IPP133
v 3
Public Disclosure Authorized
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EAST
ASIA PROJECT
Public Disclosure Authorized
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF ETHNIC
MINORITY DEVELOPMENT PLANS (EMDP)
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abbreviations
1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1
2.
Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam ........................................................................................ 2
3. The
Strategy ................................................................................................................... 3
4.
Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMPD)............................................ 4
5. Screening........................................................................................................................ 4
6. Social
Impact
Assessment............................................................................................... 5
7. Ethnic
Minority
Development
Plan ................................................................................. 5
8. Implementation
Arrangement.......................................................................................... 5
9. Monitoring...................................................................................................................... 6
10. Schedule ......................................................................................................................... 6
11. Budget ............................................................................................................................ 6
12. Reporting/Documentation ............................................................................................... 6
ABBREVIATIONS
DEC
District
Executive
Committee
EMDP
Ethnic
Minority
Development
NGO
Non
Government
Organization
NSC
National
Steering
Committee
OD
Operational
Directive
PMU
Project
Management
Unit
SIA
Social
Impact
Assessment
Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
Introduction
1. This project will address one of the most significant and rapidly growing causes of land-
based pollution of the South China Sea environmentally unsustainable industrial-scale
livestock production. The overall objectives of the project is to reduce the negative local and
global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in selected
demonstration areas in China, Thailand, and Vietnam that drain into the South China Sea and
Gulf of Thailand. Specifically, the proposed project and its replication would lead to a
reduction of land-based pollution from livestock production in the country and, consequently,
in the international waterways of the South China Sea.
2. The proposed project consists of four components: (i) Component 1: Conducive Policy
Framework; (ii) Component 2: Demonstration of Livestock Waste Management; (iii)
Component 3: Development of Decision Support Tools and Regional Co-ordination; and (iv)
Component 4: Project Management and Monitoring. The first component is expected to lead
to the development and implementation of policies for both livestock production and waste
management with strengthened and better-enforced regulations, more effective institutions
and financial incentives. The outcome of the second component would be demonstrations in
micro-watersheds with improved livestock waste management including the establishment of
improved nutrient-balances in surrounding agricultural land. The third component would
develop common decision support tools for policy makers and promote the exchange of
experiences and lessons learned amongst the three participating countries directly involved in
the Project as well as those bordering the South China Sea. The last component would result
in efficient project management and effective monitoring of the political/institutional and
environmental changes brought about by the Project.
3. The focus of the proposed project is centered on the implementation of cost-effective
livestock waste management in selection watershed sites in Thailand, Vietnam and in one
province of China bordering the South China Sea (Guangdong).
4. In Vietnam, the project sites selected for the second component (i.e. Demonstration of
Livestock Waste Management) during project preparation are located in two (2) provinces
namely: Dong Nai and Ha Tay. Specifically, the demonstration sites for livestock waste
management would be in Bien Hoa city of Dong Nai province and in Thuong Tin District of
Ha Tay province.
5. According to information collected from local authorities and the National Steering
Committee for the project, no Ethnic Minority groups are located in the two demonstration
sites selected during the project preparation phase. In the case of that future project
demonstration activities will be located in the areas of Ethnic Minorities, every special effort
will be made through design, construction measures and construction schedules to reduce
adverse impacts on these groups. For the establishment of public pig waste treatment
systems, the adverse impacts would be at the individual level and at a low-intensity level, as
land of some ethnic minority families may be exchanged or permanently acquired for
building common waste treatment systems. Therefore, the project would not cause any
culturally specific impact on the affected ethnic minority households and the nature of
impacts does not result in community-wide socio-economic effects.
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
6.
If there are ethnic minority people in the project selected sites then in line with the
World Bank's Operational Directive on Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20), an Ethnic Minority
Development Plan (EMDP) will be developed for areas that have ethnic minority households
according to this strategy for ethnic minorities. Ethnic minority is defined as social groups
with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that may make them
vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process. According to OD 4.20 ethnic
minorities can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence in varying
degrees of the following characteristics:
A close attachment to ancestral territories and to the natural resources in these
areas;
(b)
Self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct
cultural group;
(c)
An indigenous language, often different from the national language;
(d)
Presence of customary social and political institutions; and
(e)
Primarily subsistence-oriented production.
7.
The purpose of this strategy is to ensure that the development process foster full
respect for dignity, human rights, and cultural uniqueness of Ethnic Minority People (EDP).
More specifically, the objective of this strategy is to ensure that EMPs do not suffer adverse
effects during the development process and that they will receive culturally compatible social
and economic benefits.
Ethnic Minorities in Viet Nam
8.
