Integrating Management of Watersheds &
Coastal Areas in Small Developing States of
the Caribbean
NATIONAL REPORT
COMMONWEALTH
T OF DOMINICA
Prepared by:
Anthony Drigo
Prepared for:
Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute (CEHI)
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP)

March 2001

Fig. 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The risk for future generations of Dominicans lies in under-valuing the country's
remarkable, common resource base and, by doing so, inadvertently allowing it to
deteriorate and devolve into a diminished habitat for Dominicans in the future.
In this connection, the major issues associated with the management of Dominica's
watersheds and coastal zones include inter alia: the absence of a coordinated mechanism
at the national level for watershed and coastal zone resource management; absence of
updated legislation and a lack of enforcement of existing legislation; lack of data to assist
in the decision-making process and an absence of critical human and financial resources
to implement improved management systems.
Notwithstanding the multitude of laws and regulations existing on the statute books a
number of conflicts exist pertaining to the use of land resources within watersheds. These
conflicts are due fundamentally, to the limited availability of lands, a lack of enforcement
of the regulations and the more pressing issue of private ownership of lands within the
country's watersheds, which has been shown to contribute significantly to resource
degradation.
Natural resource pollution within an island ecosystem has been demonstrated to have
severe negative impacts on the health of the human, animal and plant organisms that
inhabit the system. Within the context of Dominica, improper disposal of solid waste,
agricultural waste, manufacturing and industrial waste, are the major sources of both
point and non-point pollution of watersheds and the coastal zones.
In order to satisfy the potable water demand, which consists of the domestic, commercial
and industrial demand The Dominica Water and Sewerage Company (DOWASCO)
currently extracts water from about 47 independent river intakes, providing a total
capacity of over 10 million gallons per day (10mgd).
These supply systems are
generally more than adequate to satisfy the demands of the communities.
This
demand is currently estimated at about 60 gallons per head per day in urban areas and
declining to 45 gallons per head per day in rural areas.
Concerning threats, growing populations, unsuitable development practices, insufficient
management attention and limited public understanding and appreciation of the critical
role watershed and coastal zone ecosystems play in the sustaining of life pose real threats
to the environmental integrity of these systems. Indeed, these threats provide a sound
basis for the integration of watershed and coastal area management in Small Island States
such as Dominica.
This integration however, will be contingent on the vigorous pursuit of capacity building,
and improvements to the formal mechanisms within government for inter-sectorial/inter-
agency cooperation and coordination among the multiplicity of agencies involved in
Watershed and Coastal Zone Management.
i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environmental Coordinating Unit and the Ministry of Agriculture and the
Environment would like to thank Mr. Anthony Drigo, for compiling this comprehensive
report.
The technical contributions of Andrew Magloire (Fisheries Division), Arlington James
(Forestry Division) and Richard Allport of the Division of Agriculture are recognized.
A special debt of gratitude is owed to people who in an informal manner contributed
ideas, issues and suggestions, as is the contribution of the many authors of the several
reports consulted during the compilation of this report.
Special thanks to Jillian Dorival for typing, and Lyn Fontenelle for proof reading the
many draft versions of the document.
Finally, thanks to Bernard Mark John of the Environmental Coordinating Unit for
carrying out the final review of the document.
ii

FOREWORD
The continuing need for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), to sustainably manage
their freshwater resources and vulnerable coastal zones, in the light of increasing
anthropogenic related threats to these ecosystems is well recognised and documented. It
is for this reason therefore, that the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute and United
Nations Environmental Programme, Caribbean Regional Coordinating Unit funded,
Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal Areas in SIDS of the Caribbean
project are particularly timely.
The overall objective of the proposed project is assisting participating countries in
improving their watershed and coastal zone management practices in support of
sustainable development.
The compilation of this national report together with the reports of the other 12
participating countries will serve to inform the development of both a Regional Project
Brief (PDFB), as well as a full-scale project for consideration by the Global Environment
Facility (GEF). This report itself was compiled in the main by drawing heavily on the
significant volume of already available secondary data available on the subject based on
previous national consultations, workshop reports, consultant reports and other related
activities. This body of knowledge was supplemented by the hiring of local experts to
contribute and speak to the relevant areas of their expertise, as well as to carry out limited
consultations with key stakeholders and interest groups.
Thus, the report is truly national in content and outlook. It provides a review of water
resources, watershed and coastal zone management in Dominica and suggests a 7-point
National Plan of Action for Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal areas.
Notwithstanding the national outlook, the report makes several recommendations to
enhance Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal areas in Caribbean SIDS.
The Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment looks forward to collaborating with the
other participating Caribbean countries, as well as the executing and implementing
agencies in making this critical project idea a success.
iii

LIST OF ANNEXES
1.
DOWASCO's Current Tariff Structure
iv

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1
Dominica's Key Economic Indicators
Table 2
Major Policies for Protection of Water Resources
Table 3
Government Agencies and their Responsibilities Relative to Watershed
and Coastal Zone Management
Table 4
Level of Exploitation of Major Fisheries in Dominica
Table 5
Major Legislation for Watershed and Coastal Zone Management
Table 6
Major
Activities
in
National
Program
for
Improving
Integrated
Management of Watersheds and Coastal Areas
v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.
General map of the Eastern Caribbean, showing the location of Dominica
Figure 2.
Distribution of rainfall
Figure 3.
Important watersheds of Dominica
Figure 4.
Coastal and marine habitats of Dominica
vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
i
Acknowledgements
ii
Foreword
iii
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0.1
Climate
1
1.0.2
Vegetation and Soil Types
3
1.0.3
The Economy
3
1.1
Current Watershed/Water Resources Management Issues
4
1.1.1
Freshwater Habitats and Ecosystems
4
1.1.2
Significant Fresh Water Ecosystems
4
1.2
Supply and Demand for Water
6
1.2.1
The Competing Uses of Water
7
1.2.2
DOWASCO Tariff and Tariff Structure
8
1.2.3
The Importance of Irrigation Nationally
8
1.2.4
The Environmental Impact of Irrigation
9
1.2.5
Conservation and Reuse of Water Resources
9
1.3
Ground Water vis-à-vis Surface Water Utilization
9
1.3.1
Policies and Measures for Water Sources Protection
10
1.3.2
Salt Water Intrusion
11
1.4
Land Use
11
1.4.1
Land Use Policy for Water Resources Management
11
1.4.2
Existing Conflicts in Relation to Land Use Within Watersheds
11
1.5
Impacts of Climate Change and Natural Disasters on
Watersheds and Coastal Zones
12
1.5.1
National Natural Disaster Plan
12
1.5.2
Impacts of Floods/Runoff
12
1.5.3
Development Practices Contributing to Threats to Life and
Property
13
1.6
Transboundary Threats
13
1.7
Pollution Impacts on Watersheds and Coastal Areas
13
1.8
Tourism
14
1.9
Health
14
1.10
Data, Information Management and Research
15
1.11
Stakeholder Participation/Awareness and Education in
Watershed & Coastal Zone Management Activities
15
1.12
Institutional Frameworks for Watershed and Coastal Zone
Management
16
1.13
Institutional Dimensions of Water Management
16
vii

2.0
CURRENT COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ISSUES
19
2.1
Coastal Habitats and Ecosystems
19
2.1.1
Major Threats to Management of Coastal Habitats and
Ecosystems
21
2.2
Living and Non-living Marine Resource Exploitation
21
2.2.1
Living Marine Resource Exploitation
21
2.2.2
Non-living Resource Marine Exploitation
23
2.2.3
Impacts of Exploitation of Marine Resources in Coastal Areas
23
3.0
INTEGRATING WATERSHED AND COASTAL AREA
MANAGEMENT
24
3.1
Integrated Management Issues Across Sectors
24
3.1.1
Legal and Policy Issues
24
3.1.2
Institutional Issues
25
4.0
NATIONAL ACTION PROGRAM TO IMPROVE
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF WATERSHEDS AND
COASTAL AREAS
27
5.0
MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE REGIONAL
ACTION PROGRAM
29
5.0.1
Institutional
29
5.0.2
Legislative
29
5.0.3
Information Exchange
30
5.0.4
Financial
30
5.0.5
General
30
5.0.6
Multi-Lateral Agreements
30
6.0
ANNEX 1 - Water Rates
31
7.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY
32
viii

