still the possibility of cysts surviving in bottom
sediments.
· Other harmful aquatic organisms were taken into the ballast tank when
reballasting at sea.
· The ballast water was heated to a high of 43°C at the inlet but only reached
350C at the point of the ballast tank furthermost from the inlet.
16
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Netherlands
Name of Project Global Market Analysis of Ballast Water Treatment Technology
Treatment options researched All treatment options of practical interest are reviewed.
Principal Researcher(s) H.A. Schilperoord and F.J. Tjallingii
Contact Details Royal Haskoning
PO Box 94241
1090 GE Amsterdam
Tel. +31 (0)20 569 77 83
Fax +31 (0)20 569 77 66
Email: h.schilperoord@royalhaskoning.com
Www.royalhaskoning.com
Host Institution(s) Royal Haskoning.
Location of Research Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Northeast/Midwest Institute, USA.
Timeframe of the Project June-November 2001.
Aims and objectives of the Provide a global analysis of the market for a ballast water treatment technology
project industry. An insight in the probable market for ballast water treatment systems
in light of forthcoming national and international ballast water management
requirements.
Research Methods Based on an analysis of Lloyds Register of Ships and discussions by an expert
group consisting of representatives of the shipping and port industry and
shipping experts at Royal Haskoning a number of assumptions regarding the
IMO's Convention on ballast water are drawn.
Results The study resulted in an estimation of the potential market (in number of
vessels) in three time periods (-2003, 2003-2008 and 2008-2013). The
calculations on potential turnover were made by multiplying the numbers of
vessels with the cost of fitting a modal (existing or new) vessel with a treatment
system. From 2008 the potential market is estimated to be between
USD700 million and USD1 billion per annum.
The report is shown on:
www.nemw.org/Haskoningreport.pdf
17
Projects Completed New Zealand
New Zealand
Name of Project Heat Treatment of Ships' Ballast Water: Development and
Application of a Model Based on Laboratory Studies
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : doug@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research Nelson, New Zealand.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report printed 1999.
Aims and objectives of the To determine, using laboratory methods, the optimum conditions required for
project the application of heating to kill invasive species in ballast water.
Research Methods Adult samples of the starfish Coscinasterias calamaria, the zoospores of the
seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the larvae of Crassostrea gigas were used for
laboratory study of effects of heat treatment.
Results The study assumed that the organisms could be transported in ballast water in a
viable state for the duration of a sea journey and therefore pose a threat. The
study developed a linear model intended for use in the prediction of kill times
over a temperature range of between 35-48°C.
18
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Shipboard Heat Treatment of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Heat Treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research RoRo vessel Rotoma.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project
Aims and objectives of the To test the shipboard efficacy of heat treatment.
project
Research Methods Cawthron developed a shipboard system on the RoRo vessel Rotoma for the
heat treatment of ballast water. Water from ballast tanks is pumped through a
heat exchanger, which is heated by the vessel's engine exhaust.
Results Studies have shown that a complete kill of test organisms can be achieved in 6-
10 hours by heating to 36-38°C. Further tests are planned for early 2001.
19
Projects Completed New Zealand
Name of Project Oxygen Deprivation as a Treatment for Ships' Ballast Water
Laboratory Studies and Evaluation
Treatment options researched Oxygen deprivation.
Principal Researcher(s) D Mountfort, C Hay, M Taylor, S Buchanan, W Gibbs.
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson
New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email: doug@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute.
Location of Research Nelson, New Zealand.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report printed in 1999.
Aims and objectives of the To demonstrate the potential for the use of oxygen deprivation as a treatment
project option for infected ballast water.
Research Methods Adult samples of the starfish Coscinasterias calamaria, the zoospores of the
seaweed Undaria pinnatifida, and the larvae of Crassostrea gigas were used for
laboratory study of effects of nitrogen, sulphide and glucose in killing the
sample organisms through oxygen depletion.
Results Study concluded that lowering the level of oxygen to less than 3 mg 1(-1) leads
to effective kills of Undaria zoospores and Coscinasterias calamaria larvae.
However, more research is required both into the species range affected by
deoxygenation and into the practicality of the various methods before shipboard
investigations of this technology can be conducted.
20
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Mid Ocean Ballast Water Exchange: Shipboard Trials of Methods
for Verifying Efficiency
Treatment options researched Ballast Water Exchange.
Principal Researcher(s) Michael Taylor (Cawthron Institute) and Elizabeth Bruce (Battelle).
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson, New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute (New Zealand) and Battelle (USA).
Location of Research Onboard testing conducted on the coastal container vessel MV Spirit of Vision
and the trans-Pacific chemical carrier MT Iver Stream.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report published in August 1999.
Aims and objectives of the · To review the availability of existing methods to measure and record the
project
volumes of water pumped through the ballast tanks and determine the
efficiency of mid-ocean ballast water exchange practice.
· To verify ship compliance with mid-ocean ballast water exchange controls
and guidelines.
· To develop and pilot test, including on at least two ships with different ballast
tank configurations, ballast water exchange verification methodologies.
Research Methods The study used:
· A series of laboratory-based experiments which assessed the suitability of
Rhodamine WT tracer dye for measuring the dilution efficiency of mid-ocean
exchange;
· Three voyages on the Spirit of Vision and one voyage aboard the Iver Stream.
Results The study found that the tracer dye Rhodamine WT is particularly useful for
measuring the dilution efficiency of mid-ocean ballast water exchanges. In each
of the mid-ocean ballast water exchange trials, all of which used the flow-
through dilution method, the dilution efficiency of the completed exchange was
in excess of 90% for the Spirit of Vision (capacity tank = 114 cubic metres) and
99% for the Iver Stream (capacity tank = 1435 cubic metres).
21
Projects Completed Norway
Norway
Name of Project Use of Gas Supersaturation to Remove Organisms in Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Injections of gas (air and N2) to create gas supersaturation
Principal Researcher(s) Anders Jelmert
Contact Details Dr. O. Enger
Forinnova A/S
Thormøhlensgate 55
N-5008 Bergen
Norway
www.forinnova.no
Host Institution(s) Forinnova A/S
Location of Research Institute of Marine Research
Austevoll Aquaculture Research Station
N5392 Storebø, Norway
Funding Level US$35,000
Funding Source(s) Norwegian Research Board: 50%
Industry: 50%
Timeframe of the Project Autumn 2000 Summer 2001
Aims and objectives of the Studies on the effects of gas supersaturation on several organisms in ballast
project water.
Research Methods Survival and other chosen end-point measures of organisms as a function of gas
mixture, pressure and exposure time.
Results (Preliminary)
Increased mortality in Artemia sp. naupleii exposed to air at 1 ato for 18 hours,
yielding 119% nitrogen supersaturation.
22
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project OptiMar Ballast Systems' Research 1998
Treatment options researched Mechanical separation (Lakos separator), UV treatment (MicroKill UV).
Principal Researcher(s) Halvor Nilsen.
Contact Details OptiMarin AS
Randabergv. 101
N-4027 Stavanger
Norway
Tel: +47 51542269
Fax: +47 51542439
E-Mail: halvor.nilsen@stavanger.online.no
Web: www.optimarin.com & www.microkill.com
Host Institution(s) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
Location of Research Austevoll Aquaculture Research Institute Station.
Funding Level ECU 50,000.
Funding Source(s) Norwegian Maritime Directorate & OptiMarin AS.
Timeframe of the Project March/April 1998.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a system of remove as many suspended solids and uni- and multi-
project cellular organisms through primary mechanical and secondary UV treatment.
Research Methods The results were obtained in a semi-scale laboratory test of an integrated
hydrocyclone-UV unit, designed for removal of exotic species in ballast water.
Results The removal of particles and mortality of the various biota at four consecutive
stages through the treatment system was recorded. Cysts of the brine shrimp
Artemia sp. were removed at an efficiency of 13.7% in the hydrocyclone, and
the naupilus-larva of Artemia were removed at an efficiency of 8.3%. Through
the UV-unit, the naupleii showed a mortality of 99.5% and the numbers of
hatching cysts was 26 % lower than the numbers before the unit. The microalga
were removed with an efficacy of 10 - 30 % range in the hydrocyclone, and
showed a mortality in the UV-unit of 84.7% and 87.6 %, respectively for P.
minimum and Tetraselmis sp. The removal of bacteria in the hydrocyclone was
negligible, while the bacterial numbers were reduced corresponding to a -2.3
log and -1.9 log elimination respectively, by UV treatment in two separate
trials.
23
Projects Completed Norway
Name of Project OptiMar Ballast Systems Research 1999
Treatment options researched Mechnical separation (Lakos separator), UV treatment (MicroKill UV).
