Prepared for:
UNDP-GEF Danube Regional Project
Assessment of TNMN and
identification of data gaps - DBAM
Upgrade
Report
October, 2006
WL | delft hydraulics
Q4215
Prepared for:
UNDP-GEF Danube Regional Project
Assessment of TNMN and
identification of data gaps - DBAM
Upgrade
Jos van Gils
Report
October, 2006
Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
Q4215
October, 2006
- DBAM Upgrade
Contents
1
Introduction ..........................................................................................................1
1.1
Background to the Danube Regional Project...............................................1
1.2
Background to this Assignment ..................................................................1
2
Upgrade of Danube Basin Alarm Model..............................................................3
2.1
Introduction ...............................................................................................3
2.2
Modifications.............................................................................................3
2.3
Test programme .........................................................................................4
2.4
Test report..................................................................................................4
3
Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps.........................................7
3.1
General ......................................................................................................7
3.2
Objective of the assessment........................................................................7
3.3
Scope of the assessment .............................................................................8
3.4
Evaluation of the TNMN............................................................................9
3.4.1
Selection of parameters..................................................................9
3.4.2
Selection of stations.......................................................................9
3.4.3
Sampling frequency.....................................................................10
3.4.4
QA/QC........................................................................................ 11
3.5
Design of a tentative list of stations ..........................................................12
3.6
Summary of recommendations .................................................................14
4
References ...........................................................................................................15
A
Selection of MONERIS input data.....................................................................16
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Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
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WL | Delft Hydraulics
Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
Q4215
October, 2006
- DBAM Upgrade
1
Introduction
WL | Delft Hydraulics has been invited by the UNDPGEF Danube Regional Project to
provide an update of the Danube Basin Alarm Model (DBAM) and to utilise the outputs
from the Danube Water Quality Model (DWQM) to identify any significant gaps in data that
could assist the review of the TNMN that is currently being undertaken.
The present document provides the results of this assignment.
1.1
Background to the Danube Regional Project
The Danube Regional Project (DRP) has been established to contribute to the sustainable
human development in the Danube River Basin (DRB) through reinforcing the capacities in
the basin to develop effective co-operation to ensure the protection of the Danube River. The
objective of the DRP is to complement the activities of the International Commission for the
Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) to provide a regional approach to the development
of national policies and legislation and the definition of actions for nutrient reduction and
pollution control in the DRB.
The tasks of the ICPDR are mandated by the "Convention on Cooperation for the Protection
and Sustainable Use of the Danube River" (Danube River Protection Convention, DRPC).
From this Convention also derive the responsibilities of the ICPDR directed to ensure its
implementation and to enhance the cooperation of the Contracting Parties fulfilling their
respective obligations.
The DRP's overall objectives, achievements and future programmes are given on its web
site www.undp-drp.org.
1.2
Background to this Assignment
The Danube Water Quality Model has been designed and refined over many years and is an
important tool for use in the Danube countries and to be available for the ICPDR. The
outputs from the model have also been utilised in a number of research projects (e.g.
daNUbs). The users of the model may also have identified deficiencies in the current Trans-
National Monitoring Network (e.g. gaps in monitoring stations, data frequency etc.) which if
addressed could provide improvements to the model output. This information will be of
benefit to the ICPDR's review of the monitoring network to reflect the needs of the EU
WFD. This review presents an opportunity to improve address any gaps in the TNMN data
needed to improve the quality of the output from the DWQM. The DRP has a current project
to assist the ICPDR undertake an assessment of the TNMN against the requirements of the
EU Water Framework Directive and other drivers.
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The DBAM has been used by the ICPDR for a number of years to assess the impact of any
accidental pollution events in the basin and there is a wish to up-date the MS Windows
compatibility of this software.
The two objectives of this assignment are:
x To upgrade the DBAM (to ensure compatibility with Windows XP operating system)
and;
x To review the adequacy of the TNMN data sets with regards to the DWQM output and
to make recommendations on improvements to data collection.
