Caribbean
Environment
Programme
United Nations Environment Programme
EVALUATION OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES
IMPLEMENTED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE
CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
(1988-1991)
CEP Technical Report No. 19
1993
Note: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal
status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of
their frontiers or boundaries.
For bibliographic purposes the printed version of this document may be cited as:
UNEP: Evaluation of Projects and Activities Implementated within the Framework of
the Caribbean Environment Programme (1988-1991). CEP Technical Report No. 19.
UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, 1993.
Page 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introductory remarks
1
I.
Steps in the development and implementation of the
Caribbean Environment Programme
2
II.
Achievement of the Caribbean Environment Programme
15
III.
Constraints affecting the implementation of the
Caribbean Environment Programme
18
IV.
Training and technical assistance provided through the
Caribbean Environment Programme
22
V. Future
trends
23
Page i
LIST OF TABLES
Page
I.
Status of the Convention for the Development of the Marine
Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region, The Protocol
Concerning cooperation in Combating Oil Spills in the Wider
Caribbean Region, and the Protocol Concerning Specially
Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Wider Caribbean Region
25
II.
Agreed and paid contributions (in US$) to the Trust Fund
in the period 1988-1991
26
III.
Project documents which served as the formal and financial
Basis for the implementation of the Action Plan in the period
1988-1991 29
IV.
Expenditures and commitments (in US$) related to the
Implementation of the Action Plan in the period 1988-1991
36
V. Counterpart
contributions
in
cash and kind (expressed in US$)
to the implementation of the Action Plan in the period 1988-1991
37
Page ii
EVALUATION OF PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED
WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE
CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
(1988-1991)
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
The Caribbean Environment Programme1 is a broad environmental programme of the 36
States and Territories of the Wider Caribbean region. The Convention for the Protection and
Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region, together with the
protocols associated with the Convention, constitute the legal framework of the Programme. The
Programme is implemented through an Action Plan operated under the authority of the States
and Territories participating in the Caribbean Environment Programme. UNEP, through the
Regional Coordinating Unit for the Caribbean Environment Programme, provides the secretariat
of the Convention and the Action Plan, and the technical coordination for the implementation of
the agreed activities.
The development and achievements of the Caribbean Environment Programme were
analyzed in a document2 covering the period from 1976 to, 1987, i.e. from the initiation of
preparatory activities in 1976 which led to the adoption of the Action Plan (Montego Bay, April
1981) and the Convention (Cartagena, March 1983), and the implementation of the initial phase
of the Programme until the end of 1987.
The objective of the present document is to provide a concise critical overview of the
development of the Caribbean Environment Programme from the beginning of 1988 until the end
of 1991, although in some instances it refers also to developments in the first months of 1992.
Some thoughts are also given in the document to the possible trends in the future development of
the Programme.
Footnotes are used to, indicate documents where further details could be found regarding the
information included in the overview.
1 In the context of this document: "Action Plan" refers to the Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment
Programme; "Convention" to the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the
Wider Caribbean Region; "Contracting Parties" to the Contracting Parties to the Convention; "Bureau" to the Bureau
of the Contracting Parties; "Monitoring Committee" to the Monitoring Committee on the Action Plan; "countries" to
the States and Territories participating in the Action Plan; "secretariat" to UNEP, and specifically to the Regional
Coordinating Unit for the Caribbean Environment Programme.
2 The Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Programme: Evaluation of its Development and Achievements.
UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No.109 and CEP Technical Report No.1
Page 1
CEP Technical Report No. 19
I. STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CARIBBEAN
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
1.1.
The first decisive steps in revitalizing the Caribbean Environment Programme, after its
virtual standstill in the 1985-1987 period, were the establishment of the Regional
Coordinating Unit in Kingston (May 1987), and the convening of the Fourth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and First Meeting of the Contracting
Parties (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987).
1.2.