There are 54 ethnic groups in Vietnam, of which the ethnic Vietnamese, known as
Kinh, accounts for about 85 percent of total population. Kinh people dominate the political,
economic, and social activities of the country. The other 53 ethnic groups in Viet Nam are
considered ethnic minorities. Most ethnic minority groups live in upland areas. Some ethnic
minority groups who live mainly in the lowlands are Hoa (Chinese), Cham and Khmer
9.
Equality right of ethnic people is stated clearly in the Vietnam's Constitution. Article
5 in the Vietnam Constitution (1992) states as follows: The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a
united nation having many nationalities. The State implements a policy of equality and unity
and supports the cultures of all nationalities and prohibits discrimination and separation.
Each nationality has the right to use its own language and characters to preserve their
culture and to improve its own traditions and customs. The State carries out a policy to
develop thoroughly and gradually improve the quality of life of ethnic minorities in Vietnam
physically and culturally.
10.
One of the most important policies regulating ethnic minority development is
Government Guidance No.525/TTG issued on 2/11/1993. This document provides detailed
guidelines on the implementation of development activities in highland and ethnic areas,
including the following:
· Focus on development of infrastructure, especially transportation road systems and fresh
water supply;
· Gradual increase in food security;
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
· Consolidation of education systems; adjust education program based on the
characteristics of provinces; create favorable conditions, support non-formal education
and develop the internal economy of these areas.
11.
Ethnic minorities in Vietnam have received many benefits as a result of government
policies such as: preferential treatment in college admission processes, government subsidy
for various consumption goods (cooking oil, kerosene, iodized salt). The government,
foreign donor agencies, and many NGOs have organized numerous development and special
assistance programs that targeted ethnic minorities. Very large sums of money have been
invested with the intention of helping the uplands in general and ethnic minorities in
particular to "catch up" with lowland areas.
12.
While many - probably most - ethnic minority households have better material
standards of living today than they did in the past, they are still not catching up with the rest
of the country economically. The ethnic minority people are struggling to adapt to severe
stresses placed upon them from population pressure, resource depletion, and cultural
dislocation resulting from decades of externally imposed change. Development of the region
must concentrate on promoting the process of adaptive change, recognizing that it must be
accomplished by the people themselves, and that they will inevitably have to devise many
different ways of doing it.
THE STRATEGY
13.
According to the Government of Viet Nam, ethnic minorities have the following
characteristics:
- An intimate understanding and long stay in the territory, land or area of their
ancestors with close attachment to natural resources;
- Self-identification and recognized by neighboring members by their distinctive
culture
- A language different from the national language
- A long traditional social and institutional system
- A self-provided production system.
14.
The Government of Viet Nam's policy of not discriminating against Ethnic Minority
Peoples is demonstrated by the presence of Ethnic People Council of the National Assembly
and the Ethnic People Committee of the Government. Article 94 in the Constitution, 1992
states that the Ethnic People Committee has the right to submit proposals, plans or related
issues of indigenous peoples to the Assembly, monitor, control the implementation of
national policies, development programs on various areas such as, education, health care, etc.
Article 5 of the Constitution also indicates that ethnic minority people could use their own
languages to reserve its cultural distinctions. In the Government of Viet Nam, directly under
the supervision of the Prime Minister is the Committee of Ethnic Minorities (which is
equivalent to a Ministry). Development programs are supervised by this Committee, such as
the poverty reduction Program 135 which according to degree No, 135/1998/QD-TTg of the
Prime Minister promotes the construction of small-scale infrastructure in poor ethnic
minority villages.
15.
The main objective of the World Bank's ethnic minority framework is to ensure that
the development process foster full respect for their dignity, human rights, cultural
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
uniqueness and that ethnic minorities do not suffer adverse impacts during the development
process and they will receive culturally-compatible social and economic benefits. The Bank's
OD 4.20 on Indigenous Peoples indicates that the strategy for addressing the issues pertaining
to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people
themselves. Thus, identifying local preferences through direct consultation, incorporation of
indigenous knowledge into project approaches, and appropriate early use of experienced
specialists are core activities for any project that affects Ethnic Minority Peoples and their
rights to natural and economic resources.
16.
This strategy will be applied to the Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project
where applicable.
Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development Plan (EMPD)
17.
These guidelines seek to ensure that ethnic minorities are well informed, consulted
and mobilized to participate in activities supported by the project. The participation of EDPs
can either provide more certainty about the benefits they may receive, or protect them from
any potential adverse impacts of the project. The major elements of the EMDP are a
preliminary screening process, followed by a social impact assessment to determine the
degree and nature of impact of each work under the project, and an action plan which will be
developed if warranted. Consultations with and participation of the minority population, their
leaders and local government officials will be an integral part of the overall EMDP.
