GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
PROPOSAL FOR PROJECT DEVELOPMENT FUNDS (PDF)
BLOCK B GRANT
Country: United Republic of Tanzania (URT)
GEF Focal Area: Biodiversity (OP 2)
Project Title: Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project[1]
Requesting Agency: World Bank
Executing Agencies: World Bank and URT
Total Project Cost: US$ 75.0 million
Financing Plan: US$ 30.0 million (IDA)
US$ 10.0 million (other co-financing)
US$ 5.0 million (GEF OP#2)[2]
US$ 5.0 million (GEF OP#8)
US$ 5.0 million (URT)
US$20.0 million (TASAF[3]/PADEP; associated financing)
Project Duration: 6 years
Preparation Costs: US$ 1.0 million
PDF Block B Funds Requested: US$ 330,000
PDF Co-Funding: US$ 676,000 PHRD (Proposal Submitted)
Block A Grant Awarded: No
Note: GEF co-financing for the MACEMP project is requested under the biodiversity focal area (OP#2) and the international waters focal area (OP#8). For this reason, two GEF submissions in the two focal area have been submitted to the GEF, each requesting GEF funding in the amount of US$5 million. Administratively, the MACEMP can be seen as two “GEF project submissions”- one OP2 and one OP8, but GEF funding under both focal areas would complement IDA and other baseline funding for one fully blended WB project (MACEMP). To date, a GEF concept note for US$5 million of incremental GEF funding under OP#2 has already been approved. This PDF B request only relates to the GEF project funding of US$5 million under OP2 (Biodiversity), while it also reflects complementary activities that fall under OP#8. Associated documentation describes the project components in more detail showing how GEF funds from the two GEF Operational Programs will be allocated at component level.
The objective of the proposed project is to preserve the globally significant biological diversity in critical marine ecosystems of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar and the broader East African region through effective integration and implementation of marine and coastal resources management strategies. This would be achieved through support for: (a) strengthening the enabling policy environment for marine and coastal resource management; (b) conservation of critical marine ecosystems of regional and global importance and providing support for implementing obligations set out in relevant regional and international agreements to which Tanzania is a party; (c) advancing implementation of marine and coastal-related targets agreed upon at the WSSD and other international conventions and fora such as the recent World Parks Congress and further implementation of selected marine and coastal initiatives of the African Process for the Development and Protection of the Marine and Coastal Environment that comprise part of the environment component of NEPAD; (d) mainstreaming of biodiversity concerns into sector policies and strategies; and (e) involvement of local communities in the management of natural resources and the conservation of biodiversity. The project would also put in place an enabling environment to increase incomes through enhanced productivity and diversification of production systems to generate marketable surpluses which would improve their living standards. Through removing investment barriers, improved access to markets and credit should help raise living standards and reduce vulnerability of coastal populations against external shocks.
Mainland Tanzania is endowed with highly diverse and resource rich coastal and marine areas, which support a diversity of important natural habitats, including coral reefs, beaches, estuaries, lagoons, sea grass beds and coastal forest, and extensive mangrove forest stands. Similarly, the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar and Pemba off the Tanzanian mainland coast host a rich diversity of coastal and marine ecosystems.
The proposed coastal areas are situated in globally and regionally significant biological eco-systems categorised as ‘Ecoregionally Outstanding’ in the WWF Marine Ecoregion Assessment of 2001, as well as in the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan (NBSAP). The proposed project areas would include Msambweni -Tanga region (shared with Kenya), Rufiji-Mafia Complex, Mtwara – Quirimbas archipelago (shared with Mozambique), and islands of Unguja and Pemba in Zanzibar and host a diverse habitats which support rich biodiversity, with many endemic species of corals, fish, seagrass, flora and fauna. The waters of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar provide a regular nursery area for humpback and whales, support healthy populations of turtles, dolphins and sharks, and productive fisheries for pelagic fish species, including a significant big game fish species. Numerous islets and sand banks provide nesting habitats for several globally endangered sea turtle species such as green turtle (Charonic tritonis), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivcea) and migratory bird species. Other threatened and endangered species in coastal areas of Tanzania include dugong (Dugong dugon), coconut crab (Birgnolatro) and mollusks such as triton’s trumphet (Charonic tritonis) and green snail (Turba marmoratno). In Zanzibar archipelago, some of the endemic species include the Red Colobus monkey (Piliocolobus kirkii), Pemba flying fox (Pteropus voeltzkowi), blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola) and Pemba palm (Chrysalidocarpus pembanus), and various fish species.
The coastal areas of Tanzania are of critical importance for the development of the country. The five coastal regions of mainland Tanzania encompass about 15 percent of mainland land area and are home to approximately 25 percent of the country’s population (about 8 million people) and contribute about one third of the national GDP. Some 75 percent of the country’s industries are located in coastal areas. Coastal areas are becoming increasingly important in promoting economic growth in Tanzania for the years to come. In addition to relatively new and fast growing sectors such as coastal tourism, mariculture, and natural gas exploitation there is also substantial but unexploited potential for agriculture, silviculture, offshore fisheries, shipping, small-scale mining and manufacturing.
Despite the potential economic benefits of sustainable utilization of the marine and coastal resources in Tanzania, ecosystems are under increasing pressures. The root causes of coastal resources degradation are multiple and complex and include: (a) the open access nature of natural resources or unclear property rights leading to unsustainable fishery levels and destructive fishing practices; (b) inadequate skills and lack of knowledge to make use of technological improvements or access markets thereby reducing profitability and sustainability of existing production systems; (c) unregulated coastal development and conflicts between resource users; and (d) inadequate governance framework and weak institutional planning and management capacity, especially at the local government level.
