BOBLME-2009-REG-5.0-IWS-08
Framework, Guiding Principles and Process for
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and Strategic
Action Program (SAP) Development in International
Waters (LME) Projects
Seng-Keh Teng and Richard Cooper
Southeast Asia Regional Learning Centre (SEA-RLC), Bangkok, Thailand.
Inception Workshop
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME)
3rd 5th November 2009, Bangkok, Thailand

Nature and Objectives of TDA and SAP
Both TDA and SAP are recommended for most of the projects in the Global
Environment Facility (GEF)s International Waters Operational Programme 8
(OP8) and 9 (OP9).
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)

Provides scientific and technical analysis on status and impacts of
the environment in given international waters.

Technical role of TDA is to:
(a) identify, quantify, and set priorities for environmental issues which
are transboundary in nature;
(b) identify the immediate and root causes of these priority
environmental issues;
(c) identify specific practices, sources, locations, and sectors of
human activity associated with these priority environmental issues
and from which environmental degradation arises or threatens to
arise.

A TDA report, therefore, provides factual basis for the formulation of
an SAP.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Nature and Objectives of TDA and SAP
Strategic Action Programme (SAP)
Objectives of SAP are to identify the policy options and their associated
governance mechanisms in addressing the priority transboundary issues as
well as formulate the appropriate mechanisms to implement the priority
interventions.
SAP, therefore, should have:
(a) a well-defined baseline which enables a clear distinction between
actions with national benefits and those addressing transboundary
concerns with global benefits;
(b) the development of institutional mechanisms at the regional and
national levels for implementation; and
(c) the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) procedures to measure
effectiveness on the outcomes of the implementation.
An SAP report is a negotiated policy document - endorsed at the highest
levels of all relevant sectors - which establishes clear priorities for action
relating to reforms in policy, legal, institution or investments in order to
resolve the priority problems identified in the associated TDA report.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Recommendations from GEF
International Waters Program Study
Recommendations for TDA
The TDA can only be an effective tool if it:
a) sets appropriate boundaries;
b) identifies all relevant stakeholders;
c) conducts studies by joint fact-finding (without excluding any relevant regional
expertise);
d) includes an appropriate balance of disciplines;
e) identifies the socioeconomic causes of the transboundary
problems identified;
f) evaluates the institutional capacity;
g) makes all the information available to the stakeholders in a concise and non-
jargonistic manner.
Stakeholder analysis and institutional mapping should be an integral
component of all TDAs.
A TDA should be periodically updated to reflect the changing regional
situation.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Recommendations from GEF
International Waters Program Study
Recommendations for SAP
Should have an agreement on regional objectives, defined in space and time and
congruent with its associated TDA .
Greater care should be taken to integrate social issues with measures that would
maximize economic yield, environmental benefits, and social benefits.
Should enable achievement of the agreed regional objectives through specific
national actions to identify, reinforce, or create suitable institutions necessary for
effective regional coordination.
The transboundary issues identified in the associated TDA should be addressed
according to their agreed on priorities in the SAP.
Should: (i) identify baseline and incremental processes and costs; (ii) identify
regional and national arrangements for monitoring the environmental status and
trends, pressure relief, and the implementation of the action programs themselves;
and (iii) incorporate a process for periodically revising the short-term goals and the
overall region wide objectives, and each revision should be endorsed at a high level.
Care must be taken to maintain political momentum such as development of the
Inter-ministerial Councils (IMCs) at a national level to avoid capture of the project by
a particular sector.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

TDA/SAP and Management of LME
LME Module
TDA
SAP
1. Productivity
Transboundary issue, identify
Regional and national reforms to
threats and root causes
maintain productivity
2. Fish resources
Transboundary issue, identify
Regional and national reforms to
and fisheries
threats and root causes
sustain fisheries
3. Pollution and Ecosystem
Transboundary issue, identify
Regional and national reforms to
Health
threats and root causes
reduce pollution and sustain
ecosystem
4. Socioeconomics
Socioeconomic impact analysis,
Economic instruments,
including prioritization of issues
investments, etc. as tools for SAP
implementation
5. Governance
Governance analysis;
Legal, policy and institutional
stakeholder analysis
reforms; ministerial level
adoption; stakeholder
involvement (private sector &
civil society)

TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Guiding Principles for Formulation of TDA and SAP
It is important that in the process of developing the TDA and
SAP there should have:
(a) Full stakeholder participation;
(b) Joint fact-finding and transparency;
(c) Ecosystem approach (EA);
(d) Adaptive management and accountability;
(e) Inter-sectoral policy development and step-wise consensus
building;
(a) Risk management;
(b) Inclusion of partnerships and incremental costs; and
(c) Aligned actions and government commitment.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Frameworks for Preparation of TDA and SAP
Framework for Preparation of TDA

There should be detailed definition of boundary, bio-physical and socio-
economics characteristics of the region under study.
The analysis of socio-economic, legal, administrative, and political
context/constraints collectively known as the "governance analysis" - should
constitute an important process for preparation of the TDA.

Existing environmental problems or issues in the region under study have to
be assessed and prioritized and their relative severity be evaluated.

Transboundary environmental issues are assessed, prioritized and their relative
severity evaluated; impacts of these issues assessed, their possible causes
identified and, as far as possible, quantified or qualitatively justified.

When possible causes relative to the impacts of the prioritized environmental
issues have been identified, assess and partition among causes of national origin
and those of transboundary or incremental origin to determine the national and
transboundary contributions for the region under study.

The priority transboundary environmental issues are subject to the process of
causal chain analysis (CCA) to determine their root causes, immediate and
intermediate causes as well as sectoral activities associated with the root causes.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Frameworks for Preparation of TDA and SAP
Framework for Preparation of SAP

Root causes of priority transboundary issues as derived in the associated TDA of
the region under study are reviewed and their Ecological (Ecosystem) Quality
Objectives (EcoQOs) developed.

Specific, quantifiable and time-constrained targets are set for achieving the
EcoQOs and specific interventions or program actions that permit realization of the
target within the time frame designated.

Cost benefit analysis, including economic and evaluation of natural resources,
and feasibility assessment for each program action are to be conducted.

Incremental partnerships that allow the SAP to assign costs which would
discriminate between baseline (national) and incremental (regional) costs are to be
established.

Investment needs and estimate of costs associated with the SAP implementation
should be assessed and determined based on the existing financing arrangements.

Mechanisms for implementation of the SAP which include assessment and
establishment of: (a) legal and institutional arrangements; (b) stakeholder and public
participation plan; (c) funding and investment arrangements; and (d) monitoring and
evaluation approach are to be developed.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA and SAP

2. Planning
1. Project

the TDA/SAP
4. Formulation
development
3. Development
Project

of TDA

of SAP
Preliminary

Appointment of
Bridging the TDA
project request
TDA Preparation

Examination of
Project Manager

and SAP and
and political
developing long-
consultation on

term EcoQOs
alternative
Identification and
A
ppointment of
options
Form Inter-
initial prioritisation
Facilitator
ministerial
of transboundary
Committees
problems
Planning the

remaining steps of
Drafting the
the SAP and
I
dentification
Regional SAP
appointing SAP
an d consultation
Analysis of
formulation teams
with the
Form Steering
impacts/
stakeholder
committee
consequences
Stakeholder and
groups
transboundary
Public
problems
Brainstorming ways

Consultation
to attain the
Identification of
Set up the TDA
EcoQOs
Complete Process of
th
e technical task
Technical Task
team (TTT)
Team (TTT)
Final prioritisation
Developing and
Adoption of the

of transboundary
problems
Development of
SAP: The
Preparing the

Preparation of a
Design work plan
targets and
Ministerial
indicators
Conference
d
raft concept
for the TDA/SAP
TDA and SAP
paper
implementation

phase including
Causal chain
analysis and

budgets
governance analysis
Agreement on the

Project

institutional
a
framework
pproval by
the GEF CEO
Detailed
stakeholder analysis
Production and
submission of

and draft public
Development of
involvement plan
complete draft

TDA
relevant
interventions

Preparation of
TDA adopted by

Full Project brief
steering

committee

TDA
and S

AP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA and SAP
GEF Project Development Cycle
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA

Formation of "Regional TDA Task Team"

Appointment of "Regional Coordinator"
Preparation of "Plan of Action" and conduct of