The major decisions taken at the meeting3 were:
(a)
to concentrate the implementation of the Action Plan on activities of regional
relevance addressing the common problems of the Caribbean region;
(b)
to re-evaluate the regional environmental problems and priorities;
(c)
to prepare an in-depth evaluation of the Caribbean Environment Programme's
achievements and shortcomings;
(d)
to formulate a comprehensive long-term strategy for the future development of
the Caribbean Environment Programme based on the reevaluation of the region's
environmental problems and priorities and on the in-depth evaluation of the
Programme;
(e)
to adopt a workplan for the biennium 1988-1989, consisting of 35 activities
grouped in four regional programmes:
- co-ordination and common costs of the Action Plan;
- environmental management of coastal areas and terrestrial ecosystems;
- assessment and control of marine pollution; and
- environmental training, education and public awareness;
(f)
to recognize the Convention as the legal framework of the Action Plan, and the
Action Plan as the operational instrument for the implementation of the
Convention;
(g)
to extend the Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills so that it
covers also hazardous substances other than oil; and
(h)
to pursue the development of two additional protocols on:
- specially protected areas and wildlife; and
- control of pollution from land-based sources.
1.3. The ensuing paragraphs in this section of the document review the steps taken in
connection with the decisions of the Guadeloupe meeting listed above and with the
developments based on decisions of subsequent intergovernmental meetings.
3 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.2/4
Page 2
Evaluation of projects ...
Concentration of the Action Plan on activities of regional relevance addressing the common
problems of the Caribbean region
1.4. A number of projects initiated before the decision to concentrate the activities of the
Action Plan on four regional programmes had to be completed, although some of them
did not fit, strictly speaking, in the areas of the agreed regional programmes. Thus, the
lack of financial resources, and the need to elaborate the regional programmes in greater
detail before they could be implemented in a well coordinated way (see paragraph 1.10)
somewhat delayed the concentration of the Action Plan on common problems of the
region.
Nevertheless, with modifications to some of the ongoing projects, with the completion of
a number of the "old projects", and with the initiation of new projects developed with the
concept of regional relevance in mind, the Action Plan was gradually shifting its focus
towards regional programmes as decided by the 1987 meeting in Guadeloupe (see
paragraph 1.1 and sub-paragraph 1.2 (a)).
Re-evaluation of the regional problems and priorities
1.5.
On the basis of national reports a draft regional overview of environmental problems and
priorities affecting the coastal and marine resources has been prepared by the Secretariat.
The draft was reviewed by the Meeting of Experts on the Caribbean Environment
Programme (Mexico City, 7-9 September 1988). The recommendations and comments
of the meeting4 have been incorporated in the final text of the overview5 which was
presented to the Fifth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting
of the Contracting Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990).
In-depth evaluation of the Action Plan's achievements and shortcomings
1.6.
The evaluation of the Action Plan6, covering the period 1976-1987, was prepared by the
secretariat. The drafts of the evaluation were reviewed by the Meeting of Experts on the
Caribbean Environment Programme (Mexico City, 7-9 September 1988) and by the
Seventh and Eighth Meeting of the Monitoring Committee (Mexico City, 12-14
September 1988; Kingston 10-13 January 1990).
The final text of the evaluation was presented to the Fifth Intergovernmental Meeting on
the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January
1990).
4 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR WG.1/6
5 Regional Overview of Environmental Problems and Priorities Affecting the Coastal and Marine Resources of the
Wider Caribbean. CEP Technical Report No.2
6 The Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Programme: Evaluation of its Development and Achievements.
CEP Technical Report No.1
Page 3
CEP Technical Report No. 19
Formulation of a comprehensive long-term strategy for the future development of the Action
Plan
1.7. Taking into account the results of the re-evaluation of the regional problems and
priorities (see paragraph 1.5) and the in-depth evaluation of the Action Plan (see
paragraph 1.6), the draft of the strategy was prepared by the secretariat. The possible
elements of the strategy were considered by the Meeting of Experts on the Caribbean
Environment Programme (Mexico City, 7-9 September 1988), and the draft of the
strategy was reviewed by the Eighth Meeting of the Monitoring Committee and Special
Meeting of the Bureau (Kingston, 10-13 January 1990). The final text of the strategy7,
including the amendments suggested by this meeting8, was adopted by the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
Parties to, the Cartagena Convention9 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990).
1.8. The adopted strategy contains a set of long- and short-term (1990-1995) goals and
objectives. The long-term goal of the Programme was defined as the achievement of
sustainable development of marine and coastal resources in the Wider Caribbean Region
through effective integrated management that allows for increased economic growth.