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2
Upgrade of Danube Basin Alarm Model
2.1
Introduction
The Danube Basin Alarm Model (DBAM) is one of the tools under the Accident Emergency
Warning System (AEWS). Its role is to compute the travel times and the concentration
levels for a cloud of pollutants expected to cause trans-boundary effects on the water quality.
The DBAM is supposed to do so quickly, based on simple and available input data. The
DBAM was designed during a pre-study (WL | Delft Hydraulics, 1996), carried out during
the system design phase of the AEWS. The DBAM concepts were based on the experience
gained in the Rhine River Basin, where a similar model had been operational since 1988,
following the Sandoz spill in 1986. The first version of the DBAM was developed in one of
the Phare Applied Research Programme Projects (Vituki, 1996), and handed over in 1998.
The Phare project "Strengthening Sustainability of Water Quality Management in the
Danube Basin" provided the upgrade to version 2 of the DBAM in 2000 (HKV et al., 2000).
The current project provides a minor upgrade to version 3 of the DBAM, with the aim to
allow the installation and use of the DBAM on the Windows-XP operating system.
2.2
Modifications
The following modifications were implemented to the existing version:
x The calculation module was modified to run under Windows-XP.
x The set-up procedure was modified.
No functional modifications have been carried out.
The new installation consists of two install programs:
NetterSetup4.0.860.exe
Setup_DAM_v3.00.1.EXE
Both install programs need to be run. That can be done interactively, after starting both
programs, e.g. with the "Run ..." command on the Taskbar. The programs provide
instructions. The order of installation of both programs is not relevant.
The programme is distributed with the documentation developed under version 2 and a short
explanation regarding the installation.
The Danube Basin Alarm Model is started from the Taskbar, under the name that was
provided during installation. A map of the catchment area appears. From that point onwards,
user instructions are available under "Help" (F1). The program is intended to run under an
MS Windows XP operating system. To ensure a sufficient performance, we advise the use of
a PC with at least a Pentium 90 Mhz micro-processor.
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2.3
Test programme
The new upgrade has undergone a test programme which was based on the previous, major
upgrade. The tests documented in (HKV et al., 2000) were used as a starting point; where
the limited scope of the current upgrade did not require an extended test programme, the test
programme was shortened. The test plan is provided below.
Tests to be performed
Test C:
x C1: Try installation on Windows XP
Installation prescription clear
Installation successful
x C2: Try installation on non-default directory:
Installation successful
x C3: Try de-installation:
De-installation prescription clear
De-installation successful
Test A:
x A1: Run a DBAM simulation based on one of the example hydrological data files (1c):
Help-facility should describe how to do this
(4c)
run should be made without problems
x A3: Modify the hydrological input table (1b):
Help should be available (4b)
x A5: No malfunctioning of the program may be encountered:
No problems found.
Test B:
x B1: Check if the Help file describes how a sub-region needs to be created
Description available (4d)
x B2: Load an example for a sub-region application
Example available,
Help available (4c)
Loading possible and clear
x B6: No malfunctioning of the program may be encountered:
No problems found.
Test E:
x E1: Run map presentation on test A1:
Inactive sections visible (5a)
Performance improved (5d)
x E3: No malfunctioning of the program may be encountered:
No problems found (5b)
Test G:
x G1: Run graphs presentation on test A1:
Graphs presentation should work properly
x G3: No malfunctioning of the program may be encountered:
No problems found
2.4
Test report
Test C
The installation was carried out on two different PC's satisfying the system requirements
reported in the User Manual. The installation was tried in the default directory and in a non-
default directory. The de-installation was carried out.
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Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
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Criterion
Checked by
Date
Installation successful on Windows-XP
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Installation in non-default directory
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De-installation successful
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Test A:
A simulation was carried out by means of the "step-by-step description of a simulation"
paragraph in the Help File, using an example hydrology file.
The hydrology input was modified and the activity of a range check verified. The presence
of information about the entering of water levels and/or discharges was checked.
Criterion
Checked by
Date
Help File provides step-by-step description of a
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simulation.
A simulation could be carried out according to this
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description (see also tests E and G!)
Import of a hydrology file successful
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Help File provides a description of how to modify
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the hydrology input data
Range checks active on hydrology input data
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Information about entering water levels and/or
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discharges available?
