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Ýêçåìïëÿðû íàñòîÿùåãî äîêëàäà ìîæíî ïîëó÷èòü ïî
àäðåñó:
UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE
Switzerland
Òåë: +41 22 917 1234
Ôàêñ: +41 22 797 3460
Ýë.ïî÷òà: chemicals@unep.ch
ÄÅÊÀÁÐÜ 2002 Ã.
http://www.chem.unep.ch
Ïîäïðîãðàììà ÞÍÅÏ ïî õèìè÷åñêèì âåùåñòâàì ÿâëÿåòñÿ
Printed at United Nations, Geneva
÷àñòüþ Îòäåëà òåõíîëîãèé,
GE.03-01788July 2003300
ïðîìûøëåííîñòè è ýêîíîìèêè ÞÍÅÏ
UNEP/CHEMICALS/2003/13
ÃËÎÁÀËÜÍÛÉ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÔÎÍÄ
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UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones
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:
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: +41 22 797 3460
.: chemicals@unep.ch
http://www.chem.unep.ch
,
ii
VI
VII
1
1
1.1
1
1.1.1
1
1.1.2
1
1.2
2
1.2.1
2
1.2.2
2
1.2.3
2
1.2.4
3
1.3
-
3
1.3.1
5
1.3.2
5
1.3.3
6
1.4
6
1.5
6
1.5.1
-
6
1.5.2
11
1.5.3
11
1.5.4
12
1.6
- 15
1.7
18
1.8
/ 20
2
22
2.1
22
2.1.1
22
2.2
, 24
2.2.1
- 24
2.2.2
32
2.2.3
36
2.2.4
48
2.3
49
2.4
50
2.5
51
iii
3
,
52
3.1
52
3.1.1
52
3.2
53
3.2.1
/ 53
3.2.2
( ) 55
3.2.3
58
3.2.4
59
3.2.5
60
3.2.6
64
3.2.7
66
3.3
67
3.3.1
67
3.3.2
, 68
3.3.3
, 71
3.4
72
3.5
72
3.6
72
4
73
4.1
73
4.1.1
73
4.1.2
73
4.2
74
/
4.3
74
4.3.1
74
4.3.2
75
4.3.3
75
4.3.4
76
4.4
76
4.5
77
4.5.1
77
4.5.2
, 83
4.5.3
85
4.6
86
4.6.1
? 87
4.6.2
? 87
4.7
88
iv
5
89
5.1
89
5.2
89
5.2.1
89
5.2.2
90
5.2.3
96
5.3
97
5.3.1
97
5.3.2
104
5.4
109
5.5
/ 110
5.5.1
, 110
5.5.2
, 111
5.6
112
5.7
112
5.7.1
112
5.7.2
113
5.7.3
114
5.7.4
114
6
116
6.1
116
6.2
116
6.2.1
116
6.2.2
116
6.2.3
, 117
6.3
117
119
1 129
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1.5.1.1
: 1,2,3,4,10,10--1,4,4a,5,8,8a--1,4-, -5,8-
- (C12H8Cl6).
6
CAS: 309-00-2
: : 27 / 25°C; : 2,3 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 5,17-7,4.
: 1950 .
70- ,
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20 1,6 .
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33 /( ) 320 /( ) .
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) 0,2 /( ).
0,1 180 /.
1.5.1.2
: 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8--2,3,3a,4,7,7a-o-4,7-
(C10H6Cl8).
CAS: 57-74-9
: : 56 / 25°C; : 0,98 x 10-5 . . 25 °C; log
KOW: 4,58-5,57.
: 1945
, , .
120 . 60-75%
, -, ,
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4 .
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: , LC50 0,4 / ( ) 90
/ ( ).
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FAO/,
0,002 /( ) 0,5 /( ).
1,5-6 /. ,
.
1.5.1.3 ()
: 1,1,1--2,2--(4-)- (C14H9Cl5).
CAS: 50-29-3.
: : 1,2-5,5 / 25°C; : 0,2 x 10-6 . . 20°C;
log KOW: 6,19 pp'-, 5,5 pp'- and 5,7 pp'-.
:
, , , .
7
.
85% pp'- 15% op'- .
:
15 , 7 .
( 50000 500000 ).
.
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1,0
/.
.
,
.
1971 1981 . 68800 (UNEP, 1990).
. ,
1990 . 2800 (UNEP/FAO/PIC/INC.1/inf.1, 1996).
1.5.1.4
: 1,2,3,4,10,10--6,7--1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a--1,4-
-5,8-- (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS: 60-57-1
: : 140 / 20°C; : 1,78 x 10-7 . . 20°C;
log KOW: 3,69-6,2.
: 1948
, ,
.
: ,
3-4 , . ,
4-10 .
: (LC50 1,1 41 /)
: LD50 40 - 70 /( ). ,
0,6 /( )
. ,
.
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/( ) 0,2 /( ).
0,1-18 /.
1.5.1.5
: 3,4,5,6,9,9--1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a--2,7:3,6-
[2,3-b] (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS: 72-20-8
: : 220-260 / 25 °C; : 2,7 x 10-7 . .
25°C; log KOW: 3.21-5.34.
: 50-
8
, , ,
, . .
: ( ,
12 ).
14 18000.
: ,
LC50 1 /. :
LD50 3-43 /( ); LD50 5-20 /( ).
, ,
0,05 /( · ).
1.5.1.6
: 1,4,5,6,7,8,8--3a,4,7,7a--4,7- (C10H5Cl7).
CAS: 76-44-8
: : 180 / 25°C; : 0,3 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 4,4-5,5.
:
, - ,
. .
: ,
, .
: 0,75 2 . ,
,
.
:
( LD50 40 119 /( ).
LC50 0,11 /.
,
.
, /, 0,006 /( )
0,2 /( ).
1.5.1.7 (HCB)
: (C6Cl6).
CAS: 118-74-1
: : 50 / 20°C; : 1,09 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 3,93-6,42.
: 1945
, , ,
.
,
, .
,
.
: 2,7- 5,7 ,
0,5 4,2 .
.
: LC50 50 200 /.
LD50 3,5 /( ). []
0,25 /( ). ,
9
(porphyria cutanea tarda) ,
.
1.5.1.8
: 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6---1,3,4--1H--
[cd] (C10Cl12).
CAS: 2385-85-5
: : 0,07 / 25°C; : 3 x 10-7 . . 25°C; log
KOW: 5,28.
: 50-
.
, , , .
95,1% 2,58% ( ).
: ,
10 . ,
, 2600 51400.
( 4,76 , = 52 /(3 ))
.
: :
LD50 = 235 /( ), 80 /( ).
, LC50 96-
0,2 / 30 / .
1 /. , ,
.
1.5.1.9
: (C10H10Cl8).
CAS: 8001-35-2
: : 550 / 20°C; : 3,3 x 10-5 . . 25°C; log
KOW: 3,23-5,50.
: 1949
; ,
, , .
, , , .
300 67-60 .% .