The strategy underlying this goal was expected to be based on the following main
principles: mutual technical assistance, strengthening the environmental policy and
legislative framework, encouraging integrated resource management, institutional
strengthening, standardization of approaches and methodologies, ensuring public
participation, encouraging policy-oriented research, exchange of relevant information,
human resources development, increasing technology transfer, attracting adequate
financial resources, and joint management of transboundary resources.
Implementation of the 1988-1989 and 1990-1991 workplans
1.9.
Notwithstanding the problems mentioned in paragraph 1.4, the workplan adopted by the
Fourth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and First Meeting of the
Contracting Parties10 (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987) for the period 1988-1989,
started to be implemented soon after the meeting, within the 'limits posed by the available
financial resources.
1.10. An Advisory Panel of government experts was created to develop comprehensive
outlines for the substantive regional programmes adopted by the Guadeloupe meeting.
The report of the Panel's two meetings (Kingston, 25-29 June 1990) served as the basis
for the workplan and budget for the 1990-1991 biennium adopted by the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
7 The Strategy f or the Development of the Caribbean Environment Programme. CEP Technical Report No.5
8 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.4/4
9 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
10 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.2/4, Annex VI
Page 4
Evaluation of projects ...
Parties11 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990). The workplan retained the substance of the
four regional programmes adopted at the Guadeloupe meeting, with some changes in
their titles and activities, to accommodate the developments since 1987, and to match in a
more realistic way the financial resources at the disposal of the Caribbean Environment
Programme.
1.11. The following five substantive regional programmes emerged as part of the 1990-1991
workplan:
(a)
Regional programme on integrated planning and institutional development for the
management of marine and coastal resources (IPID);
(b)
Regional programme for specially protected areas and wildlife (SPAW);
(c)
Regional programme on information systems for the management of marine and
coastal resources (CEPNET);
(d)
Regional programme for the assessment and control of marine pollution
(CEPPOL); and
(e)
Regional programme on environmental training, education and public awareness
for the management of marine and coastal resources (ETA).
1.12. The main events and results related to the implementation of the activities and projects
approved as part of the 1988-1989 and 1990-1991 workplans' substantive programme
areas are reviewed in paragraphs 1.13 - 1.19 of the present document. The results of
some projects initiated before 1988 but completed after that date, are also included in the
review. For the sake of convenience all activities and projects are arranged according the
groupings adopted for the 1990-1991 workplan. Additional details on individual projects
and activities can be found in the reports and notes of the Executive Director and the
secretariat to intergovernmental and expert meetings12.
1.13. Projects and activities in the framework of the Regional Programme on Integrated
Planning and Institutional Development for the Management of Marine and Coastal
Resources (IPID)13 included the following:
(a)
Study of ecological and socio-economic impact of global climatic changes on the
Wider Caribbean region (1988-89) and Study on global climate changes (1990-
91). In line with similar initiatives in other regions covered by the Regional Seas
Programme, a Task Team was created to study the possible ecological and socio-
economic implications of expected climate changes. The preliminary summary
11 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6, Annex VIII
12 Reports and notes of the Executive Director and the secretariat on the implementation of the Action Plan.
UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.3/3, IG.6/3, IG.6/2/Corr.1, IG.8/4.
13 Detailed information on the projects and activities of IPID, in particular those in the period 1990-1991, could be
found in the Note of the Secretariat on the Implementation of the Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment
Programme, UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
Page 5
CEP Technical Report No. 19
report of the Task Team was published14. The full report of the Task Team is
being prepared for publication by a commercial publisher.
(b)
Feasibility study for extension of seismic detection network in the Lesser Antilles
(1988-89). A study on the feasibility of extending the seismic detection network
in the Lesser Antilles and on reactivation of stations which were partially
destroyed by the hurricane Hugo is being prepared15.
(c)
Use of mangroves in stabilization of eroded shorelines in Guyana (1988-89). A
report on the management of the mangrove swamps in Guyana was presented at a
regional workshop on the ecology and coastal management in the Caribbean
(Martinique, 26-29 November 1991).
(d)
Coastal dynamics in Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guiana (1988-89). The
impact of coastal dynamics on shoreline evolution and dispersion of pollutants is
studied in Guadeloupe, Martinique and French Guiana in order to develop an
ecologically sound coastal zone management policy required for coastal
development planning.