The offshore ocean areas of the East coast of Africa host valuable fisheries but are under increasing threat from overexploitation. Despite the declaration of a 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Tanzania and other countries in the region lack the necessary resources to effectively regulate the fisheries that are harvested mostly by distant-water fishing fleets. Inadequate information on fish stock composition and quantity and on the threats to the resource base resulting from fishing pressure has prevented the execution of effective management responses. This is exacerbated by the lack of a regional effort among key national-level decision-makers to protect biodiversity and the sustainable yield of the region’s fish stocks. To adequately address these issues, a regional fisheries management strategy is necessary that is supported by stakeholder nations and that will ensure informed decision-making for the equitable and sustainable exploitation of the region’s fisheries.
Despite the GOT’s commitment to reverse the trends of marine and coastal resource degradation, major difficulties are encountered in dealing with simultaneous short and long-term trade offs such as generating employment and promoting economic growth while conserving and maintaining numerous economic and environmental benefits provided by marine and coastal ecosystems. The proposed project would address these issues through an integrated, holistic approach comprising regional fisheries and EEZ planning, integrated coastal zone management participatory planning; support for enabling alternative income generation opportunities; and, improving market access, enhancing economic potential of marine and coastal resources and strengthening the enabling policy environment for improved management of marine resources in the broader East Africa marine ecoregion. The proposed project would promote sustainable economic growth and equitable development in coastal areas of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar while sustaining the productivity of the natural resources base. It is thus expected to make a strong contribution to poverty alleviation commitments as stipulated out in the Government Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) and Sustainable Development Vision of 2025.
The Government of Tanzania has signed and ratified a number of international and regional conventions which are relevant to the management of marine and coastal resources. These include the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Nairobi Convention on the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the eastern African Region and its protocols, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and CITES. While Tanzania has yet to sign and ratify the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of UNCLOS relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (UN Fish Stocks Agreement), the country has demonstrated its commitment to sustainable use of marine and coastal resources while maintaining the ecosystem integrity by active participation and leadership in a number of international agreements and resolutions. They include the Arusha and Seychelles Declarations for protection and sustainable development of the coastal and marine areas and resources, the Global Plan of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from land-based sources of pollution, the Heritage Convention and resolutions of the Millennium Summit, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), and the World Congress on Protected Areas. Tanzania is also an active participant of the GEF Medium Sized project on the African Process for Sustainable Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of Sub-Saharan Africa, which is currently a key component of the environmental agenda of NEPAD.
The GOT has outlined it’s priorities for promoting sustainable natural resource management through several policy actions including the National Environmental Policy (NEP); the Forestry Act; the Fisheries Act and the Zanzibar Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act, the Forest Resources Management Act, and the Fisheries Act. The GOT also approved the National Fisheries Master Plan which outlines a vision for poverty reduction through sustainable management of fisheries and endorsed a National Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy, establishing a multi-sectoral framework for sustainable development of coastal resources to support food security and economic growth. GoT Parliament passed a New Fisheries Act in November 2003, which entrenches the principles that are entrenched in a number of recent policies and strategies.
The proposed project is consistent with the National Environmental Policy which links poverty and environment and prioritizes sustainable resource use for poverty eradication. It identifies the following issues related to poverty reduction in coastal areas: (a) improvement of well being and livelihoods of coastal communities; (b) integration of environmental planning and management with economic development plans; (c) conservation of globally significant habitats; (d) supporting local initiatives, decision-making for intersectoral developments, and harmonization of national interest with local needs; (e) awareness and availability of information for management purposes; and (f) adequate human and institutional capacity. Project activities are also consistent with the need for an improved enabling policy environment for addressing issues related to marine resource management in the 250 000 km2 EEZ of Tanzania and in the broader East African Marine Ecoregion.
The FY01-03 Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for Tanzania defines the Bank role to assist the Government in reducing poverty through interventions that promote higher growth, build assets of the poor, reduce their vulnerability, and promote better governance and accountability. The CAS focused on four strategic areas: (i) private sector and infrastructure development; (ii) sustainable rural development; (iii) improved social infrastructure; and (iv) public sector reform and institution building. The new FY04-06 CAS for Tanzania will be presented to the Board in FY-04 and will continue addressing the key challenges articulated in the Government’s PRS, including sustained economic growth rates, private sector development and employment generation, fight against HIV/AIDS. The proposed project is fully consistent with these goals through sustainable development of existing and potential new sectors which that contribute to broad-based economic growth (fisheries, mariculture, coastal tourism) and support of mutually beneficial private sector and community partnerships.
The PRSP (2000), which was prepared in response to the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) focuses on three main areas of outcomes and actions for realizing them. The first is reduction in the breadth and depth of income poverty. The outcome targets include reduction of basic needs poverty and food poverty with a particular focus on rural areas, where poverty is most prevalent. The second area is that of improving the quality of life and social-well being. More specifically this entails improving human capabilities, enhanced longevity and survival, social well being (social inclusion and personal security), improved nutrition and containing extreme vulnerability. The third broad area is sustained conducive development environment. The PRSP clearly articulates the importance of sustainable environmental management for poverty reduction initiatives by recognizing that the poor in Tanzania are heavily dependent on the environment and natural resources for their livelihood and income generation. While not being so specific on outlining the framework to address the poverty-environment linkages, the PRSP establishes a process that develops a more effective partnership between government, the private sector and civil society in the fight against poverty; this needs to be done through the wise use of natural resources and environmental sustainability. The Government has acknowledged that future iterations of the PRSP will define a more consistent framework for addressing linkages between poverty and management of the environment. The proposed project will support the Government in achieving its poverty reduction goals through sound and equitable management of environmental and natural resources.
In Tanzania, the project will benefit from, and complement the early experience from the UNDP led activities in Mnazi Bay and Menai Bay (Zanzibar); and bilateral supported experiences from the Rufiji Delta and Tanga and the WWF supported program in Mafia Island, as well as GEF funded Jozani Forest-Chawka Bay Conservation Area project in Zanzibar. The project would also complement the goals and objectives of a proposed South West Indian Ocean Fisheries project in addition to improving the management of the coastal resources, habitats and the near shore fisheries.