Preparation
"Inception Meeting"

for
Stakeholder analysis selection of stakeholders

Formulation

of TDA
Formation of "National TDA Task Team" (one

Appointment of "National Coordinators"
for each participating country)

(one for each participating country)
Preparation of "Plan of Action" and conduct of

"Inception Meeting"

Information and data collection and analysis;
Impact Assessment
joint-fact finding exercises

& Identification/

Prioritization of
Definition of regional boundaries; regional geographical, socio-economic & ecological aspects.
"Impact Assessment

Transboundary

Workshop" attended by
Analysis of environmental and socio-economic impacts; prioritization of environmental problems;
national and regional experts;

Problems
identification of transboundary problems; prioritization of transboundary problems.
"Review Meeting" to review

Identification and prioritization of transboundary environmental problems of the region.
the impact assessment results.

Governance Analysis
"Governance Analysis Workshop" attended by national and
Stakeholder analysis, institutional analysis, and legal & policy analysis.
regional experts; report of governance analysis.

Identification of immediate and intermediate causes of the perceived environmental problems or issues as
"Causal Chain Analysis (CCA)

Causal Chain
well as their underlying root causes; identification of sectoral activities associated with the root causes.
Workshop" attended by
national and regional experts;

Analysis
Prioritization of the root causes in accordance to the current and future environmental status of the region
"Review Meeting" to review

under study.
the CCA results.

Preparation of "National TDA"
One "National TDA" by each of the participating countries of the region.
Preparation of TDA
"Formulation of Regional

Reports
TDA Workshop"
Preparation of "Regional TDA"
Collation of "National TDAs" into a "Regional TDA" in a workshop.
collation of National

TDAs into Regional

TDA.

Review and Adoption of Regional
Conduct of public consultation meeting to review the draft "Regional TDA Report";
finalization and revision of the Report; adoption of the Report by participating countries

TDA Report
of the region.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA
Impact assessment to assess the relative importance of different impacts on the
ecosystems within the region, and identification/prioritization of transboundary
environmental issues.

Example of transboundary environmental issues for the management of international
waters.
Once the transboundary problems in a region have been identified, they are subject
to analysis and prioritization using a process known as "scaling-scoping-screening".
Example of prioritized transboundary environmental problems and their associated
transboundary elements.
Governance Analysis: An integrated governance analysis shall include the following
three components:
Stakeholder Analysis to verify interests of groups and individuals and to
assemble information on affected populations;
Institutional Analysis to understand the formal and informal mechanisms of
actual decision-making; and
Legal and policy Analysis to provide the bases for recommending legal and
policy reforms.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA
Causal Chain Analysis:
Causal chain analysis (CCA) traces the pathways of cause-effect associated with
each priority transboundary problem, from the socio-economic and environmental
impacts back to its root causes.
The main purpose of CCA is to identify the most important root causes of each of this
priority problems in order to target them by appropriate policy measures for remediation
or mitigation.
A completed CCA should help to locate potential areas of intervention for GEF and
respective governments, and is an important basis for the design of the practical actions
that will be included in the SAP.
The components of a CCA for the region under study may include:
Priority environmental problems or issues: The transboundary environmental
issues as identified from the impact assessment conducted earlier are prioritized.
Immediate causes: The physical, biological or chemical variables that have a
direct impact on a priority environmental issue.
Root causes: They refer to the key factors, trends, processes or institutions that:
(a) influence a situation, issue, or decision; and (b) propel the system forward, and
determine a scenarios outcome.
Example of the results of a causal chain analysis (CCA).
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the TDA
Preparation of TDA Reports:

Preparation of National TDA Report: The National Coordinator shall prepare a
National TDA Report summarizing the conclusions of the National TDA Task Team. An
open consultative meeting attended by as wide as an audience as possible, including
the public, to present and obtain feedback on the draft National TDA Report shall be
convened. National TDA Task Team shall convene to revise and finalize the report upon
receipt of the feedbacks from the public consultative meeting. The finalized draft
National TDA Report from each country shall be used as a key reference document for
preparation of the Regional TDA Report.
Preparation of Regional TDA Report: The Regional Coordinator shall prepare a report
summarizing the conclusions derived from a "Regional TDA Formulation Workshop"
attended by the Regional TDA Task Team and invited regional experts. The Regional TDA
report as prepared by the Regional Coordinator will be discussed, revised and adopted
as the draft Regional TDA report in meeting attended by the Regional TDA Task Team.