Principal Researcher(s) Halvor Nilsen.
Contact Details OptiMarin AS
Randabergv. 101
N-4027 Stavanger
Norway
Tel: +47 51542269
Fax: +47 51542439
E-Mail: halvor.nilsen@stavanger.online.no
Web: www.optimarin.com & www.microkill.com
Host Institution(s) Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
Location of Research Austevoll Aquaculture Research Institute Station.
Funding Level ECU 60,000.
Funding Source(s) OptiMarin AS.
Timeframe of the Project March/April 1999.
Aims and objectives of the Repeat of the 1998 test but with another separator.
project
Research Methods The results were obtained in a semi-scale laboratory test of an integrated
hydrocyclone-UV unit, designed for removal of exotic species in ballast water.
Results Same as 1998. Subsequent to these tests, the Optimar Ballast Water Treatment
System has been installed aboard the cruise-liner Regal Princess and is the first
fully functional ballast water treatment system aboard an operating vessel.
Further tests are required, especially in relation to scaling-up to handle larger
quantities of ballast water on tankers and bulk carriers.
24
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Poland
Name of Project System for Destruction of Microorganisms Occurring in Ballast
Waters Technical Assumptions
Treatment options researched Heat treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Zdzislaw Sobol, Wladyslaw Korczak, Bohdan Wojaliewicz.
Contact Details Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia
Department of Protection of the Environment and Hygiene of Transport
Ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9B
81-519 Gdynia
Poland
Tel: +48 58 622 30 11
Fax: +48 58 622 33 54
Web: www.immt.gdynia.pl.
Host Institution(s) Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia.
Location of Research Gdynia, Poland.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report Date 1995.
Aims and objectives of the Selection of appliances for the treatment of micro- and macro-organisms
project occurring in ballast water.
Research Methods
Results Heat treatment is preferable to chemical treatment as it does not require carrying
chemicals onboard, and heat is continuously available from boiler steam or
main and auxiliary engine cooling system. The costs are also small when
compared with other methods. The chemical method required final deactivation
before it is discharged into the sea, making heat more competitive. Use of UV
was not considered, as ballast water is extremely dirty and coloured.
Disinfecting methods using radiation was not considered, as its use is not
neutral to a natural sea environment.
25
Projects Completed United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Name of Project Ballast Water Sampling Project
Treatment options researched NA
Principal Researcher(s) Elspeth Macdonald
Contact Details C/o Tracy McCollin
FRS Marine Laboratory
PO Box 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen
AB25 2RQ
Tel ++ 1224 295573
Fax ++ 1224 295511
E-mail mccollint@marlab.ac.uk
Host Institution(s) FRS Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen.
Location of Research Scotland, United Kingdom.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Scottish Office of Agriculture, Environment and Fisheries Department;
Department of Transport/ Marine Safety Agency; Scottish Natural Heritage.
Timeframe of the Project Three years 1994-1997.
Aims and objectives of the · To investigate the transport of planktonic organisms and resting dinoflagellate
project
cysts in ships' ballast water and sediments.
· To collate information on selected physical and chemical parameters of
ballast water discharges.
· To assess the risk of organisms becoming established in Scottish waters by
literature study, and identify the ports and origins most likely to contain these
organisms.
· To carry out heavy metal analyses on sediments from ships' ballast tanks.
Research Methods Samples of ballast water collected from vessels arriving at ports around
Scotland were analyzed for phytoplankton, zooplankton and heavy metals.
Selected physical and chemical properties of the ballast water were also
measured. An initial analysis of phytoplankton abundance and diversity in
samples collected before and after an exchange process was also undertaken.
Results Macdonald, E.M. and Davidson, R. (1997). Ballast Water Project. Final Report.
Fisheries Research Services Report Number 3/97. Fisheries Research Services;
Aberdeen. 83 pages.
Macdonald, E.M. and Davidson, R.D. (1998). The occurrence of harmful algae
in ballast water discharges to Scottish ports and the effects of mid-water
exchange in regional seas. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.L. and
Wyatt, T. (Eds). Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1998. Pages 220-223.
26
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Disinfection of Ballast Water A review of potential options
Treatment options researched Mechanical (filtration), physical (UV and heat treatment), chemical.
Principal Researcher(s) K Müller, J S Carlton
Contact Details Lloyds Register Engineering Services
Lloyds Register House
29 Wellesley Road
Croyden CR0 2AJ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 8681 4040
Fax: +44 (0)20 8681 6814.
Host Institution(s) Lloyds Register, Engineering Services, Technical Investigation, Propulsion &
Environmental Engineering Department.
Location of Research
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Report date July 1995.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate disinfection options for ballast water.
project
Research Methods Study comprised desk based review of various disinfection options and
laboratory-based trials to examine likely effectiveness of selected disinfection
methods for onboard use.
Results Treatment options for the disinfection of ballast water at sea or at the port of
origin (as an alternative to the exchange of ballast water at sea) are described in
terms of efficiency, practicality, cost, environmental impact and safety
considerations.
27
Projects Completed United States
United States of America
Name of Project AquaHabiStat, or AHS
Treatment options researched Removal of dissolved oxygen as water enters ballast tank through use of a
vacuum tank. Maintaining low DO for duration of voyage.
Principal Researcher(s) Browning Transport Management, Inc.
Contact Details Wilson Browning Jr and Wilson Browning III
Browning Transport Management, Inc.
127 Bank Street
Norfolk, VA 23510
United States of America
Tel: +1 757 622 3321
Fax: +1 757 625 7456
Email: will@wjbrowning.com & leslie@wjbrowning.com
Web: www.wjbrowning.com
Host Institution(s) The Commonwealth of Virginia; Old Dominion University; Hampton Roads
Sanitation District; Virginia Institute of Maritime Science.
Location of Research Hampton Roads, VA.
Funding Level >US$2.5 million.
Funding Source(s) Browning Transport Management and the Commonwealth of Virginia.
Timeframe of the Project The project consisted of three 10-day time series tests completed in summer
2000 and two 10-day series tests completed December 2000.
Aims and objectives of the To measure the decline, by microscopic counts, of "ambient zooplankton other
project than copepods" as a marker group for larval forms to compare the deoxygenated
water with the normal simulated ballast water. Did not consider copepods'
activities to mimic larval forms as much as would other zooplankton.
Research Methods A pump located near the bulkhead moved ambient water from Elizabeth River
(VA) into a 5,000 liter (18 foot diameter) plastic swimming pool. From there, a
computer controlled system pumped the water out of the first pool and used a
propriety spray system to inject the water into a vacuum tank that was kept near
or below 1 psia by a vacuum pump under the direction of the computer control
system.
A second pump pulled the water out of the vacuum and placed it in a duplicate,
treated pool. Both pools were covered to simulate a ballast tank. Daily samples
were taken.
Of the first three 10-day series tests, the first two were done microscopically
from relatively warm water (20-26°C). The third 10-day test, also in 20-26°C
water, was analysed microscopically and by ATP analysis. The water arrived in
the treated tank with a DO of 1ppm or less and in general declined to 0.5ppm in
five days and to zero in ten days.
Results After ten days, the treated tank had no organisms present, while the untreated
tank did.
28
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project The Great Lakes Ballast Water Technology Demonstration Project:
Filtration Mechanical Test Program
Treatment options researched Mechanical filtration.
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi, MS (Northeast/Midwest Institute) and Richard Harkins, PE,
(Lake Carriers' Association);
with Ivor Knight, PhD, James Madison University, Mary Balcer, PhD,
University of Wisconsin Superior; Michael Parsons, PhD, University of
Michigan; David Wright, PhD, and Rodger Dawson, PhD, University of
Maryland; and Donald Ried, MS, Napean, Ontario.
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
United States of America
Tel: +1 202 544 5200
Fax: +1 202 544 0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org.
Host Institution(s) Northeast-Midwest Institute.
Location of Research Gulf of St Lawrence, Great Lakes, Duluth Harbor.
Funding Level Over $1.5 million
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Protection Fund, Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources,
US Environmental Protection Agency Great Lakes National Program Office.
Timeframe of the Project 1996 1998.
Aims and objectives of the To establish the biological and operational effectiveness of ballast filtration.
project
Research Methods Testing was conducted on the Canadian seaway sized (222.5m x 22.86m) bulk
carrier MV Algonorth in 1997 and a barge in Lake Superior in 1998. The test
programme involved extended testing with 25 and 50 micron filter screens at
1500 US gpm with and without a prefilter. Bioeffectiveness was measured in
matched treatment and control tanks and evaluated for relative zooplankton,
phytoplanklton and microbial concentrations.