1.0
Introduction
The risk for future generations of Dominicans lies in under-valuing the country's
remarkable, common resource base and, by doing so, inadvertently allowing it to
deteriorate and devolve into a diminished habitat for Dominicans in the future.
The Commonwealth of Dominica is an independent state within the Organization of
Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). It is located at about 15° N and 65° W, between the
French dependencies of Martinique to the South and Guadeloupe to the North (See map
inside front cover Fig. 1). It is the largest of the member states, measuring 47 Km in
length by 25 Km wide and occupies an area of 750 square kilometers (290 square
miles/195,000 acres).
The island is volcanic in origin with much of it formed as little as 20,000 40,000 years
ago. The topography is characterized by very rugged and steep terrain extending above
1500 meters in elevation over much of the country. The cone of Morne Diablotin (1730
m) dominates the topography of the northern half of the island whilst a chain of
mountains, including Morne Trois Piton (1424 m), Morne Micotrin, Morne Anglais, and
Morne Plat Pays extends through the south of the island.
The peaks of all these
mountains are less than 7 km from the sea. The more gently sloping (flatter) areas are
restricted primarily to the river valleys, the coastal areas of the Northeast, and the Bell's
Wet area in the center of the island. Given its mountainous terrain, the island is blessed
with an abundance of water including perennial streams, rivers, lakes and waterfalls.
The rich and diverse natural resource base and mostly unspoiled landscape have led to
Dominica being known as the "Nature Island of the Caribbean".
However, these
resources are coming under increasing pressures from the islands economic development
efforts based primarily on agriculture (bananas), agro-processing, manufacturing and
more recently tourism. Thus, it is this particular combination of a challenging physical
environment and the overarching dependence of the population on the land for their
socio-economic well being which, more than anything else has guided the course of
Dominica's history, its economic development and patterns of land and coastal zone
degradation.
1.0.1
Climate
Dominica's climate is classified as "humid tropical marine", which is characterized by
little seasonal or diurnal variation with strong and steady trade winds. There is a distinct
"dry" season (between February and June) and the "wet" season (between July and
December).
In this connection, the lush forested interior enjoys an average annual
rainfall in excess of 300 inches at the central peaks. This reduces to an average of about
50 inches per annum along the central portion of the west coast, which tends to be the
driest section of the island (See Iso-hyetal map of Dominica Figure 2).
Average
temperature values range from 27 degrees Celsius on the coast to approximately 21
degrees at the highest elevations and there is little seasonal fluctuation, generally less
than two degrees Celsius (Lang, 1967; Fehr, 1989).
1

Fig. 2 Rainfall data for Dominica: (1) recorded as average monthly rainfall for specific sites
and (2) shown at various elevations (e.g., numbers record inches of rain)
(source: adapted from Lang, 1967, as reprinted in Shankland Cox and Associates,
1971).
2

1.0.2
Vegetation and Soil Types
The island's terrain and climate have given rise to a wide diversity of soils and vegetation
types that vary with the elevation and exposure to strong and steady trade winds.
Dominica's undisturbed forests have been identified as the most extensive in the Lesser
Antilles (between 60 75% forest cover), while its rain forest is considered the finest in
the Caribbean. Stands of mature rain forest, montane thicket and elfin woodland, littoral
woodland, scrub woodland, grasslands, secondary rain forest, and swamps and wetlands
are found all over the island.
-
Essentially, Dominica's soils are classified into eight major groups: Hydrogenic Soils,
Protosols, Young Soils, Allophanoid Clay Soils, Kandoid Soils, Smectoid Clay Soils,
Unstable Soils and "Other Clay" Soils. These soils are, generally, readily erodible since
they tend to be unconsolidated and friable.
1.0.3
The Economy
Dominica's economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, and the agricultural sector is
the main determinant of economic growth and the main source of food and income for
most of the population. In this regard, for the period 1992 1999, agriculture accounted
for, an average 25% of GDP, 70% of total export earnings and 60% of foreign
exchange. Moreover, it supplied 60% of the food requirements of the population and
employed 30% of the labour force (CSO, 1999).
In this situation, the small domestic market makes economic growth highly dependent on
exports. Over the last five years (1995 1999) real growth average 2.0% per annum,
and growth is estimated at less than 1% for the year 1999.
Decline and stagnation
characterized the major productive sectors, agriculture and manufacturing and tourism
between the period 1995 1999. At the same time, Government services contribution, the
second largest sub-sector of the economy, has been variable against the background of
worldwide reduction in aid flows (See Table 1).
Table 1: Dominica's Key Economic Indicators
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
EC US Exchange Rate
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
Inflation Rate
-
1.7
2.4
1.0
1.2
GDP at Factor Cost (1990 prices)
% Contribution of:
410.3
422.9
431.3
441.8
445.8
Agriculture
20.0
20.8
20.0
19.2
18.9
Manufacturing
6.8
7.0
7.0
8.0
6.4
Tourism
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.5
Government Services
17.3
17.1
17.2
17.7
17.6
Visible Trade Balance, EC$M
-142.3
-128.9
-136.5
-118.4
-185.6
Debt, EC$M
457.4
471.5
493.8
508.3
590.7
Source: CSO
3

1.1
Current Watershed/Water Resources Management Issues
Given Dominica's mountainous terrain a number of significant (approximately 10)
watersheds have been identified.
These are highlighted in Figure 3 and include the
Layou, Roseau, Castle Bruce and Hampstead river basins.
A number of watershed
management issues have arisen over time, linked to the increased pace of development in
the country. The major issues include inter alia:
! The absence of a coordinated mechanism at the national level for watershed and
water resource management.
! Absence of updated legislation and a lack of enforcement of existing legislation.
! Lack of data to assist in the decision-making process.
! Absence of critical human and financial resources to implement improved
management systems.
1.1.1
Freshwater Habitats and Ecosystems
Dominica has an extensive operational and legislated protected areas system consisting in
the main of National Parks and Forest Reserves.
In this regard, Dominica's protected areas system contains five (5) units, viz. two (2)
forest reserves the Northern Forest Reserve (13,528 ac) and Central Forest Reserve
(1,013 ac) and three (3) national parks, Cabrits National Park (13,313 ac), Morne Trois
Pitons National Park1 (16,898 ac) and Morne Diablotin National Park (8,242 ac).
The two forest reserves, and the two larger national parks, that is Morne Trois Pitons
National Park and the Morne Diablotin National Park protect the upper watershed of
several of Dominica's larger rivers, including the Roseau River, Melville Hall River,
Layou River, Rosalie River and Pointe Mulatre River (See Figure 2), however, only a
small number of water catchments (about 5) are contained totally or partially within the
protected areas: these are namely Grand Fond, Londonderry, Roseau WA1, Dublanc and
Portsmouth. Importantly, the water catchment area providing water for hydro-electricity
generation is contained in part, within the Morne Trois Pitons National Park.
1.1.2
Significant Fresh Water Ecosystems
The three most significant Freshwater Ecosystems in Dominica are namely the:
1. Freshwater Lake in the Morne Trois Pitons National Park
2. Indian River wetlands, which are brackish and contain marshes, and freshwater
swamps, which provide a habitat for migratory and resident birds.
3. Cabrits Wetlands in the Cabrits National Park, which contains patches of mangrove
forest, a freshwater swamp and marsh. These wetlands provides habitat for migratory
and resident bird species.
1Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991
4