Details of the screening and social impact assessment processes are described below.
Screening
18.
All communes which have ethnic minority communities and are candidates for the
project will be visited (at the time of first consultation with communes) by DECs, relevant
local authorities and consultants. Prior to the visit, the respective DECs will send a letters to
the communes informing commune leaders that they will be visited by the respective DECs
to discuss the project. The letter will request that the commune invite to the meeting
representatives of farmers and women associations, village leaders, and key staff of commune
for discussion on the project. During the visit, the commune leaders and other participants
will be requested to present their views with regard to the project.
19.
At this visit, the social scientists/consultants and/or local Women's Union will
undertake a screening for ethnic minority population with the help of ethnic minority leaders
and local authorities. The screening will check for the following:
(a)
Names of ethnic groups in the commune
(b)
Total number of ethnic minority groups in the commune
(c)
Percentage of ethnic minority of commune population
(d)
Number and percentage of ethnic minority households along the proposed
project sites for demonstration.
20.
If the results show that there are ethnic minority communities in the zone of influence
of the proposed project sites for demonstration, a social impact assessment will be planned
for those areas.
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
Social Impact Assessment
21. The social impact assessment (SIA) will be undertaken by the social
scientists/consultants and/or trained staff from the local Women's Union and ethnic minority
leaders. The SIA will gather relevant information on the following: demographic data;
social, cultural and economic situation; and social, cultural and economic impacts - positive
and negative.
22.
Information will be gathered from separate group meetings: ethnic minority leaders;
ethnic minority men; and ethnic minority women, especially those who live in the zone of
influence of the proposed project sites for demonstration. Discussions will focus on project
impacts, positive and negative; and recommendations for design of project. The local
Women's Union will be responsible for analyzing the SIA, and for leading the development
of an action plan with the ethnic minority leaders and project staff. If the SIA indicates that
the potential impact of the proposed project will be significantly adverse or that the ethnic
minority community rejects the project, the project will not be implemented in that locality;
no further action is needed in this case.
23.
If the ethnic minority supports the project implementation an EMDP will be
developed.
Ethnic Minority Development Plan
24.
The action plan will consists of a number of activities and will include mitigation
measures of potentially negative impacts, modification of project design, and development
assistance. Where there is land acquisition in ethnic minority communities, the project will
ensure that their rights will not be violated and that they be compensated for the use of any
part of their land in a manner that is culturally acceptable to them. The compensation and
rehabilitation will follow the Resettlement Policy Framework of the project.
25.
The Ethnic Minorities Development Plan will include:
(a) Legal Framework
(b) Baseline data;
(c) Land tenure information;
(d) Local participation;
(e) Technical identification of development or mitigation activities;
(f) Institutional arrangement;
(g) Implementation schedule;
(h) Monitoring and evaluation; and
(i) Cost and financing plan.
Implementation Arrangement
25.
Consultants will also be responsible for training respective DECs, local Women's
Union or a similar social organization to undertake the work of consultation, screening, social
impact assessment, analyses and preparing EMDPs.
26.
PMU and DECs of the project and local authorities are responsible for implementing
EMDP (arrange for adequate staff and budget).
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
Monitoring
27.
Implementation of the EMDPs will be regularly supervised and monitored by DECs
and respective Peoples' Committees and Committees for Ethnic Minorities at provincial and
district levels. The findings and recommendations will be recorded in quarterly reports and to
be furnished to PMU and the World Bank office in Viet Nam.
28.
The independent agency or agencies which will be used by PMU to undertake
external monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of resettlement action plans for the
project will also be tasked with monitoring the activities for EMDP. The external monitoring
agency will visit a sample of affected households in each relevant province on an annual
basis.
Schedule
29.
The EMDP should have an implementation schedule that is coordinated with the
project implementation. Logically, social impact assessments and group meetings should be
undertaken before the project designs are prepared. Compensation for land acquisition
should be satisfactorily completed at least one month prior to start of civil work. Monitoring
should take place at the recommended times during project implementation.
Budget
30.
The EMDP, while provides development activities, will include information on
detailed cost of mitigation measures and other rehabilitation entitlements for ethnic minority
in the affected areas. Sources of funding for the various activities and financing plans will be
clearly specified in the cost tables.
Reporting/Documentation
31.
The EMDPs will be prepared and submitted by the PMU to the NSC and then the
World Bank at the same time that the PMU submit its annual work program to the NSC and
the World Bank for review. When the NSC submits the final annual work program to the
World Bank for approval, an integrated EMDP report will also be furnished.
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Livestock Waste Management in East Asia Project: Guidelines for Ethnic Minority Development
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