Results Study concluded that filtration at 25 and 50 microns yielded similar biological
results: macrozooplankton removed at a rate of 96 percent or higher, 2)
microzooplankton (rotifers) and total phytoplankton removed at rate of 70-80
percent; and 3) no significant reduction in total bacteria, though attached
bacteria significantly reduced. Zooplankton width, rather than length, was
dimension most predictive of removal efficiency. Filtration is suitable for some
shipboard applications and particle removal will reduce sedimentation in ballast
tanks. Future designs must have improved features to facilitate handling of the
heavy filter screen elements.
29
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Electro-Ionization Treatment for Ballast Water; Shipboard
Installation on Carnival M/S Elation
Treatment options researched NI-OX gas system interfaced with seawater electrolysis
Principal Researcher(s) C. E. Bud Leffler , William Paul, Marine Environmental Partners
Dr. Andrew Rogerson Ph.D. & Courtney Campbell
Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
Contact Details Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
255 E. Dania Beach Blvd. Suite 220, Dania Beach, Fla. U.S. 33004
Tel: 954-924-5500 Fax: 954-924-5508
Web: www.mepi.net Email: bud@mepi.net jon@mepi.net
C.E. Bud Leffler President & CEO, Jon Stewart V.P. Sales & Marketing
Bill Paul Manager Installation & Service Engineering
Host Institution(s) NOVA Southeastern University Oceanographic Research Center,
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
Location of Research Fort Lauderdale Florida USA and Long Beach, California USA.
Funding Level Private.
Funding Source(s) Private.
Timeframe of the Project Installation was completed Jan 2002. Testing will be completed 17 March 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate and demonstrate the viability of utilizing multiple processes of electro-
project disinfection to eliminate biota in ship's ballast water.
Research Methods Verification of killing effectiveness was determined by indirect counting
methods. These are all enrichment cultivation methods that rely on scoring the
growth of organisms after treatment. Growth is a strong index of survival
because only healthy, undamaged cells will reproduce. Bacteria were
enumerated by standard plate counting methods using Marine agar 2216 to
nourish total heterotrophic bacteria. Protists (algae and protozoa) were counted
by growing cells in tissue culture wells after inoculating with a small aliquot
(around 20 microliter) of treated water.
Growth of any protists was assumed to have originated from a single cell
inoculated into the well. In this way, an approximate count of each population
was attained (i.e. amoebae, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, diatoms,
dinoflagellates and autotrophic flagellates).
The number of macroinvertebrates was determined by direct observation after
collecting organisms on an 80 micron mesh. Typically 10 litres or more was
processed.
Results The current prototype system has been tested with the pending Coast Guard
Protocol to obtain samples, provide a growth medium and then count the living
organisms that have survived. The preliminary testing was done independently
by NOVA' S Dr. Rogerson, Courtney Campbell and other graduate students.
The initial results were very promising as they had 99.9% elimination of biota.
These first tests were done looking at bacteria and a current round is under way
to look at all levels of growth including zooplankton. From the results of these
tests a permanent shipboard system has been designed capable of treating all of
the ballast on the ship and having the redundancy of a back up system.
This unit will be PLC controlled and be able to provide signals to verify that the
system has operated for the required time and the ballast is now safe to
discharge. This signal could be sent to the internet and this would allow any
port to access this information. The system would also log when ballast was
taken on board and where if that is required. The redundancy of the system is
such that a failure of any component causes a spare to be turned on and thus
maintain the optimum performance.
30
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project An Evaluation of the Feasibility and Efficacy of Biocide Application
in Controlling the Release of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species from
Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Chemical - Use of glutaraldehyde.
Principal Researcher(s) Russell A Moll, Michael G Parsons, Larissa M Lubomudrov.
Contact Details Dr Michael Parsons
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering
University of Michigan
236A NA&ME Bldg., Room 2145
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
United States of America
Tel: +1 734 763 3081
Fax: +1 734 936 8820
Email: parsons@engin.umich.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Michigan.
Location of Research Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Office of the Great Lakes, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality,
Coastal Zone Management Program, Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
Timeframe of the Project Report Date April 1997.
Aims and objectives of the As per project title.
project
Research Methods The results were obtained mainly through laboratory experiments and
theoretical studies.
Results Preliminary results indicated that treating ballast water with glutaraldehyde may
prove to be a viable option if the chemical costs can be substantially reduced,
however there are still critical gaps. Study concluded that treating ballast water
with the chemical glutaraldehyde could be readily implemented by installing
pumps to gauge the chemical into ballast tanks as they are filled.
Glutaraldehyde demonstrates broad biocidal activity and can be effective in
eliminating various organisms in ballast water, however it is considered non-
biocidal at low concentrations. It is currently classified as a non-carcinogen and
non-mutagen, however some studies have reported positive results for these
effects under certain laboratory conditions. Studies show that the greatest
human risks associated with glutaraldehyde exposure are irritation to the skin
and respiratory tract. The half-life of glutaraldehyde will probably be short
(between 12 and 24 hours) and may vary with pH, temperature and the amount
of chemical constituents in the water. The residence time of the chemical in
water will be an important factor affecting the concentration released into the
environment. It decomposes into carbon dioxide under aerobic conditions,
which helps to limit the environmental risks.
31
Projects Completed United States
Name of Project Shipboard Trial of Primary and Secondary Ballast Water Treatment
Systems
Treatment options researched Voraxial (cyclonic separator), UV, Biocide (SEAKLEEN registered trade
name).
Principal Researcher(s) Dr David Wright and Rodger Dawson.
Contact Details Dr David Wright
University of Maryland
Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
P O Box 38
Solomons, MD 20688
United States of America
Tel: +1 410 326 7240
Fax: +1 410 326 7210
Email: wright@cbl.umces.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory.
Location of Research Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Funding Level US$700,000.
Funding Source(s) National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration.
Maryland Port Administration.
Timeframe of the Project September 2000 March 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Demonstrate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the above methods.
project
Research Methods Ballast water taken onto the Cape May (with 37,000 MT 23 Ballast tanks)
from Chesapeake Bay will be subjected to UV or biocide treatments and their
effectiveness and efficiency in killing organisms in the ballast water will be
tested using plankton counts, a variety of methods for live/dead assessment,
fluorescence (phytoplankton), laser particle counting, bacterial plating.
Results UV was 90-94% effective at killing zooplankton at a dose of ca. 200 mWsec
cm2 using a 32kW system at a flow rate of ca. 350 tons h-1. Two biocides were
completely effective at killing zooplankton. Peraclean Ocean® was effective at
100mg l-1. Seakleen® was effective @ <2 mg l-1. All three treatment were
effective in inhibiting phytoplankton growth at lower doses. No primary
separation/filtration was required to achieve these performances.
32
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Chesapeake Bay Ballast Water: An investigative assessment of
excimer UV as a method of shipboard and dockside treatment
Treatment options researched Ultra Violet
Principal Researcher(s) Dr David Wright and Rodger Dawson
Contact Details Dr David Wright
University of Maryland
Center for Environmental Science
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory
P O Box 38
Solomons, MD 20688
United States of America
Tel: +1 410 326 7240
Fax: +1 410 326 7210
Email: wright@cbl.umces.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Maryland.
Location of Research Solomons and Maryland.
Funding Level US$247,000.
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project Oct 1, 1998 - June 30, 2002.
Aims and objectives of the
project
Research Methods
Results Using benchtop and mesocosm-scale systems it was determined that an
effective UV treatment for ballast water would require a dose in the region of
200 mW sec cm2 at flow rates of above 1000 gallons per min. To effectively
treat large vessels many systems would have to be mounted in parallel and the
over power requirements would be in the megawatt range.
33
2. Projects Under Way
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Australia
Name of Project Australian Ballast Water Treatment Consortium
Treatment options researched Filtration, UV, Sonic, Micro-bubbles
Principal Researcher(s) Steve Hillman (Principal Project Officer).
Contact Details School of Engineering
James Cook University
Townsville
QLD
Australia.
E-mail steve.hillman@jcu.edu.au Ph 61 7 4781 4997 Fax 61 7 4775 1184
Host Institution(s) CRC: Reef Research Centre, James Cook University.
Location of Research Townsville.
Funding Level AUD$675,000 (cash and in-kind).
Funding Source(s) Environment Australia, Queensland Port Authorities, AMIAD, United Water
International, CRC: Reef, James Cook University.
Timeframe of the Project 3 years.
Aims and objectives of the Aim:
project To develop a portable Pilot Treatment Plant for Ballast Water using existing
technologies.
Objectives:
To identify Best Available Technologies for ballast water treatment.
To determine cost-effective and achievable standards of treatment for a range of
potentially invasive organisms.