Fig. 3
Important watersheds of Dominica (source: GOCD, 1976), showing the following MAJOR
BASINS: (1) Layou River; (2) Roseau River; (3) Clyde River; (4) Pagua River; (5) Castle
Bruce River; (6) Rosalie River and MINOR BASINS: (7) Indian River; (8) Blenheim River;
and (9) Hampstead River.
5

1.1.3
Threats to Management of watersheds and Ecosystems
A number of serious threats are faced in the management of watersheds and ecosystems.
These are outlined below:
1. Lack of
a coordinated inter-departmental
and inter-dectorial approach for
management of the resources.
2. Lack of a suitable mechanism for resolving conflicting, potentially resource-
degrading land uses within water catchments.
3. Database related problems limited data on stream flows for example make effective
planning and management of the freshwater resources difficult.
4. Lack of public education and understanding of the critical role that watersheds and
ecosystems play in maintaining the ecological integrity of the island.
5. Lack of financial and human capital to effectively manage and monitor the resource.
6. Inadequate legislation and failure to enforce existing legislation pertaining to
watershed and ecosystem management constitute a major threat.
1.2
Supply and Demand for Water
The Water and Sewerage Act, Chap. 43:04 of the revised laws of Dominica states the
Government's water policy. The Act generally speaks to the orderly and coordinated
development, use and conservation of Dominica's water resources.
It also makes the
DOWASCO responsible for the supply of water to all residents of the country.
The demand for water can be categorized as potable and non-potable. The potable
demand consists of the domestic, commercial and industrial demand whilst the non-
potable is inclusive of agricultural, fishing, laundering, hydro-electrical, religious and
baptismal, recreational to include swimming, boating, and commercial ecotourism
activities.
In order to satisfy the potable demand, DOWASCO currently extracts water from about
47 independent river intakes, providing a total capacity of over 10 million gallons per day
(10mgd). In this regard the 10 largest rivers namely; Indian, Picard, Layou, Roseau,
Blenheim, Hampstead, Clyde, Pagua, Castle Bruce and Risalie rivers all have average
annual flows in the order of 10mgd. The most important rivers are listed at (Figure 3).
Most of the rivers originate on the slopes of the central mountain ranges, whilst a few
originate as outcrops of underground springs along low-lying valleys. The largest of the
water systems has a supply capacity of over 4.3 million gallons per day (4.3mgd) for the
capital Roseau and its environs. This system serves a population of about 25 thousand
people. Two other systems have a supply capacity of about 1.4mgd, whilst the other
systems are much smaller serving communities with populations usually less than 1000.
In addition to these domestic supply systems, a system has been built particularly for bulk
6

water export, which is capable of delivering 6mgd at a special docking facility situated in
Newtown just north of the city center.
These supply systems are generally more than adequate to satisfy the demands of the
communities. These are estimated at about 60 gallons per head per day in urban areas
and declining to 45 gallons per head per day in rural areas.
However, at some periods
during the dry season, intermittent shortages can be experienced in a few of the systems.
This is associated with the observation that in some streams dry weather flows are
estimated to drop as low as 30% of average wet weather flows. The period from January
to June is considered to be the drier half of the year although this distinction is less
pronounced in some years through the interior and the east coast than along the west
coast. In the months of April and May the occurrence of hot, dry spells tend to be more
persistent and more intense. During these dry spells water consumption increases due to
increased watering of lawns and backyard gardens, as well as longer and more frequent
bathing.
The effect of this increased consumption is compounded by a reduction in
stream flows. In some streams dry weather flows have been estimated to drop as low as
30% of average wet weather flows.
DOWASCO currently serves 16,000 customer connections, which represents a
population of about 50,000 or about 63% of the island population. In addition to these
connections, 590 standpipes have been installed throughout the islands water networks
extending water supply coverage to all major communities with population in excess of
200 people.
The total DOWASCO coverage is estimated at over 90% of the total
population. A number of the small communities, which are not served by DOWASCO,
operate small systems built by NGO's such as Save The Children Fund (DOM Save and
Can Save, Dominican and Canadian branches respectively), and SPAT (Small Projects
Assistance Team).
1.2.1
The Competing Uses of Water
"Water is a vital resource for human survival and economic development; as populations
and economies grow, water demand increases while the availability of the resource
remains constant..." (Mission Statement of the Integrated Water Resources Division of
the Sustainable Development Unit of the Inter-American Development Bank).
In Dominica the major competing uses of water are for agriculture, industry and
domestic supply. In this regard, the main users of Dominica's abundant water resources
include the Dominica Water and Sewerage Company (DOWASCO) for supplying the
potable domestic and export water supply and the Dominica Electricity Services
(DOMLEC), for hydropower generation.
The potable water supplied to domestic,
commercial and industrial users are given priority over all others in catchments where
competing demands exist. In practice all of DOWASCO's intake structures are located
above the intakes of competing users. Other than the use for potable water and hydro
electricity generation individuals and communities living adjacent to streams and rivers
use those resources for a number of activities including cooking, drinking, bathing,
fishing,
washing,
farming/irrigation
and
nature-based
tourism
activities.
7

Additionally a few industries utilize adjacent watercourses for a range of processing
activities including bottling and mining.
With regards to hydro electricity generation DOMLEC uses well over 6mgd on average
in the hydropower generation system for its four (4) hydro-electricity plants, which
account for 48% of the generation capacity. The water catchments in the vicinity of the
Fresh Water Lake, Laudat and Trafalgar, are used to generate electricity in three of the
four power stations, however in these instances there is no competition with the potable
water supply since water is obtained from different water supply sources.
Notwithstanding this, a coordinated approach to water resources monitoring and
inventory by way of a centralized agency, will be necessary to avoid clashes in demands
from various sectors and to ensure optimization of water resource usage.
1.2.2
DOWASCO Tariff and Tariff Structure
The DOWASCO operates a tariff system for the potable water supply. However, the
operating
and
maintenance
costs
(average
production
cost
estimated
at
US$1.13/1000 gallon) for all the small scattered water systems around the island are
not always recovered from revenue gained through service connections.
The national water rates were last revised effective January 1998 and a schedule of this
current tariff is presented at Annex 1.
These rates were not designed to reflect the
economic value of water but rather are more a function of affordability to pay, and the
need to encourage conservation. In this context, the tariff structure allows for public
standpipes to be paid for by the government of Dominica (GOCD), thereby giving free
access to members of the public who are unable or unwilling to subscribe to a private
connection.
1.2.3
The Importance of Irrigation Nationally
Notwithstanding the stated importance of agriculture to the economy (25% GDP), the
bulk of Dominica's agriculture is rain-fed. Irrigated agriculture presently accounts for
less than 1% of the estimated 52,256 acres of farmland.
Presently, there are plans by both the Ministry of Agriculture and the Dominica Banana
Marketing Corporation (DBMC) in particular, to bring approximately 1000 acres under
irrigation mainly to enhance productivity in banana2 and vegetable3 cultivations.
The main source of irrigation water is expected to be surface water either pumped or
gravity-fed from streams or rivers. Currently there are no measures in place with respect
to drainage linked to irrigation schemes.
2 In Castle Bruce and Londonderry in particular
3 In Grand Savanne, Warner, Marigot
8