: 100 12
. , (
4247 76000 ).
: : 96- LC50 1,8
/ 22 / .
0,5 / .
49 /( ) 365 /( ) .
, ,
0,35 /( /), LD50 60 293 /( ).
, .
:
1,1 /(
/).
10
1.5.2
1.5.2.1 ()
: (C12H(10-n)Cln, n 1-10).
CAS: (, 1242 CAS 53469-21-9; 1254
CAS 11097-69-1).
: 0,01 -
0,0001 / 25°C; : 1,6-0,003 x 10-6 . . 20°C; log KOW: 4,3-8,26.
: 1929
(, , , ).
;
, , ,
- .
209 ,
, , 130 .
: - ( ,
, , 2,4,5-, 2,3,5- 2,3,6-
) .
( - -)
. ,
: , ,
153 .
: LC50
0,32 / , 0,01 /.
LD50 1 /( ).
, , , .
,
.
1.5.3
1.5.3.1 -- ()
()
: (C12H(8-n)ClnO2) (C12H(8-n)ClnO) 1 8
. 75 135 .
CAS: (2,3,7,8- 1746-01-6; 2,3,7,8- 51207-
31-9).
: 0,43 0,0002 / 25°C; : 2
0,007 x 10-6 . . 20°C; log KOW: 6,60 8,20 - -
.
:
.
.
: , ,
( 10 12 )
.
.
: 2,3,7,8-
(17 ), -. 2,3,7,8-
( -)
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11
, .
, , .
.
10 /( · ),
1-2 /( · ).
0,1 /( ·
). , (
) 1-4 TEQ /( ),
1-70 TEQ /(
).
1.5.4
1.5.4.1 ()
: 1,2,3,4,5,6- ( ) (C6H6Cl6).
CAS: 608-73-1 (-, : 58-89-9).
: -: : 7 / 20°C; : 3,3 x 10-5 . .
20°C; log KOW: 3,8.
: : « »,
, - (55-80%), - (5-14%) -
(8-15%), «», - .
, .
40- .
, , ,
.
:
, 1 2 .
,
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-) .
1400.
: : LC50 20-90 /.
: LD50 60-250 /.
,
.
1.5.4.2 ()
: ,
.
CAS: .
: : 0,00014 2,1 / 25ºC; : 0,0015 x 10-9 0,0051
. . 25°C; log KOW: 4,79-8,20.
:
,
(), .
: .
.
, () 9, 43 83
,
.
100-2000 .
, .
12
: ,
LD50 490 18000 /( ).
,
: LD50 (a) 10 /( ). Daphnia pulex LC50
1,0 /, 0,1 / (a) 0,005 /.
.
,
. [], []
[,h] . [b]
[1,2,3-c,d] .
1.5.4.3 ()
: (C12H(10-n)BrnO, n = 1-10).
, 209,
-, - - .
CAS: ( 32534-81-9; 32536-52-0;
1163-19-5)
: : 0,9 / 25°C (); : 3,85 x 10-3
10-7 . . 20-25 °C; log KOW: 4,28 9,9.
: 60- .
, .
- - (10-12%), - (44-46%), - (33-
35%) (10-11%) .
, ,
. - ( )
, , ,
, .
: ,
, ,
, .
.
19-119 ,
.
Toxicity: , ( -
-), , -, ,
() .
LD50 > 2 000 /( ). 30- ,
2 /( ·),
1 /( ·). Daphnia magna
LC50 = 14 µg/L, 4.9 µg/L.
, - ,
.
1.5.4.4 ()
: (C6Cl5OH).
CAS: 87-86-5.
: : 14 / 20°C; : 16 x 10-5 . . 20°C; log
KOW: 3,32 5,86.
: (),
, () .
(, ,
13
, , ) .
.
: : 100
3,3 3,5 7,3. 72 ;
, 23-178 .
,
( 10-24 ). 771.
Toxicity: ,
,
. 24- LC50
0,2 /, 3,2 /.
: LD50
50 - 210 /( ). LC50 0,093 /
(48 ) 0,77-0,97 / (96 ) 0,47 / (48 ).
1.5.4.5
: , ,
(HgCH3).
CAS: 22967-92-6
: : 0,1 / 21°C (HgCH3Cl) 1,0 / 25ºC (Hg(CH3)2);
: 8,5 x 10-3 . . 25°C (HgCH3Cl); log KOW: 1,6 (HgCH3Cl) 2,28 (Hg(CH3)2).
:
(, , ),
( , , , ).
, , , ,
, , .
;
, .
: , ,
,
. ,
.
, .
0,01%, -
100%. 60 .
:
, .
, -, .
1.5.4.6
: -, -, -
. : (n-C4H9)nSn-X
(C6H5)3Sn-X, X , .
CAS: 56-35-9 (O); 76-87-9 (OH)
: : 4 / (O) 1 / (OH) 25°C pH 7; :
7,5 x 10-7 . . 20°C (O) 3,5 x 10-8 . . 50ºC (OH); log KOW: 3,19 3,84.
(, ).
:
( ) .
( ),
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14
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: ,
.
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1000-6000.
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3491 ).
.
,
. ,
. (-) (-
-). 7439 .
2500 . 90%
, 3000
.
. -
(7495 ) . ,
3100 , ( )
.
- - (-
), 4643 . 43ºE
. (1894 )
.
. ,
, 23 123 .
4750 .
, .
- ,
.
, 180 .
, 20
.
,
.
, - .
18
500 700 1104 .
, , . -
- , ,
. ( 2264 ) ( 3073 )..
, (. 2412) ,
2000 3000 . , ,
( ,
). 123 .
- ,
. 500 . ,
- 81 ,
. . -
( )
.
- .
, , , ,
. 75-80% .
, .
188 , 40 - .
, , .
- (6300 ), (5464 )
. (33800 2) ,
(31500 2) , (18428 2) .
(394299 2) ,
.
VII 4ºN 66ºN. ,
. , , -
, -
. .
, .
- () -17°C + 18°C
( ,
).
. () (-20° +18°
), .
(), - ,
, , , .
.
-32°C, -64°C ( , -54°C ).
+24°C ( +39°C).
(), -12°C +15°C
( , ).
.
,
. -1°C
-27°C (, ),
26°C. .
. 3 % .
19
1.8 /
. . ,
70% , ,
.
.
VII 6,8 2,
, 57% 13% ,
30,5 2. ,
5,5 2. 17 2
- - .
VII .1.1:
20
. 1.1: VII
VII
21
2
2.1
() .
( ),
, , .
, VII, ,
.
,
.
.
VII. ,
, .
,
, , .
,
, , .
(Connell and Miller, 1984). VII
.
,
.
, , ,
.
.
,
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
-
.
, . ,
,
, , .
,
. ,
.
2.1.1
1,
18 VII
22
.
1. ,
1- ,
(),
( 2.1).
,
, .
, 2 ,
, 1 .
, .
( 2.1) ,
.