To promote effective transfer of technologies to the shipping industry.
Research Methods Under development but largely empirical testing.
Results To be determined.
37
Projects Under Way Canada
Canada
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment Evaluation Using Copper and Sodium
Hypochlorite as Ballast Water Biocides
Treatment options researched Copper ion and Sodium Hypochlorite
Principal Researcher(s) Fleet Technology Ltd.
311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 1Z8
In partnership with
ESG International Inc.
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Contact Details David Stocks
Fleet Technology Ltd.
311 Legget Drive
Kanata, Ontario, Canada K2K 1Z8
Tel: 613-592-2830
Email: dstocks@fleetech.com
Barry Burns
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Constitution Hall
525 west Allegan Street
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Tel: 517-335-3301
Email: burnsb@michigan.gov
Host Institution(s) Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Constitution Hall
525 West Allegan Street
Lansing, Michigan 48913
Location of Research Field studies conducted in Europe and Great Lakes.
Laboratory studies conducted in Ontario, Canada.
Funding Level US$190,000.
Funding Source(s) Michigan Great Lakes Protection Fund.
Office of the Great Lakes, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Timeframe of the Project 7/15/2001 6/1/2002.
Aims and objectives of the The project aims to help MDEQ to determine whether practical methods of
project treating ballast water are currently available. The determination is required by
recent state legislation.
Research Methods Laboratory and ship-board testing.
Results To be determined.
38
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project The effect of an integrated Cyclone/UV ballast water treatment
system on the survivorship of marine phytoplankton and
invertebrate larvae
Treatment options researched Primary cyclonic separation and secondary UV irradiation.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Terri Sutherland and Dr Colin Levings.
Contact Details Fisheries and Oceans Canada
DFO, West Vancouver Laboratory
4160 Marine Drive
West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6
Canada
Tel: +1 604 666 8537
Fax: +1 604 666 3497
Email: sutherlandt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.
Host Institution(s) Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Location of Research West Vancouver Laboratory.
Funding Level Financial and in-kind support.
Funding Source(s) Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Industrial Research Assistance Program (IRAP)
Velox Technology Inc.
Timeframe of the Project Initiated in April 1999 research ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the To determine the effect of the treatment system on the survivorship of marine
project invertebrate larvae and potentially harmful phytoplankton.
Research Methods The research methods and results are currently under peer review and will be
published in the Marine Ecology Progress Series.
Results As above.
39
Projects Under Way Germany
Germany
Name of Project Bremer-Ballastwasser-Projekt:
Development and Construction of an Efficient and Marketable
Ballast Water Treatment Plant
Treatment options researched To be decided in April 2002
(Presently different methods are investigated in order to evaluate possibilities to
combine the most promising approaches).
Principal Researcher(s) Coordination and shipside technology: GAUSS (Chr. Bahlke / O. Kerschek)
Biology, Methods, Standards: Dr. Stephan Gollasch
Biological Analyses: Alfred Wegener Institute (Prof. Smetacek)
Plant construction: Dr. St. Calenberg (Kraeft GmbH)
A. Höppner (Motorenwerke Bremerhaven AG)
Contact Details GAUSS mbH
Werderstr. 73, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Tel: +49 421 5905 4850
Fax: +49 421 5905 4851
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Host Institution(s) Phase 1: GAUSS mbH.
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Phase 2: Motorenwerke Bremerhaven. AG.
webmaster@mwb-bremerhaven.de
Phase 3: shipboard test runs.
Location of Research GAUSS mbH
Werderstr. 73, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Tel: 0049 421 5905 4850
Fax: 0049 421 5905 4851
Email: gauss@gauss.org
Funding Level Financially supported by the Federal State of Bremen and Bremerhaven.
Funding Source(s) Senator of Building & Environment, Bremen
Ansgaritorstraße 2
28195 Bremen
Tel.: 0421 / 361 2407
e-mail: ksagebiel@bau.bremen.de
Ms Christine Wischer
Timeframe of the Project Phase 1: 01.10.2001 30.07.2002.
Phase 2: 01.07.2002 31.08.2003.
Phase 3: 01.09.2003 31.08.2004.
(Decision for successive phase is based on results of preceding phase).
Aims and objectives of the Creation of an efficient and cost effective shipboard system using the
project combination of different methods to treat ballast water. Persistent chemicals are
to be avoided.
Research Methods Phase 1: Theoretical investigation.
Phase 2: Shore based practical method assessment.
Phase 3: Test runs on board different ships.
Results To be determined.
40
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project TREBAWA- Treatment of Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Primary hydrocyclonic separation followed by UV irradiation.
Principal Researcher(s) European partnership of SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises)
Prime proposer: Reederei Hesse (Germany); Other partners: Vinave (Portugal);
Optimarin, Envirotech (Norway); Acomarin, FI; UV Systems (Germany);
Sandvik (Norway); Fresti (Portugal)
Research partners:
TTZ Bremerhaven (René Surma, Dolores Fernández)
University of Strathclyde (Peilin Zhou)
Institute de Soldadura Qualidade (ISQ) (Nuno Cosme)
Contact Details Dolores Fernández
An der Karlstadt 6
D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
Tel: +49 471 9448-707
Fax: +49 471 9448 722
e-mail: dfernandez@ttz-bremerhaven.de
Host Institution(s) TTZ Bremerhaven, Germany.
University of Strathclyde, UK.
Institute de Soldadura Qualidade (ISQ), Portugal.
Location of Research Portugal, Germany, UK, Norway.
Funding Level Total budget 856,000.
European funding 425,000.
Funding Source(s) European Commission, 5° Framework, CRAFT program.
Timeframe of the Project 2 years.
Estimated start date: October 2002.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a new technically and economically competitive ballast water
project treatment system based on a primary cyclonic separation and a UV treatment to
achieve the critical points:
i. A high degree of separation of in seawater suspended particles;
ii. A high performance for the UV system in inactivating and killing all the
inwater remaining organisms; and
iii. Integrated prototype compact in size, which fulfills the space requirements
of a wide range of existing ships.
Research Methods 1- Laboratory tests.
2- Prototype development and pilot tests.
3- Full-scale sea trials.
Results To be determined.
41
Projects Under Way Germany
Name of Project Development of a ballast water treatment plant
Treatment options researched Physical separation:
gravity separation and filtration
Chemical desinfection:
non-toxic, chlorine-free, oxidising chemical
(Peraclean® Ocean)
Principal Researcher(s) Hauke Röpell, Dr. Matthias Voigt
Contact Details Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH
Brookdamm 6, D-21217 Seevetal, Germany
e-mail: Hauke.Roepell@HamannWassertechnik.de
Dr. Voigt Consulting
Kampstraße7 , D-24601 Stolpe, Germany
e-mail: m.voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de
Host Institution(s) Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH.
Location of Research Lower Elbe River and Baltic Sea.
Funding Level 260.000 .
Funding Source(s) AIF (Federal Ministry Of Research).
Hamann Wassertechnik GmbH.
Dr. Voigt Consulting.
Timeframe of the Project 2000-2003.
Aims and objectives of the Testing of various physical separation options in combination with chemical
project desinfection of ballast water.
Design of a full scale treatment plant for land-based tests and evaluations.
Identifying suitable combinations of above methods for various types of ships
(e.g. ballast water management scenarios).
Development of online monitoring systems for ballast water treatment.
Research Methods Tests done with a flow rate of 135m³/h.
Testing of different cyclones (gravity separation) and self-cleaning filters at 100
µm and 50 µm as well as dosing of 50 ppm to 200 ppm of Peraclean® Ocean.
Tests carried out with in-situ plankton population as well as selected indicator
organisms (different live stages of Artemia).
Results Preliminary results indicate that:
The combination of either gravity separation or filtration (50µm) with a dosage
of 150 to 200ppm Peraclean® Ocean resulted in 100% removal / mortality of all
test organisms.
The application of all three methods (gravity separation + filtration + chemical
desinfection) showed 100 % mortality of all tests organisms already at 100 ppm.
Further full-scale tests will be carried out in 2002 and 2003 on land and onboard
ship.
42
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Benchmark tests for ballast water treatment options
Treatment options researched Chemical treatments (oxidising chemicals and biocides).
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Voigt Consulting.
Contact Details Kampstr. 7
24601 Stolpe
Germany
Tel: +49 4326 987 37
Fax: +49 4326 987 38
Email: m.voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de
Web: www.drvoigt-consulting.de
Host Institution(s) Dr. Voigt Consulting.
Location of Research Germany.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Contract research (consulting).
