E1187
v2 rev
LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EAST ASIA
Project Preparation under the PDF-B Grant
Public Disclosure Authorized

Annex 3A
Public Disclosure Authorized
Environmental Impact Assessment, Guangdong, PCR
Final Draft

Public Disclosure Authorized
Prepared by:
Dr. Zhang Yinan
Department of Environmental Science, Zhongshan University

Public Disclosure Authorized
September, 2005

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Table of Contents
1
Introduction and Project Background............................................................................... 1
1.1
Purpose of the Report ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Brief Introduction to the EA Report ................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Importance of the Project................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Structure
of
the
Report....................................................................................... 3
1.3
Bases of Assessment......................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Laws
and
Regulations ........................................................................................ 3
1.3.2 Technical
Documents......................................................................................... 5
1.3.3 Main
Design
Documents.................................................................................... 5
1.4 Principles
of
Environmental
Assessment ......................................................................... 5
1.5 Relationship
to
Feasibility
Study...................................................................................... 6
1.6 EA
Team........................................................................................................................... 7
1.7
Assessment Scope and Periods Covered .......................................................................... 8
1.7.1 Assessment
Scope.............................................................................................. 8
1.7.2 Periods
Covered ................................................................................................. 8
1.8 Assessment
Factors .......................................................................................................... 8
1.9
Assessment Focus and Categorization.............................................................................. 9
1.10 Assessment
Criteria ........................................................................................................ 13
1.11
Assessment Focus and Categorization............................................................................ 14
1.12 Assessment
Procedure .................................................................................................... 14
2
Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework ......................................................... 16
2.1
Organizations & Administrative Framework ................................................................. 16
2.2
National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection. ............................................ 16
2.3 WB
Requirements .......................................................................................................... 17
3
Project Description ......................................................................................................... 18
3.1 Project
Goals .................................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Project
Goals .................................................................................................................. 19
3.2 Project
Objectives........................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2 Demonstration of Livestock Waste Management Component......................... 20
3.3.3 Development of Decision Support Tools and Regional Coordination
Component ................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring Component........................................... 21
3.4 Indicators
of
Project
Success.......................................................................................... 21
3.5 Project
Area .................................................................................................................... 22
3.6 Project
Implementation
Schedule................................................................................... 22
3.7 Project
Investment .......................................................................................................... 22
4
Description of Existing Environment ............................................................................. 23
4.1 Description of Existing Environment of Guangdong .............................................................. 23
4.1.1 Physical Environment of Guangdong.................................................................. 23
4.1.2 Ecological Environment of Guangdong .............................................................. 26
4.1.3 Socio-cultural Environment of Guangdong......................................................... 28
4.2 Description of Existing Environment of Boluo county ........................................................... 36
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4.2.1 Physical Environment of Boluo .......................................................................... 36
4.2.2 Ecological Environment of Boluo ....................................................................... 39
4.2.3 Socio-cultural Environment of Boluo ................................................................. 40
5
Public Participation ........................................................................................................ 44
5.1
Consultation Method and Subject................................................................................... 44
5.1.1 Consultation with Family or Individual ........................................................... 44
5.1.2 Inter-agency
and
NGO
Consultation................................................................ 44
5.2
Public Opinion and Suggestion ...................................................................................... 45
5.3
Information Disclosures and Feedback .......................................................................... 46
5.1.3 Information Disclosure Plan of the PMO......................................................... 46
5.4
Beneficial Participation Plan .......................................................................................... 46
5.5 Summary
of
Public
Participation.................................................................................... 47
6
Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................. 48
6.1
Analysis of "Without Project" Alternative ..................................................................... 48
6.1.1 Current Status of Livestock waste management/disposal ................................... 48
6.1.2 Current Status of Natural water, soil and air .................................................... 49
6.1.3 Present status of applied research, extension and training ............................... 49
6.2
Analysis of "With Project" Alternative .......................................................................... 50
6.2.1 Analysis of Reducing pollution .......................................................................... 50
6.2.2 Analysis of "With Project" Alternative .............................................................. 51
7
Analysis of Environmental Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures.......................... 53
7.1
Potential Sources of Effect ............................................................................................. 53
7.2 Analysis of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures in Construction Phase,
Guangdong ..................................................................................................................................... 54
7.2.1 Flora and Fauna and Nature reserves .................................................................. 54
7.2.2 Soil
Erosion...................................................................................................... 55
7.2.3 Acoustic
Environment ..................................................................................... 56
7.2.4 Air
Quality ....................................................................................................... 57
7.2.5 Cultural
Heritage.............................................................................................. 58
7.2.5 Minority
Nationalities...................................................................................... 58
7.3 Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures During Project Operation in Boluo County of
Guangdong ..................................................................................................................................... 59
7.3.1 Lagoon
System ................................................................................................ 59
7.3.2 Biogas
production ............................................................................................ 64
7.3.3. Soil application................................................................................................... 67
8
Environmental Management Plan .................................................................................. 71
8.1 Implementation
Organizations
and
Responsibilities ...................................................... 71
8.1.1 Implementation
Organizations ......................................................................... 72
8.1.2 Role of PMO and Environmental Monitors..................................................... 75
8.1.3 Supervision
Organization................................................................................. 76
8.1.4 Environmental Management Plan.................................................................... 76
8.2
Environmental Monitoring Plan, Guangdong................................................................. 91
8.2.1 Monitoring
Items ............................................................................................. 91
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8.2.2 Monitoring
Implementer .................................................................................. 91
8.2.3 Monitoring
Report
System............................................................................... 91
8.2.4 implementation/construction Monitoring (Baseline data)................................ 91
8.2.5 Monitoring during Operation ........................................................................... 93
8.2.6 Environmental
Monitoring
Budget .................................................................. 93
8.3
Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan.............................................. 95
8.3.1 Training
Objectives.......................................................................................... 95
8.3.2 Training
Courses,
Guangdong ......................................................................... 96
8.4
Budgets of Guangdong ................................................................................................... 97
9
Environmental Guidline ................................................................................................. 98
9.1 Demonstration Area Selection.................................................................................................. 98
9.2 Environment management plan ................................................................................................ 98
9.2.1 Environmental Impact Analysis .......................................................................... 98
9.2.2 The mitigation measures ..................................................................................... 99
9.3 Recommendations and Environmental Requirements.............................................................. 99
10 Conclusions
and
Recommendations ............................................................................. 100
10.1 Major
Conclusions........................................................................................................ 100
10.1.1 Selection of Project Areas.............................................................................. 100
10.1.2 Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures ............................ 100
10.2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 101
10.2.1 Follow-up Program ........................................................................................ 101
10.2.2 Public Participation........................................................................................ 102
10.2.3 Further Suggestions and Environmental Requirements ................................. 102
11 List
of
References......................................................................................................... 103
Appendix 1 Terms of References ................................................................................................. 104
Appendix 2: EA Team, Guangdong ............................................................................................. 106
Appendix 3 Minutes of Public Discussion ................................................................................... 108
Appendix 4 Environment Standard .............................................................................................. 111
Appendix 5 Public Health Assessment......................................................................................... 117

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List of Tables

TABLE 1-1 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS
OF LWMEP ..................................................................................................................................... 10
TABLE 3-1 PROJECT COUNTY DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION SYSTEM ..................................... 22
TABLE 4-1 MAIN RIVER SYSTEM AREA GROUNDWATER RESOURCE DATA..................................... 25
TABLE 4-2 LAND USE STATUS IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE , 2002 .................................................. 34
TABLE 4-3 THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT COUNTY ...................................... 36
IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE ............................................................................................................. 36
TABLE 4-4 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN GUANGDONG PROJECT COUNTY.................. 37
TABLE 4-5 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN BOLUO OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN 2003 ................... 37
TABLE4-6 SITUATION OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGE OF EACH COUNTY OF HUIZHOU CITY 2002 .... 38
TABLE 4-7 IMPORTANT NATURE RESERVES RELATED TO THE PROJECT COUNTIES ........................... 40
TABLE 4-8 THE POPULATION OF THE PROJECT COUNTY IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE ...................... 40
TABLE 4-9 LAND USE STATUS IN PROJECT COUNTY IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE (2002) ................ 41
TABLE 4-10 CROP AREA AND YIELD INFORMATION FOR PROJECT COUNTY (2002) .......................... 41
TABLE 4-11 PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEY OF BOLUO COUNTY............................................................ 42
TABLE4-12 PUBLIC HEALTH SURVEY OF JIUTAN AREA IN YUANZHOU TOWNSHIP ........................ 43
TABLE 6-1 POLLUTANTS CONTENTS OF PIG PRODUCTION WASTEWATER ........................................ 50
ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT REFERENCES (G/L) ............................................................................... 50
TABLE6-2 REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AFTER IMPLEMENTING THE PROJECT.................................. 50
TABLE 7-1 ESTIMATED NOISE VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY ......................................... 56
TABLE 7-2 NOISE LIMIT AT CONSTRUCTION SITE (GBL2523--90) UNIT
DB(A)....................... 57
T
3
ABLE 7-3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD
MG/M
.............................................................. 61
TABLE 7-4 STANDARDS OF NOISE AT BOUNDARY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES............................. 62
GB12348--90
DB ( A) ......................................................................................................... 62
TABLE 8-1 ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION PLAN, LWMEAP, CHINA............................................... 77
TABLE 8-2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LWMEAP, CHINA...................................... 80
TABLE 8-3 CONSTRUCTION AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM ............................................... 92
TABLE 8-4 NOISE MONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION............................................. 93
TABLE 8-5 COST ESTIMATE FOR WATER QUALITY ANALYSES AT GUANGDONG PROVINCETABLE 8-6
COST ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY ANALYSES AT GUANGDONG PROVINCE.................................. 93
TABLE 8-6 COST ESTIMATION OF SOIL QUALITY ANALYSES AT GUANGDONG PROVINCE ................ 94
TABLE 8-7 COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AT IMPLEMENTATION SITES, GUANGDONG ... 95
TABLE 8-8 SALARY COST OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION STAFF OF PMOS, GUANGDONG ......... 95
v

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List of Figure

FIGURE 1-1 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES FOR THE EA OF LWMEAP............................................... 15
FIGURE 2-1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 17
FIGURE 3-1 MAP OF GUANGDONG AND PROJECT COUNTIES .......................................................... 18
FIGURE 4-1 SKETCH MAP OF DONGJIANG WATER SYSTEM SURFACE WATER PROVINCIAL CONTROL
MONITORING SECTIONS SITE ........................................................................................................... 39
FIGURE 8-1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE.... 73
FIGURE 8-2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION DURING OPERATION STAGE........... 73
FIGURE 8-3 MONITORING REPORT CHART, GUANGDONG............................................................... 92
vi

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List of Abbreviations

AHB Animal
Husbandry
Bureau
BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
CPMO

County Project Management Office
DO

Dissolved Oxygen
EA

Environmental Assessment
EC

Electrical Conductivity
EDC
Ecological Demonstration County
EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP

Environmental Management Plan
EMS

Environmental Monitoring Station
EP

Environmental Protection
EPB

Environmental Protection Bureau
FS




Feasibility
Study
IFA

International Fund Association
MOA Ministry
of
Agriculture
PEMO

Provincial Environmental Management Office
PLG

Project Leading Group
PPMO

Provincial Project Management Office
PRC

Peoples Republic of China
SEI



Significant
Environmental
Issue
SDPC
China State Development and Planning Commission
SEPA

State Environmental Protection Agency
TSS

Total Suspended Solids
TSP

Total Suspended Particulates
WB

World Bank
TOR

Terms of References
LWMEAP Livestock waste management project in China
OPER Operation stage
IMP Implementation stage
Exchange Rate
US$ 1.0 = 8.27 RMB (As of July 18, 2004)
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Executive Summary
China, Thailand and Vietnam three countries and FAO/LEAD had approached the
World Bank to request assistance from GEF for a regional `Livestock Waste
Management in East Asia Project'. The proposal for this Project was approved by
GEF Secretariat (under International Waters/Contaminant-based
Operational Program #10) into pipeline entry on June 13, 2003.
In order to reach the project objectives, four main project components are identified.
The project components and all activities to be financed under these components are
integrated, i.e., they are building on each other and generate a joint benefit that
would not be achievable if the components were implemented separately. A
consequence of this approach is that most of the activities are closely linked to the
geographical area and livestock development/management schemes. The main
project components are:
(i)
Conducive Policy Framework Component;
(ii)
Demonstration of Livestock Waste Management Component;
(iii)
Development of Decision Support Tools and Regional Coordination
Component;
(iv)
Project Management and Monitoring Component
Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Guangdong Province have
applied for inclusion in the proposed GEF project to support the promotion of
Livestock Waste Management in Guangdong Province and in cooperation with other
countries in the region, reduce the negative local and global environmental impacts
of rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds of Pearl River. The
Project has been designed in order to lead to reduction of land-based pollution from
livestock production of the international water of the South China Seas. The
Livestock Waste Management Project in Guangdong has selected Yuanzhou
Township of Boluo County as demonstration sites. However, to this date project has
not decided which farms should be used as demonstration farms.
Its annual average temperature varies from 19°C in the north to over 23°C in
Leizhou Peninsula in the south. In January, its average temperature varies from 9°C
in the north to 16°C in the south, while in July, from 28°C to 29°C, with an annual
evaporation amount of 1,000mm in the north and 1,200mm in the south respectively.
Influenced by the monsoons from the SE, it has plentiful rainfall of 1,500mm-2,
000mm annually with 40 percent falling during the summer. The annual sunshine is
about I, 750 hours in Northern Guangdong, 1,800-2,000 hours in the middle, and
2,000-2,200 hours along the coast. With plenty of rainfall and lots of sunshine, life is
thriving here, with a large diversity of fruits, vegetables, and many other plants.
Table 4-1 presents the "typical" climatic data for selected project county.
The total project investment in the three countries (China, Thailand and Vietnam) is
approximately 31.7 millions USD, including GEF contribution of about 7 millions
x

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USD, LEAD contribution of about 0.5 millions USD, governments contribution of
about 6 millions USD and private sector investment of about 18.2 millions USD.
The environmental and social analysis of the Livestock Waste Management Project
indicated that if the project is implemented successfully, it would have no major
direct negative impact on the natural environment, its overall social and
environmental impact would be positive. The project, should improve and support
an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and reducing livestock
production nutrient load that is currently polluting the local and international waters,
and strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making systems for livestock
management at the Guangdong provincial levels in PRC. The achievement of these
objectives should lead to reduction of soil and water pollution from livestock liquid
and solid manure, leading to improvement of national and international water quality
and public health, and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the
rapidly growing livestock production. The project should create greater economic
and social stability in the project areas as well as enhance institutional capacity in
the project-selected areas and the whole province to better implement effective
Environmental Protection Plans. It is recommended that the GEF, FAO, World Bank
and relevant departments in China support the implementation of this project and
urge the earliest start of the project.
The negative impact to the environment during implementation/construction phase
of the project in Guangdong is temporal with very limited magnitude. The major
potential impacts to the environment include: impact to vegetation due to temporary
land occupation at the construction sites, pollution of waste of daily life at the
construction site and noise and dust of the construction machinery. If the mitigation
measures proposed in the Report were implemented properly, the negative impact to
the environment during implementation/construction phase can be minimized.
During operational phase, potential environmental issues that are identified in the
report include: (1) potential impact (Nutrient overload) on surface and groundwater
resources, and soil, if wastewater from cleaning of breeding facilities or from
biogas/lagoon ponds applied intensively on cropland not according to the soil
character and nutrient condition, or discharged to the surface water not reaching the
discharge standard (2) potential soil pollution through applying waste sludge from
respective manure management facilities improperly on croplands, (3) potential
adverse impact on biodiversity, contagious animal diseases on wildlife, increase in
plant diseases and yield reduction if improper or intensive application of effluents on
soil, (4) potential air pollution (toxic gases and odor) as well as greenhouse effect
(CO2, CH4), in case biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly,
and fermentation of livestock manure, and (5)construction of a lagoon/central
biogas/waste water treatment facility in project site will occupy a relatively large
area of farm land.
Water pollution can negatively impacts the quality of both surface and groundwater
resources within and downstream of the project area. Risk of spills, structure failure,
and purposeful discharges must be taken into account. The potentially contagious
xi

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animal diseases caused by dangerous pathogens, bacteria and virus can be spread out
through the application of untreated swine wastes and can cause proliferation of
diseases. In addition, nutrients pollution in the water bodies may occur through leaching
of nutrients accumulated in soil, when excessive amounts of solid and liquid manure
were applied.
Regarding each possible adverse impact, corresponding mitigation measure is
proposed for the purpose of preventing or reducing it to insignificant levels. The use
of better watershed management and best management practices based on the latest
findings of research and extension component of the project should guide livestock
farmers and managers in use of rational and environmentally balanced methods to
reduce point and non-point source pollution within the project areas. In order to
cope with the complex environmental issues, an environmental management plan
(EMP) including institutional strengthening, environmental training and
environmental monitoring plan is developed, and is presented in Chapter 8, in which
the responsibilities of the Project Management Office and other related institutions,
environment management training and environment monitoring plan and cost have
been clearly spell out. The EMP should be strictly implemented to ensure that the
proposed project would have neither significant nor irreversible adverse impact on
the natural environment of the project area

xii

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1
Introduction and Project Background
The substantial problems arising from growing and intensifying livestock production
to the local and global environment are increasingly recognized by countries in East
Asia. The Governments of China, Thailand, and Vietnam have been working over the
last few years on strengthening their policies and regulations to reduce these negative
effects. The donor initiative LEAD has provided financial and technical assistance on
this issue to these three countries. Nevertheless, pollution from intensive livestock is
still increasing at considerable rates throughout the region.
Before this background the three countries and FAO/LEAD had approached the
World Bank to request assistance from GEF for a regional `Livestock Waste
Management in East Asia Project'. The proposal for this Project was approved by
GEF Secretariat (under International Waters/Contaminant-based
Operational Program #10) into pipeline entry on June 13, 2003.

Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) and Guangdong Province have
applied for inclusion in the proposed GEF project to support the promotion of
Livestock Waste Management in Guangdong Province and in cooperation with other
countries in the region, reduce the negative local and global environmental impacts of
rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds of Pearl River. The Project
has been designed in order to lead to reduction of land-based pollution from livestock
production of the international water of the South China Seas. The Livestock Waste
Management Project in Guangdong, covering Boluo County in Guangdong Province
that hereafter is called LWMEAP are the outcome of this Project.
1.1
Purpose of the Report
The proposed Livestock LWMEAP in Guangdong Province of PRC aims at
improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing
and reducing livestock production nutrient load that is currently polluting the local
and international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making
systems for livestock management at the Guangdong provincial levels in PRC. The
achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of soil and water pollution
from livestock liquid and solid manure, leading to improvement of national and
international water quality and public health, and a more equitable distribution of
benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project should
create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhance
institutional capacity in the project-selected areas and the whole province to better
implement effective Environmental Protection Plans.

The aims of this EA report include:
(i) Qualitative analysis and assessment of present natural environment and the socio-
economic conditions in the project areas and determine the scope and extent of
future impacts. The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined in
terms of environmental protection;
(ii) To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings
of the project to other areas; and
(iii) To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the potential negative
environmental impacts, enhance the positive impacts of the project, and prepare
an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-implementation,

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implementation, construction and operation of the project to ensure
environmental sustainability of the project.

The terms of reference (TOR) for compilation of EA report between the Technical
executive Organization (FAO) and the Local Consultant on EA is presented in Annex
A.
1.2
Brief Introduction to the EA Report
1.2.1 Importance of the Project
Urbanization and population increase and improvement of living standard in Guangdong
Province of PRC has increased the demand for meat products and provided the favorable
economic condition for livestock development. Urbanization and increase in demand for
animal products have been accompanied with the specification and intensification in
animal production and disintegration of crop and animal producers. Majority of livestock
production operations in China are based on household business and small private farms
or enterprises. Due to high demands, household and farming income has been increasing
steadily in the animal breeding areas of Guangdong province . However, the economic
development has caused environmental pollution and poor health condition within high
population density cities and counties in the Pearl River Delta, including ZengCheng,
XinHui, BoLuo, GaoMing and SiHui. DongGuan City. Surface and ground water quality
data monitoring have shown appreciable increase in organic and nutrient loading of water
resources and their bacterial contamination.

Biogas digester has been used in some private farms to treat livestock (pig) waste. The
National Strategy has had programs to support the farmers to install biogas. Although
techniques for building and operating biogas digesters are not difficult, but not all
operations are appropriately implemented. Many constructed biogas tanks are now
unused, broken down, waste material, and/or leaking gas that has negative impact on
local inhabitants, some biogas tank are designed too small to treat the produced
livestock waste on the farm. In addition, the discharge leakage from biogas tanks have
not met the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as stipulated in
Discharge Standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-2001).

The main problem of livestock waste management in Guangdong Province is that
limited options for livestock waste management and recycling are being introduced
and implemented. The lack or inadequacy of integration between animal production
and crop production, lack of appropriate economic analysis to assist policy makers in
making the appropriate decisions with regard to manure management policies and in
balancing economic development, soil fertility/manure application on land, and
environment protection. The environmental pollution problems are significant at
medium scale farms and even more problematic when dealing with the small scale
farms (multiple-point source pollution). The proposed project, if properly
implemented, should strengthen the institutional capacity in dealing with livestock
waste issues and provide valuable information on appropriate and adaptive livestock
waste management technologies in the Province, providing great assistance to the
planners and policy makers in developing and enforcing the appropriate
environmental laws and policies on Livestock Waste Management to reduce nutrient
loading in the Pearl River Delta and ultimately, the South China Sea.

2

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Livestock production of medium and small scale farms in Guangdong is less
developed compared to larger scale farms in Guangdong and some other countries in
the region. The proposed project could have significant positive impact in creating
good opportunities for improvement of health status in the surrounding communities,
reducing nutrient loading of surface and groundwater resources, reducing the need for
use of expensive and highly energy demanding inorganic fertilizers on farmers' fields,
and increasing the quality of the livestock (especially pig and poultry) and lifestyle in
the farming communities. Implementation of the proposed project, although not in a
large scale, could have significant positive impact at pilot level on methodology used
to improve the status and quality of livestock and livestock environment and related
natural resources (protection of water resources, water use efficiency, protection of
soil resources and nutrient loading). In addition, the livestock farmers, living within
the neighboring district and provinces, could also adapt the lessons learned from the
project implementation site that could provide additional intangible project benefits.

The Project is seeking a win-win approach, i.e. to both develop livestock through
hygienic environmental improvement, and assure sustainable reutilization of manure
resources through nutrient balanced and timely application of manure for crop
production. Capacity building at the provincial, county, and farm level should create
better and more sustainable livestock development, more efficient waste management,
and a better cost - benefit presentation of the proposed changes to motivate pubic
participation in proposed livestock waste management options.
1.2.2 Structure of the Report
The report provides an assessment of the environmental impacts of the development
of LWMEAP. It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for rural
development projects to respond to the requirements of both World Bank and SEPA.
Section 2 describes the institutional and administrative framework and the national
policies and strategies in relation to such development schemes. Section 3 provides a
description of the proposed development project, while Section 4 provides a
description of the existing physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical
environment, which is specific to the proposed project and neighboring areas. Section
5 describes the public participation whereas Section 6 describes the alternatives that
have been considered in the project planning process, mainly with or without the
project. Section 7 identifies the potential impacts that could be expected from the
proposed project both during construction and operation and proposes viable
mitigation measures for to minimize these impacts. Section 8 is devoted to the
presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for the proposed project
including the implementation framework, a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan for the
pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation periods and a training
plan, while section 9 presents the general conclusions and recommendations.
1.3 Bases
of
Assessment
This assessment was carried out according to the laws and regulations of the PRC and
the World Bank technical documents. A list of the material used for the preparation
of this report is presented below.
1.3.1 Laws
and
Regulations
-
Environment Protection Law of the PRC (December 26, 1989);
-
Water and Soil Conservation Law of the PRC (June, 1991);
3

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-
Prevention and Treatment Law of Atmospheric Pollution of the PRC (September,
2000);
-
Prevention and Treatment Law of Water Pollution of the PRC (May, 1996);
-
Prevention and Treatment Law of Noise Pollution of the PRC (October, 1996)
-
Prevention and Treatment Law of Solid Waste Pollution of the PRC (October,
1995);
-
The Administrative Rules for the Environmental Protection of Construction
Projects (The State Council Decree No. 253, November 18, 1998);
-
The Administrative Rules of the Water & Soil Conservation Law of the PRC
(June, 1991);
-
The Administrative Rules of The Land Administration Law of the PRC (August,
1998);
-
Rules for the Environmental Protection for basic cropland(The State Council
Decree No.257, December, 1998);
-
The Land Administration Law of the PRC (January,1999);
-
Administrative Regulations of Environment Protection for Development Projects
(The State Council Decree No.253, November, 1998);
-
List of Construction Project Environmental Protection Classification Management
(Order No. 14 of SEPA, October 2002);
-
Proposal on Strengthening Ecological Protection Work (SEPA, Order No.785,
November 1997);
-
Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of The PRC (January, 1998);
-
Interim Management Regulation of National Animal Epidemic Situation
Observation and Report System (June, 2002)
-
The Regulations on Nature reserves of the PRC (The State Council Decree No.
167, September 2, 1994);
-
The Regulations on Protection of Wild Flora of the PRC (The State Council
Decree No. 204, September 30, 1996);
-
Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Nature reserves in the
PRC (The State Council, No.111, 1998);
-
Stipulations on Environmental Administration Issues for Development Projects
(State Environment Development (88) No.117);
-
Regulations of Guangdong Province on Environmental Protection
(September,1997);
-
Regulations of Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province on Water Quality
Protection (January, 1999);
-
Administrative Regulations of Environment Protection for Development Projects
in Guangdong (September,1997);
-
Guangdong Provincial Implementation Measures of Law of the PRC on
Prevention and Control of Pollution From Environmental Noise (December,
1997);
-
Interim Plan for Regionalizing Surface Water Function in Guangdong Province
(November
1999);
- Industrial Criteria for Environment Protection of PRC "Technical Directive for
Environmental Impact Assessment (General programme, Atmospheric
environment, Surface water environment " (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);
-
Industrial Criteria for Environment Protection of PRC "Technical Directive for
Environmental Impact Assessment (Sound Environment)" (HJ/T2.4-1995);
-
"Technical Directive for Environmental Impact Assessment (Ecological
Environment)" (HJ/T19-97);
4

---

-
Regulation of Techniques for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion (GB/T
16453.1 16453.6--1996)
-
Standards of Classification for Soil Erosion SL190-96
-
"Technical standard of preventing pollution for livestock and poultry
breeding"(HJ/T81-2001)
1.3.2 Technical
Documents
-
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.10;
-
The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information;
-
Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the Project.
1.3.3 Main
Design
Documents
- Proposal for Project with the GEF Fund;
-
Feasibility Study Report for Project with GEF Fund;
-
Proposal of the World Bank Loan CGID Project;

All the above documents are available at the FAO representative office in PRC,
World Bank Office in Beijing, and/or the PMO.
1.4 Principles
of
Environmental
Assessment
This EA has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of both the World Bank, SEPA
and Guangdong Environment Protection Bureau (EPB) on environmental impact
assessment of development projects. The principles of the sustainable development
objective and scientific evaluation are followed in the EIA and design of the
environmental management plan for the LWMEAP. The same attention is paid to
both sustainable economic development and environmental protection through the use
of appropriate livestock waste treatment technology and environment protection so
that the "handling without harm" and agriculture growth can keep pace with the
environmental protection and does not cause significant negative environmental
impacts. Special attention is paid in this study to ensure that livestock wastes within
project areas are reduced as much as possible, and the produced wastes (liquid and
solid manure) is reused in farms as much as possible to reduce to use of inorganic
fertilizers in crop production. Special attention is made to ensure that project is
developed in a sustainable manner and detailed environmental management plan is
developed to minimize/prevent any potential damage that project might cause on the
natural (ecological) or social environment and enhance its positive impacts. As soon
as specific project areas (sub-catchments) are identified within the province, more
detailed environmental assessment of such components should be made to ensure that
potential negative impacts on ecological and social environment are kept to minimum.
For activities that could potentially cause environmental pollution (soil/water/air),
more detailed and project specific measures will be developed in order to provide
basic documents of environment protection to be used during project implementation.
To prevent duplication of effort and to reduce the project preparation cost, the EA
team has made full use of the available data and findings in preparation of this report.

Since the project is generally a livestock waste management project and does not
include any major land clearing or big construction activities, it is classified as a
Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).
Therefore, the EA is carried out in a "simplified way" with main attention of the study
being on the significant environmental issues (SEI) likely to be caused by the project.
5

---

This assessment was made based on the consultations with the World Bank
consultants, Chinese Environmental specialists and Guangdong EPB.

An assessment method of environmental matrices is used for this EA. This method
has been widely used in the environmental assessment of various projects since
proposed by Leopold, et al.1 (1971). An environmental matrix employs a list of
project activities and a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators. The two
are related in a matrix in order to identify cause­effect relationships. Column
headings generally list the project activities while the row headings show the
environmental parameters of the affected system. Entries in the resulting matrix cells
may simply show that an interaction takes place or they may be qualitative or
quantitative estimates of the interaction. Table 1-1 represents the preliminary
identification matrix, prepared for the LWMEAP.
1.5
Relationship to Feasibility Study
According to the provisions in Clause 9 and 17 of Environmental Protection
Regulations for Construction Projects, project construction unit should submit its EA
report to the pertinent environmental protection agency with authority to review and
approve, and the approval should be obtained during the feasibility study of the
project. In the preliminary design report, a specific chapter should cover
environmental protection, inclusive of related national environmental standards,
environmental impact mitigations and relevant design. In addition, it should also
cover the possible environmental impact from the project, mitigative or preventive
measures to reduce/prevent environmental impact and potential causes of
environmental pollution.

As required by the World Bank, the EA report was prepared simultaneously with
project preparation. Report was prepared in close cooperation with the local PMO,
the social assessment (SA) team, other project teams working on different project
components, review of the feasibility study report and consultation with the local
communities, and farmers. The EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the
SA team and prepared questionnaires related to environmental issues to be asked by
the SA team during their field visits. This EA was prepared in close association with
the feasibility study teams and should be considered as an integral part of the
feasibility study. A section must be added in the feasibility report to cover all
environmental issues discussed in this report and the environmental management plan
costs should also be included in the project budget.

