E1187
v 4
Public Disclosure Authorized
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental Assessment Report and
Environmental Monitoring Plan
Public Disclosure Authorized
Prepared by:
Dr. Ngo Kim Chi,
Center for Consultancy, Technological Transfer on Safe Water
and Environment
EA team leader
Public Disclosure Authorized
August 2005
1
Executive Summary.................................................................................................... 7
1.
Introduction and Project Background ............................................................. 10
1.1
PURPOSE OF THE REPORT ........................................................................................................ 10
1.2
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE EA REPORT .............................................................................. 10
1.2.1
Importance of the Project................................................................................................... 10
1.2.2
Structure of the Report ....................................................................................................... 12
1.3
BASES OF ASSESSMENT............................................................................................................ 12
1.3.1
Laws and Regulations ........................................................................................................ 12
1.3.2
Technical Documents ......................................................................................................... 14
1.3.3
Main Design Documents .................................................................................................... 14
1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment ................................................................................. 14
1.5
RELATIONSHIP TO FEASIBILITY STUDY .................................................................................... 15
1.6 EA TEAM ......................................................................................................................................... 16
1.7
ASSESSMENT SCOPE AND PERIODS COVERED .......................................................................... 17
1.7.1
Assessment Scope ............................................................................................................... 17
1.7.2
Periods Covered ................................................................................................................. 17
1.8
ASSESSMENT FACTORS ............................................................................................................ 17
1.9 ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION ......................................................................................................... 18
1.10
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA............................................................................................................ 21
1.11
ASSESSMENT FOCUS AND CATEGORIZATION ........................................................................... 21
1.12
ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE........................................................................................................ 22
2
Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework .......................................... 23
2.1
ORGANIZATIONS & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................................... 23
2.2
NATIONAL POLICY & STRATEGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION .................................... 23
2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam ............................................. 23
2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy...... 24
2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy...... 25
2.2.4. The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS................................................................. 25
2.3 WB REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 27
3. Project description ................................................................................................ 30
3.1 PROJECT GOALS ............................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................................................... 32
3.3
PROJECT COMPONENTS............................................................................................................ 32
3.3.1 Description of Project components.......................................................................................... 32
3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology..................................................... 34
3.3.3 Policy development .................................................................................................................. 35
3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring...................................................................................... 35
3.4 INDICATORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS............................................................................................. 35
3.5 PROJECT AREA: HA TAY PROVINCE ......................................................................................... 36
3.5.1 Hatay province ........................................................................................................................ 36
3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province ........................................... 36
3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district.............................................................................. 37
3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay .................................. 37
3.6 PROJECT AREA: DONG NAI PROVINCE.............................................................................................. 39
3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province........................................................................................ 39
3.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city ...................................................................................... 40
3.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology ................................................................ 41
3.7 PROJECT INVESTMENT...................................................................................................................... 42
4
Description of Existing Environment ............................................................... 42
4.1
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI ................................................................................... 42
2
4.1.1
Geography and Topography............................................................................................... 42
4.1.2
Soil...................................................................................................................................... 43
4.1.3
Climate ............................................................................................................................... 43
4.1.4
Hydrology........................................................................................................................... 44
4.1.5
Surface Water Quality ........................................................................................................ 45
4.1.6
Groundwater Quality ......................................................................................................... 46
4.1.7
Atmospheric Environment .................................................................................................. 46
4.2
ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI.................................................................................. 47
4.2.1
Flora................................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.2
Fauna ................................................................................................................................. 47
4.2.3
Nature reserves .................................................................................................................. 47
4.3
SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI .......................................................................... 48
4.3.1
Population .......................................................................................................................... 48
4.3.2
Cultural Background.......................................................................................................... 49
4.3.4
Cultural Heritage ............................................................................................................... 50
4.3.5
Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 51
4.3.6
Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use .............................................................. 52
4.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop .......................................................................................... 53
4.3.8
Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities ....................................... 55
4.3.9
Socio-economic Development Plan .................................................................................... 55
4.4. NATURAL CONDITION OF HATAY PROVINCE ................................................................................... 56
4.4.1. Geography and Topography ................................................................................................... 56
4.4.2 Soil condition ........................................................................................................................... 56
4.4.3 Hydrographic........................................................................................................................... 56
4.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay ............................................................................................................... 57
4.4.5. Climate condition.................................................................................................................... 57
4.5
ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF HATAY PROVINCE................................................................. 58
4.5.1. Fauna and Flora..................................................................................................................... 58
4.5.2. Forest situation....................................................................................................................... 59
4.6 SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITION.......................................................................................................... 59
4.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION ......................................................................................................... 60
5. Public Participation /consultancy......................................................................... 63
5.1
CONSULTATION METHOD AND SUBJECT .................................................................................. 63
5.1.1
Consultation with Family or Individual ............................................................................. 63
5.1.2
Inter-agency and NGO Consultation.................................................................................. 63
5.2
PUBLIC OPINION AND SUGGESTION ......................................................................................... 64
5.3
INFORMATION DISCLOSURES AND FEEDBACK.......................................................................... 65
5.1.3
Information Disclosure Plan .............................................................................................. 65
5.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure............................................................................................ 66
5.4
BENEFICIAL PARTICIPATION PLAN........................................................................................... 66
6. Analysis of Alternatives ...................................................................................... 67
6.1
ANALYSIS OF "WITHOUT PROJECT" ALTERNATIVE ................................................................. 67
6.1.1
Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management .............................................. 67
6.1.2
Current Status of livestock waste management .................................................................. 69
6.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste ................................................................ 71
6.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas..................................................................... 72
6.1.6
Lacking manure management technology .......................................................................... 73
6.1.7
Existing constraints with manure management technology ............................................... 73
6.2 ANALYSIS OF "WITH PROJECT" ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................ 74
7. Analysis of EA & Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................................... 77
7.1 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF EFFECT...................................................................................................... 77
7.2
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ..................... 78
7.2.1
Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................................ 78
7.2.2
Soil Disturbance ................................................................................................................. 80
7.2.3
Acoustic Environment......................................................................................................... 81
7.2.4
Air Quality.......................................................................................................................... 82
3
7.2.5. Water Quality ......................................................................................................................... 83
7.2.6. Cultural Heritage.................................................................................................................... 83
7.3
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ................... 83
7.3.1
Lagoon System.................................................................................................................... 84
7.3.2
Biogas production .............................................................................................................. 88
8 Environmental Management Plan ........................................................................ 95
8.1.1
Implementation Organizations ........................................................................................... 96
8.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist ..................................................................... 98
Supervision Organization ................................................................................................................. 99
8.2
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN................................................................................... 99
8.2.1
Monitoring Items .............................................................................................................. 111
8.2.2
Monitoring Implementer................................................................................................... 111
8.2.3
Monitoring Report System................................................................................................ 111
8.2.4 Baseline Monitoring ............................................................................................................. 111
8.2.5
Monitoring during implementation/construction ............................................................. 112
8.2.7
Monitoring Budget ........................................................................................................... 113
8.3
ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING/INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PLAN ................................... 116
8.3.1
Training Objectives .......................................................................................................... 116
8.3.2
Training Courses.............................................................................................................. 116
8.4
BUDGETS ............................................................................................................................... 117
9. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................... 121
9.1
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 121
9.2
RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................................. 122
10
List of References ........................................................................................ 125
Annex A: TOR on EIA
Annex B: EA team
Annex C: Safe Guard Policy and Disclosure Information
Annex D: Public Health and Animal Health assessment
4
List of table:
TABLE 1-1 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS OF LWMP.................................. 19
CAPACITY BUILDING ........................................................................................................................................................................... 34
TABLE 3.1. LIVESTOCK POPULATION AND LAND USE IN HA TAY IN 2002 ............................................................................................. 36
TABLE 3.2. STATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION COMMUNES - THUONG TIN DIST. (2003) ..................................................... 38
TABLE 3.3. LIVERSTOCK POPULATION IN DONG NAI PROVINCE (2003)* ............................................................................................. 39
TABLE 3.4. TOTAL AREA AND PIG POPULATION OF BIEN HOA CITY...................................................................................................... 39
TABLE 3.5. STATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION WARDS......................................................................................................... 41
TABLE 4-1 THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DONGNAI PROVINCE 2000-2003 .......................................................................... 44
TABLE 4-2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN DONGNAI...................................................................................................... 44
TABLE 4-3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE PROJECT AREA IN DONGNAI PROVINCE ...................................................................... 46
TABLE 4-4: LAND USE IN DONG NAI ................................................................................................................................................... 47
TABLE 4-5 IMPORTANT NATURE RESERVE WITHIN THE PROVINCE....................................................................................................... 49
TABLE 4-6 THE POPULATION OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS IN DONGNAI PROVINCE ........................................................................... 49
TABLE 4-8 TYPES AND NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN DONGNAI PROVINCE............................................................................... 53
TABLE 4-9: LAND USE FOR CROP AND PLANTED AREA, YIELD OF THE CROP IN DONGNAI ................................................................. 54
EXISTING CONSTRAINTS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
TABLE 6-1: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SOLID WASTE IN VIETNAM, 2002 ...................................................................................... 70
TABLE 6-3: LIVESTOCK POPULATION OF REGION*............................................................................................................................... 72
TABLE 6-4: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION DURING THE YEARS 1993-2003 AND THE PREDICTION 2005-2010 ............................................ 75
TABLE 7-1 ESTIMATED NOISE VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY .............................................................................................. 81
TABLE 8-1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN, LWMP AT VIETNAM .............................................................................................. 100
TABLE 8-2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LWMP .......................................................................................................... 103
TABLE 8-3 CONSTRUCTION AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM ................................................................................................. 112
TABLE 8-8 COST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING COURSE ........................................................................................................... 117
TABLE 8-9: COST FOR TRAINING COURSE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL OFFICERS .................................................................. 119
TABLE 8-10: WORKSHOP ON PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION ............................................................................................. 119
TABLE8-11 TOTAL COST ESTIMATION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMP) & EVALUATION AT DONGNAI, HATAY PROVINCES
5
List of Abbreviations
AHB Animal
Husbandry
Bureau
BOD Biological
Oxygen
Demand
COD Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
PMU/PMO
Project Management Unit/Project Management Office
CTC
Center for Consultancy & Technology Transfer on Water and
Environment
DO
Dissolved
Oxygen
EA
Environmental
Assessment
EC
Electrical
Conductivity
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
EMS
Environmental Monitoring Station
EMD
Environmental Management Division
EP
Environmental
Protection
EPS
Environmental Protection Strategy
VEPA
Vietnam
Environmental
Protection
Agency
FS
Feasibility
Study
IFA
International Fund Association
LWMP
Livestock
Waste
Management
Project
Masl
Meters above sea level
MoARD
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
PEMD/PEMO
Provincial Environmental Management Division/Office
NPCS
National
Pollution
Control
Strategy
PC
Pollution
Control
PLG
Project Leading Group
PPMO
Provincial and district Project Management Office
SRV
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
SEI Significant
Environmental
Issue
MPI
Vietnam Ministry of Planning and Investment
EPS
Environmental Protection Strategy
TSS Total
Suspended
Solids
TSP Total
Suspended
Particulates
WB
World Bank
TOR Terms
of
References
Exchange Rate
US$ 1.0 = 15840 VND (As of July 31, 2005)
6
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Livestock waste management Project (LWMP), a GEF funded project, is an
environmental project concentrating on livestock waste management manure recycling
for agricultural development, and water protection. The project was formally
authorized by the GEF Vietnam in 2003. The project was proposed by the Government
of Vietnam as environmental development project to seek for the financial support from
GEF.
The total investment of project is US 5.5 million, of which US$ 2.4 million will be from
GEF. The proposed LWMP aims at improving the livelihood and health status of the
livestock farmers in the project site in Dong Nai Province in the South and Hatay
Province in the North through establishment of integrated and sustainable livestock
waste management systems. The project hopes to be viewed as a demonstration project
and other interested parties could use project's findings with regards to sustainable
development of livestock production in their own development systems. The project
also aims at improving the overall living standards of farmers through improving cost
effective methods of manure management, upgrading the quality of water resources and
technological extension systems suitable for sustainable development of livestock
sector, integrated with environmental protection.
The proposed project covers two densely populated provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay.
The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the country and
are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of livestock
production in recent years.
The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C, ranging between the
minimum of 3.30C and maximum of 390C. The average annual temperature in Dong
Nai province is 27.00C varying from minimum of 24oC to a maximum of 28.6oC. The
average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm, while in Dong Nai province it
ranges from 1800mm to 2553mm. Majority of precipitation occurs between June and
October accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation.
The project provinces have a typical tropical climate with warm and sunny climate.
Long sunny days and high available degree-days provide a good climatic environment
for agricultural and livestock production.
This environmental assessment report is prepared to satisfy relevant environment
protection requirements of both Vietnam and the World Bank. The project is classified
as World Bank's Category B project, requiring discussion of significant environmental
issues and preparation of an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP).
During environmental impact assessment, the production system is upheld as the
mainstream while ecotypes serve as reference. In association with the river basin
distribution in both provinces, the overall environmental impact of the project is
assessed; especial emphasis is given to the assessment of impacts to water resources on
which the sustainable development of the project depends.
The results of environmental impact assessment indicate that, in general, the proposed
livestock waste management project in Vietnam has minimal negative environmental
impact. The implementation of subcomponents of the project, if successfully
7
implemented, is conducive to the improvement of the environment, and the project
impacts on social environment are believed to be highly positive. If the recommended
mitigation and control measures, presented in this report are adopted, the impact of the
project on the environment should be positive. It is recommended that the World Bank
and relevant departments in Vietnam support the implementation of this project and
urge the earliest start of the project.
However, if the project locations are improperly selected, and/or if the proposed
mitigation measures are not implemented, the project can have potential negative
impact on the natural and social environment, which might jeopardize sustainable
development of the project. On the other hand, if effective mitigation measures are
implemented, the potential short and long term negative environmental impacts of the
project will not be significant.
The negative impacts on the environment during implementation/construction phase of
the project in both provinces are believed to be temporal and of low magnitude. The
major potential impacts on the environment include: impact to vegetation due to
temporary land occupation at the construction sites, pollution of waste of daily life at
the construction site and noise and dust of the construction machinery. If the mitigation
measures proposed in the EA report are implemented, the negative impact to the
environment during implementation/construction phase will be minimized.
For most parts, implementation of the project should not cause any significant negative
impact on the environment; on the contrary, it should generate positive impact on the
ecological and social environment during project operation. The development of code of
practice and conducive policies on livestock waste management (regulation on
discharge of effluent, collection of the manure guideline, etc.) and dissemination of
knowledge on cost effective preparation of organic manure, adaptive methodology on
recycling (quantity and timing) of organic (livestock) solid and liquid manure in
agricultural activities, etc are believed to assist the reduction of nutrient loading and
environmental pollution pressure due to livestock waste. The improvement of manure
management practices by using biogas digesters should have positive benefits by
creating the energy source and should better quality of ecological environment within
project areas.
At present manure management technologies used in the project areas, especially in
livestock production areas dominated by farmer households and small-scale farms with
10 heads of animals or less are inappropriate and are causing significant negative impact
on natural resources (soil, water and air). The problem is more serious in the Red River
Delta where the land per farmer is only about 0.02 ha (including house and garden) and
the natural system is suffering from significant nutrient overload. The cost-effective
manure management technologies that will be created by the project, if successfully
implemented, should have significant positive impact on the ecological system within
the project and to downstream water users.
If the project is implemented as planned, project activities including capacity-building,
awareness-raising, enforcement of policies and regulations through training of central
and local government officials as well as farmers, and the development of national
communication programs will generate positive impact to the ecological and social
environment. The introduction of improved manure management practices should be
environmentally beneficial and should provide a condition, conducive of bettering the
ecological environmental quality within project areas. It should also improve health
status of local communities and reduce incidence of zoonotic diseases. The respiratory
8
diseases and water borne diseases should also be reduced. Since rational use of organic
composting will reduce chemical fertilizer application, this should also produce positive
impact on environment by improving soil inherent fertility, soil structure, and water
holding capacity. In addition, the use of organic manure should increase soil faunal
communities (both in number and variety), helping soil improvement and increased
micro-faunal biodiversity.
In order to minimize potential negative environmental impacts and to enhance positive
impacts, the EA report proposed prevention/mitigation measures in Chapter 7 to
minimize potential environmental impacts. In addition an environment management
plan is prepared and is detailed in Chapter 8, in which the responsibilities of the Project
Management Unit and other related institutions, environment management training and
capacity building requirement and environment monitoring plan and their respective
costs have been clearly detailed.
9
1. INTRODUCTION
AND
PROJECT
BACKGROUND
Vietnam Government has prepared for the proposed GEF project for support to promote
Livestock Waste Management in Vietnam and integrating with the livestock waste
management in the South East Asia in order to reduce the negative local and global
environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds in
the coastal areas of Vietnam. The Project has been designed in order to lead to reduction
of land-based pollution from livestock production of the international water of the South
China Seas. The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam, covering the two
Regions of Vietnam with 02 representative provinces: Ha Tay Province in the North and
Dong Nai Province in the South that hereafter is called project provinces are the two
selected site for the demonstration of the outcome of the Project.
1.1
Purpose of the Report
The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam (LWMP) aims at
improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and
reducing livestock production waste load that is currently polluting the local and
international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making
systems for livestock management at the central and provincial levels in Vietnam.
The achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of liquid and soil
pollution, leading to improvement of public health and a more equitable distribution of
benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project will
create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhancing
institutional tools for the project-selected areas and the whole country to
implementation the Environmental Protection Plan.
The aims of this EA report include:
(i) To analyze and assess present natural environment and the socio-economic
conditions in the project area and determine the scope and extent of future positive
and negative impacts. The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined
in terms of environmental protection;
(ii) To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings
to the project development and implementation teams; and
(iii) To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the identified negative impacts
and prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-implementation,
implementation/construction and operation of the project.
The terms of reference (TOR) for compilation of the EA report between the Technical
Consultant Organization here called FAO and the Local Consultant on EA is presented
in Annex A.
1.2
Brief Introduction to the EA Report
1.2.1 Importance of the Project
Livestock growth rate has been increasing rapidly in the period of 1990-2003. The total
amount of pig in the whole country has increased from 10 to 12.2 millions in ten years
(1980-1990), an increase of about 18%. However the number of pigs reached 20.2
millions in 2000, an increase of some 39%, doubling of rate of animal increase in a
decade. According the most recent data, the pig number has reached 23.3 millions in
year 2002.
10
The 2002 statistical data indicate that the total number of poultry in Vietnam has been
233 millions of which 159 millions are chicken and 74 millions are ducks and geese.
The average of poultry growing rate reached 6.4% /year during the year 1990-2002.
The growing rate of cattle reached 14%/year during 1990-2002. The total number of
cattle was 11000 in 1990 and rapidly increased to 35000 in the year 2000 and to 55800
in the year 2002.
Urbanization and population increase and improvement of living standard in the whole
country has increased the demand for meat products and provided the favorable
economic condition for livestock development. Urbanization and increase in demand for
animal products have been accompanied with the specification and intensification in
animal production and disintegration of crop and animal producers. Majority of
livestock production operations in Vietnam are based on household business and small
private farms or enterprises. Due to high demands, household and farming income has
been increasing steadily in the animal breeding areas and in nearby area places.
However, the economic development has caused environmental pollution and poor
health condition within high population density communities next to the big cities such
as Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City, and especially in the surrounding provinces such as
Hatay, Thai Binh, Hai duong, Haiphong, Nam dinh of the Red Delta River in the North
and Tiengiang, Dong nai, Long An of Mekong Delta in the South. Surface and ground
water quality data monitoring have shown appreciable increase in organic and nutrient
loading of water resources and their bacterial contamination.
Biogas digester has been popular in small-scale farms of 5-100 pigs to treat livestock
(pig) waste right at source. The National Strategy on Safe Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation has had programs to support the farmers in installation of
biogas. Although techniques for building and operating biogas digesters are not
difficult, but not all operations are appropriately implemented. Many constructed biogas
tanks are now unused, broken down, waste material, and/or leaking gases that impact
negatively on local inhabitants. In addition, the discharge leakage from biogas tanks
have not met the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as stipulated in
TCVN6772:2000.
The main problem of livestock waste management in Vietnam is that there are limited
methods of livestock waste recycle are being introduced and guided. The disintegration
to some extent between animal production and cropping as well as the lack of economic
analysis that strengthens the decision making of pomade's in balancing the manure
output, soil fertility and environment protection. The problems are serious at the
medium scale farm and more difficult and more serious at the small scale or non point
source. That is why one Project on Livestock Waste Management is urgent demand in
term of planning and policy makers and of the finding the appropriate manure
technology for Vietnam to be disseminated in the future.
The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam has been designed to implement
in Vietnam located in South of China where the ecological and social environment is
rather sensitive. There are 64 provinces and over 54 minorities in Vietnam (but Kinh
people make up about over 96% of the total population of Vietnam).
Livestock production in Vietnam economically less developed compared to other
countries in the Region. Integrated project could have significant effect in creating the
good opportunities for improving of the livestock-breeding farmers, increasing the
11
quality of the livestock (especially pig and poultry). Implementation of the proposed
project, although not in a large scale, but at a pilot level could have significant impact
on methodology used to improve the status and quality of livestock and livestock
environment and related natural resources (protection of water resources, water use
efficiency, protection of soil resources). In addition, the livestock farmers, living within
the neighboring district and provinces, could also adapt the lessons learned from the
project implementation site that could provide additional intangible project benefits.
The Project is seeking a win-win approach, i.e. to both develop livestock through
hygienic environmental improvement, and assure sustainable reutilization of manure
resources through nutrient balance for cropping. The capacity building for the whole
country will create better and sustainable livestock waste management, more efficient
cost - benefit methods for stimulating the pubic participation in the field of livestock
waste management.
1.2.2 Structure of the Report
The report provides an assessment of the environmental impacts of the Implementation
of the Project. It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for rural
development projects. Section 2 describes the institutional and administrative
framework and the national policies and strategies in relation to such development
schemes. Section 3 provides a description of the proposed development project, while
Section 4 provides a description of the existing physical (natural), ecological and socio-
economical environment, which is specific to the proposed project and neighboring
areas. Section 5 describes the public participation whereas Section 6 describes the
alternatives that have been considered in the project planning process, mainly with or
without the project. Section 7 identifies the potential impacts that could be expected
from the proposed project both during construction and operation and proposes viable
mitigation measures for to minimize these impacts. Section 8 is devoted to the
presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for the proposed project
including the implementation framework, a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan for the
pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation periods and a training
plan, while section 9 presents the general conclusions and recommendations.
1.3 Bases
of
Assessment
This assessment was carried out according to the laws and regulations of the Republic
and Socialism of Vietnam (RSV) and the World Bank technical documents. A list of
the material used for the preparation of this report is presented below.
1.3.1 Laws
and
Regulations
The current legal EIA procedure in Vietnam is described in the following documents:
- The Law on Environmental Protection passed by the National Assembly on 27 December 1993 and promulgated by
the President by Order No 29L/CTN on 10 January 1994.
-
Decree No 175/CP dated 18 October 1994, providing guidance in the
implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection and promulgated by the
President.
-
A series of important subordinate legal documents promulgated by the Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE), including:
+ Circular No 1420/MTg dated 26 November 1994 guiding EIA for operating
establishments
12
+ Circular No 715/MTg dated 3 April 1995 guiding EIA for foreign direct
investment projects.
+ Circular No 1100/TT-MTg dated 20 August 1997 guiding the preparation and
appraisal of EIA reports for investment projects.
+ Circular No 490/1998-TT-BKHCNMT guiding the preparation and appraisal of
EIA reports for investment projects (replacement for the Circular No 1100/TT-
MTg).
-
Other subordinate legal documents of important care:
+ Decision No 1806-QD/Mtg and Ordinance No 1807-QD/Mtg dated 31 December
1994, promulgating organizational and activity regulation of Council on
appraising EIA reports and to issue the Certification "Register for compliance
with the environmental standards", promulgated by the MoSTE.
+ Official letter No 714-Mtg dated 3 April 1995, promulgating the appraisal form to
EIA reports promulgated by MoSTE.
+ Official letter No 812-Mtg dated 17 April 1996, promulgating the application
form and decision to ratify EIA reports, promulgated by MoSTE
+ Decree No 26/CP dated 26 April 1996, defining the charge of the administrative
violation on environmental protection, promulgated by the President of the
Government.
+ Circular No 276-TT/Mtg dated 6 March 1997, guiding the environmental
pollution monitoring for production and commercial facilities after their EIS is
ratified, promulgated by MoSTE.
+ Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD dated 8 August 2000, guiding the preparation of
EIA reports for the construction planning designs, promulgated by the Ministry of
Construction (MoC).
+ Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP - Governmental Decree, dated 11 November 2002,
defining the functions, tasks, areas of competence and organization of the
Ministry of Resources and Environment.
+ Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT dated 31 December 2002 defining function,
task, and authority of the Department of Appraisal and EIA, promulgated by the
Ministry of Resources and Environment.
+ Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02 April 2003, promulgating the foundation
of the Department of Resources and Environment (DoRE), renaming the
Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) to the Department
of Science and Technology (DoST). DoST and DoRE belong directly to the
provinces/cities' People Committee that are under control of the Central
Authority.
+ Joint Circular No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV between the Ministry of
Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Interior, guiding functions, tasks,
areas of competence and organisation of the professional agencies in supporting
the People Committee in state management of resources and environment in the
local area.
Some latest changes:
13
In November 2002, a reform of Government took place in Vietnam. The Ministry of
Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) was divided into the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) and the Ministry of Science and
Technology (MoST) (Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP). In this new organization, MoNRE
(the Department of Appraisal and EIA, Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT) is
responsible for environmental management in general and appraisal of EIA in
particular. For projects handled by the provincial and district authorities, the
Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) in the provinces or
cities temporally are responsible to appraise the EIS.
In April 2003, the Vietnamese President issued Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02
April 2003, promulgating the foundation of the Department of Natural Resources and
Environment (DoNRE), renaming the Departments of Science, Technology and
Environment (DoSTE) to the Department of Science and Technology (DoSTE).
(DoNRE) and (DoST) directly belong to the Provinces/Cities' People Committee that is
under control of the central authority.
After that, in 15 July 2003, Joint Circular (between MoNRE and the Ministry of
Interior) No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV promulgated that DoNRE are responsible
for appraisal EIS on projects/units according to gradation (Section 2.8.3).
Therefore, any function, tasks, and areas of competence of MoSTE and DoSTE that are
mentioned in the following sections will be considered those of MoNRE and DoNRE,
respectively after the above documents become into force.
1.3.2 Technical
Documents
-
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.10;
-
The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information
-
Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the Project.
1.3.3 Main
Design
Documents
-
Proposal for Project with the GEF Fund;
-
Feasibility Study Report for Project with GEF Fund;
-
Area-wide integration (AWI) of specialized crop and livestock activities in
Vietnam funded by LEAD (FAO) - Final Project report, July 2003
All the above documents are available at the Department of Environment-MONRE or
FAO representative office in Hanoi, World Bank Office in Hanoi.
1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment
This EA has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of both the World Bank and
Vietnamese Regulation on environmental impact assessment of development projects.
The principles of the sustainable development objective and scientific evaluation are
followed in the EIA and design of the environmental management plan for the two
project sites. The same attention is paid to both sustainable economic development and
environmental protection through the use of appropriate livestock waste treatment
technology and environment protection so that the "handling without harm" and
agriculture growth can keep pace with the environmental protection and does not cause
significant negative environmental impacts. Special attention is paid in this study to
ensure that livestock wastes within project areas are reduced as much as possible, and
14
the produced wastes (liquid and solid manure) is reused in farms to reduce to use of
inorganic fertilizers in crop production. The special attention is made to ensure that
project is developed in a sustainable manner and detailed environmental management
plans are developed to minimize/prevent any potential damage that project might cause
on the natural (ecological) or social environment. As soon as specific project areas
(sub-catchments) are identified within each province, more detailed environmental
assessment of such component should be made to ensure that potential negative impacts
on ecological and social environment are kept to minimum. For activities that could
potentially cause environmental pollution (soil/water/air), more detailed and project
specific measures will be developed in order to provide basic documents of
environment protection to be used during project implementation. To prevent
duplication of effort and to reduce the project preparation cost, as much as possible the
EA team has made full use of the available data and findings in preparation of this
report.
Since the project is generally a livestock waste management project and does not
include any major land clearing or big construction activities, it is classified as a
Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).
Therefore, the EA is carried out in a "simplified way" with main attention of the study
being on the significant environmental issues (SEI) likely to be caused by the project.
This assessment was made based on the consultations with the World Bank consultants,
Vietnamese Environmental specialists and Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency.
An assessment method of environmental matrices is used for this EA. This method has
been widely used in the environmental assessment of various projects since proposed by
Leopold, et al.1 (1971). An environmental matrix employs a list of project activities and
a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators. The two are related in a matrix
in order to identify causeeffect relationships. Column headings generally list the
project activities while the row headings show the environmental parameters of the
affected system. Entries in the resulting matrix cells may simply show that an
interaction takes place or they may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the
interaction. Table 1-1 represents the preliminary identification matrix, prepared for the
LWMP.
1.5
Relationship to Feasibility Study
According to the Environmental Protection Regulations for Construction Projects,
project construction unit should submit its EA report to the pertinent environmental
protection agency with authority to review and approve, and the approval should be
obtained during the feasibility study of the project. In the preliminary design report, a
specific chapter should cover environmental protection, inclusive of related national
environmental standards, environmental impact mitigations and relevant design. In
addition, it should also cover the possible environmental impact from the project,
mitigative or preventive measures to reduce/prevent environmental impact and potential
causes of environmental pollution.
As required by the World Bank, the EA report was prepared simultaneously with
project preparation. Report was prepared in close cooperation with the local PMU, the
social assessment (SA) teams, other project teams working on different project
1 Source: Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Manshaw, B.B. and Balsley, J.R. (1971), A Procedure for
Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 645, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C.
15
components, review of the feasibility study report and consultation with the local
communities, and farmers. The EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the
SA teams and prepared questionnaires related to environmental issues to be asked by
the SA team during their field visits. This EA was prepared in close association with the
study teams and should be considered as an integral part of the study. A section must
be added in the final project report to cover all environmental issues discussed in this
report and the environmental management plan costs should also be included in the
project budget.
In a bid to off-set or mitigate the potential impact to the environment at the design stage,
the EA team has already provided the PMU with the draft working guidelines to satisfy
the needs for environmental protection, and discussed with the feasibility team as how
to ensure coordination between environmental protection and economic development.
As was mentioned earlier, the EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the
social assessment (SA) teams and has held in-depth discussions with the said team as to
define the questionnaire related to environmental management, and submitted the
questionnaire to the SA team. The EA team has used the main findings of the SA team
in the EA report. The project could impact farm sizes, waste management methods,
fertilizer application rates and sources on farmlands, and water use methods that are in
use within the project areas. The EA team discussed such issues in detail with the study
teams and their comments were reviewed in detail. The possible environmental issues
were analyzed and necessary mitigation measures were considered and costed in the
EMP. In summary, the EA team has prepared the EA report, in close collaboration with
other technical teams involved in the preparation of the feasibility study reports for the
LWM Project.
1.6 EA Team
The EA team is composed of 2 senior specialists and 6 experts for environmental
impact assessment, with some 10 supporting staff. The team members are primarily
pertinent researchers from CTC and secondarily staff from National University,
consulting firms familiar with the Vietnam ecological environment. The posts of each
EA team member, specialties, and tasks in this EA and the man-months used by each
member are listed in Annex B.
The Center for Consultancy and Technology on Water Supply and Environment (CTC)
the Organization for carrying out the services on environmental sciences, environmental
technology development in Vietnam. CTC is currently staffed with approximately 60
research personnel, among which 2 are academicians of Vietnamese Academy of
Science & Technology, some 10 researchers and 30 environmental engineers.
CTC has carried out a number of in-depth environmental research studies.
Achievements from the studies have offered scientific basis and technical approach for
the decision-makers in defining the national environmental standards for domestic
wastewater discharge. CTC is the member of the Steering Committee for the
Implementation of the Environmental Protection fee on Wastewater. CTC is also a
standing member of the Cau River Basin Protection Program, and is involved in
developing the national environmental management policies for different regions and
sectors. In terms of international cooperation, the CTC has established long-term
relationship for cooperation with International institutions in more than 10 countries. At
present, CTC has eight projects in cooperation with Japan, USA, Denmark, Sweden,
Canada, Spain and South Korea in Prevention of pollution from the industrial and
domestic wastes.
16
In addition to the basic and applied research, CTC has carried out a series of
environmental impact assessments for development projects, including review of
hygiene production, and design of environmental engineering projects. CTC has also
undertaken a number of environmental impact assessment assignments such as: EA for
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Thanh Tri district Hanoi capital, EA for
Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Tam Ky Town- Quang Nam Province, EA
for the development of Open economic Zone of Chu Lai Quang Nam province, EA
for industrial waste treatment and landfill at Dung Quat Industrial park. CTC has
participated in number of EA with international funding agencies such as the World
Bank, the Asian Development Bank, CIDA and DANIDA.
1.7
Assessment Scope and Periods Covered
1.7.1 Assessment
Scope
The study area covered in the EA study covers in Vietnam, especially for the two high
pollution density zones, one located in the North and other located in the South. The
two provinces have been selected as the pilot project sites.
The project province in the North is Hatay including 05 selected communes.
The project province in the South is Dong Nai including 05 selected districts.
1.7.2 Periods
Covered
The environmental assessment covers different phases of project implementation
including:
1) Design
Stage
2) Implementation/Construction period (02 years: 2005-2006)
3) Operation Period (03 Years: 2007-2009)
1.8
Assessment Factors
The proposed project is a Livestock Waste Management development project,
comprising institutional improvement, policy enforcement, manure technology
demonstration in order to mitigating livestock waste environmental impact, capacity
building and extension at the central and local levels, and manure market mechanism
development. Therefore, the environmental impacts and their interactions are complex.
The assessment factors are identified using an environmental interactive matrix (Table
1-1) based on collection of secondary data, consultation with other study teams, the
environmental sensitivities of the project areas, and lessons learned from other similar
livestock waste management projects. The identified environmental factors include:
1) Social Environment: public health, land use, socio-economy, downstream water
users, and potentially minorities and disadvantaged people;
2) Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, nature reserves, freshwater fisheries; and
3) Physical (natural) Environment:
-
Water environment: surface and groundwater hydrology, surface and
groundwater quality (including pH, CODMn, nutrients such as TN and TP, and
heavy metals, total coliforms, and algal bloom);
-
Ambient Air: Odor, H2S, NH3, SOX, NOX, total suspended particulates
(TSP);
17
-
Soil erosion; and
-
Solid and liquid waste (manure):
1.9 Assessment Classification
The special topic assessment category and basis for classification of environment set by
Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (before 2002) and the Department of
Appraisal and EIS MoNRE. The assessment focuses project impacts on the ecological
environment, water environment and social environment during implementation and
operation phases. Furthermore, water quality; land use, soil erosion, solid waste and
ambient air are identified as the main factors of this EA based on potential
environmental impacts. The water quality assessment focuses on the impact of
farmyard manure on surface and ground water and project impact on nutrient migration
(TN, TP) to the South China Sea. In special cases where large number of animals are
confined in relatively small areas (intensive pig fattening, intensive poultry farms),
while land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use practices through spatial
analysis.