(e)
Management plan for mangroves in Martinique (1988-89). A study on the
ecology of the mangroves in Martinique has been undertaken. The results of the
study16 were reviewed at a symposium (Fort-de-France, 26-29 November 1991),
and served as the basis for the preparation of the management plan for the bay of
Fort-de-France. The publication of the symposium's proceedings and the
management plan is under preparation.
(f)
Inventory of fisheries resources of French Guyana (1988-1989). As part of a
broad coastal zone management plan for the conservation and exploitation of
brown shrimp in French Guiana, an inventory of fisheries resources on the
continental shelf of French Guiana, with emphasis on the brown shrimp, is being
prepared17.
(g)
Rehabilitation of damaged sites and protection of the environment in Haiti (1988-
89). This project was not implemented.
(h)
Expert consultation meeting on integrated planning (1990-91). Two case studies
(Jamaica and Dominican Republic) have been undertaken on methodologies and
strategies to incorporate the environmental dimension into the development
planning process18. The studies have been reviewed during two national
workshops on environmental planning (Santo Domingo, 30 October-1 November
1990; Kingston, 4-5 December 1991).
(i)
Technical advisory services for institutional development (1990-91). Since 1988,
negotiations have been underway with the Inter-American Development Bank for
14 Implications of Climatic Changes in the Wider Caribbean Region. CEP Technical Report No.3
15 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
16 Together with the results emanating from activities described in sub-paragraphs 1.12 (d), 1.12 (f), and 15 (b)
17 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
18 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
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Evaluation of projects ...
launching a project on technical advisory services for institutional development
and development of information systems supporting the management of coastal
and marine resources.
(j)
Workshop on environmental impact assessment (1990-91). The procedures and
methodologies used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, and
their application on three specific case studies (Mexico, Cuba, Barbados), were
examined and summarized19 at a seminar (Mexico City, 15-17 November 1988).
As a follow-up, the preparation of an additional case study (marina in Tobago),
based on the methodological approach recommended to be followed in the
context of the UNEP-sponsored Regional Seas Programme, was undertaken. The
results of the study were reviewed at a workshop (Port-of-Spain, 14-16 October
1991), which recommended the use of the recommended methodological
approach in the Caribbean region.
(k)
Analysis of changing land and sea-use practices (1990-91). On the basis of
previous activities (see sub-paragraph 1.19 (c)), attempts are being made to
formulate specific coastal zone management plans for small islands20.
(l)
Environmental management of bays and coastal areas (1990-91). A document on
basic concepts and strategies for the strengthening of the environmental
management and planning in the coastal area of Latin America and the Caribbean
was prepared. The document, and the results of the study, carried out in Cuba in
co-operation with UNDP and UNESCO, were reviewed at a regional workshop
(Cienfuegos, 11-14 April 1989), which assisted in the development of a regional
network of institutions associated with the project. As a follow-up, two pilot
studies were carried out (Kingston Harbour and Cartagena Bay) to examine
mechanisms for the protection of coastal environment and control of pollution in
harbours. The studies were presented to a regional workshop (Havana, 17-19
April 1991) which advised on the continuation of work on the project.
(m)
A report has been prepared and published on the economic impacts of hurricane
Gilbert21.
1.14. The outstanding result of the Regional Programme for Specially Protected Areas and
Wildlife (SPAW)- was the development and adoption of the Protocol concerning
Specially protected Areas and Wildlife. The draft of the protocol was prepared by the
secretariat in co-operation with relevant international organizations (e.g. the World
Conservation Union - IUCN), governments and non-governmental organizations of the
region. The draft of the Protocol was reviewed by two meetings of experts (St. Croix,
24-26 October 1988, Kingston, 19-23 June 1989). The protocol, as amended by these
19 Development of Specific Methodologies for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment in the Wider
Caribbean. UNEP/CEP SEDUE publication.
20 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)CAR IG.8/4
21 Assessment of the Economic Impacts of Hurricane Gilbert on Coastal and Marine Resources in Jamaica. CEP
Technical Report No.4
Page 7
CEP Technical Report No. 19
meetings22, was further reviewed and revised by the Eight Meeting of the Monitoring
Committee and Special Meeting of the Bureau23 (Kingston, 10-13 January 1990). The
revised version was submitted to a Conference of Plenipotentiaries (Kingston, 15-18
January 1990) which adopted the final text of the Protoco124.