In a bid to off-set or mitigate the potential impact to the environment at the design
stage, the EA team has already provided the PMO in Guangdong with the draft
working guidelines to satisfy the needs for environmental protection, and discussed
with the feasibility team as how to ensure coordination between environmental
protection and economic development. As was mentioned earlier, the EA team has
conducted extensive discussions with the social assessment (SA) team and has held
in-depth discussions with the said team as to define the questionnaire related to
environmental management, and submitted the questionnaire to the SA team. The EA
team has used the main findings of the SA team in the EA report. The project could
1 Source: Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Manshaw, B.B. and Balsley, J.R. (1971), A Procedure for
Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 645, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C.
6

---

impact farm sizes, waste management methods, fertilizer application rates and sources
on farmlands, and water use methods that are in use within the project areas. The EA
team discussed such issues in detail with the study teams and their comments were
reviewed in detail. The possible environmental issues were analyzed and necessary
mitigation measures were considered and costed in the EMP. In summary, the EA
team has prepared the EA report, in close collaboration with other technical teams
involved in the preparation of the feasibility study reports for the LWMEAP Project.
1.6 EA
Team


The EA team is composed of 6 experts for environmental impact assessment. The
team members are primarily pertinent researchers from the institute (department) of
Environment Science in Sun Yat-sen University. The posts of each EA team member,
specialties, and tasks in this EA and the man-months used by each member are listed
in Annex A.

The institute (department) of Environment Science in Sun Yat-sen University,
founded in 1979, is one of the earliest departments of environmental science and
research institutes in comprehensive universities in China. Professor Tang Yong-
luan, the first superintendent, is a well known environmental scientist in China, who
had made outstanding contributions to the naissance and development of
Environmental Science in the country. During the last 20 years, the ability of research
and teaching in this institute has become stronger. Presently, the university is
providng doctoral, masters and bachelor degrees in a number of disciplines.

The institute is currently staffed with approximately 54 teachers and scholars, among
which some 13 researchers/professors, 21 associate researchers/associate professors
and 20 engineers/lecturers. The Institute has developed research fields with special
focus on long-term research, including the theory, methodology and technique for
EIA and Environmental Planning; simulation of transference and conversion of
contaminants in waters; simulation of eutrophication and ecological dynamic process
in estuary and onshore areas; environmental management and environmental
information system; diffuse discipline of atmospheric contaminants; ecological
environmental protection in marshy areas; technique of wastewater treatment in
mangrove and man-made marshy areas; functional mechanism, effects and converting
discipline of waste on organism, etc.

The Institute is highly active in domestic and international academic exchanges and
collaborations. It has developed long-term and stable ties with universities and
institutes from the United States, Canada, Britain, Hong Kong, Switzerland and other
regions. These activities contribute substantially to enforce the academic
advancement and facilitate the students' development. The institute (department) of
Environment Science in Sun Yat-sen University has the first-rank EIA certificate in
the country.

Approximately 180 EIA projects have undertaken by the Institute. These EIAs cover
many projects with significant environmental impacts, such as EIA of Petrochemicals
project of Shell in Nanhai, EIA of storage water power station in Guangzhou, etc. In
2000, the State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA) awarded
one title--"the advanced institution of construction projects' EIA in the country" to
the organization for its prominent contribution in this field.
7

---

The institute (department) of Environment Science in Sun Yat-sen University has
carried out a series of similar regional environmental planning projects and
environmental impact assessments for development projects of large scale lately .
These projects are as follows:

z Environmental planning of Guangdong Zhaoqing City (April 2004)
z Environmental impact assessment and planning of Guangdong Xiqiao Industrial
Park (October 2003; as the project director)
z Planning and assessment of industrial zones within Panyu District, Guangzhou
(governmental project of Panyu District, Guangzhou; December 2003; as a major
participant)
z Regional environmental planning and assessment of Guangdong Economic
development zone (project of the management committee of Guangdong
Economic development zone; as a major participant).
1.7
Assessment Scope and Periods Covered
1.7.1 Assessment
Scope
The study area covered in the EA study covers Jiutan district of Yuanzhou township
in Boluo County.
1.7.2 Periods
Covered
The environmental assessment covers different phases of project implementation
including:
1)
Design Stage (1 year)
2)
Implementation/Construction period (1 year)
3)
Operation Period (4 Years)
1.8
Assessment Factors
The proposed project is a Livestock Waste Management development project,
comprising institutional improvement, policy enforcement, adaptive manure
technology demonstration, capacity building and extension at the central and local
levels, and manure market mechanism development. Therefore, the environmental
impacts and their interactions are complex. The assessment factors are identified
using an environmental interactive matrix (Table 1-1) mainly collection of secondary
data consultation with the other study teams, the environmental sensitivities of the
project areas, and lessons learned from other similar livestock development projects.
The identified environmental factors include:
1)
Social Environment: public health, socio-economy, employment, downstream
water users, and if present within project areas, the minorities and disadvantaged
people;
2)
Ecological Environment: land use, flora, fauna, nature reserves, soil erosion and
degradation, freshwater and seawater fisheries;
3)
Physical (natural) Environment:
-
Water environment: water hydrology, water quality (Surface water including
pH, CODMn, BOD5, nutrients such as TN and TP, heavy metals, coliform.
Ground water including pH, COD
-
-
Mn, NH3-N, NO2 , NO3 );
-
Ambient Air: Odor, NH3, H2S, total suspended particulates (TSP);
-
Soil erosion and degradation;
8

---

-
Solid waste (feedlots, boar)
1.9
Assessment Focus and Categorization
The special topic assessment category and basis for classification of environment set
by China General Bureau of Environment Protection is presented in accordance with
the Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.1~2.3--93,
HJ/T2.4~1995, HJ/T19~1997). The assessment focuses project impact on the
ecological environment, water environment and social environment during
implementation and operation phases. Furthermore, water quality, land use, soil
erosion and degradation, solid and liquid manure are identified as the main factors of
this EA based on potential environmental impacts.
The water quality assessment focuses on the impact of farmyard manure application
as fertilizer (solid and liquid) on surface and ground water and project impact on
nutrient migration (TN, TP) to the Pearl River and finally the South China Sea., while
land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use practices through potential
increase of liquid and solid manure as nutrient source, reduction of inorganic fertilizer
use and potential changes in agricultural practices. In special cases where large
number of animals are confined in relatively small areas (intensive pig fattening,
intensive poultry farms), while land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use
practices through spatial analysis.

9

---

Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMEP
Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment
Ecological Environment
Social Environment
y
e
g
a
s
y
y
r
n
e
d
s
g
h
t
Project Components
l
og
cs
l
o
ty
n
e
n
y
m
d
ag
th
s
l
it
ir
u
v
n
m
l
i
o
ai
u
n
a
ty
ic
ta
s
t
a
rv
an
it
ti
e
o
nd
i
lt
e
a
r
r
o
la
r
o
a
e
s
io
d
s
i
t
as
F
er
l
si
i
st
s
n
a
ri
al
ea
s
e
d
e
p
n
rs
ea
d
u
s
o
n
se
p
an
er
i
l
r
u
o
l
er
m
t
re
u
y
o
es
o
i
he
y
q
i
r
e
w
d
re
ro
la
ve
o
t
e
d
co
r
al
H
y
s
h
o
d
r
h
o
e
i
n
cr
tl
i
ec
l
c
o
n
r
e
r
d
ct
lo
N
-e
N
l
b
et
S
n
u
ic
e
l
id
e
e
S
i
l
i
a
re
c
d
ac
a
l-
l
t
al
l
p
t
e
r
il
l
w
e
te
i
ra
at
o
m
o
r
a
ra
al
r
a
t
u
o
r
a
t
u
s
ic
W
io
a
L
ia
u
u
b
m
o
a
t
u
a
ci
t
W
w
W
S
A
S
l
o
a
a
h
b
B
c
o
C
a
P
E
D
W
b
W
F
N
S
N
Conducive policy
Development and enforcement of policies
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Capacity-building, awareness-raising; policy regulation 0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
enforcement
Livestock Waste Management
Area wide Planning with GIS techniques
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
Design survey and Investment preparation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Improved Waste Management at non point source
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Improved Waste Management at point source
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Manure technology demonstration
Biogas digester
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
Composting
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
Lagoon
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
10

---

Local capacity-building and campaign, communication
program at local level
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact
-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact ­3=Significant negative impact
*
If native seed mix is applied, otherwise the effect is ­2
+
If there is no competition for feed between wild animals and livestock, the impact is zero.
11

---

Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMEP
Environmental Parameters
Physical Environment
Ecological Environment
Social Environment
y
a
e
g
a
s
y
y
r
n
es
d
s
g
h
t
l
o
cs
l
o
ty
n
e
u
n
y
m
d
ag
th
n
s
l
it
ir
ve
m
l
i
o
ai
te
au
rv
an
i
t
t
i
e
o
n
i
ta
lt
en
a
r
Project Components
st
r
o
la
r
o
a
e
s
io
d
s
i
t
a
F
er
l
si
i
st
s
n
an
r
al
ea
s
e
d
e
p
rs
ea
d
u
s
o
n
se
p
a
n
er
i
l
r
u
o
l
e
m
t
re
u
y
es
o
he
y
q
i
ro
e
w
d
re
ro
la
v
o
t
e
d
co
r
al
H
y
s
h
r
o
er
i
d
n
tl
r
e
c
et
i
S
ct
n
-
ec
u
l
i
c
l
o
n
e
r
b
an
e
t
er
b
id
t
e
N
i
l
l
d
l
t
a
l
t
a
r
i
c
o
r
a
an
a
l
r
b
p
w
a
t
er
a
o
m
o
ra
t
u
si
W
i
ar
L
i
u
u
b
m
o
a
u
a
t
c
tu
W
w
W
S
A
S
l
o
a
a
h
b
B
c
o
C
at
P
E
D
W
b
W
F
N
S
N
Decision support tools development and regional co-ordination
Preparation of tools relevant in the three countries.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Training and Capacity Building
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Regional co-ordination, Information sharing
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Project Management and Monitoring
Project Management
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
Training
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Lab
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
Extension
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact
-1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact ­3=Significant negative impact
12

---

1.10 Assessment
Criteria
According to the environmental function zoning of the environmental protection
administrative departments in the project counties, the following standards will be
adopted for this assessment. The assessment standards include quality standards and
discharge standards. For quality standards, those required for protection of the
functions in the recipient environment zone in view of pollution inflow will be
applied. As to discharge standards, if available, corresponding discharge standards
for the sector will be applied. If standards are not available, pertinent discharge
standards will be applied for each special pollutant. Based on the geographical
distribution and environmental features in the project areas, the following standards
will be applied.
A. Surface Water Quality Standard
(i) Class II of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GHZB 1-1999)
for drinking water source protection area;
(ii) The Water Quality Standard for Cropland Irrigation (GB5084-92) for irrigation
water;
(iii) Class III of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-
2002) will be adopted for the assessment of surface water quality of urban river
section and urban downstream river section;
(iv)
Environmental Quality Standard for Ground Water (GB/T14848-93).
B. Drinking Water Quality Standard
(i) Sanitary standard for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-85)
C. Ambient Air Quality Standard
(i) Class II2 of the Standard for Ambient Air Quality (GB3095-1996) for the
residential areas;
(ii) Threshold values of NH3 and H2S in Hygienic Standards for the Design of
Industrial Enterprises --- The maximum permitted toxicant concentration in air of
residential area (TJ36-79).

D. Soil Quality Standard
(i)
Class of Environmental Quality Standard for Soil (GB 15618-1995)
E. Noise Quality Standard
(i)
Standard of environmental noise of urban area (GB3096-93)
F. Discharge Standard
(i) Discharge Standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-
2001);
(ii) Emission limits of air pollutants of Guangdong (DB44/27-2001)
(iii) Emission limits of water pollutants of Guangdong (DB44/26-2001)
2 Air quality is divided into three classes in the Standard for Ambient Air Quality (BG3095-1996).
Class
is applicable to nature reserves, scenic spots and other regions needing special protection;
Class
is applicable to rural region and urban residential region; and Class
is applicable to industrial
region.
13

---

(iv)
Standards of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises GB12348-90
1.11
Assessment Focus and Categorization
Since the project aims at reducing the impact of land-based pollution from livestock
production on the international water of the South China Seas and does not include
any major land clearing or construction activities, it is classified as a Category B
project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).
The goals of this study are to ensure that the project will not have any significant
negative impacts on the physical, ecological and/or social environment of Guangdong
and to enhance the positive impacts of the proposed project and the environment. The
study focuses on the potential impact of the project, especially on the surface water
and soil resources, the health of human inhabitants, domesticated and wild animals in
project areas, the biodiversity, and to ensure the sustainable growth within the project
areas.
1.12 Assessment
Procedure
The procedure for this assessment is presented in Figure 1-1.
14

---

Assignment of EA Task
Field Studies
Identification of the Objectives of
Environmental Assessment
Selection of Environmental Impact Factors
Social Environment
Ecological Environment
Physical Environment
Environmental Impact Analysis
Alternative Analysis
Social Environment
Ecological Environment
Physical Environment
Environmental Impact
Environmental Standard
Assessment
Compilation of
Mitigation Measures
Compilation of EA
Environmental Monitoring
Report
and Management Plan
Figure 1-1 Assessment Procedures for the EA of LWMEAP
15

---

2
Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework
As requested in the Notice on Strengthening the EA work for Construction Project
with Loans from International Financial Institutions (Document NO.324), LWMEAP
has to implement the Chinese laws, regulations & standards on environmental
protection (EP) and EA regulations and requirements. In addition to the relevant
Chinese regulations on EA, the project should also follow the technical requirements
of the World Bank. The EA report is subjected to review and approval of the State
Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA), Guangdong Environmental Protection
Bureau (GDEPB), and the World Bank Safeguard Group.
2.1 Organizations
&
Administrative
Framework
At present, a system of uniform environmental supervision and management is in
place in China that is practiced by SEPA and local environmental protection bureaus
(EPB) under the direction of the State Council. In addition to SEPA, each concerned
ministry and commission has a separate environmental protection department that is
responsible for sector environmental projects within their areas of interest. They are
also ultimately under the supervision of SEPA. The organizational structure of
environmental administrative is presented in Fig. 2-1.
2.2
National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection.
The environmental protection is considered as one of the major national policies in
China. The long-term strategy is to develop projects that are both economically and
environmentally sound.
China has established an integrated legislative system for environmental protection.
The Chinese legislation and regulations that LWMEAP should follow include:
1)
"The PRC Constitution ", mainly, Article 26, Section 2 of Article 9 and
Section 5 of Article 10 that spells out the provisions for the environmental protection,
pollution control, rational utilization of natural resources, protection of rare,
endangered, and precious animals and plants, and rational land use. These activities
provide the basis and the guideline for legislation on EP in China;
2)
"The EP Law of PRC" (December, 1989);
3)
"The Administrative Rules for the Environmental Protection of Construction
Projects (The State Council Decree No. 253, November 18, 1998); and
4)
"The Circular on Improved Management of EIA for International Financial
Institution-Financed Projects" (No. 324).
According to the requirements of Guangdong EPB, LWMCP should follow the
following rules and regulations:
1)
Regulations of Guangdong Province on Environmental Protection (September,
1997);
2)
Regulations of Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province on Water Quality
Protection (January, 1999);
3)
Administrative Regulations of Environment Protection for Development
Projects in Guangdong (September, 1997);
16

---

4)
Guangdong Provincial Implementation Measures of Law of the PRC on
Prevention and Control of Pollution From Environmental Noise (December,1997);
and
5) Interim Plan for Regionalizing Surface Water Function in Guangdong Province
(November, 1999).
2.3 WB
Requirements
According to the WB requirements, the EIA report for LWMEAP should satisfy the
following Bank policies:
1)
Operational Policy 4. 01 Environmental Assessment
2)
Operational Policy 4. 10 Indigenous People
3)
WB Procedures for Information Disclosure
EA team has reviewed and understood the above policies and would follow the
technical requirements of the WB as outlined in the WB EA Source Book.

The State Council
Concerned
Ministries/Commissions
SEPA
Management Organizations
of Main River Basins
EP departments of
Ministry/Commission
Provincial/Regional EPB
EP Organization of
EP Organization of
Main River Basins
Municipal EPB
Provincial Lined
Departments
EP Organs
of Big &
County EPB
Medium
EP Organs of Industrial Sector of
Enterprises
Municipal/City Governments
EP Office of Industrial Sectors of
Environmental Staff in
County Government Sector
Township/community
EP Office of Small
Enterprise/Township
Enterprise
Figure 2-1 Organizational Structure of Environmental Administrative Framework
17

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3
Project Description
The proposed project is located in Guangdong Province in Southern China surrounded
by South China Sea (Fig 3-1). Government of Peoples Republic of China (PRC) has
prepared for the proposed GEF project for support to promote Livestock Waste
Management in Guangdong Province of PRC in order to reduce the negative local and
global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in the
watersheds in the coastal areas of Guangdong. The Project has been designed in order
to lead to reduction of land-based pollution from livestock production of the
international water of the South China Seas. The Livestock Waste Management
Project in China, covering Boluo region Guangdong province that hereafter is called
Project Site are the selected site for the demonstration of the outcome of the Project.
The total project investment in the three countries (China, Thailand and Vietnam) is
approximately 31.7 millions USD, including GEF contribution of about 7 millions
USD, LEAD contribution of about 0.5 millions USD, governments contribution of
about 6 millions USD and private sector investment of about 18.2 millions USD. The
project covers Yuanzhou Township of Boluo County in Guangdong Province.

Figure 3-1 Map of Guangdong and Project Counties

Boluo
County
18

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3.1 Project
Goals
The main goals of LWMEAP are:
(i)
To support sustainable development of livestock industry by reducing
water and soil pollution within the project areas through establishment of
practical and cost-effective manure management strategies and
enforcement of policies and regulations;
(ii)
To reduce migration of pollutant, mainly N and P, to the South China Sea
and reduce nutrient loading in agricultural soils, using organic fertilizers;
(iii)
To improve the health standards in the project areas, and to promote better
social and economic development of project beneficiaries through
introduction of adaptive and improved livestock waste management; and
(iv)
To develop decision support tools for policy makers and promote the
exchange of experiences and lessons learned amongst the three
participating countries directly involved in the Project as well as those
bordering the South China Sea.
The project is expected to lead to the development and implementation of policies for
both livestock production and waste management with strengthened and better-
enforced regulations, more effective institutions and financial incentives. The
outcome of the second component would be demonstrations in micro-watersheds with
improved livestock waste management including the establishment of improved
nutrient-balances in surrounding agricultural land. The third component would
develop common decision support tools for policy makers and promote the exchange
of experiences and lessons learned amongst the three participating countries directly
involved in the Project as well as those contributing to the N and P pollution of the
South China Sea. The last component would result in efficient project management
and effective monitoring of the political/institutional and environmental changes
brought about by the Project.
3.2 Project
Objectives
The objective of the project is to reduce the negative local and global environmental
impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in selected watersheds in the
coastal areas of China. The proposed project and its replication would lead to an
improvement of land-based pollution from livestock production of the international
waters of the South China Sea. Other global benefits would occur in the areas of
biodiversity, land degradation, and climate change. In particular, the proposed project
would lead to an environmentally sound geographic distribution of livestock
production and thereby to the following global and regional environmental benefits:
· A consequent reduction of livestock production waste load (animal waste
currently contributes more than half of the total organic waste loads) that is
currently polluting international waters (South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand);
· More effective conservation of freshwater and coastal marine aquatic biodiversity
as a result of reduced waste water discharges into riverine and other natural
wetland habitats.;
· Reduction of public health hazards and a more equitable distribution of benefits
generated from the rapidly growing livestock industry;
19

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· A reduction of land degradation from excessive nutrient loading in the agricultural
fields surrounding intensive livestock production units; and
· Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (methane, nitrous oxides) and gases of
local importance (ammonia) released from livestock waste.
Conducive Policy Framework Component is proposed to have a sub-component for
the development of policies and decision-support tools that would work on the
identification and ex-ante assessment of policy options (including the spatial planning
of livestock production), the preparation of technical standards and the design of
policy implementation programmes. A second sub-component would work on
capacity-building, awareness-raising, and enforcement of policies and regulations
through training of central and local government officials as well as farmers, and the
development of national communication programs. The component would be
implemented under the close cooperation between the environmental and the
agricultural agencies in the countries; and would include regional activities that will
ensure the benefits from cross-country experiences and other synergy-effects.
3.3.2 Demonstration of Livestock Waste Management Component
Demonstration of Livestock Waste Management Component would be implemented
in one or two micro-watersheds in each country and focus on demonstrating how
practical and cost-effective manure management technologies could improve
freshwater, seawater, and soil quality. Three livestock waste management technology
options will be demonstrated: (a) removal by treatment, (b) removal by crop/fish
uptake and/or (c) removal by export to other regions (e.g. as compost or other manure
products). This component would rely heavily on the guidance of the agricultural
agencies and a partnership with the private sector. Sub-components would include
area-wide planning with GIS techniques, surveys and registration procedures, and the
actual physical demonstration of improved waste management both, for a large
number of small producers (`multiple-point source pollution') and for selected large
farms (`single point source pollutions'). A second sub-component would involve
capacity building of local officials, extension workers and farmers in manure and
nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of water pollution on public
health.
3.3.3 Development of Decision Support Tools and Regional Coordination
Component
Development of Decision Support Tools and Regional Coordination Component
would have two sub-components: first, the development of common decision support
tools (e.g. decision support tool for the selection of manure management strategies;
computer-based interface for the spatial planning of livestock development; nutrient
fluxes modelling). This would involve adaptation of common tools to local contexts
and translation into national languages, as well as the preparation of training modules.
The second sub-component would focus on facilitating regional co-ordination
amongst the three participating countries and the dissemination of project results,
livestock waste management guidelines, and decision making tools to other countries
impacting the South China Sea. This component would be implemented under the
close guidance of the FAO with strong engagement from national governments to
ensure regional activities meet their needs.
20

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By definition, an integrated project demands strong support of technical extension and
training. The project, in order to achieve its objectives is dependent on a satisfactory
extension strategy and implementation of it. Technical assistance (TA) needs have
been identified for a number of activities as described in the above component.
3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring Component
Project Management Sub-component with work done in the project management units
and the training and equipment needed for efficient project management. A second
sub-component includes the monitoring of the project, including implementation
progress monitoring, monitoring of surface and groundwater pollution as well as other
environmental indicators (under the leadership of the environmental agencies),
monitoring of nutrient-balance in agricultural soils that are using manure as
supplementary fertilizer, rate of compliance with environmental policies and
regulations, and the monitoring and evaluation of the specific demonstration areas.
3.4 Indicators
of
Project
Success
The project success will be measures based on the following output and outcome
indicators:
(i)
Number of livestock technicians trained in participatory approaches and
sustainable livestock management;
(ii)
Number of community and/or farm based manure management plans that are
prepared and implemented;
(iii) Number of replication of demonstrated sustainable manure management
approaches outside the demonstration areas;
(iv) Spatial Distribution of Livestock; Share of Farms with Effective Manure
Management Plans;
(v)
Number of farms that have adopted an improved system;
(vi) Number of Staffed and fully-funded project management units established
(regional, central, local);
(vii) Levels of BOD5, CODcr, Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
(TKN), Total Solids (TS), Suspended Solids (SS), NH +
--
3 -N, NO3
N, Total
coliform, E.coli, of surface and groundwater and major polluting nutrients in
agricultural soils used for manure application (TKN, TP, and available P
measured by the Bray manure) in Selected Watersheds within project area of
influence;
(viii) Number of complaints received by the authorities in project area with regard to
livestock related activities (odor, water contamination, etc.);
(ix) Status of animal and human health using hospital statistics on water-borne
diseases;
(x)
The overall social status and average income of participating farmers (project
beneficiaries);
(xi) Rate of establishment of supporting infrastructure within project areas.
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3.5 Project
Area
The proposed LWMEAP project covers Boluo in Guangdong. Hydrographically, the
project county is within the river catchment of Dongjiang River system. Table 3-1
presents the project county's major livestock production systems.

Table 3-1 Project County Distribution and Production System
River
Project Counties
Main Livestock Production System
Basin
Dongjiang Yuanzhou township of Boluo
Mainly intensive hog pen and fish
River
pond agricultural production system
3.6 Project
Implementation
Schedule
3.7 Project
Investment
The total project investment is estimated to be about US$ 21,449 million in the three
project countries. The costs based on the proposed scales of the four main
components of the project are: about US$ 10,890 million including implementation by
the private sector adoptions during project or about 50.8% for the Implementation of
Cost-effective Livestock Waste Management (demonstration)component, about US$
5,139 million or 24.0% of total investments for the Policies component some US$
2,000 million or 9.3 % for the Regional component, about US$ 3,420 million or
15.9% of total investments for the Monitoring of Policies and Environmental and
Human Health Impact component.

22

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4
Description of Existing Environment
Guangdong lies in the extreme southeast corner of PRC mainland. Guangdong is
bordering South China Sea to the South, Fujian Province to the east, Guangxi Province to
the west, and Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces to the North. This broad region has complex
physical characteristics with a wide variation of climatic, topographic and physiographic
characteristics. Tropic of cancer passes through the province.
The following sections describe the major physical, ecological and socio-cultural
conditions in the project areas. The EA study area in Guangdong covers Boluo County.
Description of various features of the physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical
environments are presented in the following sections.
4.1 Description of Existing Environment of Guangdong
4.1.1 Physical Environment of Guangdong
4.1.1.1 Topography
Guangdong lies between 20o 09' and 25o 31' N latitude, and 109o45' and 117o 20' E
longitude. The province total land area is 179756.5 km2, about 1.86% of total country
area. Guangdong has zigzag and longest coastline of all country that is 3368.1 kilometer
span long. Ocean area is about 350,000 sq. km of province, two times of land area.
Distance is 660 km from south to north, 800 km from east to west in Guangdong.
Guangdong hypsography is general high in north and low in south, landform complex, m
Mountainous, hills, mesa, valley, basin are interleaving, besides of pearl river
delta Hanjiang river delta lower reaches of Jianjiang river are plain in Guangdong, and
that form multi-nature sight. Guangdong mountain chain tend towards mostly northeast-
southwestern, Mountainous over 500 meter covers over 31.68% of the province,
hills 80-500 meter
28.54%, mesa 16.12%, and plain 23.66% 3.
North continent category middle mountainous area, northeast of continent is major
mountainous region, southeast is hilliness, southeast coastline has more flat plain
including Hanjiang delta plain that is bigger one than others. Pearl River delta plain lies in
middle of southern continent and receives water from all three rivers: Dong rive, Xi river,
and Bei river. Northern Pearl river delta altitude is quite high, distribute 20-55 meter
mesa, middle and south of the Pearl River delta altitude is low, distribute paddy field and
fish pound. West of Pearl river delta is mountain and mesa of western Guangdong. Lei
Zhou by land in the southwest end of continent category low and flat mesa, altitude is
hereinafter 80 meter.
4.1.1.2 Soil4
Guangdong stride South-Asia subtropics and tropic zone, has many types of parent
material, form zonal soil to non-zonal soil, as well as anthropogenic paddy soils intensely.
From South to North, laterite changes to crimson soil, and crimson soil changes to red
soil, yellow soil develops among cold and wet higher mountain and intermontane basin,
in addition develop non-zonality soil including Aeolian sandy soil and coastal solonchak
etc yet.
3 Data source: Guangdong Soil 1993, Compiled by Guangdong soil General Investigation Office
4 Data source: Guangdong Soil 1993, Compiled by Guangdong soil General Investigation Office

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4.1.1.3 Climate
Located on the Tropic of Cancer and between the latitudes 20° 09' and 25°31' north and
the longitudes of 109°45 ' and 117°20 ' east, Guangdong enjoys a most favorable
geographic location. Besides north mountainous area has Mid-Asia tropical monsoon
climate, most areas of Guangdong have mainly warm and humid South-Asia tropical and
tropical monsoon climate boasts of the richest province in China in terms of sunshine,
heat and water resources. With mild winters as warm as May springtime and long hot and
humid summers like a rice steamer. This typical monsoon weather features a rainy season
from April to September and frequent typhoons from May to November. Its annual
average temperature varies from 19°C in the north to over 23°C in Leizhou Peninsula in
the south. In January, its average temperature varies from 9°C in the north to 16°C in the
south, while in July, from 28°C to 29°C, with an annual evaporation amount of 1,000mm
in the north and 1,200mm in the south respectively. Influenced by the monsoons from the
SE, it has plentiful rainfall of 1,500mm-2, 000mm annually with 40 percent falling during
the summer. The annual sunshine is about I, 750 hours in Northern Guangdong, 1,800-
2,000 hours in the middle, and 2,000-2,200 hours along the coast. With plenty of rainfall
and lots of sunshine, life is thriving here, with a large diversity of fruits, vegetables, and
many other plants.
4.1.1.4 Hydrology
Surface Water:
Major rivers in Guangdong province include the Pearl River, Xijiang River, Beijiang
River, Dongjiang River, Hanjiang River , Moyangjiang River and Jianjiang River, among
others. The Pearl River valley is major water system of Guangdong, includes the broad
drainage area of Xijiang, Beijiang, Dongjiang and Pearl River Delta, area up to 111, 000
square kilometers, account for 62% of all provincial area. The Xijiang, the trunk of the
Zhujiang (Pearl River), has its headwaters in the Nanpan River in the Wumeng Mountain
Area, Yunnan, and flows past Guizhou and Guangxi, enters into Guangdong from
Fengkai county area, runs through Zhaoqing, converges with Beijiang River in Sixianjiao
area of Sanshui county, for 2,197 kilometers before emptying into the South China Sea at
Modaomen, Guangdong. Practically all the rivers of the Beijiang and Dongjiang systems
are in Guangdong Province. The Beijiang, starting in the southern part of Huanan and
Jiangxi, upper reaches is called Zhenshui River, Beijiang joins with Wujiang River in
Shaoguan city. Dongjiang originates from Anyuan county, Jiangxi Province, enters
Guangdong in Longchuan county, flows past Heyuan, Huizhou, Dongguan cities, out to
sea from Humen, Guangdong. Hanjiang River valley is second water system of
Guangdong, drainage area 18000 square kilometers. In addition, Rongjiang River in East
of Guangdong, Moyangjiang River, Jianjiang river and Jiuzhoujiang River in West of
Guangdong. Zhujiang Delta, Hanjiang Delta and other rivers valley are important base of
agricultural production.
The length of the main trunk of Dongjiang is 520 kilometers, drainage area of 27040
square kilometers,
Major branches include Xinfengjiang, Qiuxiangjiang, Xizhijiang, Zengjiang Rivers,
out to sea from Humen, Guangdong. According to the information of Boluo
hydrology station, Dongjiang maximum annal runoff 416 hundred million stere in
1983, minimum annal runoff 61.4 hundred million stere in 1963, average annal runoff
238 hundred million stere. Dongjiang discharge(flow) change greatly, upper reaches
discharge many years average 724 stere per second, account about 7.6% of Zhujiang
discharge 9542 stere per second. The maximum discharge 12800 stere per second of
24

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Boluo observation site (1959), minimum discharge 23.1 stere per second(1960),
discrepancy 554 times both. Dongjiang lower reaches and bayou area contain sand
0.136 kilogram per stere, total year transport sand quantity 314 ton. Dongguan and
Shilong area of Zhujiang Delta is deposits by Dongjiang.
Groundwater5:
Guangdong shallow layer groundwater gross quatity 534 hundred million stere,
account for 25.3% of annual runoff, general replenishment modulus 25.1 ten thousand
stere/year·km2, rainfall seep modulus 14%. Dongjiang river system area groundwater
resource gross quantity 62.7 hundred million stere, account for 25% of annual runoff,
general replenishment modulus 25.4 ten thousand stere/year·km2. Now Guangdong
groundwater exploitation meets 2.5 hundred million stere per year, only account for
3% approved exploitation mete. Main river system area groundwater resource data are
presented in table 4-1.
Table 4-1 Main River System Area Groundwater Resource Data
River Name
Area,
Annual
groundwater
General
Rg/R
rainfall
(km2)
Runoff
resource
replenishment
( )
seep
(million stere)
(million stere)
modulus (thousand
modulus
stere /year- km2)
Xijiang river area
15.085
12300
3630
241
29.5
0.16
Beijiang river
40.894 45700
10900
268
23.9
0.15
area
Dongjiang river
24.667 25100
6270
254
25
0.14
area
Pearl river delta
31.443 31300
7330
233
23.6
0.13
area
Hanjiang river
20.048 17000
3910
195
23
0.12
area
coastal rivers area
13.653 17200
11300
291
23.1
0.14
of east
Guangdong

coastal rivers area
31.982 31700
6070
352
35.2
0.19
of west
Guangdong

Total of whole
212.005 211300
53400
251
25.3
0.14
Province
4.1.1.5 Surface Water Quality6
Guangdong main rivers water environment quality mainly fall in classes II to III. In
general, water quality is within acceptable limits. About 57.9
river sections among
provincial control surface water quality monitoring sections reach the state level II
while 59.6
river section water quality is perfectly , reach or excel the state class III
level. 22.8% of river sections water quality belong to the state V level or inferior class
V level, important pollute index is NH3-N, feces coliform, CODCr, oil and TP, NH3-
N and feces coliform exceed state level is common.
5 Data Sources: Country Resources in Guangdong, 1986,Compiled by Guangdong land resources
office.
6 Data sources: Environmental Quality Report in Guangdong Province, 2003. For classification of
level refer to the definitions presented in Chapter 1.