Timeframe of the Project 1998 ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the To provide baseline data (benchmarks) for the efficiency of ballast water
project treatment options prior to costly full-scale testing. Compare different treatment
options.
Research Methods Chemical treatment options are tested in the lab with a specially developed
testing standard (ATS = Artemia Testing Standard) for the efficiency of ballast
water treatment options.
Results To be determined.
43
Projects Under Way Japan
Japan
Name of Project Study of Ballast Water Management
Treatment options researched Mechanical treatment system using a special pipe
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Hiroshi Tokuda, Dr. Hiroharu Kato, Dr. Yasuwo Fukuyo, Takeaki Kikuchi,
SEIJI KINO
Contact Details Marine Pollution Prevention Research Department
The Japan Association of Marine Safety
Kaiyo-Senpaku BLDG., 15-16, Toranomon 1-Chome, Minato-ku,
Tokyo 105-0001 JAPAN
Tel:+81(3)3502-3543
Fax:+81(3)3581-6136
Host Institution(s) Marine Pollution Prevention Research Department.
The Japan Association of Marine Safety.
Location of Research Laboratory of Marine Technology of Kushuu-Island.
Funding Level US$40,000 (1999), US$55,000 (2001).
Funding Source(s) The Nippon Foundation.
Timeframe of the Project Phase 1: April, 1999-March, 2000.
Phase 2: April, 2001-March, 2002.
Phase 3: In 2002 continuation.
Aims and objectives of the Development of a ballast water treatment system to satisfy criteria related to
project ship's safety, operational complexity, capability to be installed on board ships,
cost effectiveness and level of consequential environment impacts in addition to
the effectiveness of treatment.
Research Methods The experiments with the treatment system installed on land, using natural
seawater collected in a harbour area.
Results The special pipe system can terminate about 90% of total planktonic Crustacean
(zooplankton) in natural seawater (in phase 2). The effectiveness of treatment to
phyto/zoo planktons and the seawater flow rate will update in phase 3.
44
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
New Zealand
Name of Project Shipboard trials on chemical carrier MT Iver Stream and use of
models for designing heat treatment systems
Treatment options researched Heat
Principal Researcher(s) Doug Mountfort, Tim Dodgshun and Michael Taylor (Cawthron).
Contact Details Cawthron Institute
98 Halifax Street East
Private Bag 2 Nelson
Nelson, New Zealand
Tel: +64 (0)3 548 2319
Fax: +64 (0)3 546 9464
Email : info@cawthron.org.nz
Web: www.cawthron.org.nz.
Host Institution(s) Cawthron Institute (New Zealand).
Location of Research On-board heat treatment trials conducted on the trans-Pacific chemical carrier
MT Iver Stream.
Funding Level Confidential.
Funding Source(s) New Zealand Foundation of Research Science and Technology.
Timeframe of the Project 2001-
Aims and objectives of the · Using sea-going trials identify factors that must be considered for
project
optimisation of heat treatment of ship's ballast water.
· By developing models, achieve optimal design and performance standards for
heat treatment systems.
Research Methods Trials on the chemical carrier Iver Stream (32,000 tons) were conducted during
passage from Japan to New Zealand in February 2001 using tanks (1500 m3
capacity) in the bottoms of which steam heated coils were fitted as standard
equipment. Details on sampling and analysis can be found in Proc 1st Int
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium, IMO. London, 2001.
Results The results of the first phase of this study showed that:
· Temperature variability (thermocline) occurred in heated tanks in calm sea
conditions. Uniform temperatures of tank contents could be achieved (raising
the tank temperature to 35oC for > 30 h) in moderate to rough sea conditions
leading to effective kills of ballast organisms.
· Heat loss from tanks was a key consideration in achieving the desired tank
temperature.
It was concluded that:
· Some organisms might develop a tolerance to heating depending on whether
the treatment is "fast" or "slow".
· Priority should be given to optimising design of heat treatment systems so
that heat losses are minimized and contents are adequately mixed during
treatment.
· Details on operating and installation costs of treatment systems need to
accompany the design concept.
45
Projects Under Way Norway
Norway
Name of Project Ballast Water Treatment by Ozonation
Treatment options researched Ozone treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Aage Bjørn Andersen, Egil Dragsund, Bjørn Olav Johannessen.
Contact Details Det Norske Veritas
Veritasveien 1
N-1322 Høvik
Norway
Tel: +47 67 57 85 86
Fax: +47 67 57 99 11
Email: aage.bjorn.andersen@dnv.com
Web: www.dnv.com.
Host Institution(s) DNV Høvik, Norway.
Location of Research DNV Høvik and University of Oslo.
Funding Level NOK 800,000 (NOK 500,000 for 1999-2000; NOK 300,000 for 2000-1).
Funding Source(s) Barber Ship Management.
Timeframe of the Project 1999 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate and test whether ozone represents an appropriate risk reducing
project alternative for ballast water treatment.
Research Methods · Review of recent literature.
· Laboratory testing of:
- Efficiency of ozone disinfection.
- Oxidant decay rates in seawater.
- Corrosivity of ozone treated seawater.
Results Literature review has identified ozonation as a potentially efficient option
representing a chemical method without environmental harmful side effects.
Findings from the literature have been an input to the planning of the laboratory
testing phase.
The estimated increase in corrosivity of the ballast water is based on a limited
short period experiment. Prior to a full-scale evaluation of ballast water
ozonation, a more detailed long-term test on corrosion should be undertaken.
Further work will encompass full-scale methodology verification aboard a
vessel trading between the USA and Australia. This will be performed in co-
operation with Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS) and US
Coast Guard (USCG). Final arrangements have not yet been formalised.
46
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Singapore
Name of Project Shipboard Ballast Water Treatment Technology Development
Treatment options researched Mechanical, physical, chemical and their hybrids.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Jose Matheickal.
Contact Details Environmental Technology Institute
Innovation Centre, Nanyang Technology University
Block 2, Unit 237
18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637723
Tel: +65 794 1556
Fax+65 792 1291
Email: jtmath@eti.org.sg
Web: www.eti.org.sg.
Host Institution(s) Environmental Technology Institute.
Location of Research Singapore.
Funding Level S$2.5 million.
Funding Source(s) Environmental Technology Institute, National Science and Technology Board,
Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, local ship building company.
Timeframe of the Project 2000-1.
Aims and objectives of the · Evaluate various treatment alternatives at lab-scale, pilot scale and shipboard
project
conditions;
· Development of monitoring tools for evaluation of different technologies;
· Development of shipboard treatment systems.
Research Methods · Dockside pilot-scale evaluation and verification of technologies;
· Research collaboration with Tropical Marine Science Institute for developing
advanced bio-monitoring tools;
· Hydraulic simulation studies;
· Process optimisation/system modeling;
· Flow cytomtery analysis and DNA probes development.
Results Phase 1 was undertaken by ETI in Singapore in collaboration with Maritime and
Port Authority (MPA) and the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 1999
and evaluated treatment technologies using a pilot scale facility of 1, 200
tonnes/ day. This flow rate was chosen, as it would allow a number of system
modifications and optimisation experiments in a relatively short period of time,
without having to face serious scalability issues. The study included hydraulic
as well as biological performance evaluation of mechanical, physical and
chemical treatment technologies. The study gave promising results for filtration
systems, but "off-the-shelf" technologies may require significant modifications.
Phase II efforts are underway to develop a hybrid ballast water treatment
system, and to evaluate the system onboard ship.
47
Projects Under Way Singapore
Name of Project Dockside Studies on Integration of Filtration Technologies with
Secondary Treatment Technologies
Treatment options researched Filtration combined with UV, Ozone and Chemicals
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Jose Matheickal
Contact Details Senior Research Scientist, Environmental Technology Institute, NTU,
Innovation Centre, 18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637723
Email: jtmath@eti.org.sg
Host Institution(s) Environmental Technology Institute.
Location of Research Singapore.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) ETI and Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore.
Timeframe of the Project 2002-2003.
Aims and objectives of the To develop a filtration system coupled with a secondary treatment system for
project ballast water treatment and to study the biological and hydraulic performance of
the system.
Research Methods Pilot-scale test runs using a dockside facility. Use flow cytometers, particle size
distribution and specific DNA probes for system performance evaluation.
Results Ongoing.
48
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
United Kingdom
Name of Project Efficiency of ballast water exchange in regional seas
Treatment options researched Ballast water exchange
Principal Researcher(s) Tracy McCollin
Contact Details Tracy McCollin
FRS Marine Laboratory
PO Box 101
Victoria Road
Aberdeen
AB11 9DB
Tel: +44 (0)1224 295 573
Fax: +44 (0)1224 295 511
E-mail: mccollint@marlab.ac.uk
Host Institution(s) FRS Marine Laboratory.