Review and Adoption of Regional TDA Report: Public Consultative Meeting to review
Regional TDA Report; Revision and Finalization of Regional TDA Report; Presentation of
Regional TDA Report for Review in Inter-governmental Meeting; Adoption of Regional
TDA.
Suggested formats for preparing the National and Regional TDA Reports (see Annex 6
of the reference document).
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the SAP
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the SAP
a) Review of the priority transboundary issues, and their immediate and root
causes from the associated regional TDA report to be used as reference
material for establishing the vision statements for the priority
environmental problems;
b) Formulation of ecosystem quality objectives (EcoQOs), indicators and
targets to define the strategic program actions for mitigating the
environmental problems; Example showing formulation of these
parameters.
c) Conduct of feasibility study for the program actions to identify the best
options feasible for managing the environmental problems;
d) Seeking of decision on intent to implement selected feasible options by
the governments, stakeholders and private sectors;
e) Technical consultations to set and agree on the short/medium term
operational objectives, national/regional institutional framework and
comprehensive monitoring/evaluation indicators for implementation of the
SAP;
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Process of Preparing the SAP
f) Establishment of incremental partnerships for achieving maximum
benefits in environmental management;
g) Development of SAP implementation and financing mechanisms for
implementation and managing the SAP project;
h) Assessment of investment needs associated with the implementation
of the SAP project;
i) Conduct of partnership conference to develop GEF interventions in
managing the environment of the region;
j) Collation of the SAP results into regional SAP report for public
consultation as well as endorsement and adoption by countries of the
region.
Suggested formats for preparing the National Action Plan and
Regional SAP Reports (see Annex 7 of the reference document).
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Case Studies and Experience and Lessons Learned
Case Studies:
Yellow Sea LME Project: Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)
The report entitled: "UNDP/GEF (2007). UNDP/GEF Project: Reducing
Environmental Stress in the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem: Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis. 98 pages." Retrievable from:
http://www.yslme.org/publication.htm or http://www.iwlearn.net/publications/TDA
Black Sea LME Project: Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)
The report entitled: "BSERP/GEF/UNOPS (2007). Black Sea Transboundary
Analysis. UNDP/GEF Black Sea LME Project, 263 pages." Retrievable from:
http://www.iwlearn.net/publications/TDA
Caspian Sea Environment Programme: Strategic Action Programme (SAP)
The report entitled: "CEP (2006). Strategic Action Programme (SAP)
for the Caspian Sea. EC/GEF/World Bank/UNEP/UNDP/UNOPS Caspian Sea
Environment Programme (CEP), 38 pages." Retrievable from:
http://www.iwlearn.net/publications/SAP
Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme: Strategic Action Programme
(SAP)
The SAP report was prepared as an agreement for implementation by riparian
countries of the Guinea Current LME (GCLME, 2009). Retrievable from:
http://www.iwlearn.net/publications/SAP
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Case Studies and Experience and Lessons Learned
Experience and Lessons Learned:
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA)

Should be regarded as an element of an adaptive management strategy
enabling the identification of transboundary issues and their causes.
Should be periodically updated to reflect the changing regional situation.
An effective TDA should have:
(a)setting of appropriate boundaries;
(b)identification of all relevant stakeholders;
(c)conducting studies by joint fact finding (without excluding any relevant
regional expertise);
(d)appropriate balance of disciplines in the technical teams;
(e)identification of socioeconomic causes of the priority transboundary problems;
(f)evaluation of institutional capacity; and
(g)making all the information available to all the stakeholders.
Stakeholder analysis and institutional mapping should be an integral
component of all TDAs.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Case Studies and Experience and Lessons Learned
Experience and Lessons Learned:
Strategic Action programme (SAP)

There should be an agreement on regional objectives, defined in space
and time, which may constitute as the "Ecosystem Quality Objectives
(EcoQOs)"
All these objectives should be congruent with the TDA and clearly
understandable to all stakeholders involved.

Greater care should be taken to integrate social issues.