No malfunctioning encountered during the
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complete test
Test B
A sub-region (customisation) was created using the relevant description in the Help File.
Afterwards it was loaded, and the proper functioning of the software was verified. Available
example sub-regions were loaded as well.
Afterwards, test A was repeated.
Criterion
Checked by
Date
Help File provides a description of how to create a
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sub-region
A sub-region could be created
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Example sub-regions are available
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A sub-region could be loaded
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A simulation could be carried out according to this
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description (see also tests E and G!)
Import of a hydrology file successful
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No malfunctioning encountered during the
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complete test
Test E
Test E implies a few extra checks in tests A and B.
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Criterion
Checked by
Date
Map presentation working properly with improved
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performance in test A
The network as a whole is visible, and it is clear
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which sections are active (carrying pollution) and
inactive (not carrying pollution)
Test G
Test G implies a few extra checks in tests A and B.
Criterion
Checked by
Date
Graphs and tables presentation working properly in
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test A
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WL | Delft Hydraulics
Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
Q4215
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- DBAM Upgrade
3
Assessment of TNMN and identification of
data gaps
3.1
General
The first version of the Danube Water Quality Model (DWQM) was created during the GEF
Danube Pollution Reduction Programme Project, in order to quantitatively assess the fate of
the nutrients N and P in the Danube River and its main tributaries (GEF, 1999). A special
objective was to quantify the transboundary nutrient loads, and to assess the impact on these
loads of the implementation of a Pollution Reduction Programme.
The Danube Water Quality Model was significantly modified during the research project
daNUbs "Nutrient Management in the Danube Basin and its Impact on the Black Sea",
which is a part of the EU's 5th framework programme (EVK1-CT-2000-00051). The more
significant modifications were:
x The coupling of DWQM to MONERIS (for the calculation of point sources and diffuse
sources).
x The assessment of additional field data from different sources (including the TNMN).
The results of the daNUbs project are compiled in two modelling reports (Constantinescu et
al., 2001 and van Gils, 2004a). The analysis of the available data is compiled in a separate
report (van Gils, 2004).
The daNUbs report concluded in relation to the TNMN: "The value of the TNMN data set
as a basis to carry out research in support to the development of sustainable water quality
management options can not be stressed enough". The modelling exercises carried out in
daNUbs provided a good insight in the strengths and weaknesses of the TNMN. The current
report builds on these findings to formulate recommendations for future optimisation of the
TNMN.
3.2
Objective of the assessment
The current assessment has the following objective:
On the basis of existing information and results from the DWQM, to identify any gaps in
data from the current TNMN and to make recommendations for addressing these gaps.
The assessment will not be restricted to using the DWQM, but will be dedicated to a
systems analysis in general. In this framework, a systems analysis is an analysis aiming at
obtaining an insight in where pollutants are coming from, where they are going to, and what
processes they are undergoing, on a basin-wide scale. Such an analysis includes an
assessment of emissions, transport processes as well as transformation and degradation
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processes. In other words, such an analysis aims at compiling basin-wide mass balances.
The most important instrument in this respect is data analysis, which is why we are
discussing TNMN data, but modelling can also play a role (e.g. MONERIS and DWQM).
The ultimate goal of the systems analysis is to establish cause-effect relations, in order to
carry out prognoses of effects (efficiency) of measures. This is highly relevant to the
implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), especially when measures will
be developed to arrive at a Good Ecological Status. In other words, the WFD is the rationale
behind the recommendations which will be formulated in the remainder of this report in
relation to the TNMN, not so much to assess pressures or to evaluate the current status, but
to create know-how on how the water system is functioning, in support to the development
of measures to improve the status where necessary.
3.3
Scope of the assessment
The current assessment applies to pollutants which satisfy the following conditions:
x They are to a significant degree determined by diffuse emissions.
x They are persistent or slowly degrading.
x They are optionally transported in particulate form (attached to suspended matter).
The current assessment is less relevant for pollutants which can be described as follows:
x They are determined mainly by point sources.
x They are short living (e.g. BOD, coliform bacteria).