18
Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP
Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment
Ecological Environment
Social Environment
y
a
y
og
es
un
v
m
Project Components
ol
i
t
y
n
o
ir
a
er
n
s
dr
al
t
e
F
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
e
r
i
t
age
a
l
t
h
ent
y
u
s
i
o
t
a
d
es
s
i
t
y
e
and
e
o
n
as
n
er
s
er
e
r
er
ym
t
v
-
ec
r
al
a
l
H
s
t
r
e
a
m
u
e
r
h
e
r
q
ie
w
us
b
a
a
l
o
ur
l
and
di
act
t
u
ur
i
c h
p
at
at
i
s
e
l
er
i
d
es
il
c
i
al
bl
wn
oi
m
ol
l
or
at
or
et
i
o
o
and
o
ul
at
u
m
a
t
er
W
W
No
S
A
S
F
N
F
W
B
S
char
L
S
C
N
P
E
Do
w
Policy and Institutional Development
Development and enforcement of policies
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Capacity-building, awareness-raising; policy regulation enforcement 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Livestock Waste Impact Mitigation
Area wide Planning with GIS techniques
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Design survey and Investment preparation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Improved Waste Management at non point source
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Improved Waste Management at point source
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Manure technology demonstration
Biogas digester
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Land use of manure and Composting
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
Centralisation wastewater treatment/Lagoon
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
Local capacity-building and campaign, communication program at
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
local level
Notes:
0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact
-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact 3=Significant negative impact
*
If native seed mix is applied, otherwise the effect is 2
+
If there is no competition for feed between wild animals and livestock, the impact is zero.
19
Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP
Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment
Ecological Environment
Social Environment
s
r
al
r
y
u
t
e
a
t
ic
y
at
Project Components
og
e
s
un
r
is
om
N
wa
r
ol
ir
a
r
v
a
l
ity
t
e
F
e
a
l
t
h
ent
yd
u
i
on
t
a
as
d
es
and
e
a
r
a
c
te
e
r
os
n
e
r
s
i
ty
h
us
ym
r
al
s
t
r
e
a
m
e
r
h
r
q
ie
b
a
an
r
e
r
iv
l
o
n
u
l
and
d
i
a
l
-
e
c
on
t
u
i
t
age
i
c h
p
s
at
te
i
s
e
i
l
e
w
m
l
i
d w
r
e
s
t
il c
bl
o
l
or
at
et
i
o
o
and
ul
er
u
m
er
W
Wa
No
So
A
S
F
N
Fo
W
B
S
L
Soc
C
H
P
E
Do
us
Decision support tools development and regional co-ordination
Preparation of tools relevant in the three countries.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Training and Capacity Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Regional co-ordination, Information sharing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Project Management and Monitoring
Project Management
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Training environmental staff and lab
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Analytical works in labs
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Extension
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Notes:
0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact
-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact 3=Significant negative impact
20
1.10 Assessment
Criteria
According to the environmental function of the environmental protection administrative
departments in the provinces, the following standards will be adopted for this assessment.
The assessment standards include quality standards and discharge standards. For quality
standards, those required for protection of the functions in the recipient environment zone
in view of pollution inflow will be applied. As to discharge standards, the discharge
standard of livestock wastewater effluent is not available in Vietnam at the moment;
corresponding discharge standards of domestic wastewater for the sector will be applied.
If standards are not available, pertinent discharge standards will be applied for each special
pollutant. Based on the geographical distribution and environmental features in the project
areas, the following standards will be applied.
1.10.1. Water Quality Standard
Class A of the Environmental Water Quality - Surface Water quality standard
(TCVN5942:1995) for drinking water source protection area;
Water quality Ground water quality standard (TCVN5945:1995)
The Water Quality Standard for Coastal water Quality Standard (TCVN5943:1995);
Class III and IV of the Environmental Quality Standard for Domestic Wastewater (TCVN
6772:2000) will be adopted for the assessment of wastewater quality from the livestock
production sites to identified water body. (Class IV and III designed for the hotel or guess
house having up to 50 guesses and from 50-250 guesses)
Class B of Environmental Quality Standard for Industrial wastewater TCVN5945:1995.
Class B for industrial wastewater to be discharged to the water source that could be used
for irrigation (this standard has been used before 2000)
Water quality Water quality guideline for irrigation (TCVN6773:2000)
B. Drinking Water Quality Standard
(i) Sanitary standard for Drinking Water Quality QD1329/2002/BYT/QD
C. Ambient Air Quality Standard
Air Quality - Ambient Air Quality Standard (TCVN5937:1996) for the residential areas;
(ii) Air quality Maximum allowable Concentration of hazardous substances in ambient
air (TCVN5938:1995).
D. Noise Quality Standard
Acoustic Noise in public and residental areas- Maximum permited noise level
(TCVN5449:1998)
1.11 Assessment
Focus
and
Categorization
Since the project is generally an environmental improvement project dealing with livestock
waste management improvement and focuses on institutional strengthening, policy
development, improvement of livestock waste management plans, project management and
monitoring, and regional information sharing, and does not include any major land clearing
or construction activities, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World
Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).
The goals of this study are to ensure that the project does not cause any significant impact
on the physical, ecological and/or social environment of project provinces. The study
21
focuses on the potential impact of the project, especially on the manure technology
management demonstration sites and focuses on soil and water environment, the health of
human inhabitants, domesticated and wild animals in project areas, and the biodiversity to
ensure the sustainable growth within the project areas.
1.12 Assessment
Procedure
The procedure for this assessment and EA methodology is presented in Figure 1-1.
Assignment of EA
Task
Field Studies
Identification of Objectives of Environmental
Assessment
Selection of Environmental Impact Factors
Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment
Environmental Impact
Alternative Analysis
Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment
Environmental
Environmental Standard
Impact Assessment
Mitigation Measures
Compilation of
Compilation of
Environmental Monitoring
EA Report
and Management Plan
22
Fig. 1-1 EA methodology of LWM Project
2
POLICY, LEGISLATION & ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK
As requested in the Notice on Strengthening the EA work for Rural Development Project
with Loans from International Financial Institutions (Document NO.324), LWMP has to
implement the Vietnamese laws, regulations & standards on environmental protection (EP)
and EA regulations and requirements. In addition to the relevant Vietnamese regulations
on EA and being one proposed project to GEF Fund, the project should also follow the
technical requirements of the World Bank. The EA report is subjected to review and
approval of the Department of Appraisal and EIS, MONRE and the World Bank Safeguard
Group.
2.1
Organizations & Administrative Framework
At present, a system of uniform environmental supervision and management is in place in
Vietnam that is practiced by MONRE and local/provincial environmental management
Department of the Department of Natural Resource and Environment ( EMP of DONRE)
under the direction of the Provincial People Committee. In addition to MONRE, each
concerned ministry and commission has a separate environmental protection department
that is responsible for sector environmental projects within their areas of interest. They are
also ultimately under the supervision of MONRE and VEPA. The organizational structure
of environmental administrative is presented in Fig. 2-1.
2.2
National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection
The environmental protection is considered as one of the major national policies in
Vietnam. The long-term strategy is to develop projects that are both economically and
environmentally sound.
Vietnam has established an integrated legislative system for environmental protection. The
Vietnam legislation, regulations are as follow:
2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam
¾ Many significant environmental problems in Vietnam have not been solved while
the pollution levels (foreseen) are increasing
¾ Significant challenges with having a sustainable development (having a balance
between environmental, social and economic development benefits);
¾ Infrastructure for environmental protection is still inadequate, and capacity for
environmental protection of the government and industries is limited
¾ Population growth and out of controlled immigration, poverty;
¾ Awareness of importance of environmental protection is limited
¾ Institutional organization and capacity for environmental protection is inadequate
¾ Requirement for higher environmental standards to join International Economic
Integration and
¾ The global and regional environmental impacts are larger and more complex.
2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam
Pollution Prevention and Control
To solve severe environmental pollution and degradation situation
Sustainable natural resources
Environmental Protection of significant environmental sites
Biodiversity preservation
23
Fig 2.1: Environmental Organization Chart
24
2.2.3. THE MAIN ACTIVITIES IN IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION STRATEGY
Awareness rising on environmental issues
Develop and enforce environmental Legislations and Regulations
Implement economic tools in environmental management
Take basic improvements in investing in environmental protection
Capacity building in management, research and implementation in environmental
management
Implementation of environmental protection work
Development of international cooperation in environmental protection
2.2.4. The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS
Vietnam has developed a draft document for pollution and prevention control under the
environmental protection strategy. Bellows are the main issues of the draft document.
Pollution Prevention
A consistent framework of legal instruments and policies should be developed to support
pollution control (prevention, treatment and remedy actions). It is necessary a sets of
national environmental standards that should be completed. The awareness of pollution
control should be raised among communities. Environmental considerations should be
integrated with all provincial and ministerial/sectoral development plans and planning. The
compliance with EIA procedures should be enforced; larger and medium sized production
industries should be encouraged to adopt cleaner production; pollution monitoring and
scientific research and information should be better improved; and relevant financial
mechanisms and policies should be appropriately developed.
Legislation and Standards
Legislation is a major and effective tool to support a successful implementation of the
NSPC. Any laws and regulations must ensure all the people to be entitled to live in a
healthy environment. A consistency of pollution control measures to support sustainable
development of the society, pollution and/or environmental accident prevention, treatment,
and remedy; and an adoption of principles that users of the environment contribute their
financial resources and polluters pay to pollution control. Legislation and standards are
mainly pollution prevention driven, and there is a need to develop some other instruments
dealing with the treatment and remedy of pollution.
It is time to review the established legal system, ranging from the Law on Environmental
Protection (1993) to other relevant laws and ordinances passed by the National Assembly,
the Government decrees and decisions, and circulars issued by ministries relating pollution
control to remove possible duplications through their additions, amendments and deletions.
By-law statutes should be developed to support environmental/pollution control fund
raising, use and inspection. Further studies on pollution control legislation should be
carried out at regional level. Specific guidelines for specific pollution treatments should be
developed as the case of oil spill treatment or livestock waste treatment. Specific guidance
should be developed for specific treatments given to pollution occurred in urban, rural
areas, marine, air, water, soil environments, and others with biological pollutants, solid and
hazardous wastes, etc. Environmental assessments and this guidance are considered one
among pollution control activities.
25
There is a need to develop relevant laws and regulations dealing with specific
characteristics of each environmental component, providing specific joint cooperative
provisions in the field of Tran boundary pollution control with other regional countries. In
addition, other provisions should be made, dealing with reservation of rights to take self-
protection of the environment on the basis of the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of
the countries. There is also an absence of any regulations dealing with compensations to
damages and costs caused by transboudary pollution from the neighboring countries, etc.
The "Polluter Pays Principle" should be recognized as grounds for establishing use fees,
tradable emissions, direct and/or indirect responsibilities for compensation, and costs of
cleaning-up, treatment and remedy of environmental accidents.
These legal documents should ensure the publicity, democracy and community
participation in the decision-making of policies, project formulation and planning.
While environmental protection requirements are already stipulated in the licensing
process of construction, means of transport use, production and services, but these
licensing procedures are still duplicated and complicated, and the monitoring, supervision
and inspection have not been enforced leading to less effective environmental
performance.
There are a larger number of environmental fees applied in Vietnam, namely pollution
charge, discharge fee, administrative fee, resource use fee, product fee, review fee, and
environmental protection charge. These are levied on those organizations and individuals
who use environmental components for their production and business activities, and
administrative fines are imposed on violations against environmental protection laws and
regulations.
Environmental Standards: The established environmental standards should be improved
(through additions and amendments, if necessary). New standards should be developed and
issued, especially the discharge standard from livestock farm. These include new standards
dealing with soils, sediments, fishery products, foods (particularly those for export),
disposal and dumping of solid wastes and waste materials, food hygiene, production safety,
techniques and technologies for specific sectors (such as oil and gas sector). New standards
for emissions emitted from mobile sources and production line and technology need to be
established and ultimately more stringent standards should be developed and applied for a
number of specific provinces and river basins.
Education and Awareness Raised to Involve community Participation
Awareness of pollution prevention should be raised among communities and political
leaders through mass media and campaigns launched by the people's associations (Youth,
Women, and Children), grassroots units of villages and communes, schools, and
enterprises in order to build up their consciousness, and change their attitude toward
pollution prevention.
Pollution prevention in particular and environmental protection in general, must be
included into curricula of all educational levels, from primary to tertiary education.
To facilitate community participation in environmental protection in general and pollution
control in particular, is a necessary and constant business. It is necessary to develop
relevant plans to help the local people establish their own organizations to manage the
environment themselves, and networks of environmental collaborators who can timely
notify any sign of violations against the environmental standards, and EIA commitments to
26
the local people for their information and monitoring. Any environmental initiatives and
movements launched by the local people must be encouraged and facilitated.
National, Regional and Sectoral Environmental Planning, Strategic and "Post EIAs"
While the Law on Environmental Protection stipulates that all socio-economic
development policies, strategies and plans are subject to environmental impact assessment
requirements, and must include environmental considerations with the goal of ensuring
sustainable development of the country, but as previously discussed, this has not been
complied at all. Partly this can be attributable to a poor environmental awareness of
decision-makers, and a strategic EIA guidance that has been recently introduced on the
other hand (2001). U to the year 2010 will ensure all these "strategies" ensured to undergo
EIA procedures, which mean environmental considerations must be integrated into these
strategies.
Industrial production units and craft villages should be concentrated in to separate areas
where waste treatment facilities are provided.
It is noticed that this is the most effective and overall pollution prevention measure well
consolidated by developed countries.
Cleaner Production: is viewed as one of the most effective measures of pollution
prevention. Awareness of cleaner production should be raised among all the production
units to understand more savings in energy and raw material consumption, and less waste
generation they can win through the adoption of cleaner production. By 2010, it is strived
that two-third of large, medium and small sized production units will adopt cleaner
production.
Pollution Monitoring
Often, pollution monitoring is closely linked to environmental quality monitoring
programs, including monitoring of baseline environmental quality, impacted environments
(consisting of biodiversity and forest cover loss, increased soil erosion, etc.). Excessive
permissible levels for specific parameters have been identified in the past, but are not fully
enforced. Specific monitoring plans need to be developed and undertaken to ensure
enforcement of environmental standards. In Vietnam, no monitoring plans or programs
have been developed to measure other factors beside physical characteristics, chemical
parameters, and a number of relevant biological parameters such as microorganisms,
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos. No specific monitoring plans and/or programs
are specifically developed for LWM pollution monitoring. This type of monitoring needs
to be developed to accurately identify pollutants, their spatial/temporal magnitudes and
polluting sources. Thus, the monitoring scope and frequency must be widened and
increased, respectively. The national (DoNRE) inspectoral networks should carry out these
monitoring activities. At present, there is an absence of monitoring parameters for soil and
sediment quality, pollution indicators, Tran boundary pollution monitoring, and
groundwater quality monitoring. It is necessary to review all the established monitoring
parameters and indicators in order to determine the monitoring frequencies and parameters
to be consistent with financial and technical resources available in the country.
2.3 WB Requirements
According to the WB requirements, the EIA report for LWMP should satisfy the following
Bank policies:
Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment
27
Operational Policy 4.04 Natural Habitat
Operational Policy 4.20 Indigenous People
WB Procedures on Information Disclosure
EA team has reviewed and understood the above policies and would follow the technical
requirements of the WB as outlined in the WB EA Source Book.
28
Fig 2.1: Curent EA procedure in Vietnam
Feasibility study
Screening
No EIA needed
EIA compulsory
Scoping
Preliminary EIS
Appraisal of preliminary EIS
No significant impact
Significant impact
Obvious serious and
adverse impacts
Register for compliance
Need of detailed EIS
with the environmental
Cancel project
Review of Registration
Preparation of detailed
EIS
Certification: Register for compliance
with the environmental standards
Appraisal*
Simple EIS
Complex EIS
Review of detailed EIS by
Review of detailed EIS
experts of EMA (no
by appraisal
appraisal committee
committee*
Appraisal conclusion and
Decision
Complete EIS
Incomplete EIS
Serious and adverse
impacts, unacceptable
Decision on EIS
Required
approval
supplement of EIS
Major steps of EIA
Project can be implemented
Sub steps of EIA
Monitoring
Results of EIA
*
With public participation
Responsibility of Provincial Environmental Management Division (PEMD)
Level of complexity
Or Department of Apprai and EIS MoNRE by categorized project
Responsibility of Project Proponent and EIA personnel
29
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The proposed project is located in two selected province; Hatay Province in the North and
Dong Nai Province in the South (Fig 3-1 and 3-2, respectively). LWMP, is a GEF funded
project requested by MoNRE of Vietnam in coordination with GEF office in Vietnam.
FAO of the UN is selected as the executing agency for LWMP. The GEF portion of the
project investment is estimated at approximately 3 millions USD. The project covers five
communes in Thuong Tin district, Hatay Province and five wards of Bien Hoa City, Dong
Nai province.
Fig. 3-1 Map of Dong Nai project province
30
Figure 3-2
Map of Ha Tay Project province
3.1 Project Goals
The main goal of LWMP is to reduce land-based pollution from livestock production of the
international water of the South China Seas. The project plans to demonstrate the
effectiveness of better manure management technologies in reducing the negative local and
global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in selected
watersheds. Through monitoring the impacts of project proposed interventions in manure
management activities and enforcement of manure related environmental policies and
identification of best management practices, project aims at developing adaptive manure
management technology modules for dissemination in other parts of Vietnam and in other
countries bordering the South China Sea. The project replication should lead to an
improvement of water quality in the South China Sea and seduction in manure related
pollution levels in coastal waters.
The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should lead to an environmentally
sound geographic distribution of livestock production in Vietnam and the following global
and regional environmental benefits:
· A consequent reduction of livestock production related waste load (animal waste
currently contributes more than half of the total organic waste loads) that is currently
polluting international waters (South China Sea).
· More effective conservation of freshwater and coastal marine aquatic biodiversity as a
result of reduced wastewater discharges into riverine and other wetland habitats.
· A reduction of land degradation from excessive nutrient contents in areas surrounding
intensive livestock production systems.
31
· A significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (methane, nitrous oxides) and
gases of local importance (ammonia and organic volatile) released from livestock
waste.
· Reduction of public health hazards and a more equitable distribution of benefits
generated from the rapidly growing livestock industry.
· To increase the knowledge, skills of farmers and line agencies through capacity
building to facilitate betterment of economic and environmental condition of livestock
production areas.
3.2 Project objectives
The project's objectives are to improve the living condition of the livestock farming
communities in the project areas through the establishment of sustainable livestock waste
management and reduction of nutrient loading of natural resources (soil and water).
Achieving project objectives will not only lead to reduction of water resource pollution, it
will also ensures better public health and zoonotic disease prevention. The main objectives
of the project are:
To support sustainable development of livestock production in Viet Nam by reducing
livestock waste induced environmental pollution within project area of influence
through institutional development, policy enforcement and raising public awareness of
livestock waste management related issues.
To enhance living standards of livestock farmers (especially pig farmers) through
improvement of living conditions and sanitation environment. To promote socio-
economic development and environmental protection of project beneficiaries through
use of improved manure management technologies at the community level, by reusing
livestock manure based on its nutrient value, and by using biological energy through
biological treatment of wastewater from the pig raising farms.
To improve the regional cooperation through increased awareness of decision-makers in
the field of livestock waste management and the need for nutrient load reduction of
water resources.
To improve the surface water quality as well as to prevent soil degradation by promoting
proper livestock waste management technologies based on cost benefit analysis and
appropriate monitoring of project activities.
3.3 Project
Components
3.3.1 Description of Project components
In order to reach the project objectives four main project components are identified. An
integrated approach is followed by the project. Therefore, all project components and
activities to be financed under these components are interrelated with the desired outcome
of improved social and environmental condition within project areas. As a consequence,
most of the activities are closely linked together. The main project components and
activities of the Livestock waste management Project in Vietnam are:
Project Component 1: Livestock waste management Technology Demonstration
(a) demonstration of improved waste management techniques (including fund
management, public participation and technical assistance)
(b) Capacity building of local officials, extension workers and farmers in manure and
nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of livestock waste on public
health, water pollution on public health
32
(c) Capacity building of local official, extention workers and farmer in manure
management technique (cost-effective solution: small biogas, composting...,
decentralisation technology and centralisation livestock manure management
technology).
d) Applying of appropriate livestock waste treatment technology biogas digester,
anaerobic/arerobic manure treatment, cover lagoon, lagoon, composting or land use
of solid manure
In which criteria of project demonstration site selection is most importance for technology
demonstration. M & O cost of pilot technology is key factor for disseminating technology,
as well as learning and adaptation process.
Project Component 2: Development of conductive policy for improved livestock waste
management
(a) development of policies consist of regulation on environmental protection in
livestock production, development of livestock waste discharge standards, master
planing of livestock production, policies for promotion of organic fertilizers and clean
meats.
(b) capacity-building, awareness-raising and policy testing.
(c) Enforcement of relevant policies and regulations; test of policy measures at local
level
Project Component 3: Project management and monitoring
(a) Project Management
¾ PMO/PIU operation and regional co-ordination;
¾ Project Management Training.
(b) Project Monitoring & Evaluation
¾ Implementation Progress Monitoring;
¾ Water pollution, nutrient-balances and other monitoring activities (e.g. rate of
compliance);
¾ Performance evaluation of demonstration sites.
c) Regional support services
Activities for evaluation of project outcomes
Development of common decision support tools and standards
Capacity building, regional knowledge exchanges, facilitations, workshops.
The Project Component 1 is accounting for about 50% of the total investment of the
LWMP in Vietnam. This component will be implemented based on the specifics of
livestock waste of the two regions: Hatay in the North and Dongnai in the South: livestock
production from small scale livestock farming with limited land in the North and medium
and large scale livestock farming in the South. 3.3.1 Prevention of livestock waste and
Conductive Policy
33
3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology
(i) Design and implementation of improved waste management techniques in selected sub-
watersheds. Establishment of improved waste collection, transportation and handling
processes with final aim of using partially treated solid and liquid manure for irrigation on
croplands.
(iii) Application of adaptive manure management technologies in demonstration sites.
(iv) Training farmers in appropriate (adaptive) manure treatment technologies.
(v) Organize public awareness campaigns.
Selection of the demonstration sites will be dependent on the density of the livestock and
population density. The selected district/city should have the total amount of waste of
100,000 livestock heads and have medium/large scale of livestock farms and small-scale
farms. It means that the project will not only concentrate on point source pollution, but will
also consider non point pollution sources to have a comprehensive impact and to provide
appropriate recommendation for nutrient load reduction in water resources.
Technical assistance of this component will include the following solutions:
Waste minisation
¾ Waste minimization by reasonable use of water/breeding aliments;
¾ Through training courses, animal husbandry technique will be introduced to
livestock farmers to reduce the waste generation at source.
End-of-Pipe
Options
Based on the practical experiences in livestock waste treatment in Vietnam, the
corresponding FS report will emphasize the need for pollution reduction at source. It has
also suggested various end-of-pipe treatment options:
1) Solid waste treatment: Construct of the manure storage and guide the farmers make
compost at small farms, construct composting holes at the commune level (for those
with available land and where manure market is developed). Using locally available
materials such as dry straw, straw ash and worm- earth to compost solid manure. Treat
wastewater at commune level by using sediment tank and available ponds.
2) Installation of small biogas digesters (less than 20 m3) at household farms (twin sharing
for backyard raisers that are close to each other); Wastewater then will be treated at
commune level by biological treatment: anaerobic, aerobic, anoxic processes. Treated
wastewater then can be used for irrigation or flow to the water bodies (ponds, rivers,
etc) as long as discharge standards are met.
3) Centralized (public) livestock waste treatment plant, consisting of sediment tank,
anaerobic tank process, aerobic tank process and/or biological ponds
4) Centralized Biogas plant.
Capacity
building
The objectives of the training program are to assist the sustainable development and
technology transfer to farmers, and provide technical and environmental management
support during project implementation.
The training activities can be divided into various categories including:
34
(i)
management training for local officers and farmers (including study tours) on
variety of subjects such as nutrient balance management, environmental issues,
prevention of water pollution from livestock waste, environmental protection law
and regulation, livestock spatial planning, safe water supply and environmental
sanitation;
(ii)
training of trainers on the maintenance and operation of the livestock waste
treatment systems
(iii)
Technical training (including study tours). This training sub-component is to
facilitate and supply technical and management knowledge on livestock waste
treatment systems to ensure sustainability.
(iv)
Carrying out the communication program at local level
3.3.3 Policy development
Policy development insist of many activities related to making regulation, regulation
testing, zoning and planing in livestock production.
3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring
A well-designed monitoring and evaluation system will not only ensure project's successful
and timely implementation, but also in enhancing project impact by systematically
analyzing the lessons learned and their effective dissemination. The main activities for
project monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by the project management office
(PMO or Project PIU) in each project country. Annual monitoring and evaluation reports
will be prepared that detail the Project implementation, progress of activities, and finances
for each subcomponent and the performance indicators. In additional, implementation of
the EMP is one major part of this component.
3.4 Indicators of Project Success
The project success will be measures based on the following output and outcome
indicators:
(i)
Reduction in total amount of livestock waste and diseases related to livestock waste
transmition in the project site, especially in the demonstration sites;
(i)
Rate of adoption of livestock waste management guideline on technology,
regulations, discharge quality of the livestock wastewater and provincial policies on
livestock waste management;
(ii)
Number of community based livestock manure treatment systems that are prepared
and implemented livestock waste management technology (collection and
transportation of waste, storage and manure treatment or land use of treated
manures).
(iii)
Water quality: N, P, BOD, COD, and total coliforms of water resources and
nutrient balances in soils compared against baseline data gathered during initial
project implementation
(iv)
Demand and interest for project intervention by farmers outside pilot watershed
areas
(v)
Establishment of the manure trade and transport mechanisms and relevant
extension plans;
35
(vi)
The overall increase in the income and health of participating pig raising farmers.
3.5 Project area: Ha Tay Province
3.5.1 Hatay province
Although the proposed LWMP covers the whole country, two provinces, Ha Tay and Dong
Nai, have been selected as project provinces to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed methodologies. Description of the project will be divided into two separate
sections to simplify further analysis of the information.
Ha Tây in the area of 2192 km2 is located in Red River Delta, near Ha Noi, capital of
Vietnam. The total population of Ha Tay is 2,473,000, living in two provincial towns and
12 districts. Ha Tay's topography gradually slopes from Northwest to Southwest and it is
divided into two main areas. Plain area is in the East of the province that occupies two-
third of total land and is about 5 to 7 m above sea level (masl). Hilly areas ares in the West
at about 25 to 50 masl. Moutainous areas with elevations of over 300 masl occupy about
17,000 ha of the province, of which Ba Vi mountain is the highest at 1,282 masl.
Ha Tay has many rivers and large lakes. A number of major rivers flow through the
province including Red River (127 km), Da River (32 km), Day River (103 km), Tich
River (10 km), Nhue River (47 km), and Bui River (7 km). Nhue River is the main waste
receiving river within the province. The larger lakes within the province are Dong Mo-
Ngai Son with an area of 1,260 ha and Suoi Hai 671 ha.
3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province
The proposed demonstration district is located West of Ha Tay province and borders with
Ha Noi in the North and Red River in the East. The total area is 12,770 ha, of which 8,051
ha is in agricultural use. There are 28 communes and one town with 201,100 residents with
48,965 families. Two rivers flow through the district Red river (16 km) in the East and
Nhue river (18 km) in the West. The Nhue River is considered the main receptor of
livestock wastes in the district. Water supply for human consumption is taken from 20-30
m deep wells.
Table 3-1 presents the 12 districts of Hatay province, their river basins and their focus
livestock production information.
Table 3.1. Livestock population and land use in Ha Tay in 2002
District Cattle
Buffalo
Pig
Poultry/d
Rice
Corn
Sweet
Soybean
River
(heads)
uck
(ha)
(ha)
potato (ha)
(heads)
(heads)
basin
(ha)
Ha Dong
105
76
8360
64230
1392
2
21
17
Nhue
town
Son Tay
6401
2550
29556
452966
3963
97
595
669
Red
town
Ba Vi
20694
10121
109659
1150724
14575
3177
1930
2040
Red
Phuc Tho
7653
821
83386
780050
9487
1682
783
3903
Red
Dan Phuong
3654
114
80788
369324
4879
1601
284
2244
Red
Thach That
5184
2704
61193
696550
9489
231
916
1054
Red
Hoai Duc
4537
634
122278
491660
8924
1084
940
176 Day,Nhue
Quoc Oai
6859
2515
71088
533814
10577
1061
925
409 Day,Nhue
36
Chuong My
13209
3565
106725
1226670
19436
1418
1780
1516 Day,Nhue
Thanh Oai
5477
1252
104059
1005460
16571
574
1037
260
Nhue
Thuong Tin
2612
469
91804
681794
13099
816
311
1057 Red,Nhue
My Duc
7880
1696
74794
690672
14771
735
273
1242 Day,Nhue
Ung Hoa
8803
1283
81145
753415
22471
1350
449
841 Day,Nhue
Phu Xuyen
3066
534
90361
949862
18323
826
553
4236 Day,Nhue
Quoc Doanh
2032
270
2226
65000
516
46
10
- Day,Nhue
Total
98,166
28,604
1,117,422
9,912,191 168473
14700
10807
19664
Source: Statistics of Ha Tay, 2003
3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district
Five communes are selected for project implementation Van Phu, Van Tao, Chuong
Duong, Le Loi and To Hieu. Table 3.2 presents general information about 5 selected
communes:
(1) Van Phu commune has small area of land and 80% of households are involved in
livestock production. Manually processed by-products from brewery and rice noodle
operations are used as pig feed; therefore, 70% of households prepare and mix pig meal
themselves. Pig production has been developed partly due to the availability of processing
industry by-products. About 90% of households also utilize composted night soil.
(2) Van Tao commune 7 km far from Nhue River, is known for flower production and
cropping. However, manure is not widely applied because of the difficulty of manure
transportation to the field. There is one beer factory in the area that usesg 40 ton of raw
materials per day.
(3) Chuong Duong commune has minimal expertise in manure management such as use of
biogas technology. One farm of 500 pigs, using biogas, was visited. Manure is sold for as
fish feed, and biogas effluent is discharged directly into drainage canal. Presence of large
area of cropland in comparison with other communes is an advantage for pollution control
if manure is composted and used in crop production.
(4) Le Loi commune 4 km far from Nhue River, is widely recognized in the district due
to switching from paddy to fish pond and integration of livestock and fish pond operations.
There is one wholesale market for poultry/duck at the commune and livestock is also
slaughtered at individual households that might add to the environmental pollution.
(5) To Hieu commune 7 km far from the district town and 2 km from Nhue River, where
90% of household raise pigs. Feeding fish with manure is common is a common practice.
3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay
3.5.4.1 Installation of small bio digesters ( 9-10m3) in households which have available
land (in residence land) and raise over 30 pigs is recommended.
Bio digesters supply gas to farms at low cost, replacing costly fossil fuel. Farmers could
also use most of the solid manures for crops as fertilizer.
3.5.4.2 Improvement of animal pens is needed.
3.5.4.3 Strength of manure treatment by composting in small farms:
37
Installation of settlement tanks for manure storage is deemed necessary (capacity of 2-4
m3) so that manure can be used as crop need for fertilizer arises.
It is preferred to locate a place outside the village for manure composting, with easy access
for manure transport by farmers that could also be used as manure market.
Table 3.2. Statistical data in five demonstration communes - Thuong Tin Dist. (2003)
Item
Van Phu
Van Tao
Chuong Duong Le Loi
To Hieu
Total area, ha
308.57
522
391.32
509
Number of villages
2
8
6
3
Population 6,564
9,180
4,350
7,162
10,000
Number of households
1,419
1,878
1,005
1,509
2,900
No. hh in livestock prod.
1,277
1,502
900
1,297
2,610
Land for agriculture, ha
232.7
360
214
316
401
Paddy
227
223
168.9
240
358.8
Fish pond
5.7
52.2
27
57
32.4
Fertilizer (tons/yr)
N
100
660
20
130
K
80
360
10
40
P
200
297
20
150
Manure
180,000
270,000
400
2,700
Number of pig
6,000
7,890
4,045
10,000
11,000
Household with pig size
3-5
> 1,000
> 1,000
Most hh
Most hh
Most hh
5-10
100
-
-
-
15-20
40
-
-
-
20-50
-
92
20
167
50-100
-
28
3
52
240
> 100
-
16
1
16
Cattle/buffalo
70
Poultry
7,000
22,000
35,000
20,000
80,000
Duck
13,000
6,000
(Combined)
(Combined)
50,000
Households with biogas
2
2
5
28
30
Manure management
Composting, %
80
40
65
79
30
Feeding fish, %
0
0
10
8
50
Drained out, %
20
60
25
13
20
Source of water for hh
Well, %
100
81
40
100
100
River, %
0
19
60
0
0
3.5.4.4 Installation of effluent collection schemes: Installation of pipe-work across the commune to collect effluent.
Underground drainage pipes or concrete covered canals are needed to be installed to transfer liquid manure and wash
waters to centralized collection point for treatment. Main canal (with 400mm wide x 500mm deep) is introduced in the
commune level and sub- canal (250mm wide x 300mm deep) is from households to main canal.
3.5.4.6 Public treatment: In some communes the pollution of animal wastes has reached high levels and installation of
large communal biodigester is preferable. All effluences will be delivered to the communal digester with a capacity of 50
to 100 m3. Produced gas will be supplied to farmers and the nutrient rich effluence can be used as crop nutrient.
Another option that is considered is the installation of sedimentation tanks (100 200 m3) and ponds for aerobic treatment
(300-500 m3) or ponds for bio-treatment (300- 400m2). The effluent should then be used as fertilizer for crop production.
This option might need to use a pump to transfer the effluent to the irrigation canals.
38
3.6 Project area: Dong Nai Province
Dong Nai is midland province at an average elevation of 100 masl and slopes of less than
80. The population of the province is 2,140,030. Its topography consists of four main areas:
(1) low mountainous area has some high mounts such as mount Chua Chan (837 masl) and
May Tau (700 masl), (2) hilly area forming the major part of Dong Naiprovince with
average elevation of 45 to 200 masl, (3) ancient silt area at an elevation of 10 to 45 masl,
and (4) plain area including rivers terraces and floodplains. The province has a biggest
national forest, Cat Tien (73,878 ha) in the North, 38,100 ha of which belongsto Tan Phu
rural district of the province. The province has 40 rivers and springs, of which the largest
are Dong Nai River, Be River and La Nga River.
The proposed LWMP in Dong Nai Province covers Bien Hoa City and five demonstration
wards. Hydrographically, the project district is within the catchment of Dong Nai, Thi Vai
and Be Rivers.
Table 3.3 presents the livestock population in project districts, Bien Hoa city, and in other
livestock production areas of Dong Nai province.
Table 3.3. Liverstock population in Dong Nai province (2003)*
District Cattle
Buffalo
Pig
Bien Hoa
3,317
76
156,370
Vinh Cuu
5,221
923
42,818
Tan Phu
4,243
813
45,025
Dinh Quan
3,298
543
58,049
Xuan Loc
20,934
1,219
123,270
Long Khanh
4,814
19
74,131
Thong Nhat**
3,992
354
185,003
Long Thanh
10,107
687
61,251
Nhon Trach
5,363
1,412
25,547
* Poultry flock was 15 million in 2003
** Now is divided into two districts (Trang Bom and Thong Nhat)
3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province
The city is located in an ancient Fluvisol area of some 154.67 km2. The major crops are
vegetables (2,969 ha) and paddy rice (1,198 ha).