2.1
(CDD)
2 2
(PCDF)
2 2
(PCBs)
2 2
(PAHs)
2 2
(DDT)
2 1
(HCH)
2 1
(PCP)
1 2
1 2
(PBDE)
1 2
(HCB)
1 2
1 1
(Toxaphene)
0 1
(eptachlor)
0 1
(Aldrin)
0 1
(Chlordane*)
1 1
(Dieldrin)
0 1
(Endrin)
0 1
(Mirex)
0 1
=0 /
=1 /
=2 /
1 0 ,
«1».
, , , , ,
23
. , : )
, )
, )
,
, , )
, )
/ ) /
.
, 8 18 /
. , , (, ,
) (/, ).
.
18 , , ,
.
2.2 ,
2.2.1 -
.
() . ,
, - . - ,
,
.
, .
120 2680 /2
4800 /2 (Ministry for Nature Protection Republic of Tajikistan
( ), 2000 .). ,
.
.
.
, , ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
,
. 1973 . 1980 . - -
764 255 ,
(Pak et al., 2002). 227
(Shakirov et al., 2002). -
VII
.
1433 . 118 .
, (1022 )
. 1972 . 15000
(
). 14 , 0,6
². .
,
24
. 80- ,
, .
461 ,
45 ².
100 (State Committee for Nature Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan (
), 2002 .).
.
, , ,
, , , , .
1950 . 1970 . ,
.
, .
, , , , , .
:
2.2 (Yufit &
Grosheva, 2002)
,
929 (2000 .)
1000 (1999 .)
700 , 1972-
1975 . (1997 .).
218 - 200 135 , 25
(1998 .).
130 (1996 .)
170
(1998 .)
202 ( 16 . 1992 .
)
20 . 2000 .
(2000 .).
100 ,
( ) (1999 .).
1500 ,
.. 116 , 14 , 18,3 .
.
126
66
1979-1982 .
102
185 (1998 .)
579 (2000 .)
500 (1997 .)
590 , .. 20
(1999 .).
19 , 600 ,
1989 . (1999 .)
25
352 , 149 203
(2000 .).
375 , 69
(1999 .)
127 (, 24 )
()
9
2.3 ,
1999 ., () (Shekhovtsov, 2002)
1
1
2000 .
1999 .
1999 .
1999 .
1999 .
28 10
38 11
27
28
6
34
10 24
92
36
128
76 53
29 38
67 45
22
177
90
267
142
126
2.4 (Ishankulov, 2002a)
- ,
,
,
,
15
24
0,5
---
---
---
1985 . 1965-1970
.
(,
--- ---
)
, 2.4, ,
500 . ,
.
2.5 , (Pak et al., 2002)
-
-
()
()
1973 .
20% 22,7
37,3
26
30% s.p.
5,5
2,0
72% . 5,5
-
5,5% DDT 5,4
518,4
50% DDT 0,1
97,5
-
69,5
39,2 724,7
1980 .
5,5% DDT 250,7
-
12% 4,5
-
255,2
294,4
724,7
2.6, ,
.
27
.
. (2)
. (1)
1994
1990
1973
.
.
.
.
. (2)
. (2)
-
-
. (1)
-
. (1)
-
1990
-
. (2)-
1986
1983
1991
. (2)
1971
1991
. (2)
1987 (2)
1991
1986
1987
(1)
. 1973
.
2000
. (2)
. (2)
.
. (2)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
1987
1984
1989
2002
1982
.
1983
1997
. 1986
. 1973
1986
. (2)
. (2)
1986
1973
2002
1997
.
. (2)
1990
1989
1986 (1)
(2)
.
.
. (1)
.
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
. (2)
1982 (2)
1975
1989
1975
1986
1979
1999
1997
.
. 1986
. 1973
.
1980
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
1971
1989
1975
1981
1969
1999
1997
.
. 1986
. 1973
. 1990
.
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
1986
1990
1988
1975
1989
1981
1970
1997
. 1973
. 2001
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
. (1)
1970 (1)
1983
1988
1973
1989
1971
1981
1969
1986
1997
2000
.
.
. 1986
. 1973
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
1986
1991
1988
1968
1986
1969
1997
1990-
. (1)
.
. 1973
. 1990
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (1)
. (2)
. (2)
. (2)
. (1)
1988
1975
1989
1981
1969
1986
1980
:
1973
2.6
1973
1990-
)
1997
1986
1975
:
1.
2.
28
-
(
-
-
:
. ,
. 60- 70-
, : , ,
.
, 1971-1972 , ,
.
4000 ,
. ,
(UNEP, 1997).
, 1989 , 1973 ., 8,6
(Pak et al., 2002).
,
, , ,
.
. .
, . -
. , . 1958 . 1970
. 262 (.), 1968 .
.
(Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, 2002). 1979 .
1986 . 12900.
.
,
( / )
.
(), ,
, , 1990 .
,
1990 ..
,
, .
, .
.
, .
. 50-
1983 . 30 0,4 . .
, 10 000 (Hua and Shan, 1996).
.
,
. .
, -
, -
().
,
:
; -
( 0,1%),
.
29
, ,
.
31 1987 .,
. 1979 . 1982 . 5023
5996 (Morton, 1990). ,
(. ) (UNEP, 1997 .),
. 1950 . 1970 .
.
.
, 1972 . ,
. ,
.
(14 2001 .), 1953-1957 .
2509 ², ,
.
. ,
,
( ), 600 . 1989 .
0,6 (- , 2001
.) (. 2.2). , 184,7 .
,
. , (0,5 )
(. 2.4).
, 995 , .
33 (Shakirov, 2002a).
, -
( 200-500 ), .. (Ministry for Nature Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan
( ), 2000 .).
,
(), (), ()
() 109 (Glazovsky, 2002).
, ;
II
. ,
, .
. , . 60- 70-
VII .
, ,
.
. ( ,
1989 .), , , . 60- 70-
, .
, .
. ( ,
1989 .), .
. 70- ,
. ,
.
.
. () (),
30
,
.
. ,
. ,
«», « »
« ».
, , .
.
,
.
,
.
610 . 1986 .,
(Shekhovtsov, 2002). 1990 .,
, , ,
.
.
. , ,
, , , , .
.
.
. 1992 . 31 1996 .
141,5 24,3 . 117,2 (AFCD,
2001).
.
.
. , , 80-
.
1964 . 1980 . 24 000 (Xu, 2002); 99
.
(UNEP, 1997). , .
( 50 ) -
( 15 ) (. 2.4).
,
(, ).
. , , , ,
- ,
.
50- 1983 .,
. 30 4,9 . (Hua and Shan, 1996).
(-)
;
. 15 1991 . (AFCD, 2001).
1986 . 1988 .,
- 11 (Ip, 1990).
1948 . 1971 . 389000 .
, .
; 1987 .
31
, 1000 , 116
. 24 (. 2.4).
, , , ..
, .
. VII , ,
, , .
.
-
. 90- 5 000 . 60-
.
1955 . 1957 ., 1990 .
.
175700 , 97% 1974 .