Location of Research Scotland, United Kingdom.
Funding Level Approx £325 000.
Funding Source(s) Scottish Executive Environmental and Rural Affairs Department and Scottish
Natural Heritage.
Timeframe of the Project July 1999-January 2003.
Aims and objectives of the · Carry out a detailed assessment of the efficiency of in-transit exchange in the
project
North Sea and Irish Sea on planktonic organisms in ship's ballast tanks.
· Assess the survival of planktonic organisms whilst on passage in ballast
tanks.
Research Methods Marine Laboratory staff travel with a vessel on the ballast leg of its journey
back to the west coast of Scotland from ports within northern Europe. The
vessel carries out a ballast exchange process and samples are taken from the
ballast tanks before, during and after exchange.
Results To be determined.
49
Projects Under Way United Kingdom
Name of Project MARTOB: On Board Treatment of Ballast Water (Technologies
Development and Applications) and Application of Low-sulphur
Marine Fuel
Treatment options researched Most methods available for ballast water onboard treatment.
Principal Researcher(s) Prof. Atilla Incecik (Project Coordinator)
Dr Ehsan Mesbahi (Project Manager)
Miss Joanne Black (Project Administrator)
Contact Details Department of Marine Technology, Armstrong Building
University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 -191 222 6724 (Atilla.Incecik@ncl.ac.uk)
: +44 -191 222 6723 (Ehsan.mesbahi@ncl.ac.uk)
: +44 -191 222 5531 (Joanne.Black@ncl.ac.uk)
Fax: +44-191 222 5491
Host Institution(s) University of Newcastle, UK.
Location of Research UK: UNEW, ABC, FRS, INTERTANKO, SOU, TQ, ICS
Finland: AAU, VTT
Netherlands: TNO, TME, BERSON, HW
Norway: SINTEF, MARINTEK, Shell MP, WW, FUELTECH, NSA
France: IFREMER, BV
Sweden: ALFA LAVAL, SSPA
Greece: EPE
Denmark: MAN B&W.
Funding Level Approximately 3.8 million.
Funding Source(s) Partially funded by European Commission under the 5th Framework
Programme for research, technological development and demonstration
activities, GROWTH, (Directorate-General for Energy and Transport).
Timeframe of the Project MARTOB started in April 2001and will run for three years.
Aims and objectives of the The objectives of MARTOB are:
project · To investigate methodologies for preventing the introduction of non
indigenous species through ships' ballast water;
· To develop design tools and treatment equipment to be used in the further
development of ballast water treatment techniques;
· To assess the direct and indirect environmental aspects of current and newly
developed methods;
· To develop cost-effective (capital and running), safe, environmentally
friendly onboard treatment methods;
· To produce guidelines for crew training and criteria for selecting appropriate
ballast water management methods for different types of ship;
· To assess the financial, technical and operational effects of a sulphur cap on
marine bunker fuel in European waters, and propose a verification scheme
ensuring compliance with a sulphur cap from all players in the market;
· To help to facilitate the introduction of an important sulphur emission
abatement measure without unintentional distortion of competition in the
shipping market.
Research Methods Theoretical, laboratory tests and onboard sea trials.
Results With the completion of MARTOB, it is envisaged that the results of this project
would be able to provide an insight on global ballast water legislative measures
and recommendations on probable future ballast water treatment solutions
through research and shipboard trials. MARTOB will result in detailed
recommendations for ballast water management solutions to IMO, ICES, IOC
and other maritime organisations, marine environmental agencies and
regulatory bodies.
50
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
United States of America
Name of Project Electro-Ionization Treatment for Ballast Water; First Assessment of
Effectiveness Against Marine Microbiota and Design of Shipboard,
Shore Based, and Tender Ballast Treatment Systems
Treatment options researched Electro Ionization(EIMSTM)
Principal Researcher(s) Joe Aliotta, Ph.D Marine Environmental Partners, Inc
Dr. Andrew Rogerson, Ph.D Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale,
FL
Contact Details Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
3001 W. State Road 84
Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33312
United States of America
Tel: +1 954 791 3700
Fax: +1 954 791 2447
E-mail: mark@mepi.net
Web: www.mepi.net
Capt. "Bud" C.E. Leffler, President
Jon Stewart, Exe. VP Sales & Marketing
Mark Yonge, Exe. VP Maritime Affairs
Host Institution(s) Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL.
Location of Research Ft. Lauderdale, Florida USA.
Funding Level Private.
Funding Source(s) Marine Environmental Partners, Inc.
Timeframe of the Project October, 2000 January, 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To evaluate & demonstrate the effectiveness of electro-ionization technology in
project killing marine microbes similar to those found in ballast water and to design a
best available technology treatment system process for ship, land based and
tender installations.
To develop data from which to design an electro-ionization treatment system for
the treatment of ballast water.
Research Methods Marine Environmental Partners, Inc. supplied a pilot system to Nova Ocean
Research Center. The system components are 150 gal. Tank containing seawater
to mimic ballast tanks, a NI-OX/LTM gas generator and a ClorinTM gas
generator. High-pressure pumps, & differential pressure injectors. Sea Water
(salinity ca.32 g/l) from the port is used as well as seeding with ca.50liters of
seawater enriched with a mixture of protists (algae and protozoa).
Bacteria were counted by standard plate counting methods. Plates incubated and
number of colonies recorded. Protists are counted by enrichment cultivation
using methods fully detailed in Rogerson and Gwaltney (2000).
All data converted to percentage survival levels to normalize for any differences
in the numbers of starting organisms. Chlorine levels were kept below detection
in the treated water.
Results To be determined.
51
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Program Field
Trials and Comparison of Commercially Available Primary and
Secondary Ballast Treament Alternatives
Treatment options researched Filtration and UV; Cyclonic Separation and UV.
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi, MS (Northeast/Midwest Institute) and Richard Harkins, PE,
(Lake Carriers' Association) with Ivor Knight, PhD, James Madison University,
Mary Balcer, PhD, University of Wisconsin Superior; Mike Parsons, PhD,
University of Michigan; David Wright, PhD, and Rodger Dawson, PhD,
University of Maryland; Donald Ried, MS, Napien, Ontario, and Nicole Mays,
NEMWI.
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
United States of America
Tel : +1 202-544-5200
Fax : +1 202-544-0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org
Host Institution(s) Northeast/Midwest Institute.
Location of Research Barge-based tests: Duluth-Superior Harbor, MN and Two Harbors, MN; Ship-
board tests: M/S Regal Princess Vancouver to Alaska voyages.
Funding Level Approximately US$600,000.
Funding Source(s) US EPA Great Lakes National Program Office, National Sea Grant Association,
US Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project Fieldwork took place May-September 2000. Sample analysis is ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the To develop protocols for assessing biological and operational effectiveness of
project ballast treatments on a barge-based platform and ship installation; to assess and
compare the relative effectiveness of filtration/UV and cyclonic separation/ UV
under field conditions at a flow rate of 1500 gpm; to draw conclusions about the
generalizability of barge-based information to ship context.
Research Methods Barge-based biological tests involved sampling triplicate matched treatment and
control collection tanks at two time intervals and turbidity levels. Samples were
subjected to live/dead and density analysis of zooplankton; total chlorophyll a,
growth rate, and density analysis of phytoplankton; inactivation rate of a spiked
MS 2 bacteriophage; and total bacteria counts. Particle removal, flow rate, and
power consumption were measured. M/S Regal Princess tests involved three
before/after in-line tests; three ballast tank "time zero" tests (water was placed
in matched treatment and control ballast tanks and then removed immediately);
and three ballast tank "retention tests" (water was retained for 18-24 hours).
Samples were analyzed for density/inactivation of zooplankton, phytoplankton
and bacteria.
Results To be determined.
52
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project M/T Stolt Aspiration (Parcel Tanker)
Treatment options researched OptiMar Ballast System (Separation and UV)
Principal Researcher(s) Allegra Cangelosi
Contact Details Northeast/Midwest Institute
218 D Street, SE
Washington, DC 20003
USA
Tel : +1 202-544-5200
Fax : +1 202-544-0043
Email: acangelo@nemw.org
Web: www.nemw.org
Host Institution(s) Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project.
Location of Research Great Lakes and Western Europe.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Protection Fund.
Timeframe of the Project Summer/fall 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Verify effectiveness of the OptiMar System.
project
Research Methods On board sampling.
Results To be determined.