The proposed project aims to build upon the recommendations of the African Process for promoting sustainable development of coastal and marine resources at the regional, national and local level. The African Process calls for providing a framework for facilitating the mobilization of resources for the sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment. In particular, the project’s goals are in keeping with the proposals within the African Process portfolio for promoting sustainable development of living marine resources. An attempt will be made in successive phases of the project to increasingly involve partners within the region including Kenya, Mozambique and Eritrea.
The proposed project is also consistent with the approaches advocated by WWF and IUCN in the Marine Eco-region Program. These agencies emphasize the need for networks of protected areas within managed coastlines and the need for combining science, traditional knowledge, socio-economic factors and politics towards ensuring sustainability of interventions. The project’s goals are also in keeping with the resolutions adopted by the Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts and Small Island States which advocates linking economic development, social welfare and resource conservation.
The aim of the project is to replicate the successful lessons and scale up existing ICM initiatives in Tanzania. The proposed project also aims to address the financial sustainability, capacity, markets, incentives and other issues faced in most of the bilateral supported marine and coastal interventions in Tanzania.
The project implementation will be coordinated with the various community development and poverty reduction projects/programs in coastal areas. The Bank’s Task Team will also identify the most relevant on-going bi-lateral donor and Non-Government-Organization (NGO) funded projects related to poverty reduction and coastal resources and land management with which coordination is essential and cooperation would be useful.
The project would complement activities supported by the Tanzania Social Action Fund Project (TASAF) which targets communities nationwide, and the project team will work closely with the TASAF team to focus activities in coastal areas. While the poor are critically dependent on regenerative natural resources for their livelihoods, they will not always identify degradation of environmental goods and services as an immediate priority. As such, activities financed under TASAF are often targeted towards addressing the more tangible priorities perceived by the communities. Project teams will work together to address both the longer term priorities of coastal communities associated with development of sustainable livelihoods, as well as immediate income generation needs which complement social benefits generated by TASAF investments.
The project will also complement the Participatory Agriculture Development and Empowerment project (PADEP) which promotes agricultural extension, intensification of agriculture and productivity at the community level. Local governments play a key role in natural resources management. The proposed project would also complement Local Government Support Program (LGSP) will improve the performance and accountability of local authorities in the areas of planning, financial management and project implementation. The project aims to strengthen the capability of local authorities to meet their statutory service-delivery obligations and support ongoing process of intergovernmental fiscal reform in Tanzania, which would impact the local revenue sharing decisions.
The main impact and focus of baseline activities will be to provide broad support for social infrastructure in coastal communities, and selected support for localized activities that provide targeted protection of resources, and targeted opportunities for income generation activities. The baseline does not provide for ways to address comprehensively the issues affecting EEZ management, MPA network development, or development of meaningful participatory processes at the local level. Moreover, the baseline does not provide a systematic means for addressing the removal of private sector barriers to investment in EEZ products, MPAs, or coastal communities. Finally, because of weak historical capacity constraints, the baseline does not address the need for generating and using sound scientific information.
The project is designed to be a “second-generation” environmental project as it would address environmental management and biodiversity conservation through poverty lenses. The poverty focus of this environmental project is fully justified since poor in Tanzania depend on the environmental resources for their income and livelihoods while poverty is often the main cause of environmental degradation. Furthermore, the project approach stems from the fact that poverty in Tanzania is largely a result of livelihoods, and production and natural resource use systems that are not profitable and sustainable. To address environmental issues the project thus needs to remove barriers that limit the profitability and sustainability of livelihoods. Bank support for the project is justified through its mandate to lend for development-oriented activities with a strong element of public goods, such as poverty alleviation, environmental and natural resources planning and management, market information systems, private sector development, training, and applied research. Provision of such services in the project will provide a firm foundation for future sector investments by the private sector as well as improving the utilization of scarce public resources (financial and technical) creating a basis for increased government revenues for future development.
Global support is justified in that all of the project components can be enhanced to provide global environmental benefits in improved biodiversity conservation, improved ecosystems and production landscape protection and management. Most of these global environment benefits are long term (i.e., benefits take time to materialize but accrue for many years after the project has terminated), which makes them less attractive to local populations, who struggle to make a living on a day-to-day basis. The global support will help to bridge the gap between the long term benefits and short term economic needs of local population by removing barriers which currently limit their adoption of sustainable production systems and conservation of biodiversity. It will also demonstrate to the local population the long-term economic and environmental benefits of adopting more sustainable natural resource management approaches.
Second, GEF (OP2) resources would be instrumental in introducing the integrated and financially sustainable management of marine protected areas and in managing (through participatory planning) the conflicts inherent in the multiple use of coastal zones. With GEF (OP2) support, the system of marine protected areas could be strengthened based on sound management principles, including financial sustainability and benefit sharing with local communities that could be replicated elsewhere in East Africa. The institutional framework for marine conservation management would also be strengthened by linking participatory ICM planning, applied research, monitoring and evaluation with national and district development planning and the main decision-making process. GEF financing could thus strengthen ongoing biodiversity monitoring initiatives which is a key tool of conservation management.[4]
Third, the GEF (OP2) support is justified by the global importance of the biodiversity of coastal areas of Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. The Bank’s portfolio of GEF and biodiversity projects in East African region provides opportunities for promotion of exchange of ideas, cross-fertilization with other GEF projects in the region, and strengthened trans-boundary cooperation in biodiversity monitoring and evaluation, review, and scientific oversight.