25

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Seven provincal control segments of Dongjiang water systems, including Heyuan
segment (II function area) water quality reach 1st state level, Huizhou section (II
function area), water quality reach 2nd state level, Dongguan segment (II function
area), water quality reach 3rd state level, Xizhijiang river segment (II function area),
water quality reach 4th state level, Longgang river segment (II function area), water
quality category inferior V state level; Pingshan river segment (III function area),
water quality category inferior V state level, and Shahe segment (II function area),
water quality reach 3rd state level.

4.1.1.6 Groundwater Quality
No institution have make general investigation of groundwater quality in Guangdong,
because government and individual both think Guangdong is full of surface water,
surface water is enough for agricultural, industry and residential. So up to now no data
of groundwater quality in Guangdong can be abtained.
4.1.1.7 Atmospheric Environment7
Urban atmospheric environment: In the year 2003 the annual average value of urban
sulfur dioxide in the whole province is 0.025 mg/ m3, reach the state 2nd level,
Shaoguan and Foshan cities exceed the state 2nd level, Shenzhen and Zhuhai etc.ten
cities reach the state 1 st level.
The annual average value of nitrogen dioxide is 0.031 mg/ m3, reach the state1st level.
21 cities all over the province whose average annual value of nitrogen dioxide reached
the state 2nd level, Shaoguan and Zhuhai etc. 15 cities reach the state1st level.
The annual average value of total suspended particulate matter of compared cities is
0.124 mg/ m3, reach the state2nd level. The annual average value of PM10 of
compared cities is 0.075 mg/ m3 , reach the state2nd level.
As for the project couny are concerned, the sulfur dioxide in Foshan city exceeded the
state 2nd level.
The atmospheric environment quality meets the 2nd level instituted by the state in the
project area.

4.1.2 Ecological Environment of Guangdong
4.1.2.1 Flora
In terms of plants, 7055 species, 1645 genus and 280 families of plants are identified in
Guangdong, which accounts for 26% 51.6% and 76.9% of total number of state
respectively. 103 kinds are rare and severe danger plant, 49 genus are special genus of
China. Guangdong is the one of the richest and most important provinces in China in
terms of biodiversity protection.
According to the ecosystems classification of China, there are four plant community
ecosystems in Guangdong;
7 Data sources: Environmental Quality Report in Guangdong Province, 2003. For classification of
level refer to the definitions presented in Chapter 1.

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4.1.2.2 Fauna
Guangdong lies between 20o 09' and 25o 31' N latitude, and 109o45' and 117o 20' E
longitude, locates on the Tropic of Cancer, enjoys a most favorable geographic location.
Guangdong has a mainly warm and humid subtropical climate with mild winters as warm
as May springtime. With plenty of rainfall and lots of sunshine, life is thriving here, with
a large diversity of fruits, vegetables, and many other plants, is the one of the richest
provinces in China in terms of biodiversity. There are 720 kinds of vertebrate, 35 kinds
are first class protection, 151 kinds are second class stress protection, which account for
23% and 40% of all state stress protection wild animal respectively.
4.1.2.3 Nature reserves
In order to protect the flora and fauna biodiversity in the province, Guangdong has
successively instituted a number of measure, byelaws and ordinances, such as "Byelaws
of management of wild animal protection in Guangdong"," List of wild animal
important protection of Guangdong" was drafted by Forest Bureau that has been
confirmed and publicized by provincial government, and "Proposal of Guangdong
accelerating nature reserve building". With gradually perfection of Management
ordinance for Wild animal protection, which makes management work of provincial level
wild animal protection can according to special laws and ordinances.
177 nature reserves of various significance levels have been established in Guangdong
province until 2002, covering an area of 989,830 ha (including sea area), land area of
823,850 ha, which accounts for 4.6% of the provincial total area. Among these
preservation zones, eight are at the national level, 36 are at provincial level, and 133 are at
the county (city) level. 38800 small section of nature reserves have been constructed by
country government army and enterprise etc. in Guangdong, that covering an area of
420,000 ha, such as "little bird heaven "small section of nature reserves, lies in Tianma
river alluvium of Xinhui city, only covering an area of 1ha, aim at protection of Aves and.
In addition, So far there are 89 forest parks in Guangdong province, totaling an area of
326,000 ha, of which 14 are at state level, and 31 at provincial level, and 44 at
county(city) level.
4.1.2.4 Soil Erosion and Water and Soil Conservation
Base on statistic data in 1983, Guangdong province water and soil erosion area 1.1265
M.km2, increases 52.43% compare with initial stages of 1950'. Thereinto head water of
Hanjiang account for 25.8%, Xijiang valley account for 17.8%, Dongjiang upriver
account for 10.5%, Beijiang upstream account for 10.9%, coastal rivers area of east
Guangdong is about 18.5%, coastal rivers area of west Guangdong is about 11.2%, Pearl
river delta account for 5.1%. Meizhou area lies in head water of Hanjiang is most serious
for water and soil erosion, water and soil area is about 2556.04 km2, include surface
erosion 1700.73 km2, account for 66.53% of total water and soil area, gulley erosion
609.21 km2, account for 23.83% of total water and soil area, collapse mound 246.1 km2,
account for 9.62 .
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4.1.3 Socio-cultural Environment of Guangdong
4.1.3.1 Population and nationality
The year 2003 statistical data indicate that the total population of Guangdong
province is 86,42,0,000, permanent residents is 78,585,800 of which, 50,216,330
(63.82%) live in rural areas, 28,369,470 (36.18%) live in urban areas. Population
density is about 430 persons per square kilometer and representing 6.69% of the total
population in China. Guangzhou is the largest city in South China, ranking 5th in
population density of all the cities in China, after only Chongqing, Beijing, Shanghai
and Tianjin.
Han people form the majority of the population in Guangdong province. The main
minority groups in Guangdong are Yao, Zhuang, Hui, Manchu and She. Guangdong
is a multicultural province with a diverse society. A total of 53 out of the country's 56
nationalities are represented in Guangdong. Ethnic minorities account for 1.23 million
inhabitants. Han Chinese majority number 85.19 million and represent 99% of the
total population. The province's urbanization tops the nation, closing in on the level of
the intermediate developed nations in the world.
Year 2000 statistics indicates that 24.17% (about 20.47 million) of population are
children (0-14 years old), 69.78% (about 60.30 million) are young and middle-aged
people (15-64) and 6.05% (about 5.23 million) are the elder at the age of 65 and
above. The age median is 33.3, with male 33.25 and female 33.35. The provincial age
structure is of an adult type at the latter stage, characterized by an extending average
life span, smaller proportion of children and young people, and a greater proportion of
elders. This aging society is also partly due to the strengthening of China's birth
control policy and the remarkable improvement in people's health.

4.1.3.2 Cultural Background
In modern Chinese history, there emerged several different schools of the Chinese
culture each having its own ups and downs in the past. Such as the Zhongyuan
School the Mandarin School of the ruling class of the Manchu minority of the Qing
Dynasty the Huxiang School in Hunan and Hubei provinces strongly influenced
China in the revolutionary 20th century with its outstanding national scholars,
thinkers, military talents, and revolutionary heroes the Jiangsu Zhejiang School
centered in the Shanghai metropolis has been well known for its Western cultural
influence and its openness to the outside world Bashu Culture of Sichuan Province is
also very noteworthy for the Sichuan dialect and regional cultural tradition Qilu
school in Shandong Province is still of that ancient cultural tradition. Confucius is still
regarded as an important sage Finally, today's Lingnan School of South China seems
to reach its prime, accompanied with the rapid social changes in the southern coastal
areas in China and with China's focus shifting from politically-centered economy to
market-centered economy. It cannot be a mere historic coincidence that Guangdong
has been twice chosen as one of the five pilot cities opened first to the outside world
with a 100-year-long gap in between.
Guangdong has its long tradition of openness and flexibility, its favorable geographic
location, its ambitions for prosperity, and a deep-rooted love for the richness life.
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Here you probably want to know more about this robust Lingnan culture and its
remarkable evolution.
As the capital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou's history began with a beautiful
legend of five fairy rams, which probably reflects the locals' strong desire for a
prosperous and peaceful life, rather than the wars between evil and good as in the
other places in China. And Zhenhailou (Five-Story) Tower appeasing the sea displays
the unique personality and temperament of the Yue people, who took the snake as
their totem. A great number of ancient sculptures depicting the friendship between
man and snake are found among the ancient objects unearthed from the tomb of the
Nanyue King Zhao Tuo. But strangely enough, Cantonese would still like to have
snake meat on the table today.
Lingnan culture has set up a close tie with the Zhongyuan culture since the Qin
Dynasty when Qin Shihuang, the first emperor, unified the whole land of China. In
the following dynasties, a lot of national heroic figures, celebrities, and scholars
contributed a great deal to the development of Lingnan culture. For example Zhao
Tuo, King of the Nanyue Kingdom, left behind a brilliant legacy of the Qin &Han
dynasties; Dharma with his followers crossed the sea and landed at Guangzhou's
Xilaichudi and built a thatched house by the Pearl. It is said that his house could be
the origin of today's Hualin Temple. Dharma, as the first Buddhist preacher in China,
began his teaching in Guangzhou; (Lu) Huineng (638-713 AD) is the Master (the
inherited Abbot) of the sixth generation of China's Buddhism and one of the founders
of Zen Buddhism. Huineng made adjustments to the faith so that it could be accepted
by traditional Chinese ethics and its popularity could grow. Buddhist Master Huineng
was born in Xinxing County in Zhaoqing City, and his school of Zen Buddhism has a
deep-rooted influence in Japan, Southeast Asia, as well as Guangdong and Hong
Kong. His wisdom and philosophy of life has permeated China's spiritual world for
over 1,300 Years; Han Yu, a great prose writer of the Tang Dynasty, once came to
Guangzhou and Chaozhou when he was demoted to a position as a local official. Han
Yu advocated education and managed to develop the local economy, and his deeds
remained a strong cultural influence over Lingnan Region; Su Shi, an outstanding
poet of the Song Dynasty, left his writings in the Liurong (Six-Banyan) Temple,
which has been admired by generations through the ages; Today's visitors still have a
chance to visit Nanhai Polo Temple at Huangpu Port, evidence that Guangzhou is also
one of the starting points of the ancient Marine Silk Road connecting China with the
outside world about 1,000 years ago; Chen Xianzhang (1428-1500) of the Ming
Dynasty absorbed Central China's cultural essence and collected local cultural
elements, social norms, regional tradition, lifestyles, and customs. Chen with his
followers formed their own school of culture, later developed into the present Lingnan
School of the traditional Chinese culture; Guangdong has many brilliant pages in the
story of modern Chinese history. Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864) from Guanlubu Village
led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty as well as foreign invaders. The
heroic deeds against the British invaders at Sanyuanli (1841) in Guangzhou are still
fresh in the minds of the Chinese people; Below the Yuewantai Terrace is located the
headquarters where Sun Yat-sen plotted (1911) to overthrow the Chinese monarch;
Huanghuagang is a historic reminder of the Xinhai (1911) Revolution and the Anti-
Japanese War.
Apart from what is mentioned above, international exchanges between the Lingnan
Region and the Western world have had an important influence over South China.
Dharma from India and businessmen from the Arabian Area during the Tang Dynasty,
29

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a Marine Silk Road between South China and Persian Gulf Region, Christian
civilization, Western science and technology all have left behind a rich legacy in
South China. In the past century, Hong Kong and Macao have been two important
places where West meets East in the world.
In the 1980s, Guangdong was selected once again one of the five pilot cities to be first
opened to the outside world. The Cantonese people seized this golden opportunity to
invite overseas entrepreneurs and companies to do business, to invest here and to
establish relationships with the government and local private businessmen. The people
of Guangdong showed their eagerness to learn the best of what this world has to offer
and join the international community without dwelling on concerns about what is
capitalist or socialist. Their pragmatic and daring spirit was highly praised by Mr.
Deng Xiaoping, architect of China's "four modernizations." In the year 2000, Chinese
President Jiang Zemin came to Guangdong, expressing his desire for Guangdong to
realize its four modernizations ahead of schedule, and to lead the way in China's
present reform in ideology, governance, economic management and social structure.
Guangdong is expected to lead the way in shaping "socialism with Chinese
characteristics." Lingnan culture has been very much invigorated by the present
economic development and will likely have a stronger influence upon the Chinese
social development in future.
Master Huineng of Zen Buddhism, the divine protection of Guanyin (Chinese
Goddess of Mercy), General Guan Yunchang's loyalty and honor, and Huang Tai
Sen's immortal Taoist spirit are traditionally admired and followed by those doing
business in South China, especially in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Their sculptures, or statues are often placed and worshipped in shops. This custom
implies that South China's business tradition retains its own character and uniqueness
that distinguishes it from other places in China and other parts of the world, even
though China is entering into the WTO. This social phenomenon is a mixture of
superstition as well as a cultural tradition. The social opening up and rapid economic
development has enriched the Lingnan culture with new vigor. The cultural life in the
cities and in the countryside is becoming richer.
4.1.3. 3 Public Health
In Guangdong project areas there are no evident epidemic diseases. According to the
records in every pig farm and data obtained from local government, the common
pathogens in these swine production system are:Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp,
Erysipelothrix rhuriopathia , Streptococci spp,, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria
monocytogenes ,Clostridium tetani and so on. Sometimes such pathoges as
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, Bordetella
bronchiseptica ,Brucella suis, Actinobacillus suis, Lawsonia intracellulari s,can be
found in the field. As well as viruses are concerned, PRRS virus, Hog cholera virus,
TGEV, PED virus exist in these pig farm.
The most important pathogens include Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pasteurella
multocida, Streptococci spp,these pathogens are harmful to both animals and human.
It is necessary to take control measures from the beginning. That is to say we may
control the dissemination of diseases in swine herds to prevent these pathogens
flowing to environments ,especially through food chain to hazard people.
4.1.3. 4 Cultural Heritage
30

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Lingnan culture is an important part of the traditional Chinese culture as a whole. Its
music, opera, painting, architecture, gardening, cuisine, acrobatics, arts & handicrafts,
Cantonese dialect and Chaozhou-Shantou dialect all possess a strong local character.
Local culture mainly consists of Chaozhou & Shantou customs, Yao customs, Hakka
customs (Hakka meaning guest Hart Chinese) and fishermen's customs.
Lingnan folk dwellings are also very eye-catching. Walking along old lanes in South
China, looking at the old Xiguan dawu mansions in Guangzhou, zhutongwu houses
and the sotto porticos (commercial arcades) along the streets, mixed with the
buildings in Western style, it feels as if a person is strolling through history. Xiguan
dawu mansions used to be the traditional dwellings of the local rich families. A dawu
consists of three pairs of rooms and two corridors symmetrically, with the main hall in
the middle, fine decorated and exquisitely furnished with strong Lingnan features.
Qilou (sotto portico) buildings show fusion with western architectural styles of the
18th century and traditional Cantonese styles of construction. Functioning as both
dwellings and shops, they are built for shelter from the wind, rain and sunshine, of the
subtropical climate of the Lingnan Region. The Ancestral Temple of the Chen Family
(also Guangdong Folk Arts Museum) not far from Xiguan Arcade represents the
ultimate in traditional Cantonese architecture. The Hakka Circular Houses in Eastern
Guangdong are also very impressive, with their ancient, castle-like aura. Xiguan was
once a commercially dynamic area in Guangzhou that appealed to wealthy merchants,
politicians, scholars and people from all walks of life. Xiguan was a mirror of the
Guangzhou's urban life and tradition. Today, Xiguan is still a robust place for
commerce.
4.1.3. 5 Scenic Spots and Tourism
The Delta is a beautiful place with many natural areas, cultural relics, historic sites,
and amusement parks. First, there are green mountains, such as Mt. Baiyun in
Guangzhou, Mt. Nankunshan in Longmen, Mt. Lianhuashan in Panyu District, Mt.
Guifengshan in Xinhui, Mt. Xiqiaoshan in Nanhai City and Mt. Luofushan in Boluo.
Mt. Luofushan is one of the four most well known mountains in Guangdong, Mt.
Luofushan integrated Provincial Reserve was founded in 1985 9828 ha Protect
objects :south subtropical zone evergreen broadleaf tree and rare animal and plant.
The reserve lies in the northeast of Boluo county and in the north of Yuanzhou
township, its ridges and peaks lift and vigour majesty, Luofushan has been a famous
scenic spot for refining red and making pharmacy of Taoism and Buddhism from Qin
Han Dynasty. Landscape include: Bai Shuimen fall, Niang spring, Long birth well
spring, Chongxu temple, virgin forest. There are 1168 kinds of vascular bundle plants
were collected from the zone, 16 kinds of beasts and 6 kinds of Luofu Shan special
plants.
Other popular tourist attractions are: Star Lake in Zhaoqin, Seven Stars Crags and
Dinghu Mountain. Paradise of Birds in Xinhui, Beaches on Shangchuan Island,
Lingnan Water Country, four famous gardens of the Qing Dynasty, Humeri Cannon
Terraces, Humen Fort and the Former Residence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Another historic
site is Shamian, located on the north bank of the Pearl River's White Goose Rangoon.
Shamian is an oval-shaped islet, covering only a small area of 0.3 square kilometers.
Thanks to a complex of aged buildings of classical architecture on the island, it has
recently been designated as a key cultural relic under state protection. These buildings
are regarded as a historic witness to the former semi-colonial time and as a patriotic
educational base for youngsters.
31

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In recent years, hundreds of new, modern attractions have sprung up in Guangdong.
These include the World Scenic Spectacle, the Space Flight Spectacle, Ocean World,
Xiangjiang Safari Park and Chime-Long Night Zoo in Guangzhou Municipality,
Window of the World, Folk Cultural Villages and Splendid China Miniature Scenic
Spots in Shenzhen, New Yuan Ming Yuan Palace, and the Lost World and Water
World in Zhuhai City. In addition, there are many holiday getaways, amusement
parks, golf courses, hot spring resorts, and ecological gardens and resorts. By 2002,
13 cities on the delta have won the distinction of "Excellent Tourism City":
Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Zhaoqing, Zhongshan, Foshan, Jiangmen, Shantou,
Huizhou, Nanhai, Shaoguan, Qingyuan and Yangjiang. The income from tourism in
the delta represented 85% of the province's total tourism and 90% of the provincial
foreign earnings from tourism. One of the delta's advantages is that overseas visitors
to Hong Kong and Macao can opt for an extension to visit to the Pearl River Delta
with a 144-hour free visa. The free-visa policy grants foreign tourist groups easy
access to the Pearl River Delta's cities, including Guangzhou via Hong Kong and
Macao, for a stay of up to 144 hours. Foreign visitors can enter cities through any of
the 40 inspection stations in the Pearl River Delta area, and no entry marks will be
stamped on their passports.
4.1.3. 6 Infrastructure
In the 1990's, Guangdong's infrastructure gained rapid development due to the
increased investment in infrastructure development in the province. Since then, a
number of modern transportation network and an advanced telecommunication system
has been constructed.
Transportation
As the southern gate of China, Guangdong is a hub of transportation--by air, by water,
as well as by land. Railways are very convenient and play a crucial role in developing
Guangdong Province and South China. Beijing-Guangzhou and Beijing-Kowloon are
the main arteries of transportation, connecting North and South China. Guangzhou-
Zhanjiang, Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou, Sanshui-Maoming and Guangzhou-
Shenzhen are important local routes connecting the major cities within the province.
The Guangdong-Hainan (Yue-Hai) Railway is newly completed, connecting Western
Guangdong and Hainan even more closely.
Highways radiate into all the parts of the province, already reaching every village.
With 102,600 kilometers of highway (2000 statistics). In general, the local land
transportation conditions are in good shape. With the 5.7-billion-yuan (US$686.75
million) and 149-km-long Western Coastal Expressway completed recently,
Zhanjiang, Maoming, Yangjiang, and Zhuhai have been given greater transportation
links.
Guangdong now has an expressway network of 1,500 kilometers. It is estimated that
in 2010 there will be 3,310 kilometers of expressway in use.
Ports are numerous and used heavily in all the coastal cities in this province. There are
1,226 berths along the coast, which can handle 24,038 tons of cargo annually. There
are 998 navigable rivers with 1,729 docks and berths in the river ports. Guangzhou,
Huangpu, Shanwei, Zhanjiang and Shenzhen ports are important mainly in
international trade, of which Guangzhou, Huangpu and Zhanjiang ports are three of
the largest in China. They all have been playing important roles in both domestic and
foreign trade for hundreds of years.
32

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There are several airports in Guangdong: Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou,
Zhanjiang, and Meizhou airports, of which Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport
and Shenzhen Bao'an Airport offer international flights to overseas countries.
Nowadays, the new Baiyun Airport in Huadu District makes it much easier to travel
domestically by air. Guangzhou and Shenzhen have set up their urban metro systems
to relieve the local traffic congestions. Guangzhou has an ambitious plan to turn itself
into an international metropolis. Two urban inner ring expresses, Huanan Express,
and an urban light rail system connecting most satellite cities nearby will make this
huge city more comfortable and convenient to its citizens and visitors.
Electricity Supply
At present the total installed power generation capacity reached 35,380 megawatts
and the annual power generated amounted to 167.13 billion KWh, one of the highest
ranked provinces in China. The 2X900 megawatts Units of Daya Bay Nuclear Power
Plant, the 4X300 megawatts Units of Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Plant and
3,880 megawatts Units of Shajiao Power Plant in Humen Town of Dongguan City are
all well known in China. Guangdong power grid is a main network structure with
Guangzhou as its center and sends 220v and 50Hz electricity.
Telecommunications
Guangdong has established a trunk line transmission network dominated by optic
fiber cable and digital microwave, offering domestic and international long distance
services. The telecommunications and transmission have basically been equipped with
program-controlled exchange and digitized transmission. All cities and counties have
opened program-controlled telephones. The total capacity of the program-controlled
exchanges was 20,003,200 lines; the mobile phone users reached 31,214,300, and
Internet users accounted to 1,075,000.
4.1.3. 7 Land Tenure and Land Ownership
Almost all the farm land in the project areas has been contracted out to farmer
households on a 30-year lease basis. All arable lands are also contracted to farmer
households on the same lease agreement basis. It is hoped that land use rights
improvement will provide additional incentives and positive impact on initiation of
cropland and soil protection activities.
4.1.3.8 Land Use and Farming Practices
Guangdong is one of provinces with limited land and dense population. The land area of
Guangdong is 179,800 square km, of which the area suitable for farm is 4.34million
hectares, accounting for 24.14% and the area suitable for forest is 11million hectares,
accounting for 61%. The farm land 1500.99 ten thousand hectares, account for 83.5% of
the all land in Guangdong, farm land in actual use: arable land of 306.8 ten thousand
hectares, account for 20.44% of the farm land, garden plot of 85.86 ten thousand hectares,
5.72% of the farm land, woodland of 1020.07 ten thousand hectares, 67.96% of the farm
land, and grassland of 2.85 ten thousand hectares, 0.19% of the farm land, other farm land
85.41 ten thousand hectares, is about 5.69% farm land; The non-farm construct land
161.71 ten thousand hectares, account for 9% of Guangdong total land, actual use:
residents, factories and mines land 129.95 ten thousand hectares, 80.36% of the non-farm
construct land, transportation 10.66 ten thousand hectares, 6.59% of the non-farm
construct land, water conservancy 21.1 ten thousand hectares, 13.05% of the non-farm
construct land; Unutilized land 134.86 ten thousand hectares, account for 7.5% of the
total land in Guangdong. Land Use Status in Guangdong Province presents in Table 4-2.
33

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Table 4-2 Land Use Status in Guangdong Province , 2002
Unutilized
Farm land
The non-farm (constructed) land
Land
1500.99
161.71
134.86
83.5% 9% 7.5%
Garde
Other Residents,
Arable
Wood
Grass
Water
n
farm
factories and
Roads

land
land
land
conservancy
plots
land
mines land
M. ha
306.8 85.86 1020.07 2.85 85.41 129.95
10.66 21.1
134.86
34

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4.1.3. 9 Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities
Light industry has always been significant in the province. Apart from handicrafts,
light industry, especially food processing and the textiles manufacturing, account for a
major portion of the province's industry. Sugar refining is centered in Guangzhou,
Dongguan, Shunde, Jiangmen and Shantou, while silk filature (the Reeling of silk
from cocoons) and weaving are well developed in Guangzhou, Foshan and Shunde.
Heavy industry includes metal processing, the manufacture of machinery, ship
building and ship repairing, hydroelectric production and mining.
To address the problems that occur during social and economic development and the
transition of business from state to private ownership, governments at all levels are
making great efforts to help boost employment and re-employment. Progress is being
made in social security reform mainly covering pension and unemployment insurance.
Construction of new infrastructure has made breathtaking strides. In the past two
decades, the investment in basic infrastructure has been over RMB 200 billion yuan.
39,700 kilometers of highway, 1,048 kilometers of railway and 802 kilometers of
expressway have been built. In 2000, SPC telephone for urban and rural inhabitants
grew, while the number of mobile phone subscribers reached 57.94 for every 100
households. Computer distribution per household is 0.54% in 2000, the highest among
the major cities in China. The installed capacity of electricity in 1998 reached about
30 million megawatts, 10.6 times as much as that of 1978. The outreach of electricity
supply has expanded to all villages in the province. Guangdong is going to buy more
electricity (about 10 million megawatts annually) from Southwest China to meet the
needs of the increasing market.
Guangdong's GDP per capita reached 12,973 yuan in the year 2000. In the past 22
years from 1978 to 2000, the average rate of increase in GDP has been over 13.6%. It
is a new world record of economic development to ever happen in history.
Guangdong Province's tourism industry is getting stronger, bringing in one-fourth of
China's tourism in 2000. Income from this sector reached 114.99 billion yuan and
earned over 4,112 million US dollars in 2000. Guangdong's GDP in 2001 reached
1,055.6 billion yuan, 9.7% higher than the previous year.
Guangdong's software industry has enjoyed a very high rate of growth in recent years.
By the end of the year 2000, the total revenue from the province's almost 2,000 IT
enterprises exceeded 80 billion yuan, higher than that of Beijing and topping the
whole country. Obviously, Guangdong has become a huge industrial productive base.
Its modern merchandise consists of electric appliances of all sorts, including
refrigerators, TV sets, washing machines, air-conditioners, dishwashers, and rice
cookers. Industries are booming in Guangdong.
4.1.3.10 Socio-economic
Development
Plan
Guangdong Provincial 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-05) aims at the realization of the
Four Modernizations in the year 2005. Guangdong will be leading the way to the Four
Modernizations in China as well as to globalization in the coming decades by laying a
solid foundation for future development. Its strategic plan includes:

35

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1. By the year 2010, the Four Modernizations shall be realized. The GDP shall
reach 1,670 billion yuan at an annual increase rate of 12.9%. GDP per capita
will reach 20,800 yuan.
2. Achieving major progress in both material life and cultural life. A relatively
mature socialist mechanical market structure shall be established. The
comprehensive economic strength shall be equal to the year's level of the mid-
ranked developed countries and regions in the world. At the same time, the
provincial government shall endeavor to strengthen the values of socialism,
making sure a higher social morality gradually take shape. Rejuvenating
Guangdong through science, technology and education strategy. Science and
technology should be on the cutting edge. Priorities shall be given to
education. It shall also make efforts in environmental protection and to
improve the peoples' civil performance.
3. Sustainable development strategy. The economic development must take into
consideration realities of population, national resources and environmental
protection.
4. Creating four more advantages on structure, composition of industry, opening
up science & technology.
5. The government shall adhere to the policy of expanding domestic demand as
well as to open up.
6. The improvement of the legal system and law enforcement shall be given
further attention to consolidate public order.