Plans to irrigate the Castle Bruce farming catchment would require proper drainage so as to
restrict soil erosion and siltation of the Castle Bruce River.
1.2.4
The Environmental Impact of Irrigation
The potential environmental impact of irrigation has been difficult to assess. This is due
to the small area under irrigation, and the minimal use to which most systems are utilized,
since water deficits for most crops usually only occur in February to May. Increased soil
salinity is not expected to occur due to the high rainfall experienced during the wetter
period of the year.
1.2.5
Conservation and Reuse of Water Resources
Island wide the per capita rate of production is estimated at about 137 gallons per day but
actual per capita consumption averages about 60 gallons in Roseau and its environs and
some 45 gallons per day in rural areas.
Water loss in the distribution system is a major factor contributing to wastage of this
important resource. It has been estimated that prior to commencement of the Roseau
Water and Sewerage Project in 2000, some 60% of the water supplied was lost to
leakages existing in the urban system. However, an EC 52 million-dollar project geared
at rehabilitating the ailing water and sewage system is expected to reduce wastage due to
leakages to a minimum. A universal phase-in, metering system for all consumers is
expected to drastically reduce wastage.
Metering has been adopted as a deliberate conservation policy. At present the majority of
customers are metered.
However, the cost of implementing this system has been a
deterrent to its quick implementation
In one community (Giraudel) not served by a potable water system, extensive use is made
of the cistern system for collection and storage of water.
1.3
Ground Water vis-à-vis Surface Water Utilization
The abundance of the surface sources (47 intakes previously described in section 1.2) has
up to this point minimized the need to explore groundwater sources. In 1986 a drilling
exercise was conducted in the Giraudel area in an unsuccessful bid to locate an
alternative water source. Similarly hydrological studies undertaken to date, indicate that
aluminum deposits in the valleys for the most part form limited aquifers with low yields
of fresh water. The site of the old fort at the Cabrits overlooking Portsmouth bay has
evidence of an old well with a hand-pump, but no known use has been made otherwise of
ground water sources.
However, some ground water is utilized in spring water
bottling (single commercial venture) and for the DOWASCO water supply systems
at Soufriere, Cockrane, and La Plaine.
9

1.3.1
Policies and Measures for Water Sources Protection
A number of policies and measures are in place to protect the island's water sources from
degradation and contamination as a result of human activities. These are highlighted in
Table 2. A 1987 DOWASCO survey of its 43 watersheds in use at the time indicated that
very few of these were void of human activity. Thus, concern was expressed regarding
the level of pesticide and fertilizer use and the presence of human habitat and livestock in
watersheds. Clearly therefore, the high level of private land ownership within catchment
areas carries with it serious risks of water supply contamination.
The results of ongoing water quality monitoring suggest that effects of chemical fertilizer
and pesticides are not yet a threat to human health through the water supply. However,
this problem can be expected to increase as activities incompatible with maintaining an
uncontaminated water supply increase in the quest for economic development.
As provided for under the 1989 Water and Sewage Act, DOWASCO has recommended
that all the islands catchment areas be declared "Water Quality Control Areas". There is
no guarantee however that these catchments will be protected since most of the 47 water
system utilize catchments which contain private lands. Indeed the Stewart Hall Water
Catchment which serves the most persons constitutes the country's only protected forest
source as provided for under the 1958 Forest Ordinance.
Table 2: Major Policies for Protection of Water Sources
Policy
Year
The Forests, Soil and Water Conservation Ordinance
1946
Crown Land (Forest Produce) Rules
1949
Forestry Act
1958
Pesticide Control Act
1974
National Parks and Protected areas Act
1975
Stewart Hall Catchment Rules
1975
Forestry and Wildlife Act
1976
Forest Rules
1977
Mines and Minerals Act
1996
Water and Sewerage Act
1997
However, water catchment areas (for domestic and hydro uses) located within the
boundaries of national parks and forest reserves receive full legal protection and normally
remain under natural vegetation cover.
10

1.3.2
Salt Water Intrusion
As previously stated, ground water resources are exploited to a limited extent in
Dominica, and where this occurs, the areas of extraction are usually inland at high
elevations. Thus saltwater intrusion is not presently a problem.
1.4
Land Use
The total land area of Dominica is estimated at 74,851 hectares or 195,200 acres. The
Physical Planning unit estimates that approximately 53% of this land area is under forest
or conservation; another 34% under agriculture, 7% under settlement whilst 6% is
classified as wastelands.
1.4.1
Land Use Policy for Water Resources Management
Notwithstanding the fact that Dominica does not have a legislated land use policy or
zoning system a number of policies and regulations that speak specifically to the issue of
water resources management are existent.
In this connection, approximately 20% of
Dominica's forestlands are legally protected either as forest reserves or national parks.
This protection is provided through the National Parks and Protected Areas Act of 1975,
which has the primary objectives of watershed protection, soil erosion control and
preservation of the island's biodiversity. In addition a number of the policies highlighted
in Table 1 deal specifically with the issue of land use as it affects the water resource base
for example the Forestry Act (1949), the Stewart Hall Catchment Rules 1975, and the
Pesticide Control Act 1974.
1.4.2
Existing Conflicts in Relation to Land Use Within Watersheds
A number of conflicts exist pertaining to the use of land resources within watersheds.
This, notwithstanding the multitude of laws and regulations existing on the statute books
(See Table 2). These conflicts are due fundamentally, to a lack of enforcement of the
regulations and the more pressing issue of private ownership of lands within the
country's watersheds, in the context of limited available land area.
These conflicts are exemplified by activities occurring within the Stewart Hall Catchment
for which land use restrictions are established in law. The Stewart Hall Catchment Rules
prohibit agricultural cultivation and other activities, which may be detrimental to the
water supply. Though such activities are undoubtedly being carried out, not one violation
has been cited since the regulations were enacted. One problem has been the fact that the
original intention, which was provision of compensation to the owners of the land, was
never provided.
Another area of obvious potential conflict is with regard to mining. The competition for
use of available resources with regard to the mining of minerals within watersheds has
many socio-economic conflicts.
11

Clearly, the present conflictual system of land use and ownership in the watersheds is
negatively impacting on the ability of those agencies charged with water source
protection to effectively carry out their mandates.
1.5
Impacts of Climate Change and Natural Disasters on Watersheds and Coastal
Zones
Global warming, climate change and sea level rise are real issues, which have the
potential to severely affect both the coastal areas and critical watersheds of Dominica. In
recent times increasingly destructive hurricanes and storm surges have caused
tremendous damage to reef systems located in shallow waters. For example Hurricane
Lenny (November 1999), which was characterized by extremely high impact waves in
excess of 60 ft high took a toll on the inshore coral reefs of Dominica.
It caused
transformation of the seabed and coastline. In some areas huge pieces of reef were ripped
from the seabed and tossed unto the beach causing severe loss of habitat to coastal
pelagic and reef fisheries. The resulting damage to the Fisheries Sector was estimated to
be in excess of EC$6m. In addition, coral bleaching has been noticed on many reefs in
Dominica. Some loss of diversity of coral species has occurred and to this end Dominica
is now involved in the deployment of underwater temperature recording devices as part
of its coral reef monitoring programme.
With regard to hurricanes, the defoliation and other forms of damage to vegetation canes,
probably leads to temporary changes in the hydrological cycle in affected watersheds.
What is clear is that the potential negative impacts of global climate change and natural
disasters will only serve to exacerbate the existing negative impacts on the watersheds
and coastal zones.
1.5.1
National Natural Disaster Plan
The National Disaster Preparedness Plan is particularly well developed for hurricanes.
The Plan is implemented by the office of Disaster Preparedness of the Ministry of
Communication and Works and the National Emergency Planning Organization (NEPO).
In the event of floods and other types of natural disaster the appropriate national response
systems will be activated by these organizations.
However, the National Emergency
Planning Organization has responsibility to respond to all natural disasters, which may
occur.
Currently a National Climate Change Adaptation Policy for dealing with the
potential negative impacts of climate change is being developed under component 4 of
the regional CPACC Project.
1.5.2
Impacts of Floods/Runoff
Sedimentation is thought to be the largest single cause of death of coral reefs in
Dominica. Soil erosion caused by bad agricultural practices and poor land management
on the very steep slopes results in sedimentation and death of coral reef habitats.
Unregulated quarry operations also cause severe sedimentation to coral reefs and most,
if not all of them are located within coastal areas. However, the level of siltation is
12