Finally, GEF funds would be instrumental in leveraging the support of other donors who could finance some of the complementary activities, and of enhancing and coordinating the work of other donor organizations. The Bank has had numerous discussions with bilateral donors regarding opportunities for grant co-financing, especially for some of the technical assistance activities.
|
MACEMP Component [Dec/03] |
1. Sound Management of EEZ Resources |
2. Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network |
3. Coastal District Planning and Co-management Capacity Building |
4. Private Sector Capacity Building |
5. Science for Planning and Management |
6. Project Management Unit |
|
WB PCN Components [Nov/03] |
(i) Effective Management of Marine and Coastal Environment |
(ii) Implementation of Investment Strategies. |
(iii) Scientific Foundation for Addressing Knowledge Gaps |
[iv]. PMU | ||
|
GEF (OP2) PCN Components [CZLP Jun/03] |
Not included. |
(a) Strengthening of Policy and Regulatory Frameworks |
Not included. |
Not included. | ||
|
(d) Improved Management of Marine Protected Areas |
(b) Implementation of Participatory Integrated Coastal Management Plans |
(c) Market System and Enterprise Development | ||||
|
Lead Agency (Agencies) |
Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism (Fisheries) & Deep Sea Fishing Authority |
Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism (Fisheries: MPA Unit) |
Ministry of Regional and Local Government (President’s Office) |
To be determined |
Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism |
Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism |
|
IDA Activities |
Establishing DFA and supportive policy and institutional context. |
Policy and investments relating to MPA and mpa network. |
Planning and investment in coastal communities, and in supportive institutional structures and policies. |
Policy and institutional support and strengthening. |
Stock assessment and identification of appropriate technology. |
Implementation of project plus mechanism for including other line ministries with minor levels of involvement. |
|
GEF (OP2) Support [GEF Pipeline PMS Project ID 2101] |
None. |
Incremental costs of MPA network in biodiversity rich areas. |
Incremental costs of implementation and demonstration of environmentally benign investments. Promote behavioral change. |
Modest policy support relating to private sector role in biodiversity management. |
Modest support for technology identification in areas of sensitive biodiversity. |
Pro-rata share, focusing on coordination efforts with other GEF initiatives. |
|
GEF (OP8) Support [via Strategic Partnership for a Sustainable Fisheries Management in the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa” (Project ID 2093)] |
Incremental costs of component activities. |
None. |
Modest support for interventions involving coastal community involvement in marine management. |
Modest policy support relating to private sector role in marine management. |
Coordination of local and national assessments with other regional (SWIO) activities. | |
|
Comments |
Supplements GEF supported SWIO initiatives. |
Supplements TASAF and PADEP projects in WB. |
Supplements PRS activities. |
Supplements GEF supported SWIO initiatives. |
||
Tanzania is highly dependent on the use of natural resources for economic growth on a regional and global basis. At the local level, many rural coastal populations are almost totally dependent on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. Preliminary results from a recent socio-economic survey of 749 households in 24 coastal villages of Tanzania and Zanzibar revealed that some 3/4 of total household cash income is derived from the sale and trade of marine and coastal products, while some 2/3 of cash income is derived from the use of open access resources. Profitable and sustainable use of natural resources requires multi-sectoral approaches which require linking of resources management initiatives on the ground to higher level interventions such as an enabling policy framework, scientific information, markets and private sector development. To achieve this, the project aims to adopt a flexible and phased implementation approach.
Strategic areas to be supported by the MACEMP project would include: (a) sound management of EEZ resources; (b) entrenchment of an effective MPA network; (c) participatory local level planning and management of coastal and marine resources; (d) promotion of profitable coastal livelihood activities through engagement of the private sector; and (e) use of sound science and innovative appropriate technologies in resource assessments and resource management. At the local level, support in the project will be provided for developing and strengthening the enabling environment for local level initiatives such as collaborative fisheries planning and investment strategies. At the national level, support will be provided to relevant national agencies and NGOs in Tanzania for facilitating regional collaboration and cooperation process with selected countries within the East African Marine Ecoregion such as Kenya and Mozambique and identifying and prioritizing appropriate activities and strategies for strengthening regional marine management.
The project will also support implementation of relevant policy and legislative mechanisms for mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar including the National Integrated Coastal Environment Management Strategy which has been recently reviewed by the Cabinet.
At the time of GEF pipeline entry (June 2003), the GEF (OP2) Project Concept consisted of the following four themes: (a) Strengthening of Policy and Regulatory Frameworks; (b) Improved Management of Marine Protected Areas; (c) Implementation of Participatory Integrated Coastal Management Plans, and (d) Market System and Enterprise Development. The expanded Concept approved by Bank Management in November 2003 included three core themes as follows: (i) Effective Management of Marine and Coastal Environment; (ii) Implementation of Investment Strategies; and (iii) Scientific Foundation for Addressing Knowledge Gaps. Upon review of the potential activities within these areas, the potential beneficiaries and implementation arrangements, and the potential donor support in co-financing arrangements, it was agreed to organize project preparation activities around five core components plus a Project Management Unit (PMU) to facilitate the identification and budgeting of activities. The actual activities remain unchanged but the split permits a more transparent assignment of responsibilities to implementing agencies within Tanzania. Table 1 provides a summary of the components, showing also the position of the original GEF (OP2) themes; potential GEF (OP8) activities are also shown to indicate their complementary/non-overlapping nature.
The specific project activities would include:
Component 1. Sound Management of EEZ Resources. The objective of this component is to establish integrated management systems that would create a framework for profitable and sustainable use (both commercial and non-commercial) of marine resources. The project would support establishment and strengthening of relevant institutional capacities which are critical for developing economic potential of marine resources on a sustainable basis. It will also facilitate dialog with neighboring countries to address regional ocean issues and provide support for establishment of joint monitoring, surveillance and implementation for marine management and for meeting national obligations arising through global and regional agreements to which Tanzania is a party. The project will seek to enhance the contribution of existing policies and acts on the implementation of PRS. Activities would include: (a) establishment of the National Deep Sea Fishing Authority responsible for off-shore fishery management, formulation of a marine resources management strategy to be implemented by the new agency, and establishment of a mechanism of revenue collection for this new agency to be financially sustainable; (b) support for the GoT in implementing the Fisheries Act, National Fisheries Master Plan, National Coastal Zone Management Strategy, and capacity building for local marine and coastal management agencies; (c) facilitation of international dialogue on regional ocean cooperation.
This component will be financed with IDA, URT, GEF OP#8 and other co-financing. The GEF (OP#8), which has been requested in a separate GEF proposal, will finance incremental costs associated with: (a) technical assistance for mainstreaming of marine management goals into relevant sectoral policies; (b) clarification of roles and responsibilities of sectoral agencies for the implementation of international and regional environmental obligations and the conservation of biodiversity.