Table 3.4. Total area and pig population of Bien Hoa City
No
Ward/commune
Total area (ha)
Swine herd
Swine density
(pig/ha)
1
Long Binh
3,461.80
54,092
15.6
2
Ho Nai
389.50
24,500
62.9
39
3
Trang Dai
1,444.65
24,500
17.0
4
Tan Phong
1,678.75
6,875
4.1
5
Tan Bien
612.88
6,500
10.6
6
Long Binh Tan
1,187.08
6,420
5.4
7
Tan Hoa
396.18
6,000
15.1
8
An Binh
1,042.29
5,200
4.9
9
Tan Hiep
341.40
3,950
11.5
10
Tam Hoa
122.30
3,200
26.1
11
Tam Hiep
217.00
2,850
13.1
12
Hoa An
682.39
2,151
3.1
13
Hiep Hoa
693.24
1,700
2.4
14
Tan Mai
137.40
1,500
10.9
15
Buu Hoa
416.34
1,300
3.1
16
Tan Hanh
610.66
1,200
1.9
17
Tan Tien
130.54
1,195
9.1
18
Thong Nhat
341.30
1,095
3.2
19
Buu Long
578.45
1,000
1.7
20
Binh Da
124.40
668
5.3
21
Tan Van
442.30
352
0.8
22
Trung Dung
81.98
93
1.1
23
Quang Vinh
110.45
22
0.2
24
Quyet Thang
139.61
7
0.1
25
Thanh Binh
34.80
0
0
26
Hoa Binh
55.71
0
0
Total
15,474.4
156,370
10.1
3.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city
Five wards are selected for project implementation: Long Binh, Ho Nai, Trang Dai, Tan
Phong and Tan Bien:
(1) Long Binh ward has the largest number of pig. One farm has 3,000 pig and 24 farms
raise 200-500 pig. About 50% of farms establish biogas but the biogas cannot treat all
animal waste. Linh stream passes through 1.2 km of the commune and a large volume of
manure is drained in it.
(2) Ho Nai ward is surrounded by San Mau stream flowing to Dong Nai River. About 75%
of farms buy commercial mixed feed.
(3) San Mau stream passes through 1.8 km of Trang Dai commune. The ward grows
mainly vegetables and cassava.
(4) Bao Hang River and San Mau stream pass Tan Phong ward.
40
(5) Phat Trien stream passes the Tan Bien ward.
Table 3.5. Statistical data in five demonstration wards
Item Long
Binh
Ho Nai
Trang Dai
Tan Phong Tan Bien
Total area, ha
3,500
289.5
14,000
1,686
614
Number of villages
8
6
10
12
Population 38,000
7,645
25,153
30,695
30,309
Number of household
4,000
5,657
5,612
5,335
5,267
No. hh in livestock prod.
631
1,529
183
224
265
Land for agri., ha
314.07
17.2
791
165
123.2
Annual plants, of
114.36
90
86.7
which vegetable
46.31
10.34
50
51.5
28
Fish pond
29.48
-
3
1.44
5.3
Fertilizer (ton/yr)
N
43.6 NPK
K
P
Manure
220
Number of pig
54,150
24,500
24,500
6,875
6,500
Household with pig size
20-50
160
50-100
150
1,520
-
100-1000
4
23
7
198 (<200 pig)
> 1000
5
-
1
Cattle/buffalo 1,725
57
350
386 -
Poultry
163,000
25,000
96,000
43,000*
115,000
Quail
315,000
40,000
35,000*
620,000
Number of household
installing biogas
50%
10%
10%
Manure management
Composting, %
40
30
Sell, %
50
5
Drained out, %
-
45
Water source for hh
Well, %
100
100
100
100
River, %
0
0
0
0
* Data of 2002
3.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology
3.6.4.1 Installation of biodigesters (20- 100m3) in households with 50 300 pigs or over
300 pigs is recommended. Solid manures can be collected for sale. The effluent can be
better treated in the digesters. Bio digesters can supply low cost gas to farms to replace
fossil fuels for cooking, lighting and/or selling to other farmers.
3.6.4.2 Lagoon System (400- 1000 pig farms): In larger farms with 400-1000 pigs,
installation of a sedimentary tank (15-20 m3) and settlement vessel (15-20 m3) for
separating and storing manures are proposed to separate and store solid manures. Solid
manures could then be transported for sale to local farmers. Since a number of industrial
crop growing farms (rubber tree, cotton, coffee, etc) are located nearby the project areas
with a steady demand for manure as crop nutrients - good market for solid manure.
41
3.6.4.3 Installation of effluent collection schemes: There are two canal systems that can be used: a main canal (with
400mm wide x 500mm deep) in the commune and another as sub- canal (250mm wide x 300mm deep) from households
to main canal.
3.6.4.4 Public treatment: In communes high levels of pigs, a need for installation of large treatment plan is preferable.
In these communes the installation of sedimentary tank (100- 200 m 3) is recommended. Suspended organic matter will
be separated and liquids will be partially treated by aerobic process in a pond (200- 500 m3). The partially treated effluent
should then be used as fertilizer for crop production. Number of pigs in Bien Hoa city is large but limited agricultural land
for direct use of liquid manure. The need for either provision for transportation of effluents by tankers to agricultural
areas is key demand for LWM. In addition, the use of rather expensive full treatment of the effluent before discharging to
natural water bodies is needed to be considered. It is also possible to mix effluent and suspended organic matter with
chopped rice straw and/or rice husk for composting (30-40 days duration). Rice straw and rice husks are agricultural
byproducts that are readily available in the project area. The optimum straw to slurry ratio is 1:1.5. The composted
material can then be easily transported to agricultural land.
3.7 Project Investment
Total investment for LWMP is 7,5 millions $US in which GEF contribute 2 millions and
Vietnamese Government will contribute 3,4 millions $US and private sector will contribute
over 2 millions $US as showed in the table 3.6
Table 3.6: Project investment
GEF GOVT
Farmer
Total
LWM Technology demo
1192
1418
2030
4640
Technology Demo
1000
1000
2000
4000
Training & Extension
192
418
30
640
Policy development
501.3
1134.7
35
1671
Policy Development
183
427
610
Policy testing
57
133
190
Awareness raising
261.3
574.7
35
871
Project management &
Monitoring 306.7
863.9
20
1190.6
Project management
82.4
360.6
443
M & E
224.3
503.3
20
747.6
Total baseline cost
2000
3416.6
2085
7501.6
4
DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
DONGNAI and HATAY are two of the selected provinces that are known as the biggest
livestock production provinces. These two provinces have different physical characteristics
with specific variation of climatic, topographic and physiographic characteristics. The
following sections describe the major physical, ecological and socio-cultural conditions
within the two project areas. The EA study area in DONGNAI covers 8 districts and one
city (Bienhoa city). The EA study area in HATAY covers 12 districts. Description of
various features of the physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical environments
are presented in the following sections.
4.1 Physical
Environment,
DONGNAI
4.1.1 Geography
and
Topography
* Geographical
Dong Nai province is in the South-east of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with the area
of 5,894.74 km2 taking up 1.76% and 25.5 % of total natural area of the country and the
Southeastern region respectively. Dong Nai province is surrounded by Binh Duong
42
province and Binh Phuoc province to the North-west, Lam Dong province to the Northeast,
Binh Thuan province to the East and Ho Chi Minh city to the South-west.
* Administration
Dong Nai is located in the Southern economic development area of concentration with one
provincial city and 8 districts. Bien Hoa provincial city is the political, economic and
cultural center of the province. The 8 districts include Tan Phu, Dinh Quan, Long Khanh,
Xuan Loc, Nhon Trach, Long Thanh, Vinh Cuu, Thong Nhat.
* Topography
Dong Nai is characterized by midland topography between that of the Central South
highland and the South plain. Generally, its land is rather flat in which 82.09% is of less
than 8° slope; 92 % less than 15° slope and only 8% more than 15° slope. Specifically:
·
Alluvial, gley and sandy soil are flat and lowlands are flooded all year.
·
Most of black, brown and gray soils occur on less than 8° slope while red soil occur
on 15° slope
·
Shallow and pumice stone soils are present on steeper slopes.
The project areas divided mainly into two parts, the north area, and southern area.
A) The north area inludes Vinh Cuu, Tanphu, Dinhquan and one part on Thongnhat
district. Trian Lake, one of the biggest lakes in the South, is in the middle of Dongnai
province.
B) The western and southern areas include Nhontrach, Longthanh, Longkhanh, Xuanloc
districts.
Agricultural land covers over 302,846 ha (51.38% of total land area) of which 21.48% is
under annual crops, 170,800 ha or 28.97% is under permanent trees, 1,069 ha (0.18%) is
grassland pasture and 4345 ha (0.74%) is flooded that is used for fishery (aquaculture).
Only 7% of the land is used for residential purposes and forest covers 30.5% (179,808ha).
The land area for specific use is 11.54%. Rivers and creeks account for 3.04%. Non use
land is about 1.75%.
Data from DONRE in DONGNAI Province indicates that DONGNAI has only 3,111ha
urban area and 7,435 ha of rural area.
The major river systems (Dongnai, Thivai) originate from the Lamdong province. The
general slope gradient is from North to west and south.
4.1.2 Soil
A number of different soil types are present within the province. The majority of soils in
southern part of DONGNAI are of alluvial origin. Soil in the north are mainly classified as
Yellow Brown Earths. Most soils in the province are considered to be fertile.
4.1.3 Climate
Dong Nai is a tropical and equatorial province influenced by monsoons with 2 distinct
main seasons (dry and rainy seasons). The temperature stays high most of the year and
climatic condition favors development of tropical crops, especially industrial trees of high
export value. Temperature averages 25-26 °C, and temperature difference between hottest
and coldest months is 4.2 °C (iso-hyperthermic temperature regime). Sunshine hours per
day are 5-9, 6-8 on average. Rainfall is relatively high varying beween 1500 to 2700mm
per year between different areas. Humidity level stays high most of the year.
43
The reported year 2003 climatic indicators are: annual average temperature of 26.05 oC,
annual average humidity of 80.5%, number of sunshine hours of 2364.6 hours/year, and
average rainfall of 2155.9mm.
Table 4-1 presents the "typical" climatic data for Dongnai province.
4.1.4 Hydrology
Surface Water: The hydrology of the province is related to Dongnai river basin. The
main rivers in the province include Dongnai and Thivai Rivers. Beside that the provincial
creeks play an important role in providing water supply in the province. Some water scarce
areas are reported to the north of the province. The water level of Dongnai River, the main
river in the province, has reduced from 109.98m in the year 2000 to 102.5 m in the year
2003. However, rivers of DONGNAI province are generally characterized as having rather
stable distribution of the river discharge over the course of the year.
The discharge of Dongnai and Thivai Rivers are stable throughout the year.
Table 4-1 The Climatic Characteristics of DONGNAI province 2000-2003
Indicator 2000
2001
2002
2003
Average temperature C
25.6
25.9
26.2
26.02
Number of sunshine hours
2,035
2,245
2,458
2,364
Annual rainfall mm
2,555
2,094
1,984
2,155.9
Average humidity (%)
85
83
80
80.5
Low water level (m)
109.98
109.93
109.54
102.5
High water level (m)
113.57
113.88
114.04
113.68
Table 4-2 The Characteristics of the rivers in DONGNAI
River system
River Basin Area
Total flow
Total,
% in
Total
% of % formed
% from
km2
Vietnam
(109cum/y total
in
outside
r)
Vietnam
Vietnam
Dong nai Sai gon
42.655 36.261(85%)
30.60
3.48
95
5
Groundwater: The available 2000 groundwater data for DONGNAI province indicated
that the total available groundwater resources amount to over 500,000 cum, of which the
ground water used for Bien hoa city is over 56,000cum that is expected to increase to more
than 83,000cum by the year 2010.
Dongnai groundwater is contained in quaternary sediments, in two main aquifers. The
Pleistocene aquifer or upper aquifer and the lower aquifer, the Holocene aquifer is made up
of various sand layers, at times mixed with gravel that occur at different depths from about
1-2 m to 60-70 m.
44
In 1999 the groundwater level of Dongnai river basin decreased by an average of 0.013m,
the available groundwater decreased, and the groundwater depth starts from over 50 m in
alluvial fans and is gradually decreasing, indicating over exploitation of groundwater
within the basin.
Aquatic resources: Dong Nai develops sea products mainly basing on a big system of
lakes, rivers and canals including Tri An lake (323 km2) and more than 60 rivers and
canals which are very favourable for development of aquaculture for producing shrimps,
fish, etc.
Water resources: Dong Nai has rich surface water resources, especially Dong Nai lake. It
supplies water for agriculture, industry as well as for the city dwellers. There are 23 lakes
of which Tri An is the biggest one with the capacity of nearly 2.8 billion cum of
freshwater. The surface water is the most important source in supplying water for both
Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau and HCM city.
The potential of underground water here is also large with 5 water layers within 45- to 140
m depth. Static capacity is more than 1,940,000m3/day, while active capacity is more than
3,000,000 m3/ day, which can help to supplement available surface water resources to
meet the growing demand for production, construction and urban living of small and
medium size communities.
4.1.5 Surface Water Quality
Urban Surface Water2: According to the statistical data obtained for 2001 rivers, creeks
and lakes of the province that attain the required standards, are upstream of Dongnai River
and serval lakes. The main elevated environmental indicators are chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and ammonia (NH4) in the two main observation Rivers. In addition, water in the
lakes also shows signs of NH4 pollution. Table 4-3 presents the water quality index of the
main river systems in the project area.
2 Data Sources: Environmental Indicator Report of Dongnai Province, PPC of Dongnai, May 2005
45
Table 4-3 Surface water quality in the project area in DONGNAI Province
River
River/County
Year
pH
DO
CODCr
BOD
NH3-N
System
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Dongnai
Section 1: Be river confluence to Hoa
2001 7.0-7.3 6.3-7.0 5.8-12.5 2.6-6.3 0.17-0.39
River
An Bridge (Dry season)
Section 1: Be river confluence to Hoa
2001 6.9-7.1 6.0-7.4 6.9-21.8 2.9-6.1 0.17-0.54
An Bridge (Rainy season)
Section 2: Dogngnai Bridge to Dong
2001 7.0-8.1 4.4-5.6 11.6-323 2.2-6.2 0.39-0.79
Tranh confluence (Dry season)
Section 2: Dogngnai Bridge to Dong
2001 6.9-7.5 4.2-6.9 5.5-136.5 2.0-4.0 0.18-0.49
Tranh confluence (Rainy season)
Section 3: Dongnai Bridge to Hoa An
2001 7.2-8.8 4.8-6.8 4.8-46.4 2-12.2
0.12-0.66
Bridge (Dry season)
Section 3: Dongnai Bridge to Hoa An
2001 6.5-6.9 4.9-
3.9-27.3 2.0-13 0.11-4.9
Bridge (Rainy season)5/3/01
6.65
Thivai
Dry season
2001
7.4-7.9
2.3-5.4
2.6-
0.24-3.78
River
13.4
Rainy season
2001
6.9-7.5
2.3-5.6
3.1-10
11.2-4.26
TriAn
Dry
season
2001 7.4-7.8 3.7-7.7 9.9-35.6 2.3-4.8 0.17-0.45
Lake
TriAn
Rainy
season
2001 7.0-7.2 5.2-6.3 5.1-13.7 3.7-6.8 0.29-0.36
Lake
LongAn
Dry season
2001
8.0
5.5
30.6
6.3
0.5
Lake
Rainy
season
2001 8.8 6.2 18.9 3.2 0.35
NuiLe
Dry 2001
8.0
5.27
8.4
2.9
0.46
Lake
Rainy season
2001
7.4
9.03
6.9
2.0
0.22
DaTon
Dry
2001 7.0 7.1 6.8 2.7 0.61
Lake
Rainy season
2001
7.2
7.66
5.7
2.3
0.45
4.1.6 Groundwater
Quality
Urban groundwater3: The year 2001 statistical data, obtained for groundwater water quality
in Bien Hoa city of Dongnai province indicates that the groundwater quality in Bien Hoa
city is quite poor. The main pollutants exceeding the standards are ammonia and nitrogen.
The main source of pollutants is believed to be the domestic and industrial sources and
agricultural production activities.
Due to limited accessibility of pertinent water quality data within the project site, a more
general review of available water quality data based on different rivers and lakes are
presented in this section. No details of water quality data was availed to the EA team due
to limited availability of relevant data for review.
4.1.7 Atmospheric
Environment
Urban atmospheric environment4: In the year 2001 the value of urban sulfur dioxide in
Bien Hoa City is ranged from 0.030-0.314 mg/m3 in dry season and 0.066 to 0.246 mg/m3
in rainy season and the value of nitrogen dioxide is 0.004 to 0.148 mg/m3 in dry season and
0.012 to 0.168 mg/m3. The value of both sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate
matter in Bien Hoa all exceeded the average number of Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3 Data Sources: Environmental Quality Report in Dongnai Province, 2001.
4 Data Sources: Environmental Indicator Report in DongNai Province, 2001.
46
The total suspended particulate matter Bien Hoa in exceeded average number of Ambient
Air Quality Standards stipulated in TCVN5937:1995.
The project areas are located in the country, where the atmospheric environment quality
meets the requirement air quality.
4.2 Ecological
Environment,
Dongnai
4.2.1 Flora
Most of the vegetation of Dongnai province belongs to tropical.
In terms of plants, 1610 species are identified of which 31 species are identified as rare and
precious belonging to 13 families. There are 23 endemic genus and plants belonging to 11
families. The main plant species are presented in appendix. Most endemic plants and
animals are only found in Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai Province.
Table 4-4: Land use in Dong Nai
Indicator 1999
2000
2001
1
Land use area (ha)
586,202
586,030
586,030
2
Forestry and forest land
185,784
178,274
178,274
3
Ratio 31.69%
30.4%
30.4%
4
Natural forest
112,925
110,678
110,678
5
Planted forest
48,907
39,596
41,875
6
Land for Fruit trees
19,986
22,757
22,412
7
Land for Perennial industrial
103,063
113,326
112,870
trees
8
Land for Other perennial trees
1,050
1,250
2,000
9
Ratio of forestry cover
48.77%
49.77%
49.46%
Source: Environmental Indicator Report of Dong Nai Province, 2001
There are 178,274 ha of forestland, of which 110,678 ha are natural forest and 41,875 ha
are planted forest.
4.2.2 Fauna
Dongnai is the one of the richest provinces in Vietnam in terms of biodiversity. There are
348 species of birds, 103 species of mammals, 120 species of reptiles, 133 species of
fishes, and 457 species of butterflies.
4.2.3 Nature
reserves
In order to protect the flora and fauna biodiversity in the province, Dongnai has
successively instituted a number of measures, bylaws and ordinances, such as "the
measures for implementing the Wild Animal Protection, the Management Ordinance for
Dongnai Provincial Nature Reserves, and the Management Ordinances for Wild Animal
Protection in Dongnai Province.
Cat Tien National Park of various significance levels has been founded in Dongnai
province, covering an area of over 0.7 km2, which accounts for over 10% of the provincial
total area.
47
Cat Tien National Park: The park is located within three provinces: Dong Nai, Lam
Dong and Binh Phuoc; 150 km from Ho Chi Minh city, with total area of 73,878 ha. IThe
park is one of the largest national parks in Vietnam and has an abundance of diversified
natural resources.
There are about 1,800 species of plants including 151 tontines and 73 gaits, typical to the
south-east vegetation system, with many species of valuable timber such as Sao Dau, Tu
Vi, Dau tontines. There are a number of plant species that have both economic and
biological value such as purple wood, Brian kingwood, hung wood.
A number of modal forests and biotopes are present in the national park including evergreen
tree with wide leaf, fallen leaf, semi-fallen leaf, complex forest of wood, bamboo, marsh
vegetation cover. Fauna in Cat Tien Park
According to available statistics, Cat Tien National Park now has 77 types of mammals,
326 types of birds, 82 types of fresh-water fishes, 40 types of reptiles, 14 types of
amphibian and hundreds of insects.
Number of precious and rare species in the Cat Tien National Park that are cited in the
Vietnam Redbook includes 18 mammals, 20 species and subspecies of birds, 12 reptiles,
and 1 amphibian species.
Java rhinoceros is the animal with the highest distinction in the world. Nowadays, there are
only two wild populations in the world; one in Ujung Kulon National Park (Java,
Indonesia) and the other the Cat Tien National Park. Rhinoceros in Cat Tien national park
remains of about 7-8 individuals. With over 90 km of Dong Nai River surrounding the
national park, systems of pond, rammer and imposing landscapes, the park is well
protected and forest holds many natural mysteries that bring about extremely beautiful
landscape.
* Cultural & historical
Cat Tien- religious city of Phu Nam ancient kingdom, has the territory spreading from
India, Burma through Indonesia, Philippines, south of Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, south
of China with Oc Eo culture founded about II AD. Cat Tien National Park was part of the
D strategic war theatre before, a famous revolutionary base in fighting for independece and
national liberation. This is also the father land of Stieng and Chau Ma races, with
revolutionary tradition and the habits and customs of rich character of national literary
circles. In Cat Tien National Park, there are many things to see including ancient trees,
typical primary forest, and wild life. Visiting cultural archaeological site of Oc Eo,
participating in festivals of Ta Lai ethnic group is another cultural activity within the area.
4.3 Socio-cultural
Environment,
Dongnai
4.3.1 Population
The year 2003 statistical data indicate that the total population of Dongnai province is
2,149,030 of which 1,473,876 (68.57%) lives in rural areas. Women are accounting for
50.5% of the total population. Most of the people are Kinh nationality. People engaged in
large farms animal husbandry are mainly in Bien Hoa City. Table 4-6 presents the
population data for the Dongnai.
48
Table 4-5 important Nature Reserve within the province
Name of
Project
Use
Items preserved
Remarks
Reserve
districts
Cat Tien
None
Area of
The park is
14 kinds of endemic plants
Preservatio
protecting in rare were founded only in Cat
n zone
animal such as
Tien National Park. 31 rare
rhinoceros
and precious species in Cat
Tien. 23 endemic genuses.
31 endemic animals.
Table 4-6 The population of the project districts in DONGNAI province
Project location
Total
Administrative
Population
Area
Commune
Total
density
Agricultural
(km2)
Population per/sq km
Population
154.67
26
521,580
3,372
31,093
Bien Hoa City
1,091.9
12
105,304
96
76,397
9
Vinh Cuu district
773.74
18
163,066
211
142,470
Tan Phu district
966.50
14
212,893
220
190,312
Dinh Quan district
954.21
21
297,250
312
283,375
Xuan Loc district
Long Khanh
497.21
18
215,136
433
155,668
district
510.70
25
315,570
618
300,922
Thong nhat district
Long Thanh
534.82
19
203,121
380
178,169
district
Nhon Trach
410.89
12
115,110
280
115,110
district
5,894.7
165
2,149,030
365
1,473,876
3
Total
4.3.2 Cultural
Background
Public Health &Health service
Medical network in the province consists of 5 general hospitals at provincal and regional
levels, 3 specialized hospitals and 6 others at district level. Other medical units include 11
regional offices, 1 centre of preventive medicine, 1 centre of medicine for the IZ, 163
medical stations at commune, ward and town levels and 12 diagnostic units. The total
number of hospital beds is 3,260. In addition, there are also 3 other hospitals under the
central hospital administration such as mental hospital, hospital 7B and hospital at Dong
Nai Rubber company.
There are 3,200 medical staff by the year 2000 of which 477 are doctors and 820 are
physicians, making the ratio of 1.57 doctor and physician per 10,000 people. Physicians
present at 100% of communes and wards, meanwhile 61% is the rate of doctors being.
49
Dong Nai is still conducting the medical system especially at unit levels. National medical
programs are fundamentally well performed. Annually, more than 90% of children are
vaccinated sufficiently with 6 types of vaccines.
Disease prevention activities have gained some achievements, particularly in preventing
malaria, fever, tetanus, typhoid, etc. Presently the province is conducting a program of
fighting against goiter disease and soon eliminating paralyzing disease among the entire
people.
4.3.4 Cultural
Heritage
Scenic Spots and Tourism
Bac Son Resort: Located at Bac Son commune, Thong Nhat district and 1 km from
National highway No.1, Bac Son resort is a wonderful position to develop tourism. The
resort is 254,000 km2 areas with investment of 25 bil. VND. Bac Son is a very beautiful
sight where you can see up and down hills, natural lakes and green springs.
Song Trau Resort: With 300 hectares site, the resort is with low hills, attractive waterfall
to swim in all seasons, beautiful forest sights for camping and exploring.
Song May: Belongs to Trang Bom town, Thong Nhat district, Song May hamlet Club is a 235-hectare zone which is
invested by Bo Chang - Donatours. This is a beautiful landscape with Song May Lake at the centre of two green hills. The
zone also has a 27-hole golf course which meets international standards, luxurious hotels, bars and restaurants. In the
future, Song May hamlet Club plans to invest additional funds to become a large resort for domestic and foreign travelers.
Tri An lake: Tri an Lake is located in Vinh An town, Vinh Cuu district, Dong Nai
province, 65 km from HCMC and 30 km from Bien Hoa City. This is a 32,000-hectare
lake with fresh water and 36 islands. Above of the other islands, there are two adjacent
attractive ones: Falcon Island and Dong Truong Island. These two islands resort have
beautiful, poetic and charming sights with fresh air. Tri An lake is a wonderful place for
nature lovers. There is a development project under consideration with a total estimated
investment of over 5 bill. VND.
Da Ba Chong: Located in the centre of Dinh Quan, a crowded town, and not far from
National highway No.20. The land is the life-line of communication from Lam Dong
highland of Bao Loc to Southwest region. This is an imposing and diversified landscape
with green and immense valleys of tropical trees.
The land also has pure and fresh lakes which are sourced by winding springs. All the lakes
and springs make the sight a poetic, imposing and lyrical place for sightseeing and
relaxation.
Mai Waterfall: Mai waterfall and warm lake resort, Tan Phu plantation
The resort is located in Dinh Quan district, Dong Nai province and midway of the Ho Chi
Minh City-Da Lat road. It is located 111 km from HCMC or 190.5 km from Da Lat. The
resort is a natural forest of 13,734-hectare zone which is preferred by nature lovers and for
its tropical climate. In the resort, there are beautiful sights with green forested hills,
waterfalls, caves, etc.
Mo spring: Being in Tra Co commune of Tan Phu district, this place is wild but beautiful
with refreshing streams looming in the green forest. The resort is suitable for several kinds
of tourism such as camping, sightseeing and exploring. Dong Nai is carrying out a detailed
plan for calling for domestic and international investment projects.
Ho Nui Le: The resort is located in Gia Rai town, Xuan Loc district and is about 25
hectares next to a 100-hectare lake and 837-metre-high mountain in the Southest region. At
50
the top of the mountain, there are 5 nice streams flowing to a natural lake. At 660 metres
high, Gia Lao pagoda is a wonderful sight for pilgrimages, sightseeing and entertainment.
Under a development project a total estimated investment of 14 bill. VND is planned.
Hoa Binh Cultural Park: Is an original and beautiful park which is created by skilful
hands, creative minds and hard working spirits. The park's architectural feature is
traditional style with the lake, a water pavilion, hotels, restaurants, fruit gardens.
Suoi Tre cultural center: Located in Suoi Tre commune of Long Khanh district, the
centre belongs to Dong Nai Rubber Company, which was previously a resort for French
rubber-plantation owners. It's up and down hills with a petty spring running around. The
French style of villas is circled by Pine Hills and grass cover which gives the resort a
special character and fresh air. Tre spring cultural centre is a poetic place as well as Da Lat
City to entertain, relax and camp.
Hang Gon Grave: Hang Gon is graded as a national historical vestige. The Temple was
built of granite over 2,500 years ago. This is an ancient area of wild land and ideal place
for sightseeing, researching and outing.
Long Thanh & Nhon Trach districts are known for their tropical fruits: Durian,
rambutan, mangosteen, mango, pomelo, etc. Tourists can enjoy these fresh fruits from the
trees at low-cost and with warmly welcomed farmers.
4.3.5 Infrastructure
*Transportation: National highway system (244.5km) has been improving and widening
up to delta highway level 1 and 2 standard (National Highways No 5 and 6) or up to third
grade like National Highway No 20 to Da Lat, (A total of 75 kilometers in the province
territory had been developed to this standard). Roads system in the province covers 3.339
kilometers, of which nearly 700 kilometers is tar surface roads. In addition, there are also
rural and trunk road system under commune and ward management, farm roads and roads
within industrial parks that provide a continuous system to local inhabitants. It is believed
that 100 percent of communes and wards have roads for cars to their center.
Under provincial scheme in the near future, high speed transportation system to Ba Ria
Vung Tau and Ho Chi Minh City, Bien Hoa - Vung Tau railway system, upgraded
provincial roads No 726 and connecting national highway No 20 and No 1 with national
highway No 51 will be developed that should create a complete system, serving the socio
economic development demands, both locally and regionally.
There are five (05) ports in the province in which Long Binh Tan port and Go Dau A port
are the biggest. Phu Huu, Phuoc An ports-building projects have been establishing.
Railway station system in the province spreads 87.5 kilometers long with 12 station: Gia
Huynh, Trang Tao, Gia Ray, Bao Chanh, Xuan Loc, An Loc, Dau Giay, Bau Ca, Trang
Bom, Long Lac, Ho Nai and Bien Hoa . This line is the important transport blood vessel
linking Dong Nai with The North and HCMC.
* Telephone and post-office: By 2000, over 79.7% of villages had telephone connection
and has post-offices. Over 98.5% of the commune's People Committee is accessible by
telephone. The number of telephones in the province has reached 98,207 and there are
33,835 household's telephones accounting for 11.67% of the total households.
51
* Electricity: Electricity reaches 100% of the communes of which over 89.35% of the
villages in the whole province have access to electricity1. In total, there are 219,823
households with access to electricity accounting for 75.82% of the total households. The
average electritical price per kwh is 660 VND.
* Water supply: Households accessing to tap water are mainly in the city with the number
of 8,761 households accounting for 3.02% of the total household number.
During past five years, the urban water supply industry has investing in the construction,
improvement, and upgrading of water supply. The water supply capacity has increased
from 39.500 cum per day in 1993 up to 73,400 cum per day in 1998. This has achieved
through construction of Long Binh water supply factory with the first phase capacity of
15,000 cum per day, Gia Ray water supply factory with 2,400 cum per day, and Hoa An
pumping station with capacity of 6,000 cum per day. In addition they are increasing the
Long Khanh water supply factory capacity to 5,000 cum per day and preparing to build
Long Binh water supply factory with first phase capacity of 15,000 cum per day, Thien
Tan with capacity of 100,000 cum per day, Nhon Trach water supply factory with
capacity of 200.000 cum per day, serving for production and people life.
4.3.6 Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use
Except for the residential land possessed by the habitants, almost all the land in the project
areas has been contracted out to farmer households or private or state organizations on
either a 30-year lease basis or 50-year lease basis for the purpose of agricultural or
industrial development. It is expected that the land use rights will provide additional
incentives and positive impact on development of the commercial farm as well as
development of large scale farm and support the spatial planning of livestock production in
the province.
The status of land use in Dongnai is listed in table 4-7.
Table 4-7: Status of land area in Dong Nai province1.
Scale Total
Agricultura
Forestry land
Specially used Homestead
area
l land
covered by
land
land
trees
ha
589.5
302.8
179.8
68
10.6
%
100
51.4
30.5
11.5
1.8
The agricultural land accounts for 51.45% of the total land areas of the province that is
almost double the national average of 28.4%. Population density of Dongnai Province is
365 persons per square km.
* Land resources: There are 10 groups of land in Dong Nai:
·
Grey land is accounting for more than 40.05% of natural land and favorable for
agricultural cultivation and construction.
·
Black land is accosting for more than 22.44% of natural land and suitable for yearly
cultivated trees.
·
Gley land is accounting for more than 19.27% of natural land and suitable for long-
term industrial trees.
1 Result of the 2001 rural, agricultural and fishery census. Statistical publishing house. Hanoi, 2003
52
·
Alluvium (4.76%) mainly used for rice and fruits on earth.
·
Gley land (4.56%) is mainly used for planting rice and other hydrophilic crops.
Although land use has changed in the past few years, Dong Nai Province still has the
largest area of agricultural land in the South East.
4.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop
Land use for livestock production: Use of land for livestock production is still limited since
livestock is mainly established in small farms and is based in the residential areas.
Table 4-8 Types and number of livestock farms in DONGNAI Province
Farm Type
Total
By head size of buffalo and cattle
Number
10-50 50-100
101-200
201-300
Buffalo
and
cattle
21
11 9 1
Dairy cattle
12
10
2
Farm Type
Total
By head size of pig
Number
100-200
201-300
301-500
>500
Piggery
316
242
42
21
11
Farm Type
Total
By head size of poultry
Number
2000-3000 3001-5000
5001-10000 >10000
Poultry
215
103 42 31
39
Source: Result of the 2001 rural, agricultural and fishery census. Statistics publishing
house. Hanoi, 2003, page 461-469.
Land use for cropping: Among different cropland in the project areas (about 224,606ha),
the area of paddy and maize is the largest and most widely distributed with 148,935ha .
The average annual output of paddy is 3.7tons per ha and of maize is 3.95 tons/ha. The
vegetation area is the second with 27,678 ha. Annual industrial crops are 25,766 ha with
soybean (7,584ha), peanut (1,366ha), sugar cane (11,521ha), tobacco (3,584ha) and cotton
(1,262ha). The root crops are planted in 18,818ha with sweet potato, cassava and others.
In order to increase crop productivity, Dongnai province in recent years has implemented
various measures to improve crops yield through use of improved seeds, fertilizer
application, irrigation, pest and -insect control and have undertaken integrated crop and
pest management. The use of manure application on land is encouraged in the province.
The details of land use for crops in Dongnai are listed in Table 4-9.
53
Table 4-9: Land use for crop and planted area, yield of the crop in DONGNAI
Paddy
Maize
Cassava
S.Potato
Vegetable
Soyabean
Peanut
Sugar cane
Tobaco
Cotton
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
ha
tons/ha
Bien Hoa
1,198
3.65
30
4.0
23
7.7
2,969
14.98
34
1.32
Vinh Cuu
8,685
3.88
2,793
3.63
2,600
16
354
5.77
45
0.8
328
0.88
1,355
50
61
14.43
Tan Phu
13,033
3.52
7,107
3.45
32
14.5
20
6
1,187
9.33
430
0.6
12
1
467
53.15
20
10
Dinh Quan
8,876
3.43
15,047
3.54
699
18.1
1
8
1,586
12.02
6,022
0.8
74
0.89
4,000
56.43
639
0.43
169
10
Xuan Loc
16,242
4.2
25,393
4.19
3,798
24.1
283
5.9
2,708
10.2
481
1.18
619
0.94
2,078
56.18
1,587
0.6
837
15.87
Long Khanh
3,294
4.31
2,592
4.42
306
13.5
120
1.3
30
1.3
07
57.2
1,211
1.29
115
13.33
Thong Nhat
10,137
3.8
11,858
4.23
3,979
21.4
8.11
2,061
11.59
426
1.1
153
0.84
1,177
51.94
64
14.22
Long Thanh
8,413
3.5
4,024
3.94
4,450
18.82
79
5
369
7.15
60
1
78
0.85
83
48
97
0.753
96
12.29
Nhon Trach
10,183
3.39
30
3.17
1,588
15.75
105
7.9
759
8.3
38
1.21
2,254
78.56
51
1.373
Total
80,061
3.74
68,874
3.95
17,259
19.8
524
6.34
12,299
11.48
7584
0.84
1,366
0.93
11,521
59.31
3,584
0.819
1,262
14.54
Source: Annual statistics year books of Dong Nai, 2003
54
4.3.8 Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities
Labor source: In accordance with the results of the aggregate population check of 1 April
1999, there have been 1,989,541 people (993,039 men and 996,502 women) living in Dong
Nai.