minimized due to infrequent floods and the steepness of the coastline, which leads to
deposition of the silt in deeper waters (absal plain).
1.5.3
Development Practices Contributing to Threats to Life and Property
The existing threats to life and property in the coastal zones arise from the fact that most
of the human settlements, industry, and infrastructure is located along the coastline and
are therefore more prone to flooding and the impacts of hurricanes and storms.
The lack of enforcement of building codes together with the unplanned and unregulated
developments, which have occurred in the coastal areas, pose a serious threat to life and
property.
The implementation of poor agricultural practices and poor road cutting
techniques leads to landslides triggered by heavy rains, both in and out of the tropical
weather (hurricane) season, thereby posing a serious threat to the coastal zone.
1.6
Transboundary Threats
No major transboundary threats are currently faced.
However, the depletion of fish
resources due in particular to illegal fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is of
major concern.
1.7
Pollution Impacts on Watersheds and Coastal Areas
Natural resource pollution within an island ecosystem can have severe negative impacts
on the health of the human, animal and plant organisms that inhabit the system. Within
the context of the Dominican situation improper solid waste, agricultural waste,
manufacturing and industrial waste disposal, are the major sources of both point and
non-point pollution of watersheds and the coastal zones.
Solid waste - generated by the manufacturing sector consists primarily of plastics,
cardboard and carton boxes, broken wooden palettes, pepper, grapefruit and lime
residues, metal, plastic drums, broken glass, scrap aluminum, stainless steel copper and
galvanize. In the absence of suitable sanitary land fields much of this solid waste finds
its self into rivers, and gullies thereby exacerbating the problem of land based pollution.
In this connection, the single greatest source of marine pollution in Dominica is due to
improper treatment and disposal of sewerage. The discharge of untreated sewerage and
other liquid waste for example wastewater used for cleaning or sanitizing equipment
finds its way to rivers and streams and the sea through the sewage drainage systems and
has severe negative impacts on biodiversity.
This wastewater content varied from
chlorinated water, water with citric and pepper residues, to water with dyes directly into
the coastal and marine habitats.
Similarly, the solid waste generated by the tourism
product negatively affects dive tourism by ruining the aesthetics of reefs.
Poor land management and agricultural practices - coupled with the very steep slopes
of Dominica, causes soil erosion and eventual sedimentation of the marine environment.
Indeed sedimentation is reported as posing the greatest threat to coastal degradation and
reduction of biodiversity in Dominica. Siltation is thought to adversely affect juvenile
13

fish with the increased abrasion leading to increased mortality.
Non-point source
pollution resulting from the improper use and disposal of agricultural chemicals
(fertilizers, pesticides) is widely accepted as occurring, though the impacts are
unquantified to date.
Most of the land-based pollution from the manufacturing sector comes from the
quarries. This problem is most evident on the west coast of the island where quarry
operations, discharge their waste into the marine environment leading to siltation of coral
reefs and fishing bank.
Other land-based sources of marine pollution are household detergents, discharge of
spent engine oil into drains and waterways, and inadequate disposal of solid waste and
effluent from industries. These sources to a limited extent cause habitat degradation and
loss of biodiversity. For example, household detergents like clorox, ammonia or caustic
soda and carbon dioxide are reported as having serious effects on planktons and juvenile
fishes leading to net depletion in population dynamics.
1.8
Tourism
The tourism sector has the potential to have serious negative impacts especially on the
coastal areas. Coral reef destruction due to anchor damage is particularly evident in the
Portsmouth and Castaways areas. The magnitude of the damage is less in the
Soufriere/Scottshead Marine Reserve (SSMR) where such damage is subject to a
US$3000.00 fine.
The industry has inadequate infrastructure to handle their clientele, therefore, it competes
for resources with traditional users of coastal space and for use of that space for tourism
development. For example, water sports activities lead to displacement of fishermen
from traditional fishing grounds giving rise to social dislocation, and marginalisation of
fishermen.
The major impacts of tourism are summarized below:
· Coastal and marine pollution and degradation as a result of solid waste disposal.
· Loss of biodiversity and degradation of freshwater swamps, as a result of the
construction of tourism infrastructure on these lands.
· Soil compaction and erosion in watersheds and forest areas arising from visits to
scenic sites at numbers in excess of established carrying capacities.
1.9
Health
The single greatest source of marine pollution in Dominica is due to improper treatment
and disposal of sewerage. The discharge of untreated sewerage and other liquid waste
directly into the coastal and marine habitats has severe negative impact on biodiversity.
The turbidity caused by such suspended solids results in death of sea grass beds, marine
algae and other dependent organisms. Presently the new Roseau sewerage system will
14

result in the separated sewage being carried 300 ft out to sea, to reduce the level of
inshore pollution.
1.10
Data, Information Management and Research
Measuring stations for rainfall and stream flows are few and in cases where they operate,
the records are not continuous.
Rainfall records from Ridgefield estate, (privately
owned) and Melville Hall airport are the most continuous of these records. The Ministry
of Agriculture at various agricultural stations island-wide operates other rainfall stations,
and the Forestry Division of the Ministry of Agriculture maintains a few streamflow and
rainfall measuring stations.
A few streamflow-measuring stations established by
DOWASCO in 1990, were damaged by storms and have not been operated recently.
In this connection, Iso-hyetal maps (See Figure 2) have been developed for Dominica, as
well as hydro-geological maps, however no hydrological models are known to exist for
determination of run-off, and estimates of total available water resource.
The Division of Physical Planning has an operational Geographic Information System
(GIS) complete with 2 computers, plotter, digitizer and printer, that could be utilized in
the future for water resources data information management.
1.11
Stakeholder Participation/Awareness and Education in Watershed & Coastal Zone
Management Activities
There are no specific organized training programs offered at the national level for water
resources management.
Similarly, activities geared towards increasing stakeholder
participation, and costal zone public education and public awareness activities in water
resources management have been relatively insignificant at the national level. Instead,
these activities have traditionally been undertaken as reactions to specific problems or
highlighted public issues.
In recent times however, DOWASCO has been preparing
programs to incorporate public input into design of all the recent major projects.
DOWASCO has also celebrated World Water Day and has used the occasion to
disseminate information and display exhibits on water conservation and environmental
protection.
The Forestry Division through its radio programs and field-based work also routinely
incorporates aspects of both watershed and coastal zone management.
Similarly the
Division of Agriculture through its extension staff holds routine soil conservation
workshops for farmers.
It is perhaps however, the Fisheries Division through its outreach program, which has the
most organized educational program for resource base conservation particularly with
regard to freshwater ecosystems and the marine environment.
The Dominica Conservation Association through its public education program also
makes a significant contribution to public awareness and education on the subject,
particularly at the formal school system level.
15