-
. 1993 . ,
. , .
- , - , ,
.
, .
, - , ,
. .
2.2.2
(). ,
: ,
,
, ,
, ,
() (). , ,
. .
-
. , :
: ,
/:
: ,
/:
:
, 131, ,
:
: ,
:
:
, 1 . . ,
, , , , ..
,
.
. , , ,
0,05% (Harrad et al., 1994).
32
, - ,
, .
1954 . 1972 . 58787 . ,
54000 , 37156 ,
, 8585 , 5350
2910 , ..
(Hiraoka, 2001). , 2.1
(Hiraoka, 2001). , -
1998 .
33
:5318
,
:1048
(: 516 )
-,
,
+
.
+
: 37156
: 5350
:8585
: 2910
= 54001
,
-
(
-
)
,
-
-
6 -
-
.
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
: 3 ~5
:
/ : %
1/3
~
: ~
.
ppm*.
ppm
(
(
: 60 ~ 70%).
.)
. ,
.
. 2.1 ,
1974 . « » 1979 . «
».
10000 , 9000 ,
. 1000 ,
, .
, , 1995
. 400 (Li, 2002).
. 1960 . 1990 .
, . ,
300000-500000 , () ( ),
. ,
( ).
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
(Shekhovtsov, 2002). -
34
.
(Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program - AMAP)
, ,
- .
(Yufit and Grosheva, 2002).
2002 . 11 224,8
, . 190,3 , 1,5 .
, 413,6 .
, 25-
. ( ), ,
180000 .
,
(), ,
1060 . , 1994 .
-.
,
, , - (Namkhai, 2002).
(). .
1952 . 1972 . 70000 .
,
.
2.7.
2.7 (/) (Münch and Axenfeld, 1999)
1970 36092
1975 36369
1980 24501
1985 24376
1990 12120
1993-95 10980
().
,
.
. ,
, /.
1999 . 70000 ( 2.8) (Rahman et al., 2001).
( 2.9) 10000 /,
5000 / (Nishizawa, 1997, 1999, 2000).
2.8 (1999 ., /) (Rahman et al., 2001)
- 24300 7500 23000 54800
- 1375 450 2000 3825
- 8290 210 0 8500
35
2.9 (/) (Nishizawa, 1997, 1999, 2000)
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
- 9800 5800 4900 4700 4450
- 1500 900 300 250 250
,
, 75%
(Raether, 1998). -,
. 1999 . 1500 /
85 / - . ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
.
. ,
.
2.2.3
2.2.3.1 --
(/)
/
, ,
, ,
(). /,
, , ,
. /
, ,
, ,
/ (Alcock and Jones, 1996; UNEP, 2001). ,
/ - ,
. /
2,4- (2,4 D).
/
15 (, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ) (UNEP, 2001).
,
, , /.
30000 ³ (CED, 2002). / .
, ,
/, .
/
, ( 42 . 1998 .)
(6-7 TEQ/, ..
). 2.10
:
36
2.10
( ) (
(Russian Dioxin Program), 1997)
«»
«»
«»
«»
«»
«»
OAO
-
-
-
-
«»
- « »
«»
«»
«»
«»
«»
«»
-
« »
37
-
«»
.
20 (, , ,
, , , , , , )
, / (Revich,
2002). /. ,
/ , ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
, /,
. -,
. , 10
/ , 1997 .
.
. , 60% ,
200 . /
,
(Djuraev, 2002).
2.2.3.1.1
/
/, ,
, /,
/
. 1999 . 1/3 1997 . (.2.11).
2001 . . (Kim et al. (2001) /
9 . 1998 .
: 1,18 ~ 29,61 -TEQ/3 ( : 5,75, : 2,77) -
0,026 ~ 4,548 -TEQ/3 ( : 0,92, : 0,07) ,
.
/ (UNEP, 1999). ,
19 1997 . 0,1 -TEQ/3,
1 1997 . 30
2003 . 0,5 -TEQ/3, 1 2003 . 0,1 -TEQ/3 .
/
: 5,87 -TEQ/3 1997 . 0,92 -TEQ/3 1998 . 0,051 -TEQ/3 1999 .
, , . (Oh et al, 1999)
, 2.11. ,
,. .
10260 /.
38
2.11 / - (Ministry of the Environment Japan,
http://www.env.go.jp)
1997
. 1998
. 1999
. 2000
.
5000
1550
1350
1019
: 0,044*
: 0,044*
: 0,035*
: 0,035*
1500
1100
690
555
: 5,27*
: 5,27*
: 5,29*
: 2,47*
368 ~619
368 ~ 619
307 ~ 509
353~370
2,1 ~ 4,6
2,2 ~ 4,8
2,2 ~ 4,8
2,2~4,9
228,5
139,9
141,5
131,1
135
113,8
101,3
69,8
47,4
25,4
21,8
26,5
25,066
23,166
17,.366
16,566
26,3
25,7
17,6
14,6977
0,1~0,2
0,1~0,2
0,1~0,2
0,1~0,2
1,12
1,12
1,12
1,61
0,093*
0,093*
0,093*
0,093
7,30*
6,83*
6,93*
5,95*
7,30*
7343 ~ 7597
3358 ~ 3612
2 659 ~ 2864
2198~2218
: -WHO-TEQ/ (TEF: WHO1998)
*
2.12
(Oh et al., 1999)
,
/
(-TEQ/3)
(-TEQ/)
11 *1 0,13~22,3
1,75 0,81
0,4~112 20,3 9,0
1 *2 5,86 123
1 *3 0,25 2,7
1 *4 43,3 496
1 *5 2,68 37,3
1 *6 0,03 0,5
, (%):
..
.
*1 46,6
23,1
17,1
5,5
*2
51,2
26,0
13,9
*3
51,2
7,5
10,3
27,4
*4
32,3
29,8
24,2
7,9
39
*5
8,4
50,2
41,5
*6
100
80- , , ,
,
, . ,
70% (,
(), , , .) ,
215 . ,
/ ,
, (Fu, 2002).
/ ,
.
/ ,
,
(, ).
2.2.3.1.2
/
/ , ,
/ . ,
(Masunaga, 2000,
2.13).
, /
40 . , 50% ,
, . 10%
( ). : ,
, (CNP) 60%, 10% 30%
.
2.13 /, CNP,
(Masunaga, 2000)
-
/TEQ
-
,
-
()
/
1955-(1974) 164000 / 1100 (=33)1) (/)
180000 ()
I-TEQ
3,77 (=9)1) (-TEQ/)
600 (-TEQ)
WHO-TEQ
1,25 (=8)1) (-TEQ/)
200 (-TEQ)
CNP
1965-(1994) 82000 /
3500 (1970),
280(1985)2)
190000 ()
(/)
I-TEQ
180 (-TEQ)
4,1(1970), 0,002(1985)2) (-
WHO-TEQ
TEQ/)
440 (-TEQ)
10 (1970), 0,003(1985)2) (-
TEQ/)
1) , 4 .
2) , .