In 1990, Dong Nai had 838,000 people at working ages and this number is estimated to
have increased to 1,703,000 people in the year 2000. Its industry and service sectors have
grown rapidly, thus attracting many new labours: 12,000 in 1990 and 65,000, the estimated
numbers in 2000.
From the figure gained in the population check of 1999, Dong Nai had 607,128 urban
habitants (30.5%) that are higher than the average in Viet Nam (23.5%). Urban habitants
have been increaseing by an average of 2.78% annual in the past 5 years.
Table: 4-10: Labor source in Dong Nai
Increase from
Increase from
Items 2000
2005
2010
2001-2005
2006-2010
A- Aggregate
2,044 2,215
2,374
1.7% 1.4%
population
-Urban 641
797
956
4.5% 3.7%
(31,5%)
(36%)
(40%)
-Rural 1,395
1,418
1,478 0.3%
0.8%
(68,5%)
(64%)
(60%) (slow
(slow
urbanization) urbanization)
B- Population at
1,073 1,275
1,442
3.0% 2.5%
working ages
Living standards: DONGNAI is an economically developed province located in the
Dongnai Sai Gon River basin. Living standards have been remarkably improved in the
last few years: GDP per capita has increased from 755,000 VND in 1990 to 3,700,000
VND in 1995 and 6,700,000 in 2000.
Housing conditions have also been upgraded with 80% made of solid, semi-solid and
durable wooden frame houses, equivalent to the average level of the South East and better
than that of Viet Nam (in VN there are up to 25% of families living in raw houses). Nearly
50% of families in Dong Nai are now living with an average area of more than 10m2 per
capita (as much as that of Ha Noi or HCM city), and 80% are able to use electricity as
targeted.
4.3.9 Socio-economic
Development
Plan
During the "tenth five-year plan", the major objectives of economic and social
development in Dongnai Province are to maintain sustained and rapid development of
national economy, to strive for GDP growth rate greater than the national average, to
further optimize the economic structure, to significantly improve the quality of economic
growth, to maintain coordinated growth in financial revenue and economic development to
lay a solid foundation to double the GDP in 10 years (by the year 2010). The proposed
infrastructure development should meet the demands of social and economic development.
It is to accelerate the pace of system renovation and to better improve the market economic
system. According to the tenth five-year plan, the level of urbanization and
industrialization will be greatly improved and process of information system development
will be accelerated. It is further planned to improve employment opportunities while
maintaining sustainable growth of income of citizens both in urban and rural areas.
Education will be further developed and the capacity of science and technology will be
strengthened. It is to achieve significant results in both socialist spiritual civilization and
55
democratic legislation development so as to ensure all round development of the social
sector.
4.4. Natural condition of Hatay Province
4.4.1. Geography and Topography
Ha Tay province is in the Red River delta - In the North of Vietnam, having the
geographical coordinate with latitude 20,340 - 20,170 North, longitude 105,170-1060 East.
Ha Tay borders with Hanoi capital in the East,
http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay.jpgwith Hung Yen province in the
Southeast, with Ha Nam province in the South, with Hoa Binh province in the West, with
Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces in the North.
Terrain of Ha Tay is divided into three relatively distinct regions. The first is high
mountain region which is long rocky mountain system and connect to Tay Bac Mountains.
The highest peak in this mountain range is Ba Vi Mountain at 1,297 meters above sea level
(masl). The height of the mountain range gradually reduces toward South-west. The
transition area is at mound-hill midland where the average height reduces to 50 masl. is the
elevation gradually reduces in the South-West direction toward the Red River delta that is
specific to Bac Bo delta province.
4.4.2 Soil condition
In Ha Tay, soils are classified into two main groups:
- Group of soil is developed in on the spot weathered product (sedentary soils), which is
specific to mound-hill soil geography of midland and high mountain. Feralittic soil are
developed from metamorphic and sedimentary parent rocks such as schist, limestone and
sandstone etc are found on 40 percent the land. Since this soil type is located on highlands
with sloping topography, the vegetative cover is highly degraded due to over-exploitation
by local inhabitants and the landscape is highly eroded by water. Therefore, soil
laterization, plinthic, and lateritic soils, highly capable of phosphorus fixation, are quite
common in Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai, Chuong My districts.
- Group of soil is developed in moving area with agglomerated sediment, which is specific
to delta geography. Those are old alluvial soils; and have very poor nutrient content, and
are acidic in nature, and are gleyic (high water table) alluvial soils. These soils cover about
60 percent the natural area. This is the soil group that is strongly affected by the human
activities, mainly agricultural production activities.
4.4.3 Hydrographic
Hydrology and surface water:
Geological condition and geographical characteristics affect hydrographic in Ha Tay.
Waterways, lakes and pound system are relatively dense in comparison to other provinces
in the Bac Bo delta. The river system running across the province has a total length of 420
km that include Red (Hong) river (127 km), Da river (32 km), Day river (103 km), Nhue
river (47 km), Tich river (110 km), and Bui river (7 km).
Aquatic resources:
Ha Tay has a number of lakes and lagoons with large volume and surface area. The main
water bodies include Hai lake spring, Dong Mo Lake, and Ngai Son Lake. Other lakes
have smaller water surface area but attract a large number of tourists and aquatic products.
56
An example of such water bodies includes Xuan Khanh Lake, Quan Son Lake and Hoc
Cua Lake, etc.
Water resource: Total water storage area (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.) in Ha Tay is 145.2
km2, total volume of water is 51.3 billion m3.
Surface water quality:
Table 4-11: Surface water quality in Ha Tay
Parameter
Site of sampling
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Colour Pure
Slight
Slight
Slight
Opaque
Pure Pure Opaque
Opaque
None
opaque opaque
opaque
Smell None
None
None
None
Slight
Slight
Slight
stinking None None
stinking stinking stinking
Taste
None
None
None None None
None None None None None
COD
12
25
18
28
57
32
42
57
42
37
(mg/l)
BOD5
8
7
11
19
32
31
28
32
27
23
(mg/l)
DO (mg/l)
5.7
4.2
5.1
3.7
3.5
4.2
5.1
3.5
4.1
5.3
SS (mg/l)
147
260
189
275
145
125
95
257
143
167
pH
7.5
7.3
7.8
7.1
7.2
7.8
7.1
7.0
6.9
7.2
Fe (mg/l)
0.10
0.13
0.12
0.09
0.15
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.27
0.42
Cu (mg/l)
0.02
0.31
0.56
0.07
0.32
0.91
1.00
0.78
0.92
0.77
Coliform
900
470
560
780
460
370
452
371
567
478
MPN/100 ml
Notes: 1
Surface water in Trung Ha area
2
Surface water in My Duc district
3
Surface water in Quan Son lake
4
Surface water in Huong Son area
5
Surface water in Ha Dong township
6
Surface water in Xuan Mai area
7
Surface water in Thanh Oai area
8
Surface water in Hoai Duc area
9
Surface water in Thuong Tin area
10
Surface water in Quoc Oai area
(Source: Surface water quality of HaTay)
4.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay
4.4.5. Climate condition
Geographical characteristic affects the climatic condition in Ha Tay. The most notable
feature is the opposite between winter and summer in scope of activity as well as intensity
of atmospheric pressure centers, popular gas mass and climate system.
Ha Tay has monsoon tropical climate, which has cool and dry winter and hot and humid
summer. In the winter, there is sometimes frost and in the summer there are frequent
rainstorms.
General wind direction is North-east in the winter and South-west in the summer. There is about 1,500 1,700 sunshine
hours per year. The average temperature of Ha Tay is relatively high over cultivated areas with average annual
temperature of 23oC, correlating to annual total temperature of 8,500oC, that is above average of the topical norm. The
average temperature in summer is high with an average temperature of 29 oC in July, the hottest month. Winter months
are cool with an average temperature of 15 oC in January, the coldest month. The absolute lowest recorded temperature in
57
Ha Tay is 5 oC, and the absolute highest recorded temperature is 40 oC. Total number of sunny days is 1399 a year. The
average annual rainfall is 2000-2200 mm, and annual relative humidity is 82 to 83%.
Table 4-12: Air quality of HaTay
No Site
of
sampling
Parameters
Remark
Noise
Dust
CO NO2
SO2
level (dB)
(mg/m3)
1
Ha Dong township
65
0.51
24.57
0.23
0.11
Accepted level:
2
Ba La
62
0.62
27.12
0.31
0.18
-
Dust: 0.3 mg/m3
3
Son Tay Citadel
50
0.17
4.12
0.07
0.10
-
CO: 40 mg/m3
4
La Thanh Dyke
58
0.28
12.16
0.12
0.21
-
NO2: 0.4 mg/m3
5
Trung Ha area
56
0.21
10.12
0.08
0.13
-
SO2: 0.5 mg/m3
6
Ba Vi District
77
0.31
18.12
0.27
0.23
During 1 hour in
7
Market No. 312
50
0.15
8013
0.10
0.04
average
8
Da Chong
58
0.32
4.26
0.21
0.28
Vietnamese standard
9
Dan Phuong
65
0.43
17.15
0.31
0.16
TCVN 5942-1999,
10
Hoai Duc
60
0.29
1.10
0.49
0.13
TCVN 5937-1999.
11
Quoc Oai
58
0.45
6027
0.15
0.17
12
Thach That
67
0.37
8.06
0.27
0.20
13
Xuan Mai
55
0.25
4.67
0.12
0.17
14
Hoa Lac
57
0.36
7.10
0.23
0.19
15
My Duc
63
0.41
6.01
0.31
0.29
16
Thanh Oai
65
0.43
12.17
0.27
0.18
17
Van Dinh
68
0.37
5.72
0.31
0.27
18
Thuong Tin
67
0.30
8.10
0.28
0.16
19
Phu Xuyen
58
0.32
7.02
0.26
0.27
(Source: Air quality of Ha Tay, 1998)
4.5
Ecological Environment of Hatay Province
4.5.1. Fauna and Flora
Ha Tay is transition area between Tay Bac high mountain and Bac Bo delta area. Due to
her geographic location, Ha Tay has mountain forest, midland mounds, and deltaic
ecosystems, and therefore enjoys a very diverse fauna and flora species belonging to
different ecosystems.
Ha Tay has five distinct ecosystems including:
-
The tropical big leave evergreen ecosystem that includes Ba Vi, Huong Son, and My
Duc. Although the forest is basically a secondary forest due to extensive human
activities, the flora and fauna communities present the characteristics of primary
forests. This ecosystem is located at about of 400 masl elevation and has a rich fauna
and flora species.
-
The secondary shrub ecosystem: is originated from the big leave thick forest which had
been cut exhaustedly. The area is representative of fallowed slash and burn agricultural
areas. After stoppage of slash and burn agriculture, the shrubby plants have developed
and have become predominant. This ecosystem locates in mound area at around 400
masl elevation.
-
The milpa mound system: predominant flora and fauna in this ecosystem are secondary
grasslands and scrub-shrub and fauna include reptiles, birds, and mammals. However
58
this exosystem is relatively poor in variety of flora and fauna compared with the other
ecosystems in the province.
-
The resident ecosystem: is the ecosystem of ethnic group community, including Dao,
Muong, Kinh. The main crops grown are cassava, potato, maize, and beans. Main fruit
trees are orange, mandarin, litchi, and longan. Major forest trees are eucalyptus and
textured wood. The main animal raised is poultry.
-
The delta rice field system: is expansive and fertile. Waterways, lakes, pounds and
Kinh peoples' mountain hamlets and villages are developed and are long-standing
communities. Here, people mostly cultivate paddy rice and grow aquatic products, and
breed cattle and poultry. This area is an important area in Ha Tay province.
Development of ecological areas, fauna and flora communities mentioned above govern
biodiversity in the region. There are 872 species of high level flora belonging to 427
genera, and 90 families, in which 170 species have high biologically active elements that
are used as medicinal plants.
In total, 44 mammal species are identified, belonging to 23 families in 9 orders. Birds have
114 species belonging to 45 families in 14 orders, while amphibian reptiles have 25
species. In addition many different species of fish are living in pounds, lakes, and rivers
throughout the province.
Waterway-delta ecological area, formed within the previous ly existing river courses, lake
and pound systems has many species of fresh water fish and shrimps. Some species of eel,
frogs, trionychid turtles and tortoise that were very common within these areas are now
nearly extinct.
In the past 10 years, biodiversity of Ha Tay has been negatively affected and many species
are reducing at alarming rates due to forest over cutting. In addition to overexploitation of
species, other factors such as excessive use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers, and
wastewater with high toxicity levels from industries have also negatively impacted the
population and diversity of species of aquatic flora and fauna within the province.
4.5.2. Forest situation
Natural conditions have considerable effects on generation and development of vegetative
cover in Ha Tay. Ba Vi mountain with differentiation of climate depending on height has
anuall temperature of about 20oC, that is an ideal temperature for growth and development
of many species of plants and animals. According to Ha Tay Branch of Forestry in 1998,
forestry land area of the Province is 25,580 ha, including: 3,380 ha of natural forest, 13,408
ha of artificial forest, and 8,792 ha of bre hill land. Total capacity of wood is 375,772 m3,
of which 172,144 m3 is natural forest wood, 203,628 m3 is artificial forest wood, and
5,226,000 m3 is bamboo.
4.6 Socio-Cultural condition
4.6.1Festival:
Some festivals in Ha Tay province are well known throughout Vietnam and internationally
of which Perfume (Huong) pagoda is the most noteworthy because it is the longest and
most interesting, attracting about half a million visitors every year. Another major festival
is the Do singing Festival in Quoc Oai district which is organised only once every 36
years. Chinese Cheo singing Festival is performed once every 30 years. Other famous
59
festivals are Thay pagoda festival, Kite flying festival in Bac Giang- Dan Phuong, Tay
Phuong Pagoda festival, Dau Pagoda festival, Va temple festival, and Hat Mon temple
festival.
Ha Yay province is an old province with a long history that leads to the appearance of
2388 cultural, historical, and religious relics of which 12 relics are classified by the
Ministry of Culture, and Information as especially important. These are: Perfume pagoda
with the most wonderful cave in Vietnam; Thay pagoda being closely linked to name, age
of a famous Monk Tu Dao Hanh; Boi Khe pagoda, Tram Gian (100 rooms) pagoda being
stick to the hero Nguyen Binh An; Tay Phuong pagoda - cultural essence of Tay Son
regime time; Mia pagoda, which has the highest number of Buddhist statues in Vietnam
(287 statues); Dau pagoda is unique in the sense that it has two real (corpse) statues of two
Monks; several renowned communal houses: Tay Dang, Chu Quyen, Dai Phu, Hoa Xa.
4.6.2 Handicraft villages.
Ha Tay province has 120 handicraft villages (accounting for 10% of total handicraft
villages of the country) with products being special and cherished by customers including
Van Phuc silk, Chuong hat, hand fan of Vac, pearl inlaying of Chuyen My, bamboo article
of Phu Vinh, carpentry products of Chang Son, Son Dong wood statues.
4.6.3 Natural economical place
Ha Tay province has great natural Ecosystem Tourist attraction. The major sites include:
Bavi National Park, King pond, and Nga fall. Present of fairy stream with picturesque
scenaries, abundance of variety of fauna and flora, and pleasant climate also attracts many
tourists to the area. For years, these locations have become ideal places for holidays, and
recreation. Additionally the system of natural lakes such as Suoi Hai, Dong Mo, Quan
Son, Dong Suong, and Van Son with large water surface areas - a pleasing environment for
visitors to come and enjoy different activities such as water sports, golf fishing, etc.
4.7. Socio-economic condition
Ha Tay is the land region that connects the Northwest region and central hilly region of the
North with the Red River delta provinces; having diverse terrain: Mountainous, hills and
delta that are very ideal for the development of agriculture, industry, tourism and services.
It is also one of the provinces in the country having very developed systems of
transportation, telecommunication, power and water supply.
4.7.1. Population
According to survey data in 1994, population of Ha Tay is approximately 2.2 million.
After implementing policy on birth control, natural population growth rate of Ha Tay is
reduced from 2.2 % to less than 1.5 %. However, present population of Ha Tay remain
high (2.382 million), being the forth highest compared to those of the other provinces in
Vietnam. In which:
-
Urban population: 193.000 people.
-
Rural population: 2.2 million people
The population in Ha Tay is not distributed equally between rural and urban area, or
between agricultural and non-agriculture area. The population distribution is as follows:
60
Population of rural area: 93.35 %
Population of urban area: 6.65 %
Population of agricultural area: 86.89 %
Population of non-agricultural area: 13.11 %.
Average population density: 1,091people/km2
Red riverside delta area: 1,000 people/km2
Half-mountain half-plain area: 900 people/km2
West, South-west area: density: 520 people/km2
Ha Dong town is political, economic, cultural centre of the Province, having highest
density of 5,000people/ km2.
Natural population growth rate: 1.39%
The labour force: 1,422,000 persons
The labor distribution:
In Agriculture: 1,280,000 persons
In Industry: 93,757 persons
In Tourism and Services: 29,044 persons
The labour classification with respect to:
University/ College degree: 231,500 persons
Technical school: 10,440 persons
Untrained: 1,190,000 persons
4.7.2. Administration units
Presently, Ha Tay includes 12 districts, 2 townships, 14 towns and 300 villages.
Provincial Capital city: Hadong Township, Sontay Township.
12 districts: Ba Vi, Phu Tho, Thach That, Dan Phuong, Quoc Oai, Hoai Duc, Thuong Tin,
Phu Xuyen, Thanh Oai, Chuong My, My Duc, Ung Hoa.
4.7.3. Transport
http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay_2.jpgHa Tay province is situated in the Red
River delta of the North of Vietnam. It borders with Hanoi, the Capital of Vietnam in the
East, with Hung Yen Province in the Southeast, Hoa Binh Province in the West, and Phu
Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces in the North. Ha Tay generally has a good transportation
system and almost surrounds Ha Noi with 4 (four) highways linking these two localities.
Hai Phong international Seaport is located 110km from Ha Tay and can be reached by
expressway No. 5, while Noi Bai international airport is only 35 km away. The distance
between Ha Tay capital city (Ha Dong) to the center of Hanoi capital is only 10 km.
61
Being situated in the middle of the North, bordering Hanoi capital from the North to the
South, Ha Tay province has a well developed traffic system. It is believed that the
transportation system has been, is, and will be the major driving force for the fast socio-
economic development of the province. Ha Tay province is connected with the whole
country by 5 National roads. The highway No.1 has the length of about 30 km, linking to
the North and South Provinces. The highway No.6 links to Hanoi, Ha Tay with North-west
provinces bordering with Lao and China. Ho Chi Minh highway bridging Ha Tay with all
the provinces located along the border between Vietnam, Lao and Cambodia. The national
highways No.32-31 are important arteries, which connect delta, midland and mountain
districts together. Besides, with 426 km waterway of the Red river, Day river, Nhue river,
Tich river and Da river system, Ha Tay has a favorable road-waterway network, which
create good condition for the socio-economic development of the province.
There are two waterways in the province: Red river connecting Ha Tay with most of the
North coastal provinces and the North mountainous provinces, and the Da river linking Ha
Tay with the Northwest region.
One National railway (North - South) further connects Ha Tay with the rest of the country.
Economic development in Hatay: According to statistic data in 1999, GDP of Ha Tay
province is 4,654 billion VND, including:
-
Manufactured Goods (agricultural, forestry and fish processing, industry and
construction): 3,391 billion VND
-
Services (commercial activity, tourism, transport, information): 1,263 billion VND.
Over the past years, annual average growth rate of GDP at around 8%, Education, health
care and social works have achieved considerable progresses, and working and living
standards of the people have been upgraded clearly. The Government has planned and
implemented a number of strategically important development projects for Ha Tay
province in the fields of transportation system, urbanization, science and technology,
education and training, industry, tourism and services.
*Electric power supplies
The national electric power distribution centre is situated in Ha Tay province. Therefore,
the supply of this important power is always ensured, satisfying the increasing demand of
the fast socio-economic development of the province. The National power line has reached
every corner of the province, guaranteeing stable power supply, 24 hours a day.
* Water supply
The groundwater reserve of Ha Tay province is very great being located within Red river
basin. The water resource is expected to be able to fully meet the long term, growing
demand created by the process of industrialization and urbanization. At present, tap water
is available in two towns and a number of townships in the province.
Two water supply plants are being upgraded through projects funded by ODA of the
Government of France and Denmark. At present, pre-feasibility studies for a project in the
form of BOT with an estimated investment capital of about 250 million USD is being
conducted to supply fresh water for both Ha Tay and Hanoi.
62
5. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION /CONSULTANCY
The LWMP is a project, aiming at reducing negative environmental impacts of rapidly
increasing livestock production through introduction of innovative and adaptive waste
management technologies as well as improving and enforcing environmental policies
related to livestock production.
The PMO/NSC has officially informed the purpose of the project to the concerning
provinces. Ten provinces have voluntarily send letters of interest to be included in the
project to the national consultant team and create favorable condition for the field trips
survey to choice the most pertinent project sites to implement the LWMP. In addition, the
mentioned above Provincial People Committees (PPCs) have the strong support for the
Project. In case the province is be selected, the provincial project management offices
(PPMOs) will be established and participate in the preparation and implementation of the
sub-project. During the field trip survey at the provinces the province delegation have
made many constructive suggestions and supplied much useful information.
5.1 Consultation
Method
and
Subject
In accordance with the Vietnamese State environmental protection laws, the World Bank
requirements, and to better learn the opinions and suggestions of the public in the areas
affected by the project development, PMO and national consultants have made every
attempt during the preliminary project preparation period by means of:
-
meetings, farmer household contacts
-
focus group discussion, consultation with the responsible persons
-
in depth interview.
The EA team also made 20 field trips to the project areas and visited a number of project
district and villages in Thuong Tin and Bien Hoa demonstration sites. Talks were held with
the staffs from DONRE, DoARD, Department of planning and investment, Water
resources Division, and environmental protection association, farmer representatives. Their
opinions and views on the project were solicited. Visits were also made to some farmer
households to have an understanding of the status of manure/fertilizer use, livestock
production, crop situation, crop practices, living standard, public health and their
understanding and attitudes toward the project. In additions, certain questions were
prepared by the EA team and the local consultant team and submitted to the social
assessment teams to be asked from the project affected people.
5.1.1 Consultation
with
Family
or
Individual
The EA team and social assessment consulted 80 "typical" farmer households in the field
trips to learn their opinions and suggestions on the project development plans. During the
consultations the team first gave a short introduction to the proposed project and projects
components to the consulted farmers, and then requested for their opinions and suggestions
with regard to the proposed project development and recorded their opinions.
The social assessment team conducted more detailed and systematic questionnaire survey
using the prepared questionnaires.
5.1.2 Inter-agency and NGO Consultation
During the field visits, the EA team visited local officials and questions were asked so that
their opinions and comments toward the proposed project could be recorded. Consultation
63
meetings were also arranged with specialist within lined agencies in VEPA,MARD to hear
their concerns and comments with regard to the proposed project. Letters were sent to
relevant and potentially interested non-government organizations describing the proposed
activities and objectives/goals of the proposed project and to seek their
opinions/comments. A sample of the letter mailed to the NGOs, the list of the NGOs, and
their responses are attached to this report as an Annex 4.
5.2 Public
Opinion
and
Suggestion
The following findings are based on the consultation made by the EA team during the field
trips to the 10 communes, the analysis of questionnaires sent to more than 100 farmers, and
the results conducted by the social assessment teams in. The main findings are as follows:
- Most of the farmers interviewed support the project. Majority of the interviewed farmers
(97% in demonstration sites according to the SA study) would like to implement the
project;
-Most interviewed farmers have the basic information on the importance of the safe water
supply and environmental sanitation on communities' health and the major concern that
looking forward to hearing from the project is the technical guidance on how to reuse the
manure for the cropping.
As the same time, how to make the biogas from the manure to save money for buying fuel
is one of farmer's concerns. The farmers have expressed their desires on having subsidizes
from the Government or the Project to share the construction cost of building the biogas
digester. They are well aware of using the fresh manure or discharge the waste directly to
the water bodies will bring the bad impact on their community health but to change the
behaviors takes time and continuous public awareness.
Some scientists have showed their concern on the heavy metal concentration in the biogas
sludge when this solid waste is used for crop. The risk of pathogen transferred from
manure recycling to food chain in case the animal waste is not properly treated.
One additional suggestion is that pig manure often contains as phosphorous surplus for
typical crop rotations on pig farms, cattle manure often contains a potassium surplus for
typical crop rotations on cattle farms. Therefore, the digested manure mix is more suitable
for crop rotations on both pig and cattle breeding farms.
Majority of interviewed lined agency scientist considers the project as an effective
environmental improvement project. They believe that the project could effectively
monitor the number of animals within land use and the nutrient balance for agricultural soil
to prevent over breeding and environmental degradation, the impact of the project on the
environment should be positive;
The response from the contacted NGOs (list is presented in Annex ...) indicate that the
majority approve the project because the project regarding to improve the quality of water
resources and mitigate the bad effect of the livestock waste for the community health as
well as to improve the livestock environment and reduce the livestock diseases and water-
borne diseases for human.. They also highlighted that the suggested manure management
technology based on very low cost of initial investment and low operation cost will be
feasible. They recommended integrate solution between biological treatment and natural
treatment by hyacinth, duck week, or wetland with reed that could also be effectively used
in Vietnam and suitable to tropical climate. They bitterly worry about land price expensive
in Vietnam and the land management is very complicated and should be the main obstacles
for the application of several low price of manure treatment methods in Vietnam.
Concerning to the using of lagoon (cost effective operation should base on anaerobic
lagoon), all most of Vietnamese environmentalists consider that it is the best way of taking
64
advantage of natural processes. All livestock manure, will be digested by anaerobic
bacteria. Anaerobic lagoons for livestock manure have several main advantages:
· Odors are reduced in treated manure for application.
· Volume is reduced due to conversion of solids to methane gas and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic lagoons for livestock manures also have several limitations.
· Lagoons create odors.
· Ammonia nitrogen is lost.
· Large size is necessary
· Emission of CH4.
In an anaerobic lagoon, bacteria break down the waste in a two-step process. One group of
bacteria converts organic wastes to organic acids. The second group converts the organic
acids to methane gas and carbon dioxide. The second group of bacteria, the methane
formers, is very sensitive to upset. The management requirements of an anaerobic lagoon
are primarily concerned with creating the right environment for the methane-forming
bacteria. They are upset by sudden changes in temperature, a drop in pH, "slug loads" of
organic waste, or toxic substances.
Anaerobic lagoons work best in warm weather. Adjustment of pH's lagoon is most
importance indicator of the well-operated lagoon. Certain compounds are toxic to the
organisms in an anaerobic lagoon such as arsenic, copper, and antibiotics. Safety feeding
of animal is one-importance factors. All the mentioned about is very precious opinion for
the recommendation of the appropriate manure treatment that can be mitigation the risk of
environmental impact of the project.
In general, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and city project offices,
staff of the livestock bureaus at provincial and district levels and officers of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Development who were interviewed strongly support the
implementation of the project. They view this project as a very good opportunity, which
will strongly promote the right livestock development regarding to the environmental
protection. This project will create the good basement for development of the medium and
large scale of livestock production in the project area as well as in the whole Vietnam.
5.3
Information Disclosures and Feedback
Information disclosure bulletins will post in 1st September at provincial project site in each
demonstration sites by Midle of September 2004. The bulletins include information on the
project briefing, potential environmental impacts possibly brought about by the proposed
project and solicitation for comments and suggestions from the local farmers and the
public; The PMO stored the draft and final EA report in English and Vietnamese version.
The EA reports have been transferred to the provinces in March, 2005. The public can read
it without the permission of local authorities.
5.1.3 Information
Disclosure
Plan
The EIA Report will be available to the public. The PMO have agreed to make these
documents available in the library of each project sites concerned, and the names of the
places where such documents are available to the public will be published in newspapers.
In this case, the public can have access to the information concerned without going through
a governmental procedure.
The PMO will set up complaint telephone in each provincial level, gathering and recording
the public's complaint on environmental issues. Upon receiving the complaint, the PMO
65
should make arrangement with local governmental bodies to solve the issues on site along
with local environmental managers belong to DoNRE and other relevant authorities.
5.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure
(See annex C)
5.4
Beneficial Participation Plan
In order for the farmers to participate in the project preparation and design more actively,
during project preparation it was at least 5 working meetings with national steering
committee. It is suggested to the PMO/NSC to follow the list of project site criteria and
widely inform to the provincial DoNREs about the proposed projects. The provincial
DoNREs have the internal meeting with the relative local departments to select the districts
and submitted to the PMO/NSC. Up to now, there are 10 provinces participate to the
project. The PMO/NSC has select the 3 province to investigate and then choice the most
appropriate one in the North and one in the Southern. A detailed beneficial participation
plan has been discussed and prepared before going to the proposal project site. Presently,
the local beneficial participation plans for LWMP has been prepared by the respective
DoNREs, the plans have discussed at the district and provincial level. As informed, before
inviting the national consultant working group comes to visit the project site they have
asked the community's leaders and the farmers for their voluntary approval the project.
The plans detail participating activities in each stage of project implementation and
participants including farmers, government organizations, NGOs. Since no specific sites
and dates of participating activities are specified in this plan, it is suggested that the PMO
develop a concrete schedule based on the plan to guarantee a smooth implementation of the
plan during project implementation.
In addition, according to the Bank requirements, social assessment teams have prepared
Social Impact Analyses and Minorities National Development Plans (MNDP) for project
site. The questionnaires concern to the Environmental Impact Assessment also included.
5.5 Summary
of
Public
Participation
The LWMP has won strong support from the governmental and local level and grass roots
that will play a role of administrative guaranteeing in the successful implementation of the
project. In addition, the majority of consulted livestock farmers, public consultation and
scientist's suggestion are willing to positively contribute and participate in the project. It is
expected that the project will benefit from it, which lays a solid foundation for project
implementation.
The PMO/NSC is attaching and plays an important role to the public consultation. Detailed
beneficial participation plans and concrete plans for information disclosure of the LWMP,
which is favorable for livestock farmers to know the project will be implemented in their
area, propose constructive suggestions and actively participate in the project
preparation/plan and design. The project has integrated the proposed suggestions into the
design of the project, which will play a role in safeguarding the livestock farmers' benefit
from the project.
As to the environmental concerns caused by the proposed project, the EA team and
designers of all project components have worked out corresponding mitigation measures,
which have been incorporated into the project design documents.
66
6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
The proposed LWMP is mainly an environmental sanitation improvement project through
policy framework development to reduce environmental impact from the livestock
production in term of institutional development, as well as promotion of best management
practices, costeffective technical measures and increasing public awareness. The aims of
the project output are sustainable livestock waste management, improvement of water
source quality, and protection of environment, while enhancing livestock production and
public health. Therefore, the project study team decided to only review the "with" and
"without" project scenarios and no other alternatives were considered. This chapter will
discuss the "with project" and "without project" alternatives.
6.1
Analysis of "Without Project" Alternative
6.1.1 Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management
Policy framework on livestock production development and environmental protection:
The Agricultural Development Master Plan (2000-2010) clearly shows that the government
is planning to raise living standards of the inhabitants through socio-economic
development and one of the targets is to increase livestock production from the present 23
million animals to 30 million by the year 2010.
The Government has issued many Decisions and Decrees in the past 10 years regarding
improvement of livestock breeds, feeding and management but not in the field of
environmental sanitation and livestock waste management (LWM). At the same time, a
resolution on farming development and restructuring of agricultural production system
toward increasing the animal development has been stipulated to shift the value of
agricultural production.
At present, the national environmental policy framework is not focusing on reducing
/preventing serious livestock waste pollution of natural resources. Facing the urgent needs
of people for safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation environment, the Government has
promulgated the Instruction 200/TTg (1994) to ensure availability of safe water and
hygienic sanitation. The National Program on safe water and sanitation environment in
rural areas of Vietnam has been established since 1994. The Government has also
approved (25 August 2000) the National Strategy and National Program on Safe Water
Supply and Sanitation Environment in Rural areas up to the year 2020.
The National Strategy for Environmental Protection up to the year 2010 as well as the
Vietnamese standards systems mainly concentrates on common environmental issues.
Although high density swine farms are presently located in 64 provinces/cities, the public
and private sectors environmental management concerns focus only on the industrial sector
and do not consider the agricultural sector, especially the livestock production. It appears
that there is not an effective local statute to regulate the livestock operations, although this
issue still needs to be investigated.
Present agricultural policies dealing with environmental concerns are general and
unspecific and usually refer to environmental legislation. The environmental policies,
however, are designed for environmental protection in general, and relate to more visible
environmental issues, and thus, their focus is mainly on the industrial rather than the
agricultural sector and particularly not on livestock production.
At the provincial level, some southern provinces have already recognised the livestock
waste pollution problems and have issued appropriate policies. However, there are still
some shortcomings in these policies and they should be considered as the pioneers in
environmental protection legislation for livestock production in Vietnam. Some treatment
techniques for animal waste are also included in local regulations but the major constraint
67
of local regulators is the capacity to effectively monitor and to enforce these regulations.
The principal government agencies responsible for regulating livestock related
environmental issues at national level are the sub-sector of the Animal Husbandry Section
within the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and the Departments
of Environment in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). The
capacity of these agencies to effectively regulate the livestock sub-sector is also unclear.
Although Vietnam has the Strategy on Solid waste management up to the year 2010 and
the NSEP, but the livestock waste has not been considered in the above strategy.
Therefore, the role of agriculture and particularly livestock production and development
and environmental protection is not appropriately mentioned.
The annual documents on "State of the Environment in Vietnam" for the recent years have
made no mention of livestock development as a major pollution source in rural areas.
There is only one independent report on the State of Environment in Vietnam, prepared by
the Association of Environmental Protection, (Vietnam: Life and Environment) that has
discussed the environmental impact of livestock waste and has raised the issue of livestock
waste as a source of significant environmental pollution. Several scientific papers
discussing the environmental impacts of effluents from food processing in handicraft
villages have also mentioned livestock waste as potential source of environmental
pollution, mainly because small-scale pig farming and food processing businesses are
generally combined.
Lacking technical guidance or standards on livestock waste:
The most recent statistics (2003) indicates that some 516,500 sanitary livestock breeding
facilities and some 15,000 small biogas systems, of which 12,000 are plastic biogas bags
have been constructed in the country through NPWATSAN guidance. The available
standards for technical design, operation and construction are limited. In addition, the
requirements for distribution and utilization of gas, and health and safety procedures for
the small size biogas tanks have not yet been developed. At present, the discharge of
biogas effluent is not regulated and no guidance for further treatment of effluent before
discharge to the water bodies or application as plant nutrient source is developed.
The Ordinance on Veterinary Medicine, approved in 1993, only mentions that it is
necessary to prevent animal transmitted diseases and that quality of animal products and
the ecological environment should be improved, but no regulations/methodologies to
achieve these goals are provided. There are several regulations on animal waste treatment
but none mention the ways to implement/enforce the regulations.