53
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Assessment of On-shore Treatment of Ballast Water Discharges (a
programme of several ongoing, inter-related research projects,
funded by various agencies)
Treatment options researched Onshore treatment plants.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Andrew Cohen (Senior Scientist, Biological Invasions Program, San
Francisco Estuary Institute), Dr David Jenkins (Emeritus Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley), Arleen
Navarett (Senior Marine Biologist, Water Quality Bureau, City and County of
San Francisco).
Contact Details Dr Andrew Cohen
San Francisco Estuary Institute
180 Richmond Field Station
1325 S 46th Street
Richmond, CA 94804
United States of America
Tel: +1 510 231 9423
Fax: +1 510 231 9414
Email: acohen@sfei.org
Web: www.sfei.org/invasion.html.
Host Institution(s) See Principal Researchers.
Location of Research Richmond Field Station, Richmond, CA.
Funding Level Total of around US$325,000 in received, obligated and pending funding.
Funding Source(s) US Fish and Wildlife Service, California Sea Grant College System, Pollution
Mitigation funds arranged through the San Francisco Bay Regional Water
Quality Control Board.
Timeframe of the Project Began in 1999 and is ongoing.
Aims and objectives of the To assess the potential and estimate the relative costs of treating ballast water
project discharges in onshore treatment plants, using either existing wastewater
treatment plants or purpose-built treatment plants.
Research Methods · Benchtop tests and on-paper analyses of potential limitations on ballast water
treatment in existing municipal wastewater treatment plants and the probable
effectiveness of treatment of ballast water in existing municipal wastewater
treatment plants, based in a variety of test organisms;
· Design and on-paper analyses of probable effectiveness of treatment of ballast
water in purpose-built, onshore ballast treatment plants;
· Estimate costs of treatment in existing wastewater treatment plants and
purpose-built treatment plants.
Results To be determined.
54
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Inactivation of Human Pathogens through Photon Engineering
Treatment options researched UV light.
Principal Researcher(s) Fred C. Dobbs and Mounir Laroussi.
Contact Details Dr Fred C. Dobbs
Department of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences
Old Dominion University
4600 Elkhorn Avenue
Norfolk, VA 23529-0276
United States of America
Tel: +1 757-683-5329
Fax: +1 757-683-5303
Email: fdobbs@odu.edu
Web: www.ocean.odu.edu/dobbs/dobbsnew.htm
Dr Mounir Laroussi
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University,
Applied Research Center Newport News, VA 23606
United States of America
Tel: +1 757-269-5640
Email: laroussi@jlab.org
Host Institution(s) Old Dominion University.
Location of Research Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA.
Funding Level US$99,903.
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program.
Timeframe of the Project 1 Oct 1999 - 31 March 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To design, construct, and develop a laboratory prototype UV reactor that will
project provide an effective second step, following filtration, to minimize
microorganisms in ships' ballast waters.
Research Methods Bench-top studies to test the efficacy of a UV lamp in killing bacteria and
dinoflagellates and inactivating viruses in flowing water. Tests will proceed
under various flow rates and with various repeated-pass scenarios.
Results To be determined.
55
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project West Coast Regional Applied Ballast Management Research and
Demonstration Project
Treatment options researched Cyclonic Separation and UV (Optimar Ballast System).
Principal Researcher(s) Maurya B. Falkner, California State Lands Commission, Marine Facilities
Division with Nick Welschmeyer, Ph.D., Moss Landing Marine Laboratories,
San Jose State University Foundation and Stephen Bollens, Ph.D., Romburg
Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University
Contact Details Maurya B. Falkner
California State Lands Commission
Marine Facilities Division
200 Oceangate, Suite 900
Long Beach, CA 90802
Tel: +1 562-499-6312
Fax: +1 562-499-6317
Email: falknem@slc.ca.gov
Host Institution(s) California State Lands Commission.
Marine Facilities Division.
Location of Research California State Lands Commission, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and
Romberg-Tiburon Center, San Francisco State University.
Funding Level Approximately US $300,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and Port of Oakland.
Timeframe of the Project September 2000 - December 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Provide cost estimates and ballast water treatment options to the maritime
project industry. Conduct applied research, in cooperation with California State Water
Resources Control Board, U.S. Coast Guard, the maritime industry and
technology vendors on ballast water treatment.
Research Methods Utilize full-scale engineering designs to install the Optimar Ballast System on
two vessels, the Sea Princess and the R.J. Pfeiffer. Conduct shipboard
biological and operational evaluations of these systems under normal vessel
conditions. Biological efficacy testing includes sampling of treatment and
control tanks. Samples will be evaluated for zoo- and phytoplankton, bacteria
and virus removal and inactivation.
Results To be determined.
56
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Ballast and Oily Water Treatment System (BOWTS)
Treatment options researched Extending a proven, in-use treatment system that removes oils/fuels/heavy
metals from bilges to bar similar contaminants and aquatic nuisance species
from contaminating harbors. Methodology is to treat ballast water via a series
of stages that include mechanical separation and filtration, chemical
attachment and stripping, and ultraviolet microbial sanitation.
Principal Researcher(s) Several and various corporate and alliance members
Contact Details Martin Fox
Director, Emerging Technology Division
Santa Barbara Applied Research Incorporated
1925 N. Lynn Street, Suite 1102
Arlington, VA 22209
United States of America
Tel: +1 703 526 0022
Fax: +1 703 526 0222
Email: martinfox@sbar.com
Host Institution(s) Santa Barbara Applied Research Incorporated.
Location of Research California, USA and Chesapeake Tidewater Area, USA.
Funding Level Under discussion.
Funding Source(s) Internal R&D ... seeking institutional/government partners.
Timeframe of the Project Initial feasibility exploration < 1 year.
Establishment of treatment criteria to be determined.
Aims and objectives of the 1. Prove scalability of existing system to permit increased flow rates and
project filtration levels appropriate to economic treatment of large capacity ballast.
2. Exploration of the level of ballast water treatment (how clean of what
species) that will help establish reasonable criteria, both biologic and economic,
for the use of government regulators.
Research Methods Empirical.
Results To be determined.
57
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Onboard Ballast Water Treatment/Management with Ozone &
Sonics
Treatment options researched Filtration, low frequency sonics and ozone
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas L. Maddox
Contact Details T.L. Maddox Companies
16149 Westwoods Business Park
Ellisville, MO 63021-4505
United States of America
Tel: +1 636 394 8161
Fax: +1 636 394 6776
Email: tlm@tlmcos.com
Web: www.zebra-mussels.com
http://invasions.si.edu
Host Institution(s) United States Department of Commerce.
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
National Sea Grant Program.
Location of Research Lab work in USA.
Funding Level US$175,000.
Funding Source(s) National Sea Grant College Program NA96RG0478.
Timeframe of the Project Phase I: October 1, 1999 September 30, 2000.
Aims and objectives of the Develop a ballast treatment system which treats only the ballast water actually
project being discharged at any given point in time@ 5,000GPM . This system would
kill bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, dinoflagellates, etc. All of this to
occur without producing any byproducts. This system would also be: compact,
quiet, safe, user friendly, reliable, durable, low maintenance, environmentally
friendly, PLC controlled and monitored, use off-the-shelf components, flexible
and scalable for use on any size, age, and type of ship, economical to operate,
and have no moving parts.
Research Methods Phase I -
Demonstrate the effectiveness of combining the use of filtration
and a low-frequency sonic contact reactor with ozone.
Phase II - Demonstrating the unit dockside at several locations @ 500 GPM.
Phase III - Incorporate the findings from early work into an operable,
shipboard system @ 5,000 GPM.
The method uses a mechanically driven acoustic transducer operating at low-
frequency to promote intimate mixing of gases, liquids, and solids to improve
the contact between the organisms in ballast water and ozone bubbles, resulting
in greater mortality at small dosing rates. The processes produce high-intensity
acoustic compression and rarefaction waves which are propagated throughout
the reactor. The intense pressure and turbulence induced shear caused by these
waves will stress and traumatize the organisms, increasing their vulnerability to
the ozone.
For details of lab methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of these
techniques, see next section.
Results Phase I Final Report available upon request. Also available are the lab results by
Dr. Robert A. Andersen at Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of
Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay
Harbor, ME 04575 USA.
58
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project The Feasibility of Biocide Application in Controlling the Release on
Nonindigenous Aquatic Species from Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Biocide treatment of ballast water using glutaraldehyde.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Michael Parsons, Dr Peter Landrum, Ms Larissa Sano, Lt Curtiss C. Potter,
Ms Ann Krueger.
Contact Details Dr Michael Parsons
236A NA&ME Bldg., Room 2145
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
United States of America
Tel: +1 734 763 3081
Fax: +1 734 936 8820
E-mail: parsons@engin.umich.edu
Host Institution(s) Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research (University of
Michigan, College of Engineering) and the Great Lakes Environmental
Research Lab (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association).