,
/
() (Na-PCP) (Bao et al., 1995).
/ (, , )
40
N-.
2.2.3.1.3
/
/,
2.14 (UNEP, 2001).
/
.
2.14 (UNEP, 2001)
(-TEQ/)
( A30 1242)
15000
( A40 1248)
70000
( A50 1254)
300000
( A60 1260)
1500000
2.2.3.1.4
/
/. /
, , 3660 ppm ( .) - 0,8-400 ppm -
(US EPA, 1988). /
, .
2,4,5- CNP. 2,4 (PA) / ,
, 23 ppm 24 ppm / 2,4- ().
, 759 ppb ( .) 1145 ppb (US PA,
1988). , 7170 ppb 3285 ppb
809 (/ ) 933 (/ )
, ( ).
, , /.
200 . 1998 . 5
. (Li, 2002).
2.2.3.1.5
/
2.15 /,
(UNEP, 2001). , /, 5 ,
/,
.
/
0,5 3500 -TEQ/ . ,
0,5 350 -TEQ/.
2.15 / (UNEP, 2001)
( TEQ/)
30350
10350
5253000
11000
0,450
41
1100
5500
0,320
0,33
0,13
14.3
0,0350
( ) 1035
0,580
5100
0,11
50250
2100
0,2
3,35000
, 2,510
,
5500
8
- 1001500
1,570
0,155
0,0710
0,020.2
0,0150,2
0,020,2
0,00070,07
0,002,2
2,53,5
0.1
4
/ - 530
, ,
94400
, ,
0,00710
0,490
0,650
NA
0,10,3
42
(1)
,
/, 2.12 ,
20 -TEQ/. 30-120 -TEQ/
/ 41,1 . .
.
1999-2000 . US EPA ( )
/. ,
/ 10 .
/ (42,2 . /),
/ 10835 I-TEQ/. /
.
, , , , ,
.
(2)
/
. /
0,6 3,4 -TEQ/3 (Eduljee & Dyke, 1996). .
.
/ 1
1,2 9,0 -TEQ/.
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.2.1
,
(Sakai et. al., 1993, 1999).
: 240
, 790 , 18 , : 1000 ( 2.16).
48 /3 ,
(-) 140 / 2,8 / .
, . ,
. . (Kaba et al. 1993)
10
. : 61,6 /3 155
/3 .
0,1%. , .
, 10 , 17700
/3 (: 1800 /3).
. (Chang et al. 1999)
, , , 9
0,005 12 -TEQ/3 ( : 1,72 -TEQ/3); 24,9 -TEQ/.
, 300 /,
5000 3 . , ,
1 , 8,6 -TEQ/ .
2.16 / (Sakai et al., 1999 a b)
-
()
48 (/3) 5000
(3/
240 (/
)
)
43
26 (/) 30
(/ ) 790
(/
)
0,12 (/) 150
(/ ) 18
(/
)
-
11 (/3) 5000
(3/
55 (/
()
)
)
2,7 (/) 30
(/ ) 81
(/
)
140 (/
450 ~ 550 (/
)
)
0,012 (/) 150
(/ ) 1,9
(/
)
-
0,23 (TEQ/3) 5000
(3/
1,2 (TEQ/
(TEQ)
)
)
0,053 (TEQ/) 30
(/ ) 1,6
(TEQ/
)
2,8
0,31 ~ 0,29
(TEQ/
(TEQ/
0,00023
150 (/ ) 0,035
(TEQ/
)
)
(TEQ/)
)
/ +
1,8 ~ 14
5000 (3/
9 ~ 70 (TEQ/
-
(TEQ/3)
)
)
(TEQ)
5,0 (TEQ/) 30
(/ ) 150
(TEQ/
)
160 ~ 220
1,.5 (EQ/
(TEQ/
)
0,021 (TEQ/) 150
(/ ) 3.2
(TEQ/
)
)
12
() 7000 /3 ( : 1800 /3, : 275 /3 ).
10 21 14700 /3 (
: 2430 /3, : 755 /3) (Lemieux et al., 1999). ,
,
.
2.2.3.2.2
. , -
8200 -/( ) ,
, . ,
. ,
, .
. 7
1~184 ppb ( : 52 ppb, : 16 ppb) (Rastogi et. al, 1992).
2.2.3.2.3
.
43% 1,22 x 106 ( ),
, , 85 / (Harrad et al. 1994).
0,084~19 / 12 ,
( : 4,2 /, : 1,4 /)
(Malloy et al., 1993).
2.2.3.3
2.2.3.3.1
,
.
, () (PCNB), () ( 2,3,5,6-),
() (TPN) .
2.17.
44
, 90- :
580 / (UK National Env. Tech. Centre, 2000), 1270 /,
6463 / (Bailey, 2001). ,
. ,
.
, .
2.17
-
-2,3,5,6-
-
()
()
()
()
0,52,0%
0,111%
--
Saito et al., 1976
( 1,0%)
( 7,7%)
Nishimura et al.,
-- 0,1%
--
--
--
1980
0,4%
0,7%
--
--
--
Ando et al., 1984
-- --
10%14%
--
--
Wapensy,
1969
0.04%
--
--
--
--
Schewetz et al., 1978
9% (1973)
-- --
--
--
Burns et al., 1974
8% (1974)
--
--
0,3% (1972)
--
--
Mumma et al, 1975
-- 1,8%11%
--
--
--
Sittig,
1980
0,5% (1983)
--
-- --
--
US-EPA,
1982**
0,1% (1988)
< 0,05%
< 0,3%
< 0,05%
< 0,02%
Tobin, 1986**
0,01%
-- 0,05%
0,07%0.3%
0,018%0,0026%
--
Benazon,
1999
0,005%0,01% 0,05%
0,1%
0,004% 0,005%
Bailey,
2001
* , ,
** ,
2.2.3.3.2
,
() (PCE), () (TCE) .
, .
. , 1980 1983 .
,
3178 /,
0,0065 / (Jacoff et al., 1986). , ,
.
- 1
24 -/-.
; .
99.97%99.99% (Jacoff et al.,
1986, Quinlivan et al., 1975). ,
1-24 , 3
124 -/- 99,9% .
-, . , ,
45
, 1962 . 1987 .
, .
(Liu et al., 1985; Zhang et al., 1980).
2.2.3.3.3
, ,
.
0,13 /3 /3 . (Komatsu et al. (1992), (Kaba et al. (1992)
. 2.18.
, ,
62%-97,9%, 1,9%38% (42,42020 / ),
- 0%0,2% 28,7 / );
.
90- 560-56000 / (Bailey, 2001).
,
1100 / . 40 . /
, 90- -, 40
4000 -/.
2.18
(/3)
(/ )
0,03
3,2
1,3
1,0
51
19
0,16
12
2,9
0,80
90
24
0,36 14
7,9
3,6
200
76
0,05
0,09
0,063
0,32
0,61
0,44
0,04
3,5
1,6
0,29
25
12
0,82 110 38
5,7
770
270
6 110 59 90
1700
880
11
77
0,11
0,77
.