Obviously, the current analysis applies to nitrogen and phosphorus, but also heavy metals
and a range of organic compounds are inside the scope. This means that most of the priority
substances are addressed by this report, insofar as their dispersion into the aquatic
environment is not the result of a limited number of point sources.
Note that the DWQM and MONERIS deal with N and P only. Their concepts however can
be expanded to all pollutants satisfying the criteria listed above.
A final remark with respect to the scope of this report: our experience with the TNMN
results is based on data from 1996-2001, and selected information from 2002-2003. We have
not studied in detail the more recent data.
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WL | Delft Hydraulics
Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
Q4215
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3.4
Evaluation of the TNMN
3.4.1 Selection of parameters
As discussed in Section 3.2, the compilation of mass balances is a key element of a systems
analysis. Therefore, the river discharge is always the first parameter to be measured.
If we want to obtain a complete overview of the fate of a certain pollutant, it is important
that all different forms ("species") of a pollutant are included in the sampling and analysis.
This includes organic and inorganic fractions, and dissolved and particulate fractions.
Specific examples of relevant species of nitrogen and phosphorus which are not commonly
included in monitoring programmes are:
x The organic fractions of nitrogen (dissolved as well as particulate).
x The particulate fractions of phosphorus (organic and inorganic).
For nutrients sampling, also certain supportive parameters are relevant, such as dissolved
oxygen (DO), pH, suspended solids (SS), dissolved silica (Si) and chlorophyll- . (Chlf- .).
Phytoplankton is an important driver for transformation and retention processes in the
aquatic environment, and dissolved silica is an important nutrient for phytoplankton.
Therefore, also dissolved Si and chlorophyll- . (pigments in phytoplankton) need to be
sampled and analysed. Similarly, DO and pH are indicators for transformation processes and
need to be included. Finally, SS is a parameter which also determines the light availability
for phytoplankton; however, it is also an important parameter in itself, because a significant
number of pollutants is present in particulate or adsorbed form inside what we call
suspended matter.
Although the TNMN formally includes organic N, particulate P, dissolved Si and
chlorophyll- ., in practice only a small percentage of the samples taken is actually analysed
for these parameters. During the daNUbs project, the completeness of the TNMN data set
with respect to the abovementioned parameters turned out to be an important shortcoming of
the TNMN.
3.4.2 Selection of stations
In view of compiling basin-wide mass balances, the monitoring stations should be selected
in such a way that the gradual build-up of the river load of pollutants can be monitored. This
can be guided by the distribution of the emissions over the basin. Because these are not
always known, it is also possible to look at factors determining the emissions, such as
population numbers, catchment size, run-off, land use (CORINE database), etc. For N and P,
the estimated emissions by MONERIS could be used.
The stations are positioned to capture the basin-wide emissions (100%) in more or less equal
parts of for example 5%. The choice for 5% leads to a number of stations around 20. This
choice should be considered a minimum number of stations to more or less realistically
represent the complex Danube River. A more ambitious approach is possible if the interval
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is chosen smaller (e.g. 2%) which leads of course to a higher number of stations and higher
operational costs. From the basin wide perspective however, it is more important to have a
complete and high quality data set, than to have high spatial resolution. Data gaps can create
a high degree of uncertainty.
From the present perspective measuring exactly at state boundaries is not of particular
interest. Furthermore, monitoring by different states at their mutual state boundaries, as it is
done in the current TNMN, is not of particular interest either; in the best case it means a
double effort for the same result.
The current practice of monitoring in three different locations over the cross-section (L, M
and R) is in principle useful for river load assessments, in order to avoid artefacts due to
lateral concentration gradients. Despite this practice, it is worthwhile to avoid stations
immediately downstream of large tributaries. If this suggestion is implemented, it might be
useful to check if monitoring in three locations per cross-section is still cost-effective; does
the additional accuracy justify the additional costs?
In section 3.5 we present a tentative set of stations which could be used to set up a basin-
wide systems analysis.
3.4.3 Sampling frequency
For carrying out accurate load calculations it is generally accepted (also by the TNMN, see
ICPDR 2001) that the minimum required frequency of sampling is twice per month (24 to
26/year). This value is therefore recommended as a minimum frequency for basin-wide
systems analysis purposes. It should be used for all measured parameters.