Existing constraints
No organization(s) has been identified with the capacity to carrying out the project's
activities including: the required training courses and technical transfers of manure
management technologies to improve the sanitation environment. Several Agricultural
Promotion Associations have been providing services on livestock waste management
issues. The present capacity of these agencies to effectively regulate the livestock sub-
sector is still weak and need to reinforce their capacity to meet the increasing needs and
requirements.
Government has given limited attention to assess environmental policies, review policy
options, and requirements for relevant capacity building and promotion of adaptive manure
management technological options. Enough attention has not been given to other relevant
issues such as land use planning, or decision making in assigning different geographical
focus areas for development of large-, medium- and small- (more family oriented) scale
68
operations. The existing information on liquid and solid (composted) manure markets,
produced by family operations and/or mixed farms is also quite weak.
6.1.2 Current Status of livestock waste management
The present status of livestock waste management is quite limited due to lack of strong and
enforceable policy framework and availability of adaptive manure management
technologies. While there are no subsidies for manure collection and/or transportation,
especially liquid manure, chemical fertilizers are availed to the farmers at subsidized
prices.
Although use of composted manure can provide proven benefits to farmers and soil
physical, chemical and biological properties, there are no official extension programs or
stimulation campaigns to promote use of animal manure to supplement chemical fertilizers.
Training programs and delivery of license for manure middlemen are not sufficiently
provided. Cost sharing programs for waste treatment facilities among small holders is not
developed and there is not any appropriate communicative negotiation program between
them to facilitate efficient treatment and use of manure. In addition, the standards for
manure management are still quite limited. Poor manure management in Vietnam leads to
continued waste of locally available nutrient sources from the animal waste (please see the
Table 6.1 on solid waste amount), increased surface and groundwater pollution and
increased public health problems due to zoonotic pathogens throughout the country.
69
Table 6-1: Livestock production and solid waste in Vietnam, 2002
Waste from livestock
Buffalo
Cattle
Pig
Poultry
production
Heads
Waste (kg)
waste (kg)
Heads
waste (kg) waste (kg)
Heads
waste (kg) Waste (kg)
Heads
Waste (kg)Waste (kg)
min
max
min
max
min
max
x1000
min
max
Red Delta
125,785
1,886,775
2,264,130
350,043 3,500,430
5,250,645 5,396,580 8,094,870 13,491,450
50,662 5,066,200 101,32,400
North Est.
1,267,758 19,016,370 22,819,644
695,946 6,959,460 10,439,190 4,917,873 7,376,810 12,294,683
47,334 4,733,400 94,66,800
North West
390,354
5,855,310
7,026,372
181,960 1,819,600
2,729,400 1,050,924 1,576,386
2,627,310
7,114
711,400 14,22,800
North Middle Land
689,355 10,340,325 12,408,390
855,862 8,558,620 12,837,930 3,569,892 5,354,838
8,924,730
29,786 2,978,600 59,57,200
Coastal area S. Middle Land
129,887
1,948,305
2,337,966
793,590 7,935,900 11,903,850 2,028,743 3,043,115
5,071,858
15,365 1,536,500 30,73,000
Tay nguyen
47,609
714,135
856,962
391,000 3,910,000
5,865,000
951,010 1,426,515
2,377,525
6,256
625,600 12,51,200
Est South
126,438
1,896,570
2,275,884
516,312 5,163,120
7,744,680 2,103,039 3,154,559
5,257,598
26,779 2,677,900 53,55,800
Mekong Delta
37,266
558,990
670,788
278,253 2,782,530
4,173,795 3,151,471 4,727,207
7,878,678
49,991 4,999,100 99,98,200
Total animal-whole country
2,814,452
4,062,966
23,169,532
233,287
(Source: Statistics year book 2002, the number of animal 2002 and prediction based on 1.5-1.8 kg of solid waste/head of buffalo, 10-15kg of solid waste/head of cattle, 1.5 2.5kg of solid waste/
head of pig, 0.1-0.2 kg of solid waste /head of chicken [ 8])
70
6.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste
The main environmental pollution caused by livestock farming include nutrient pollution
of surface waters, groundwater and soils by solid and liquid wastes, air pollution (methane,
NOX, odor) and health (zoonotic and water-borne diseases, flies). One of the major
livestock farming operations in Vietnam that cause significant environment pollution is
swine farming (See Tables 6.1 and 6.3). The problem is heightened due to ongoing
expansion of urban communities towards rural areas and the high farm concentration and
ongoing expansion of farms near the rivers. According to VEPA data (1999), 23 percent of
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loading in Cau River and Nhue River were caused
by swine farming, presumably due to the high concentration of swine farms along the
Rivers and lack of adequate manure treatment processes. In the past, it was believed that
small farms do not cause significant pollution. However, due to rapid development of
piggeries, and significant increase in the number of animal raising households, the
pollution trend has changed. Consequently, in 2003, MONRE added livestock farms, but
only large-scale farms, in the list of regulated industries and they now have to pay
environmental fees.
The small and medium scale pig farms that have been operating for a long time are
becoming a source of conflict between farms and neighboring communities. In the visited
districts in Northern provinces, complaints have frequently been filed regarding the
pollution from farms. Farms being restrained by limited land availability have not
developed any appropriate waste treatment facilities such as simple biogas, lagoons,
aeration ponds, etc of any kinds to ameliorate farm waste slurry. The farms simply
discharge wastewater directly into public waterways, leading to endless friction between
livestock farmers, especially small-scale farms without any additional land to be used for
waste treatment, and local communities due to water pollution and odor issues. Thuong tin
district, Ha Tay Province has a high population density (0.06ha/per capital). In 2003, the
district had 101,274 pig, 3,157 cattle, and 724,000 chickens. The water quality data
indicates that levels of NH3-N, COD and BOD in water bodies are well over the accepted
national standards. This is believed to be mainly due to presence of over 850 farms in this
district, producing over 300 tons of animal solid waste and over 500 tons of liquid waste
per day.
One of the methods used frequently in the project area to treat the farm waste is biogas
production. However, it is estimated that less than 5% of livestock breeding farms are
using biogas digesters for treatment of animal waste (piggery waste). The rest of the farms,
especially in areas with limited land availability per capita, farmers directly discharge the
waste into nearby land/water bodies. Only a small portion of livestock manure, mainly
solids, is applied as plant nutrient. Most local farmers use animal manure on their farms
based on traditional practices during cropping season. Fresh, untreated manure is normally
applied to the crops. Use of untreated manure in farmlands and general practice of
discharge of untreated animal waste to surface water bodies are leading to degradation of
living environment and public health standards in the rural areas of Vietnam. The statistical
data on the water borne diseases (Table 6-2) indicates
71
Table 6-2: Statistical data on water borne diseases in Vietnam
Cases
1995 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002
Cholera 4886 491 219 176 16 317
Typhoid 30900 23310
6874 4367 9614 7090
Dysentery 48350 57860 138259 149180 169610 174722
Diarrhea 573300
598700
975200
984617
1055178
1062440
Virus
fever 80447 89963 35868 25269 42878 28728
Malaria
666153 532806 31529 293016 257793 185529
(Source: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, 2002)
Table 6-3: Livestock population of region*
Economic region
Buffalo
Cattle
Pig
Poultry
& duck
head
Density
head
Density
head
Density
head
thousand
head/km2
thousand
head/km2
thousand
thousand
head/ km2
Red river delta
171.8
11.6
502.1
33.9
6307.1
426
50,662
North east
1223.1
18.7
543.9
8.3
4007.4
61
47,334
North west
390.2
10.9
182.0
5.1
1050.9
29
7,114
North central
689.0 13.4
855.9 16.6
3569.9
69
29,786
coast
South central
129.5
3.9
793.5
23.9
2028.7
61
15,365
coast
Central highlands
62.2
1.1
432.5
7.9
1191.2
22
6,256
South East
112.0
3.2
474.8
13.7
1862.7
54
26,779
Mekong river
36.6
0.9
278.2
7.0
3151.6
79
49,991
delta
Total 2814.4
4062.9
23 169.5
233,287**
* Statistical yearbook, 2002. The total number of duck was 74 million.
that although great efforts have been made to raise public awareness of preventive
healthcare, curb the incidents of water-borne diseases, and reduce mortality and morbidity
rates due to infectious diseases, the success rates are not satisfactory due to poor hygiene
standards and sanitation environment.
The health sector strategy aims at increasing life expectancy and reducing mortality rates in
newborn babies. These goals cannot be achieved if Vietnam does not solve the problem of
water pollution and environmental degradation.
6.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas
Odor and accompanying airborne diseases: Most households near piggeries that were
interviewed have said that they were affected by odor from pig wastes. The most common
health effects that are believed by the locals were those related to respiratory diseases such
as asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia. Ailments such as diarrhea, influenza and skin
allergies were also reported.
72
Water bodies have become unusable: Almost 95% of the backyard and small farms in
the in high livestock density areas, deposit their waste products into local creeks and canals
that flow directly to surface water bodies (rivers, canals, ponds, etc). According to the
information from interviewed farmers, rate of manure production per pig head was about
1.5 to 1.8 kg/pig head. The swine produces about 2.5 kg of manure/head.
According to the available statistical data, the surface waters do not pass the standards set
by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for the Class B waters.
In most visited villages, the village leaders and the residents claimed that the quality of
ground water had also deteriorated since piggery farms came into the region and that the
dug wells that once provided potable drinking and domestic water now is polluted, is
turbid (cloudy) and have bad smell.
6.1.5 Current status of soil nutrient balance
Most of the provinces such as Hatay, Thai Binh, Dong Nai, and Tien Giang have high
animal density that is located in the main river basins with high population and limited
land for cropping. Inadequacy of effective agricultural extension support and poor
practical skills of local farmers in area of intensive and specialized crop farming have led
to over application of chemical fertilizers without due attention to physical and biological
characteristic of soils, leading to degradation of a large tracts of agricultural land. The main
reasons for poor soil characteristics are believed to be lack or low rates of organic manure
application that has led to low organic matter content in the soil, poor soil structure,
increased soil compaction, increased bulk density, poor water holding capacity, and low
permeability. Poor soil physical characteristics have led to reduction in root volume and
water availability to the plants. In addition, over application of macronutrients, present in
available chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K)
fertilizers, has caused imbalances in available macro- and micronutrients such as P to Zn,
Ca to Mg, and k to Mg ratios.
6.1.6 Lacking manure management technology
In Vietnam, use of biogas digester has been promoted in the whole country for many years.
Many scientific Institutions, Universities, Institutes, and Associations,as well as some
private individuals have designed a variety of biogas tanks. Biogas tanks have contributed
to utilization of animal manure, human excreta and farm wastes and have somewhat
improved local sanitation condition. Although each biogas tank designs have their own
disadvantages and advantages, but all of them have met the main government
requirements, i.e., simplicity of operation, low cost, and capacity to produce a good quality
fuel for farmers. However, most of the available designs are better suited to small farm
conditions and biogas designs and available technologies are not well suited to medium
and large scale livestock farms.
6.1.7 Existing constraints with manure management technology
The AWI studies conducted by LEAD and Nong Lam University in 2002 and many others
have shown that in most provinces manure treatment and utilization need to be improved.
Biogas digester is considered by many as cost-effective solution to the pollution problem.
However, although such treatment reduces the odor problem of manure, biogas effluent
and livestock liquid waste does not meet the environmental standards and should not be
directly discharged to canals, rivers, or other water bodies without further treatment.
Biogas tank potentially can reduce up to 60-65% of organic matter and P (through
settlement). However, nitrogen will not be removed in biogas tanks and further treatment
73
of the effluent will be required before discharge. The cost of such treatments appears to be
prohibitive and, presently, farmers do not have the will or adequate financial resources to
invest in manure management (transportation, storage and treatment).
6.2 Analysis of "With Project" Alternative
The proposed project, if fully implemented, should not only lead to reduction of
environmental impact from livestock waste in project areas and improvement of
downstream surface and groundwater quality, but it should also enhance public health
standards. Results of project implementation in pilot areas should also assist in
improving/enforcing livestock waste management policies and regulation at local and
national levels.
The proposed project could have significant positive impact on development of adaptive
and cost effective manure treatment technologies. If successfully implemented, project
demonstration sites can have positive impact on the socio-economic status of the project
beneficiaries.
The proposed project will provide supportive tools to strengthen the capacity of lined
agencies in application of spatial planning in livestock development, modeling of nutrient
loading and appropriate and adaptive manure management and treatment technologies.
Proposed project should also strengthen the capacity of national and local environmental
management officers in livestock production and environmental management and
monitoring. The project monitoring component is designed to show the impact of adaptive
waste management technologies, both for multiple-point source pollution (a large number
of small producers) and point source pollution (selected large farms). The monitoring
program will determine the project impact and success rate in improving quality of surface
and groundwater within pilot areas and the effect of land application of treated manure
(solid and liquid) on agricultural lands within small sub-watersheds.
Livestock production in Vietnam has developed rapidly during the past few years. It is
playing an important role in the structure of agricultural production. In 2003 livestock
products have accounted for over 22,000 billion VND of the total value of agricultural
products, accounting for 22.93% of total agricultural production. The proposed livestock
production development strategy to the year 2010 has estimated the growth rate of over
10.4% per year for pigs, and 11.9% per year for poultry. If the proposed plans are fully
implemented, there will be an average countrywide increase in pig manure from
140kg/km2 to 180 kg/km2.
Table 6-4 shows the number of hogs will be increased from the present 25.61 millions hogs
to 33 millions hogs by the year 2010. This will cause an increase in hog manure from
approximately 46,000 tons per year to 60,000 tons by the year 2010. The situation is more
serious in the regions within the River deltas where the density of hog is very high and
available land is limited (Table 6.3). The density of hog manure per km2 in Red Delta
River is approximately 0.7 ton/km2 of pig manure but the proposed target is over 1 ton/km2
by the year 2010.
The proposed project, if properly implemented, should provide the livestock farmers
suitable, cost effective, and adaptable manure treatment and use technologies. It is
expected that several manure treatment modules will be developed and availed to the local
farmers in the demonstration areas. During project implementation the project aims at
reducing the amount of untreated hog manure in the project areas by some 40%.
The proposed project plans to apply findings and recommendations of the AWI project and
adapt them to the environmental and climatic conditions of the study areas. The AWI
74
studies have been applied in four cities/provinces in the Southern Vietnam, including Binh
duong, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City and Long An during 2002-2003. AWI project
strongly recommend the use of solid and liquid pig manure as plant nutrient to be used for
agricultural crops to not only reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, but to also reduce
nutrient loading of water resources.
There is a large gap between the available scientific knowledge and what is available to the
livestock farmers. The inadequate number of well-trained and experienced extension
personnel makes it difficult to launch systematic farmer training. During field visits by the
EA team, both extension personnel and the livestock farmers expressed strong desire for
being trained in manure and nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of water
pollution on public health.
The project implementation should bring a number of positive impacts such as reducing
the use of chemical fertilizers and fresh manure that can negatively impact terrestrial and
aquatic environment. Project, if successfully implemented, should have no or minor
negative environmental impacts. Potential negative impacts are potential land occupancy
(land for manure treatment lagoons/tanks), and some minor impacts on local farmers
during construction of infrastructures for pilot manure treatment demonstration sites.
Better watershed management and incorporation of best management practices in livestock
development, livestock waste management, and farming activities are also included in the
project development plans.
The EA team has developed an environmental management plan that has been incorporated
into the project design documents and includes effective mitigation measures and
environmental monitoring program to enhance project positive environmental impacts and
reduce potential negative impacts to minimum.
Table 6-4: Livestock production during the years 1993-2003 and the prediction 2005-2010
Livestock production 1993-2003
Prediction 2005-2010
Livestock products
Unit 1993 2003 Rate
% 2005 2010
Pigs
1000 head
14,873
25,610
5.5
27,000
33,000
pork meat
1000 tons
878.3
1,795.44
10.4
2,050
2,740
Chicken 1000
95,087
185,222
6.8
297,000
380,000
heads
Ducks 1000
31,312
68,835
8.5
heads
Chicken, poultry
ton 169.8
372.72
11.9
500
700
meat
Buffalo 1000
2,960
2,835
-0.03
heads
Cattle 1000
3,333,00
4,394
3.15
heads
0
Beef and buffalo
1000 tons
123.2
160.6
3.05
250
400
meat
Dairy cattle
1000 Head
15
80
20.5
Source: Report of the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development, 2003
The proposed project should also provide officials at lined agencies and decision makers
with appropriate information and decision support tools and capabilities for enforcement of
75
livestock waste management policies. Project will encourage use of treated/composted
manure as plant nutrient at appropriate time during crop production that should
significantly reduce the use of highly energy consumptive, imported chemical fertilizers.
The proposed project aims at bringing innovative and adaptive ideas on livestock
production, establishing new policies for improving infrastructure of breeding facilities,
use of land use planning standards and spatial planning in potential relocation of livestock
production activities, and developing appropriate standards for livestock production. As
was mentioned before, one of the proposed outputs of the project is to introduce and
enforce standards for manure management and to establish and enforce effluent discharge
standard from livestock production.
To sum up, if successfully implemented, the proposed project would not only mitigate the
negative impact of livestock development and produced waste on environment (soil and
water resources), but will also promote social and economic development at local level by
providing useful demonstration of adaptive technologies in manure management and
livestock development to local farmers. The proposed project should also help to increase
the living and public health standards within project areas. In the "with project" scenario,
the impacts of the project on the natural environment are believed to be highly positive,
while the social and economic impacts appear to be positive.
76
7. ANALYSIS OF EA & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
Environmental impacts and risks can occur during construction, implementation, and
operation of the project. This section identifies potential sources of environmental impacts
and risks for different phases of the proposed project. Possible environmental impacts from
activities of the project are predicted and described. Recommendations for appropriate
mitigation measures that should be adopted to minimize the potential negative impacts and
environmental risks are followed.
The EA team has identified potential environmental impacts of the project based on review
of the pre-feasibility study report, discussions with project proponents and beneficiaries,
and relevant line agencies. In addition, a field survey was conducted in Cat Que commune
in Ha Tay Province, a representative pig raising village in the proximity of a large city
(Hanoi) in Vietnam with typical problems of concentrated pig production by home-based,
small farms to determine state of present environmental problems and potential
environmental impacts and risks of the proposed project. A number of available studies on
previously developed livestock production project in Vietnam were also reviewed to assist
in determining environmental impacts and risks.
Since the project will be developed in sequence and exact location, size and type of manure
management technologies that will be applied for the proposed projects and fields to apply
the liquid and solid manure are not finalized yet, a more generic review of potential
impacts is presented in this section. As sites and manure management techniques are
finalized, more detailed EA review will be required.
The environmental impacts of the project can be divided into direct and indirect or primary
and secondary, cumulative and latent, reversible and irreversible impacts according to the
nature of the impact, and into the short-term and long-term impacts according to the
temporal horizon. The irreversible impact is mainly the permanent occupancy of land that
might be brought about by the proposed project, potentially for the development of manure
management facilities, especially if a communal facility is proposed. The short-term
impacts include the temporary land occupancy, water pollution during construction of the
facilities, and minor noise and air pollution, sediment loading, etc. occurring mainly during
construction phase. The long-term impacts would mainly consist of cumulative and
residual impact of medium to large-scale manure treatment plants (aerobic/anaerobic
ponds), potential risk of point source pollution of nutrient rich runoff in case of breakage or
overflow, and non-point source nutrient pollution (mainly N and P) from leaching, surface
runoff from areas of land application that could impact water quality, flora and fauna
within the river catchments within the project area.
7.1 Potential Sources of Effect
Potential sources of effect are identified through review of available project documents and
field visits by the EA team to the project areas. The available information was also
analyzed to determine if any construction, implementation or operation activities of the
project can potentially cause any environmental impact. The main identified issues are
described as follows:
Access Roads: Although it has not been identified in any project documents, it might be
necessary to build short access roads to the project sites where centralized or single biogas
reactors or aerobic/anaerobic lagoons or facilities are planned to be constructed for
livestock manure treatment. Since the actual locations of the above facilities are not
decided yet, the actual needs and total length of the access roads, if any, will only be
77
known after finalization of the sites. There might also be a need for road upgrades on a
small scale even if access roads are available in order to allow machinery, equipment and
materials to be transported to the proposed biogas, lagoon and/or manure treatment facility
sites.
Machinery: Machinery for construction work and operation activities, especially for
construction of biogas, lagoon and treatment facilities, includes cement mixer, excavator,
vibrator, and trucks.
Temporary and long term Land Occupancy: During project construction, temporary
land occupancy for labor camps, storage of construction material, equipment house,
parking site etc. may be unavoidable. However, it is assumed that these units during
construction phase will be within the perimeter of the area earmarked for construction of
treatment facilities and no additional land will be occupied by the above units involved in
construction of the projects. Long term occupancy cannot be avoided for development of
project structures such as biogas reactors. Aerobic and anaerobic lagoons, livestock
manure treatment facilities, controlling stations, and possible canal system for drainage
(particularly in case of lagoon system) for the life of the project.
Public Water Supply: Water supply (including potable water) is certainly needed during
all phases of the project. Since most construction sites are believed to be not far from
residential areas or presently have potable water sources, potable water supply can be
supplied by the water wells and other water resources used by the project beneficiaries.
7.2
Analysis of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures
In general, the main environmental impacts of the project and the respective mitigation
measures are similar between the proposed projects in Ha Tay (in the North region of
Vietnam) and Dong Nai (in the South region of Vietnam). The main difference between
the two project provinces is mainly climatic condition, potentially leading to minor
differences in the environmental impacts of the projects as well as mitigation measure
proposal for negative impacts during construction and implementation.
During the construction phase, most of negative impacts of the project are short-term ones
such as temporary land occupancy, ecological disturbance, water pollution (potential
sediment load increase), and minor noise and dust pollution. These impacts mostly are
insignificant and therefore, if appropriate general design and construction practices are
followed, no significant negative impact mitigation is envisaged. However, if
environmentally sound management is not implemented by the project
contractors/proponents, a number of proposed construction activities could cause
significant environmental impacts. The major potential environmental impacts and
proposed mitigation measures are provided below:
7.2.1 Flora
and
Fauna
Impact Analysis:
The evaluation of impacts should follow the following primary criteria (Petts, 1994):
1) The quality of all potentially affected habitats
2) The amount of habitat and species loss, damage, or disturbance which could occur.
3) The importance of affected species.
4) The intensity and duration of impacts (including longer-term effects upon populations
and productivity).
78
During implementation/construction phase of the project, a certain amount of vegetation
could be permanently or temporarily removed or disturbed due to construction of biogas
reactors, lagoon or livestock manure treatment facilities, construction/rehabilitation of
drainage canals, construction or upgrading of access roads, etc. These impacts mostly are
direct (or primary) and usually temporary in nature. In most of the visited communes such
as Cat Que Commune, To Hieu Commune, Van Phu Commune in Ha Tay Province, or
Dong Hung district, and Kien Xuong district in Thai Binh Province, vegetation cover is
mostly cropland dominated by with rice paddies. However, exact type and amount of
vegetation that would be disturbed are not known at this stage of the project development.
The dominant species of wildlife in Thuong Tin are believed to be various mice species,
and other rodents usually of low protection levels. This situation of wildlife in this area is
similar to that in most of other crowded rural areas and suburban Vietnam with the
exception of areas in close proximity of specific nature reserves or conservation areas.
Therefore, it is not believed that project activities will have any significant impact on
present flora and fauna.
Only a portion of Cat Tien National Park is within Dong Nai province. However, the
proposed project sub-catchment areas in Dong Nai Province are over 75 km from Cat Tien
National Park. No other natural parks or nature reserves exist within national reserves in
the proposed project areas. In case any of the future project areas (future development) is
in close proximity of a nature reserve or national park, it is mandatory to ensure that no
identified project demonstration sites are located within areas that could potentially impact
the nature reserves. Therefore, before deciding any new project demonstration sites, the
project proponents must contact the responsible agencies (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment etc.,) to confirm the
actual relative location of the proposed project to the natural reserve and adjust the project
location accordingly.
In case the proposed project site is near natural reserves or significant wildlife habitats, the
potential negative impacts caused by activities during the construction/implementation
phase are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) Increase possibilities of encroaching to the nature reserves and the habitats of wildlife;
2) Block travel/migrating routes of animals, thereby affecting the opportunities of
drinking and eating outside the natural reserves;
3) Destroy vegetation and some wildlife inside or outside the nature reserves;
Mitigation Measures:
1) Avoid construction of manure treatment facilities in proximity of environmentally
sensitive areas such as nature reserves and wildlife habitats or major wetlands from
inception of project t construction phase and at the very beginning of the project
planning and design phase;
2) In the preliminary design phase, the project proponents should submit the project
plans of the sub-projects whose sites are potentially close to nature reserves and
wildlife habitats to the authorized agencies for their review and approval;
3) Minimize use of heavy/loud machinery in construction of the project, and if they have
to be used, keep them far from nature reserves and wildlife habitats. If those
construction activities near sensitive areas cannot be avoided, make every effort to
reduce noise and dust level as much as possible;
79
4) Wastes from construction work should be properly disposed to avoid any impact on
the surrounding areas (particularly neighboring watersheds);
6) Strictly manage working hours of the labor force, enhance workers' awareness of
protection of natural resources and wildlife, and provide necessary directions to
prevent them from entering inside of nature reserves, not to hunt wildlife and/or
damage vegetation inside the reserves.
7.2.2 Soil
Disturbance
Impact Analysis:
Effects on soil can be caused by physical disturbance and pollutant effects. Impacts on soil
will most commonly described with the area of soils to be affected, their local sensitivity to
agriculture and nature conservation, and the extent to which the impacts could be
permanent. Any loss or disturbance of soils covered by the proposed project should be
considered in terms of size of area to be affected and the rarity or value of the soils in the
local context. Land of agriculture usually is taken to be good quality land to be protected.
Most project activities such as building biogas reactors, lagoons, wastewater treatment
plant or pretreatment facilities of livestock waste, rehabilitation or building new canals for
drainage, etc. will take a certain area of land or may disturb the existing land, especially in
areas with fragile soils and damage to the vegetation cover could cause increased rate of
soil erosion. For Cat Que commune or To Hieu commune, Van Phu commune in Ha Tay
province, land that would be taken could be agricultural land. However, these impacts
might be not significant since the areas taken for the facilities of the project mentioned
above might be not so big.
Soil pollution caused by construction activities might be not significant, if any, it could be due to some pollutants from
activities of machinery such as oil, grease, construction materials etc. However it should not be discounted.
Mitigation Measures:
1) Site selection is a key. Construction away from streams and rivers will avoid the
problem of immediate stream discharge should a relatively minor problem arise. In
addition, by having lagoons out of the flood plane, erosion damage to the outside of
the dike will be reduced.
2) Construction and testing techniques are sufficiently developed to achieve the required
rates of infiltration or seepage. Soil scientists and design engineers are able to design
and construct lagoons that do not leak. Typically, regulatory agencies specify that
-
infiltration rates are to be less than 10 7 cm.
3) During construction of hillside canals, cutting should be avoided during rainy days.
Sand bag, silt fence and/or straw mat should be used to on the down slope side of cut
areas to reduce soil erosion and prevent increase in river sediment load;
4) All cleared land should be planted as soon as possible to prevent soil loss by water
and wind erosion and surface runoff during the rainy season;
5) During construction of biogas reactors, lagoons or pretreatment facilities of livestock,
rehabilitation or building new canals for drainage, a plan for earth and stone
borrowing and dumping should be prepared to keep a balance between filling and
excavations to reduce waste material. The waste earth and stone chips, if cannot be
used in construction, should be piled in designated areas and either be removed to
dump sites or be compacted layer-by-layer and then be timely covered with
vegetation;
80
6) Construction work must be controlled and managed strictly to avoid generation of
pollutants due to machinery activities.
7.2.3 Acoustic
Environment
Impact Analysis:
The main potential noise sources during construction are due to construction machinery
and hauling trucks. Although the noise impact during construction period is temporary, the
noise produced by machinery, if used in the project construction activities, is characteristic
of high sound intensity and irregularity, if not controlled, the machinery noise would have
impact on the surrounding acoustic environment, besides directly on the construction
workers.
According to the attenuating model of point source noise, the estimated results of machine
noise attenuating with distance are shown in Table 7-1
Table 7-1 Estimated Noise Value of Construction Machinery
Estimated Noise value dB (A)
Machinery
5m 10m 20m 40m 50m 60m 80m 100m 150m 300m
Description
Excavator
84 78 72 66 64 63 60 58
55 47
Mixer
87 81 75 69 67 66 63 61
58 50
Bulldozer
86 80 74 68 66 65 62 60
57 49
According to Vietnamese noise standard TCVN 5948-1995, maximum noise level of truck
is 88 dBA, and that of heavy-truck, bulldozer and excavator is 90 dBA. Therefore, the
noise produced by all construction machinery is within the noise limits of TCVN 5948-
1995 at every location from the construction site. However, TCVN 5948-1995 does not
make distinction between the noise limits in daylight and at night. Obviously, at night, the
impact of construction machinery noise could be more serious, therefore, it is suggested
that construction at night should be as far as possible. The site where construction
machinery is operated should be located in places where there are no specific areas such as
hospital, library, schools or large residential areas within 300m from the operation site.
Mitigation Measures:
Protect proposed project area by wall or fence to minimize noise to surrounding areas.
81
1) Using appropriate machinery to meet the noise standard TCVN 5948-1995 mentioned
above.
2) Organizing machinery working in shifts to meet noise standard TCVN 5497-1995
about accepted maximum limit of noise in public and residential area (see table 7.2)
Table 7.2 Vietnamese standard TCVN 5497-1995
Area
6h-18h
18h-22h
22h-6h
1
Specific silent: hospital, library, school, nursery, 50 45 40
etc
2
Residential area, hotel, offices, etc
60
55
50
3
Residential area mixing in commercial, service 75 70 50
and manufacturing areas, etc
3) The access roads should be selected away from such sensitive locations as schools,
residences and hospitals. When dense residences exist 50m within access road, night
transportation is forbidden;
4) When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy noise
machines should be arranged at school time; when the construction site is close to
hospital or densely populated residence, construction work with strong noise
machines should not be arranged at nighttime.;
5) Labor safe-hygiene standard (e.g. wearing earplugs and helmets, etc) also should be
followed strictly during the construction operator's work time.
6) Planting trees around or in the project site could reduce noise.
7.2.4 Air
Quality
Impact Analysis:
The only potential air pollutant in the construction and implementation period is the
potential raised dust due to long duration and periodic occurrence of windy and dry days
that combined with the use of machinery, excavation and construction activities at The
factor that should be considered is the total suspended particulate (TSP). During the
construction period, the loading, unloading, and transport of construction materials will
cause TSP pollution along the route. However, gas emission such as CO, SOx, Nox, VOC
and hydrocarbon etc from vehicles and trucks also should be considered.
Mitigation Measures:
1) Using appropriate or standard machinery to avoid dust and gas emission
2) The mixing plants should be set up at the location that far away (at least 300 m) from
the sensitive locations of residences, hospitals and schools. The mixing plant should
be equipped with sealing device, shock absorber and dust remover.
3) Labor protection measures should be provided to the operators of the construction
machine such as eye mask and mouth mask; and
4) Dirt roads used by construction and hauling machinery should be watered from time
to time to prevent secondary dust flying.
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7.2.5. Water Quality
Impact Analysis:
When raining, construction wastes as well as others are swept with rainwater to near water
bodies and increase SS in the water. The project area is supposed to be rice field
Therefore, there would be some plant wastes are swept to the water. However, this impact
is not significant. Another source of water pollution is domestic wastewater come from
labor camps; this can increase COD, BOD, TN, TP, coliforms in water reservoirs. Besides,
wastewater that contains oil, grease and other impurities etc come from machinery, and
construction equipment also can be considered source of water pollution during
construction phase.
Mitigation measures:
Organizing construction works rationally, cleaning completely scattered solid waste after
each item.
The trucks that transport construction materials must be covered to avoid scattering.
Providing adequately accommodation and sanitary facilities including latrines, bathrooms,
and solid waste disposal site for workers. Water must be adequately supplied.
Leakage or spillage of liquid materials and fuels (oil) must be prevented and minimized.
7.2.6. Cultural Heritage
Impact Analysis:
Cultural relics can be divided into the existing on-ground historical sites and the
underground cultural relics, which have not been unearthed. Generally speaking, the
adverse impact on on-ground historical sites is either from the direct destruction activities
of human or from air pollution such as acid rain and sulfur oxides. Since the proposed
project is not associated with producing sulfur oxides or acid rain, no significant impact is
envisaged in this aspect.
Breaking ground is the straightest way of destroying underground cultural relics. The
construction activities with respect to biogas reactors, pretreatment facilities of livestock,
and specially the excavation for lagoon or rehabilitation or building new canals for
drainage, some significant adverse impact on cultural relics should be envisaged during
project construction phase.
Mitigation Measures:
1) All staffs of the project as well as construction workers should be trained on
identifying cultural relics and the consciousness of protecting cultural relics prior to
construction;
2) During construction, if cultural relics are found, then construction should stop and the
supervisory engineer/inspector should protect the site, and authorized agencies such as
Ministry of Culture and Information should be notified. Construction/excavation
could only start after the issuance of clearance from the lined agencies.
7.3
Analysis of Environmental Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures
Since the main objective of the project as described in Chapter 2 of this report is to
improve general environmental and social-economic condition of the project area and to
reduce nutrient loading of soil and water resources by livestock waste, if the project is
implemented successfully, the negative environmental impacts of the project should be
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minimal. However, due to the nature of the project, a number of potential negative impacts
can not be avoided. A number of activities, especially if not handled in an environmentally
sound manner, can potentially have significant adverse effects on both natural and social
environments. This section discusses such issues and provides mitigation measures to
prevent or minimize the potential adverse environmental impacts. These potential impacts
are described separately based on three different potential manure management processes
that are identified by the project. The three groups corresponding to proposed livestock
manure treatment technology include: (1) biogas production, (2) lagoon systems (aerobic
and/or anaerobic), and (3) soil application of treated liquid and solid manure.
7.3.1 Lagoon
System
Generally, if successfully implemented, lagoons certainly bring about more environmental
benefits than without the project scenario. Microbial action in the lagoon substantially
reduces chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (COD and BOD, respectively), total
solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), nitrogen (e.g. nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen) and
phosphorous component of livestock manure.
However, lagoon systems could have potential environmental risks due to improper
operation, undersizing, inappropriate transport of manure stock (trucks, piles, piping, etc),
insufficient aeration mechanisms, unfavourable weather condition causing overflow,
breakage of embankments, if build over ground, etc. Major environmental impacts could
include water pollution due to overflow or breakage of the embankment, odor problems
due to poor aeration, insect (mosquitoes) proliferation that could not only be nuisance to
neighbors, but could also cause increase incidence of water-borne diseases such as malaria.
Water pollution
Impact assessment:
Water pollution can negatively impact the quality of both surface and groundwater
resources within and downstream of the project area. Risks of spills, structural failure, and
purposeful discharges must be taken into account. Since the project is not proposing full
treatment of livestock manure, the effluent from lagoons contains substantial nitrogen and
phosphorus nutrient load and should be disposed on agricultural lands as plant nutrient
source. Effluents from well-designed and properly operated systems have a very low
potential for pollution of water resources. However, unfavorable weather events such as
repeated typhoons or frequent occurrence of high intensity rainfalls may significantly
increase the potential nutrient pollution risk from open lagoon systems due to potential
overflow.