4.2 Description of Existing Environment of Boluo county
4.2.1 Physical Environment of Boluo
4.1.2.1 climate
Comparing with other counties in south Guangdong, Boluo is a little bit drier one, the
average annual rainfall is 1280 mm, with 1825 hours' sunlight annually. Table 4-3
presents the "typical" climatic data for selected project county.

Table 4-3 The Climatic Characteristics of the Project County
in Guangdong province
Project
Average
Average
Average
Average Average
Average
Location
Annual
Temp.,
Temp.,
Annual
Annual
Annual
(County)
Temp., oC
Jan, oC
July, oC
Precip.
Evaporation
relative

(mm)
mm
humidity
Boluo 23.1 12.8
28.4
1814
1663 80
4.1.2.2 Surface Water and Surface Water Quality
Jiutan area of Yuanzhou Township lies in Southwest Boluo, back on Luofu Mountain,
separated with Dongjiang river between Dongguan in South, belong to Dongjiang
36

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systems, runoff through Shahe River empty into Dongjiang River. It is similar to the
province, most of the small rivers in the county flow from the north to the south, such as
the Sha River, etc. Dongjiang River is the most important regional river in the county,
which finally flows into the South China Sea.
Shahe river is 1st tributary of Dongjiang, its waterhead in Dushan of Boluo, end in
Shiwan of Boluo, the length of Shahe is 89 kilometers, drainage area of 375 square
kilometers.Table 4-4 presents the general hydrological characteristics of the major
river system within the project areas8.
Table 4-4 The Characteristics of the rivers in Guangdong project county
River
River Name
From ­
Total
Average River
Total Annual
Syste
& County
to
River
Annual
length
Discharge
m
Length
Runoff
in county
(Mm3)
(km)
(Mm3)

(km)
Dongji
Dongjiang
520

238

ang
Boluo
hundred
million
stere.
Shahe
Dushan­
89


Boluo
Shiwan
of Boluo
River Water Quality
This time we collect surface water environment quality datas of Dongjiang water
systems 4 provincial control sections of Boluo in 2003 (Fig.4-1), including No.85,
Shahe Bayou section, where Shahe river enter into Dongjiang river; No.83, Dongan
section, lies in upper Dongjiang of Shahe Bayou; No.113, Shilong North River
section, and No. 112, Shilong South River section, lie in backward position of Shahe
Bayou. Table 4-5 presents annual average value of water environment quality of
provincal control 4 sections in project area.
Reservoir Water Quality
According to the data from EMS net of Huizhou city in 2002, account about 7 reservoirs,
including Shuidong Slope, Xiabao Brook, Yellow Cave, Rengtumiao Beach, Xian hillock,
Gao Tree Below and Lianhe, Shuidong Slope, Xiabao Brook, Yellow Cave and
Rengtumiao Beach have been polluted at different degree, reach
water qulity,
mostly pollutions are organic matter, other reservoirs water qulity are all right, reach .
Situation of wastewater discharge
Situation of wastewater discharge of each county of Huizhou city respectively
2002 presents in Table 4-6.
Table 4-5 Surface water quality in Boluo of Guangdong Province in 2003
River
No./section pH
DO
CODCr
BOD
NH3-N
TP Total
System/County
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Coliform

Dongjiang
83/Dong an
7.02
6.8
6.44
1.08
0.465
0.075
1383
8 Data Sources: (1) The investigation of agricultural resources in Guangdong; (2) Consulting with
experts from Guangdong Agriculture University.
37

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River
85/Shahe
7.04 5.21 5.87
1.55 0.924
0.095
system/Boluo
Bayou
112/Shilong
6.77 6.4 5.00
1.00 0.454
0.099 825
North River
113/Shilong
6.79 6.4 5.00
1.00 0.472
0.104 735
South River
Table4-6 Situation of wastewater discharge of each county of Huizhou city 2002
Wastewater
Pollution discharge quantity ton
Each county
discharge
Organic
Heavy
city region
quantity
Other Total
matter
metal
104 tons
Downtown
Gross 3433.5330
15975.368
0.01
28.47
16003.848
of
Huizhou
Thereinto Industry 821.52
303.29
0.01 28.47 331.77
Huiyang
Gross 2890.4245
14169.40715
0.15 39.0
14208.5572
city
Thereinto Industry 621.59
556.4
0.15 39.0
595.55
Boluo
Gross 2534.3015
9591.8693
0.11
71.27
9663.2493
county
Thereinto Industry 1096.03
962.24
0.11 71.27 1033.62
Huidong
Gross 1734.0070
9973.2120
0.0
3.72
9976.932
county
Thereinto Industry 82.09
61.71
0.0 3.72
65.43
Longmen
Gross 581.0911
3042.4964
0.01
8.10
3050.6064
county
Thereinto Industry 90.0
95.95 0.01 8.10 104.06
Gross 312.7086
1434.0716
0.07
3.91
1438.0516
Daya Bay
Thereinto Industry 82.89
55.16
0.07 3.91
59.14
Entire
Gross 11486.0657
54186.4244 0.35 154.47
54341.2444
Huizhou
city
Thereinto Industry 2794.12
2034.75
0.35 154.47 2189.57
note organic matter include volatility hydroxybenzene, petroleum, COD; heavy metal include Cr, Pb;
other include cyanide, NH3-N; living sewage discharge quantity calculate according to 54.75
ton/person/year, the number of population equal to non-agriculture population +population; COD
calculate according to 32.85kg/person/year.istic

38

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Figure 4-1 Sketch map of Dongjiang water system surface water provincial control
monitoring sections site

4.2.2 Ecological Environment of Boluo
Table 4-7 presents the characteristics of major nature reserves in the project counties.
39

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Table 4-7 Important nature reserves related to the project counties
Name of
Project
Area of
Items
Remarks
Reserve
county
the Nature preserved
Reserve
Luofu
Boluo 9828
ha Not
specified
Protect objects :south subtropical
Shan

zone evergreen broadleaf tree and
integrated
rare animal and plant. Landscape in
Provincial
the preservation zone: Bai Shuimen
Reserve
fall, Niang spring, Long birth well
spring, Chongxu temple, virgin
forest
1168 kinds of vascular bundle
plants were collected from the
zone. Beasts: 16. Luofu Shan
special plants: 6.

4.2.3 Socio-cultural Environment of Boluo
Boluo county located in the middle south of Guangdong province, belongs to Huizhou
city and very close to Guangzhou city, with 2870.47 square kilometers of land and
account for 1.6% of province's total.
4.2. 3.1 population and nationality
There are 343 villagers' committees and 2849 village groups in the Boluo county. The
total population is 777.1 thousand, 51.29 percent are male and 48.71 percent are female
among them. The population density is as high as 270 persons per square kilometer. But
the natural growth rate of the population in Boluo is as low as 5.46.
The rural and township labor forces in Boluo are about 347 thousand persons, the female
labors are 169 thousand, account for 48.7 percent; the labors in agricultural sector are 220
thousand, account for 63.4 percent of the total.

Yuanzhou Township lies in the Southwest of Boluo county, with 108 square kilometers
of land.There are 27 villagers' committees and 100 village groups. The total population is
57.5 thousand, Agricultural Population account for 51.1 thousand,
Minority habitat only lies in Zibei village, Henghe Township of Boluo county, not
exceed 500 populations, main minority group is She nationality. But no Minority habitat
in our project area.
The detail information of Guangdong project county (town) population is presented in
Table 4-8.
Table 4-8 The population of the project county in Guangdong province
Project
Total
Village
Administra
Village
Total
Agricultur
Farmer
location
Area
Town
tiv
groups
Population al
househol
(km2)
village
(1,000)
Population d
(1,000)
(1,000)
Boluo
2870.47 20
343
2849
777.1
586.5
59.0
county
Yuanzhou
town of
108
27
100 57.523 51.101 11.862
Boluo
county
40

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Land Use Status in project county presents in Table 4-9, the statistic data of planted
area and yield information for project county presents in Table 4-10.

Table 4-9 Land Use Status in project County in Guangdong Province (2002)
Project
Mountain
Plain
Forest
Cultivatable
Area of
Land Area
Upland
county
ous Area
(km2)
Land
Area
Water
(km2)
Boluo
2870.47
1291.71
1087.91
490.85
2300.51
60.4
260.3
Table 4-10 Crop area and yield information for project county (2002)
Project
county
Fruits Mulberry Tea Peanut Vegetables Melon
561
Boluo Ha.
11972 20 212
10036 25071

Boluo ton
77447 1006 130
23866 567341 14173
4.2.3.2 Socio-economic
The GDP of Boluo County is 9.76 billion Yuan at present value in 2002, account for 0.8%
of the province, increased 10.1 percent compared with last year. The structure of the
county's GDP shows that the primary industry accounts for only a small share, only about
21 percent; the secondary industry is the main force of the county's GDP and it trends an
decreasing compared with last year; the tertiary industry is different, with an increasing
tendency.

The farmer's net income is increasing too, reached 3866 Yuan RMB per capita, with a 5.1
per cent's increase compared with last year. But there are big differences among different
towns. The highest is Shiwan town, about 5350 Yuan per capita; the lowest is Xiangshui
town, only 2593 Yuan per capita.
In agricultural production, the effective irrigated acreage is as high as 30,526.67 hectares,
accounts for 69.2 percent of the total cultivated land.

The total value of agricultural production is 3.6 billion Yuan RMB at present value in
2002, with a 6.6% growth compared with last year. The structure of the value for different
agricultural lines, including farming, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery, it shows that
the farming is still the main production line in agricultural sector, it accounts for almost
two-thirds of the agricultural output value.

In farming production, the total sown area is about 92.4 thousand hectares, including 48
thousand cereal crops, 2.85 thousand soybeans, 13.52 thousand cash crops, and 28.03
thousand hectares' other crops.
The cereal crops are very important, the total output of grain is about 250 thousand tons,
even though decreased 11.2 percent compared with last year; sugarcane is the important
cash crop in Boluo; and fruits are not only important but also very famous, increased 30.1
percent compared with last year.
41

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In cereal crops, among the total output of the grain crops (249.5 thousand tons), the rice
production is as high as 195.4 thousand tons, accounts for 78.3 percent.

4.2.3.3 Public and Animal Health
The Boluo county is a main swine production area in Huizhou city. With the economical
development and more and more limitation for the pig farms, many stockmen move their
farms from Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Dongguan city to this county. In this county, SPP of
swine is 465600 and marked head is about 625300 in 2003, while for Huizhou city, the
number is 1080192 and 1438190, respectively.
General speaking, Boluo county makes up half of the swine production of Huizhou city.
As well as Yuanzhou and Jiutan town is concerned, it is the largest swine production area
in Boluo county. The SPP of swine in this area is about 36550 and marked head is about
47400 in 2003. Compared with swine production, the cattle production in Boluo country
is not developed. Take Yuanzhou and Jiutan town for example, the number of cattle is
less than 50. According to our investigation, the main swine disease is diarrhea caused by
E. coli and viruses, PRDC caused by many kinds of bacteria and viruses(Pasteurellosis,
Streptococosis, App, Atropic Rhinitis , PRRS etc.), non-typical swine fever(hog cholera)
and PMWS caused by PCV-2 ,PRRS and other not identified reasons.
The most significant difference between Bolo county and other area in Guangdong
province is that diarrhea caused by E. coli, salmonellosis ,TGEV, PEDV etc. has much
higher incidence, which bring a great deal of losses to the swine production. Like other
area in China and the whole world, PRDC become a kind of common disease. Hog
cholera, which is the most important disease in 1980s and 1990s, become less and less
important because of widely vaccination.
We are glad to find although the stocking density become higher and higher, the local
people are much healthier than before. Two of the most important diseases are Viral
hepatitis and Tuberculosis, which have relatively higher incidence. Compared with 1980s
and 1990s, the ill cases related to diarrhea have significantly reduced. The local doctor
told us for a natural village of 1000 persons, there are 1-2 cases of diarrhea every month.
Because the centers of disease control have no record regarding this respect, it is difficult
to give a correct assessment. We believe it is the improvement of the living habit and
living condition which lead to the descend of the diarrhea and we must admit the
environment is become worse with the development of animal (swine) production. The
data about public health survey of Boluo county and Jiutan present in Table4-11 and
Table4-12 . As I have said before, these data should be rough and should not be regarded
as the evidence to evaluate the environmentl impact associated with swine disease and
livestock production in China.

Table 4-11 Public Health Survey of Boluo County
Boluo
Human: the number of total population
777074
male 398545
female
378529
year
2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
morbidity
rate morbidity
rate morbidity
rate morbidity
rate
disease
Brucellosis
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
Salmonellosis 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.coli
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shigella
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lepto
2
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Viral
158 0 84
0 48
0 86
0
hepatitis
42

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Rotavirus
6
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
diarrhea
Tuberculosis
464 0 456 0 331 0 325 0
Japanese
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
encephalitis
Table4-12 Public Health Survey of Jiutan Area in Yuanzhou Township
Jiutan
Human: the number of total population
19268
male 9721 female
9547
year
2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
morbidity rate morbidity rate morbidity rate morbidity rate
disease
Brucellosis
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Salmonellosis 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.coli
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shigella
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lepto
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Viral
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
hepatitis
Rotavirus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
diarrhea
Tuberculosis
5
0
4
0
3
0
4
0
Japanese
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
encephalitis
4.2.3.4 Infrastructure
The education system in Boluo is comparatively very good. There are 324 elementary
schools with 87763 pupils, 45 junior middle schools and senior high schools with 45985
students, and 1 secondary specialized school with 1839 students.
In Boluo County, there are also 1754 kilometers' road for transportation, 27 hospitals
with 728 doctors and nurses for public health, and a developed communication system,
the total telephone numbers as high as 148.7 thousand, and the rural residents owns about
78 percent of the total.
The total employment members are 502,390 persons in Boluo county.

43

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5
Public Participation
The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in China (LWMEAP) aims at
improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing
and reducing livestock production waste load that is currently polluting the local and
international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making
systems for livestock management at the central and provincial levels in China.
The achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of liquid and solid
pollution, leading to improvement of public health and a more equitable distribution
of benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project will
create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhancing
institutional tools for the project-selected areas and the whole country to
implementation the Environmental Protection Plan.
The LWMEAP is a livestock waste management project, aiming at
reducing/eliminating soil and water pollution due to nutrient loading from animal
manure within project counties through improving/introducing modern and adaptive
manure management techniques within participating farms.
The Guangdong provincial government and county governments strongly support the
project and have made many constructive suggestions.
5.1
Consultation Method and Subject
In accordance with the State environmental protection laws of the PRC, regulatory
ordinance of Guangdong, the World Bank requirements, and to better learn the
opinions and suggestions of the public in the areas affected by the project
development, PMO has made every attempt to seek beneficiaries comments during
the preliminary project preparation period by means of meetings, and farmer
household contacts. The EA team also made 2 field trips to the project areas and
visited a number of project counties proposed originally in Guangdong. Talks were
held with the staff from local PMOs and the local governmental departments of
agriculture, livestock bureau, and environmental protection bureau and farmer
representatives, and their opinions and views on the project were solicited. Visits
were also made to some farmer households to have an understanding of the status of
organic and chemical fertilizer use, livestock production, living standard, public
health and their understanding and attitudes toward the project.
5.1.1 Consultation with Family or Individual
EA team visited local officials concerned at the county and township level and
"typical" households on project sites of Boluo county during 21-23/April/2004 and
19-21/May/2004, is about 3 days each time, account for 6 days project sites visits
total. The EA team consulted 4 "typical" households in project counties during its 2
field trips to learn their opinions and suggestions with regard to the proposed project
development and recorded their opinions. Appendix 3 presents detail situations.
5.1.2 Inter-agency
and
NGO
Consultation
During its 2 field visits, the EA team visited local officials concerned at the county
and township level and questions were asked so that their opinions and comments
toward the proposed project could be recorded. Boluo County officials that EA team
44

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meet every times including county subprefect Mr Luo Shiliang, county Department of
Agricuture director Mr Zou Shichang, Department of agricultural section chief Mr.Huang
Maoliang, EPB deputy-director Mr Zhang, county Financial Bureau section chief Mr
Yang. Yuanzhou township officials that EA team meet every times including township
deputy-alcalde Mr Liang Wohe, township Committee commissary Mr Liang Yaohong,
township agricultural office director Mr Chen Wanliang, town EPB director Mr Lin.
Every time visit about three pressman of county TV station have been making kinescope
during the meeting. Number of persons we meet every visit account for 12
persons.Consultation meetings were also arranged with specialist within line agencies in
Guangdong to hear their concerns and comments with regard to the proposed project.
There is few NGO in China, especially in Guangdong, so up to now we still have not
make contact with any NGO.
5.2 Public
Opinion
and
Suggestion
There have been several meetings during the project preparation phase of LWMPC
with local villages and local officers to discuss the proposed projects and
environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred at least two times and
have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project
and the EA process.
The many meetings with public officials in the Guangdong province showed that
these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public and help the
project area to reduce the bad impact of the livestock manure. Directors of hogpen
usually support proposed project, but no money and capacity to invest for waste
management facility, and be short of awareness on environmental issue. Now almost
no any waste management facility been done in all kinds of Farms in project area.
The following findings are based on the consultation made by the EA team during its
2 field trips to the project counties in Guangdong, and the results of discussion
conducted by the Minutes of Public Discussion in Guangdong. The main findings are
as follows:
Most of the farmers interviewed support the project. Majority of the interviewed
farmers would like to receive the World Bank advice and subsidies. Most interviewed
farmers view odor from the livestock activities and to a lesser extent, water pollution
as major concern. The causes of water and soil damage are believed to be both
natural and artificial. However, few of the interviewees were eager to invest money to
improve the natural environmental conditions and see that as the responsibility of
local/national government.
Majority of interviewed line agency scientist consider the project as an
environmentally sound project and they believe that if the project could effectively
implement environment management and mornitor plan, reduce the nutrient load mass
in water and soil within the project areas to prevent water pollution and soil
degradation, the impact of the project on the environment should be highly positive,
but caution the project that waste management measures, including enforcement of
livestock policies and introduction of new manure management technologies, without
adequate provision for public acceptance of new technologies could introduce major
obstacles to the sustainability of the proposed activities.
They recommended to include plans within project monitoring and management
component to effectively enforce control of the concentration of discharge coming
from emission mouth of manure management plant and animal numbers in project
45

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areas, to prevent any increase in degradation of the already degraded natural soil and
polluted water environment of Guangdong;
In general, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and city project
offices, staff of the livestock bureaus at provincial, city and county levels and officers
of the Ministry of Agriculture who were interviewed strongly support the
implementation of the project. They view this project as a very good one, which will
strongly promote the development in Guangdong, even in the surrounding region or in
whole coastline region of South China Sea. The majorities of the interviewees regard
this project as a good environment project, which, if properly implemented, will not
generate environment pollution or cause damage the ecological environment. They
believe that the project bears important significance on the prevention of the local and
global environment pollution coming from rapidly increasing livestock production in
the watersheds in the coastal areas of China.
5.3
Information Disclosures and Feedback
Information disclosure bulletins were posted in the two project counties in Guangdong by
PMOs in May 2004. The bulletins include information on the project briefing, potential
environmental impacts possibly brought about by the proposed project and solicitation for
comments and suggestions from the local farmers and the public; The PMO stored the EA
TOR in the county libraries of all project counties in May 2004, so that the public can
read it and comment on it without the permission of the local governments.
5.1.3 Information Disclosure Plan of the PMO
Mass media such as press and bulletins are employed to inform the public of the
significance of the project, the project briefing and the environmental aspects related to
the project. The draft EA Report will be availed to the public. The PMO can also through
electronic media, put Chinese version of EA reports and other Project-related documents
such as RAP, IPDP, etc. on municipally or county governmental web sites on the Internet
that gives public a broad and comprehensive overview of project object and activities, and
make an available electronic mailbox, which provides interested parties with an
opportunity to provide their comments to the preparation and implementation of livestock
waste management project. Through all kinds of medium such as TV, broadcast or
newspaper, propagandizing the project.
The PMO has agreed to make the document available in the library of each project county
concerned, and the names of the places where such documents are available to the public
will be published in newspapers. In this case, the public can have access to the
information concerned without going through a governmental procedure.
The PMO will set up complaint telephone in each level of the PMOs, gathering and
recording the public's complaint on environmental issues. Upon receiving the complaint,
the provincial PMO should make arrangement with local (county) PMO to solve the
issues on the site along with local EPB staff and other relevant government authorities
within 48 hours.
All concerned information can be disclosed locally by the end of January 2005.

5.4
Beneficial Participation Plan
In order for the farmers to participate in the project design more actively, during
project pre-appraisal period it was suggested to the PMO to develop a detailed
beneficial participation plan. Presently a beneficial participation plans for LWMEAP
is being prepared by the PMOs. The plans detail participating activities in each stage
46

---

of project implementation and participants including farmers, government
organizations, NGOs and particularly the disadvantaged groups including women and
minority nationalities in the project area. If any minority nationalities are identified,
minority report will also be prepared by the PMO. According to the social assessment
group's finding, no minority groups are present in the project county. Therefore,
there is no need for preparation of Ethnic Minorities Development Plan.
However, according to the Bank requirements, social assessment team is preparing
Beneficial Participation Plans (BPP) and resettlement procedure guideline for project
in Guangdong.
5.5
Summary of Public Participation
The LWMEAP has won strong support from each level of government of Guangdong
that will play a role of administrative guaranteeing in the successful implementation
of the project. In addition, the majority of consulted livestock farmers are willing to
participate in the project and expect that they will benefit from it, which lays a solid
foundation for project implementation.
The PMOs attached great importance to the public opinions and is preparing a
detailed beneficial participation plans and concrete plans for information disclosure of
the LWMEAP as per World Bank safeguard requirements. Information disclosure
will develop a favorable working environment by involving livestock farmers from
early stages of the project and allow them to have a better understanding of the
project, propose constructive suggestions and actively participate in the project plan
and design. The project has integrated the proposed suggestions into the design of the
project, which will play a role in safeguarding the livestock farmers' benefit from the
project.
As to the environmental concerns caused by the proposed project, the EA team and
designers of all project components have worked out corresponding mitigation
measures, which have been incorporated into the project design documents.

47

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6
Analysis of Alternatives
Since the propose LWMEAP is mainly a rehabilitation and improvement project and
considers the improvement of natural environment involving water and soil resources,
public health, and living status of farmers the project study team considered to only
review the "with" and "without" project scenarios and no other alternatives were
considered. This chapter will discuss the "with project" and "without project"
alternatives.
6.1
Analysis of "Without Project" Alternative
Urbanization and population increase and improvement of living standard in Guangdong
Province of PRC has increased the demand for meat products and provided the favorable
economic condition for livestock development. Urbanization and increase in demand for
animal products have been accompanied with the specification and intensification in
animal production and disintegration of crop and animal producers. Majority of livestock
production operations in Guangdong are based on household business and small private
farms or enterprises. Due to high demands, household and farming income has been
increasing steadily in the animal breeding areas of Guangdong province . However, the
economic development has caused environmental pollution and poor health condition
within high population density cities and counties in the Pearl River Delta, including
ZengCheng, XinHui, BoLuo, GaoMing and SiHui counties and DongGuan City. Surface
and ground water quality monitoring data have shown appreciable increase in organic and
nutrient loading of water resources and their bacterial contamination.
The main problem of livestock waste management in Guangdong is that limited use of
livestock waste recycling are being introduced and promoted. The lack or inadequacy
of integration between animal production and crop production, lack of appropriate
economic analysis to assist policy makers in making the appropriate decisions with
regard to manure management policies and in balancing economic development, soil
fertility/manure application on land, and environment protection is a major reason for
lack of good manure management practices in Guangdong Province. The
environmental pollution problems are significant at medium scale farms and even
more problematic when dealing with the small scale farms (multiple-point source
pollution).
6.1.1 Current Status of Livestock waste management/disposal
Less than 10% of livestock development enterprises are using modern manure
management technologies. The majority of solid manure is sold to local farmers in
Guangdong for use in crop production (orchards, sugarcane, vegetables). Some
livestock farmers use liquid and solid manure as feed in their fish ponds and orchards,
and discharge the rest of untreated liquid waste directly into surface waters and dry
drainage ways (soil). Environmental pollution problems due to livestock waste
disposal is significant in medium scale farms and even more problematic when
dealing with the small scale farms (multiple-point source pollution), which usually do
not use any manure management measure for prevention of environmental pollution.
Biogas digesters have been used in some private farms to treat livestock (pig) waste,
mainly to remove odor nuisance and to satisfy neighbors' complaints. The National
Strategy has had programs to support the farmers to install biogas. Although
technology for building and operating biogas digesters are quite simple, many
operators are not aware of appropriate implementation methods. Many constructed
biogas tanks are too small in size (under designed). In addition, the discharge from
biogas tanks do not meet the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as
48

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stipulated in Discharge Standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding
(GB18596-2001).
6.1.2 Current Status of Natural water, soil and air
Nitrogen and Phosphorus overloads on the whole Chinese coast of the South China
Sea are 3.1 and 2.4 tons per square kilometers, respectively. Currently, animal manure
is estimated to account for 47 percent of the phosphorus supply and 16 percent of the
nitrogen supply. With the dramatic expected increase in demand for meat and milk,
this share is believed to continue to grow.
A 1996 World Bank analysis for the coastal regions of Central South, South-west, and
East China showed that the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from untreated piggery
waste alone accounted for about 28 percent of the current urban plus-industrial COD
loads. However, this share is estimated to rise to 90 percent by 2010.
In greenhouse gas emissions, livestock contributes about 20 percent of the global
methane emission and 10 percent of global N2O (nitrous oxide, a much more
aggressive greenhouse gas) emission. While there are no recent figures for East Asia,
simple extrapolation of the global data, with some adjustment for the poor manure
storage and application techniques used in East Asia, indicates that the intensive
livestock production systems in East Asia contributes to about 0.5 percent of global
methane emission and about 3 percent of global nitrous oxide emission.
Concentrated livestock production is causing significant local, regional and global
environmental damage, particularly to freshwater and marine aquatic systems, for two
reasons:
ľ Due to weak or non-existent land use planning and environmental regulations
(zoning, certification) and enforcement of present environmental laws,
industrial livestock enterprises bear few of the environmental costs they
impose, and have little incentive to reduce them; and
ľ Most industrial livestock producers are not aware of the extent of the
environmental problems they cause or of the most cost-effective options to
mitigate them, and the affected communities are not well informed or
organized to pressure them to reduce the pollution they cause.
Most livestock farmer interviewed in project counties are well aware of the water and
soil pollution problems, but are not in a position to do something about it.
6.1.3 Present status of applied research, extension and training
At present the infrastructure for conducting applied research and technological
development exist in Guangdong. However, the level of training of available
technical staff is not up to the standards and research budget in areas of technology
development and policy formulation in livestock waste management and animal
husbandry is inadequate.
Another major constraint within project areas in Guangdong is the lack of well-
developed and assertive extension department to disseminate the results of applied
research in livestock waste management to the livestock farmers. There is a large gap
between the available scientific knowledge and what is available to the livestock
farmers in the areas of manure disposal technologies and pig farm management
strategies construction and improvement. The inadequate number of well trained and
experienced extension personnel makes it difficult to launch regular farmer training,
49

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and a lot of new technologies and new research results cannot be disseminated to
farmers, limiting farm production improvement.
During field visits of the EA team, strong desire for training was expressed by both
extension personnel and the livestock farmers.
6.2
Analysis of "With Project" Alternative
6.2.1 Analysis of Reducing pollution
According to the investigation conducted by Environmental Protection Agency and
Agricultural Department of Guangdong Pronvince in 2000, 30.61 million tons of
wastewater were generated by livestock production where 29.55 million pigs were
produced in the year.
According to 2002 Yearbook of Guangdong Province, 31.45 million pigs were produced
in the year 2002. Industrial systems might be responsible for about 70% (to be verified),
meaning 22 million pigs generated waste-water that might be discharged to rivers
(assumption that smallholders for other 30% had no waste-water discharge). According to
Liao et al. (1998), each pig in the industrial system generated 0.02 m3/d wastewater, if
each pig grows for 90 days, it generates 1.8 m3/pig wastewater. For the whole province,
39.6 million tons of pig wastewater were then produced in 2002.
Pig production wastewater contains CODcr 10,000-13,000 mg/L, NH4-N 1200-2100
mg/L, T-N 20-25 g/L, T-P2O5 50-100 g/L, T-K2O 18-23 g/L (Liao et al., 1998 ). Other
references showed lower nutrient loading (Table 6-1). For estimation of the pollution
contribution, it might take the values: CODcr 10g/L, T-N 1 g/L, NH4-N 0.8 g/L,T-P 0.25
g/L(Nutrient loading of pig wastewater is very different according to various modes of
pig waste management ).
The total waste generation for 2002 may be then: CODCr 396x103 tons, T-N 39.6 x103
tons, NH4-N 31.7 x103 tons, T-P x103 tons, 9.9 x103 tons. Reduction of pollution is
CODCr 380.2x103 tons, NH4-N 28.5 x103 tons, T-P x103 tons, 9.6 x103 tons respectively if
pig wastewater is discharged reachs Discharge Standard(Table 6-2 ).
Certainly this is rude statistic, pig wastewater and pollution quantity is different according
to various kinds of livestock production(boar or breeding), different season and way of
waste management. Although the demand of livestock production will increase in the near
future years with development of social and economy in Guangdong. If industrial
livestock systems adopt effective waste management measures guided by the project ,
pollution quantity will be cut down largely in the project area and Guangdong province.