Local-level actions with full stakeholder involvement and clear public
participation plans should be included.

Care must be taken to maintain its political momentum by development of
the Inter-ministerial Councils (IMCs) represented by senior personnel, who have
genuine authority in their respective sectors, from the participating countries.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Case Studies and Experience and Lessons Learned
Experience and Lessons Learned:
Strategic Action programme (SAP)
SAP should include:
(a) Agreed on region wide objectives through specific national actions;
(b) Identification, reinforcement, or creation of sustainable institutions;
(c) Planning mechanism that includes National Action Pans;
(d) Provision of detailed information on operationalization of the regional
objectives on the deployment of human capacity , infrastructure, legal and
policy reforms, finance, and investments;
(e) Costs, benefits, and alternatives of the program actions should be fully
explored;
(f) Addressing of the transboundary issues identified in the TDA according to
their agreed on priorities.;
(g) Identify baseline and incremental processes and costs;
(h) Identify regional and national arrangements for monitoring the
environmental status and trends, pressure relief, and the implementation of
the action programs themselves; and
(i) Incorporate a process for periodically revising the short-term goals and the
overall region wide objectives, and each revision should be endorsed at a
high level.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Environmental Problems of Transboundary Nature for the Management of
International Waters (e.g., LME)
Major Concern
Issue
I: Freshwater Flow Modifications

Excessive withdrawals of surface and/or groundwater for
human uses

Changes in freshwater availability

Changes in flow regimes from structures
II: Pollution

Pollution of existing drinking water supplies

Microbiological pollution

Nutrient over-enrichment

Hydrocarbon pollution

Heavy metal pollution

Radionuclide pollution

Suspended solids/accelerated sedimentation

Excessive salinity

Thermal pollution
III: Habitat and community

Loss of ecosystems or ecotones
modification

Modification of ecosystems or ecotones

Invasive Species

IV: Exploitation of fisheries & other

Over-exploitation
living resources

Excessive by-catch and discards

Destructive fishing practices

Decreased viability of stocks through contamination and
disease

Impact on biological and genetic diversity
V: Fluctuating Climate

Freshwater flow fluctuations such as drought and floods

Fluctuating ocean circulation patterns

Sea level change (including saltwater intrusion)

Natural disasters
TDA
and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Summary of Transboundary Implications of Priority GIWA
Concerns/Issues of Yellow Sea LME
Priority GIWA Concern
Priority GIWA Issue
Transboundary Elements
I. Freshwater Shortage
1. Modification of stream flow
Modification of the stream flow in the major rivers of both the Chinese and Korean sides of the
region has reduced the discharge of river water into the Yellow Sea. This has changed the
environment and water quality of the Yellow Sea affecting the well-being of the marine living
resources and coastal habitats in both the Chinese and Korean waters of the region. The trans-
boundary implications are significant.
2. Pollution of existing supplies
Pollution of existing river waters in both the Korean and Chinese sides of the region has brought
pollutants across national boundaries with significant trans-boundary impacts.
3. Change in the water table
Impacts of the issue are largely localized.
III. Habitat and Community
12. Loss of ecosystems
Loss of ecosystems has depleted the living resources not only in the Chinese but also the Korean
Modification
side of the region, particularly for the ecosystems which are the spawning or breeding grounds
of the fish species. There are obvious trans-boundary implications for this issue.
13. Modification of ecosystems
Modification of ecosystems, particularly when the spawning and breeding grounds or habitats of
fish species are modified, has depleted the living resources not only in the Chinese but also the
Korean side of the region.
IV. Unsustainable
14. Over-exploitation
The major commercial species caught in the Yellow Sea are largely migratory species which are
Exploitation of Fisheries &

subject to seasonal migrations from one area of the sea to another. The catches in both the
Other Living Resources
Chinese and Korean waters of the Yellow Sea would be seriously affected causing trans-
boundary implications such as encroaching of fishing grounds across the national boundaries if
over-harvesting of these migratory species occurred. Over-harvesting of fisheries resources has
been found to be the serious issue in the sub-region. Cooperative efforts on regional or
transnational basis are required to attain sustainable management of the fisheries and other
living resources of the region.
16. Destructive fishing practices
Destructive fishing practices have the trans-boundary implications in that the practices in either
the Chinese or Korean waters can greatly impact on the viability of migratory species in the
region. Destructive fishing practices are common in the region.
18. Impact on biological & genetic
Most of the fish species in the region are migratory species and there are evidences that changes
diversity
of biological and genetic diversities of some of these species resulting from over-exploitation
occurred, having trans-boundary impacts across the national borders of the region.

TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Summary of the Causal Chain Analysis for the Yellow Sea LME
Priority GIWA
Priority GIWA
Immediate Cause
Sector Activity
Root Cause
Concern
Issue
I. Freshwater Shortage
1. Modification of
"Changes in stream water inputs" due to (a) Agriculture: increased crop farming activities and
(a)-1. Increased population growth.
stream flow
(a) increased diversion of stream waters
expansion in the farming areas.
(a)-2. Poor crop irrigation systems.
for irrigation, industrial and domestic (b) Industry: changes in the types of industries and increased
(b)-1. Changes in economic structures.

uses; and (b) upstream damming/diking
human settlements following the industrial development.
(b)-2. Increase in economic growth.
for flood control and for meeting the
(c) Infrastructure Provision: building of dams and dikes (c)-1. Increased deforestation and incidence of
water requirements by the increased
upstream of the river systems for flood control.
natural disasters (e.g., typhoons and El Nino).
agricultural activities.
(c)-2. Increase in economic growth.
2. Pollution of existing
"Increased inputs of pollutants from
(a) Agriculture: excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides by
(a)-1. Inadequate access to technical and
supplies
land-based point and non-point sources"
farmers.
scientific information.
(b) Industry: increased discharge of treated and/or partially
(a)-2. Decrease in soil productivity.
treated industrial wastewaters due to rapid industrial
(a)-3. Lack of awareness on environmental
development.
impacts due to excessive use of fertilizers and

pesticides.
(b)-1. Insufficient investment in facilities for
pollution prevention and wastewater treatment.
(b)-2. Insufficient enforcement of regulations and
laws.
III. Habitat and
12. Loss of ecosystem
(1) "Reclamation of coastal land for
(1)-(a) Industry: increased industrial development leading to
(1)-(a)-1 Increased economic growth.
Community

industrial
development
and increased reclamation of coastal land areas to be used for
(1)-(a)-2 Increased population growth.
urbanization" leading to destruction of establishment of factories or other industrial installations.
(1)-(b)-1 Mass population migration to urban
Modification
coastal habitats.
(1)-(b) Urbanization: rapid urbanization following the
areas.
(2)
"Changes
in
freshwater
increased economic growth leading to increased reclamation
(1)-(b)-2 Increased population growth.
inputs/discharges" through: a) increased of more lands (with natural habitats) for human settlements.
(2)-(a)-1 Increased population growth.
diversion of stream waters for irrigation; (2)-(a) Agriculture: activities include: (i) increased building
and b) building of tidal embankments
of tidal embankments to protect crop production; and (ii)
that changed the stream flow rates,
increased crop farming activities and expansion of farming
leading to loss of freshwater habitats
areas leading to increasing use of stream water for irrigation.
such as the freshwater marshlands.
13. Modification of
(1) "Pollution through waste discharges
(1)-(a) Industry: increased discharges of wastes high in trace
(1)-(a)-1 Increased economic growth.
ecosystem
high in nutrients, trace metals and
metals and other harmful pollutants from factories and other
(1)-(a)-2 Lack of or insufficient regulations,
organics" from land-based point and industrial installations.
policy or enforcement mechanism.
non-point sources which alters the
(1)-(b) Agriculture: increased or uncontrolled uses of (1)-(b)-1 Profit-oriented with disregard to
overall biodiversity of the ecosystems.
fertilizers and pesticides by crop farms.
environmental impacts attitudes of farmers.
(2) "Introduction of invasive species and
(2)-(a) Transportation: increase in shipping traffic had raised
(2)-(a)-1 Increased trade and energy demand.
diseases", which modifies the species the chances of introducing invasive species through ballast
(2)-(a)-2 Lack of or insufficient regulations,
population structure and replacement of
water and/or attachment to ship hulls.
policy or enforcement mechanism.
endemic with exotic species.
(2)-(b) Aquaculture: both introduction of exotic species for
(2)-(b)-1 Increased economic growth.

culture and outbreak of diseases have been found to alter the
(2)-(b)-2 Lack of or insufficient regulations,
species population structure in habitats in the premises of
policy or enforcement mechanism.
aquaculture facilities.

TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Ecosystem quality objectives (EcoQOs), Indicators and
Program Actions
(a) EcoQOs are statements of the ,,vision of how the stakeholders would
like to see the state of the ecosystem in the future;
(b) Each of these statements may constitute a broad policy-oriented
statement;
(c) Usually specific, quantifiable and time-constrained targets are set for
achieving the EcoQOs; each EcoQO may constitute one or more than
one target;
(d) Each target generally has a timeline associated with it as well as
specific interventions or program actions that permit realization of the
target within the time frame designated.
Example Caspian Sea LME
Major Perceived Problem & Issue (MPPI): Unsustainable use of bio-
resources
Root cause: Poor management practices leading to over-exploitation of fish
stock
EcoQO 1: Conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources
EcoQO Indicator: Commercial fish stocks are maintained at sustainable
levels with reference to the base year (1998)
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Ecosystem quality objectives (EcoQOs), Indicators and
Program Actions
Example Caspian Sea Region - continued
Target 1: Sustainable use of commercial fisheries resources
Program Actions/Interventions:
1.1. Promote the signature and implementation at the governmental
level of a regional agreement on the preservation and management of
bio-resources of the Caspian Sea. (H) 1-5 years.
1.2. Further strengthen the regional cooperation for fisheries
management, including the development of regional standards of
fisheries harvest practices for commercial species, and the setting of
scientifically based quota system. (H) 1-5 years.
1.3. Develop compliance, enforcement and monitoring mechanisms
for sturgeon fisheries in accordance with CITES Paris declaration. (H)
1-5 years.
1.4. In coordination with national and regional organizations, develop
enforcement mechanisms and economic instruments to reduce illegal
trade in Caspian commercial fish resources in accordance with CITES
Paris declaration. (H) 1-5 years.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

Ecosystem quality objectives (EcoQOs), Indicators and
Program Actions
Example Caspian Sea Region - continued
Target 2: Rehabilitate stocks of migratory (sturgeon, inconnu, herring) commercially
valuable fish species
Program Actions/Interventions:
2.1. Carry out national activities to identify, protect, restore and manage natural
spawning grounds for sturgeon and other commercially valuable anadromous species,
within the framework of regional agreements, including development of a financing
strategy. (M) 1-5 years.
2.2. Increase sturgeon hatchery efficiency and capacity through improvement in bio-
techniques and fry growth technology as well as enhancing production scales. (H) 1-5
years.
2.3. Strengthen regional cooperation including scientific exchanges on improving
hatchery efficiency and the creation of a gene bank for anadromous fish stocks. (H) 1-5
years.
Target 3: Improve livelihoods in coastal communities to reduce dependency on
unsustainable fishing practices via pilot projects
Program Actions/Interventions:
3.1. Promote more selective fishing methods and small-scale aquaculture. (M) 5-10
years.
3.2. Promote alternative income sources for fishing communities and adoption
sustainable livelihoods, and improve access to social/community services. (H) 5-10
years.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

What is Ecosystem Approach (EA)

Ecosystem Approach (EA) emphasizes a holistic,
participatory and integrated approach that aims to manage
human interactions with ecosystems and all associated
organisms, rather than only individual species.

EA is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water
and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable
use in an equitable way as well as for "Sustainable Development".

Sustainable Development: "development that meets the
present, without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own"
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

GEF IW Project Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Indicators
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009

GEF Incremental Cost
The GEF Incremental Cost: consideration of the baseline and additional
costs associated with achieving ,,domestic' benefits (i.e., those accruing
to the participating countries) and global environmental benefits (i.e.,
those accruing beyond the jurisdiction of the participating countries).
Incremental cost is "the additional cost that the GEF funds between the
cost of an alternative project that a country would have implemented in
the absence of global environmental concerns, and a project
undertaken with global objectives in mind.
TDA and SAP Development BOBLME Project Inception Workshop 3rd 5th November 2009