It must be noted however that there is no formal structure or mechanism in place for
public consultation at the national level for policy formulation or plan preparation. As
such the previously described activities are not part of sustained and continuous programs
and have not been as successful as they otherwise could have been.
The level of
personnel and resources committed to these activities has also been limited, thereby
further reducing their impact.
1.12
Institutional Frameworks for Watershed and Coastal Zone Management
The institutional base of natural resource management in Dominica dates to the late
1940's with the establishment of a Forestry Department in 1949.
Over time, this
institutional base has widened to include a host of mainly government ministries and
departments, which have specific responsibilities for management of different aspects of
the island ecosystem. Table 3 highlights the wide range of players involved in watershed
and coastal zone management in Dominica.
1.13
Institutional Dimensions of Water Management
The Ministry of Communication & Works (MOCW), the Ministry of Agriculture &
Environment (MOAE), and the Ministry of Health (MOH), share the major
responsibilities for water resource management in Dominica. The DOWASCO which
falls under the portfolio of the MOCW is charged under the Water and Sewerage Act,
Chap. 43:04 with the responsibility of water resource monitoring and assessment as well
as planning and organizing for efficient management of the islands water resources. The
DOWASCO has been granted exclusive license to supply water and to collect and
dispose of wastewater for the entire island.
The MOH is responsible for establishing water quality and treatment standards for the
island, and although specific standards for Dominica have never been established,
DOWASCO is expected to operate within the established guidelines of the World Health
Organization (WHO).
In this regard, DOWASCO operates its own laboratory for
treatment and testing of water quality, and is monitored regularly by the Environmental
Health Division of the MOH. In addition, the Environmental Health Division of the
MOH has a responsibility to monitor source protection, water quality and water treatment
island-wide.
The Forestry Act (Section 5) charges the Forestry and Wildlife Division and the Lands
and Surveys Division of the MOAE to play important roles in the demarcation and
protection of water catchments, and in the regulation of activities within the forest
reserves and national parks.
Clearly therefore, both DOWASCO and the Forestry and Wildlife Division have a
responsibility for resource protection and conservation, since regulations for catchment
protection exist under both the Water and Sewerage Act (Section 13) and the Forestry
Act (Section 5).
These Acts outline responsibilities for both agencies by way of
catchment control in the case of DOWASCO, and protection of reserves in the case of the
16

Forestry Division. It is important to note that the above regulations are currently being
reviewed with a view to achieve greater cohesion, and encourage compatibility and
clarification of the roles of the two agencies.
Table 3: Government Agencies and their Responsibilities Relative to
Watershed and Coastal Zone Management
Agency
Resource Management
Resource Management Responsibilities
Legislation
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic
Development
Town & Country Planning Act
Responsibility for development control and physical
Unit/Physical
Planning
(No. 17, 1975)
planning; administers removal permits
Division
Beach Control Ordinance
(No. 21, 1966
Decision-making
authority
for
planning
and
Development
&
Planning
Development
&
Planning
development control; Corporation has delegated
Corporation
Corporation Act (No. 19, 1972)
much of its authority to a Technical Committee
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Agriculture
Agricultural
Small
Tenancies
Soil and water conservation
Ordinance (Cap. 74, 1953)
Pesticide Control Board
Pesticides Control Act
Enforcement
of
Pesticides
Control
Act
and
(No. 15, 1974), as amended
Regulations
(No. 4, 1987) with Regulations on
Labeling (1986) and Licensing and
Registration of Pesticides (1987)
Lands and Surveys
Crown Lands Ordinance
(Cap. 169, 1960)
Responsible for the survey and for the administration
(SRO No. 49, 1960; No. 28, 1961;
of Government lands, and for carrying out surveys
No. 13, 1963)
for other Ministries
Forestry
and
Wildlife
Forests Ordinance, 1958 (Cap. 80)
Division
Forest Rules (SRO No. 17, 1972)
Protection and management of the nation's forest and
Stewart Hall
Water
Catchment
wildlife;
watershed
management;
environmental
Rules (SRO No. 11, 1975)
education; management of national parks
Forestry and Wildlife Act
(No. 12, 1976)
Forestry & Wildlife (Amendment)
Act (No. 35,1982)
Botanic Gardens Ordinance
(Cap. 166,1889)
National Parks and Protected Areas
Act (No. 16, 1975)
Cabrits National Park
(SRO No. 54, 1986)
17

Fisheries Development
Fisheries Act (No. 11, 1987)
Promotion and management of fisheries; fisheries
Division
research; protection and management of marine
reserves
MINISTRY OF TRADE, INDUSTRY AND TOURISM
National
Development
National Development Corporation
Promote
and
support
tourism
and
industrial
Corporation
Act (No. 17, 1988)
development
MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND WORKS
Ministry
Water and Sewerage Act
Issue water and sewerage licenses to the Dominica
(No. 17, 1989)
Water and Sewerage Company Ltd.
MINISTRY OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER AFFAIRS
Cultural Division
National Culture Council
Culture Act (No. 22, 1981
Promote an awareness of the country's cultural
heritage and an appreciation of traditional folklore,
arts and crafts
Village Councils
Village Councils Ordinance
(Cap. 190)
Responsibility
within
their
jurisdictions
for
sanitation, waste removal, nuisance abatement, beach
control
Local
Government
and
Community
Development
Assist local governments in carrying out their
Division
responsibilities, including such areas as disaster
preparedness
In this connection, comprehensive planning for coastal resource development is largely
confined to the Fisheries Division. The Fisheries Act of 1987 allows for the designation
of local fisheries management areas and organizations to represent local fishermen.
Furthermore, there are no comprehensive coastal zone management requirements in
Dominica.
The multiplicity of institutions charged with the responsibilities for watershed and coastal
zone management demands that some form of operational framework be defined and
institutionalized.
However, to date no coordinating agency or mechanism has been
specifically set up for dealing with water resources management in the country.
Institutions charged with this responsibility continue to operate in an adhoc atmosphere,
with no clear lines of jurisdiction, resulting in overlap and duplicity of responsibilities,
inefficient operations and unsatisfactory levels of management of both the watershed and
coastal zone resources. This, in a situation where there are additional indications that
Dominica's marine resources will be subjected to increased and varied demands in the
near future, in keeping with the requirements for an expanding tourism sector.
18

2.0
Current Coastal Area Management Issues
A number of critical coastal area management issues are easily identifiable. These are
briefly described below.
· Lack of Human Capacity This is a major issue facing the efficient management of
coastal areas and resources. It is evident at several levels, for example, policymaking,
enforcement, and management of resources.
· Inadequate Research a lack of human and institutional capacity, together with the
absence of equipment and research facilities results in very little specific research
being undertaken on coastal resources at the national level. For example, very limited
work is done on analysis of non-point pollution sources and their impact on the
coastal zone.
· Financial Resources the budgetary allocation of the Fisheries Division is vastly
inadequate to allow it to effectively manage the coastal areas and its resources.
· Absence of an Institutional Framework for Coastal Area Management as has
been previously pointed out, there is no coordinated approach to coastal area
management. This responsibility is spread over many divisions, units, ministries and
other organizations.
· Absence of Supportive Legislative Framework Notwithstanding the existence of
several bits of legislation specific to the management of both watersheds and coastal
zones, there is no supporting legislation for their integrated management.
2.1
Coastal Habitats and Ecosystems
Dominica does not have extensive wetland, mangrove, sea grass, and coral reef habitats
due to the steep topography and rugged terrain characteristics of Dominica's coast. The
country's critical coastal and marine habitats are shown in Figure 4. These include the:
1. Indian River and Associated Wetlands
2. Cabrits National Park
3. Grand Savanne Coral Reef Banks
4. Soufriere Scottshead Marine Reserve (SSMR)
5. Delices, La Plaine Coral Reef Bank
Dominica boasts two (2) marine protected areas in the Soufriere, Scottshead Marine
Reserve (SSMR) and the Cabrits Marine Park which is a component of the Cabrits
National Park. Presently, there is no proper management structure of the Cabrits Marine
Park.
19

Fig. 4 Coastal and marine habitats of Dominica (source: Goodwin, 1985; Johnson, 1988)
20