Location of Research Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Funding Level US$306,000.
Funding Source(s) Great Lakes Fishery Trust Fund.
Timeframe of the Project March 1998 February 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To investigate the potential for biocide treatment in helping reduce the number
project of nonindigenous species released into Great Lakes' waters.
Components of this objective are to establish the concentrations of
glutaraldehyde required to achieve 90% mortality rates (LC90) in 24-hour
water-only exposures using a range of representative aquatic organisms;
Determine the effect of sediments on glutaraldehyde efficacy in 24-h water-
sediment exposures; Measure degradation rates of glutaraldehyde under
conditions similar to those found in ballast tanks; Determine the concentrations
of glutaraldehyde that may pose a risk to organisms exposed in receiving
waters; Conduct a field trial of glutaraldehyde treatment using a foreign
NOBOB (no ballast on board) vessel transiting from the Baltic area to the Great
Lakes.
Research Methods Laboratory testing, which included a 24-hour acute lethal toxicity bioassays,
chronic toxicity bioassays, degradation experiments and shipboard application
(still in development).
Results To be determined.
59
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Electrochemically Generated Ozone for On-Board Control of
Nonindigenous Invasive Species in Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Electrochemically generated ozone.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Tom D. Rogers, Principal Investigator, Dr. Dalibor Hodko (Lynntech, Inc.)
Associate Investigator, Capt. Phil Jenkins, Jenkins and Associates Ltd, Fonthill,
Ontario, Canada (Subcontractor).
Contact Details Lynntech, Inc
7610 Eastmark Dr
College Station, TX 77840
United States of America
Tel: +1 979 693 0017
Fax: +1 979 764 7479
Email: trogers@lynntech.com
Web: www.lynntech.com.
Host Institution(s) Lynntech, Inc.
Location of Research College Station, Texas and Ontario, Canada.
Funding Level US$200,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Department of Commerce (Sea Grant).
Timeframe of the Project 1 September 2000 31 August 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate:
project · Methods of on-board use of ozone (i.e., intake pulse treatment, in-tank
contacting).
· Various factors pertaining to corrosion when using ozone.
· Dose-rate requirements for ozone related to various water qualities typical of
representative ports and waterways.
· Requirements for system integration into specific types of ships.
· Safety requirements for on-board use of ozone.
· Cost estimates for scale-up of technology and systems to meet on-board
implementation.
Research Methods Laboratory and pilot scale tests will be performed to meet tasks defined within
the scope of the project as presented to the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Results To be determined.
60
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Pacific Ballast Water Treatment Pilot Project
Treatment options researched Various.
Principal Researcher(s) Scott Smith.
Contact Details Washington State Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinator
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
600 Capitol Way N.
Olympia, WA 98501
United States of America
Tel: +1 360 902 2724
Fax: +1 360 902 2845
Email: smithsss@dfw.wa.gov.
Host Institution(s) Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, USGS Biological Resources, US
Fish and Wildlife Services, Hyde Marine, Velox, California State Lands
Commission, University of Washington.
Location of Research Marrowstone Marine Field Station, WA, USA.
Funding Level US$330,000 plus in-kind contributions.
Funding Source(s) US Fish and Wildlife Service, USGS Biological Resources, Velox
Technologies, Hyde Marine.
Timeframe of the Project Phase I (Project Planning, Organisation and Funding): April 2000-
October 2000.
Phase II (All project deliverables completed. Final report submitted within six
months): October 2000-June 2001.
Aims and objectives of the This project aims to recommend a standard for the discharge of treated ballast
project water and recommend a sampling/monitoring protocol to verify an adequate
ballast water exchange. The final report will be made available for distribution
in the US.
Research Methods Laboratory and on-board tests.
Results To be determined.
61
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project Clean Ballast Water
Treatment options researched Innovative application of high frequency ultrasound
Principal Researcher(s) Dr. Christopher Sullivan
Contact Details Dr. Christopher Sullivan
Oceanit Laboratories, Inc.
1001 Bishop Street
Pacific Tower, Suite 2970
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
United States
Tel: +1808 531 3017
Fax: +1 808 531 3177
Email: Csullivan@oceanit.com
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research Honolulu, Hawaii.
Funding Level US $350,000.
Funding Source(s) U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. Department of Transportation/Coast Guard.
High Technology Development Corp.
Timeframe of the Project Through 2002.
Aims and objectives of the To design, build and demonstrate an effective ballast water treatment system
project that cleans ballast water of marine organisms by utilizing a unique high-
frequency ultrasound technology.
Research Methods Use innovative application of high-frequency ultrasound, with unique treatment
vessel configurations, to produce a viable ultrasonic ballast water treatment
system.
Results To be determined. Initial results are very promising.
62
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project Field Tests on Alternatives to Ballast Exchange
Treatment options researched Self Cleaning Screens, Hydrocyclones, UV radiation.
Principal Researcher(s) Dr Thomas D Waite.
Contact Details College of Engineering
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
United States of America
Tel: +1 305 284 3467
Fax: +1 305 284 2885
Email: twaite@miami.edu
Web: www.eng.miami.edu.
Host Institution(s) University of Miami.
Location of Research University of Miami School of Marine Science, Biscayne Bay, Miami, FL.
Funding Level Approx. US$400,000.
Funding Source(s) US Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project August 2000 July 2001.
Aims and objectives of the To determine treatment effectiveness of the unit processes described above.
project
Research Methods This is a dockside pilot facility operating at 300 cubic meters per hours. It is
currently under construction, and testing will commence in September 2000.
Samples will be evaluated for both zoo- and phytoplankton removal and
inactivation before and after treatment.
Results To be determined.
Name of Project Large Scale Treatment of Ballast Water With Screens,
Hydrocyclones and UV, at Variable Turbidity and Color
Treatment options researched 50 micron screen, Hydrocyclone, UV, Media Filter
Principal Researcher(s) Thomas D. Waite, Junko Kazumi
Contact Details twaite@miami.edu, jkazumi@miami.edu
Host Institution(s) University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124 (USA).
Location of Research Miami, Florida (USA).
Funding Level Approx. US$0.5M (two years).
Funding Source(s) U.S. Coast Guard.
Timeframe of the Project September 2000 September 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Evaluate effects of turbidity and color effects on the unit processes of screening,
project hydrocyclones, and UV radiation at large scale (300 m3/Hr).
Research Methods Bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, ATP, protein changes due to treatment
under the influence of variable parameters.
Results Effects of turbidity on treatment efficiency finished and report (interim) with
the U.S. Coast Guard. Studies of treatment efficiency studies as a function of
color are underway. Paper describing results has been submitted to Marine
Ecology Progress Series.
63
Projects Under Way United States
Name of Project RJ Pfeiffer (Panamax containership)
Treatment options researched OptiMar Ballast System (Separation and UV)
Principal Researcher(s) Nick Welschmeyer and Steve Bollens
Contact Details
Host Institution(s) Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and Romberg-Tiburon Center, San
Francisco State University.
Location of Research West coast of USA.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) California State Lands Commission and California State Water Resources
Control Board.
Timeframe of the Project Spring/Summer 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Verify effectiveness of the OptiMar System.
project
Research Methods On board sampling.
Results To be determined.
Name of Project Sea Princess and Star Princess (Cruise ships)
Treatment options researched OptiMar Ballast System (Separation and UV)
Principal Researcher(s) Nick Welschmeyer and Steve Bollens
Contact Details
Host Institution(s) Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and Romberg-Tiburon Center, San
Francisco State University.
Location of Research West coast of USA.
Funding Level
Funding Source(s) California State Lands Commission and California State Water Resources
Control Board.
Timeframe of the Project Spring/Summer 2002.
Aims and objectives of the Verify effectiveness of the OptiMar System.
project
Research Methods On board sampling.
Results To be determined.
64
Appendix One:
Template for Submissions to be
Included in the Directory
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Directory Aug 2002
Name of Project
Treatment options researched
Principal Researcher(s)
Contact Details
Host Institution(s)
Location of Research
Funding Level
Funding Source(s)
Timeframe of the Project
Aims and objectives of the
project
Research Methods
Results
67
Ballast
W
a
ter T
Global Ballast Water
Management Programme
reatment
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
R&D Dir
ectory
Ballast Water Treatment
R&D Directory
AUGUST 2002
More Information?
Programme Coordination Unit
Global Ballast Water Management Programme
International Maritime Organization
4 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7SR United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 7587 3247 or 3251
Fax: +44 (0)20 7587 3261
Web: http://globallast.imo.org
A cooperative initiative of the Global Environment Facility,
United Nations Development Programme and International Maritime Organization.