There are two potential pollution pathways during operation phase. If a lagoon overflows
or if lagoon contents are purposefully drained into a surface waterway, this material will
contaminate the receiving waters. On the other hand, poor construction of lagoon dikes,
especially in the case of above ground lagoons; can lead to lagoon dike failures. In both
cases, pollutants from lagoons will pollute receiving water bodies and cause significant
impact on downstream flora, fauna and human settlements that are relying on using the
surface and groundwater resources. Movements of the pollutants in water flow could cause
groundwater pollution through percolation, especially in areas with large proportion of
coarse texture soils. There are two other possibilities for groundwater pollution in a lagoon
system: seepage through the lagoon floor if the soils are coarse texture or if there are large
percentage of connected macro pores, and seepage of nutrient under the manure storage
areas if the floor is earthen, lateral flow through the side walls of the lagoon (throughflow).
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There is also a potential risk of nutrient loading of groundwater in agricultural lands used
for manure application if excessive levels of effluent are applied to the cropland and/or if
the manure is applied at inappropriate times (when soils are saturated, just before inception
of rainfalls, wrong application timing, etc). The latter creates a situation in which more
nutrients, especially nitrogen is being applied than is being used by the crop. Excess
nitrogen will be transported beyond the root zone through leaching process and will
eventually appear in the groundwater, causing major health problems especially in children
and expecting mothers.
Mitigation measures:
1) Appropriate and effective technology and management alternatives must carefully be
considered and planned in order to achieve required levels of environmental
acceptability.
2) Design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from livestock
confinement buildings.
3) Lagoon must be designed strictly following technical criteria such as co-efficient of
percolation of floor soil material in the constructed lagoons through measurement of
percolation rate, infiltration rate, etc within those substrata.
4) It is forbidden to discharge lagoon effluent into surface water bodies at any times
except in special circumstances when specific size storm events have happened that can
potentially cause structural breakdown. Under such special conditions, it is generally
assumed that there will be sufficient water in the water courses to minimize the effects
of the discharged effluent from the lagoon on natural resources (dilution effect). In
case lagoon effluent must be discharged for acceptable reasons, relevant Vietnamese
discharge standards (TCVN) must be met (TCVN 6984). According to this standard,
limits for the main parameters as follows: COD: 80 mg/l; BOD5: 40 mg/l; SS: 50 mg/l;
TN: 60 mg/l; TP: 6 mg/l; coliform: The TCVN for groundwater are: COD: 80 mg/l;
BOD5: 40 mg/l; SS: 50 mg/l; TN: 60 mg/l; TP: 6 mg/l; coliform:
5) Lagoon dike specifications should be prepared and fully adhered to ensure that lagoon
dikes are stable and will not fail under even the most extreme weather conditions.
Air pollution
Impact assessment:
Air pollution is most often related to manure management techniques. Toxic gases that can be predicted during lagooning
operation are CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3, NOx,, and some organic gases. In addition, there are some small amounts of
microbial biomass; pathogens and weed seeds. These gases are generated especially from first phase of degradation
process of the livestock manure and urine and are potential sources of air pollution; some of them (e.g. CH4, CO2) are
greenhouse gases. Dust can also be a problem due to activities of manure collection and transport trucks.
Odor problems: Odors are primarily the direct result of gas emission as the products of
anaerobic decomposition of manure, and are secondary source of air pollution. Large
anaerobic lagoons and use of lagoon effluent for ferrigation has the potential to emit odors
that can travel long distances. Heavily loaded lagoons are a notorious odor source. The
effluent from anaerobic decomposition of stored manure (composting process) also has a
volatile odor. Another major odor emission source is the sprinkler or nozzle that is used to
distribute liquid manure as part of the land spreading. Liquid manure on the surface of the
ground continues to emit odor until it dries or is absorbed by the soil. Collection and
transport of manure by pipes or by trucks are also a source of odor if pipes leak or losses
from trucks.
Mitigation measures:
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1) Manure management options that reduce gas emissions and odor levels should be
favoured. For example, appropriate collection frequency can reduce odor dispersion in
livestock confinement buildings. Lagoons can be covered and gas be collected for
biogas development, thereby reducing odors.
2) Control operation process of lagoons and prevent or minimize toxic gas emission,
Vietnamese standard applied for limit values of toxic gases TCVN --- must be met.
3) Ensure that appropriately sized collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from
livestock confinement buildings is provided.
4) Strictly control collection and transport of manure procedures to prevent and minimize
pipe leakage and leakage from trucks.
5) Include tree planting around the facilities to absorb/reduce dispersion of volatile and
toxic gases, dust and odors.
Noise and vectors (flies, mosquitoes, rodents)
Impact Assessment:
Activities of vehicles, trucks during operation can cause noise. Lagoon in general and
manure lagoon in particular are ideal areas for proliferation of flies and mosquitoes.
Mitigation measures:
Again, Vietnamese standard applied for limiting noise levels (TCVN 5497-1995 and 5498-
1995) must be met.
Spraying of chemicals to exterminate mosquitoes and, flies is recommended.
Soil pollution
Impact Assessment:
There are potential risks that manure collection activities, leakage from manure transport
pipes, and leakage and losses from manure hauling trucks can potentially contaminate soil
resources. Another source of soil pollution is application of effluent from lagoon on
cropland. In case of excessive application, or if manure is applied on saturated soils and
high rates can create a condition in which more nitrogen and phosphorous are being
applied than is being used by the crop causing nitrogen losses, vegetative overgrowth of
agricultural crops, causing crop lodging and delay in seed development/seed filling, etc.
Soil pollution by heavy metals is also an issue that should be carefully considered.
Addition of soluble salts that originate from animal manure could potentially cause
salinisation, although this should not be a major issue in Vietnam due to high and regular
incidence of rainfall.
Mitigation measures:
1) Quantity, timing, and timing of land application of liquid and solid manure should be
carefully correlated with inherent soil characteristics (soil texture, cation exchange
capacity, soil mineralogy, etc) and climatic condition to ensure that over application of
nutrient does not occur to cause soil toxicity/ nutrient overload.
2) Monitor soil nutrient levels, determine nutrient and other needs of each soil type, and
measure nutritional characteristic of effluents to ensure that the impact of land
application of manure is advantageous to planted crops.
3) It is necessary to design nutrient management strategies to provide the crops with the
appropriate amount of nutrients that is needed by plants while minimizing the amount
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of soluble nutrients that escape from the root zone through optimum application of
chemical and organic (manure) fertilizers. Effluents from lagoon must be strictly
monitored (sampled and analyzed for nutrients and periodically for heavy metals) and
appropriate quantities be determined to provide appropriate nutrient levels to satisfy
plant needs before applying the effluent on croplands.
Fauna and Flora
Impact Assessment:
The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should improve the quality and may
increase the carrying capacity of the cropland. If the quality of lagoon effluent is
controlled, improvement of cropland should increase productivity and even quality of
harvest. Planting trees not only will increase the number of plants, but will also protect the
fauna biodiversity within the project area by providing shelter and shade. Lagoons have a
very high potential to become suitable habitats for migrating waterfowls, breeding fish, and
for establishment of hydrophilic plants. This should not only increases biodiversity in the
area but also contribute to improving quality of the lagoons.
Mitigation Measure:
A well designed, planned and implemented project is a prerequisite condition.
1) Planting trees around the ponds, especially down wind of the residential areas is
recommended to reduce odor and increase aesthetic appearance of the project.
2) Study and identify appropriate trees, commercial plants, and crops that are better suited
for application of liquid manure (effluent) and promote their use within project areas.
Landscape
Impact assessment:
Normally, manure treatment lagoons are not aesthetically appealing.. However,
considering the potential positive impacts and environmental benefits of reduced nutrient
load of water bodies, it will have a much better aesthetic appeal than the present condition.
Mitigation measures:
1) It is proposed to plant trees around the lagoon, especially between the lagoon and
residential areas.
2) Consider potential for development of aquatic plants around the perimeter of the
lagoons, if technically possible.
Land use
Impact Assessment:
Construction of a lagoon in project site will take a relatively large productive area out of
production, especially in Ha Tay Province where land use is very intensive and land
holdings are very small. The areas for construction of lagoons are not finalized to date and
will be determined during the first year of implementation. Therefore, determination of
benefit/loss of land use change is not appropriate at this time. However, as was mentioned
above, most likely croplands will possibly be used that could potentially cause involuntary
resettlement some partial land resettlement. The loss/benefit assessment of land use
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change can only be determined after location of lagoons are identified through review of
land quality, type of cropland to be used, etc.
Mitigation Measure:
No significant mitigation measure is recommended. The social assessment team has
prepared an involuntary resettlement plan for such cases.
Impacts on human health
Impact Assessment:
In general, the project, if successfully implemented, should have positive impact on public
health through reduction of non-point sources of pollutants and pathogens, not only in the
waterways, but also in the open drainage ways within residential areas. However, there is
a potential for secondary impacts on human health through primarily adverse impacts on
air pollution. Operation workers may potentially be in danger of being directly impacted by
toxic gases and odor. Problems of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rodents,
pathogens, bacteria and other micro-organisms should be considered. These could lead to
some respiration or digestion diseases or other dangerous diseases.
Mitigation measures:
The measures provided to mitigate air, water and soil pollution if successfully conducted
could minimize negative impacts on human health.
7.3.2 Biogas
production
As for lagooning, the main objective of biogas production from livestock manure is to
reduce adverse impacts of livestock manure on the environment. However, unlike a
lagoon, enclosed anaerobic digestion systems for biogas production are not subject to
pronounced influences of the weather, making effluents from digesters more stable and
uniform than effluents from anaerobic lagoons. Additionally, odors are controlled and, if
implemented correctly and there is no gas leakage, greenhouse gases are not produced
since produced methane gases are burned prior to release into the atmosphere. Anaerobic
digestion processes result in source strength reduction by converting incoming organic
matter to methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of microbial biomass; pathogens.
Weed seeds are destroyed, and odors are reduced. At the same time, single or centralized
biogas reactors supply additional source of fuel for the neighborhood. If successfully
implemented and as long as there are needs for the produced gases, environmental benefits
of biogas system are positive. In addition biogas system does not effectively reduce the
nutrient load of the effluent to acceptable levels to allow release of the effluent to the water
bodies. The potential negative environmental impacts and risks of biogas production
system include:
Water quality
Impact Assessment:
Liquid in biogas pits have high content of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and can be
potential source of water pollution if it is intentionally discharged to water bodies, or leak
to shallow groundwater. Draining of biogas tank effluent to water bodies is the result of
poor system operation, causing an excess amount of water in the pits. This is concluded
from the visit to Cat Que commune. In fact, most households in the visited commune use
large quantities of water for washing breeding facilities and livestock. Over use of wash
water dilute the manure concentration in biogas pit over the desired 2:1 manure: water ratio
required for efficient operation of a standard biogas pit. Direct discharge of wash water
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from breeding facilities to water bodies also causes nutrient loading of surface and
groundwater resources and causes non-point source pollution of surface and ground water
resources. Poor construction of biogas pits could also allow for leakage of nutrient rich
effluent to shallow groundwater resources and surface waters by through flow.
Transportation of livestock manure to centralized biogas plants can also cause soil and
water pollution if transport regulations are not fully enforced and/or if mechanical
problems with transport vehicles occur.
Mitigation Measures:
1) Technical and management principles for biogas pit design and operation must be
strictly followed.
2) Improve extension capacity and provide training/awareness building in areas of manure
use as crop nutrient and health and environmental impact of discharge of effluent into
water bodies.
3) Effluent from a digester should be retained in a holding pond and used either as
recycled flush water or for irrigation.
4) A centralized pre-treatment plant for wastewater from breeding facilities is
recommended in case its available amount is bigger than demand of using it.
Air quality
Impact assessment:
In case biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly, gases can escape
to the atmosphere and cause air pollution (toxic gases and odour) as well as greenhouse
effect (CO2, CH4). Manure transportation from breeding facilities to the centralized biogas
plant by by trucks can be a source of dust and unfavorable odour since toxic gases can
release naturally from transport vehicles that do not meet regulations.
Risk of biogas pit explosion due to mistakes or technical/operational problems, especially
in hot weather condition, is also a major environmental concern.
Mitigation measures:
1) Technical and managerial principles of biogas pit design and operation must be
followed strictly.
2) Provide training/awareness building for pig farmers on the potential environmental
risks of poor operation of biogas tanks.
3) Prepare monitoring programs with regard to air quality within proposed project areas,
especially at and around biogas pit site. Vietnamese standards TCVN ... must be
followed.
Soil pollution
Impact assessment:
Wastewater from cleaning of breeding facilities or from biogas pits if applied intensively
on cropland can cause increase in soil nutrient load to toxic levels. Nutrient overload can
not only increase the potential for leaching of nutrients into groundwater, but could also
increase the nutrient content of the soil, especially nitrogen to levels that can be toxic to
plants. In the case of grain crops such as rice, high nitrogen can also promote vegetative
growth, delays seed formation and cause lodging and significant yield loss. Waste sludge
and wastes in biogas pit, if applied improperly on croplands, can also pollute the soil.
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Mitigation measures:
1) Timing of application and quantity of effluent to be used on crops should be accurately
determined before any application of biogas effluent on soils. The amount of effluent
that can be applied must be calculated based on crop nutrient needs at different growth
stages and actual nutrient availability of the soil to prevent soil pollution and loss of
crop yield.
2) Waste sludge and wastes from biogas pits must be disposed properly, either by disposal
in sanitary landfills or pre-treated with solidification method before land filled or used
for other purposes.
Flora and Fauna and Nature Reserves
Impact Assessment:
If applied properly, effluents from breeding facilities and biogas pits will improve
productivity and quality of vegetation, contributing to flourishing of flora within the area.
However, improper or intensive application of effluents can have adverse impact on
biodiversity and will promote increase in plants that require higher nitrogen levels and
reduce the other genera such as Leguminacea. Water, soil and air pollution can also cause
reduction in flora biodiversity. The proposed project appears to be neutral with regard to
fauna biodiversity. However, potentially contagious animal diseases caused by dangerous
pathogens, bacteria, and/or viruses can be spread in the wild through application of
untreated effluent and can cause proliferation of diseases in the wild and cause significant
impact on wildlife. Inappropriate over-application of effluent could also cause
disappearance of some useful insects and appearance of harmful insects in agricultural
fields that can also cause increase in plant diseases and yield reduction.
Mitigation Measures:
A well designed, planned and operated project is prerequisite condition.
1) Plants that can sustain higher levels of effluent application (high N and P requirement)
should be identified and promoted for the areas close to the biogas facilities.
Establishment of young trees around centralized biogas plants should be promoted.
2) Prepare a plan for early identification and control of potentially contagious diseases
that might establish within project areas..
3) Extra care must be taken to ensure effluent is treated properly and if there are outbreak
of animal disease within project area, application of effluent should be stopped and
should only be resumed after clearance is provided by the appropriate line agencies.
Aesthetics
Impact assessment:
Aesthetically, the centralized biogas pits are not very appealing on their own. However,
their benefits and reduction of unsightly and unhealthy open drains and manure ponds
surely outweigh their look.
Mitigation measures:
Planting of trees around the centralized biogas pits should be encouraged that will not only
improve aesthetics, but can also reduce odour levels.
Land use
Impact Assessment:
90
Construction of centralized biogas pits and installation of manure collection pipe system (if
any) in project site will occupy some potentially productive land within the farming
communities. The final location of the manure treatment plants are not yet finalized.
Therefore, it is not possible to determine the benefit/loss of land use change at this time.
Mitigation Measure:
No mitigation measure is recommended.
7.3.3. Soil application
When main purpose of using livestock manure is to fertilize fields. Manure should be
treated to remove pathogens and weed seeds before application to land. One of the
potential pre-treatment processes that manure can go through before land application is
composting. The main impacts of composting process as well as land application of
manure are briefly described:
Water pollution
Impact assessment:
During composting process, especially during fermentation phase significant amount of
wastewater is created. Maintenance activities including cleaning floors, equipments,
machineries, etc can also add to possibility of water pollution. Water pollution potential
from manure collection from breeding facilities should also be considered. Eutrophication
is one of the main impacts of release of wastewater rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and
phosphorous. It is important to ensure that effluent from wastewater treatment system
meets Vietnamese discharge standards (TCVN 5945 1995, 6948 2001) before release
to surface water bodies.
Land application of manure should follow strict rules to ensure that manure is applied at
the right times during the growing season and at the right quantities so that crops receive
appropriate quantities of nutrient at the right stages of growth. Haphazard and
indiscriminate application of manure will not only cause nutrient overloading of the soil
and leaching of nutrient into the groundwater, it can also cause serious injuries to the crops
and reduce the crop yield and even burn the crops in extreme circumstances.
Mitigation measures:
1) Appropriate, effective, and adaptable composting and manure application technologies
should be used, and management alternatives should be considered and planned
carefully to achieve appropriate and environmentally acceptable nutrient load in
discharge water.
2) It is necessary to design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater
from composting process.
3) Quantity and timing of liquid and solid manure application to agricultural land should
be established for different crops in different soil types and climatic conditions based
an crop's physiological characteristics and nutrient needs, inherent nutrient levels
within the soil, and cropping patterns (previous and following crops).
Air pollution
Impact assessment:
91
Fermentation of livestock manure is notable source of air pollution since this process
potentially produces CO2, CH4, and other volatile organic gases, causing increase in
nuisance odors. Odors can also be generated during other phases of composting process,
especially during collection and separation and before fermentation. Screening process is
also a potential source for increase of dust and especially fine organic particulates. Dust
can also be generated from collection and transportation activities. According to
Vietnamese laws, To prevent or minimize toxic gas emission during composting process in
the composting plant, Vietnamese standard regarding maximum limit of toxic gases must
be met.
Manure application on land, especially if it is not immediately incorporated into the soil
(ploughed in) can cause significant nitrogen loss to atmosphere due to modification
process, causing both atmospheric and odor pollution and in extreme cases eye irritation.
Mitigation measures:
1) Ventilation systems should be installed in composting plant to reduce the impacts of
toxic gases and odors to workers and surrounding environment.
2) Strictly control manure collection and transport to prevent or minimize pipe leakage
and scatter from trucks.
3) Plant trees to absorb toxic gases, dust and odors.
4) Incorporate the manure into the soil by plugging it into the soil immediately after
application of manure to prevent gaseous losses of nutrient to the atmosphere.
Noise
Impact assessment:
Activities of vehicles, trucks and composting equipment such as separators, screeners,
conveyors, packaging section during operation phase can cause noise. Vietnamese standard
applied for limit level of noise TCVN 5497-1995 & 5498-1995 is required to be met.
Mitigation measures:
The composting plant should be located at appropriate distance from the residential areas
to meet Vietnamese limits of noise level (TCVN 5497-1995). Workers who are working
within the plant should be supplied with protective gears such as ear plugs to reduce
potential harmful effect of long term exposure to noise.
Soil pollution
Impact Assessment:
Livestock manure has long been regarded as beneficial material and has been used for
centuries as an effective nutrient source for higher crops. It provides an organic matter to
soil that improves its physical properties (improved soil structure). Manure helps to
stabilize soil aggregates and prevent soil erosion. However, if manure is applied at
excessive levels, it can cause soil toxicity due to nutrient overloading and disturbance of
nutrient balance within the soil.
Impacts of manure on soil include:
¾ Excessive levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and some
micronutrients;
¾ Soil pollution from heavy metals (especially Cu and Zn);
92
¾ Potential increase in soil salinity (soluble salts mainly excreted from animal urine)
¾ Increase in level of number of cations and anions included in urine such as Na+,
Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO 2-
4 ).
Mitigation measures:
1) Manure should be applied to land at rate determined by the soil, climate, crop
physiological needs, etc. The implementation is that nutrients should be applied in
amounts needed by crop without adverse effects on either soil or water (surface and
ground).
2) Pre-treatment technology (composting) and composting process should strictly be
followed to produce a product that has appropriate component of nutrients and organic
matters and minimal quantity of weed seeds and pathogens; and
3) Manure (compost) samples should be regularly collected and analysed in order to avoid
over-application of nutrient and/or causing nutrient imbalance that could detrimentally
affect crop yields.
Fauna and Flora
Impact Assessment:
Like lagooning and biogas production, soil application methodology, if successfully
implemented, should improve the soil quality and increase the productivity and quality of
crops. Manure application of cropland should be flora neutral, but should improve
biodiversity by improving soil fauna population.
Mitigation Measure:
A well designed, planned and implemented project is prerequisite condition.
Planting young trees as much as possible is always recommended. Studies should be
conducted to determine higher plants best suited for liquid and soild manure application to
be promoted for planting within project area.
Landscape
Impact assessment:
Simply, appearance of a pre-treatment facility in the proposed project area would reduce
the beauty of landscape. However, if comparing to ultimate expected benefits of the
project, this option will be certainly better than present situation.
Mitigation measures:
Planting trees around the composting plant to reduce its visibility from residential areas
and to also reduce odor problems..
Land use
Impact Assessment:
Construction of a lagoon/central biogas/waste water treatment facility in project site will
occupy a relatively large area of communal land. Construction of composting plant and
installation of manure collection pipe system (if any) in project site will occupy some
potentially productive land within the farming communities. The final locations of the
manure treatment plants are not yet finalized. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the
benefit/loss of land use change at this time.
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Mitigation Measure:
No significant mitigation measure is recommended.
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8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The experiences on EIA around the world has shown that even if mitigation and
monitoring plans proposed in the EIA are clearly described, the mitigation and monitoring
plans may be ignored without effective and competent monitoring and enforcement
procedures to supervise and ensure the implementation. Therefore, it is recommended that
project proponent develop an enforceable plan, the Environmental Management Plan
(EMP), prior to commencement of the project activities as part of the overall project
management operation. The EMP identifies the responsibilities of each organization
involved in the implementation of EMP and the proposed mitigation and monitoring
activities during design, construction/implementation, and operation.
The project's influence on environment will occur during the construction or
implementation and operation periods. In Chapter 7, all the issues affecting the
environment were identified and analyzed. Corresponding mitigation measures were
proposed. In this chapter the environmental monitoring plan and the corresponding
responsibility are identified. This orderly identification, assessment, and presentation of
mitigation measures ensures that no important issues are overlooked and that negative
impacts are prevented or reduced to minimum.
The project involves many environmental issues, however, the impact of the project to
local environment can be effectively controlled if the following major environmental
issues are monitored and controlled.
8.1 Implementation
Organizations
and
Responsibilities
As indicated in Fig.2-1 in Vietnam, environmental management at national level is the
responsibility of MoNRE. Department of Environment (DoE) of MoNRE will take charge
of environmental management in the LWMP in cooperation with concerned line agencies.
At national level, the Project Steering Committee should be established with the following
proposal members:
PSC:
1. Chaiman Vice minister of MoNRE (who is in charge of environmental issues)
2. Chief of Agricultural Department- MoARD
3. Director of Department of Environment MoNRE
4.5 Chairman of the two provinces
6.7 Two Directors of DoNREs at the project provinces
PMO/PIU
1. Chief of PMO/PIU
2. Financial officer or procurement officer
2. Environmental officer
3. Technical officer
4. Accountant
5. Clerk/Interpreter
6. Working team
PPMOs/DEC: Coordinator
95
1. Director - Vice Chairman of the Provincial/District People Committee
2. Vice Director Director of DoNRE
3. Vice Director Director of DoARD
4. Technical officer
5. Accountant
IA: Implementation Agencies
The selected Consultant or Research labs among pertinent organization will be appointed
to implement the EMP the supervision of VEPA and DoE, provincial Environmental
Management Division. Provincial EMS (if any) will be appointed if it has capability.
MoNRE, one of the ministries directly concerned in this project, has the overall
responsibility for environmental protection and management at the national level and
DoNRE in each province has the same responsibilities within each province and the areas
of influence of the project. Beside that, Animal Husbandry and Crop Husbandry
Departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) are
responsible for implementation of project activities and coordination with VEPA and/or
DoE to enforce the internal regulations and provide technical guidance for carrying out the
appropriate actions to ensure protection of the environment in the agricultural sector.
Their main responsibilities are: (1) to ensure that the project adhere with the relevant
environmental protection laws, regulations and standards of Vietnam, and (2) to supervise
environmental protection in the agricultural/livestock sector of the province. The PMO
will select pertinent Consultant provides environmental supervision and monitoring of the
work of DoARD and DoNRE. Other organizations such as the Animal Husbandry
Department and the Crop Department of MoARD are represented at project sites by the
respective departments in DoARD and have similar functions and personnel for livestock
waste management, promotion of cropping technique, and the link with environmental
protection as their counterparts at national level.
The Consultant organization that carry out the EMP and project monitoring will has the
following duties: reporting to PPMO and PMO any changes in the quality of natural
environment, environmental pollution control; and reporting progress achieved in
environmental improvement and protection.
However, the environmental staffs of DoE and the EMS staffs belonging to DoNRE are
not responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of the environmental performance of
the projects. But they have their role in case of reduplication of the project. Therefore, the
PMO/PIU should provide necessary training course and manpower to ensure effective and
smooth implementation of the environmental requirements of the project. The following
chapters discuss the details of implementing institutions and the proposed environmental
management plan (EMP), its manpower and institutional requirements.
8.1.1 Implementation
Organizations
The EIA and EMP, prepared by national consultant, should be reviewed and approved by
Department of Appraisal and Evaluation of EIA at MoNRE and the WB safeguard group.
During project implementation/construction and operation phases, implementation of the
EMP is the responsibly of the respective PMOs. If EMS exists within project areas, EMS
should be requested to collect the required data, monitoring of the implementation of the
EMP and checking whether the mitigation measures of each subcomponent of the project
96
are successfully undertaken. The respective DoNRE should be requested by the respective
PPMOs to supervise and inspect subcomponents of the project with potential
environmental impact following the proposed EMP and the relevant environment
protection laws of Vietnam.
The project areas will include 2 province with 01 district and 01 city with 10 communes. In
order to ensure smooth implementation of the project with minimum negative impact on
environment, the following EMP must be considered as a part and parcel of the project and
must be budgeted as a project item in the financial feasibility report and the project
implementation plan.
In order to ensure successful implementation of the proposed EMP and in line with
relevant Bank and national environmental regulations, each PPMO should appoint an
officer, on part-time basis, who will have full responsibility for the successful
implementation of the EMP and activities defined in mitigation and monitoring sections of
the EIA report (Chapter 7) during each phase of the project implementation and at least the
first five years of project implementation. The district PMOs (DPMOs) should also
designate one of their staff to be trained by the project environmental supervisor to take the
responsibility of ensuring full implementation of all EMP activities by the project at the
district level. He/she should convey the environmental issues within the project to the
PMO and EMS (if present), responsible for data collection and providing technical
assistance to the environmental officer. The environmental officers identified at PMOs at
every level (central, provincial, and district) are responsible for the preparation of the
environment protection materials and documents related to project implementation for the
review of MoNRE, and the Bank. During operation phase, each PPMO will assist the
central PMO with implementing the environmental monitoring program and other work
included in the environmental management plan. However, the ultimate responsibility for
ensuring that all activities identified in the EMP are implemented rest on shoulders of
central PMO. DPMO must ensure smooth flow of required environmental reports/data
from the district to the PPMO. The environmental management and organizations during
implementation and operation phases are diagrammed in Fig.8-1 and Fig. 8-2, respectively.
Central
PMO/PIU
PPMO
Technical/Environmental Officer/Consultant
Local governmental institutions
Design Unit
Environmental Officers
including EMS, DoNRE, Animal
Husbandry, Cropping Husbandry
Depart or Divisions, Farmer
Association. .etc
Fig. 8-1 Environmental Management Organization at Construction Stage
97
PMO/PIU
PPMO
Environmental Officers
Local governmental institutions including EMS,
Husbandry Depart, Agronomy, Relative
Associations, Communities
Fig. 8-2 Environmental Management Organization during Operation Stage
8.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist
As was discussed in 8.1.1, implementation of EMP will be the responsibility of
PMO/PPMO at various levels. They are responsible for ensuring the smooth
implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring plan as is detailed in the
environmental assessment report. Their major tasks include:
a.
Review and implementation of mitigation and monitoring activities with
comments on amendment to the activities as needed to obtain minimum
acceptable environmental performance level in the overall project;
b.
Regularly check implementation of pollution control measures in project sub-
components that might have pollution problems such as demonstration of
manure management technology sub-component.
c.
Report of those facilities that are not operating properly or are discharging
above environmental standard discharge regulation and report such violations to
local DoNRE through local EMS;
c.
Recommending, gaining approval for and carrying out any special studies,
which are believed necessary for reaching the minimum acceptable
environmental performance;
d.
In close cooperation with the project design and implementation teams, make
sure that the relevant mitigation measures contained in the EMP are reflected in
the final project plans and that necessary conditions for project monitoring are
in place;
e.
Provision of necessary training of staff of project management offices and
implementers of project subcomponent on environmental issues and
environmental inspection to improve the institutional capacity of provincial and
township personnel in implementation of EMP activities;
f.
Supervise the implementation of the environmental protection measures as
specified in the environmental mitigation plan;
98
g.
Provide written guidelines whenever gaps in environmental performance are
found and to take corrective measures;
h.
Perform emergency response plans during environmental emergency conditions
and report any environmental accident/mishaps to the PMO and local DoNRE
in a timely manner;
i.
Implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and
supervising monitoring institutions and ensure that all sampling activities as
defined in the monitoring plan are completed on a timely manner;
j.
Mandate pertinent Environmental Officers to implement the environmental
monitoring plan including engaging and supervising monitoring institutions and
ensure that all sampling activities as defined in the monitoring plan are
completed on a timely manner;
k.
Prepare periodic reports on environmental performance of the project's
implementation and operation to be availed to relevant environmental
administrative departments/Bureaus and the Bank supervisory mission
members;
l.
Deal with the complaints concerning the environmental aspects and accept the
supervision of the environmental protection departments;
m
Arrange for the visits of the Bank Mission staff, and regulatory staff of DoNRE
and/or EMS, as required;
n.
Supervise environmental issues during project implementation/construction and
urge construction/implementation teams to follow relevant regulations; and
o.
Be responsible for other actions needed for full implementation of the EMP.
Supervision Organization
DoNREs are the provincial administrative departments for environmental protection. They
are responsible for the environmental management and supervision within the jurisdiction
of the respective province. DoNRE and EMS offices at provincial level will accomplish
monitoring work of the project (if they have capacity). The environmental protection work
of this project will be carried out, under the supervision of MoNRE, by the provincial
DoNRE within the project areas. The environmental supervision plan is summarized in
Table 8-1.
8.2 Environmental
Management
Plan
In order to ensure the effective implementation of the proposed environmental mitigation
measures for the project, an environment management plan has been formulated and listed
in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2
99
Table 8-1 Environment Monitoring Plan, LWMP at Vietnam
Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
Feasibility
NSC. DoE,
1. Review EIA
1. Guarantee a complete environmental assessment, and appropriate subject
Study
identification, emphasize the key points.
MoNRE,
2. Review EMP draft
Experts
2. Make sure EMP reflects the possible, significant environmental issues which
might be caused by the project
3.Guarantee a concrete and practical action plan for implementation of mitigation
measures
4. Set up EMP at implementation sites to be detailed monitoring of the
environmental impact and improvement.
Design &
DoNRE,
1. Review the preliminary
1. Strictly execute EMP
Implementation
VEPA/IA,
design for environmental
2. Ensure that all-national environmental laws and regulations with regards to
GEF
protection and EMP
project construction/implementation are considered.
VEPA/IA,
2. Check whether investment
1. Secure that sufficient environmental protection investment is in place
GEF
for environment protection is
in place.
DoNRE,
3. Check selection of project
1. Ensure that the project areas are far away from the nature reserves buffer zones
MONRE
areas.
and core areas, and make sure that the project will not block the migration route of
DPMO
wild animals.
2. Ensure that the project sites will not located to the very sensitive areas,
especially that centralized manure treatment system next to the children school,
hospitals, etc.
3. Ensure that the project sites will not be in the subsidence land or flood prone
areas
100
Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
4. Supervise dust and noise
1. Take recommended measures in EMP for dust and noise pollution.
pollution, if found to be an
2. Ensure that construction teams strictly follow EMP, and relevant state and local
issue.
laws and regulations.
3. If noise is found as an environmental nuisance, enforce proposed construction
times according to EMP.
5. Inspect whether there are
1. Protect known and unknown cultural relics
underground cultural relics.
2. Have project work stoppage plans in place and enforce it, if new finds are
discovered
6. Inspect the discharge and
1. Ensure that solid and liquid waste from livestock farms or manure treatment
treatment of daily manure
facilities are disposed according to relevant national and local regulations.
treatment system and
2. Ensure that surface and groundwater are not contaminated.
especially waste from larger
manure treatment facilities
7. Check whether construction
1. Ensure erosion control measures according to EMP, national and local laws are
will cause accelerated soil
in place.
erosion.
Operation
Donner/
1. Inspect the implementation
1. Protect the environment; minimize the environmental impact during operation
of EMP in operation stage
phase.
PPMO, EMS
2.Check the implementation
2. If necessary, review and amend the EMP to overcome unforeseen impacts.
(if present)
of monitoring plan
3. Guarantee the livestock waste disposal will meet the standard.
3. Verify whether it is
4. Ensure that project impact on natural resources is minimized, especially on soil
necessary to take further
and water resources.
environmental protection
6. Enforce the national regulations with regards to discharge of pollutants,
measures for unforeseen
especially liquid discharge of livestock farms, biogas tanks and/or aerobic and
environmental problem.
anaerobic lagoons.
4. Ensure that livestock waste
7. Ensure that project activities will not cause any additional degradation of natural
management measures are
resources (soil and water). Report any violations to appropriate line agencies.
implemented.
101
Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
5. Check whether the
8. Ensure that project will not cause negative impact on water resources and their
discharge of pollutants meets
availability for downstream users. Report any violations to the appropriate
the national standards.
regulatory agencies.
6. Check if project is causing
9. Prevent any potential project impact on nature reserves, rare flora and fauna by
unforeseen pressure on water
enforcing the EMP.
bodies in the region.
7. Check whether the project
has any impact on nature
reserves, rare flora or fauna.
8. Check if project is causing
accelerated soil erosion.
9. Ensure manure application
on land does not cause
significant increase in soil
nutrient loading beyond its
capacity.
10. Ensure that manure
application on land does not
cause significant surface and
groundwater pollution.
102
Table 8-2 Environment Management Plan for LWMP
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
A. Design Phase
1. Optimize project design and plan to minimize its potential negative environmental impacts.
2. Project subcomponents should be planned and designed to avoid environmental sensitive areas
like core and buffer zones of nature reserves and wildlife habitats, to avoid natural and cultural
relics, and to reasonably arrange construction schedule to minimize land occupancy and reduce
land occupancy time.
PPMOs, Design
1.The Project
PPMOs
teams
3. Strengthen provincial EMS, if present, to enforce environmental monitoring activities.
4. Project subcomponents that are close to nature reserves and/or habitats of wild animals for
approval of relevant departments.
5. Prepare site specific EA reports for newly identified project sites.
1. If construction of limited access roads is required, they should be designed to minimize land
occupancy and avoid/minimize damage to vegetation.
2. Construction of laboratories at project sites, if required, should use as little land as possible.
2. Land Use
Design Teams
PPMOs
3. Biogas/lagoon/wetland for manure treatment development will require acquisition of some land.
Unless the newly acquired land is state owned, new land cannot be claimed from local
farmers/inhabitant for construction of manure treatment facilities, unless it strictly follows land
resettlement procedure presented by the social assessment team.