2.1.1
Major Threats to Management of Coastal Habitats and Ecosystems
The major threats to the management of the islands coastal habitats and ecosystems
include:
· Lack of Human Capacity
· Inadequate Research
· Inadequate Financial Resources
· Absence of an Institutional Framework for Coastal Area Management
· Absence of Supportive Legislative Framework and lack of Enforcement of Existing
Legislation
In addition to these generic types of threats a number of threats associated with specific
habitats also exist. These are described below:
Activities on Adjoining Private Lands - The development of commercial properties on
privately owned lands adjoining the Indian river for example, has resulted in the cutting
off of the fresh water sources to the river. This has serious implication for habitat of
migratory birds, crabs, and nursery grounds for marine spp.
Tourism Development Proposed land based tourism marina development around the
Cabrits National Park will transform wetlands with implications for coastal fish spp.
Therefore valuation of coastal resources are urgently required, to guide the decision-
making process in such situations.
Quarrying It is estimated that 90% of quarry waste disposed on beachfront leading to
sedimentation of reefs and depletion of fish resources. In this regard, the Grand Savanne
Banks are reported to be particularly negatively impacted by inappropriate disposal of
quarry waste from neighbouring quarry operations.
User Conflict Implementation of a new management structure for the SSMR has
greatly reduced user conflict. However, greater education of users is required, as well as
financing to implement management programs.
Activities of Upstream Agricultural The Delices, La Plaine Bank for example is
negatively affected by siltation from upstream agricultural activities.
2.2
Living and Non-living Marine Resource Exploitation
Many types of living and non-living marine resources are significantly exploited for food,
infrastructural development and recreation. These are described below.
2.2.1
Living Marine Resource Exploitation
The main types of living resources utilized include the following:
21

1. Corals corals are extracted for tourism craft industry and commercial harvesting for
aquarium trade and reef restoration projects. A 1994 fisheries study describes the
status of the coral reefs of Dominica as being 75% healthy (Philbert 1994).
2. Gastropods - gastropods including conchs, land and sea crabs are heavily used in the
local cuisine.
Land crabs however are protected from over hunting by the
implementation of a close season.
3. Seaweeds seaweeds are harvested for both household and commercial seamoss
making.
4. Fish - the coastal waters of Dominica provide different types of habitat for many
species of fish. In particular the coral reefs around the island, which are located at
depths of between 10m and 60m, are endowed with a very wide diversity of species.
The Table 4 below shows the level of exploitation of major fisheries in Dominica.
The Fisheries Division has reported a decrease in the size and quantity of reef fish
being landed in recent years (Guiste et al 1993).
Table 4: Level of Exploitation of Major Fisheries in Dominica
Fisheries
Exploitation
Trends
Potential
Groups
Level
Reef Fisheries
145.9 tons
Declining both in terms of
Fisheries can be
catches and size of
sustainable if managed
individual fish
properly
Deep Slope
67.3 tons
Production has remained
Has great potential for
Fisheries
relatively steady over the
increase in production
years at a low level of
exploitation
Coastal Pelagic
470.8 tons
Shows an increasing trend
Shows great potential
Fishery
for development as it is
caught in large
quantities
Migratory
437 tons
Increasing trend
Has greatest potential
Pelagics
for development
There are four species of turtle found nesting in Dominican waters, namely the hawksbill
(Eretmochelys imbricata) (Linnaeus 1766), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas)
(Linneus 1758), the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and the leather back turtle
(Dermochelys coriacea). These species are however protected by law and are not widely
utilized for food. However some illegal hunting for food does occur.
22

Dominica has developed a small whale watching industry where day trips are organized
for visitors and locals alike. The whales are located from about 0.5 miles to 4 miles from
the coastline.
Whales are not hunted in Dominica except for the pilot whale, which exist in great
abundance and is caught as an incidental catch. Fishermen on the island do not target
whale as part of their fishing practices, however, on rear occasions a pilot whale may be
landed.
With regard to aquaculture little or none is practiced in the coastal areas.
2.2.2
Non-living Resource Marine Exploitation
The two main types of non-living resources utilized are sand and gravel.
! Sand and Gravel The Beach Control Ordinance enacted in 1966, establishes a
system for managing removal of sand and stone from beaches. The Ordinance is
currently administered by the Physical Planning Unit and provides seldom-imposed
penalties for illegal removal of beach material. It is estimated that about 4.5% of
sandy beaches along the west coast are being mined by comparison with 20% on the
east coast. The mined materials are widely used in the construction industry.
2.2.3
Impacts of Exploitation of Marine Resources in Coastal Areas
Illegal beach mining has a negative impact on the coastline, further increasing the threat
posed by natural disasters and potential climate change impacts. Coral harvesting for
tourism craft leads to a net erosion of the beach profile, leading coastline to become more
susceptible to beach activity.
23

3.0
Integrating Watershed and Coastal Area Management
The need for integration of watershed and coastal area management in Small Island
States takes on critical significance in light of the real threats posed to the environmental
integrity of natural ecosystems by: growing populations, unsuitable development
practices, insufficient management attention and limited public understanding and
appreciation of the critical role these systems play in the sustaining of life.
In Dominica, the interactions of watersheds with coastal areas, and in particular, how
activities taking place in the watershed affect the coastal area are well borne out by
activities occurring in the Agricultural Sector.
Most of Dominica's agricultural production occurs in the mountainous interior with very
few farms being located along the coast.
The agricultural production system is
characterized by clear felling of forest, high use of agricultural inputs including
fertilizers, agric-pesticides and non-biodegradable inputs such as banana sleeving
materials.
The results of this agricultural productions system on the coastal area resources are: high
levels of sedimentation of coral reefs and sea grass beds, with the associated loss of
habitat and biodiversity; questionable levels of agricultural (non-point source) pollutants
reaching the marine environment and negatively impacting marine biodiversity. In this
regard, the Fisheries Division has in recent years been reporting reduced fish catches as
well as a reduction in the size of fish caught.
Based on the above discussion watershed and coastal area management should be
integrated, however, the management of watersheds and coastal areas remains
fragmented along sectoral lines. There is no holistic approach to the management of
these resources, rather sectoral and piece-meal approaches to management are pursued.
3.1
Integrated Management Issues Across Sectors
3.1.1
Legal and Policy Issues
The need for coherence between the legislative framework developed for guiding the
management of watersheds and coastal zones with their attendant resources and the
enabling policy environment in which the framework operates cannot be over-
emphasised. This takes on added significance in the Dominican situation since several
agencies impact upon or are involved with the protection of the natural resource base,
each guided by its own policies and particular bits of legislation and regulations (See
Table 5). Most of the legislation was developed to address national problems of
watershed management and marine and coastal resources conservation and management.
From Table 4, it is clear that some of the legislation is outdated and does not reflect
current standards and indicators for natural resources management.
Particular
deficiencies exist in relation to management responsibilities for watersheds, proper
24

protection of biodiversity, clearly enforceable laws regarding the issuing of permits and
carrying out of mining of any sort, especially sand.
In addition, the laws need to be consolidated in some more coherent manner rather than
being scattered throughout the law books.
Environmental impact assessments for
developing projects involving dredging, shoreline or marine construction, removal of
mangroves, and large-scale land clearing of any sort should be made legal requirements.
Table 5: Major Legislation for Watershed and Coastal Zone Management
Agency Responsible
Legislation
Year
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Botanic Gardens Act
1898
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Botanic Gardens Rules
1932, 1934
Forestry & Wildlife Division
The Forests Soil and Water Conservation Ordinance
1946
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Crown Land (Forest Produce) Rules
1949
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Forestry Act
1958
Physical Planning Division
Beach Control Act
1966
Ministry of Agriculture & Environment
Pesticide Control Act
1974
DOWASCO
Stewart Hall Catchment Rules
1975
Forestry & Wildlife Division
National Parks and Protected Areas Act
1975
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Forestry and Wildlife Act
1976
Forestry & Wildlife Division
Forest Rules
1977
Fisheries Division
Fisheries Act
1987
Ministry of Tourism
National Development Corporation Act
1988
Ministry of Agriculture & Environment
Mines and Minerals Act
1996
DOWASCO
Water and Sewerage Act
1997
Physical Planning Division
Proposed Model Physical Planning Act
3.1.2
Institutional Issues
The multitude of institutions involved in the uncoordinated attempts at watershed and coastal
zone management in Dominica has previously been highlighted in this paper. A few of the main
institutions involved and their roles are presented below:
a) Ministry of Agriculture and Environment: forests, parks, marine resources, state
lands, mining and stream flows
b) Ministry of Health: environmental health, and solid waste management
c) Development and Planning Authority: beach control and land use
25