Table 6-1 Pollutants contents of pig production wastewater
according to different references (g/L)

Liao et al., 1998
Li et al., 1999
Yu and Yan, 2000
Chen et al., 2002
(Guangdong)
(Guangdong)
(Shanghai)
(Jiangsu)
CODCr
10-13 11-16
0.35-0.59
-
T-N 20-25
0.68-1.1

0.4-2
NH4-N 1.2-2.1

0.16-0.92

T-P 22-44
0.19-0.31
0.039-0.192
T-K 15-19
0.26-0.33
0.1-0.4
Table6-2 Reduction of pollution after implementing the project
Pollution

Discharge
Nutrient loading
Discharge
Decrement of
concentration standard(g/l)
(103 tons)
quantity(103
pollution
(g/l)
tons)
(103 tons)
CODCr
10 0.4 396
15.8
380.2
T-N 1

39.6


50

---

NH4-N 0.8
0.08
31.7
3.2
28.5
T-P 0.25
0.008
9.9
0.3
9.6
6.2.2 Analysis of "With Project" Alternative
The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in Guangdong Province of PRC
(LWMEAP) aims at improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive
approach to managing and reducing livestock produced nutrient load that is currently
polluting the local and international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity
and decision-making systems for livestock management at provincial level. The
achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of soil and water pollution
from livestock liquid and solid manure, leading to improvement of national and
international water quality and public health, and a more equitable distribution of
benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project should
create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhance
institutional capacity in the project-selected areas and the whole province to better
implement effective Environmental Protection Plans.
Although the impact of the project appears to be small considering the size and
magnitude of the livestock industry in Guangdong, the project will have a positive
impact on the socio-economy of the project beneficiaries and their health status. The
proposed project, if properly implemented, should strengthen the institutional capacity
in dealing with livestock waste issues and provide valuable information on
appropriate and adaptive livestock waste management technologies in the Province,
providing great assistance to the planners and policy makers in developing and
enforcing the appropriate environmental laws and policies on Livestock Waste
Management in order to reduce nutrient loading in the Pearl River Delta and
ultimately, the South China Sea.
Livestock production of medium and small scale farms in Guangdong is less
developed compared to larger scale farms in Guangdong and some other countries in
the region. The proposed project could have significant positive impacts by creating
opportunities for improvement of health status in the surrounding communities,
reducing nutrient loading of surface and groundwater resources, reducing the need for
use of expensive and highly energy demanding chemical fertilizers on farmers' fields,
increasing the quality of the livestock (especially pig and poultry) , improving the
livestock farmers' knowledge of livestock production, increasing farmers income and
changing of lifestyle in the farming communities.
Implementation of the proposed project, although not in a large scale, could have
significant positive impact at pilot level on methodology used to improve the status
and quality of livestock and livestock environment and related natural resources
(protection of water resources, water use efficiency, protection of soil resources and
nutrient loading). In addition, the livestock farmers, living within the neighboring
district and provinces, could also adapt the lessons learned from the project
implementation site that could provide additional intangible project benefits.
Regarding the possible increase of multiple-point source pollution, a potential for
runoff of nutrient rich material from pig feedlots and also the dead animals, the
project has developed and is going to promote monitoring of the nutrient loading in
surface water bodies and groundwater resources to reduce/prevent the occurrence of
multiple-point source pollution downstream of the project areas. Better watershed
51

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management and incorporation of best management practices in livestock
development and adjoining farming activities based on the available and future
findings of applied research will be built-in the project development. In addition, the
EA team has developed an environmental management plan that includes effective
mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program, which has been
incorporated into the project design documents and will be carried out by the PMO
and project implementation teams to reduce potential negative impacts to minimum.
To sum up, if successfully implemented, the proposed project would not only promote
the local social and economic development, but would also increase the living
standards of the framers and their health status. In the "with project" scenario, the
impacts of the project on the natural environment are believed to be highly positive,
while the social and economic impacts appear to be positive.
The Project is seeking a win-win approach, i.e. to both develop livestock manure
treatment plans through hygienic environmental improvement, and assure sustainable
reutilization of manure resources through nutrient balanced and timely application of
manure for crop production. Capacity building at the provincial, county, and farm
level should create better and more sustainable livestock development, more efficient
waste management, and a better cost-benefit presentation of the proposed changes to
motivate pubic participation in proposed livestock waste management options.
52

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7
Analysis of Environmental Impacts & Proposed
Mitigation Measures
Environmental effects can occur during both the implementation/construction and
operational phases of the project. This section identifies the main sources of effect for
both phases of the proposed livestock waste management project, describes the
predicted impacts from these activities, and then recommends appropriate mitigation
measures that should be adopted to minimize those impacts.
The EA team carried out a detailed environmental analysis of the proposed project
counties. Since exact location and size of the proposed livestock management
projects are not finalized yet, a more generic review of potential impacts is presented
in this report and more detailed EA review will be required after finalization of exact
location, size and manure management model that will be implemented at each
proposed project site.
The environmental impacts of the project can be divided into the reversible or
irreversible according to the nature of the impact, and into the short-term and long-
term according to the temporal horizon. The irreversible impact is mainly the
permanent occupancy of land that might be brought about by the proposed project,
potentially for the construction of aerobic and anaerobic lagoons for medium and
large-scale pig farms, and potential reallocation of land for use as s biogas pond,
manure deposit room, and other infrastructures that could be proposed under different
project components. The short-term impacts include the temporary land occupancy,
water pollution during construction of the facilities, and minor noise and air pollution,
sediment loading, etc. occurring during implementation/construction phase. The long-
term impacts would mainly consist of permanent land occupancy for manure
management infrastructures.
7.1
Potential Sources of Effect
Potential sources of effect have been identified through review of project documents,
and field visits by the EA team with respect to the environmental aspects that could
potentially be affected. The available project information was also used to identify if
any of the proposed construction and development activities could potentially cause
environmental impacts, and the main identified issues are described below:
Access Roads: Although not specifically identified in the project design and/or
feasibility documents, there might be a need to construct access roads, usually very
short, to areas proposed for constructing manure management plants for large pig
farms, and/or if communal manure management plants are planned to be constructed.
The actual locations of the above facilities are not finalized as of the date this report
was prepared and actual needs and total length of the access roads, if any, will only be
known after finalization of the sites. If the proposed sites are not already accessible to
trucks, backhoes, loaders, and other heavy machinery that are required for the
construction of such facilities, specially larger pig waste handling facilities. Even if
access roads are available, there might be a need for road upgrades, on a small scale,
to allow machineries and equipment to be delivered to the propose county and pig
farm sites, and to haul the soil material from excavation of animal waste fermentation
ponds, sedimentation tanks, etc.
53

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Machineries: Machineries for construction work, especially for construction of
appropriate waste management facilities, include cement mixer, excavator, vibrator,
loaders, backhoes, and trucks.
Temporary Land Occupancy and Labor Camp: During project construction,
temporary land occupancy cannot be avoided. However, it is assumed that the labor
camps during construction of larger pig farms and their waste handling facilities will
be within the perimeter of the area earmarked for construction of the pig farm manure
management facilities and no additional land will be occupied by the labor camp
involved in construction of those projects. With regard to irrigation related
construction, small parcels of land might be needed for temporary occupancy during
construction of the canal systems (if mixing of liquid manure and freshwater is
planned as a means of land application of slurry), and construction of on-farm
irrigation infrastructure. In the construction/rehabilitation of canals, mobile cement
mixing plants and storing houses might be required, depending on the magnitude of
construction/rehabilitation activities. It is assumed that houses will be rented from the
local farmers for storage and it is also assumed that the majority of the labor force will
be the project beneficiaries (livestock farmers) and there will be no need for the
establishment or construction of labor camps within the project areas.
Public Water Supply: The potable water for farmers and labor camp/construction
workers can be supplied by surface water/tap water and water for the construction
sites can be supplied by groundwater/wells in the piggery farms. It is separated
between the residential areas of the project beneficiaries and the construction sites of
manure management facilities, but is not far away from each other.
7.2 Analysis of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures in
Construction Phase, Guangdong
Adverse impacts of the project during implementation/construction phase are mainly
of short-term variety such as temporary land occupancy, water pollution (potential
sediment load increase), and minor noise and dust pollution. These impacts are not
believed to be significant and no major impact/mitigation measure is envisaged during
implementation activities, if appropriate general design and construction practices are
followed. However, if not managed on an environmentally sound basis, any project
development activity, no matter how small or insignificant, could cause significant
environmental impact. In the following sections, the major potential impacts and
proposed mitigation measures (sound environmental management) are outlined.
7.2.1 Flora and Fauna and Nature reserves
Impact Analysis:
During implementation/construction phase of the project, a certain amount of
vegetation could be permanently or temporarily disturbed due to construction of waste
handling facilities, construction and potential road upgrading. As stated in Chapter 4,
in most areas that could be earmarked for constructing manure management facilities,
vegetative cover is either cropland or is areas where plant have been previously
converted to croplands, but have been left idle for some time. The dominant species
of wildlife are believed to be rabbits, various mice species, and other rodents and
serpents, usually of low protection levels. Therefore, no significant effect on
vegetation and wild animals is envisaged in theses areas.
54

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A couple of nature reserves/national parks exist within the project counties. Since the
final location of project sites are not yet finalized, it is imperative to ensure that none
of the identified project sites are within the nature reserves core or buffer zones. Any
form of manufacturing and economic activity is forbidden inside the buffer zone or
core zone of nature reserves according to the Notice on Further Strengthening the
Administration of Nature reserves in the People's Republic of China (The State
Council, No.111, 1998). Therefore, before finalization of each specific project area in
the proximity of nature reserves, the PMO must contact the responsible agencies
(Forestry Bureau, Environmental Protection bureau, Agricultural Bureau, Animal
Husbandry Bureau, etc.) to confirm the actual relative location of the proposed project
to the natural reserve.
The potential adverse impacts of the construction and implementation activities
entailed by the proposed project near nature reserves/habitats of wildlife are mainly
reflected in the following aspects:
1)
Increased possibilities of encroaching to the nature reserves and the habitats of
wildlife within them during construction period;
2)
Blockage of the travel/migrating routes of animals that drink and eat outside the
reserves; and
3)
Directly destruct vegetation inside or outside the nature reserves.
Mitigation Measures:
1)
During project plan and design, attention should be paid to avoiding
environmental sensitive areas like nature reserves and wildlife habitats;
2)
During preliminary design, the PMOs should submit the project plans of the sub-
projects near nature reserves and wildlife habitats to the appropriate lined
agencies, responsible for administration of respective nature reserves for review
and approval;
3)
If construction machineries are used, they should be kept far from nature reserves
and wildlife habitats; in case those construction activities near these areas cannot
be avoided, effort should be made to reduce noise as low as possible;
4)
No new land (forested or natural grassland) should be converted to other uses.
According to the PRC laws, conversion of natural grassland/forest to other uses
is forbidden unless they are replaced by new forest/natural grassland within the
neighboring areas. In other words, there should be "no net loss" of natural
grassland or forest habitats;
5)
Construction waste should be properly disposed to avoid any impact on the
surrounding areas; and
6)
PMOs should enhance workers' awareness of protection of natural resources and
wildlife, and provide necessary directions to prevent them from entering the
buffer and core areas of the nature reserves, not to hunt wildlife and/or damage
vegetation inside the reserves. If any rare or endangered (protected) plant species
are present, the related PRC regulations should be followed and implemented.
7.2.2 Soil
Erosion
55

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Impact Analysis:
Soil erosion is the result of the long time combined impact of natural factors (wind
and water) and is a necessary process in the formation of soils. However, the
accelerated soil erosion, caused mainly by human activities is not only destroying the
precious natural resource and dislodges the fertile topsoil, but also cause the
development of sheet, rill and gully erosion that are unsightly and cause major
economic loss.
No large-scale soil erosion is envisaged. However, during Proposed construction
activities, especially in areas were aboveground manure management ponds have to
be constructed, the activities may disturb the existing landform, especially in areas
with already fragile soils do exist and damage to the vegetation cover could cause
increased rate of soil erosion. The activities that potentially could cause soil erosion
include cut and fill work associated with any new drainage systems, construction
(pipes, canals, siphons) between pig farm and manure treatment plant (depending on
topographic and soil condition) and excavation of waste treatment ponds .
Mitigation Measures:
1)
After the construction of any facility is finished, fill material, vegetation planting
should be arranged to cover the exposed land soil. To get the best effect, the
plantation renewing should be completed one month in advance to the rainy
season;
2)
During construction of facilities, excavation should be avoided during rainy days.
Sand bag, silt fence and/or straw mat should be used down slope of cut areas to
reduce soil erosion and prevent increase in river sediment load;
3)
All cleared land should be planted as soon as possible to prevent soil loss by
water and wind erosion and surface runoff during the rainy season;
4)
The waste earth and stone chips, if cannot be used in construction, should be
piled in designated areas and either be removed to dump sites or be compacted
layer-by-layer and then be timely covered with vegetation; and
5)
The excavated surface soil should be piled separately to be used as the raw
materials for waste bank, canal embankment and farmland reclamation.
7.2.3 Acoustic
Environment
Impact Analysis:
The main potential noise sources during construction are due to construction
machinery and hauling trucks. Although the noise impact during construction period
is temporary, the noise produced by machinery, if used in the project construction
activities, is characteristic of high sound intensity and irregularity, if not controlled,
the machinery noise would have impact on the surrounding acoustic environment.
According to the attenuating model of point source noise, the estimated results of
machine noise attenuating with distance are shown in Table 7-1.

Table 7-1 Estimated Noise Value of Construction Machinery
Machinery
Estimated Noise value dB (A)
20
40
50
100
Description
5m
10m
60m 80m
150m 300m
m
m
m
m
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Excavator
84 78 72 66 64 63 60 58 55
47
Mixer
87 81 75 69 67 66 63 61 58
50
Bulldozer
86 80 74 68 66 65 62 60 57
49
According to GB12523-90 Noise Limit at Construction Site, the limits are 70 to
75dB(A) in daytime, 55dB(A) at night. The daytime noise produced by construction
machinery is within the noise limits of GB12523-90 at locations 50m from the
construction site, while that of night are within the noise limits at locations 300m from
the construction site. At night, the impact of construction machinery noise is more
serious. Therefore, it is suggested that night construction should be as far as possible.
The construction machinery operation site of fixed locations should be located in
places where there are no schools or large residential areas within 300m from the
operation site. GB12523-90 Noise Limit at Construction Site presents in Table 7-2.
Table 7-2 Noise Limit at Construction Site (GBl2523
90) Unit
dB(A)
ü
During
Noise Limit
Noise Sources
Construction
day night
Cubic meter
Bulldozer navvy loading
of earth and
75 55
machine
stone
Forbid
Driving
All kinds of pile drivers
85
construction
Concrete
Makeup
70 55
Mixer Excavator Electrcity saw
Fitment Crane Elevator 65
55
Mitigation Measures:
1) In order to prevent any noise related impacts and to follow the PRC's noise limit
requirements, if there is residential areas within 300m of the construction site,
construction activities are forbidden between 22:00 and 06:00 at night, and 12:00 to
14:00 in day time; the construction crews should comply with this regulation;
2) The access roads should be selected away from such sensitive locations as
schools, residences and hospitals. When dense residences exist 50m within access
road, night transportation is forbidden;
3) When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy
noise machines should be arranged at school time; when the construction site is close
to densely populated residence, construction work with strong noise machines should
not be arranged at nighttime.; and
4) The construction operator's work time should be arranged in accordance with the
labor hygiene standard. Personal protection measures such as wearing earplugs and
helmets, etc. should be provided to the operators.
7.2.4 Air
Quality
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Impact Analysis:
The only potential air pollutant in the construction and implementation period is the
potential raised dust due to the use of machinery, excavation activities (lagoon
construction, biogas pond, digester location, etc).
In order to monitor air quality, the total suspended particulates (TSP) is measured.
TSP pollution caused by the excavation and filling operations is closely related to the
weather: The pollution is comparatively severe at the areas leeward to the
construction sites in dry, windy weather condition, otherwise the state standards can
be normally maintained at the distances 50 to 500m from the construction sites. In
Guangdong province that dry and windy weather condition is scarce and dust problem
should not be a significant issue. However, during dry autumn and winter months,
care must be taken by watering the dusty road to avoid increased dust pollution from
use of trucks and heavy machineries.
During construction period, the loading, unloading, and transport of construction
materials will cause TSP pollution along the route. Based on the monitoring findings
of similar conditions in construction sites, the concentration of TSP caused by hauling
vehicles can exceed the Grade II standard by 10 times at a distance of 50m leeward
from the road side; the excess can be 4 times that of the required standard even at a
distance of 150m from the road side. This suggests that the flying-dust pollution
caused by transport vehicle along the access roads could be significant if construction
is done during dry, windy days. However, as the distances from dust source
increases, the concentration contribution will fade out quickly, such that at 300 meter
from the construction site, it basically satisfies Grade II standards.
Mitigation Measures:
1)
The mixing plants should be set up at the leeward side and 300m away from the
sensitive locations of residences, hospitals and schools. The mixing plant should
be equipped with sealing device, shock absorber and dust remover. Labor
protection measures should be provided to the operators of the construction
machine such as eye mask and mouth mask; and
2)
Building sites and dirt roads used by construction and hauling machinery should
be sprayed from time to time to prevent secondary dust flying.
7.2.5 Cultural
Heritage
Impact Analysis:
According to the findings of the social assessment team, no Cultural Heritage
distributing in Project areas.
Mitigation Measures:
Not applicable.
7.2.5 Minority
Nationalities
Impact Analysis:
According to the findings of the social assessment team, no minority nationalities live
in Project area.
Mitigation Measures:
Not applicable.
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7.3 Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures During Project Operation in Boluo
County of Guangdong
Since the main objective of the project as described in Chapter 2 of this report is to
improve general environmental and social-economic condition of the project area and
to reduce nutrient loading of soil and water resources by livestock waste, if the project
is implemented successfully, the negative environmental impacts of the project should
be minimal. However, due to the nature of the project, a number of potential negative
impacts can not be avoided. A number of activities, especially if not handled in an
environmentally sound manner, can potentially have significant adverse effects on
both natural and social environments. This section discusses such issues and provides
mitigation measures to prevent or minimize the potential adverse environmental
impacts. These potential impacts are described separately based on three different
potential manure management processes that are identified by the project. The three
groups corresponding to proposed livestock manure treatment technology include: (1)
biogas production, (2) lagoon systems (aerobic and/or anaerobic), and (3) soil
application of treated liquid and solid manure.
7.3.1 Lagoon
System
Generally, if successfully implemented, lagoons certainly bring about more
environmental benefits than without the project scenario. Microbial action in the
lagoon substantially reduces chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (COD and
BOD, respectively), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), nitrogen (e.g. nitrate
nitrogen, organic nitrogen) and phosphorous component of livestock manure.
However, lagoon systems could have potential environmental risks due to improper
operation, under sizing, inappropriate transport of manure stock (trucks, piles, piping,
etc), insufficient aeration mechanisms, unfavorable weather condition causing
overflow, breakage of embankments, if build over ground, etc. Major environmental
impacts could include water pollution due to overflow or breakage of the
embankment, odor problems due to poor aeration, and insect (mosquitoes)
proliferation that could not only be nuisance to neighbors, but could also cause
increase incidence of water-borne diseases such as malaria.
Water pollution
Impact assessment:
Water pollution can negatively impact the quality of both surface and groundwater
resources within and downstream of the project area. Risks of spills, structural
failure, and purposeful discharges must be taken into account. Since the project is not
proposing full treatment of livestock manure, the effluent from lagoons contains
substantial nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient load and should be disposed on
agricultural lands as plant nutrient source. Effluents from well-designed and properly
operated systems have a very low potential for pollution of water resources.
However, unfavorable weather events such as repeated typhoons or frequent
occurrence of high intensity rainfalls may significantly increase the potential nutrient
pollution risk from open lagoon systems due to potential overflow.
There are two potential pollution pathways during operation phase. If a lagoon
overflows or if lagoon contents are purposefully drained into a surface waterway, this
material will contaminate the receiving waters. On the other hand, poor construction
of lagoon dikes, especially in the case of above ground lagoons, can lead to lagoon
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dike failures. In both cases, pollutants from lagoons will pollute receiving water
bodies and cause significant impact on downstream flora, fauna and human
settlements that are relying on using the surface and groundwater resources.
Movements of the pollutants in water flow could cause groundwater pollution through
percolation, especially in areas with large proportion of coarse texture soils. There are
two other possibilities for groundwater pollution in a lagoon system: seepage through
the lagoon floor if the soils are coarse texture or if there are large percentage of
connected macropores, and seepage of nutrient under the manure storage areas if the
floor is earthen, lateral flow through the side walls of the lagoon (through flow).
There is also a potential risk of nutrient loading of groundwater in agricultural lands
used for manure application if excessive levels of effluent are applied to the cropland
and/or if the manure is applied at inappropriate times (when soils are saturated, just
before inception of rainfalls, wrong application timing, etc). The latter creates a
situation in which more nutrients, especially nitrogen is being applied than is being
used by the crop. Excess nitrogen will be transported beyond the root zone through
leaching process and will eventually appear in the groundwater, causing major health
problems especially in children and expecting mothers.
Mitigation measures
1) Appropriate and effective technology and management alternatives must carefully
be considered and planned in order to achieve required levels of environmental
acceptability.
2) Design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from
livestock confinement buildings.
3) Lagoon must be designed strictly following technical criteria such as co-efficient
of percolation of floor soil material in the constructed lagoons through
measurement of percolation rate, infiltration rate, etc within the substrata.
4) It is forbidden to discharge lagoon effluent into surface water bodies at any times
except in special circumstances when specific size storm events have happened that
can potentially cause structural breakdown. Under such special conditions, it is
generally assumed that there will be sufficient water in the water courses to minimize
the effects of the discharged effluent from the lagoon on natural resources (dilution
effect). In case lagoon effluent must be discharged for acceptable reasons, relevant
discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-2001)
must be met. According to this standard, maximal limits of daily average discharge
concentration for the main parameters as follows: COD: 400 mg/l; BOD5:150 mg/l;
SS: 200 mg/l; NH3-N: 80 mg/l; TP: 8 mg/l; coliform: 10000/ml; ascarid egg: 2/l,
detail is presents in the Appendix 4.
5) Lagoon dike specifications should be prepared and fully adhered to ensure that
lagoon dikes are stable and will not fail under even the most extreme weather
conditions.
Air pollution
Impact assessment:
Air pollution is most often related to manure management techniques. Toxic gases
that can be predicted during lagooning operation are CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3, NOx,,
and some organic gases. In addition, there are some small amounts of microbial
biomass; pathogens and weed seeds. These gases are generated especially from first
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phase of degradation process of the livestock manure and urine and are potential
sources of air pollution, some of them (e.g. CH4, CO2) are greenhouse gases. Dust
can also be a problem due to activities of manure collection and transport trucks.
Odor problems:
Odors are primarily the direct result of gas emission as the products of anaerobic
decomposition of manure, and are secondary source of air pollution. Large anaerobic
lagoons and use lagoon effluent for irrigation has the potential to emit odors that can
travel long distances. Heavily loaded lagoons are a notorious odor source. The
effluent from anaerobic decomposition of stored manure (composting process) also
has a volatile odor. Another major odor emission source is the sprinkler or nozzle that
is used to distribute liquid manure as part of the land spreading. Liquid manure on the
surface of the ground continues to emit odor until it dries or is absorbed by the soil.
Collection and transport of manure by pipes or by trucks are also a source of odor if
pipes leak or losses from trucks.
Mitigation measures:
1) Manure management options that reduce gas emissions and odor levels should be
favored. For example, appropriate collection frequency can reduce odor dispersion
in livestock confinement buildings. Lagoons can be covered and gas be collected
for biogas development, thereby reducing odors.
2) Control operation process of lagoons and prevent or minimize toxic gas emission,
According to Emission limits of air pollutants of Guangdong (DB44/27-2001), the
maximum limits of NOx is: 0.12 mg/m3. Others according to Hygienic Standards
for the Design of Industrial Enterprises (TJ36-79)--- The maximum permitted
toxicant concentration in air of residential area is: CO2: 0.04mg/m3; H2S:
0.01mg/m3; NH3: 0.2mg/m3. This two standards present in Table 7-3.
3) Ensure that appropriately sized collection and/or treatment system for wastewater
from livestock confinement buildings is provided.
4) Strictly control collection and transport of manure procedures to prevent and
minimize pipe leakage and leakage from trucks.
5) Include tree planting around the facilities to absorb/reduce dispersion of volatile
and toxic gases, dust and odors.
Table 7-3 Ambient air quality standard
mg/m3
Value
Limit Standare
Hour average
Day average
NO2
Ambient air quality
0.24 0.12
SO2
standard(GB3095-1996--
0.50 0.15
PM10 2000 amend part) Class
/
0.15
NH3
Hygienic Standards for the
0.20
CO2
Design of Industrial
0.04
Maximum permission
Enterprises TJ36-
concentration every time
79 Maximum permission
H2S
monitoring
0.01
concentration of bad matter
in living site
Noise and vectors (flies, mosquitoes, rodents)
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Impact Assessment:
Activities of vehicles, trucks during operation can cause noise. Lagoon in general and
manure lagoon in particular are ideal areas for proliferation of flies and mosquitoes.
Mitigation measures:
Standards of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises GB12348-90 applied for
limiting noise levels must be met. The standard presents in Table 7-4.
Spraying of chemicals to exterminate mosquitoes and, flies is recommended.

Table 7-4 Standards of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises
GB12348
90
dB(A)
ü
Appl ying r egi on
l evel
Da y
Ni ght
Re si denti al
culture and
1
55 45
educat ion
department enterprise units concentrate
areas
Re si denti al
business and industry complex
2
60 50
a rea
planning shopping centre
P lanning i ndustr y a re a
industr y concentration zone
3
65 55
Tw o sides of ma in t r affic r oad
4
70
55
Soil pollution
Impact Assessment:
There are potential risks that manure collection activities, leakage from manure
transport pipes, and leakage and losses from manure hauling trucks can potentially
contaminate soil resources. Another source of soil pollution is application of effluent
from lagoon on cropland. In case of excessive application, or if manure is applied on
saturated soils and high rates can create a condition in which more nitrogen and
phosphorous are being applied than is being used by the crop causing nitrogen losses,
vegetative overgrowth of agricultural crops, causing crop lodging and delay in seed
development/seed filling, etc. Soil pollution by heavy metals is also an issue that
should be carefully considered. Addition of soluble salts that originate from animal
manure could potentially cause salinization, although this should not be a major issue
in Guangdong due to high and regular incidence of rainfall.
Mitigation measures:
1) Quantity, timing, and timing of land application of liquid and solid manure should
be carefully correlated with inherent soil characteristics (soil texture, cation
exchange capacity, soil mineralogy, etc) and climatic condition to ensure that over
application of nutrient does not occur to cause soil toxicity/ nutrient overload.
2) Monitor soil nutrient levels, determine nutrient and other needs of each soil type,
and measure nutritional characteristic of effluents to ensure that the impact of land
application of manure is advantageous to planted crops.
3) It is necessary to design nutrient management strategies to provide the crops with
the appropriate amount of nutrients that is needed by plants while minimizing the
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amount of soluble nutrients that escape from the root zone through optimum
application of chemical and organic (manure) fertilizers. Effluents from lagoon
must be strictly monitored (sampled and analyzed for nutrients and periodically
for heavy metals) and appropriate quantities are determined to provide appropriate
nutrient levels to satisfy plant needs before applying the effluent on croplands.
Fauna and Flora
Impact Assessment:
The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should improve the quality and
may increase the carrying capacity of the cropland. If the quality of lagoon effluent is
controlled, improvement of cropland should increase productivity and even quality of
harvest. Planting trees not only will increase the number of plants, but will also
protect the fauna biodiversity within the project area by providing shelter and shade.
Lagoons have a very high potential to become suitable habitats for migrating
waterfowls, breeding fish, and for establishment of hydrophilic plants. This should not
only increases biodiversity in the area but also contribute to improving quality of the
lagoons.