Component 2. Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network. The objective of this component is to establish integrated management systems through a marine protected area network of nationally and locally important areas.
This component will be financed with IDA, URT and GEF OP#2 funds, which are requested in this GEF project under the Biodiversity Focal Area. GEF (OP2) will finance incremental costs associated with: (a) planning and development of MPAs; and (b) establishing a national system of MPAs including community and private sector-owned and managed MPAs. GEF (OP2) will also finance incremental costs associated with community management of sanctuaries and implementation of community-based management plans in biodiversity-rich areas to promote biodiversity conservation and improved provision of ecosystem goods and services. A dialogue will be held with the neighboring nations of Kenya and Mozambique on transboundary issues, in particular on transboundary MPAs.
Component 3: Coastal District Planning and Co-management Capacity Building. This component aims to improve the planning environment at the district level. Tanzania already has appropriate policies and legislation in place which would provide a basis for community based sustainable management of coastal and marine resources (e.g. implementation of collaborative fisheries management approaches). Lack of sufficient capacity and awareness, especially at District levels currently erodes their value and their potential contribution to economic development. The project would support establishment and strengthening of relevant institutional capacities which are critical for developing economic potential of marine and coastal resources on a sustainable basis.
This component will be financed with IDA, URT and GEF OP#8 and OP#2 funds. GEF (OP2) will finance incremental costs associated with implementation and demonstration of environmentally benign nearshore coastal resource management techniques and investments which are acceptable to coastal communities. It will also promote behavioral change in local communities towards natural resource protection..
Where communities can participate in deep-sea (or intermediate zone) fishery activities, GEF (OP8)[5] will finance incremental costs associated with implementation and demonstration of environmentally benign marine management techniques and investments which are acceptable to coastal communities.
The entire component will also be coordinated closely with other World Bank operations in Tanzania, notably PADEP and TASAF, which use the CDD model to finance community-based investments. Planning for the investments will occur under MACEMP, as will a number of demonstration activities, but the planning will primarily be used to mobilize funds from PADEP and TASAF to meet community needs for poverty alleviation.
Component 4: Private Sector Capacity Building. This component aims to improve the business environment and provide business development services to promote private sector investment. Activities to improve the business environment will include: (a) support for assessments of key policies and regulations, such as tax, licensing and registration, administrative fees, and property rights to improve the efficiency of governance and cut cost to enterprises; (b) establishment of a public-private forum to facilitate dialogue between stakeholders and to identify needed public services and/or investments that would facilitate improved performance of the private sector; and (c) provision of information on markets, standards, technologies, policy changes, performance of local enterprises, etc. Cost sharing will be available for local businesses, NGOs and community groups to procure managerial services, training, and technical assistance.
This component will be financed with IDA, URT and GEF OP#8 and OP#2 funds. In principle all GEF resources will be used to finance incremental costs associated with institutional capacity building, training and related technical assistance (preparation of training modules and awareness building to support the above global environment-oriented activities). GEF OP#8 funding, which has been requested under a separate GEF project proposal, will focus on the assessment of tax and other private sector sector policy instruments that relate to offshore resource management in the EEZ, while also providing consultative mechanisms for private-public sector dialogue that contributes to the ongoing review of and awareness of such policies. OP#2 provides similar funding targets but will focus on policy and regulatory instruments that affect private sector management of nearshore resources, especially those relating to protected areas or other regions of important biodiversity.
Component 5. Science for Planning and Management. This component will establish the scientific foundation to support policy making in marine and coastal resource management, and an M&E system to track changes in marine and coastal resources and to evaluate the impact of this project. Activities will include: (a) support for a scientific baseline study, information collection and recording; support for research on biological constraints for fishery activities, such as maximum sustainable yield; study of potential extractable natural resources in the marine areas, such as petroleum and natural gas; (b) provision of funding for the identification, development, and transfer of environmentally-sound technologies on near- and off- shore fisheries and on fishery product processing; (c) development and use of an M&E system to monitor the changes in quantity, quality and variety of natural resources and the impact of the project activities.
This component will be financed with IDA, URT and GEF OP#8 and OP#2 funds. GEF OP#8 funding[6] will finance incremental costs associated with establishment of marine resource management information and monitoring processes at the national and local levels and applied science for improved management through collaborative resource management arrangements. This will be coordinated with a view to feeding into other GEF-supported regional initiatives (e.g., SWIO). GEF OP#2 funding, which has been requested under a this GEF project proposal, will provide modest resources to assist in the identification of appropriate technologies for nearshore community-based resource management in areas of critical biodiversity.
Component 6. Project Management Unit. This component aims to provide the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism with the additional increased operational ability to manage and supervise MACEMP activities. The component focuses on delivering the necessary support (technical, financial, and coordination) for the project stakeholders, in particular the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, to achieve the project’s respective objectives and deliverables. This component will be financed with IDA, URT, GEF OP#8 and OP#2 funds.
The following provides a summary of the financing by component, showing the GEF contributions under OP2.
Total Project Cost: US$55.0 million
US$30.0 million (IDA - MACEMP)
US$10.0 million (Co-financing)
US$5.0 million (GEF OP2 primarily Comp 2,3)
US$5.0 million (GEF OP8 primarily Comp 1,5)
US$5.0 million (URT)
Associated Financing: ~US$20.0 million
~US$18.0 million (IDA – TASAF/PADEP Comp 3)
~US$2.0 million (URT – TASAF/PADEP Comp 3)
|
Component |
Total |
IDA |
IDA |
GEF |
Other |
URT* | |||||
|
OP#2 |
OP#8 |
OP#2 |
OP#8 |
OP#2 |
OP#8 |
OP#2 |
OP#8 |
OP#2 |
OP#8 | ||
|
1. Sound Management of EEZ Resources |
11.5 |
- |
6.0 |
- |
- |
- |
2.5 |
- |
2.0 |
- |
1.0 |
|
2. Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network |
11.5 |
6.0 |
- |
- |
- |
2.5 |
- |
2.0 |
1.0 |
- | |
|
3. Coastal District Planning and Co-management Capacity Building |
30.0 |
4.0 |
2.0 |
12.0 |
6.0 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
|
4. Private Sector Capacity Building |
5.6 |
3.0 |
0.5 |
- |
- |
0.3 |
0.3 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
5. Science for Planning and Management |
6.4 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
- |
- |
0.3 |
1.1 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
|
6. Project Management Unit** |
10.0 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
- |
- |
0.5 |
0.5 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
|
All Components Total |
75.0 |
30.0 |
18.0 |
10.0 (5.0 + 5.0) |
10.0 |
7.0 | |||||
* This includes TASAF and PADEP contributions to coastal zone community investments, plus URT counterpart contribution.