d) National Development Corporation: industrial lands
e) Ministry of Communication and Works: housing land
f) DOWASCO maintenance of water quality
Because of the multiplicity of agencies involved, institutional strengthening, inter-
ministerial and inter-sectorial linkages and capacity building constantly emerge as
national priority issues concerning watershed and coastal zone management. In addition
the need for a formal monitoring and evaluation mechanism/body, which could advise on
the sustainable use of both the landbased and coastal marine resources.
Therefore, the improvement of the formal mechanisms within government for inter-
sectorial and inter-agency cooperation and coordination will have to be vigorously
pursued if any gains are to be made towards integrated watershed and coastal zone
management at the institutional level.
26

4.0
National Action Program to Improve Integrated Management of Watersheds and
Coastal Areas
Table 6 below summarizes the major activities that could form part of the national action
program to improve integrated management of watersheds and coastal areas.
Valuation of Coastal Resources - The results of the ongoing research work under
component 7 of the CPACC Project, to value coastal and marine resources within an area
stretching from Roseau to Scottshead in the South, should be continued and expanded to
cover the entire island.
Data Collection - The paucity of available data on all aspects of Watershed and Coastal
Zone Management suggest that a well thought out, expansive data collection system
needs to be instituted.
Research Similarly a national research agenda needs to be developed and
implemented.
In this connection the Fisheries Division in collaboration with the
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Natural Resources Management Unit
embarked upon a project to inventory and map the physical and biological resources of
the west coast of Dominica. The project will enable the managers of those resources to
make more informed decisions and to develop strategies for better planning, more
effective management of coastal developments, sustainable use of resources and conserve
biodiversity
Public Awareness - The national program could build on the Fisheries Division's marine
environmental education programmes aimed at primary and secondary schools, as well as
the general public, which has brought about an awareness of the importance of coastal
and marine resources and the need to conserve biodiversity, in general.
Institutional Framework - Strengthening of institutional structures and administrative
capacity including cross-sectoral and inter-agency structures to integrate economic and
environmental planning and policy process and outcomes. A situational analysis of
existing institutions involved in the development policy and planning process to
determine current capacities, functions and processes.
Legislative Reform - The formalization and legitimation of the structures by legislative
mandate. The terms of reference of each structural unit/committee will be established in
the legislative mandate to ensure the process.
27

Table 6: Summary of National Action Program
No.
Major Activities
1
Valuation of Coastal Resources
2
Data Collection
3
Research
4
Public Awareness
5
Establishing Institutional Framework
6
Enforcing Legislation
7
Drafting Legislation
28

5.0
Major Recommendations for the Regional Action Program
5.0.1
Institutional
1. Institutional Capacity building for both National and Regional organizations involved
in Watershed and Coastal Zone Management for example staff training.
2.
Strengthening of Institutional Structures and Administrative Capacity including
cross-sectoral and inter-agency structures to integrate watershed and coastal zone
management into national planning and policy processes.
3. Study of the impact of private land holdings on the sustainable management of
watersheds and recommendations towards the sustainable management of such lands.
4. Development of a Regional mechanism for evaluating the impact of land based
activities on the coastal zone.
5. Development of Regional Research Capacity on sustainable systems/mechanisms for
the Integrating of Watershed and Coastal Zone Management.
6. That a Survey, Assessment, Inventory, and Valuation of coastal resources be
undertaken (could build on the CPACC, C7 activity).
7. Strengthening of existing national water quality monitoring laboratories by providing
adequate levels of financial resources and human technical capacities and capabilities.
8. Establishment of regional/sub-regional laboratory with the capacity for assessment of
levels of residues of pesticides in water. (seen as being critical)
9. That CEHI as the designated lead agency for fresh water resources management in
the region seeks to mobilize the requisite funding in support of these
recommendations. (Should not be limited to the GEF)
5.0.2
Legislative
1. Assessment of existing legislation and regulations with regard to watershed
management and coastal zone management paying special attention to the
regulation of activities on private lands within watersheds and coastal zones.
2. Improving the capacity of national enforcing agencies, to implement existing
legislation on watershed and coastal zone management.
3. Development of Regional Model Legislation on Integrated Watershed and Coastal
Zone Management, to include requirement for conducting of EIA's for all projects
within watersheds and coastal zones (could be modeled on OECS Draft Planning
Legislation)
29

5.0.3
Information Exchange
1. That an online network of National Project Coordinators be set up, similar to that
operating for Ozone Officers for dissemination of information.
2. That the National Reports be synthesised into a regional report.
3. Coming out of this exercise a listing of regional experts on watershed and coastal
zone management be prepared and disseminated among participating countries.
5.0.4
Financial
1. Funded program for community based reforestation programs within the context of
sustainable rural livelihoods and overall sustainable development.
2. Identification and development of fiscal incentives to promote best practices in the
management of watersheds and coastal zones in the region.
3. Launching of a regional initiative to secure "additional" funding in support of for
watershed and coastal zone management from the GEF.
5.0.5
General
1. That the regional project be so developed so as to maximize the potential benefits to
ALL participating states.
2. Continued collaboration with the OECS-NMRU, and other regional organizations in
the preparation of this regional project given the OECS watershed project and
implementation of project activities (build on lessons learned, etc).
3.
In preparation of this project that a review of similar Regional Projects for example
"Conserving Biodiversity and Preventing Land Degradation in Small Island
Ecosystems in the Caribbean " (GEF, Block B PDF being sought), to avoid duplicity
and enhance chances of securing multi-lateral funding.
5.0.6
Multi-Lateral Agreements
1. Development and submission of a funded public awareness campaign for Watershed
and Coastal Zone Management targeted at all stakeholders including the NGO
community to the multi-lateral community. (could be developed along lines of Latin
American project "Building, wider public and private constituencies for the GEF".)
2. As a follow up activity to the development of the regional synthesis a meeting of
donors be arranged to look at possible funding of particular aspects of the project.
30

5.0
ANNEX 1.
WATER RATES
DOWASCO'S CURRENT TARIFF STRUCTURE
METERED SUPPLY
Domestic
· Fixed service charge per month
$10.00
· For 0 1000 gallons per month
8.80
· For more than 1000 gallons per month
8.80 per 1000 gallons
Commercial & Industrial
· Fixed service charge per month
$20.00
· For 0 1000 gallons per month
11.80
· For more than 1000 gallons per month
11.80 per 1000 gallons
Stand Pipes
· Fixed service charge per month
$ 20.00
· Flat rate per stand pipe per month
270.00
Bulk Water Shipment
· Water delivered to ships
$20.00/1000 gallons
· Water delivered to bulk carriers
10.00/1000 gallons
UNMETERED SUPPLY
· For property with one fixture
$25.00 per month
· For property with more than one fixture
42.00 per month
SEWERAGE
· Flat Rate
$10.60 per month
MICELLANEOUS CHARGES
Connection Fee (Minimum)
· Sewer
$250.00
· Water
$240.00
Reconnection Fee
· Sewer & Water
$100.00
· Service call for turning on water
$100.00
Meter Testing Fee
With a bore of less than 2"
$50.00
With a bore of more than 2"
75.00
31

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