1. Promote appropriate water use procedures to reduce water use within project areas.
Provincial, regional
3. Water Resource
water resources
PPMOs
2. Promote reuse and recycling of water resources within project areas.
bureau/Department
103
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
B. Construction phase
1. Construction machineries should be kept far away from nature reserves and wildlife habitats.
2. If construction activities are located in proximity of nature reserves buffer areas, effort should
be made to minimize noise levels by use of silencers and by implementing the project construction
activities outside breeding period
1. Nature reserves
3. It is not allowed to convert nature reserves/natural parks to any other use. Manure management
Construction
PPMOs,
and wildlife
facilities should be constructed in present agricultural land or previously converted agricultural
Team
DPMOs
habitats
land.
3. Proper disposal of wastes resulted from construction activities. Waste disposal sites should be
located far from nature reserves and wildlife habitats.
4. Construction workers should be directed not to enter core and buffer zones of nature reserves.
1. After the manure management facilities and respective canal/drainage system construction is
finished, vegetation, grass planting should be arranged to cover the exposed side slope. To get
effective results, the side slope plantation should be completed one month in advance to the rainy
season.
2. Avoid digging ditches on slopes greater than 25% during rainy season. Sand bags, hay bales or
Construction
PPMOs,
2. Soil Erosion
straw matt should be used on the down slope side of any cut areas to reduce soil erosion and
increase in sediment load of the water bodies.
Teams
DPMOs
3. After completion of construction work, vegetative cover should be planted as soon as possible
to prevent wind and water erosion, as well as runoff.
4. The construction should employ restrict soil erosion control measures during construction to
prevent soil erosion and increased sediment load in nearby river/water bodies.
104
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
5. As much as possible, the excavated material should be used in construction and any surplus
should be disposed off properly according to national and provincial environmental pollution laws.
1. Almost all of the livestock farms in Vietnam are located within residential areas. Within 100m-
300m of the construction site, construction activities are forbidden and should be stopped betweent
22h00 to 06h00 at night, and between 12h00 to 14h00.
2. The access roads should be selected away from sensitive locations such as schools, high density
residential, and hospitals. Maximum allowable noise level according to the Vietnamese laws is 80
dbA.
Construction
PPMO,
3. Noise
3. When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy machinery
should be allowed during school hours; when the construction site is close to densely populated
Teams
DPMO
residences or hospitals, construction work with heavy machineries, producing high noise levels,
should not be arranged during evening hours. To reduce the noise pollution of construction
machineries, silencers should be used on mufflers.
4. The construction operator's work time should be arranged in accordance with the labor hygiene
standard, and personal protection measures such as wearing earplugs, earmuffs, helmets, etc.
should be provided to the operators.
Mixing equipment should be placed far from residential areas, hospitals and schools. Sealing,
vibration reducing and dust absorbing measures should be adopted.
According to national labor laws, labor protection measures should be provided to the operators of
Construction
4. Air quality
the construction machineries, such as protective glasses and masks.
PPMO
Team, DPMO
3. Water should be sprayed during dry, dusty days on the construction sites and related roads to
prevent dust.
4. Large-scale manure treatment system should be located away from environmentally sensitive
105
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
areas such as residential areas.
1. Inform contractors and construction workers on recognition of cultural relics and importance of
Construction
protecting them.
Team, Provincial
5. Natural and
Cultural Relics
PPMO,
cultural relics
2. During construction, if cultural relics are found, construction should stop, the construction
Bureau
DPMO
supervisor should protect the site, and concerned department should be immediately notified to
handle the find.
Central
6. Minority
Construction
1. Respect the living style and traditional customs of minority nationalities.
PMO,
Nationalities
Team
PPMO
C. Operation phase
1. Ensure that manure management plans, formulated by the project, are followed by local
farmers to ensure sustainable use of treated liquid and solid manure (compost).
2. Enhance the capability of provincial cropping division, responsible for extension activities,
supervision and enforcement of regulation on the use of organic manure and nutrient additives to
the soil.
DoARD,
1. Land
3. Ensure that manure application rates and timing, proposed by the project, does not cause
PPMO,
Application
Provincial and
significant increase in soil and water resources nutrient loading by monitoring soil and water
DPMO
regional EMS
nutrient levels.
In line with the principle of balancing nutrient and livestock number, transportation and other
collection/transportation means should be developed to reduce pressure of livestock waste to the
environment.
4. Investigate/monitor potential impact/acceptability of the use of treated manure on paddy rice
106
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
fields and ensure that no significant impact occur on water resources.
5. Ensure that the line agencies provide appropriate extension services to promote best
management practices with regard to manure application on cropland and prevention of nutrient
loading of soil and water resources.
6. Undertake soil monitoring of selected areas, applying solid/liquid manure to establish the effect
of land application of manure on soil and water quality.
1. Undertake a rigorous surface and groundwater water quality monitoring program to establish
baseline data and the dynamic change of water quality due to manure management practices.
2. Ensure that appropriate measures are adopted to reduce water use in cleaning/washing of pigs
and piggery facilities.
3. Ensure the use of appropriate equipment for application of liquid manure (from waste treatment
lagoons, and biogas facilities) on land to reduce over-application/runoff.
Central
PPMO, DoNRE,
PMOs,
2. Water resources
4. Ensure that appropriate water-manure ratios are used for lagoon/biogas/wetland waste treatment
MoNRE,
plans to optimize nutrient load of the liquid manure.
DoARD
MoARD
5. Monitor the efficiency of waste treatment lagoons, biogas systems, and constructed wetlands
and ensure optimal design, maintenance, and operation of the facilities.
6. Promote reduction and reuse of water resources during piggery operations.
7. Promote use of treated wastewater is used for irrigation or fish production according to the
local/national regulations.
3. Flora, fauna,
1. Project financed lagoon/constructed wetlands should use flora, fauna in the project area.
and nature
2. If wild animals are present in the project areas, ensure that their travel routes are not blocked by
DPMO
PPMOs,
reserves
project facilities.
107
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
3. Use only the native plants in lagoon and constructed wetland development.
4. Observe impact on new plants and animal population as well as soil worms and microbial
activity.
1. Supervise and enforce discharge rates of treated effluents and land application rates of liquid
manure to prevent water erosion and runoff.
4. Soil Erosion
PMO and EMS
PPMO
2. Apply soil conservation measures to reduce soil erosion down slope of fields used for land
application of liquid manure and waste treatment plants.
1. Monitor level of pathogens and parasite in the liquid and solid manure before their application
On crops, especially vegetables and market garden crops.
2. Ensure that optimal retention time, temperature, and pH conditions are observed to effectively
eliminate pathogens during composting, digestion in the biogas, and in the treatment lagoon.
3. Ensure use of appropriate disinfecting measures before final discharge of treated waste water
such as killing the pathogens of biogas sludge by ultra violet rays of the sun through air drying,
DPMOs,
5. Safe land
etc.
Central
application of
Local EMDs,
4. Monitor to ensure the wastewater treatment from the biogas tanks or piggery farms meet the
PMO,
treated solid and
Agricultural
national standard for irrigation and agricultural purposes.
PPMO
liquid manure
extension
5. Improve watershed management and agricultural practices by adapting results of applied
Stations
research conducted by the national and local institutions, project, and AWI, and including them in
the extension programs, especially in the application of treated manure and/or sediment from
biogas tanks to the crop.
6. Monitor and evaluate safe use of treated manure in at least 5 years.
7. Promote timely and well-balanced application of farmyard manure
108
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
1. Ensure application of appropriate manure treatment technologies to minimize/reduce land
requirement for the treatment facilities.
6. Land use
2. Use of organic manure (solid and liquid manure) in cropping should improve soil nutrient load
PPMO,
Provincial PMO
change
and structure. This might increase potential crop yield and increase land value. Land
PPMO
improvement should be monitored and be considered as an added economic value in lieu of lost
land to manure treatment plans.
D. Environment Monitoring
Implementation/operation phase:
a. Monitoring items: pH, DO, total P, total N, NO3-N, NH3-N, COD, BOD5, E.coli
b. Monitoring frequency: 4 times every year, followed for 5 years during operation.
1.Surface water
Local EMS
PPMOs
c. Monitoring periods: 1day.
d. Location to be monitored: 03 samples at the river up stream, down stream and at receiving point
during Implementation phase (5 years).
Implementation/operation phase:
a. Monitoring items: pH, total P, total N, NO3-N, NH3-N, COD, BOD5, E.coli
b. Monitoring frequency: 04times every year, followwed 05 years during the implementation
2.Groundwater
Local EMS
PPMOs
period of each site.
c. Monitoring periods: 1 day
d. Location to be monitored: 01 set in the farm. 01 set in project site.
109
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
Implementation/operation phase:
Monitoring items: pH, EC, Effective CEC, TKN, TP, available P
Soil quality
Monitoring frequency: 2 times for each crop. (Before and after)
Sediment quality
Monitoring period: day
Location to be monitored: Upstream and downstream of land application areas
110
Environmental Monitoring Plan
The main purpose of this section is to summarize the needs of monitoring and to prepare a
sound environmental monitoring program. The main objectives of the plan are:
(1) to ensure that all the mitigation measures specified in the EA report will actually be
carried out;
(2) to evaluate the monitoring data to determine whether the environmental protection
measures as proposed (including design, implementation, and operational procedures)
are actually furnishing adequate environmental protections and if not, to indicate the
correction measures that is needed, and
(3) to ensure sustainable use of natural resources (such as water, land, and soil) by the
project.
8.2.1 Monitoring
Items
The monitoring program includes monitoring for each of the individual environmental
issues as identified in Table 8-1, Table 8-2.
8.2.2 Monitoring
Implementer
The implementers of the monitoring plan are EMS and capable labs to do. In Dong Nai
province, there is the EMS belonging to Dong Nai DONRE. Dong Nai EMS will carry out
one part of the actual monitoring activities to evaluate the quality of surface and
groundwater and soil quality. EMS in Dong Nai province has weak capacity and will take
the charge of taking the samples designed by the EA specialist. In case of Hatay Province,
the EMS is not available, in that case the EMS Hanoi will take samples. Once the samples
are taken, they will be sent to the capable labs to analyze or the EMSs will carry out the
analyses. The PMO should reach a contractual agreement with respective EMS or capable
labs before project implementation. The environmental officer of PMO is responsible for
requesting for implementation of monitoring activities by the respective monitoring stations
or labs, as specified in the EMP and whenever the situation arises. All the monitoring report
should be submitted to the PMO.
8.2.3 Monitoring
Report
System
The reporting system for environment monitoring is shown in Figure 8-1. In Dong Nai
EMS and Hanoi EMS and accredited labs should be approached by the PMO to implement
the environmental monitoring requirement of the project. The capacity of the potential
laboratory(ies) should be evaluated and potential training needs/capacity building
requirements for the potential laboratory(ies) should be identified and provided before
project implementation. After completion of each environmental monitoring task,
contracted laboratories should submit the monitoring report to the PMO and PPMO. During
implementation/construction, and the first five years of operation phases, PMO should
submit annual environmental quality report to NSC. All submitted reports should also be
available to DoE-MoNRE, and other line agencies, upon their request.
8.2.4 Baseline Monitoring
The pre-implementation/construction monitoring program is designed to achieve two main
objectives. The first one is to check whether the mitigation measures contained in the
environment assessment report have been incorporated in the final design document and in
the construction contracts. The second is to assess the existing conditions, including
seasonal variability of the various parameters. The proposed monitoring plan for each
111
project site is outlined in Figure 8-3. The monitoring items and related issues can be found
in Table 8-2.
DoE
MoNRE
NSC,FAO/GEF
EMD
PMO
Environmental
officers
PPMO
EMS, accredited labs
Fig. 8-3 Monitoring Report Chart
8.2.5 Monitoring
during
implementation/construction
The monitoring program is designed to evaluate the construction activities during the
implementation period and to ensure that they meet the set up criteria. The construction of
the lagoon/wetland/biogas systems could bring about some potentially adverse impacts on
environmental parameters including air quality, soil erosion, acoustic environment, public
health, biological resources, etc.
Air Quality: Dust monitoring to control and reduce construction generated dust levels and
provide the basis for additional measures (as required). Table 8-3 presents air quality
monitoring program for the project areas, if found necessary by the environmental officer
or in case of complaints.
Table 8-3 Construction Air Quality Monitoring Program
Monitoring Site
Item
Frequency
Sampling Timing
Implementer
Construction sites
TSP Twice
during Once in the morning and
within 100m of
construction
once in the afternoon.
PPMO/EMS
residential areas
Noise: The construction noise-monitoring program is presented below (see Table 8-4) to
monitor the impact of construction noise. If the construction site is more than 200m from
residential areas, this monitoring is unnecessary.
Table 8-4 Noise Monitoring Program During Construction
Monitoring
Monitoring
Site Monitored
Frequency
Implementer
period
timing
Once/day,
within 200 m of construction site
At random,
1-day
PPMO/ EMS
Once/ night
Soil Erosion and Surface Water Sediment Loading: Soil erosion could occur at
construction sites, during construction of lagoons, wetlands and/or centralized biogas
facilities near water bodies (rivers, creeks, canals, waterways, etc.). Construction induced
112
water erosion could cause increase in sediment load in water bodies that could negatively
impact aquatic flora and fauna. Respective PPMOs will be responsible to ensure that
adequate soil conservation measures are provided along the slopes such as hay-bale, silt
fence and/or fiber mats to prevent significant increase in the sediment load of rivers and
lakes within the project area.
8.2.6 Monitoring
during
Operation
The potential negative environmental impacts during project operation phase may happen
mainly due to mishaps or mistakes by operators or design ineffectiveness. Potential
environmental risks include possible pollution of surface and groundwater due to over
application and/or untimely of livestock manure on agricultural land, inadequate or
ineffective proposed manure management technologies, poor compaction of the lagoon
floor and deep percolation of nutrients into groundwater, breakage of lagoon embankments
(above ground lagoons), explosion of biogas facilities, under capacity of the constructed
treatment system, wrong technical design or construction, improper operation/maintenance
of the manure treatment system, etc. The main parameters that should be monitored
include surface and groundwater quality especially where centralized treatment system is
setup. More detailed and relevant information on environment monitoring parameters,
implementing agencies & responsible institutions are presented in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2.
8.2.7 Monitoring
Budget
An estimated budget for the implementation of the monitoring programs for project sites is
listed in Table 8-5. The cost of baseline surveys during implementation monitoring is
estimated in the table 8-5, table 8-6, and table 8-7, table 8-8.
The total cost of environmental monitoring is estimated for Dongnai province and the same
for Hatay province.
Table 8-5: Cost Estimate for water quality analyses at Dong Nai Province
According to standard price promulgated in 2002 by Ministry of Finance No: 83/2002
dated 25/9/2002.
Undergound water quality testing cost
Stt Items
Cos
tVND
Method
1
pH 30
pH meter
2
BOD5
80
APHA 5210B, TCVN6001:
1995
3
COD 70
APHA 5520
4
DO 60
HACH 1992
5
SS 50
APHA 2540D, TCVN 4560-
1998
6
NH3
60
APHA 4500
7
NO -
3
50
APHA 4500
8
NO -
2
50
APHA 4500
9
Coliform 60
APHA 9221
10
T-P 80
113
11 Ecoli
120
12 Samonella
120
13 A.sum
120
Tæng 950
Rounded 60-64US$/sample.
Surface water quality testing cost
N0 Items Cost
(VND)
Method
1
pH 30 pH meter
2
BOD5
80 APHA 5210B, TCVN6001: 1995
3
COD 70 APHA 5520
5
SS 50 APHA 2540D, TCVN 4560- 1998
6
NH3
60 APHA 4500
7
NO -
3
50 APHA 4500
8
NO -
2
50 APHA 4500
9
Steptro 60 APHA 9221
10
T-P 80
11 Ecoli
120
12 Feacal
Coliform
120
Total
770
Round 47USD/sample
Soild analysis:
No Items Cost
(VND)
Note
Available P
180 000
E.CEC 200
000
pH 80
000
T-N 80
000
T-P 80
000
K
80 000
OC 180
000
Tools hiring
200000
Total cost
1,080,000
Rounded 82US$/saple
System monitoring
Items
Cost
(VND)
Method
114
1
pH
30 000
2
NH4 60
000
3
TKN 60
000
4
TP 60
000
5
EC 200
000
6
Soluble salt
100 000
7
K
80 000
8
OC 60
000
9
COD 80
000
10 BOD
80
000
Total cost
810 000
Rounded 61-64 $/sample
Table 8-6: Cost of EMP, Vietnam (2 provincial project sites)
Issue
Indicator to
Monitoring
Monitoring
Monitor
Location
Frequency
Surface water quality
pH, suspended solids
Three locations,
Four times a year; 3
(SS), nutrients (TKN,
upstream, mid-stream
locations x *12 farms x
TP),NH4, NO2, NO3
and downstream.
five years years;
CODMn, BOD5, Faecal
64US$/sample
coli form
Cost 1: 46,080US$
Groundwater quality
pH, suspended solids
12 farms, 2 locations;
Four times a year; 12
(SS), nutrients (TKN,
farms *2 locations* 5
Established batteries of
NO2, NO3-N, NH4-N,
years; 47.5 US$/sample
piezometers.
TP), Faecal coli forms
Cost 2: 22,800 US$
Sallmonella, A.sum
Soil quality
pH, EC*10-3, OC, TKN,
3 cropping systems;
Two time per year x 9
TP, K, available P
places and 6 samples per
3 manure application
year; 5 years x 80
systems
$/sample
3 areas
Cost 3: 43,200 US$
Total cost for EMP
=111,840 US$
System Performance
Feeds:
Feeds:
Feeds:
(Supplementary for
N, P and K
5 farms * 3 feeds *6
5 farms * 3 feeds *2
technological
analysis/year * 5 year *
analysis/year * 5 year *
demonstration)
+ heavy metals
50 US$
50 US$ =7,500 US$
"Outlets":
"Outlet" spots:
"Outlets":
pH, suspended solids
Dry manure being used
6 spots * 4 farms * 4
(SS), nutrients (TKN,
or sold and wet manure
times a year * 5 years *
NO3-N, NH4-N TP),
before going to biogas
64 US$ =30.720 US$
CODMn, BOD5, Faecal
and biogas effluent going
115
Issue
Indicator to
Monitoring
Monitoring
Monitor
Location
Frequency
coli forms.
and biogas effluent going
to the fish pond and
waste from the fish pond
leaving the system for the
field or discharge + 2
additional spots
Crop production:
Yield of fields with no
application of manure
= 5,000 US$
and with application of
dry manure; with
Total cost for system
application of waste
monitoring=43,220US$
water and with dry
Total cost for EMP and
manure + waste water
system monitoring:
and dry manure +
155,000US$ submit to
ertilized and not
have a fund from GEF
+20,000US$ for
contigencies
Total Cost: 175,000 US$
8.3 Environmental
Training/Institutional
Strengthening
Plan
8.3.1 Training
Objectives
The objectives of the environmental training program is to enable PMO, PPMO officials
and related officers responsible for implementation of EMP to further strengthen their
capabilities and to enable them to ensure successful implementation of the mitigation and
monitoring plans specified in EA during final project design, implementation and operation
of the project. The trainees could also include environmental officers from DoNRE or
DoARD in Dongnai and Ha Tay and the state and private farms in both Dongnai and
HaTay.
The staffs of involved EMS or labs should involve in the training course to make sure the to
the methods required by the project for analytical works.
In order to ensure the success of the intensive training courses and the implementation of
EMP, it is required that the employees who will be assigned as the environmental officer of
PMO or PPMO have university degrees from accredited universities in one of the relevant
natural resource areas (livestock management, water resources, agronomy, soils,
environment, etc) and should have a minimum of three years of field experience.
8.3.2 Training
Courses
The following courses will be included in the environmental training pogrom in both
Dongnai and HaTay:
¾ Understanding and application of environmental laws, regulations, standards and
norms of the Vietnamese government concerning environmental protection;
¾ Environmental management criteria utilized by the World Bank; and
¾ Environmental technology and environmental monitoring techniques including: (1)
status of surface waters, principles of hydrogeology, and groundwater distribution;
(2) basic knowledge of environmental monitoring; (3) Pollution control
116
technologies; (5) basics of water sampling and sample treatment for analysis of
different elements identified in EMP; and (6) preparation of environmental
monitoring reports.
The environmental officer of PMO will provide training on these subjects, being assisted by
the relevant scientists from universities, MoNRE, DoARD, Livestock Management
Institute, Animal Husbandry Department, WATSAN, Agriculture- Forestry University, etc.
In order to reduce the training cost, HaTay and Dongnai PPMOs can decide to arrange for
combined training courses for the senior environmental staffs of respective PMOs, State
and private farms using the capabilities of both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City universities
and scientific institutions. If the second option (combined option) is selected, the training
program will somewhat modified and take the "training of the trainers" format. It is
proposed to have two week-long training courses during the first year, the second at later
stages of project implementation being in workshop format to upgrade the capabilities of
the environmental officers after having a better understanding of the project's
environmental requirements.
8.4 Budgets
Table 8.6: Budget for EMP and monitoring in two provincial project sites of Vietnam. The
budget for salaries of part time environmental protection staff of PMO or PPMOs will be
included in the project management.
Table 8-7-Cost for environmental officer/consultant
Incremental cost for environmental
officers Salary
rate
Implemetation
Operation
Total
Personnel on environmental issues
$US
Total m/m
Cost $US
m/m Cost
$US
Environmentalspecialist at PMO
500
8
4000
9
4500
Environmental specialist at 02 PPMOs
500
16
8000
18
9000
Sub total
12000
13500
Grand total
25500
Table 8-8, table 8-9, table 8-10 present estimated budget for the environmental training
program. Table 8-10 presents the overall environmental management cost estimate for
Dongnai. If the incremental salary costs of the PMO employees are not included in the
total cost, the actual additional EMP cost.
Table 8-8 Cost for Environmental Training Course
Training course
No. of
Training
Daily
For environmentalists and related persons
Personnel
Contents
Time
cost
Total cost
1. Classroom training
Days
$US
$US
1.1 Trainers
2
As per
8
60
960
Environ.
1.2 PMO/PPMO/DEC & related Personnel
18
8
10
1,440
Training
1.3 Facilities & management
1
Program
8
200
1,600
1.4 Document for participants
20
1
10
200
Subtotal
5,000
2. Field/practical training
2.1 Trainer
2
2
60
240
2.2 PMO/PPMO/DEC and related
Personnel
18
Field Trips
2
10
360
Facilities
1
2
200
200
117
Subtotal
800
Total
5,200
118
Table 8-9: Cost for training course for environmental analytical officers
No. of
Training
Total
Training course for analyticans
Personnel
Contents Time
Daily
cost
cost
1. Classroom training
As per
Days
$US
$US
1.1 Trainers
3
Analytical and
4
60
720
Methodology
1.2 PPMO and related Personnel
5
4
10
200
Training
1.3 Facilities & management-doc.
2
Program
4
200
1,600
Subtotal
3,320
2. Field/practical training
2.1 Trainer
3
1
60
180
2.2 PPMO and related Personnel
5
Field Trips
1
10
50
Facilities
1
1
200
200
Subtotal
430
Total
2,950
Table 8-10: Workshop on project monitoring and evaluation
No. of
Training
Time
Cost
Total cost
Workshop
Personnel
Contents
(days)
(US$)
1.1 Speakers
4
1
60
240
1.2 PMO/PPMO & related Personnel
50
M & E
1
10
500
1.3 Facilities & management
1
methodology
1
400
400
1.4 Documents for participants
50
1
10
500
Total
1,640
Table8-11 Total cost estimation Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) &
Evaluation at Dongnai, HaTay Provinces
Project Environmental Monitoring -
Reference Locations Implementation Operation Sub
total
M&E at 02 provinces
$US
Environmental Staff salary
12,000
13,500
25,500
Training courses (Tab.8.8-tab.8.9)
8,150
8,150
EMP for 2 provinces (underground,
Table 8-6
surface, soil analyses)
45,174
67,760
112,934
System performance monitoring
Table 8-6
16,812
25217
42,029
Project management, M& E workshop
Table 8-10
1,640
1,640
Health monitoring, based on 480
questionaires x 6$/each
2,880
5,760
8,640
Social monitoring based on 480
questionaires
2,880
5,760
8,640
M&E report
2,000
2,000
2,000
Consultants' fee
6,000
6,000
Contingency, 5%
3,869
5,325
9,194
Total
81,254
111,823
224,727
· The actual cost of Environmental monitoring, with 5% contingency
· The cost will be saved if there is limited number of demo sites needed to be monitored.
· Contingency cost will be for buying necessary tool kits or sampling tools.
Environmental and pathogen germ analytical works (Table 8.6) with 155,000US$ will be
submited to GEF Fund.
119
120
9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1
Major Conclusions
The environmental and social analysis of the LWM Project indicated that while the project
would have minimum negative impact on the environment, its overall social and
environmental impact would be highly positive. The project, if successfully implemented,
should improve hygienic environmental conditions and water quality within and
downstream of the project areas. Increase use of organic manure in agriculture and
reduction in chemical fertilizer use should reduce production cost to the farmers and
improve soil quality. By reducing nutrient loading of surface and groundwater resources,
the project should help to improve general wellbeing and health status of local inhabitants,
and reduce the epidemic zoonotic diseases within project areas. The proposed project, in
general, will have a positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of the farming
communities by bettering environmental quality and improving quality of water resource
for the communities.
9.1.1 Selection of Project Areas
The proposed project covers two provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay, with high density
population. The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the
country and are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of
livestock production in recent years.
The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C with large range between the
coolest and warmest month 3.30C 390C and in Dong Nai province is 270C varies between
24oC to 28.6oC. The average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm and 1800mm to
2553mm in Dongnai province. Majority of precipitation occurs between June and October
accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation. The demonstration sites for
applying the manure management technology are Thuong Tin district, Hatay Province and
Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province with more than 250,000 pigs and have high density of
number of pig per square km2.
9.1.2 Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures
The unknown in advance environmental impacts of the project during
implementation/construction phase of the project in both and are temporal and absolutely
light. There are, however, a number of unavoidable aspects of project implementation,
which, if not well handled, may have potential adverse environmental impacts. The level of
such impacts will depend on the success of and the manner in which proposed project
specific environmental mitigation plans and programs are implemented. The temporary
negative impacts are believed to be minor and include: (1) vegetation damage during
lagoon, or constructed wetland development for the establishment of treatment facilities;
(2) temporary land occupation at the construction sites; (3) potential soil erosion and
corresponding increase in sediment load during construction; and (4) potential temporary
noise, air, and water pollution. However, if the mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7
and EMP of this EA Report are successfully implemented, the degree of environmental
impacts during this phase of the project will be minimal.
During operation phase, potential environmental issues that are identified in the EA report
include:
(1) Potential risk of impact on water resources (surface and groundwater) in case of
percolation from the bottom of lagoons, breakage of lagoon embankments (above
121
ground lagoons), overflow due to incidence of high intensity rainfall above lagoon
capacity, etc.;
(2) Potential soil pollution through improper application of solid and liquid manure (over
application or untimely application);
(3) Potential risk of explosion of biogas tanks;
(4) Potential risk of overproduction of solid and liquid manure and lack of available land or
farmer willingness to apply the manure on agricultural land, forcing direct discharge of
partially treated manure to surface water bodies;
(5) Potential cumulative impact from large manure treatment system such as the large
volume of liquid waste, sludge and sediment on soil and water resources
(eutrophication, increase in COD, coli forms, etc.), and
(6) Potential impact on plant biodiversity in project areas.
Regarding each possible adverse impact, corresponding mitigation measures are proposed
in Chapter 7, and 8 (EMP). By implementing better watershed management and best
management practices in livestock manure treatment, point and non-point source pollution
of water resources should be reduced within and downstream of project areas. Through
development of policy frameworks on livestock management and decision support tools,
the results from the project demonstration site will be expanded widely throughout the
country. Effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures would be a
challenge to the project proponent. In order to cope with the complex environmental
issues, an environmental management plan (EMP) including institutional strengthening,
environmental training and environmental monitoring plan is developed. The EMP should
be strictly implemented to ensure that the proposed project would have neither significant
nor irreversible adverse impact on the natural environment of the project areas.
9.2 Recommendations
In order to prevent potential negative impacts of the proposed project as well as to improve
project's positive environmental impacts, it is suggested to adopt a dynamic approach to the
environmental monitoring and management plan. EMP should be reviewed throughout the
project cycle, and if any unforeseen environmental impacts are identified during project
implementation and operation phases, appropriate changes should be made to the EMP to
reflect the new findings.
9.2.1 Follow-up
Program
A follow-up program is recommended to analyze the overall impacts of the project
implementation and operation. Such program will be served to verify that predictions of
impact put forward in the planning stages are as expected, and if not, adequate and timely
corrective measures would be developed and implemented. Hence, corrective measures can
be undertaken before irrevocable impacts have occurred. Information gathered from these
programs is also used as input to refine future project designs.
The proposed program should incorporate the monitoring plan as presented in Chapter 8.
A number of interim reports should be prepared by the PPMO environmental officers of
both provinces to ensure that findings of the EMP are incorporated in the project design and
in future sub-projects and a dynamic approach to EMP is followed by the project. The
main reports that should be prepared include:
122
1. An interim report at the end of the pre-construction program, to provide input to the
implementation phase;
2. Annual reports on the completion of implementation and construction activities;
3. Annual reports during the monitoring of project operation; and
4. Final report, summarizing impacts and successes of mitigation measures.
If significant unforeseen negative impacts are discerned at any stage, the proposed program
and schedule should allow for timely re-evaluation of the EMP and provide sufficient time
to implement further measures. Reports should be submitted to senior PPMO management,
the World Bank, and various regional line agencies, if requested, for review and comments.
9.2.2 Public
Participation
The community and public involvement process was initiated during the environmental and
socio-economic surveys when livestock farmers and village communities were contacted to
obtain baseline information. It is imperative that these processes should continue so that
the project participants feel that they are involved in the project and that their views and
concerns are being adequately considered in the project planning process. In order for the
beneficiaries to participate in the project design more actively, it was suggested to develop
detailed beneficial participation plans for the projects. These plans detail participating
activities in each stage of project implementation and participants including small, home-
based livestock farmers, large farms, NGOs and the disadvantaged groups including women
and minority nationalities in the project areas. Since no specific sites and dates of
participating activities are specified in these plans, it is suggested that the PPMOs develop a
concrete schedule based on the prepared plan to guarantee a smooth implementation of the
plan during project implementation.
In general, the majority of livestock farmers support the implementation of the project. In
addition, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and central project offices,
staff of the livestock division at provincial, governmental levels and officers of the MoNRE
and MoARD, NGOs, and the environmentalists who were interviewed strongly support the
implementation of the project.
9.2.3 Further Suggestions and Environmental Requirements
Project beneficiaries should strictly follow the livestock management technology and plans
and provincial environmental management division should effectively supervise the
implementation of the LWM plans to control/prevent contamination of water sources due to
accidental overflow of lagoons or over application of manure on land. Livestock production
in the project area should follow the national plans, encouraged to apply the manure
treatment solutions proposed by the project, and respect the environmental laws with regard
to quality of discharge. The animal numbers should be controlled based on nutrient balance
planning of available number of animals and the land to be used for application of treated
organic manure to prevent exceeding soil nutrient balance and to promote sustainable
development of livestock industry.
Prior to finalizing project locations and starting project implementation, detailed water
quality studies must be carried out to monitor and ensure that the proposed project has
positive impact on surface and groundwater quality. The proposed manure treatment
technology should encourage more efficient use of water resources in livestock farming
operations. Project operation is believed to have the backing of local communities and
provincial level authorities. It is believed that local government and communities are aware
123
of negative impacts of poor livestock waste management and are willing to participate in
reducing nutrient loading of water bodies, improving human and animal health status, and
bettering the quality of water resources.
Prior to choosing the final location of manure management facilities, it will be necessary to
review and prepare an environmental and social review of each proposed large- or medium-
scale treatment facility to determine whether the proposed locations are environmentally
and socially acceptable, and whether proposed corresponding pollution control measures
are adequate for the size of the proposed operations. Before final environmental approval
of each manure treatment facility, it is necessary for the design team to provide design
reports of proposed projects, exact location, sizing and type of treatment facilities and type
and the size of manure collection/transportation/storage to manage the manure to the
environmental team for final approval before commencement of construction.
124
10
LIST OF REFERENCES
(1) The Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, VEPA
(2) The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.09, 4.11, 4.37;
(3) Research on Guidelines and Methodology and Standards of Environmental
Assessment for composting plant, 2003. Master thesis of Miss Hoang Viet Yen
(4) EIA Guidelines for Development Project, 2000.VEPA.
(5) Environmental Standards in Vietnam, 2001.
(6) Statistical yearbook of Dong Nai, 2003
(7) EIA of Hatay province, 2000
(8) AWI report, 2003
125
ANNEX A: TOR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, LOCAL
CONSULTANT
The consultant will prepare a study that identifies the baseline environmental situation; evaluates the project's potential
environmental impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project
selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse
environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse
environmental impacts throughout project implementation.
For the preparation of EA, the national consultants are strongly encouraged to obtain
detailed information from the following World Bank documents: Operational Policies OP
4.01, Bank Procedures BP 4.01, and the requirements stipulated in environmental
regulations in respective countries. The Bank's other safeguard requirements (Operational
Policy/Bank Procedure OP/BP) that might be triggered under this project are: OP/BP 4.04-
Natural habitats, OP/BP 4.12 - Involuntary resettlement, OD 4.20 Indigenous People, and
Information Disclosure Policy.
Local consultants must ensure that EA preparation work should also take into account
procedures established by environmental authorities in respective countries.
The following EA documents should be prepared: EA for the entire project; and EA for
each component, including the EMP.
The EA for the overall project will be prepared by a international environmental consultant
to be contracted by FAO. The EA for the overall project will include all demonstration
components, with inputs provided by the local consultants. Local consultants will be
responsible for the EAs will be required for specific demonstration components in
respective countries. Depending on the kind of demonstration component schemes
identified, water quality monitoring may be required in the cause of EA preparation. Each
EA will be reviewed and commented on by the international consultant as part of the
internal review process.
According to Bank's requirement of public consultation and information disclosure policy,
the local EA consultants should conduct consultation with local interested groups, specially
the project affected people and NGOs, at least two times in accordance with OP 4.01. EA
should be made available locally and through the Bank's Public Information Center for
review by interested parties.
The EA report will be prepared to include the following items:
1. Executive
summary
Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions.
2. Policy, legal, administrative framework
126
Discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework, scope and standards of EA,
EA participants and organization.
3. Description of the proposed project
Concisely describes the proposed project components, and its geographic, ecologic,
and temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be required.
Indicates the need for any resettlement plan. Includes a map showing the project site
and the project's area of influence.
4. Environmental setting of the proposed project
Describes the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment, areas of special
designation.
5. Environmental impacts of the proposed project
Predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative impacts during the
construction as well as the operational phases, identifies mitigation measures and any
residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated, explores opportunities for
environmental enhancement, identifies key data gaps and uncertainties, and specifies
topics that require further attention.
6. Analysis
of
alternatives
Systematically compares feasible alternatives (including the "without project"
situation) in terms of their potential environmental impacts, the feasibility of mitigating
these impacts, their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under the local
conditions, and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of
the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible and
attaches economic values, where feasible.