The TNMN has been operating stations where the discharge is measured daily.
Theoretically, this increases the accuracy of the load calculations. The daNUbs project has
demonstrated that the results from load calculations using daily discharges do not deviate
significantly from those using only the discharges at the water quality sampling days only.
Therefore, we consider daily discharge measurements not of key importance.
For pollutants (partly) attached to suspended sediments, such as phosphorus, it has been
demonstrated that a more than proportional share of the annual river load is transported
during flood periods when the river concentration of suspended solids is high. For example,
the river phosphorus load at Vienna during the flood of 8-17 August 2002 equalled 4.7 kt,
whereas the average annual load at the TNMN station in Vienna/Nussdorf over the years
1997-2001 equalled 8.5 kt. For such pollutants it is therefore interesting to work with a
variable sampling frequency which is higher in wet periods and lower in dry periods. For
example:
x The sampling is once per week in wet periods.
x The sampling is once per three weeks in dry periods.
In this respect "wet" and "dry" periods can be derived from long term hydrological data, so
that the sampling can be planned in advance. It is probably not feasible to make the
sampling frequency dependent on the actual river hydrology.
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Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
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If such a variable sampling frequency is implemented to capture better the loads of
particulate substances, it is anticipated that in larger river sections the overall frequency
does not need to be more than 24/year. In larger rivers the flood waves last long and the wet
period frequency does not need to be very high to capture them. In smaller sections
however, the flood waves are shorter, the wet period sampling frequency needs to be higher
and the overall frequency will probably end up to be higher than 24/year.
Prior to implementation, the practical feasibility of such a variable sampling frequency
needs to be investigated.
3.4.4 QA/QC
It is evident that if a large amount of money is spent to carry out a sampling and analysis
programme, it is necessary to have state-of-the-art QA/QC procedures in place in order to
maximise the efficiency of the monitoring programme. In the case of a basin-wide systems
analysis, QA/QC deficiencies might be more problematic than in the case when the
monitoring is done to evaluate water quality objectives. In the latter case, only the
samples/stations suffering inaccuracies are affected, while in the case of a basin-wide
systems analysis one station with QA/QC problems can undermine a substantial part of the
analysis. During the daNUbs project, the accuracy and reliability of the data turned out to be
the most pressing shortcoming of the TNMN. In particular:
x In some cases, different stations within the TNMN proved to be internally inconsistent
(e.g. with respect to the data for P).
x In some cases, the TNMN data turned out to be inconsistent with data from other
sources (e.g. with respect to the data for N).
Examples are provided by van Gils (2004).
To our opinion the new TNMN urgently needs to address this problem. We see it as a
potential pitfall to have a TNMN with sufficient coverage (stations, parameters, frequency)
but with insufficient QA/QC. We would like to recommend integrating the QA/QC
programme with the operational sampling and analysis, e.g. by including blind standards,
blanks, duplicates and spikes in the operational sampling.
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3.5
Design of a tentative list of stations
In this section we provider a tentative list of stations suited to capture the basin-wide
emissions and load increase in more or less equal parts of about 5%. This effort is based on
information regarding indicators for emissions and river loads of different pollutants,
derived from the baseline MONERIS scenario as it was compiled in the daNUbs project
(Schreiber et al., 2005). The following quantities have been taken into consideration:
x Population numbers;
x Catchment area;
x Run-off;
x River loads of N;
x River loads of P.
The criterion used to position one or more stations in the tributaries of the Danube River is
that one of the 5 indicators mentioned above reach a value of more than 4 % of the total (see
Annex A). This leads to the following selection of stations in tributaries:
x Inn: 2 stations.
x Drava: 1-2 stations.
x Tisa: 3-4 stations.
x Sava: 4 stations.
x Velika Morava: 1 station.
x Siret: 1 station.
Furthermore, stations need to be positioned along the main River Danube in such a way that
the inflow from the tributaries which are not monitored is again captured in chunks of about
5%. The resulting list of stations could be as listed in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 demonstrates that 20-25 stations are required if the target accuracy is about 5%.