** Includes M&E and small secondary investments in other Ministries related to coastal management (e.g., oil spill contingency planning).
| GEF Focal Area |
Total |
IDA |
IDA |
GEF |
GEF |
Other |
URT |
|
GEF OP2 Biodiversity |
44 |
18 |
12 |
- |
5 |
5 |
4 |
|
GEF OP8 International Waters |
31 |
12 |
6 |
5 |
- |
5 |
3 |
| Total |
75 |
30 |
18 |
5 |
5 |
10 |
7 |
The Government of Tanzania has signed and ratified a number of international and regional conventions which are relevant to the management of marine and coastal resources. These include the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Nairobi Convention on the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the eastern African Region and its protocols, the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and CITES. Furthermore, Tanzania has demonstrated its commitment on sustainable use of marine and coastal resources while maintaining the ecosystem integrity by active participation and leadership in a number of international agreements and resolutions. They include the Arusha and Seychelles Declarations for protection and sustainable development of the coastal and marine areas and resources, the Global Plan of Action for Protection of the Marine Environment from land-based sources of pollution, the Heritage Convention and resolutions of the Millennium Summit, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), and the World Congress on Protected Areas. Tanzania is also an active participant of the GEF Medium Sized project on the African Process for Sustainable Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of Sub-Saharan Africa, which is currently a key component of the environmental agenda of NEPAD.
The project is responsive to GEF strategic priorities of: (a) integrating conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity within national, sub-regional and regional planning and policies; (b) helping to protect and sustainably manage ecosystems through targeted and cost-effective interventions; (c) encompassing representative ecosystems of global biodiversity significance; (d) designing activities to achieve biodiversity objectives in strategic and cost-effective ways; and (e) developing integrated, holistic and multi-focal initiatives that demonstrate the ecosystem and precautionary approaches.
The project also internalizes key lessons learned in implementing biodiversity conservation initiatives including the need to: (a) address root causes of biodiversity loss, such as economic and social policies and lack of political and to link biodiversity conservation goals with the needs and aspirations of local communities; (b) mainstream biodiversity conservation within poverty reduction efforts and production sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, mariculture, forestry and tourism, and reject the tendency of focusing on biodiversity as a ‘stand alone’ concept; (c) achieve sectoral integration through partnership with governments, NGOs, communities and the private sector; (d) allow for flexibility and innovation in project implementation, emphasizing participatory processes and management at the local level; and (e) identify and implement innovative financing mechanisms and develop sustainable financing through the involvement of the private sector.
The project will be coordinated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, which is the agency responsible for implementation of a large proportion of the project activities including living marine resource policy, planning, management and regional coordination. The Department of Fisheries within the Ministry will play a key implementation role. Overall responsibility for the GEF portfolio in Tanzania lies with the GEF National Focal Point in the Office of the Vice President. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) has been largely responsible for coastal management initiatives in Tanzania will have service delivery functions, monitoring and evaluation activities and contribute to refining the enabling policy environment. District level activities will be supported by a range of partnerships including public, private and civic organizations already active and working with communities; the planning initiatives will use the Ministry of Regional and Local Government (in the President’s Office) as a key implementing partner. On Zanzibar, implementation responsibility will be delegated directly by the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar.
The GOT has demonstrated its willingness to promote sustainable management of the country’s coastal and marine areas, taking several policy and institutional measures. Some of the key objectives of the Government are to: (a) develop National Environmental Policy; (b) build environmental management and technical capacity at the districts’ government as well as the national government levels; (c) replicate viable pilot activities and demonstration projects that span a diversity of coastlines/marine management options; (d) address underlying causes for poverty in inland rural communities to slow the flow of inland-rural migration towards the coastal area; (e) provide a sense of ownership to coastal communities through participatory processes, by granting them tenure for coastal resources, and through educational campaign; (f) increase integration of biodiversity management with productive activities; and (g) increase private sector involvement and private-community partnerships.
The Cabinet has recently approved National Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy (December 2002). The Strategy provides a multi-sectoral framework for sustainable development of coastal resources of Tanzania for the use of people today and for succeeding generations to ensure food security and support economic growth. The strategy places a great emphasis on providing meaningful opportunities for participation of key stakeholders in the planning and integrated management of coastal resources. It supports the Government decentralization process and institutional capacity strengthening at local levels by promoting integration of coastal resources use planning through district development planning process. The Strategy acknowledges the need to focus on improvement of well being and livelihoods of users of coastal resources and promote environmental planning and management as an opportunity to unleash economic potential of coastal areas and contribute national economic growth.
The GOT concern and commitment of conservation of globally and nationally significant marine and coastal biodiversity has lead to the establishment of the Marine Parks and Reserves Unit (MPRU) in 1994 under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. MPRU has the mandate to establish and ensure sustainable conservation for areas of outstanding marine ecological importance and manage them in partnership with coastal communities on mainland Tanzania and other stakeholders. The legal framework for protected area establishment is enabled through the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act (1996), the Forest Resources Management Act (1996) and the recently passed Fisheries Act (2003), which provides for the establishment of MPAs.