7. Environmental management plan (EMP)
Includes mitigation and monitoring plans, plans for capacity development and training,
implementation schedule and cost estimates. The mitigation plan identifies and
summarizes anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts; describes each
mitigation measure and associated impacts, designs, and equipment requirements;
estimates any potential environmental impacts of these measures; and provides
linkages with other mitigation plans required for the project. The monitoring plan
provides a specific description and technical details of monitoring measures, including
the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of
measurements, detection limits (where appropriate); and monitoring and reporting
procedures.
8. Public
Consultation/Participation
A free standing chapter describing public consultation/participation in the preparation
of the EA.
An initiation report including detailed methodology and work plan is expected by March 5,
2004. A draft report is expected by April 31, 2004. The consultant submit the report in the
manner requested by the FAO. The consultant is expected to fully complete the reporting
127
and documentation requirements by August 31, 2004, the consultant revised made
English and Vietnamese version available by August 15, 2005.
9. Appendixes
a. List of contributors to EA report individuals and organizations;
b. References written materials used in EA preparation both, published and
unpublished;
c. Records of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for
obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental
organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations
(such as surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local
NGOs.
d. Tables presenting the relevant data referred or summarized in the main text of
the EA.
e. List of associated reports (such as resettlement plans if prepared).
128
ANNEX B: LIST OF THE EA TEAM
Name Organisation
Position
Time
1
Dr. Ngo Kim Chi
CTC
Team leader
7 months
EMP elaboration
Project site
description
Public consultancy
Project description
2
Master. Hoang Viet Yen
Hanoi
Mitigation
5 months
Environmental Co.
Solution
Legal and Policy
aspect
3
Eng. Do Huu Kien
CTC
Information about
3 months
project site
4
Master. Le Van Anh
CTC
Analyse the
3 months
impact, alternative
solution
5
Eng. Pham Tien Dat
CTC
Information on
2 months
project site
6
Eng. Nguyen Phuong Loan CTC
Analytical work,
2 months
standard, water
quality
7
Eng. Trinh Hai Tuan
CTC
Collection of the
2 months
data, pubic
disclisure
129
ANNEX C: SAFEGUARD ISSUES
VIETNAM: LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT
D. Summary of Environmental Impacts and Environment Management Plans
1.
Background
The GEF Vietnam with support of FAO and WB and guidance from independent
international and national consulting specialists, carried out the consolidated Environmental
Assessment (EA) of the proposed LWMP Project in accordance with Vietnam Regulation
and procedures. The TORs and various draft versions EAs were reviewed and discussed in
detail during project preparation with the international EA team and national one. The draft
English version EA documents were submitted to the NSC in mid Agust 2004 and will be
reviewed during appraisal mission in December 2004. The revised EA report, EA Summary
and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) were submitted to the International EA
experts on 19 August, 2004 and found to be satisfactory. The EA documentation was sent
to the NSC in 1st September, 2004. During the EA preparation, local people were consulted
at 03 time in the Hatay province and twice in Dong Nai Province, and their opinions have
been reflected in the project design and environmental mitigation measures as appropriate.
2.
Brief Project Description
The LWMP includes the following components for which EAs have been completed:
PC1 LWM Technology demonstration
PC2: Policy development
PC3: Project management, monitoring and evaluation
3.
Baseline Environmental Conditions (see chapter 4 for information of Dongnai
and Hatay province)
4. Alternative
Analysis
Alternatives were considered during the preparation of the feasibility studies, with
the objective of minimizing the environmental impacts of each component. See chapter 6,
7.
5. Environmental
Benefit
130
The project will bring positive environmental impacts. This project has been
designed to induce adverse extensive development of pig production. The present
environmental problems are serious and the sanitary improvement is necessary for current
needs and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become
even more critical.
The biogas digester and its wastewater will be collected and treated from 5 communes of
Thuong Tin district to remove pollutants, expressed as CODCr, BOD5, NH3-N, and TP,
which will improve the quality of the receiving surface waters in the Nhue River. On the
other hand, the solid manure will be properly fermented and apply for the land or fish pond
application. The same positive results when the project will be carried out in Bien Hoa City,
Dongnai province.
6.
Potential Environmental Impacts/risks and Mitigation Measures
Construction phase. The project components of LWMP will potentially cause short-
term impacts, such as dust, noise, traffic conjunction and soil erosion. However, those
impacts are relatively minor and a series of mitigation measures have been planned to
reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. Details of mitigation measures and the monitoring
program that mitigation measures are to ensure effective implementation and
responsibilities are provided in the EA and the EMP. The PPMO will have an ongoing
responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the PIUs, in addition to its own
direct monitoring activities. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively
carried out, "mitigation monitoring" procedures have been established and the
organizations to be responsible for this monitoring have been designated.
Operation phase. Some longer-term environmental impacts/issues, which may be
appeared, have been identified, such as noise from air blower or sludge generated from
WWTP. However, many of the concerns have been addressed in the course of the design of
the facilities. According to the design, the sludge generated in the WWTP will be digested,
or transported to landfill or land application.
Details of mitigation measures, their location, time frame and the responsible
agencies for their implementation and supervision have been provided in the EMP. The
EMP covers such areas as surface and ground water management.
7.
Environmental Management Plan
An EMP will be established in the PMO/PPMO to implement the EMP, and will be
staffed with at least one part time environmental officer in each demonstration sites.
PMO/PPMO staff will be trained on environmental regulations, their application,
environmental management, pollution control, mitigation measures, monitoring, progress
reporting. An environmental specialist from the supervision consultant team will ensure
that construction is done in an environmentally sound manner.
131
The two project province strong commitment to the EA was demonstrated by the
careful adherence to advice provided by the consultants and Bank and FAO missions during
the preparation of the EA and its approval. The environmental management structure is
shown below.
Environmental Management Units
Names
Responsibilities
Remarks
Designing and
An environmental specialist
Acredit consultant or lab and environmental management
for execution of
local EMS
in the construction period
management and monitoring
plans
Execution and management
An environmental specialist
The Environmental
of environmental protection
to assist environmental
Management staff of
measures in the construction
experts of the project office
PMO/PPMOs
period
Supervision. Environmental aspects will be supervised four time a year during the
implementation period. Quarterly project progress reports furnished by the PPMO will
include environmental monitoring reports, as per the formats in the EMP.
Supervision of DoNRE and PMO/PPMOs
Names Responsibilities
1. Supervision of execution of environmental laws, regulations
and management, etc.
2. Coordination of environmental management among various
DoNRE
department;
3. Check and approval of environmental monitoring report;
4. Final environmental acceptance of construction project
1. Assistance the provincial bureau supervision work;
PMO/PPMO
2. Check and approval of environmental monitoring report;
Equipment and Training Requirements. In order to ensure the implementation of
measures, management and monitoring plans described above, environmental protection
training is important for the better knowledge of environmental impact and timely response
to accidents. The training program covers: environmental laws and regulations,
environmental standards, project-related environmental science, attention-getting problems
of and control measures, environmental management, etc.
The capital budgets prepared for EMP component projects include an allowance for
necessary laboratory sampling tools. An allowance for testing and environmental
monitoring costs to be incurred by the utility is also included in the operations budget for
the project.
Funding Arrangements and Schedule of Implementation. A budget plan and 5-year
implementation schedule are a part of the EMP. The costs of mitigating the impacts from
construction will be covered in the costs of facilities. Environmental monitoring (air
132
quality, water quality, noise, worker health, site safety/hygiene) would be carried out by the
PPMO-arranged expert, and financed within TA.
References to the Mitigation Plans in the Project Legal Agreement. As the negative
environmental impacts during construction are minor, no special legal covenants or
conditionalities are envisaged, except for the standard conditionality on implementing the
EMP.
Monitoring. A detailed list of environmental performance indicators such as air
quality, water quality, noise level, together with where/when to be monitored, and the
agencies responsible for their monitoring are listed in the EMP. The PMO/PPMO will have
an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigation measures of all
the identified agencies. The agencies responsible for environmental monitoring are:
Name
Responsibilities
Designing monitoring and environmental
PPMO/Expert/Lab/EMS
management in the construction period
Execution and management of environmental
The Environmental Expert
protection measures in the construction
period
Environmental monitoring during
Consultant/Lab
construction and operation
8.
Public Consultation and Information Disclosure
Public Consultation. There have been many meetings during the project preparation
phase of LWMP with local communes to discuss the proposed projects and environmental
assessments. These meetings have occurred at least four times and have resulted in full
collaboration with local officials and community and full support of the project and the EA
process.
The many meetings with public officials in the 02 provinces showed that these
projects are extremely positive and well received by the public and help the commune to
reduce the bad impact of the livestock manure.
Information Disclosure. Public announcements about the project and EA report on
local network, as well as in the library of MONDRE, DONRE and districts with the copies
available. These announcements informed the public of the address of the two provincial
DONRE and districts where the EA were inspected and commented on and made availables
for the public in case they may need. They also provide contact telephone numbers where
information can be obtained.
133
Below are the summary tables of public consultation activities.
Substance
By whom and with
When Where What World
Bank
whom
Requirements
Interview during
Local residents, village
April to August,
Hatay
Environmental
OP 4.01, OP 4.12
field social
committees, Component
2004
province,
policies awareness,
economic
EA team, officers of
Thuong Tin
collection of
survey and first
DoNRE
district 5
information from
public meetings
communes
local government
agencies
EA TOR
EA team, local residents
End February-
Distribution of
OP4.01: consultation
consultation
August, September, Hanoi, Hatay,
questionnaires (80
during TOR stage
2004
Dong nai
copies) and key EA
(their work done
points
before OP
requirement)
EA consultation
EA team, local residents
February- October, Hanoi, Hatay,
Distribution of
OP4.01: further
Dong nai
and enterprises to be
2004
questionnaires (80
consultation with
affected
copies) and
PAPs and NGOs
feedback concerns
prior to
of public to
finalization of
environment issues
draft report
Final EA
Local residents living along Mid July, 2004
Hanoi, Hatay,
Visiting and
OP4.01: further
Dong nai
consultation
the river bank, resident
discussion with
consultation with
living on Yangmei Islet,
people involved to
PAPs and NGOs
HEPRI (consolidated EA)
further solicit
prior to
team, Zhuzhou-UDIC
comments and
finalization of
suggestions;
draft report
Distribution of project
information and draft
EA in second public
meetings
Final EA
International expert and
Jul-Aug 2004
Project areas
Soliciting
OP 4.12
NSC, DoNRE
May, 2005
comments,
suggestions
LWMP Disclosure of Information
Project site
Phase 1
Mailing
WB Policy
People committee of Hatay
Mailing and
province, PPC of Thuong tin and
requirement
BP17.50
5 communes in Thuong tin
2004.7.31
for response
district
People committee of Dong Nai
Mailing and
province, PPC of Bien Hoa City
LWM
requirement
and 5 communes in Bien Hoa
for response
City
Agencies in line with
2005.30.4
Mailing and
Environment and Animal
requirement
husbandry, Rural development,
for response
local districts
134
List of the Agencies to be contacted for information of EA report
Person
to
contact
Organization
Time
1
Mr. Pham The Bao
National Steering Committee
February to
Dr. Nguyen Xuan Nguyen
for safe water supply and
August, 2004
sanitation
2
Mr. Pham Van Tinh
Institute for Animal
Mr. Le Xuan Sanh
Husbandry
3
Dr. Le Hoang Lan
Environmental Protection
February to
Master. Nguyen Thi Nhan
Agency
August, 2004
4
Mr. Hoang Dai Tuan
Vietnam Academy for Science June 2004
Dr. Pham Hong Hai
and Technology
5
Dr. Le Van Cat
Institute of chemistry-
June, 2004
Dr. Nguyen Mai Phuong
Vietnam Academy for Science
and Technology
6
Master. Nguyen Khanh
DoNRE of Hatay
February to
Mr. Nguyen Van Duc
August, 2004
Mr. Nguyen Van Thu
7
Mr. Nguyen Van Hon
DoNRD of Dong Nai
February to
Mr. Nguyen Van Hung
August, 2004
Ms. Nguyen Thi Thuy
8
Mr. Nguyen Van Quang
Dong Nai EMS
July, 2004
9
Mr. Nguyen Quang Huy
Ex Director of Hanoi
February to
Composting Plant
August, 2004
10
Dr. Nguyen Anh Tuan
Instute of Epidemiology
February to
August, 2004
11
Dr. Nguyen Van Chin
DoNRE of Thai Binh province May, 2004
12
Dr. Dang Kim Chi
Institute of Environmental
June, 2004
Science and Technology
135
ANNEX D: PUBLIC HEALTH AND ANIMAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT
I. GENERAL SURVEY
The factors that affect public and animal health consist of Hygiene condition in livestock farms, Vaccination, Livestock
waste management. The most important diseases relative to livestock waste:
-
Zoonosis
-
Food transmitable diseases
-
Pathogens eliminate to manure, urine
-
Risks( pathogens) transmit to animal and human by water, land, and feed.
Table 1. Pathogens relative to livestock wastewater
pathogen type
eliminable
transmitable
causese of
foodborn animal
human
E.coli microbe
manure,
water, food
+
+
+
waste
Sal microbe
manure,
water, food
+
+
+
waste
Lep microbe
manure,
water, food
-
+
+
waste
Hogcholerae Virus manure, water, food
-
+
-
waste
A.suum parasite manure, water, food
-
+
+
waste
inter parasite
parasite
manure,
skin,mucous -
+ +
waste
C.parium coccidia manure, water, food
-
+
+
waste
2. Animal feed and antibiotic using in livestock farms
2.1.Animal feed
Most of exotic pigs are fed with commercial mixed feed, other pigs of local breed are fed with what the farmers have or
buy. The ration for pigs of local breeds comprises of 55.5% of agricultural products (rice bran, wheat bran, corn, cassava),
42% of green materials (vegetables of various species, duck weed or banana trunk) and 2.5% of commercial mixed feed.
The duck weed has 7 % dry matter and 4.8% nitrogen of dry matter. The level of copper in pig ration is of 150-250 ppm
and zinc is of 80-120 ppm. FCR is 2.9 - 3 for pigs of exotic breeds and 3.4 for crosses.
90% of feed samples contaminated E. coli at 102-103 CFU/g (Nguyen Van Thuong,
2000). Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in feed ingredients used by farms in HCMC
and surounding provinces was also high, about 52-100% samples of fish meal and bone
meal
A examination of 80 mixed feed samples ( 50 samples were produced domestically and 30 samples were imported or were
produced by cooparation with foreign company ), 50 fish meal samples, 50 bone meal samples (Tran Thi Hanh, 1997).The
results showed that: 90% of mixed feed samples in country were contaminated E.coli, level of contamination 102 103
cfu/g. While imported mixed samples were only contaminated 24%, level of contamination 40 cfu/g.To fish meal is 94%,
level of contamination 2.34.102 cfu/g and bone meal is 86%, level of contamination 102 cfu/g. 96% of mixed feed samples
in country contaminate Samonella, level of contamination 1.525.102 cfu/g. But imported mixed samples contaminate
46.7% with level of contamination 102 cfu/g. Special, 80 82% fish meal and bone meal were contaminated Salmonella
with level of contamination 1.94.102 cfu/g and 1.30.102 cfu/g. 100% of fish meal and bone meal were contaminated C.
prefringens, from 1.24.104 cfu/g to 3.102.104 cfu/g. 100% of domestic mixed feed samples were contaminated
C.perfringens, level of contamination 1.12.104 cfu/g and 76% of imported mixed feed samples was contaminated with
level = or < 102 cfu/g.
The National center for veterinary hygiene inspection II examined 127 mixed feed samples in Southern of Vietnam. The
results showed that: Only 27.5% samples were contaminated E. coli, level of contamination > 1.102 cfu/g. 37.79% of
136
samples were contaminated fungus with lever 4.28.102 cfu/g. Among 127 samples, only 3( 2.36%) samples contaminate
Furazolidon ( Furazolidon was not used in domestication) with level of contamination 0.2 ppb.(Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly)
Table 2: Contaminated aflatoxin of poultry's feed and argicultural products in Northern
provinces (Dau Ng c Hào, 1992).
Sample have aflatoxin
Argicultural
Rate of
Amount of
content (ppb)
products and mixed
contamination
samples
100 -
feed
(%)
10 50
50 100
250
Corn and corn meal
10
70
6
1
0
Feed of layer
12
100
7
2
3
Feed of
12 74.7
6
0
3
cockerel and chick
Fish meal
3
0
0
0
0
Bone meal
4
0
0
0
0
Rice 1 0
0
0
0
Table 3: Contaminated aflatoxin of argicultural products in Southern provinces (Le Van To
and Tran Van An, 1994).
Argicultural
Average aflatoxin
Argicultural
Average aflatoxin
products
content (ppb)
products
content (ppb)
millcake of peanut
1140
Ground-nut oil
05
Mixed feed
105
Soy-bean
25
millcake of soy
Corn 225
10
bean
millcake of coconut
55 White
rice 5
Rice bran
30
Bran
20
Fish meal
35
Cashew-nut
15
millcake of sesame
10
Wheat flour
5
Most of agricultural products in South and North of Vietnam contain aflatoxin,
especially corn and millcake of peanut .Mixed feed for poultry and domestic animal also
have high contamination of aflatoxin. Because they were mixed by contaminated
ingredients of aflatoxin.Aflatoxin of those products in the rainy seasons is higher than in the
dry seasons.
Table 4: Contaminated aflatoxin of corn and millcake of peanut following weather
(Tran Van An and et all , 1997)
Aflatoxin content (ppb)
Amount of sample
Average Maximum
The rainy
millcake of peanut
17
1520
5000
Corn
18
240
750
The dry
millcake of peanut
18
525
1660
Corn
13
120
450
The contamination of bacteria and fungus in poultry and domestic animal feed were
reduced year by year.However, compare with standard of Germany, France and Hungary,
137
they're still quite high. So that managers and producers should have suitable process to
produce safer mixed feed.
Commercial mixed feed samples which were produced in large companies were
contaminated less than in small ones.The microbiology contamination rate (fungi and
microorganism) of samples are different seasonally.
2.2.Use antibiotic in animal feed
In some mixed feed for different stages of production, which were produced by one private feed mill, tylosin was added at
level of 110 mg/ton of feed, colistin 88 mg/ton, CTC 400 mg/ton and sulfamethazone 120-220 mg/ton. Two or three
antibiotics were used together. Olaquindox is still used at 50 ppm by some farms.
A survey on antibiotic use of swine farms of different herd size in HCMC indicated the antibiotic use was mainly based on
clinical signs and experience of breeders (64% of the sample) and on recommendation of drug factories (39%). The
common antibiotics that were used are enrofloxacine, flumequin (quinolone), tylosin and colistin.
In 2001-2002 a survey on antibiotic use in small-scale swine farms of Tien Giang province indicated 74% farms used
tetracycline and 12% used colistin. The percentage of E. coli strains resistant to tetracycline was 85% and to colistin was
26%.
Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al studied on use of antibiotic from 01/12/2003 to 31/01/2004 at 19 broiler farms, 17 swine
farms, and 15 dairy cattle farms. the results showed that: at the broiler farms: There are 5 antibiotic usually used such as
encrofloxacine (84.20%), tylosin (45.36%), colistin (47.36%), flumequin (42.10%), and spiramycin (42.10%). There are 6
antibiotics used widely at swine farms: penicillin (58.82%), oxytetracycylin (58.82%), tiamuline (58.82%), streptomycine
(52.94%), gentamycin (52.94%), and tylosin (58.82%). In the dairy cattle farms, the only antibiotic was used highly is
oxytetracyclin (86%).The survey also showed that, the use of antibiotic of farms based on clinical sighs and experiences of
farmers .
Ban of antibiotic use in animal production was issued by MOET in 2002, including ban of chlroramphenicol, furazolidon
and some derivatives of nitrofuran, demetridazole, metronidazole and dipterex. Now quinolone is also ban.
3.The quality water for animal
Table 5 . Distant from livestock house to water source
Water
distant (m)
< 5
5÷ 20
> 20
From livestock
well
(%) 29,74 52,58 17,68
house to
river
(%) 24,42 15,34 60,29
From place of
well
(%) 14,11 58,80 27,09
waste
river
(%) 13,95 20,59 65,46
treatement
Source: Agriculture and rural development Department
A study of Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al in 314 livestock farms of 12 provinces and towns of Eastsouthern and
Westsouthern Viet Nam , 2002. The results indicated that more than 72% ( 267/314) of livestock farms use underground
water , 21.9 % ( 69/314) use river water .The well water were contaminated micoorganis, COD more and more yearly . In
1999, 62 well water samples were examined , 9.67% ( 6/62) of samples were contaminated Ecoli, Streptoccocus feacalis.
In 2002, testing 102 water samples in Tien Giang, Vung Tau, Dong Nai, Long An, the results show that 17.6% ( 18/102) of
samples were contaminated coliform 12.7% ( 13/102).
Quality of underground water in the country is accepted unless some signs of pollution in underground water of Ha Noi,
HCMC and Mekong basin due to overexploiting (MONRE, 2003) or due to near animal house.
Monitoring from Institute of Epidemiology in Highland region during 1999-2003 showed some contamination of surface
water and underground water in 4 provinces of highland region. Regarding to chemical contamination, 44.87% of samples
(669/1491) did not meet standards, in which 50.3% of digged underground water samples was contaminated, 28.5% of
deep well water, and 50.9% of surface water. In term of microorganism, 66.9% of samples (816/1218) showed the
contamination, in which 85.3% of surface water was contaminated.
In AWI project (2003) supported by FAO, quality of ground water from some pig farms in HCMC and surrounding
provinces were tested. The results showed that no samples satisfied the standard for ground water COD (TCVN
5944:1995). Five out of eight samples in dry season and six out of eight samples in rainy season had numbers of coliforms
in excess of the standards. Samples collected from the same wells in rainy season showed more contamination than in dry
season.
138
Animal feed and drink are contaminated so that they often use antibiotic for animal . That's the cause of pathogen resistant
and residuced antibiotic in animal products( meat, milk and egg)
4. Contaminated meat
According to the science report of Regional Animal Health Center in HCMC, 1999,
indicator microorganism contaminated on fresh meat after being slaughter was very high.
In 69 examnined samples at slaughterhouse in 12 provinces (Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, lam
Dong, Dong nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Vung tau, HCMC, Tien Giang, Long An, Ben
Tre) showed the samples had enough safety and hygiene standard of food on Total aerobic
only 42% and E.coli, S.aureus 25%.
A survey of Do Cam Dung, 2000, indicated 60/60 fresh meat samples examnied k at some market stands in HCMC did not
come up to standard for food hygiene and food safety in which the samples contaminated TPC 100%, E.coli 98.33%,
S.aureus 53.33%, C.perfringens 41%, B.cereus 21.66% and 10/24 samples accumulated antibiotic (Chloramphenicol,
Sufamethazol) excessed Maximum Residue Limit.
According to Truong Thi Kim Chau, 2003, among 78 fresh meat samples took at
slaughterhouse showed only 7/78 samples came up to safety and hygiene standard for food,
in which on TPC 73/78 (93.59%), E.coli 68/78 (10.26%), S.aureus 73/78 (93.59%),
salmonella 55/78 (70.51%). C.perfringens (92.31%).
Survival and resistant of some pathogens in waste
Samples taken from some stable waste water in Tien Giang, HCM city pig farms
indicated 105 107 E.coli/ml; Salmonella posity 100% of samples, Ascaris suvum >90%,
Trichocephalus is more than 95%, Fasiolosis buski 87.2%.
In 2003, testing 18 waste samples from pig farms in Tien Giang , Dong Thap,
Table 6. The result of testing waste samples in pig farms
Pathogens Module
Biogas (n=9)
Compost
Fish ponds
(n=3)
(n=6)
Solid (3)
Liquid (6)
E.coli
MPN/100ml
1.8 x 104
4.5 x 106
2 x 102
6.5 x 10
Coliform
MPN/100ml
ND
8.2 x 106
6.5 x 104
5 x 106
Salmonella (%)
Post/50ml
33.3
66.6
ND
83.3
Parasite ova
%posity
66.0
33.3
ND
33.3
A. suum
eggs/100ml
75.0
30
ND
50.0
F. buski
eggs/100ml
ND
ND
ND
ND
Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al studies about the time survival of some
microorganism and parasite ova. The result showed in the table.
Table 7 : the time survival of some pathogen types in the waste (day)
Pathogens Ponds Biogas Compost
E.coli
20 46
10 15
12 15
Samonella
16 29
5 16
7 10
Leptospira
16 25
-
-
A. suum
32 66
30 42
22 53
Trichocephalus
20 36
12 15
12 -16
139
Studies of Lam Thi Thu Huong feaces and intestinal contents of 408 pigs in 3 farms
and slaughterhouses showed that cryptosporidium parvum was representing average 18.4%.
Pathogen cans transmite from ruminant to human.
Samples taken from some stable waste water in residential areas indicated 105-106
CFU E. coli/ ml, 102-103 CFU Salmonella/ml (Nguyen Van Thuong, 2000).
Samples from solid biogas tanks in some wine farms of My Van district (Hung Yen province) and Dan Phuong district (Ha
Tay province) showed the presence of eggs of Ascaris suum, Trichocephalus suis and Fasciolopsis buski. After waste
treatment, the eclosion rate of the eggs was still high, A. suum 64%, T. suis 66% and F. buski 54%.
In the AWI project (2003) samples of surface water were collected from various sites of effluent and streams in HCMC
and surrounding provinces. The effluent from biogas showed some contamination of E. coli, Salmonella and parasite egg.
The problems were similar in water of upstream and downstream.
As testing compost samples at farms having accepted procedures (at least two-week incubation) , the results showed better
treatment of microorganisms compared to biogas process. However, coliforms were still found in high numbers in most
samples, and E . coli were detected in one sample (out of seven) in dry season and five (out of seven) in rainy season. It
seems that high temperature and low humidity of dry season help the sterilization in composting process to take place more
effectively. The results showed higher dry matters and lower numbers of microbes of dry-season samples.
6. Public health
In the report of Ministry of Health in 2 years 2000 2001 Viet Nam break out many food-borne cases, total number was
2,012,120 victim diseases, with 65 dead. The diseases were vibriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis and coccidiosis.
At the workshop on environment protection and sustainable development of Vietnam held in October of 2003, one report
indicated the cost of 400 billions VND for treatment of 6 millions cases infected by water-born diseases during 4 years
(Youth Newspaper, 29/10/2003).
1997 2000: occurence 1.391 recorded cases of food poisoning in which more than 25.000 people were poisoned and of
which 217 persons were died . Besides, the cases of food-borne infection were 4,2 million and of which 213 died. The
causing disease were vibriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, diarrhoea (Thanh Binh, International newspaper, No. 16, 19-
25/04/2001)
In the report of Ministry of Health, the cases of food poisoning were 19 in 10 provinces and cities in the country for 6
months at the beginning of 2002 with 402 people be poisoned, luckily nobody died. The causes were bacterial
contaminated food (31.5%), non detection (10.5%), protective vegetable drug residue (57.9%). Comparison to 2001, there
were 30 cases of food poisoning in which 962 poisoned and four died (Tien Phong newspaper, No.128,
27/6/2002).Occurence 2700 people were poisoned by food in 2003 and of which 28 died from the beginning of the year to
October, 2003. (http://www.rfa/service/article.htmt).
2.6. Animal diseases
Total of 708 ducks of varying ages including 406 field migrating ducks and 302
ducks raised in household garden in Thot Not dist Can Tho province found that prevalence
of infestation was 74.43%. The prevalence of trematodes was 60.02%, of the cestodes
61.01% and of the nematodes 40.96%.
Le Van Tao, 2002 investgating 276 thousands of poultry in Thanh Hoa province
found that: the mortality from all diseases was 17.9% in total flocks. Among them the one
from Pasterellosis was 5.9%. Hoang Manh Tam, 2002, studies comprised 537 blood pig
samples found that 14.71% (Dong Nai province) of pigs were infected by 15 senovars
leptospira. A total of 106 E.coli strains isolated from diarrhoea of suckling pigs in Northern
provinces of Vietnam, the result showed that there was tendency of high level of antibiotic
resistance to some common antibiotics as Amoxillin 76.42%, Chlorampenicol 79.25%,
trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazol 80.19% streptomycine 88.68% and tetracycline 97.17% (Do
Ngoc Thuy 2002).
Table 8. Occurance (%) of some diseases in the cases of animal. In 2001
Disease Red
River Southeast
Mekong
delta
Average
140
Pig.
Hogcholera
9.2
7.4
8.8
9.4
pasterellera
17
12.9
13.2
16.5
salmonellosis
15.6
16.6
15.9
15.6
lepto
5.6
1.8
0.8
4.1
internal parasite
9.9
11.1
13.1
13.1
Source: IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001
II. THE RESULTS OF SURVEY IN THUONG TIN HA TAY
2.1 Animal diseases in Thuong Tin Ha Tay
livestock production in family farms, small size, scattered farms and when animal disease
breakout, the farmers dont want to informate Subdepatement and Goverment about that
because the reparative policy for sick animals disatisfatory so that they often treate
themselft or sale off. The date of subDepartement animal health is not really( lower than on
fact).
Table 9. The infected rate of pig in Thuong Tin and 5 villages
diseases Re
H
d
delta
a Tay
**
Thuong Tin***
*
cases (%) cases (%)
Hogcholera 9,2
88
000 8,2
2450
2,6
pasterellera 17,0
16
8000 14,0 1955
2,1
salmonellosis 15,6
144
000 12,5
872
0,95
E.coli - 121
000
11,0
3197
3,5
leptospirosis 5,6
39
000 3,6
2937
3,2
internal
9,9 130
000
12,5
9363 10,2
parasite
A.suum -
165
000
15,1
11475
12,5
source: * IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001
** report of RAH in Ha Noi
*** report of SDAH Ha Tay
Table 10. The vaccination rate and infected rate of pig diseases
diseases Vaccinatio
Infected
mortality
The cost
n rate (%)
rate
(%)
treatment
(%)
Time(day)
Cost(1000
vnd)
Hogcholera 85
2,6 70-
90
diet
200
-
500
Pasterellosis
82
2,1
2 -5
3 -5
30 - 80
salmonellosis
65
0,95
7 - 30
5 -10
40 -60
E.coli
-
3,5
8 - 13
3 -5
20 -50
leptospirosis 13,2
3,2
<
1
- 100
-200
internal
-
10,2 - 5
-7
5
-7
parasite
A.suum One/
4 12,5 - - 2
-3
months
2.2 Public health in Ha Tay Thuong tin
Table 11: The number of infected people cases was discovered
2002 2003
5
months
of
2004
141
Diseases Ha
tay
TT
dist
Ha
Tay
TT
Ha Tay
TT
district
district
Poinsoning food
174
73
213
7
41
1
E.coli 63
49
136
12
0,00
5
Salmonella 10
5 47 0,00 23 0,00
Source: Center of Venerology, Center of Preventive Medicine, Center of Eyes, Center of Protective Mother
and Children province.
In the reports of villages: food born diseases rate < 1% total population, cause of E.coli
12%, salmonella > 90% , gynaecology diseases 46,5 47%, and interparasite 30 33,2%
III. THE RESULTS OF SURVEY IN BIEÂN HOØA ÑOÀNG NAI
3.1 Animal diseases rate in Dong Nai
Table 12. Animal disease rate in Bien Hoa district Dong Nai Province
Disease Mekong Dong Nai**
Bien Hoa***
region*
(%) cases
(%)
Hogcholera 8.8
-
6,3
1014
5,5
Pasterellera 13.2
9,7
1404
10,5
salmonellosis 15.9
14,2
2215
11,2
E.coli -
15,7 2106
13,5
leptospirosis 0.8
4,8
421
2,7
Internal parasite 13.1 15,0 1170
7,5
A.suum -
10,5
1576 10,1
Source * IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001
** reports of RAHC in .HCM city
*** Report of SDAH Dong Nai
Table 13. The vaccination rate, effected rate of pig in Bien Hoa Dong Nai
disease Vaccination
Effected
mortaity (%)
The cost for
rate (%)
rate (%)
treatement
Time (day)
cost
(1000vnd)
Hogcholera 85 2,6 70-
90 dieät
200
-
500
Pasterellosis
82
2,1
2 -5
3 -5
30 - 80
salmonellosis
65
0,95
7 - 30
5 -10
40 -60
E.coli
-
3,5
8 - 13
3 -5
20 -50
leptospirosis 13,2
3,2
<
1
- 100
-200
internal
-
10,2
-
5 -7
5 -7
parasite
A.suum One/4 12,5 -
- 2
-3
months
Source : report of SDAH Dong Nai
3.2. Public Health
In the report of Dong Nai Departerment Public Health, in 2002, there were 10 cases of food
poisoning with 641 patients and one person was died .The cause of microorganisms 5
cases with 212 patients .2 cases with 54 patients (included 1 death). food poisoning, 1 cases
with 17 patients. food colouring toxins, 1 cases with 7 patients. Others causes, 1 cases with
351 patients. In the year 2003: there was 1 cases that happened in Tan Phu distrist with 5
patients, one person was died . The cause is globalfish's toxin. In the year 2004, in Bien
Hoa city there were one case cause of bacterium's toxin with 10 patients. Effected rate of
E.coli 12%, do salmonella > 60%
Table 14.The number of infected people cases was discovered in Dong Nai province
142
Diseases
2002 2003
2004
(04/2004)
Bien Hoa
Dong Nai
Bien Hoa
Dong Nai
Bien Hoa
Dong Nai
Diarrhoea
1876
20617
1437
11818
357
2705
Shigella
12
546
12
280
1
83
amip shig
15
156
3
56
0
21
Salmonellosis
44
76
5
25
3
5
Syphilis
-
16
-
26
-
-
Gonorrhea
-
168
-
147
-
-
Other diseases
-
17449
-
10404
-
-
Sourse: Health Department of Dong Nai province
IV. Mitigation mesuares of livestock waste to public and aninal
health
-
Organizing the training course for the farmers and local extension officers
on the dose of using antibiotic, water protection and bio safety.
-
Supply full information on animal epidemic and related deseases
-
Organise to database concerns to the public and animal health and water
pollution situation.
-
Use available technologies for waste treatment to mitigate the waste as such
reed woods, hyachin.
-
Applying manure management technology: biogas, anaerobic, aerobic
treatment, lagon, composting.... Introduced that the aerobic process can treat
the pathogen germs better than anaerobic process.
References for annex D:
1. Association of soil scienece, 2000. Vietnam soil. Agriculture publisher, Ha Noi.
Bo Tai Nguyen Moi Truong, 2003. Hien trang moi truong Vietnam (MONRE, 2003. Current environment in Vietnam).
2.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua trung tam thu y vung TP. HCM ( Reports of Regional Animal health 2002, 2003 )
3.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua trung tam thu y vung Hanoi ( Reports of Regional Animal health 2002, 2003 )
4.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua phòng d ch t C c Thú y ( Reports of Departement of Animal health 2002, 2003 )
5.Bao cao hàng tháng cua chi c c Thú y t nh Dong Nai, Tien Giang ( monthly reports of subdepartement of Animal
health in Dong nai, Tien Giang )
6. Bui Van Chinh, Le Viet Ly, Nguyen Huu Tao and Nguyen Giang Phuc, 2002. Biogas technology transfer in small scale
farms in northern provinces of Vietnam. International workshop on Recent developments in recycling of livestock wastes
through biodigesters and water plants (Eds. T.R. Preston and R. Sansoucy), University of Agriculture and Forestry,
HCMC, pp 12-15.
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