The list has been compiled using as much as possible existing TNMN stations (based on the
2001 TNMN Yearbook). It turns out that new TNMN stations are required in the Upper
Danube (Germany, Austria) and in the Tisa sub-basin. The new stations are printed in italics
and should be considered suggestions only. The proposed stations can be replaced by others
as long as the distribution remains approximately even.
This tentative list only addresses the basin-wide scale. To obtain a more detailed picture
about the fate of pollutants on the country or region scale the above list should be locally
expanded. To this end, the same method can be used: distributing the stations in such a way
that the emissions are traced in more or less equal parts.
The current assessment does not aim at redefining the TNMN stations list. It only points out
which stations could be used for carrying out a basin-wide systems analysis. Other stations
can of course still be part of the TNMN for other purposes.
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Table 3-1:
Tentative station list for basin-wide systems analysis approach.
Nr
River
Station
Distance
Catchment
(km)
(1000 km2)
1
Danube
Ingolstadt
2458
20
2
Danube
Passau (us Inn!)
2257
48
3
/Inn
Kirchdorf
195
10
4
/Inn
Passau
0
26
5
Danube
Stein-Krems
2003
96
6
Danube
Bratislava
1869
131
7
Danube
Bezdan
1427
210
8
/Drava
Ormoz
300
15
9
/Drava
D.Miholjac/Dravaszabolcs
78
40
10
/Tisa
Zahony
11
/Tisa
Szolnok
12
/Tisa
Titel
9
157
13
/Sava
Jesenice
729
11
14
/Sava
Jasenovac
500
39
15
/Sava
Zupanja
254
63
16
/Sava
Ostruznica
17
96
17
/V.Morava
Ljubicevska
35
37
18
Danube
Pristol/NovoSelo
834
580
19
Danube
Svishtov
554
650
20
Danube
Silistra/Chiciu
432
690
21
/Siret
Sendreni
0
43
22
Danube
Reni
132
806
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3.6
Summary of recommendations
This report presents recommendations for the future TNMN, derived from using the 1996-
2001 TNMN data for a basin wide systems analysis and modelling exercise. The ultimate
goal of such an analysis is to establish cause-effect relations, in order to carry out prognoses
of effects (efficiency) of measures. This is highly relevant to the implementation of the
Water Framework Directive (WFD), especially when measures will be developed to arrive
at a Good Ecological Status.
To establish a sound basis for similar future exercises we recommend:
1. To monitor all species of the pollutants under investigation (see section 3.4.1). For
nutrients sampling, parameters like organic N and particulate P need to be included on
top of the more commonly monitored inorganic dissolved nutrient species, as well as
supportive parameters (like DO, pH, SS, Si, Chlf- .). It should be noted that these
parameters are already formally part of the TNMN, but for some of them the resulting
data sets are far from complete.
2. The stations should be selected to monitor in more or less equal parts the emissions and
thus the increasing river load (see section 3.4.2). When capturing the emissions by parts
of e.g. 5%, a list of 20-25 stations remains, which mostly consists of already existing
TNMN stations (see example in section 3.5).
3. The sampling frequency should be at least 24/year. Optionally, a varying sampling
frequency could be considered for (partly) particulate pollutants like phosphorus and
many heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds (see section 3.4.3).
4. The present QA/QC of the sampling and analysis process needs to be strengthened, in
order to guarantee an accurate and consistent data set (see section 3.4.4).
On the basis of our experience in using the TNMN data during the daNUbs project, we
would like to stress that recommendation 1) regarding the completeness of the TNMN data
sets and recommendation 4) regarding the accuracy and reliability of the sampling and
analysis should not be overlooked.
1 4
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Assessment of TNMN and identification of data gaps
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October, 2006
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References
Constantinescu and van Gils, 2001: Draft Danube Delta Model and Danube WQ Model, first applications
(deliverables D5.2 and D5.6). Report prepared in the framework of the daNUbs project (EU 5th
Framework Programme), by Delft Hydraulics, Delft. The Netherlands, October 2001.