The willingness of the Government of Zanzibar to promote sustainable development of coastal and marine resources is evidenced by the establishment of the Zanzibar National Protected Areas Board under Section 80 of the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act. The functions of the Board are to: (a) formulate, advise and coordinate the implementation of the policies of the government on protected areas; (b) make recommendations for designations of national protected areas; (c) approve management plans for national protected areas; and (d) designate an appropriate lead institution to manage the national protected area system.
Several factors are critical to project sustainability. First, institutional sustainability is important, and is being pursued by working at the local level with a wide range of stakeholders, building capacity of relevant national and district level agencies, and working closely with existing CBOs. Second, the ecological sustainability of GEF funded marine and coastal management activities would be pursued through improved monitoring and enforcement capacity. This would include strengthening of monitoring of marine and coastal ecosystems and fish harvesting rates and methods. Third, economic sustainability will be achieved by demonstrating direct economic benefits of improved marine and coastal resources management approaches to local national and regional stakeholder. Institutional support of an arms-length agency (Deep Sea Fishing Authority) will provide mechanisms for revenue retention within such an institution. Fourth, a high level of ownership of the planning and implementation process by project beneficiaries is critical for the project success. For example, the sustainability of the investments into coastal resources management depend upon the functioning of the voluntary based resource users associations. Particular attention would be paid to building the confidence of the beneficiaries to take on responsibility for sustainable management of natural resource base.
The participatory ICM approaches and techniques implemented under the project are not only replicable, but are in fact based on the experience of other donor financed coastal zone management projects implemented elsewhere in Tanzania and in the East-Africa region. While there are no blueprints for success, good examples are likely to be tailored to local situations and replicated elsewhere under the project. What is more important yet is that people who depend on coastal resources for their livelihoods need to see with their own eyes how adoption of better management techniques could benefit them and have the opportunity to ask pointed questions relating to their problems and make up their own opinion as to applicability of what they have seen. Implementation of ICM plans and demonstrations would create opportunities for replication of these activities in other communities as they gain confidence in new approaches. It should be noted that poor are generally more careful and risk averse and will thus take their time to adopt new avenues and techniques, which will ensure sustainable utilization of their resource base. The proposed project ICM activities will provide incentives and confidence for coastal communities to overcome barriers which currently limit their adoption of sustainable production systems. Finally, the sites for GEF pilot activities will be selected based on their diverse physical characteristics and socioeconomic characteristics to conform a representative sample of natural resource base and socio-economic characteristics of communities as a basis for replication.
The following specific activities and outcomes would ensure sustainability beyond the project period: (a) the strengthening of the enabling policy environment for marine and coastal management; (b) improvement of local, national and regional institutional capacity to assess, manage and monitor marine and coastal resource utilization, and to integrate biodiversity values into development planning; and (c) the dissemination of strategic activities at regional, national and local levels and demonstrated viable investments into selected productive activities to show the value of sustainable marine and coastal resource utilization.
The Bank is involved in an active consultation process with all key stakeholders. A national workshop was held to discuss the implementation of the National Coastal Management Strategy. A key workshop outcome was the development of a program logframe on integrated coastal resources management. The present concept builds on the recommendations of the workshop and lessons learned from a series of donor supported ICM interventions along the Tanzanian mainland and in Zanzibar. There is interest at both the national level and at the district level in continuing and scaling up these activities. Assuring technical assistance and funds for implementing the ICM plans generated by these donor supported interventions is a key aim of the proposed initiative.
The proposed project activities reflect in part the findings of intensive PRA process which solicited inputs from 1300 participants in 11 villages in Zanzibar and Kilwa District of Tanzania in April 2003. Participants were asked to respond to the question: “What problems do you have making a living in this village?” Individual respondents then formed small groups who workshopped individual responses and reached consensus on the top 5 priorities, which they presented to the whole assembly. Priority problems, forming the community framework of interest, were then compared with the proposed project framework (derived from the PRSP, CAS, Government of Tanzania coastal and forest resource management policies). Overlapping interests were identified and these formed the focus of problem solving activities that contributed for identification of the project actions described above.
Ongoing consultations have resulted in the formation of a project working group comprising key stakeholders to facilitate project preparation. Participants include representatives of relevant national level agencies, NGOs and donor organizations.
Additionally, participatory approaches will be utilized extensively during the project preparation and implementation phases. A series of consultative workshops at the regional, national and local levels is planned for the PDF-B phase, involving community organizations, local and national government decision-makers, key national and international NGOs working in environmental and marine and coastal issues, the private sector, and other stakeholders. These consultations would establish an agreement on a participation plan to be followed during implementation.
A single project will be prepared, blending both IDA and GEF financing. Preparation activities will be financed jointly with resources from a variety of sources and applications are currently under preparation for support through a PHRD fund. Preparation funds are required to ensure full participation in the identification and planning process of a wide range of stakeholders at the local, national and regional levels. These funds are also needed to assist in the integration of project activities with the TASAF and PADEP initiatives to avoid duplication of Bank activities and design mechanisms to channel the financial resources in a participatory way to coastal communities. The PDF grant activities would be carried out under supervision of the World Bank and would relate directly to those activities eligible under GEF OP2. The funds would be transferred to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) by the World Bank and contracting will be carried out by the MNRT following World Bank procurement and disbursement procedures.
The overall objectives of the proposed preparation grant are: (a) support for establishing participatory and consultative processes for project planning, implementation and monitoring, including development of manuals, conflict management mechanisms and information management and dissemination; and, (b) clarification of project activities and identification and removal of existing barriers to project implementation. The proposed grant would support the following activities (see Financing Summary Annex A):
Local Stakeholder Consultations. Consultations with a wide range of stakeholders including target coastal communities located in the main ecosystems in the region and key stakeholders and decision-makers at the local national and regional level. The consultations will build on current preparatory discussions and information already collected by ongoing environmental sector work and on relevant information collected by other donors and NGOs (such as WWF and IUCN) working in the region. The consultations will result in identification of appropriate participatory processes to facilitate development and implementation of the project including pilot project identification and preparation, establishment of criteria for eligible beneficiaries and inputs for the final design of the GEF project. Planning of participatory processes will be guided by detailed resource maps, baseline information for which has already been collected.