, ,
0,17 -/ (Bailey, 2001). 70-
70 000 00090 000 000 /,
10 -/. ,
, , ,
,
. , (Lemieux
(1999) , 2248 -/ , .. 2 ,
, .
2.2.3.4
.
,
,
. .
,
10% / (Bao et al., 1989).
.
, 86%, / (, -,
--) (Extoxnet,
46
1996).
, ,
.
, , ( ),
, , (, ,
/, , ) (Wild et. al., 1992).
,
, .
.
(Wikstroem et al. 1999),
0,13 2,24 /3 (=11, 0,73 0,45/3),
. 5000 3,
0,65-11,2 / .
2.2.3.5 ()
.
. [a],
.. .
, ,
(, ,
).
. ,
(, , , ).
,
, , , , ,
, , - - (Revich, 2002).
. ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
. .
(
), .
, .. , (Fu et al., 1997; Qi et
al., 2001).
, , ,
( , ) ,
(Tam et al., 2001).
,
. , ,
- , .
, , , ,
(Hong et al., 1995).
.
,
(Lam, 2002).
47
2.2.4
2.2.4.1
, (Page et al., 1996; Ruiz et al.,
1996). , ,
. 1980-
, ,
,
, ,
, (Thain and Waldock,
1986; Valkirs et al., 1987). ,
.
, , .
, .
2000 .
,
(Jiang et al., 2001). ;
.
,
, ,
(Fu, 2002).
, 30 .
.
1992 .
, . ,
. - 25
, , , -
20 .
. 1996-2000 .
(AFCD, 2001):
2.18 (- ) (1996-2000.) (AFCD, 2001)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
471 285 172 179 135 1242
()
()
87806 90686 69861 69723 50346 368422
3792 2521 1753 2681 1172 11919
()
92069 93492 71786 72583 51653 381583
1977 ,
1979 . 11840 ,
. (TO)
1989 . 1989 ., 346 .
1990 ., 1992 .
, 1989 . 1996 .
82%. (ORTEP, 2001).
48
2.2.4.2
(.,
) (., ),
.
.
.
, ,
. .
1 1 .
1960 . 50000 , 50 .
, , ,
. 1990- .
296-302,9 , 213,8 , 89,1
. , 15 , ,
0,037 /, 18,8%
, , , 0,045
/, 28,1% . 1978 . 1995 .
4,8% .
1997 .,
, 30
.
120 , , (Tumenbayer
et al., 2000). 2000 .
, . 25
400 3 0,4 2 (Namkhai, 2002).
, ,
. 22,5 ( ethyl mercury chloride) -
, -
() .
20 3 .
1994 . ,
. , - (
) .
, (Revich, 2002).
, ,
, .
2.3
2.1, VII 18
1 3-
.
«0», , /
. , ,
«1», ,
, / . «2»
8 , (, , )
(/, ).
«2». 8 .
, ,
. ,
, .
49
( ).
. , ,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
12 , ,
. ,
. , .
( ) / ,
.
/.
.
/
, .
,
.
2.4
,
.
.
-
. 7-8 2001
«
» ,
. :
, , , ()
. -
, : ,
, (Shekhovtsov, 2002).
.
, 150000 .
(PAN UK, 2000). , , ,
. , ,
,
.
( ). 60% ,
, .
1,29 2220 /2, 5000 / 2 , (.,
0,03 /) .
.
.
- ( ).
1972 1982 . 76000
100000 . (Hua and Shan, 1996). 1,8 - 2,7
(GAEMS, 1996).
1983 .,
, ,
50
.
(
) . 863 . .
,
.
, ,
,
.
/,
, - ,
, , /.
2.5
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
- /,
, , , a)
, b)
, c)
,
- ,
, d) , e)
, / f) /
. ,
, .
51
3 ,
3.1
,
.
.
,
.
VII
, . ,
,
. ,
.
, .
3.1.1
1,
18 VII .
1. , 1- 2-
( 3.1).
3.1 ,
.
.
.
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 0 1 0 1
1 2 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
..
1 1 1 1 1 1
..
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 2 1 2
1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
52
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
=0- /
=1- /
=2- /
,
, . , «2» ,
, «1» ,
.
, , ..
, .
, /, ,
,
.
, 8 18
. , , (, )
(/, ).
.
3.2
.
/. «0»
.
3.2.1 /
3.2 8
.
3.2 VII (/3)
.-
0,004 ~ 0,116
/ *
0,0073 ~ 1,0*1
0,015 ~ 1,496*5
0,022
0,18 ~ 0,4
0,070 ~ 0,170
0,020 ~ 0,387*5
0,013 ~ 1,1*2
0,001 ~ 0,002
0,012 ~ 48
~ 124*6
0,001 ~ 1,663*5
0,042 ~ 2,7*3
0,13 ~ 1,4
0,297 ~ 0,537 **
0,009 ~ 0,023
0,091 ~ 2,3*4
0,011 ~ 0,021
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
53
* : - -TEQ/3
**: ; 0,048 0,157 /3
*1: (Dioxins Surveillance Data) (2000)
*2: (Chemicals in the Environment), (2000)
*3: (Chemicals in the Environment), (2001)
*4: (Chemicals in the Environment), (2001)
*5: EDCs Research Project, NIER (2000)
*6: (Revich, 2002)
, 14
2001 .
. 0,6-9,4
/2/ 0,4-15,0 /2/ . , , ,
, , ,
, , (Cheng et al., 2000).
, .
(, ) (Li et al., 2001).
0,297 0,537 /3 0,048-0,157 /3
.
2000
(++-) (+) 920 0,15
-TEQ/3 0,073 1,0 -TEQ/3 (National Dioxin Survey, Ministry of the Environment,
Japan, 2000). 10 (1,1 % )
(0,6 -TEQ/3).
2000 . 15
0,13 1,4 /3 (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Chemicals in the Environment,
2000). (
: (a) , (b) (c) ) 0,18
0,4 /3, 0,27 /3.
(Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals Survey,
2000).
1990-
.
70-170 8,7-23 /3 (Iwata et al., 1995),
11 21 /3 (McConnell et al., 1993).
«» ,
,
.
2000
. , / 0,02-0,387 /3, 0,001-
1,663 /3, 0,015-1,496 -TEQ/3, (NIER, Annual Report of EDCs Research Project,
2000). , / ,
0,593, 0,244 0,122 -TEQ/3 (NIER, Annual Report of EDCs Research Project,
2000).
( )
() ,
3.3.
.
3.3 (()) , 1999 .
(Shekhovtsov, 2002)
,
54
3,52
0,43
0,12
1,45
0,01
2,93
0,70
1,08
0,01
1,80
() 0,09
0,80
0,001
0,02
3.2.2 ( )
3.2.2.1 /
3.2.2.1.1
.
,
3.4.