GEF, 1999: Danube Pollution Reduction Programme: Danube Water Quality Model simulations in support to the
Transboundary Analysis and the Pollution Reduction Programme, J. van Gils, Delft Hydraulics, for the
Danube PCU, GEF/UNDP assistance, Delft, June, 1999.
HKV, Delft Hydraulics & Vituki, 2000: "Strengthening Sustainability of Water Quality Management in the
Danube Basin, Final Report, Component III: Strengthening the Danube Accident Emergency Warning
System (AEWS)", HKV Consultants, Delft Hydraulics and Vituki, Lelystad, The Netherlands, October
2000.
Hock & Kovács, 1987: A large international River: the Danube, Summary of the Hydrological Conditions and
Water Management Problems in the Danube Basin. Working Paper WP-87-11, International Institute
for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, January 1987.
ICPDR, 2001: Water Quality in the Danube River Basin, TNMN Yearbook 2001. International Commission for
the Protection of the Danube River, Vienna, Austria.
Stan ŝik et al., 1988: Danube, Hydrology of the River. Andrej Stan ŝik, Slavoljub Jovanovi ŝ et al.., Publishing
House Priroda, Bratislava, Slovakia, 1988.
Schreiber, H., Behrendt, H., Constantinescu, L.T., Cvitanic, I. Drumea, D., Jabucar, D., Juran, S., Pataki, B.,
Snishko, S. & Zessner, M. (2005): Point and diffuse nutrient emissions and loads in the transboundary
Danube river basin I. A modelling approach. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. Large Rivers, (in print).
Van Gils, 2004: Revised Danube WQ Model: Analysis of available data (deliverable D5.9a). Report prepared in
the framework of the daNUbs project (EU 5th Framework Programme), by Delft Hydraulics, Delft.
The Netherlands, version 2, January 2004.
Van Gils, 2004a: Revised Danube Water Quality Model, including Simulations for periods of cruises
(deliverables D5.9 and D5.7). Report prepared in the framework of the daNUbs project (EU 5th
Framework Programme), by Delft Hydraulics, Delft. The Netherlands, version 2, August 2004.
Vituki, 1996: Applied Research Programme of the Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin.
Development of a Danube Alarm Model, Version 1.00. Final Report, Project EU/AR/303/91. Volumes
of: Final Theoretical Reference Manual, Final System Reference, Final Users Manual, Final Data
Report. Prepared by the Consortium of VITUKI Plc, STU, ICIM, NIMH and RIZA, led by VITUKI
Plc. Budapest, September 1996.
WL | Delft Hydraulics, 1996: Environmental Programme for the Danube River Basin. Danube Basin Alarm
Model. Pre-study. Final Report. Delft Hydraulics, Delft, The Netherlands, February 1996.
WL | Delft Hydraulics
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A
Selection of MONERIS input data
The table below provides the values for the indicators used in Section 3.5, derived from the
baseline MONERIS scenario as it was compiled in the daNUbs project (Schreiber et al.,
2005). It concerns:
x Population numbers;
x Catchment area;
x Run-off;
x River loads of N;
x River loads of P.
Population
Area
Discharge
N-load
P-load
[inh]
[km²]
[m3/s]
[t/y]
[t/y]
Inn
2344073
26074
712
28278
2033
Drava
3236612
40315
469
22745
1867
Tisza
13456974
151775
898
57099
3477
Sava
8605227
95887
1218
65763
6361
Velika Morava
3476979
33890
171
12676
1167
Siret
3176485
36048
197
14886
916
Basin totals
82158006
802888
6185
423448
31001
%
%
%
%
%
Max%
Inn
2.9%
3.2%
11.5%
6.7%
6.6%
11.5%
Drava
3.9%
5.0%
7.6%
5.4%
6.0%
7.6%
Tisza
16.4%
18.9%
14.5%
13.5%
11.2%
18.9%
Sava
10.5%
11.9%
19.7%
15.5%
20.5%
20.5%
Velika Morava
4.2%
4.2%
2.8%
3.0%
3.8%
4.2%
Siret
3.9%
4.5%
3.2%
3.5%
3.0%
4.5%
1 6
WL | Delft Hydraulics