Mitigation Measure:
A well designed, planned and implemented project is a prerequisite condition.
1) Planting trees around the ponds, especially down wind of the residential areas is
recommended to reduce odor and increase aesthetic appearance of the project.
2) Study and identify appropriate trees, commercial plants, and crops that are better
suited for application of liquid manure (effluent) and promote their use within
project areas.
Landscape
Impact assessment:
Normally, manure treatment lagoons are not aesthetically appealing.. However,
considering the potential positive impacts and environmental benefits of reduced
nutrient load of water bodies, it will have a much better aesthetic appeal than the
present condition.
Mitigation measures:
1) It is proposed to plant trees around the lagoon, especially between the lagoon and
residential areas.
2) Consider potential for development of aquatic plants around the perimeter of the
lagoons, if technically possible.
Land use
Impact Assessment:
Construction of a lagoon in project site will take a relatively large productive area,
especially in Guangdong Province where land use is very intensive with development
of urbanization and urban construction. The areas for construction of lagoons are not
finalized to date and will be determined during the first year of implementation.
Therefore, determination of benefit/loss of land use change is not appropriate at this
time. However, as was mentioned above, most likely croplands will possibly be used
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that could potentially cause involuntary resettlement, some partial land resettlement.
The loss/benefit assessment of land use change can only be determined after location
of lagoons are identified through review of land quality, type of cropland to be used,
etc.
Mitigation Measure:
No significant mitigation measure is recommended. The social assessment team has
prepared an involuntary resettlement plan for such cases.
Impacts on human health
Impact Assessment:
In general, the project, if successfully implemented, should have positive impact on
public health through reduction of non-point sources of pollutants and pathogens, not
only in the waterways, but also in the open drainage ways within residential areas.
However, there is a potential for secondary impacts on human health through
primarily adverse impacts on air pollution. Operation workers may potentially be in
danger of being directly impacted by toxic gases and odor. Problems of disease
vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rodents, pathogens, bacteria and other micro-
organisms should be considered. These could lead to some respiration or digestion
diseases or other dangerous diseases.
Mitigation measures:
The measures provided to mitigate air, water and soil pollution if successfully
conducted could minimize negative impacts on human health.
7.3.2 Biogas
production

As for lagooning, the main objective of biogas production from livestock manure is to
reduce adverse impacts of livestock manure on the environment. However, unlike a
lagoon, enclosed anaerobic digestion systems for biogas production are not subject to
pronounced influences of the weather, making effluents from digesters more stable
and uniform than effluents from anaerobic lagoons. Additionally, odors are controlled
and, if implemented correctly and there is no gas leakage, greenhouse gases are not
produced since produced methane gases are burned prior to release into the
atmosphere. Anaerobic digestion processes result in source strength reduction by
converting incoming organic matter to methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of
microbial biomass; pathogens and weed seeds are destroyed, and odors are reduced.
At the same time, single or centralized biogas reactors supply additional source of fuel
for the neighborhood. If successfully implemented and as long as there are needs for
the produced gases, environmental benefits of biogas system are positive. In addition
biogas system does not effectively reduce the nutrient load of the effluent to
acceptable levels to allow release of the effluent to the water bodies. The potential
negative environmental impacts and risks of biogas production system include:
Water quality
Impact Assessment:
Liquid in biogas pits have high content of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and
can be potential source of water pollution if it is purposefully discharged to water
bodies, or leak to shallow groundwater. Draining of biogas tank effluent to water
bodies is the result of poor system operation, causing an excess amount of water in the
pits. This is concluded from the field to project area. In fact, most households in the
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visited farm use large quantities of water for washing breeding facilities and livestock.
Over use of wash water dilute the manure concentration in biogas pit over the desired
2:1 manure: water ratio required for efficient operation of a standard biogas pit. Direct
discharge of wash water from breeding facilities to water bodies also causes nutrient
loading of surface and groundwater resources and causes non-point source pollution
of surface and ground water resources. Poor construction of biogas pits could also
allow for leakage of nutrient rich effluent to shallow groundwater resources and
surface waters by through flow. Transportation of livestock manure to centralised
biogas plants can also cause soil and water pollution if transport regulations are not
fully enforced and/or if mechanical problems with transport vehicles occur.
Mitigation Measures:
1) Technical and management principles for biogas pit design and operation must be
strictly followed.
2) Improve extension capacity and provide training/awareness building in areas of
manure use as crop nutrient and health and environmental impact of discharge of
effluent into water bodies.
3) Effluent from a digester should be retained in a holding pond and used either as
recycled flush water or for irrigation.
4) A centralized pre-treatment plant for wastewater from breeding facilities is
recommended in case its available amount is bigger than demand of using it.
Air quality
Impact assessment:
In case biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly, gases can
escape to the atmosphere and cause air pollution (toxic gases and odor) as well as
greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4). Manure transportation from breeding facilities to the
centralized biogas plant by by trucks can be a source of dust and unfavorable odor
since toxic gases can release naturally from transport vehicles that do not meet
regulations.
Risk of biogas pit explosion due to mistakes or technical/operational problems,
especially in hot weather condition, is also a major environmental concern.
Mitigation measures:
1) Technical and managerial principles of biogas pit design and operation must be
followed strictly.
2) Provide training/awareness building for pig farmers on the potential
environmental risks of poor operation of biogas tanks.
3) Prepare monitoring programs with regard to air quality within proposed project
areas, especially at and around biogas pit site. Emission limits of air pollutants of
Guangdong (DB44/27-2001) and Hygienic Standards for the Design of
Industrial Enterprises (TJ36-79)- ... must be followed.
Soil pollution
Impact assessment:
Wastewater from cleaning of breeding facilities or from biogas pits if applied
intensively on cropland can cause increase in soil nutrient load to toxic levels.
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Nutrient overload can not only increase the potential for leaching of nutrients into
groundwater, but could also increase the nutrient content of the soil, especially
nitrogen to levels that can be toxic to plants. In the case of grain crops such as rice,
high nitrogen can also promote vegetative growth, delays seed formation and cause
lodging and significant yield loss. Waste sludge and wastes in biogas pit, if applied
improperly on croplands, can also pollute the soil.
Mitigation measures:
1) Timing of application and quantity of effluent to be used on crops should be
accurately determined before any application of biogas effluent on soils. The
amount of effluent that can be applied must be calculated based on crop nutrient
needs at different growth stages and actual nutrient availability of the soil to
prevent soil pollution and loss of crop yield.
2) Waste sludge and wastes from biogas pits must be disposed properly, either by
disposal in sanitary landfills or pre-treated with solidification method before land
filled or used for other purposes.
Flora and Fauna and Nature Reserves
Impact Assessment:
If applied properly, effluents from breeding facilities and biogas pits will improve
productivity and quality of vegetation, contributing to flourishing of flora within the
area. However, improper or intensive application of effluents can have adverse
impact on biodiversity and will promote increase in plants that require higher nitrogen
levels and reduce the other genera such as Leguminacea. Water, soil and air pollution
can also cause reduction in flora biodiversity. The proposed project appears to be
neutral with regard to fauna biodiversity. However, potentially contagious animal
diseases caused by dangerous pathogens, bacteria, and/or viruses can be spread in the
wild through application of untreated effluent and can cause proliferation of diseases
in the wild and cause significant impact on wildlife. Inappropriate over-application of
effluent could also cause disappearance of some useful insects and appearance of
harmful insects in agricultural fields that can also cause increase in plant diseases and
yield reduction.
Mitigation Measures:
A well designed, planned and operated project is prerequisite condition.
1) Plants that can sustain higher levels of effluent application (high N and P
requirement) should be identified and promoted for the areas close to the biogas
facilities. Establishment of young trees around centralized biogas plants should be
promoted.
2) Prepare a plan for early identification and control of potentially contagious
diseases that might establish within project areas..
3) Extra care must be taken to ensure effluent is treated properly and if there are
outbreak of animal disease within project area, application of effluent should be
stopped and should only be resumed after clearance is provided by the appropriate
line agencies.
Aesthetics
Impact assessment:
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Aesthetically, the centralized biogas pits are not very appealing on their own.
However, their benefits and reduction of unsightly and unhealthy open drains and
manure ponds surely outweigh their look.
Mitigation measures:
Planting of trees around the centralized biogas pits should be encouraged that will not
only improve aesthetics, but can also reduce dour levels.
Land use
Impact Assessment:
Construction of centralized biogas pits and installation of manure collection pipe
system (if any) in project site will occupy some potentially productive land within the
farms. The final locations of the manure treatment plants are not yet finalized.
Therefore, it is not possible to determine the benefit/loss of land use change at this
time.
Mitigation Measure:
No mitigation measure is recommended.
7.3.3. Soil application
When main purpose of using livestock manure is to fertilize fields, manure should be
treated to remove pathogens and weed seeds before application to land. One of the
potential pre-treatment processes that manure can go through before land application
is composting. The main impacts of composting process as well as land application of
manure are briefly described:
Water pollution
Impact assessment:
1) During composting process, especially during fermentation phase significant
amount of wastewater is created. Maintenance activities including cleaning floors,
equipments, machineries, etc can also add to possibility of water pollution. Water
pollution potential from manure collection from breeding facilities should also be
considered. Eutrophication is one of the main impacts of release of wastewater
rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. It is important to ensure that
effluent from wastewater treatment system meets Discharge Standard of Pollutants
for Livestock and Poultry Breeding (GB18596-2001) before release to surface
water bodies. The standard presents in Appendix 4.
Land application of manure should follow strict rules to ensure that manure is applied
at the right times during the growing season and at the right quantities so that crops
receive appropriate quantities of nutrient at the right stages of growth. Haphazard and
indiscriminant application of manure will not only cause nutrient overloading of the
soil and leaching of nutrient into the groundwater, it can also cause serious injuries to
the crops and reduce the crop yield and even burn the crops in extreme circumstances.
Mitigation measures:
2) Appropriate, effective, and adaptable composting and manure application
technologies should be used, and management alternatives should be considered
and planned carefully to achieve appropriate and environmentally acceptable
nutrient load in discharge water.
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3) It is necessary to design and build a collection and/or treatment system for
wastewater from composting process.
4) Quantity and timing of liquid and solid manure application to agricultural land
should be established for different crops in different soil types and climatic
conditions based an crop's physiological characteristics and nutrient needs,
inherent nutrient levels within the soil, and cropping patterns (previous and
following crops).
Air pollution
Impact assessment:
4) Fermentation of livestock manure is notable source of air pollution since this
process potentially produces CO2, CH4, and other volatile organic gases, causing
increase in nuisance odors. Odors can also be generated during other phases of
composting process, especially during collection and separation and before
fermentation. Screening process is also a potential source for increase of dust and
especially fine organic particulates. Dust can also be generated from collection
and transportation activities. According to Chinese laws, to prevent or minimize
toxic gas emission during composting process in the composting plant, Emission
limits of air pollutants of Guangdong (DB44/27-2001) and Hygienic Standards for
the Design of Industrial Enterprises (TJ36-79)- ... must be followed.
Manure application on land, especially if it is not immediately incorporated into the
soil (ploughed in) can cause significant nitrogen loss to atmosphere due to
ammonification process, causing both atmospheric and odor pollution and in extreme
cases eye irritation
Mitigation measures:
1) Ventilation systems should be installed in composting plant to reduce the impacts
of toxic gases and odors to workers and surrounding environment.
2) Strictly control manure collection and transport to prevent or minimize pipe
leakage and scatter from trucks.
3) Plant trees to absorb toxic gases, dust and odors.
4) Incorporate the manure into the soil by ploughing it into the soil immediately after
application of manure to prevent gaseous losses of nutrient to the atmosphere.
Noise
Impact assessment:
Activities of vehicles, trucks and composting equipment such as separators, screeners,
conveyors, and packaging section during operation phase can cause noise. Chinese
Standards of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises
GB12348-90 are required
to be met.
Mitigation measures:
The composting plant should be located at appropriate distance from the residential
areas to meet Chinese limits of noise level (GB12348-90). Workers who are working
within the plant should be supplied with protective gears such as ear plugs to reduce
potential harmful effect of long term exposure to noise. (GB12348-90) is present in
Table 7-4.
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Soil pollution
Impact Assessment:
Livestock manure has long been regarded as beneficial material and has been used for
centuries as an effective nutrient source for higher crops. It provides an organic
matter to soil that improves its physical properties (improved soil structure). Manure
helps to stabilize soil aggregates and prevent soil erosion. However, if manure is
applied at excessive levels, it can cause soil toxicity due to nutrient overloading and
disturbance of nutrient balence within the soil.
Impacts of manure on soil include:
ľ Excessive levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and
some micronutrients;
ľ Soil pollution from heavy metals (especially Cu and Zn);
ľ Potential increase in soil salinity (soluble salts mainly excreted from animal
urine)
ľ Increase in level of number of cations and anions included in urine such as
Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO 2-
4 ).
Mitigation measures:
1) Manure should be applied to land at rate determined by the soil, climate, crop
physiological needs, etc. The implementation is that nutrients should be applied in
amounts needed by crop without adverse effects on either soil or water (surface
and ground).
2) Pre-treatment technology (composting) and composting process should strictly be
followed to produce a product that has appropriate component of nutrients and
organic matters and minimal quantity of weed seeds and pathogens; and
3) Manure (compost) samples should be regularly collected and analysed in order to
avoid over-application of nutrient and/or causing nutrient imbalance that could
detrimentally affect crop yields.
Fauna and Flora
Impact Assessment:
Like lagooning and biogas production, soil application methodology, if successfully
implemented, should improve the soil quality and increase the productivity and
quality of crops. Manure application of cropland should be flora neutral, but should
improve biodiversity by improving soil fauna population.

Mitigation Measure:
A well designed, planned and implemented project is prerequisite condition.
Planting young trees as much as possible is always recommended. Studies should be
conducted to determine higher plants best suited for liquid and soild manure
application to be promoted for planting within project area.
Landscape
Impact assessment:
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Simply, appearance of a pre-treatment facility in the proposed project area would
reduce the beauty of landscape. However, if comparing to ultimate expected benefits
of the project, this option will be certainly better than present situation.
Mitigation measures:
Planting trees around the composting plant to reduce its visibility from residential
areas and to also reduce odor problems..
Land use
Impact Assessment:
Construction of a lagoon/central biogas/waste water treatment facility in project site
will occupy a relatively large area of farm land. Construction of composting plant and
installation of manure collection pipe system (if any) in project site will occupy some
potentially productive land within the farm. The final locations of the manure
treatment plants are not yet finalized. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the
benefit/loss of land use change at this time.
Mitigation Measure:
No significant mitigation measure is recommended.

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8
Environmental Management Plan
The experiences on EIA around the world has shown that even if mitigation and
monitoring plans proposed in the EIA are clearly described, the mitigation and
monitoring plans may be ignored without effective and competent monitoring and
enforcement procedures to supervise and ensure the implementation. Therefore, it is
recommended that project proponent develop an enforceable plan, the Environmental
Management Plan (EMP), prior to commencement of the project activities as part of
the overall project management operation. The EMP identifies the responsibilities of
each organization involved in the implementation of EMP and the proposed
mitigation and monitoring activities during design, construction/implementation, and
operation. For projects where International Finance Agencies (IFAs) participate in
project funding, the Loan Agreement guarantees that the monies needed for
establishing and operating the EMP would be made available as an integral part of the
project budget (not as a kind of "add on").
In the early 1990s, the structure of the EIA report was modified to include a separate
chapter on Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EMP developed in the
project EIA includes all mitigation and monitoring requirements specified in the EIA.
As soon as the feasibility study of the project including EIA is approved, an
implementing institution should be established as a part of the overall PMO structure
and should be responsible for implementation of project mitigation and monitoring
activities.
The project's influence on environment will occur during the
construction/implementation and operation periods. In Chapter 7, all the issues
affecting the environment were identified and analyzed. Corresponding mitigation
measures were proposed. In this chapter the environmental monitoring plan and the
corresponding responsibility are identified. This orderly identification, assessment,
and presentation of mitigation measures ensures that no important issues are
overlooked and that negative impacts are prevented or reduced to minimum.
The project involves many environmental issues, however, the impact of the project to
local environment can be effectively controlled if the following major environmental
issues are monitored and controlled.
8.1 Implementation
Organizations
and
Responsibilities
As indicated in Fig.2-1 of Chapter 2, in China, project environmental management
within each concerned ministry and commission is organized and carried out by their
respective environmental protection department under the supervision of SEPA and
local EPBs.
The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), one of the concerned ministries, is one of the
organizations that have responsibilities for protection and management of
environment within the areas of influence of the project. The institution that has
direct responsibility is the Ecological Environment Division of the Department of
Science, Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture. Its main
responsibilities are: (1) to ensure that the project adhere with the relevant
environmental protection laws, regulations and standard of China, and (2) to supervise
environment protection in the agricultural sector of the country. SEPA provides
supervision and monitoring to the work of MOA. Other organizations such as the
Livestock Bureaus and Animal Husbandry Bureaus in Guangdong have similar
departments and personnel for environmental protection who are also responsible for
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supervision and monitoring of the project impact under the overall supervision of the
EPB.
Guangdong has environment monitoring stations (EMS) at various governmental
levels responsible for monitoring the environmental impact of various development
activities within their respective jurisdictional boundaries, and for compiling the
annual environmental quality reports. The responsibility of these organizations
include: (1) reporting to SEPA any changes in the quality of natural environment, (2)
environmental pollution control; (3) progress achieved in environmental protection;
and (4) handling application for discharge of important pollution source.
Environment monitoring stations at city and county levels are responsible for
monitoring changes of environmental quality of atmosphere, water, noise and natural
environment and for reporting to the provincial environmental monitoring station.
Based on above mentioned responsibilities of EMS, PMO intends to sign contracts
with either one of the EMS, or with other qualified institutes or labs for environmental
monitoring. In addition, the respective PMO should provide necessary organization
and manpower to ensure effective and smooth implementation of the environmental
requirements of the project. The following chapter discusses the details of
implementing institutions and the proposed environmental management plan (EMP),
its manpower and institutional requirements.
8.1.1 Implementation
Organizations
At project feasibility study level, the EIA prepared by the project proponents has to be
reviewed and approved by concerned environmental authority and the WB safeguard
group.
However, during project implementation/construction and operation phases of the
project, implementation of the environment management plan is the responsibility of
the PMO. Guangdong EPB should be requested to collect the required data,
monitoring of the implementation of the EMP and checking whether the mitigation
measures of each subcomponent of the project are successfully undertaken. The
respective county EPBs should be requested by the respective PMOs to supervise and
inspect subcomponents of the project with potential environmental impact following
the proposed EMP and the relevant environment protection laws of China.
The project areas will include some farms in Boluo counties of Guangdong Province.
In order to ensure smooth implementation of the project with minimum negative
impact on environment, the following EMP is formulated and must be followed by the
project proponents in its entirety. The EMP must be considered as a part and parcel of
the project and must be budgeted as a project item in the financial feasibility report
and the project implementation plan.
In order to ensure successful implementation of the proposed EMP and in line with
relevant national environmental regulations, PMO should appoint an officer, on a full
or part-time basis, who will have full responsibility for the successful implementation
of the activities defined in mitigation and monitoring sections of the EIA report
(Chapter 7) during each phase of the project implementation and at least the first five
years of project implementation. The county PMOs (CPMOs) should also designate
one of their staff to be trained by the project to take the responsibility of ensuring the
adoption of all EMP activities by the project at the county/farm level. He/she should
convey the environmental issues within the project to the project implementation
agencies of the PMO and the county EPBs, responsible for data collection and
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providing technical assistance to the environmental officer. The environmental
officers identified at PMOs at every level (county, municipal, province/region) are
responsible for the preparation of the environment protection materials and documents
related to project implementation for the review of SEPA, the World Bank and
respective EPBs at various levels. During operation phase, each CPMO will assist the
PMO with implementing the environmental monitoring program and other work
included in the environmental management plan. However, the ultimate
responsibility for ensuring that all activities identified in the EMP are implemented
rest on shoulders of the respective PMOs and they must ensure smooth flow of
required environmental reports/data from the counties to the provincial/regional
office. The environmental management and organizations during implementation and
operation phases are diagrammed in Fig.8-1 and Fig. 8-2, respectively.

PLG
PMO
Environmental Officer (PMO)
Design Unit
County PMOs designated
Local governmental institutions
environmental Supervisors
including, EPBs, Agricultural
Bureaus, etc.
Environmental monitoring
units
Figure 8-1 Environmental Management Organization during Construction Stage

PLG
PPMO
CPMOs (1 person, each)
Local governmental institutions including EMS,
Provincial and County EPBs, ettc.
Figure 8-2 Environmental Management Organization during Operation Stage
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8.1.2 Role of PMO and Environmental Monitors
As was discussed in 8.1.1, implementation of EMP will be the responsibility of PMOs
at various levels. They are responsible for ensuring the smooth implementation of the
mitigation measures and the monitoring plan as is detailed in the environmental
assessment report. Their major tasks include:
a.
Review and implementation of mitigation and monitoring activities with
comments on the activities as needed to obtain minimum acceptable
environmental performance level in the overall project;
b.
Regularly check implementation of pollution control measures in project sub-
components that might have pollution problems such as manure management
technology (lagoon, biogas plant and manure application on soil) development.
Report those facilities that are not operating properly or are discharging above
SEPA's environmental discharge standard and report such violations to local
EPBs;
c.
Recommending, gaining approval for and carrying out any special studies, which
are believed necessary for reaching the minimum acceptable environmental
performance;
d.
In close cooperation with the project design and implementation teams, make
sure that the relevant mitigation measures contained in the EMP are reflected in
the final project plans and that necessary conditions for project monitoring are in
place;
e.
Provision of necessary training of staff of project management offices and
implementers of project subcomponent on environmental issues and
environmental inspection to improve the institutional capacity of county and
township personnel in implementation of EMP activities;
f.
Supervise the implementation of the environmental protection measures as
specified in the environmental mitigation plan;
g.
Provide written guidelines whenever gaps in environmental performance are
found and to take corrective measures;
h.
Perform emergency response plans during environmental emergency conditions
and report any environmental accident/mishaps to the PMO and local EPBs in a
timely manner;
i.
Implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and
supervising monitoring institutions and ensure that all sampling activities as
defined in the monitoring plan is completed on a timely manner;
j.
Prepare periodic reports on environmental performance of the project's
implementation and operation to be availed to relevant environmental
administrative departments/Bureaus and the World Bank;
k.
Deal with the complaints concerning the environmental aspects and accept the
supervision of the environmental protection departments;
l.
Arrange for the visits of the Bank Mission staff, if necessary and regulatory staff
of EPB or EMS;
m. Supervise environmental issues during project implementation/construction and
urge construction/implementation teams to follow relevant regulations; and
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n.
Be responsible for other actions needed for implementing the EMP.
8.1.3 Supervision
Organization
Under the guidance of SEPA, Guangdong EPB are the administrative departments for
environmental protection. They are responsible for the environmental management
and supervision within the jurisdiction of the region and province. The local EPBs at
municipal and county levels are the administrative departments of the corresponding
local government's environmental protection under respective regional and provincial
governments and are responsible for the environmental management and supervision
within the jurisdiction of the local government. They will be responsible for
supervision of EMP implementation within their respective local government
jurisdiction. EPBs and EMS offices at provincial, municipal, and county levels
should cooperate closely with clearly defined responsibilities and accomplish
monitoring work of the project. Under the jurisdiction of each Provincial/regional
EPB, a Provincial/regional Central Environmental Monitoring Station is established
that is responsible for the monitoring of environmental quality within the jurisdiction
of the province/region. The environmental protection work of this project will be
carried out under the supervision of SEPA, provincial/regional EPBs and local EPBs
within the project areas. The environmental supervision plan is summarized in Table
8-1.
8.1.4 Environmental
Management
Plan
In order to ensure the effective implementation of the proposed environmental
mitigation measures for the project, an environment management plan has been
formulated and listed in Table 8-2.
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Table 8-1 Environment Supervision Plan, LWMEAP, China
Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
Feasibility
1. Review EIA
1. Guarantee a complete environmental assessment, and appropriate subject
Study
2. Review EMP draft
identification, emphasize the key points.
2. Make sure it reflects the possible, significant potential problems which
might be produced by this project
3.Guarantee a concrete practicable action plan of mitigation measures
Design &
Guangdong
1. Review the preliminary
1. Strictly execute EMP
Implementation
EPB, SEPA,
design for environmental
2. Ensure that all national environmental laws and regulations with regards to
WB
protection and EMP
project construction/implementation are considered.
SEPA, WB
2. Check whether
3. Secure that sufficient environmental protection investment is in place
investment for
environment protection is
in place.
Guangdong
3. Check selection of
4. Ensure that Pig production needs to be the dominant cause of water
EPB
project areas.
pollution in the area.
5. Ensure that the level of underground water drainage is minimal in the areas:
most of the collected rainwater and field drainage leave the study area by
surface water.
6. Ensure that the project areas are far away from the nature reserves buffer
and core areas, and make sure that the project will not block the migration
route of wild animals.
4. Supervise dust and noise
7. Take recommended measures in EMP to dust and noise pollution.
pollution, if found to be an
8. Ensure that construction teams follow EMP, and relevant state and local
issue.
laws and regulations.
9. If noise is found as an environmental nuisance, enforce proposed
construction times according to EMP.
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Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
5. Inspect whether there
10. Protect cultural relics
are underground cultural
relics.
6. Inspect the discharge
11. Ensure that solid waste and raw sewage are disposed according to relevant
and treatment of daily
national and local regulations. Ensure that surface and groundwater are not
sewage and waste from
contaminated.
larger construction site
such as lagoon and biogas
pond
7. Check whether
12. Ensure erosion control measures according to EMP, national and local
construction will cause
laws are in place.
accelerated soil erosion.
Operation
Guangdong
1.Inspect implementation
1. Protect the environment; minimize the environmental impact during
EPB Local
of EMP in operation stage
operation phase.
EPBs
2.Check implementation of
2. Guarantee the solid and liquid manure disposal meet the standard.
monitoring plan
3. If necessary, review and amend the EMP to overcome unforeseen impacts.
3. Verify whether it is
5. Make sure national laws and regulations with regards to animal numbers is
necessary to take further
enforced.
environmental protection
measures for unforeseen
environmental problem.
4. Ensure that surface
water groundwater soil
management/improvement
measures are implemented.
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Stage
Organization
Monitoring items
Monitoring Objectives
Guangdong
1. Check if pollutants
1. Enforce the national regulations with regards to discharge of pollutants,
EPB, Local
discharge meets the
especially sewage discharge from all manure management facilities of
EPBs
national standards.
breedpig farms and runoff in project area.
2. Check if project is
2. Ensure that project will not cause any additional degradation of natural soil.
causing accelerated soil
Report any wrong doing to appropriate regulatory agencies.
erosion.
3. Ensure that manure application on soil meet the practical needs of crop and
3. Check if manure
plant, and nutrient balance of soil, no fertilization on cropland
application on soil meets
overaboundance..
the needs of crop and plant
and nutrient balance of
soil.
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Table 8-2 Environment Management Plan for LWMEAP, China
Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
A. Design Phase
1. Optimize project design and plan to minimize its potential negative environmental
impacts.
Guangdong
2. Project subcomponents should be planned and designed to avoid environmental
Guangdong
1.The Project
PMO, Design
sensitive areas like wildlife habitats, natural and cultural relics, and to reasonably
PMO
teams
arrange construction schedule to minimize land occupancy and reduce land occupancy
time.
1. If construction of limited access roads is required, they should be designed to
minimize land occupancy and avoid/minimize damage to vegetation.
Guangdong
2. Land Use
Design Units
2. Construction of biogas plant and aerobic and anaerobic should be designed to use as
PMO
little land as possible.
B. Implementation/construction phase
1. After completion of construction work, vegetative cover should be planted as soon
as possible to prevent wind and water erosion, as well as runoff.
2. The construction of lagoons, biogas plants, field for depositing manure and related
facilities should employ restrict soil erosion control measures during construction to
Guangdong
prevent soil erosion and increased sediment load in nearby river/water bodies. As
Construction
1. Soil Erosion
PMO, County
much as possible, the excavated material should be reused in construction, if cannot be
Teams
PMOs
used in construction, should be disposed off properly according to national and
provincial environmental pollution laws, such as piled in designated areas and be
removed to dump sites. If no assigned dumpsites are available they could be compacted
layer-by-layer and protected by surrounding retaining walls, and then be timely
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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
covered with vegetation.
1. If there are residential areas within 300m of the construction site, construction
activities are forbidden at 22:00 to 6:00 at night, 12:00 to 14:00 in daytime.
2. The access roads should be selected away from such sensitive locations as schools,
residences and hospitals.
If they are within 50 meters of sensitive areas, transportation should be banned during
night hours.
3. When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy noise
machines should be arranged at school time; when the construction site is close to
Construction
2. Noise
County PMO
densely populated residences, construction work with machinery that produce high
Teams
noise levels should not be arranged at nighttime. In case that the above construction
work has to be proceeded, consultation must be made with the residents who may be
impacted or proper compensation must be paid. To reduce the noise pollution of
construction machineries, mobile noise isolation can be used.
4. The construction operator's work time should be arranged in accordance with the
labor hygiene standard, and personal protection measures such as wearing earplugs and
helmets, etc. should be provided to the operators.
1. Mixing equipment should be placed at least 300 meters from residential areas,
hospitals and schools. Sealing, vibration reducing and dust absorbing measures should
Construction
be adopted.
3. Air quality
Team, County
County PMO
2. According to national labor laws, labor protection measures should be provided to
PMO
the operators of the construction machineries, such as protective glasses and masks.
3. Water should be sprayed during dry, dusty days on the construction sites and related
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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
roads to prevent dust.
1. Inform contractors and construction workers on recognition of cultural relics and
County
importance of protecting them.
Cultural
4. Natural and
Guangdong
2. During construction, if cultural relics are found, construction should stop, the
Relics Bureau
cultural relics
PMO
construction supervisor should protect the site, and concerned department should be
County PMO
immediately notified to handle the find.
5. Minority
Construction
Guangdong
1. If present, respect the living style and traditional customs of minority nationalities.
Nationalities
Team
PMO
C. Operation phase
Lagoon System
1. Appropriate and effective technology and management alternatives must carefully be
considered and planned in order to achieve required levels of environmental
acceptability.
2. Design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from livestock
confinement buildings.
3. Lagoon must be designed strictly according to technical criteria, to prevent waste
water percolation into groundwater.
County,
Guangdong
1. Water pollution
4. Except during big storm events that can potentially cause structural breakdown, it is
Provincial and
PMO
not permitted to discharge lagoon effluent with high nutrient load to be discharged into
regional EMS
surface water bodies at any times. Under such special storm conditions, dilution effect
minimizes the negative effects of the discharged effluent from the lagoon on natural
resources. In case lagoon effluent must be discharged for acceptable reasons, relevant
discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding (GB18596-2001)
must be met. According to this standard, maximal limits of daily average discharge
concentration for the main parameters as follows: COD: 400 mg/l; BOD5:150 mg/l;
82

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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
SS: 200 mg/l; NH3-N: 80 mg/l; TP: 8 mg/l; coliform:10000/ml; ascarid egg: 2/l.
5. Ensure that lagoon dikes are stable and will not fail under even the most extreme
weather conditions.
2. Acoustics and
1. Standards of noise at boundary of industrial enterprises GB12348-90 applied for
vectors (flies,
limiting noise levels must be met.
mosquitoes,
2. Spraying of chemicals to exterminate mosquitoes and, flies is recommended.
rodents)
1. Manure management options that reduce gas emissions and odor levels should be
favored. For example, appropriate collection frequency can reduce odor dispersion in
livestock confinement buildings. Lagoons can be covered and gas be collected for
biogas development, thereby reducing odors.
2. Control operation process of lagoons and prevent or minimize toxic gas emission,
according to Emission limits of air pollutants of Guangdong (DB44/27-2001), the
maximum limits of NOx is: 0.12 mg/m3. Others according to Hygienic Standards for
the Design of Industrial Enterprises (TJ36-79)--- The maximum permitted toxicant
County,
Guangdong
3. Air pollution
concentration in air of residential area is: CO2: 0.04mg/m3; H2S: 0.01mg/m3; NH3:
Provincial and
0.2mg/m3.
PMO
regional EMS
3. Ensure that appropriately sized collection and/or treatment system for wastewater
from livestock confinement buildings is provided.
4. Strictly control collection and transport of manure procedures to prevent and
minimize pipe leakage and leakage from trucks.
5. Include tree planting around the facilities to absorb/reduce dispersion of volatile and
toxic gases, dust and odors.
83

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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
1. Quantity, timing, and timing of land application of liquid and solid manure should be
carefully correlated with inherent soil characteristics (soil texture, cation exchange
capacity, soil mineralogy, etc) and climatic condition to ensure that over application of
nutrient does not occur to cause soil toxicity/ nutrient overload.
2. Monitor soil nutrient levels, determine nutrient and other needs of each soil type, and
measure nutritional characteristic of effluents to ensure that the impact of land
application of manure is advantageous to planted crops.
County,
Guangdong
4.Soil pollution
3. It is necessary to design nutrient management strategies to provide the crops with the
Provincial and
PMO
appropriate amount of nutrients that is needed by plants while minimizing the amount
regional EMS
of soluble nutrients that escape from the root zone through optimum application of
chemical and organic (manure) fertilizers. Effluents from lagoon must be strictly
monitored (sampled and analyzed for nutrients and periodically for heavy metals) and
appropriate quantities be determined to provide appropriate nutrient levels to satisfy
plant needs before applying the effluent on croplands.
1. A well designed, planned and implemented project is a prerequisite condition.
2. Planting trees around the ponds, especially down wind of the residential areas is
recommended to reduce odor and increase aesthetic appearance of the project.
County,
Guangdong
5.Fauna and Flora
3. Study and identify appropriate trees, commercial plants, and crops that are better
Provincial and
PMO
suited for application of liquid manure (effluent) and promote their use within project
regional EMS
areas.
1. It is proposed to plant trees around the lagoon and biogas pond, especially between
the lagoon and residential areas.
County,
6. Landscape
Guangdong
2. Consider potential for development of aquatic plants around the perimeter of the
Provincial and
PMO
lagoons, if technically possible.
regional EMS
84