3.4 VII (/3)
.-
/*
0,012 ~ 2,2*1
0 ~ 40
0 ~ 150
0,11 ~ 2,8*2
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: -TEQ/
*1: , (Dioxins Surveillance Data, Ministry of the Environment, Japan, 2000)
*2: , (Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the
Environment, Japan, 2001)
1997 . ( ,
) / 0,37 -
TEQ/3 12 , 0,005 3,9 -TEQ/3,
21 ( ) 0,4 -TEQ/3
0,061 -TEQ/3. , .
(++ ),
2000 ., (, )
2116 0,31 -TEQ/, 0,012 48 -TEQ/ (Ministry of
the Environment, Japan, National Dioxin Survey, 2000). 83 (3,9 %
) (1-TEQ/),
/ , .
55
( 1479 ) 0,097 -TEQ/, 0,00081 0,89 -TEQ/.
1999 . ( 0,01/ ) 150,
131 171 (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Endocrine Disruptive
Chemicals Survey, 2000).
3.2.2.1.2
, , , , . 3.5.
3.5 VII (/)
. -
0*3
0 ~ 12,9
0 ~ 0,21*3
ND ~ 11,1*1
0 ~ 31,9
1,56 ~ 1629
6 ~ 4600
0 ~ 1,26*3
ND ~ 17,2*1
2,4 ~ 11
ND ~ 0,02*1
0 ~ 0,10*3
*
0,018 ~ 470*2
0 ~ 0,25*3
ND ~ 4,9*1
0 ~ 0,21*3
0,43 ~ 17
ND ~ 2,8*1
0 ~ 2,07*3
0 ~0,01*3
0*3
39 ~ 68560
98,8 ~ 2300 **,*1
1,19 ~ 1093*3
0 ~ 770
5 ~ 750
0 ~ 1,62*3
0,54 ~ 750*1
0 ~ 450
0 ~ 62
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
* : -TEQ/
**: ()
*1: (Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment) (2001)
*2: (Dioxin Surveillance Data, Ministry of the Environment) (2000)
*3: (Monitoring of POPs in the coastal environment, KORDI (2001)
(++ ),
2000 ., ( 1836 ) 9,6 -
TEQ/, 0,0011 to 1400 -TEQ/ (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, National Dioxin Survey,
2000). 1999 ., 47 48 ,
(<0,01) 770 / (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Endocrine
Disruptive Chemicals Survey, 1999). 2000 . (4 17
), 0,18 4,9 / (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Chemicals in
the Environment). (a) 12 17 , 2,4
2300 / (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Chemicals in the Environment).
, (), (), ,
56
, (ghi), ., ,
/ . -
85 103 45 99 , 450 62 / ,
(Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Chemicals in the Environment).
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.2.1
, , ,
, , , , / , 3.6.
/ 0,001-1,061 TEQ/ (NIER, Annual Report
of EDCs Research Project, 2000), 1-322000
/ ( «»").
3.6 VII (/)
. -
0,034
0,405 ~ 1200
0,053 ~ 5900
/*
0,014 ~ 48*1
0,001 ~ 1,061*3
0,007 ~ 0,028
330 ~ 55000
1 ~ 322000
2 ~ 2200
0,095 ~ 8,4*2
0,018 ~ 0,590
0,064
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: -TEQ/
*1: Dioxin Surveillance data, Ministry of the Environment (2000)
*2: Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2001)
*3: EDCs Research Project, NIER (2000)
- 3 /,
- - 1-2 / 2-4 /
. - - 2 / (
, 2001).
() 330-5500 /.
400-1700 /
400-5900 / , - 60-2200 / 280-4200 / .
- - 22-98 16-
96 / , 0,098-0,099 0,090
/ . (
, 2001).
1990-
. 0,007-0,028 0,18-0,590 /
(Iwata et al., 1995). , , ,
( + )
(1,340+), (0,028+0,006), (0,047+0,006), (0,064+) / (Kucklick et al.,
1993) ( = ). H
57
(Kucklick et al., 1993). , .
- (<5-1840 /), - (<5-620 /) (<50-450 /).
3.2.2.2.2
, , , , , /
, , , , ,
3.7.
3.7 VII (/)
. -
(.)
0 ~ 38
ND ~ 11,7*3
0 ~ 53
0,02 ~ 64,5
0,002 ~ 20 *1
/*
0,03 ~ 7,7
0 ~ 0,244*5
16,1 ~ 50,7 *2
ND ~ 0,35*3
0,005 ~ 0,160
0,05 ~ 2,07
ND~ 2,9*3
47
0,015 ~ 69
..
1,7 ~ 379,7 **
ND ~ 220*3
0 ~ 3,82*5
170 ~ 2145
ND~ 76*3,*4
0 ~ 3*5
43 ~ 461
0,042 ~ 160*3
188
0,08 ~ 6,1
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: -TEQ/
**:
*1:
*2:
*3: Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment (2001)
*4: ()
*5: EDCs Research Project, NIER (2000)
, ()
1,7 379,7 / (Zhang et al., 2002).
,
. (328,7-377,7 /)
(), 30 . ,
, , ,
.
2000 . 4 17 0,18 4,9
/ . 1997 .,
/ 0,002 20,0 -TEQ/ ,
3,68 -TEQ/ , 16,1 50,7 -TEQ/
, of 33,1 -TEQ/ , 0,012 49,3 -
TEQ/ , 17,1 -TEQ/ .
/
0,03 0,05 TEQ/ ,
- - 7,7 TEQ/.
58
0,015-30 0,02-64,5 / , - 0,04-69 0,29-64,5 /
(
, 2001).
, -, -, -, p,p'-, p,p'-, p,p'-, t-
, c-
0,005-0,16, 0,006-0,054, 0,01-0,056, 0,003-0,009, 0,007-0,83,
0,007-1,3, 0,009-0,6, <0,001, <0,001-0,002 0,08-6,1 / (Iwata et al., 1995).
3.2.3
.
1479 / 0,00081
0,89 -TEQ/,
(1-TEQ/) (Ministry of Environment, Japan, 2001).
3.2.4
, /, ,
. , /
0-1,215, 0-46,5, 0-9 /
(NIER, Annual Report of EDCs Research Project, 2000).
3.2.4.1
2000 .
(Zhang, et. al., 2001). (
68,5 /, 15-125 /) 70% , (
16,2 /, 2-30 /) 80% ,
3.8. ,
160-38500 /.
3.8 VII (/)
. -
0,015 ~ 0,125
0,003 ~ 0,093
160-38500*2
*
0 ~ 46,5*1
0,002 ~ 0,030
0,022
10-110*2
0 ~ 9*1
0 ~ 1,215*1
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: -TEQ/
*1: Annual Report of EDCs Research Project, NIER (2000)
*2: Yufit and Grosheva, 2002
3.2.4.2
3.9 VII (/)
.-
6,7
6,7
/ *
0,11 ~ 0,15
0 ~1200
0,12 ~ 370
0,22 ~ 0,75
59
0,05 ~ 1,6
0,18 ~ 8,2
10
0 ~ 10
1~ 110
0,92
7,1 ~ 8,2
1,4 ~ 92
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: -TEQ/
3.9, 2000 .