The planning activities will also permit coordination between GEF funded initiatives in MACEMP and other related projects. (US$90,000)
Communication Strategy. Regional and national communication strategies will be designed during project preparation taking into consideration existing networks and stakeholder involvement to ensure agreements and identify conflict resolution mechanisms. Communication strategies will include appropriate information management and dissemination activities for distributing information to the local level. The methods may be tested through some pilot preparation and delivery of visual and print materials, including maps prepared during the participatory planning consultations. (US$30,000)
Project Implementation and Design. Design of project coordination and institutional structure, including preparation of the project implementation plan, selected valuation studies for input to the incremental cost analysis, designing a financial system for project execution and identification of mechanisms for incorporating complementary activities within the on-going TASAF and PADEP programs in coastal communities of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. (US$65,000)
Support for Integrated Coastal Policy Reforms. Analysis of existing policy, institutional and legislative mechanisms for management of marine and coastal resources of mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar, and of the broader East African Marine Ecoregion where protected areas extend into Kenya and Moçambique waters. The analysis would include: (i) existing and potential initiatives for harmonization of regional arrangements related to coastal resource management; (ii) integrated mechanisms and institutional responsibilities for implementation of national commitments and priorities under international and regional agreements related to coastal management; (iii) coordination of institutional roles and responsibilities for planning and development of marine protected areas; and (iv) options for strengthening the existing governance framework for coastal management (US$25,000).
Replication and Knowledge Management Plan. Training and capacity needs assessments based on consultations and design of a capacity building program for stakeholders to facilitate project implementation at the various levels. This includes development of a Replication and Knowledge Management Plan. (US$40,000)
Project M&E Manual. An M&E strategy for project implementation including design of a set of indicators and framework for measuring the provision of environmental goods and services among different coastal regions in the project coverage area. (US$30,000)
PDF-B Project Coordination. Funds will be provided for a small project office (PDF-B Coordinator and associated support) to assist government in executing the above activities and meeting its obligations for project preparation. (US$50,000)
The output of the PDF-B activities are:
Ø strengthened regional ties through the formulation of a joint vision and communication strategy on marine and coastal resource protection and management;
Ø establishment of the project design, with clearly defined and agreed upon stakeholder roles and responsibilities;
Ø an overview of all existing relevant activities and planned initiatives in the region and identified mechanisms for coordination between the project and those activities and initiatives.
Preparation funding from the GEF (US$330,000 PDF-Block B) and PHRD grant (US$676,000) are expected to total about US$1 million. Analytical work currently under preparation will contribute to project preparation activities by providing relevant information on the legal, socio-economic and ecological status of marine and coastal resource utilization and the linkages to poverty.
The World Bank will provide supervision support for the PDF-B and PHRD activities, while also using Bank Budget and associated resources for preparation, appraisal, and negotiation.
It is anticipated that project preparation will have a duration of 14 months and that the project will be submitted to the GEF Council in November 2004. It is expected that the project will be ready for final approval by March 2005. This schedule assumes timely availability of preparation funds.
Implementing agency for the grant will be the MNRT, P.O. Box 9372, Dar es Salaam, Tel: 255-22-111062-5.
Indu Hewawasam, (Telephone 255-22 2114575/7 email ihewawasam@worldbank.org) is the World Bank’s task team leader of the project.
|
Activity |
PHRD* |
GEF** | |||
|
Total |
OC |
CS |
T/WS | ||
|
Planning: Environmental and Social Assessments |
119,308 |
||||
|
Planning: Local Stakeholder Consultations |
90,000 |
35,000 |
20,000 |
35,000 | |
|
Planning: Communication Strategy |
30,000 |
3,000 |
24,000 |
3,000 | |
|
Economic Analyses: |
149,972 |
||||
|
Economic Analyses: |
65,000 |
10,000 |
55,000 |
||
|
Institutional Capacity: |
140,692 |
||||
|
Institutional Capacity: |
25,000 |
3,000 |
19,000 |
3,000 | |
|
Institutional Capacity: |
40,000 |
4,000 |
32,000 |
4,000 | |
|
Institutional Capacity: |
70,582 |
||||
|
M&E: National M&E Methods and Plan |
128,009 |
||||
|
M&E: Project M&E Manual |
30,000 |
3,000 |
24,000 |
3,000 | |
|
Project Coordination |
67,617 |
50,000 |
10,000 |
40,000 |
|
|
Sub-Total Financing |
676,180 |
330,000 |
|||
|
Total Financing |
1,006,180 |
||||
|
Sub-Total GEF Disbursement Categories |
68,000 |
214,000 |
48,000 | ||
* Application submitted. In absence of such funding, Government will request and utilize PPF funding available through IDA.
** OC: Operating Costs; CS: Consultant Services: T/WS: Training and Workshops.
[1] Renamed from: Sustainable Coastal Livelihoods Project (SCLP); GEF Pipeline PMS Project ID 2101.
[2] The original SCLP identified GEF contributions of approximately US$5 million under OP2 for coastal activities, including a near-shore marine protected area system. At government’s request, the current MACEMP project involves an expansion of project scope – and a larger IDA credit and counterpart contribution – to include intermediate and offshore fisheries management. Potential GEF interventions in this offshore area are also approximately US$5 million, fulfilling OP8 relating to International Waters, and detailed in a separate submission to GEF. This revised PDF-B application applies only to the MACEMP project components that fulfill the OP2 areas.
[3] This includes TASAF (Tanzania Social Action Fund) and PADEP contributions to coastal zone community investments, plus URT counterpart contribution.
[4] Potential GEF contributions contributing to improved marine management of fisheries would fall under a potential OP8 objective not covered by this particular PDF-B application. Such a separate project submission under OP8 might be linked into the “Strategic Partnership for a Sustainable Fisheries Management in the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa” (Project ID 2093).
[5] Requested in a separate GEF proposal under the International Waters Focal Area.
[6] Requested in a separate GEF proposal under the International Waters Focal Area.