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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
7. Land use
1. No significant mitigation measure is recommended. The social assessment team has
Guangdong
County PMO
change
prepared an involuntary resettlement plan for such cases.
PMO
1. The measures provided to mitigate air, water and soil pollution if successfully
8.Impacts on
Guangdong
conducted could minimize negative impacts on human health.
County PMO
human health
PMO
Biogas production
1. Technical and management principles for biogas pit design and operation must be
strictly followed.
2. Improve extension capacity and provide training/awareness building for staffers and
officers in governments/PMO of all levels in areas of manure use as crop nutrient, and
1. Water pollution
mitigate health and environmental impact of discharge of effluent into water bodies.
3. Effluent from a digester should be retained in a holding pond that is big enough for
any special situation and used either as recycled flush water or for irrigation.
4. A centralised pre-treatment plant for wastewater from breeding facilities is
recommended in case its available amount is bigger than demand of using it.
1. Technical and managerial principles of biogas pit design and operation must be
followed strictly.
2. Provide training/awareness building for pig farmers on the potential environmental
risks of poor operation of biogas tanks.
2. Air pollution
3. Implement monitoring programs earnestly with regard to air quality within proposed
project areas, especially at and around biogas pit site. Emission limits of air pollutants
of Guangdong (DB44/27-2001) and Hygienic Standards for the Design of Industrial
Enterprises (TJ36-79)- ... must be followed.
85

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Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
1. Timing of application and quantity of effluent to be used on crops should be
accurately determined before any application of biogas effluent on soils. The amount
of effluent that can be applied must be calculated based on crop nutrient needs at
different growth stages and actual nutrient availability of the soil to prevent soil
3. Soil pollution
pollution and loss of crop yield.
2. Waste sludge and wastes from biogas pits must be disposed properly, either by
disposal in sanitary landfills or pre-treated with solidification method before landfill or
used for other purposes.
1. A well designed, planned and operated project is prerequisite condition.
2. Plants that can sustain higher levels of effluent application (high N and P
requirement) should be identified and promoted for the areas close to the biogas
facilities. Establishment of young trees around centralized biogas plants should be
promoted.
4. Flora and
3. Establish a plan for early identification and control of potentially contagious diseases
Fauna and Nature
within project areas.
Reserves
4. Extra care must be taken to ensure effluent is treated properly and if there are
outbreak of animal disease within project area, application of effluent should be
stopped and should only be resumed after clearance is provided by the appropriate line
agencies.
It will not only improve aesthetics, but can also reduce odor levels through planting of
5. Aesthetics
trees around the centralized biogas pits.
No mitigation measure is recommended.
6. Land usei
86

---

Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
Soil application
1. Appropriate, effective, and adaptable composting and manure application
technologies should be used, and management alternatives should be considered and
planned carefully to achieve appropriate and environmentally acceptable nutrient load
in discharge water.
2. It is necessary to design and build a collection and/or treatment system for
1. Water pollution
wastewater from composting process.
3. Quantity and timing of liquid and solid manure application to agricultural land
should be established for different crops in different soil types and climatic conditions
based an crop's physiological characteristics and nutrient needs, inherent nutrient
levels within the soil, and cropping patterns (previous and following crops).
1. Ventilation systems should be installed in composting plant to reduce the impacts of
toxic gases and odors to workers and surrounding environment.
2. Strictly control manure collection and transport to prevent or minimize pipe leakage
and scatter from trucks.
2. Air pollution
3. Plant trees to absorb toxic gases, dust and odors.
4. Incorporate the manure into the soil by ploughing it into the soil immediately after
application of manure to prevent gaseous losses of nutrient to the atmosphere.
1. The composting plant should be located at appropriate distance from the residential
areas to meet Chinese limits of noise level (GB12348-90).
3. Noise
2. Workers who are working within the plant should be supplied with protective gears
such as ear plugs to reduce potential harmful effect of long term exposure to noise.
87

---

Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
1. Manure should be applied to land at rate determined by the soil, climate, crop
physiological needs, etc. The implementation is that nutrients should be applied in
amounts needed by crop without adverse effects on either soil or water (surface and
ground).
2.Pre-treatment technology (composting) can make manure has appropriate component
4. Soil pollution
of nutrients and organic matters and minimal quantity of weed seeds and pathogens;
and
3. Manager should collected and analyzed Manure (compost) samples regularly in
order to avoid over-application of nutrient and/or causing nutrient imbalance that could
detrimentally affect crop yields.
1. A well designed, planned and implemented project is prerequisite condition.
5. Fauna and
2. Planting young trees as much as possible is always recommended. Studies should be
Flora
conducted to determine higher plants best suited for liquid and solid manure
application to be promoted for planting within project area.
Planting trees around the composting plant to reduce its visibility from residential areas
6. Landscape
and to also reduce odor problems..
7. Land usei
No significant mitigation measure is recommended.
D. Environment Monitoring
Guangdong
1. Surface Water
Implementation/construction phase (baseline data)
PMO
88

---

Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
Implementation/operation phase:
1. Monitoring items: pH, TKN, TP, COD
+
--
Mn, BOD5, NH3 -N, NO3
N, total solids (TS),
volumetric flow, fecal coliforms
2. Monitoring frequency: 4 times every year during the implementation period one in
the dry period, one during the first heavy rain, one in the wettest month and one at the
end of the wet period
Local
3. Monitoring periods: 1-2 days.
EMS/PEMS
4. Location to be monitored: At each site a minimum of 3 benchmarks will be
established along the main river/surface body that leaves the project area; one upstream
(baseline nutrient load of the river), one in midstream, indicating the average nutrient
load within project area, and one downstream of the project to determine the impact of
the project manure management activities on the surface water quality.
Implementation/construction phase (baseline data):
Implementation/operation phase:
1. Monitoring items: pH, total P, total N, NO3-N, NH4-N, COD, BOD5, fecal
coliforms
2. Monitoring frequency: 4 times every year during the 5 years implementation period
Guangdong
Local
2. Groundwater
one in the dry period, one during the first heavy rain, one in the wettest month and
PMO
EMS/PEMS
one at the end of the wet period
3. Monitoring periods: 1 day
4. Location to be monitored: include three transects of wells (piezometers). Each
transect will consist of three piezometers at different depths, to a maximum of 6m.
These piezometers will be installed up-gradient from the edge of the river/water bodies
to the edge of the village or to the edge of agricultural fields.
89

---

Environmental
Responsible
Mitigation Policies and Control Measures
Implementer
Issues
Agency
Implementation/construction phase (baseline data):
Local
Guangdong
EMS/PEMS
PMO
Implementation/operation phase:
1. Monitoring items: pH, EC*10-3, TKN, TP, and available P (Bray or Mehlich
method).
2. Monitoring frequency: 5 times every year (2 crops) during the 5 years
3. Soil
implementation and operation periods; after application and incorporation of manure
during land preparation , before crop reaches the four-leaf stage, after crop harvest, at
Local
Guangdong
four leaf stage of 2nd crop, and after harvest of 2nd crop.
EMS/PEMS
PMO
3. Monitoring periods: 1 day
4. In locations to be monitored, soil samples from subsoil (15-30 cm) will be collected
in each agricultural field (maximum 3) with major cropping system (the same
agricultural fields to be used for groundwater monitoring), using Dutch auger.
90

---

8.2
Environmental Monitoring Plan, Guangdong
The main purpose of this section is to summarize the needs of monitoring and to
prepare a sound environmental monitoring program. The main objectives of the plan
are (1) to ensure that all the mitigation measures specified in the EIA will actually be
carried out; (2) to evaluate the monitoring data to determine whether the
environmental protection measures as proposed (including design, implementation,
and operational procedures) are actually furnishing adequate environmental
protections and if not, to indicate the correction measures that is needed, and (3) to
ensure sustainable use of natural resources (such as water and soil) by the project.
8.2.1 Monitoring
Items
The monitoring program includes monitoring for each of the individual environmental
issues as identified in Chapter 7.

8.2.2 Monitoring
Implementer
The implementer of the monitoring plan is respective PMOs at various levels
According to the jurisdictional zoning, respective PMOs at various levels will
undertake their monitoring responsibilities. Provincial and Boluo county EMS will
carry out monitoring program for quality of surface water, groundwater and soil.
Guangdong PMO should reach a contractual agreement with respective monitoring
stations before project implementation. The county PMO are responsible for
requesting for monitoring activities by the monitoring unit, according to the
requirement of EMP and whenever the situation arises.
8.2.3 Monitoring
Report
System
The reporting system for environment monitoring is shown in Figure 8-1. After
completion of one year environmental monitoring task, the environment monitoring
unit should submit the monitoring report to the PMO and world bank. Videlicet,
Guangdong provincial PMO should submit annual environmental monitoring report
of the project to the World Bank during project construction and operation phases.
8.2.4 implementation/construction Monitoring (Baseline data)
The implementation/construction monitoring program is designed to achieve two
main objectives. The first one is to check whether the mitigation measures contained
in the environment assessment report have been incorporated in the final design
document and in the construction contracts. The second is to assess the existing
conditions, including seasonal variability of the various parameters. The proposed
monitoring plan for each component is as outlined in Figure 8-3. The monitoring
items and related issues can be found in table 8-2.

---

SEPA
MOA
World Bank
Guangdong
PMO of MOA
EPB
PMO of Guangdong
Local EPB
Municipal/County EMS
Figure 8-3 Monitoring Report Chart, Guangdong

The monitoring of implementation/construction programs is designed to evaluate the
construction activities and to ensure that they meet the established criteria, especially
construction of lagoon and biogas pond. The construction of the project could bring
about some potentially adverse impacts on environmental parameters including air
quality, vegetation, soil erosion, acoustic environment, public health, biological
resources, etc.
Air Quality: Dust control methods implemented to reduce construction dust levels
will be checked throughout the construction period to evaluate their effectiveness and
provide the basis for additional measures (as required). Table 8-3 presents air quality
monitoring program for the project areas, if found necessary.

Table 8-3 Construction Air Quality Monitoring Program
Monitoring Site
Item
Frequency
Sampling Timing
Implementer
Construction sites
TSP Twice
a
12 hours continuous The PMO is responsible for the
where large
year, 1 to 2
every days
implementation of this program,
residential area
days every
and will entrust the corresponding
within 100m.
time
municipal environmental
monitoring stations to undertake
the monitoring tasks, as needed.
Noise: The construction noise-monitoring program is designed (see Table 8-4) to
monitor the impact of construction noise on the near residents. For noise-producing
construction activities far away (more than 200 m) from residential areas, this
monitoring is unnecessary.

92

---

Table 8-4 Noise Monitoring Program During Construction
Monitoring
Site Monitored
Frequency
Monitoring period
Implementer
timing
Environmentally-sensitive
7:00~19.00/day
10 minutes
At random, if
CPMO/
sites within 200 m of
22:00~6:00/night
continuous
required
EMS
construction site
every time
Soil Erosion and Surface Water Sediment Loading: Soil erosion could occur at
construction sites, along areas of cut and fill such as during construction of manure
waste management facilities(lagoon and biogas) activities around water conveyance
means (weirs, rivers, waterways, etc.). Such erosion could cause increase in river
sediment load that could negatively impact aquatic flora and fauna. Respective
CPMOs will be responsible to identify areas that could cause such impacts and should
direct the contractor to provide adequate soil conservation measures along the slope
such as hay-bale, silt fence and/or fiber mats to prevent increase in the sediment load
of rivers and lakes within the project area.
8.2.5 Monitoring during Operation
The environmental impacts during project operation phase will be mainly the potential
pollution and the over nutrition load to surface water, groundwater and soil for
effluent discharge from lagoon, biogas and composing prosess in project area related
LWMEAP development above the environmental carring capacity. The main
parameters that should be monitored include surface and groundwater quality. More
detailed and relevant information on environment monitoring parameters,
implementing agencies and responsible institutions are presented in Table 8-2.
8.2.6 Environmental
Monitoring
Budget
An estimated budget for the implementation of the monitoring programs for project
sites is listed in Table 8-5, table 8-6, and table 8-7, table 8-8. The total cost of
environmental monitoring is estimated for Guangdong province.
Table 8-5 Cost Estimate for water quality analyses at Guangdong Province
Number
Item Unit Price in 2004 (USD)
price
Rmb/sample
1
pH
10
2
TKN 78

3
NO3-N 75

4
NH3-N 53

Total phosphorus
62
5
(TP)
6
BOD5 105

7
CODMn
58
8
Total SS
55

9
Fecal coliform
100

10
E
coil
100
11
Ascarid egg
100

Total 796
96.3
93

---

Table 8-6 Cost Estimation of soil quality analyses at Guangdong Province
Number Item
Unit
price
USD
(Rmb/sample)
1
pH 50
2
EC*103
50
3
TKN 120
4
TP 90
5
Available P (Bray or Mehlich method)
80
Total 390
47,2
Unit price according to provincial EMS, Prices in 2004: 1US$=8.27 Rmb
94

---

Table 8-7 Cost of Environmental Monitoring at implementation sites, Guangdong
Annu
Samples
Sampling
Price
Year 1
Year
Description
al
Numbers
Frequency
/sample

2 to 5
cost
Groundwater

At farm: Three batteries of

100 300
piezometers
At project site: Three batteries of

100 300
piezometers
Ground Water samples
12 4
96.3
4,622
4,622
18,488
Surface water

Surface water (Three location in the
river, upstream, down stream and
6
4
96.3 2,302
2,302 9,208
receiving point)
Sampling. 15 days per year , USD 30

450 450
1,800
per day
Soil

Soil analysis (3 cropping systems, x 5
15 3
47.2
2,124
2,124
8496
sampling/ 2 crop seasons
Air

Air Quality
16 4
200
3,200
3,200

Noise
Noise
Random
200 200

Sub Total (US$)

13,498 37,992
Total (US$)
51,490

Table 8-8 Salary Cost of Environment Protection Staff Of PMOs, Guangdong
Implementation,(year 1-5)
Construction,(year 1)
Operation, (year 2-5)
Personnel
Total
Total (m/m)
Total Cost (USD)
Total Cost (USD)
(m/m)
Environmental officer
4
2000 8 4,000
Sub total (USD)
2,000 4,000
Total( USD)
6,000
Notes:
1. This is an opportunity cost. The employee is fully employed by PMOs for other
technical environmental activities and will be assigned to EMP for 33% of his/her
time per year during implementation (3 months per year) and 17% during operation
for monitoring periods (2 month per year)
2. Estimated cost of environmental officer for PPMO is 500$ per month.
8.3
Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan
8.3.1 Training
Objectives
When Project Management Office is founded, Department of Environmental
management of the Project should be organized before implementation/constructing
stage. Department of Environmental Management of Project (DEMP) should
communicate with local Environmental Protection Bureau, and arrange training plans.
The objectives of the training program is to enable provincial and county PMO
officials, responsible for implementation of EMP, to further strengthen their
95

---

capabilities and to enable them to ensure successful implementation of the mitigation
and monitoring plans specified in EIA during final project design, implementation and
operation of the project. The trainees could also include environmental officers from
breeding farms in Project County and other high density livestock counties of
Guangdong, but the respective groups should adsorb the transportation, food and
lodging costs.
In order to ensure the success of the intensive training courses and the implementation
of EMP, it is required that the employees who will be assigned as the environmental
officers should have university degrees from accredited universities in one of the
relevant natural resource areas (livestock management, environment including water,
soil and engineering, biology, etc.) and should have a minimum of five and three
years of experience for the PMO and county PMO environmental officers,
respectively.
8.3.2 Training
Courses,
Guangdong
The following courses will be included in the environmental training program in
Guangdong:
ľ Understanding and applying of laws, regulations, standards and norms of the
Chinese government concerning environmental protection;
ľ Environmental management criteria utilized by the Government and World
Bank; and
ľ Environmental technology and environmental monitoring techniques
including: (1) status of surface waters, principles of hydrogeology, and
groundwater distribution; (2) basic knowledge of environmental monitoring;
(3) basic understanding of identifying degree of soil degradation and different
types of soils; (4) Pollution control technologies and GIS application and
replication technologies; (5) basics of water sampling and sample treatment
for analysis of different elements identified in EMP; and (6) preparation of
reports on environmental monitoring.
The officers of provincial EPBs will provide training on these subjects in Guangzhou,
being assisted by the scientist of the Animal Husbandry Bureau, Agriculture Office,
Zhongshan University and South China Agricultural University, etc. In order to
reduce the training cost, Guangdong PMOs have the option and could decide to
arrange for combined training courses for the senior environmental staffs of respective
PMOs, breeding farms and livestock Company, using the capabilities of Guangdong
universities and scientific institutions. If the second option (combined option) is
selected, the training program will somewhat modified and take the "training of the
trainers" format. Contractor's staffs, NGO and other line agency staff members are
encouraged to attend the training courses. However, the cost of staff time and lodging
must be born by the respective agency and will not be covered by the project.
Training for technologies and awareness raising: From the beginning of the
construction stage and per annum of the implementation stage of the project, account
for 5 times training program, farmers and environmental management staffs of large
and medium livestock farms in project county/other livestock density counties of
Guangdong, should receive systematic training of environmental management and
protection policy and regulation knowledge, manure management technologies
(lagoon, biogas and fish pond), and awareness raising via explaining, interpreting,
96

---

consultant, propagation(VCD, Tape, website, broadcast etc.), to avoid environmental
damages resulting from miss and fault during the construction phase. Every time
training program should last 6 days and about 15 people, including 4-5 from the PMO
should attend the training.
8.4
Budgets of Guangdong
Table 8-7 presents cost estimates for implementation of Environmental Monitoring in
Guangdong. Table 8-8 presents estimated budget for salaries of part time environmental
protection staff of PMOs at various levels in Guangdong, while Table 8-9 presents total
estimated for the training program and Table 8-10 presents the overall environmental
management cost estimate of the proposed LWMEAP in Guangdong.

Table 8-9 Estimated Budget for Project Training Plan in Guangdong
Daily
Total
Training Plan
No. of Personnel
Time
cost
cost
1. All responsible persons of each sub-projects and Days Rmb Rmb
constructors training
1.1 Trainees including 2 from 15 6
7,500
45,000
PMO
1.2 Facilities and management

6
1000
6,000
1.3 Transport



2,000
1.4 experts
2
6
1,600
9,600
Subtotal


62,600
2. Technologies and awareness raising training



2.1 Trainees including 2 from 15 6
7,500
45,000
PMO
2.2 Facilities and management

6
1000
6,000
2.3 Transport



2,000
2.4 experts
2
6
1,600
9,600
Subtotal


62,600
125,200
Total (Rmb)/ ($US)



/15,140
Total of 5 times t($US)



75,700
Table8-10 Total cost estimates of Environment Management Plan, Guangdong
Item
Reference
Implementation
Subtotal*
$US Construction
Operation
Incremental staff cost
Table 8-8
2,000
4,000
6,000
Training
Table 8-9
15,140
60,560
75,700
Environmental
Table 8-7
13,498
37,992
51,490
Monitoring
Sub-Total 30,638
102,552
133,190
Contingency, 10%

3,064
10,255
13,319
Total($US) 33,702
112,807
146,509
The figures presented are the assumed salaries of full-time employees (opportunity cost)
of respective PMOs for the period that they should work on environmental issues, and not
an additional cost to the respective PMO. The actual cost of EMP, with 10% contingency
is estimated at USD 146,509.
97

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9
Environmental Guidline
Because other demongstration sites may be selected during 2-5 years of project
implementation period, some principles of selecting demonstration area and EMP of the
project should be followed.
9.1 Demonstration Area Selection
1 The watersheds will have measurable outflow of surface water from contiguous area
draining into the South China Sea , the demonstration micro-watersheds would be part of
the Pearl River Basin. Pig production in the area is the dominant cause of water pollution
in small catchment areas, the catchment area is a connecting basin with easy identifiable
boundary. Such geographical condition enables the correlation study of the livestock
pollution impact on the small basin, the regional river and the estuary area. It is also more
convenient for the pollution monitoring and treatment result assessment since the pig
farms are distributing along the sides of the River.
2 The animal husbandry is developing in the area. Many pig farms use the ponds for
waste storage and fishery nutrient supply. The local government encourages the farmers
to develop towards the ecological and agricultural combination mode, which makes use of
the waste from the pig production as nutrient or fertilizer supply for fishery or orchard
planting.
3 local willingness to participate and implementation capacity. The environmental
consciousness of the officers in the government should reached to a reasonable level,
which makes better implementation of environmental management plan in that area.
Local government and farmers have capacity and willingness in providing counterpart
fund for the project.
4 The discharge points along the River are not too many. The pollution level in that area
by pig production is relatively high, it can achieve a significant result comparing the
change before and after the project implementation.
Prior to selection of project location, detailed environment quality and water/soil nutrient
balance studies must be carried out, to ensure that the project implement successfully will
not damage water balance of the project areas, but promote advancing of ecological
environment , and project development will bring significant positive impact to natural
water/soil in project area and downstream water users.

9.2 Environment management plan
9.2.1 Environmental Impact Analysis
During construction phase, the potential environmental impacts of the project during
construction phase of the project are temporal and limited in magnitude. There are,
however, a number of unavoidable aspects of project implementation, which, if not well
handled, may have potential adverse impacts on both natural environment and social
environment in some localities. The temporary negative impacts of theses impacts are
believed to be minor and include potential vegetation damage during construction of
aerobic/anaerobic pond, biogas plant and manure composting field infrastructure and due
to land occupation at the construction sites, minor soil erosion and corresponding increase
in sediment load during construction, and minor potential noise, air, and water pollution.
During operational phase, potential environmental issues include: (1) Nutrient overload
on surface water, groundwater and soil resources, if wastewater from cleaning of breeding
facilities or from biogas/lagoon ponds applied intensively on cropland not according to
the soil character and nutrient condition, or discharged to the surface water not reaching
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the discharge standard (2) potential soil pollution through applying waste sludge from
respective manure management facilities improperly on croplands, (3) potential adverse
impact on biodiversity, contagious animal diseases on wildlife, increase in plant diseases
and yield reduction if improper or intensive application of effluents on soil, (4) potential
air pollution (toxic gases and odor) as well as greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4), in case
biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly, and fermentation of
livestock manure, and (5)construction of a lagoon/central biogas/waste water treatment
facility in project site will occupy a relatively large area of farm land.
9.2.2 The mitigation measures
Regarding each possible adverse impact, corresponding mitigation measure proposed in
this EA report should be implemented thoroughly by the next selected demonstration site,
for the purpose of preventing or reducing it to insignificant levels. Watershed
management and livestock waste management practices proposed in this EA Report
should guide livestock farmers of next project area and project managers in use of rational
and environmentally balanced methods to reduce point and non-point source pollution
within the project areas.The degree of environmental impacts during construction and
operation phase of the project will be lightened to the least.
9.3 Recommendations and Environmental Requirements
1 In order to cope with the complex environmental issues, for next project demonstration
site, an environmental management plan (EMP) including institutional strengthening,
environmental training and environmental monitoring plan is developed. The EMP
should be strictly implemented to ensure that the proposed project would have neither
significant nor irreversible adverse impact on the natural environment of the project area.
2 Project beneficiaries should strictly follow the project management plans and all levels
PMO should effectively supervise the implementation of the project at followed aspects:
development of the project should follow national and province laws/regulation; effluents
from lagoon/biogas and composting ferment should be discharged according to
corresponding Discharge Standard; soil application should not exceed nutritional carrying
capacity of soil and promote sustainable development of livestock industry.
3 Detailed environment quality and water/soil nutrient balance studies must be carried out
before selecting project location, to ensure that the project implement successfully will
not damage water balance of the project areas, but promote advancing of ecological
environment , and project development will bring significant positive impact to natural
water/soil in project area and downstream water users.
4 Individual environmental assessment of large and medium size breeding farms should
be completed before finalization of the every manure management facilities , to determine
whether the waste management technology and facilities are compatible and
environmentally acceptable for respective farms, and whether proposed corresponding
mitigation measures are adequate for the proposed operations. The detail feasibility and
design reports of these projects must be presented before final environmental approval of
such plans have be granted. The feasibility reports should include the details of project
construction and operation .

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10 Conclusions
and
Recommendations
10.1 Major
Conclusions
The environmental and social analysis of the Livestock Waste Management Project
indicated that if the project is implemented triumphantly, it would have no major
direct negative impact on the natural environment, its overall social and
environmental impact would be positive. The project, should improve and support an
integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and reducing livestock
production nutrient load that is currently polluting the local and international waters,
and strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making systems for livestock
management at the Guangdong provincial levels in PRC. The achievement of these
objectives should lead to reduction of soil and water pollution from livestock liquid
and solid manure, leading to improvement of national and international water quality
and public health, and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the
rapidly growing livestock production. The project should create greater economic and
social stability in the project areas as well as enhance institutional capacity in the
project-selected areas and the whole province to better implement effective
Environmental Protection Plans.
10.1.1 Selection of Project Areas
Project area lies in Jiutan region of Yuanzhou township, Boluo County. Include 163
farms in Jiutan region of Yuanzhou township, total output number 30664 heads
annually, the number of on hand at the end-year 41007 heads. Up to now, there are
about 10 pig farms to be considered as demonstration sites in the project area.

10.1.2 Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures
The potential environmental impacts of the project during construction phase of the
project in Guangdong are temporal and limited in magnitude. There are, however, a
number of unavoidable aspects of project implementation, which, if not well handled,
may have potential adverse impacts on both natural environment and social
environment in some localities. The magnitude of such impacts will depend on the
success of and the manner in which proposed project specific environmental
mitigation plans and programs are implemented. The temporary negative impacts of
theses impacts are believed to be minor and include potential vegetation damage
during construction of aerobic/anaerobic pond, biogas plant and manure composting
field infrastructure and due to land occupation at the construction sites, minor soil
erosion and corresponding increase in sediment load during construction, and minor
potential noise, air, and water pollution. However, if the mitigation measures
proposed in the Report are successfully implemented, the degree of environmental
impacts during this phase of the project will be insignificant.
During operational phase, potential environmental issues that are identified in the
report include: (1) potential impact (Nutrient overload) on surface and groundwater
resources, and soil, if wastewater from cleaning of breeding facilities or from
biogas/lagoon ponds applied intensively on cropland not according to the soil
character and nutrient condition, or discharged to the surface water not reaching the
discharge standard (2) potential soil pollution through applying waste sludge from
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respective manure management facilities improperly on croplands, (3) potential
adverse impact on biodiversity, contagious animal diseases on wildlife, increase in
plant diseases and yield reduction if improper or intensive application of effluents on
soil, (4) potential air pollution (toxic gases and odor) as well as greenhouse effect
(CO2, CH4), in case biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly,
and fermentation of livestock manure, and (5)construction of a lagoon/central
biogas/waste water treatment facility in project site will occupy a relatively large area
of farm land.
Regarding each possible adverse impact, corresponding mitigation measure is
proposed for the purpose of preventing or reducing it to insignificant levels. The use
of better watershed management and best management practices based on the latest
findings of research and extension component of the project should guide livestock
farmers and managers in use of rational and environmentally balanced methods to
reduce point and non-point source pollution within the project areas. In order to cope
with the complex environmental issues, an environmental management plan (EMP)
including institutional strengthening, environmental training and environmental
monitoring plan is developed. The EMP should be strictly implemented to ensure that
the proposed project would have neither significant nor irreversible adverse impact on
the natural environment of the project area.
10.2 Recommendations
In order to prevent potential negative impacts of the proposed project and to improve
the likelihood of having a successful project, it is suggested to adopt a dynamic
approach to the environmental monitoring and management by further incorporating
measures to include additional measures to reassess the EMP if unforeseen
environmental impacts are identified during project development and operation
phases.
10.2.1 Follow-up Program
A follow-up program is recommended to analyze the overall impacts of the project
implementation and operation. Such program will be served to verify that predictions
of impact put forward in the planning stages are as expected, and if not, adequate and
timely corrective measures would be developed and implemented. Hence, corrective
measures can be undertaken before irrevocable impacts have occurred. Information
gathered from these programs is also used as input to refine future design.
The proposed program should incorporate the monitoring plan as presented in Chapter
8.
A number of interim reports should be prepared by the PPMO environmental officers
of Guangdong, as outlined below, to ensure that findings of the EMP are incorporated
in the project design of future sub-projects and a dynamic approach to EMP is
followed by the project; (1) An interim report at the end of the pre-construction
program, to provide input to the implementation phase; (2) Interims annual reports on
the completion of implementation and construction activities; (3) Annual interim
reports during the monitoring of project operation; and (4) A final report,
summarizing impacts and successes of mitigation measures.
If significant unforeseen negative impact is discerned at any stage, the schedule will
allow for a re-evaluation of the situation and provide sufficient time to implement
further measures. Reports should be submitted to senior PPMO management, the
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World Bank, and various regional lined agencies, if requested, for review and
comments.
10.2.2 Public Participation
The community and public involvement process was initiated during the
environmental and socio-economic surveys when livestock farmers and village
communities were contacted to obtain baseline information. It is imperative that these
processes should continue so that the project participants feel that they are involved in
the project and that their views and concerns are being adequately considered in the
project planning process. In order for the beneficiaries to participate in the project
design more actively, it was suggested to develop detailed beneficial participation
plans for the projects and have been prepared by the PPMOs in Guangdong. These
plans detail participating activities in each stage of project implementation and
participants including livestock farmers, breeding stations, large county operated
farms, government organizations, NGOs and particularly the disadvantaged groups
including women and minority nationalities in the project area. Since no specific sites
and dates of participating activities are specified in these plans, it is suggested that the
PPMOs develop a concrete schedule based on the prepared plan to guarantee a smooth
implementation of the plan during project implementation.
In general, the majority of livestock farmers support the implementation of the
project. In addition, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and city
project offices, staff of the livestock bureaus at provincial, city and county levels and
officers of the Ministry of Agriculture who were interviewed strongly support the
implementation of the project.
10.2.3 Further Suggestions and Environmental Requirements
Project beneficiaries should strictly follow the project management plans and county
PMO should effectively supervise the implementation of the project to control/prevent
over nutrient load on natural environment from intense production of livestock in
Project County. Development of the project should follow national and province
laws/regulation, effluents from lagoon/biogas and composting ferment should be
discharged according to national Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Livestock and
Poultry breeding, and soil application should be controlled based on nutritional
carrying capacity of soil and plant to protect the condition of natural water/soil and
promote sustainable development of livestock industry.
Prior to selection of project location, detailed environment quality and water/soil
nutrient balance studies must be carried out, to ensure that the project implement
successfully will not damage water balance of the project areas, but promote
advancing of ecological environment , and project development will bring significant
positive impact to natural water/soil in project area and downstream water users.
Prior to finalization of the every manure management facilities in Guangdong,
individual environmental assessment of large and medium size breeding farms should
be completed to determine whether the waste management technology and facilities
are compatible snd environmentally acceptable for respective farms, and whether
proposed corresponding mitigation measures are adequate for the proposed
operations. In the individual feasibility and design reports of these projects, the sizing
and type of sewerage (mainly liquid manure, and washing water) treatment facilities
and details and sizing of manure management facilities (settling ponds, manure
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storage areas, biogas pond etc.) must be presented before final environmental
approval of such plans could be granted.
11
List of References
(1) The Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (HJ/T2.1~2.3--
93, HJ/T2.4~1995, HJ/T19~1997), SEPA
(2) The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.09, 4.11, 4.37;
(3) Research on Guidelines and Methodology and Standards of Environmental
Assessment for Agriculture Development, 2000. 12, SEPA.
(4) Research Report on EIA Methodology for Agriculture Development, 2000. 12,
SEPA.
(5) Framework of Technique Guidelines for Agriculture Development, 2000. 12,
SEPA.
(6) EIA Guidelines for Agriculture Development, 2000. 12, SEPA.
(7) Research on methodology of water resource development, China Environmental
Technology Aid Project (C-2-5) funded by World Bank, 1997.7
(8) Environmental Standards in China, 2001, SEPA.
(9) Dongjiang system water pollution integration prevention study special report
collection in Guangdong, 1995, South China Environment Science Institution of
SEPA.
(10) Nature recourses in China, Guangdong Volume, 1996, Compilation Committee
of China natural resourse series.
(11) Soil and Resource of Guangdong, 1986, Guangdong Soil and Resource Bereau.
(12) Ecology Environment actuality investigation report in Guangdong, 2003,
Guangdong EPB.
(13) Statistics Book of Guangdong in 2003.
(14) Guangdong Soil 1993, Compiled by Guangdong soil General Investigation
Office.
(15) Environmental Quality Report of Guangdong, 2001, Guangdong EPB.
(16) Environmental Quality Report of Guangdong, 2003, Guangdong EPB.
(17) Statistics Book of Guangdong in 2003.
(18) Statistics Book on Country Economy of Boluo County in 2002, Boluo Statistic
Bureau.