(++- ) ( 3031 ) 6,9 -
TEQ/, 0 1200 -TEQ/ (National Dioxin Survey, Ministry of the Environment, Japan,
2000).
(1000 -TEQ/). (PCP) - 1 94 12 10 /
(Ministry of the Environment, Japan, Endocrine Disruptive Chemicals Survey).
.
0,05-1,6 1,4-92 /
(Iwata et al., 1995).
2000 .
(Zhang, et. al., 2001). ( 6,7 /) ( 8,2 /)
, .
0,18-5,38 / (Fu et al., 2001).
312 TEQ/ 0,22-0,75 TEQ/. 1953
1957 . .
(0,16-38,5 /), (-1,6 /), (-0,99 /) (0,01-0,11 /).
/.
() 0,001-0,017 / (
, 2001).
- 1000-1967 /.
0,12 370 -TEQ/, 0,001 550 -TEQ/
(
, 2001).
3.2.5
, , , 28,2-40,1 /
( ), 2,04-3,76 / ( ) 267-310 / ( ) (Zhou et al.,
1999a). , .
.
(Micropterus salmoides),
(Zhou et al., 1999b).
1999 . , 40 70
. (
10 / ) 780 /
. ( ) 13 30
, 52 / ; (
) 7 10, 20 /
. , ,
. . .
(Iwata) (Ehime University),
90000 /.
/ ,
1,33, 0,46 -TEQ/ , 0,34 0,44,
60
0,38 -TEQ/ .
. ,
10 % (7 69), 0 % (0 30) 50 % (5 10)
( 1 / ). ,
, 2 /
.
3.2.5.1
, , ,
3.10.
(Perna viridis)
(Fang et al., 2001) (Phillips et al., 1985, Tanabe et al., 1987).
(, , )
(Zhang et al., 2002, ).
,
.
4,8 18,8 / .
(13,2 /) (18,8 /),
(3,6 /).
(10 13 70
) 160 100 / (Ministry of the
Environment, Japan, Chemicals in the Environment). 10 70
5 30 , 4 160 / .
. 3.10.
3.10 VII (/)
. -
0 ~ 2,55*3
<1 ~ 37*1
1,34 ~7,12*3
*
<1 ~ 5*1
6,60 ~ 59,46*3
<1 ~ 160*1
0 ~ 5,60*3
*
0,32 ~ 0,82*,*2
0 ~ 1,37*3
*
<1*1
2,02 ~ 22,63*3
0 ~ 0,23*3
<1*1
0,08 ~ 1,06*3
0 ~ 0,40*3
149 ~ 1141*3
3,2 ~ 9,9*1
3,34 ~64,10*3
6,9*1
<0,05*1
61
<0,02 ~ 0,02*1
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: , - /
*1: Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2001)
*2: Dioxins Surveillance Data, Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2001)
, , - -TEQ/
*3: Monitoring of POPs in the Coastal Environment ( ), KORDI (2001)
: 31/, 180
/, < 2 /, 8,5 /, 270 /. :
6,6-510 /, 20-12000 /, 0-4 /, 2,1-3100 /, 1,3- 120
/ 0-1100 /.
, 4,8-18,8 /,
/ 35 /.
.
3.11 VII (/)
. -
6,6 ~ 510
<1 ~ 34*1
20 ~ 1200
<1 ~ 66*1
<1 ~ 4*1
0,15 ~ 1,2 ()*2
*
35
0,10 ~ 0,95 () *2
2,1 ~ 3100
<1 ~ 1*1
1,3 ~ 120
<1
0 ~ 1100
<10 ~ 950*1
3,8 ~ 350*1
4,8 ~ 18,8
<50 ~ 160
<10 ~ 100
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: TEQ/
*1: Chemicals in the Environment, Ministry of the Environment, Japan (2001)
*2: Marine Environmental Monitoring, Ministry of the Environment (2000)
,
, ( 3.12 - 3.13).
50-18000 320 / , 40-41 /
, 46-50 / , 13 / , 5,9-7,8 / , 460-470 / 3,6 / .
16-160 / , 49-170 / , 8,9-44 / , 30
/ 45 / .
62
3.12 , VII (/)
.-
(, ) ( , , )
()
14 ~ 840
1500 ~ 1700
2600 ~ 160000
12000 ~ 30000
54000 ~ 62000
5,4 ~ 2200
200 ~ 220
5,6 ~ 240
13000 ~ 21000
50 ~ 18000
800 ~ 48000
320
24000 ~ 28000
0,71 ~ 13*
/
17 ~ 360**
930 ~ 1300
. http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: ( TEQ/ .)
**: ( TEQ/ )
3.13 ,
(/)
. -
31
40 ~ 41
16 ~ 160
180
46 ~ 50
49 ~ 170
<2
13
8,9 ~ 44
8,5
5,9 ~ 7,8
30
270
460 ~ 470
45
3,6
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
3.2.5.2
3.14 ,
, . 0,17/ , 0,636 -
TEQ/ , 0,91 / , 5,16 / , 0,3 / ,
- 0,35 / , 4,2 / , 4,053 -TEQ/ , 1,3 / , 124,32 /
, 57,4 / .
1-54 / 1-17 / , 5-
40,1 / , 2-240 / , 267 / , 8-26 / , 5,5 /
. , , 90-141
/ , 280-30 / , 20-21 / , 730-1600 / 930-1300 /
.
63
3.14
VII (/)
. -
0 ~ 0,17
/*
ND ~ 0,636
0 ~ 0,91
0 ~ 5,16
0 ~ 0,3
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: - -TEQ/
3.15 VII (/)
. -
-
13 ~ 22*1
90 ~ 141
0 ~ 0,35
5 ~ 40,1
0 ~ 11
7 ~ 18*1
280 ~ 300
0 ~ 4,2
<1*1 -
-
/*
0,2 ~ 1,2**
ND ~ 4,053
2 ~ 240
2 ~ 3*1
20 ~ 21
<1*1
0 ~ 1,3*2
0 ~ 124,32*2
2 ~ 267
<30 ~ 50*
730 ~ 1600
0,41 ~ 57,4*2
30 ~ 1300
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pts/
*: - -TEQ/
**: + ( TEQ/ ) (Mamontov, A.A., 1998)
*2: Annual Report of EDCs Research Project, NIER (2000)
, , ,
0,02-0,021, 0,09-0,141, 0,28-0,3, 0,73-1,6 0,93-1,3 / (),
and 0,2-0,22, 1,5-1,7, 54-62, 24-28 2,2-2,3 /
(Kucklick,. et al., 1993).
3.2.6
3.16
( ) ( , , ). : 6031 /
, 40-800 / , 2960-30090 / , 1781 / 250-1430 / ;
: 42-3800 / , 40-8100 / , 47-3200 / , 17-
240 / 230-6600 / .
64
3.16 VII (/)
. -
( )
(, , )
42 ~ 3800
6031
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