103

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Appendix 1 Terms of References
Environmental Assessment, Local Consultant

The consultant will prepare a study that identifies the baseline environmental
situation; evaluates the project's potential environmental impacts in its area of
influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project
selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing,
mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing
positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse
environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

For the preparation of EA, the national consultants are strongly encouraged to obtain
detailed information from the following World Bank documents: Operational Policies
OP 4.01, Bank Procedures BP 4.01, and the requirements stipulated in environmental
regulations in respective countries. The Bank's other safeguard requirements
(Operational Policy/Bank Procedure OP/BP) that might be triggered under this project
are: OP/BP 4.04-Natural habitats, OP/BP 4.12 - Involuntary resettlement, OD 4.20
Indigenous People, and Information Disclosure Policy.

Local consultants must ensure that EA preparation work should also take into account
procedures established by environmental authorities in respective countries.

The following EA documents should be prepared: EA for the entire project; and EA
for each component, including the EMP.

The EA for the overall project will be prepared by a international environmental
consultant to be contracted by FAO. The EA for the overall project will include all
demonstration components, with inputs provided by the local consultants. Local
consultants will be responsible for the EAs will be required for specific demonstration
components in respective countries. Depending on the kind of demonstration
component schemes identified, water quality monitoring may be required in the cause
of EA preparation. Each EA will be reviewed and commented on by the international
consultant as part of the internal review process.

According to Bank's requirement of public consultation and information disclosure
policy, the local EA consultants should conduct consultation with local interested
groups, especially the project affected people and NGOs, at least two times in
accordance with OP 4.01. EA should be made available locally and through the
Bank's Public Information Center for review by interested parties.

The EA report will be prepared to include the following items:

1.
Executive summary
Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions.

2.
Policy, legal, administrative framework
Discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework, scope and standards of
EA, EA participants and organization.

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3.
Description of the proposed project
Concisely describes the proposed project components, and its geographic,
ecologic, and temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be
required. Indicates the need for any resettlement plan. Includes a map showing
the project site and the project's area of influence.

4.
Environmental setting of the proposed project
Describes the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment, areas of
special designation.

5.
Environmental impacts of the proposed project
Predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative impacts during the
construction as well as the operational phases, identifies mitigation measures and
any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated, explores opportunities for
environmental enhancement, identifies key data gaps and uncertainties, and
specifies topics that require further attention.

6.
Analysis of alternatives
Systematically compares feasible alternatives (including the "without project"
situation) in terms of their potential environmental impacts, the feasibility of
mitigating these impacts, their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under
the local conditions, and their institutional, training, and monitoring
requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts
to the extent possible and attaches economic values, where feasible.

7.
Environmental management plan (EMP)
Includes mitigation and monitoring plans, plans for capacity development and
training, implementation schedule and cost estimates. The mitigation plan
identifies and summarizes anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts;
describes each mitigation measure and associated impacts, designs, and
equipment requirements; estimates any potential environmental impacts of these
measures; and provides linkages with other mitigation plans required for the
project. The monitoring plan provides a specific description and technical details
of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be
used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where
appropriate); and monitoring and reporting procedures.

8.
Public Consultation/Participation
A free standing chapter describing public consultation/participation in the
preparation of the EA.

An initiation report including detailed methodology and work plan is expected by
February 30, 2004. A draft report is expected by April 31, 2004. The consultant
must submit the report in the manner requested by the FAO. The consultant is
expected to fully complete the reporting and documentation requirements by August
31, 2004, or as agreed to with the FAO.
9. Appendixes
a. List of contributors to EA report ­individuals and organizations;
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b. References
­ written materials used in EA preparation both, published and
unpublished;
c. Records of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations
for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means
other than consultations (such as surveys) that were used to obtain the
views of affected groups and local NGOs.
d. Tables presenting the relevant data referred or summarized in the main text
of the EA.
List of associated reports (such as resettlement plans if prepared).

Appendix 2: EA Team, Guangdong
106

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Team member
Specialty
Task
Title
Man
-month
Yinan Zhang
Water environment ,
Introduction and Project Lecturer 5
environmental
Background,
management and
Analysis
of
monitoring
Environmental Impacts,
Environmental
Management Plan

Renhai Wu
Environmental
Policy, Legislation &
Associate
2
management and
Administration
Professor
planning, engineer
Framework, Project
Description
Yunni Zhang
Soil environment
Description of Existing
Lecturer 2
Environment
Zhixiong Chen
Water, Air and
Environmental
Engineer 2
Acoustic Mornitoring
Monitoring Plan
Shugong Wang
Ecological
Description of Existing
Lecturer 2
environment
Environment
Lixuan Zhao
Data collection
Public Participation
Master
2
student
EA Team, Guangdong Province, Peoples Republic of China

107

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Appendix 3 Minutes of Public Discussion
There have been several meetings during the project preparation phase of LWMPC
with local villages and local officers to discuss the proposed projects and
environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred at least two times and
have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project
and the EA process.
The many meetings with public officials in the Guangdong province showed that
these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public and help the
project area to reduce the bad impact of the livestock manure. Directors of hogpen
usually support proposed project, but no money and capacity to invest for waste
management facility, and be short of awareness on environmental issue. Now almost
no any waste management facility been done in all kinds of Farms in project area.

Below is the summary tables of public consultation activities.

PC1: Policy Development Public Consultation
Substance
Who we have met
When
Where
What was
Outcome
discuss
For select
Officers of Project County:
1.21/April/2004
Yuanzhou
Environmental
projects are extremely
Demonstration
Mr Zou Shichang­Director eneral of
2. 19/May/ 2004
Town
policies
positive and well
sites and
Department of agricultural,
Gorvernme
awareness,
received by the public
EA consultation
Mr.Huang Maoliang ­section chief
nt
collection of
and help the project
of Department of agricultural
Office,Bolu
information for
area to reduce the bad
Mr Luo Shiliang- county subprefect
o County in
local society
impact of the livestock
Mr Zhang-EPB deputy-director
Guangdong
economy,
manure. But officers of
Mr Yang- section chief of county
environment,
Project County know
Financial Bureau
livestock
little about
Officers of Yuanzhou township:
management
environmental policies,
Mr Wang ­ alcalde of Yuanzhou
from local
and
Town,
government

Mr Liang Yaohong- commissary of
agencies,
township Committee
comments and
Mr Liang Wohe­deputy alcalde of
suggestions on
Yuanzhou Town,
the proposed
Mr Chen Wanliang- director of
project
township agricultural office
,counterpart fund
Mr. Lin­Director of Yuanzhou EPB

Mr. Huang ­ Director of
1. Morning of
First Mountain
Environmental
Directors of hogpen
First Mountain Boar Field
21, April, 2004
Boar Field of
policies
usually support
Local residents,
2. 19,May,2004
Mashigang
awareness,
proposed project,
village committees,
village,
feedback
but no money and
Yuanzhou
concerns of
capacity to invest for
Township of
public to
waste management
Boluo County
environment
facility, and be short
­Guangdong
issues,
of awareness on
Mr. Liang Luzhen ­ Director
1. Morning of
Gangbei
comments and
environmental issue.
of Gangbei hogpen,
21, April, 2004
hogpen of Yihe
suggestions on
Now almost no any
Local residents,
2. 19,May,2004
village,
the proposed
waste management
village committees,
Yuanzhou
project, status of
facility been done in
Township of
waste
all farms.
Boluo County
management in
­Guangdong
farms
Province
Mr. Huang ­ Director of
1. Morning of
Foling Boar
Fo Mountain Boar Field,
21, April, 2004,
Field of Foling
Local residents,
2. 19,May,2004
village,
village committees,
Yuanzhou

Township of
Boluo County
­Guangdong
Province
108

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Substance
Who we have met
When
Where
What was
Outcome
discuss
the local
government has
difficulty in
providing
counterpart fund for
the project. The
environmental
Environmental
consciousness of the
policies
officers in the
awareness,
government has not
collection of
yet reached to a
information for
reasonable level
Mr.Zhong guocheng- Director of
local society
which makes ones
Township Office
Daze
economy,
worry about the
Mr.Ye Rongchao- alcalde of Daze
Township
environment,
environmental
Town,
Gorvernent
livestock
management issues
Mr.Xie Jinbo- Warden of Xinhui
al Office,
management
in that area. Some
District of Jiangmen city
Xinhui of
from local
opinions from
Mrs. Li Jinying- Director of Agr.
Guangdong
government
noticing that the
Expoiture Office,Department of
agencies,
government of the
Agricultural of Xinhui
comments and
town presents the
suggestions on
township
For select
1. Morning of
the proposed
development slogan
Demonstration
22, April, 2004,
project
as "Promoting
sites and
2.Morning of
,counterpart fund
Industrialization"
EA consultation
20,May,2004
also influences the
verification of the
long term
agricultural land use
promise for that area
in the master plan
for the town.
Lianxing
Environmental
The waste is partly
Livestock
policies
Mr.Liu, Director of pig farm,Daze
flows into the ponds of
Farm of
awareness,
village
some farms and then
Daze Town
feedback

discharge to the
,Xinhui of
concerns of
Guangdong
public to
Chaotou river. Some are
environment
directly flowing into the
issues,
Chaotou river without
Shishan
comments and
Boar Farm
any treatment.
Mr.Huang, Director of pig
suggestions on
of Daze

farm,Chaotou village
the proposed
Town

project, status of
,Xinhui of
waste
Guangdong
management in
farms
Sanshui District has
local willingness
Environmental
both at policy level
policies
and farmers level.
awareness,
Many pig farms use
collection of
the ponds for waste
information for
storage and fishery
local society
nutrient supply. The
economy,
Mr.HuangTiande-Deputy Director
local government
For select
1. Morning of
Xinan
environment,
of Sanshui Department of
encourages the
Demonstration
23, April, 2004,
Township,
livestock
Agricultural
farmers to develop
sites and
2.Afternoon of
Sanshui of
management
Mr. zhang- EPB of Xinan
towards the
EA consultation
20,May,2004
Guangdong
from local
Mr.Weng Hanshi-Sanshui EPB
ecological and
government
agricultural
agencies,
combination mode,
comments and
which makes use of
suggestions on
the waste from the
the proposed
pig production as
project
nutrient or fertilizer
,counterpart fund
supply for fishery or
orchard planting.
109

---

Substance
Who we have met
When
Where
What was
Outcome
discuss
The Qingqi village is
the main area applies to
be the demonstration
area in Xinan Town.
The breeding number of
hogs in the area is
Environmental
80,828. There are 206
policies
households breeding
awareness,
more than 100 heads of
feedback
concerns of
pigs per household.
Mr.Liu Jinquan- Director of pig
public to
Many pig farms in the
farm,Qingqi village
Xinan
environment
area are combining the
Mr.Liu Zhiqiang- Director of pig
Township,
issues,
farm of Wanglougang village
Sanshui of
animal husbandry with
comments and

Guangdong
the fishery. The waste
suggestions on
of some of the farms
the proposed
project, status of
discharges into the
waste
ponds for fishery. Some
management in
waste also flows into
farms
the stream network of
the area without
pollution treatment, and
go into the Bei River,
which belongs to the
Pearl River system.

Information Disclosure. Public announcements about the project and EA
report on local network, as well as in newspapers/journals. These announcements
informed the public of the locations (generally the PMO offices in each city) where
the EA may be inspected and commented on. They also provide contact telephone
numbers where information can be obtained.

LWMP Disclosure of Information

Project site
Phase 1
Mailing
WB Policy
Mailing and
People committee of project area of
requirement
BP17.50
Boluo County, Guangdong province
for response
LWM
2004.7.31
Agencies in line with Environment
Mailing and
and Animal husbandry, Rural
requirement

development
for response
List of the Agencies to be contacted for information of EA report
Person
to
contact
Organisation
Time
1
Ms. He Huan, Coordinator,
Member of National Steering
March to August,
Guangdong PMO, Chairwoman.
Committee
2004
Mr. Ou Jiyin, Section Chief,
Guangdong Agriculture Department
2
Mr. Yongfa Zhang
Guangdong Livestock Extension

Mr.Shubin Lin
Services
3
Ms. Ping Jiang
Environmental Protection Agency
March to August,
Ms. Qiang Lu
2004
4
Mr. Huiming Luo
Institute of Epidemic Control and
June 2004
Prevention of Guangdong Province
5
Ms. Sun Chongwu, Senior
Senior Environment Specialist,
June, 2004
Environment Specialist, World
World Bank, Beijing
Bank, Beijing

6
Mr. Shichang Zou
Department of Agricultural of Boluo
April to August,
Mr. Maoliang Huang
County
2004
7
Mr. Wutao Zeng
EMS of Guangdong
April to August,
2004
110

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8
Mr. Qitang Wu
Department of Environmental
March to August
Science and Engineering, South
China Agricultural University
, 2004
Appendix 4 Environment Standard
1. Discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding
GB18596-2001
SEPA in China have issues the standards to control discharges of manure in 2002. The
new rules specify the maximum amount of discharges confining animal areas can
produce, as well as limiting distances between bred lot and residential areas or water
supplies. It is valid in Jan. 1, 2003.
This Standard divided the concentrated farms into two levels. The breeding amount at the
level is 40 % of the total breeding amount. The breeding amount at the level 2 is 70% of
total breeding amount.
Table 1 Available standard for livestock and poultry breeding farms (Q)
Level
Pork
chicken
cattle

25Kg
Egg chicken
Meat Chicken
Milk cattle Meat cattle
1
3000
100000
200000
200
400

2
500
Q <
15000
Q <
30000
Q <
100
Q <
200
Q <
3000
100000
200000
200
400
Table 2 Available standard for livestock and poultry breeding areas(Q)
Level
Pork
chicken
cattle

25Kg
Egg chicken
Meat Chicken
Milk cattle Meat cattle
1
6000
200000
400000
400
800

2
3000
Q <
100000
Q
200000
Q <
200
Q <
400
Q <
6000
< 200000
400000
400
800
Table 3 Maximum tonnage of water rinse technics for livestock and poultry
breeding
Breed
Pork(m3/100Q

chicken(m3/1000Q
cattle(m3/100Q

GD\
GD\
GD\
Season
Winter Summer
Winter Summer Winter Summer
Standard 2.5 3.5 0.8 1.2
20 30
Table 4 Maximum tonnage of dry rinse technics s for livestock and poultry breeding
Breed
Pork(m3/100Q
cattle(m3/100Q
GD\
chicken(m3/1000Q GD\
GD\
Season
Winter Summer
Winter Summer Winter Summer
Standard 1.2 1.8 0.5 0.7
17 20
Table 5 Daily maximum discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry
breeding
Limit
BOD
CODcr
SS
NH3-N
TP
Feces
Ovum of

(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
Coliform ascarid




(per
(per 1L)
100ml)


Value
150 400 200 80 8
1000
2
111

---

Table 6 Innocuity standard of waste residue for livestock and poultry breeding
Limit Guide
line

Ovum of ascarid
Death rate 95

Feces Coliform
105 per kilogram
Table 7 discharge standard of effluvium pollutants for livestock and poultry
breeding

Limit
Value
Effluvium concentration( no dimension)
70
2. Environmental quality standard for soils
Environmental quality standard for soils mg/kg
(GB15618-1995 1995-12-06
Implement)
First
Third
level
Second class
class
class
Natural
Soil pH
backgrou
<6.5
6.5 7.5 >7.5
>6.5
nd
Items

cadmium
0.20 0.30
0.60 1.0

mercury
0.15 0.30
0.50 1.0
1.5
arsenic paddy field
15 30
25
20
30
Dry land
15 40
30
25
40
copper cropland
35 50
100
100
400
et.
orchard
--
150
200 200
400
lead
35 250
300 350
500
chrome paddy field
90 250
300 350
400
Dry land
90 150
200 250
300
zinc
100 200
250 300
500
nickel
40 40
50
60
200
hexachlorobenzene
0.05 0.50 1.0
DDT
0.05 0.50 1.0
112

---

3. Environmental qulity standard for surface water
SEPA in China have issues the standards in 2002.
environmental qulity standard limit of basic items for surface water
GB3838-2002
Items

Environmental water temperature should be limited in:
1
Water temperature

temperature rise every week 1
temperature drop every week 2
2
pH 6~9
Saturated
ratio
3
Dissolved oxygen
6
5
3
2
90% or
7.5
4
CODMn
2
4
6
10 15
5
CODcr
15 15
20
30
40
6
BOD5
3
3
34 6 10
7
NH3-N
0.15
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Total phosphorus
8
0.02
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
calculate P
9
Total nitrogen calculate N
0.2
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
10
Copper
0.1
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
11
zinc
0.05
1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
12
fluorid calculateF-
1.0
1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5
13
selenium
0.01 0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
14
arsenic
0.05 0.05
0.05
0.1
0.1
15
Mercury
0.00005 0.00005
0.0001
0.001
0.001
113

---

16
cadmium
0.001
0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01
17
chrome hexad
0.01 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.1
18
lead
0.01 0.01
0.05
0.05
0.1
19
cyanide
0.0050.05 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2
20
hydroxybenzene
0.002 0.002
0.005
0.01
0.1
21
oil
0.05 0.05
0.05
0.5
1.0
22
Anion surfactant
0.2
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
23
sulfide
0.05
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0
24
coliform number/L
200 2000
10000
20000
40000
114

---

115

---

---

Appendix 5 Public Health Assessment

The issue of public health is one important factor to identify the livestock manure
management system in this project. In order to collect the baseline information
associated with the public and animal health risk assessment, we carried out a survey
on the situation of infectious diseases in Huizhou city, especially in Boluo county
including the Yuanzhou and Nine-pond town during 24th to 28th, August. Based on the
data collecting form made by Dr. Hussni, we designed a questionnaire in Chinese to
help collect the information on this subject. We have made face to face interview with
the government officers, production systems managers, veterinarian and workers in
pig farms. During this period, we have also visited local doctors, common villagers
and studied the records available in government office, pig farm and local hospitals.
Baseline information has been collected by the investigation and reported as follows.

A The general information of public and animal health relating to livestock waste
management in Huizhou city, China

1 The general situation of animal production, public and animal health in Boluo county
The Boluo county is a main swine production area in Huizhou city. With the
economical development and more and more limitation for the pig farms, many
stockmen move their farms from Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Dongguan city to this
county. In this county, SPP of swine is 465,600 and marked head is about 625,300 in
2003, while for Huizhou city, the number is 1,080,192 and 1,438,190, respectively.
General speaking, Boluo county makes up half of the swine production of Huizhou
city. As well as Yuanzhou and Nine-pond town are concerned, it is the largest swine
production area in Boluo county. The SPP of swine in this area is about 36,550 and
marked head is about 47,400 in 2003. Compared with swine production, the cattle
production in Boluo county is not developed. Take Yuanzhou and Jiutan town for
example, the number of cattle is less than 50. According to our investigation, the main
swine disease is diarrhea caused by E. coli and viruses, PRDC caused by many kinds
of bacteria and viruses( Pasteurellosis, Streptococosis, App, Atrophic Rhinitis , PRRS
etc.), non-typical swine fever(hog cholera) and PMWS caused by PCV-2, PRRS and
other non-identified reasons. The most significant difference between Boluo county
and other area in Guangdong province is that diarrhea caused by E. coli,
salmonellosis, TGEV, PEDV etc. has much higher incidence, which bring a great deal
of losses to the swine production. Like other area in China and the whole world,
PRDC become a kind of common disease. Classical Swine Fever (Hog cholera),
which is the most important disease in 1980s and 1990s, become less and less
important because of widely vaccination.
We are glad to find although the stocking density become higher and higher, the local
people are much healthier than before. Two of the most important diseases are Viral
hepatitis and Tuberculosis, which have relatively higher incidence. Compared with
1980s and 1990s, the ill cases related to diarrhea have significantly reduced. The local
doctor told us for a natural village of 1000 persons, there are 1-2 cases of diarrhea
every month. Because the centers of disease control have no record regarding this
respect, it is difficult to give a correct assessment. We believe it is the improvement of
the living habit and living condition which lead to the descend of the diarrhea and we
must admit the environment is become worse with the development of animal (swine)
production. The following data are derived from our survey on the area.

---

Table 8
JIUTAN



swine Total 36,550
Sale/year
47,400
year 2001 2002 2003 2004
Number
Name of
infecte
infect
Number
infect
Number
infect
Number
Died(mo
disease
d
ed
died
ed
died
ed
died
rtality)
131(35.2
155(37.
114(32.
57(31.6
Hog cholera
372
410
351
180
1)
80)
47)
7)
Salmonellosi
345(56.6
360(62.
344(66.
181(67.
610
575
520
267
s
)
6)
15)
7)
276(38.2
217(33.
236(35.
141(45.
Pasteurellosis
722
645
666
310
)
64)
43)
4)
Streptococosi
162(26.7
146(25.
132(27.
605
570
477
281 74(26.3)
s
)
61)
67)
Erysipelas
97(38.03
87(33.4
103(37.
61(43.5
255
260
276
140
suis
)
5)
3)
7)
Transmissibl
e
505(41.7
314(34.
305(35.
152(34.
1210
922
866
437
Gastroenteriti
)
05)
21)
78)
s
441(58.3
365(54.
291(57.
130(46.
Pseudorabies 756
667
510
281
)
7)
05)
3)
Swine
65(30.9
71(30.4
245 80(32.6) 210
233
167 82(49.1)
influenza(?)
5)
7)
375(41.2
260(34.
275(33.
162(39.
E.coli 910
756
815
412
)
4)
7)
3)
35(29.1
APP 210
60(28.5)
191
16(8.37)
230 81(35.2)
120
6)
Atropic
17(36.1
16(31.3
65 21(32.3) 47
51
23 7(30.43)
Rhinitis
7)
7)
Table 9
BOLUO

swine Total 465,600
Sale/year
625,300
year 2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
infected death infected death infected death infected death
disease
118

---

Hog
cholera 4624 1595 4442 1352 4526 1537 1910 636
Salmonellosis 7477 4181 6773 3850 6905 3746 3345 1724
Pasteurellosis 8142 3359 8610 3217 7795 3370 3661 1455
Streptococosis
6940 1875 7125 1774 6750 1923 3456 972
Erysipelas
4104 1301 4325 1471 3955 1272 2015 655
suis
Transmissible
13550 4947 12560 3895 11655 4150 6255 2370
Gastroenteritis
Pseudorabies 8324 3742 7834 3320 6740 3755 3408 1539
E.coli
10530 4356 9766 4140 10750 3945 5245 1870
APP
2560 736 2342 679 3150 950 1623 467
AR
705 231 670 250 740 225 340 151
Table 10
Huizhou



Swine Total 1,080,192
Sale/year
1,438,190
Year 2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
incidenc
incidence
death incidence
death
death incidence death
disease
e
Hog
cholera 11635 3830 10463 3904 12650 4505 6234 2322
Salmonellosis 23507 10536
25022 11441
24250 17110 13105 7050
Streptococosis
19223 55335
18781 4996 20137 5120 9767 2077
Pasteurellosis 26640 11976
24050 12051
27058 12156 12448 7157
Erysipelas
9548 3176 10572 2963 8790 3042 4124 1486
suis
Transmissible
31165 11477
29619 10340
32436 11750 16500 5609
Gastroenteritis
Pseudorabies 19113 10669
17850 9357 15790 8328 8047 4114
E.coli 24570
10650
22852 9509 19440 8671 8495 3746
APP
5964 1761 6210 1835 6132 1750 3340 910
119

---

AR
1416 493 1032 323 964 270 476 143
Table 11 Center of disease control of BoLuo
BoLuo
Human : the number of total population
777074
county
male 398545 female 378529
year 2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
morbidity rate
morbidity
rate
morbidity rate
morbidity
rate
disease
Brucellosis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salmonellosis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.coli
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shigella 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lepto
2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Viral
158 0 84 0 48 0 86 0
hepatitis
Rotavirus
6
0
4
0
0
0
1
0
diarrhea
Tuberculosis 464 0 456 0 331 1 325 0
Japanese
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
encephalitis
Table 12 Center of disease control of BoLuo
JiuTan
Human: the number of total population
19268
male 9721 female 9547
year 2001 2002 2003 2004
Name of
morbidity rate
morbidity
rate
morbidity rate
morbidity
rate
disease
Brucellosis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salmonellosis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
E.coli 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Shigella 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
120

---

Lepto
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Viral
0
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
hepatitis
Rotavirus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
diarrhea
Tuberculosis 5 0 4 0 3 0 4 0
Japanese
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
encephalitis
As We have said before, these data should be rough and should not be regarded as the
evidence to evaluate the swine disease in China.

2. The baseline information on current antibiotics use
Table 13 Baseline information on current antibiotics use
Antibiotic Use in Animal Feed
Method of
Antibiotic
Purpose of Use
administration
Cephalosporin (third
Serious respiratory or digestive bacterial
IM(Swine)
generation)
infection
Ceftiofur IM(only
in
chicken)
Lincosamide Not
used

IM and use as feed
Lincomycin
additive with
Respiratory infection
Spectinomycin
Via drinking water
Macrolide
Seldom used in swine
(poultry)
Via drinking water
Tylosin
Respiratory infection
or feed
Penicillin
IM
Various bacterial infection
Procaine Penicillin G
IM
Various bacterial infection
Penicillin Benzathine
IM
Various bacterial infection
Chlortetracycline Via drinking water or used as
Respiratory infection
feed additive
Pleuromutilin
Via drinking water
Digestive infection
121

---

Via drinking water
Serious respiratory or digestive bacterial
Tiamulin
or feed
infection
Polypeptide Not
used

Bacitracin Not
used

Sulfanomide
IM, IV or via feed
Mainly used in breeding swine
Sulfanomide/combination

Tetracycline Seldom
used

Via drinking water
Chlortetracycline
or used as feed
Respiratory infection
additive
Via drinking water
Oxytetracycline
or used as feed
Respiratory infection and growth-ppromotion
additive
Carbadox
Via feed
Respiratory infection and growth-promotion
Serious respiratory or digestive bacterial
fluoroquinolones
IM
infection
IM ,via drinking
florfenicol
respiratory or digestive bacterial infection
water and feed
IM ,via drinking
amoxicillin
respiratory or digestive bacterial infection
water and feed
neomycin
via drinking water
digestive bacterial infection
B. Assessments and mitigation of risk on animal and public health
We found in the survey that the incidence of swine diseases had become much higher
than before so did the complexity of these diseases and the pig production were
influenced. The main cause that has brought about the results is the increase of pig
breeding density. We must change this situation by education and training and this
task is also the work we must complete in our project.

All of main swine diseases, such as diarrhea caused by E.coli and viruses, PRDC
caused by many kinds of bacteria and viruses (Pasteurellosis, App, Atrophic Rhinitis,
etc.), non-typical swine fever (hog cholera) PMWS and PRRS are non-zoonosis (no
transmission to human beings). We have no reasons to worry about them, and they
cannot cause public health problems, either.
122

---

For the zoonosises that possibly happen, such as the diseases caused by Hepatitis E
virus, Rotavirus Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella Campylobacter
jejuni Streptococcus suis ascaris Balantidiumcoli Giardia cysts and Clonorchsis
sinensis, we will be able to achieve effective control by the following measures: mass
vaccination, breeding management, preventive surveillance and control.

The antibiotics use in pig production are strictly governed and furthermore the
government are strengthening the usage limitation

123

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124

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