1.15. An
ad hoc Group of Experts was formed to perform on an interim basis the tasks of the
Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC), pending the entry into force of
the Protocol. The Group at its meeting in Martinique (5-8 November 1990) prepared the
draft of the Protocol's three annexes25. The draft annexes were considered by a
Conference of Plenipotentiaries (Kingston, 10-11 June 1991) which adopted their final
texts26.
1.16. Additional
activities27 related to the SPAW programme include:
(a)
Strengthening of Lesser Antilles parks and protected areas network (1988-89). A
study tour and a workshop on project development for national parks and
protected areas were planned, in cooperation with the Caribbean Natural Resource
Institute (CANARI), to strengthen the Lesser Antilles Parks and Protected Areas
Network. Several issues of "Parks and Protected Areas News" have been
published by CANARI as a further contribution to the strengthening of the
Network.
(b)
Management plan for the black coral in Cuba (1988-89). A project on
formulation of a management plan for black coral in Cuba has been initiated28. It
includes studies on the ecological characterization of concentration areas of black
corals, on the distribution of black corals along the Cuban insular shelf, and on the
possibility for their transplantation.
(c)
Conservation of the West Indian manatee (1990-91). The development of a
management plan for the West Indian manatee in Jamaica was initiated.
(d)
Sea turtle recovery action plans were developed under the co-ordination of the
Monitor International/WIDECAST NGO Consortium for a number of Caribbean
States and Territories29.
22 Revised draft of the Protocol. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.5/3
23 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.4/4
24 Final Act of the Conference. UNEP(OCA(/CAR IG.5/5
25 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR WG.4/4
26 Final Act of the Conference. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.7/3
27 Detailed information on the projects and activities of the SPAW programme, in particular those in the period
1990-1991, could be found in the Report of the First meeting of the Interim Scientific and Technical Advisory
Committee (ISTAC) to the Protocol concerning specially protected areas and wildlife in the Wider Caribbean region
(Kingston, 4-8 May 1992), UNEP(OCA)/CAR WG.5/1
28 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
29 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
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Evaluation of projects ...
1.17. In the framework of the Regional Programme on Information Systems for the
Management of Marine and Coastal Resources (CEPNET) general information system
support is provided to all other components of the Caribbean Environment Programme,
including those related to the co-ordination and management of the Programme.
Activities and projects of special importance include:
(a)
Establishment of the network for exchange and transfer of environmental
information (1988-89). Due to lack of funds no substantive progress was made on
the establishment of the network.
(b)
Expert consultation on information systems for the management of marine and
coastal resources (1990-91). The consultation was planned as a joint activity with
the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), but due to the failure of the Bank
to provide financial support, the consultation was combined with the meetings of
the Advisory Panel (see paragraph 1.10) .
(c)
Strengthening of information management capabilities of national agencies (pilot
experiences) (1990-91). Plans have been developed for six pilot projects on
strengthening of information management capabilities of national agencies
responsible for marine and coastal resources management. Due to lack of funds
only two pilot projects (in Cuba and Jamaica) have been initiated.
(d)
Development of regional mapping of marine and coastal resources (1990-91). In
co-operation with US Environment Protection Agency and a consulting firm a
series of spatial digitized datalayers on a range of resource management issues
was prepared.
(e)
A number of databases have been established and are periodically updated by the
secretariat on subjects relevant to the Caribbean Environment Programme
(institutions, experts, projects, technical documentation, species envisaged to be
protected under the SPAW protocol, etc.).
(f)
The preparation of several ad hoc directories, the quarterly publication of a
trilingual newsletter (CEPNEWS) distributed to about 5,000 persons and
institutions, the production of CEP Technical Reports series (10 issues), and the
dissemination of information on the results of projects carried out under the
Caribbean Environment Programme as well as on environmental issues relevant
to the Programme, are carried out routinely in the framework of CEPNET.
1.18. The Regional Programme for the Assessment and Control of Marine Pollution
(CEPPOL)30 during the 1988-1989 biennium essentially carried out activities initiated in
previous years. The secretariat in co-operation with the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and with involvement of the IOC Sub-commission for
the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions (IOCARIBE) formulated a well co-ordinated
regional programme. An IOC/UNEP regional workshop was organized (San Jose, 24-30
August 1989) to review the problems related to marine pollution and discuss the possible
30 Detailed information on the projects and activities of CEPPOL, in particular those in the period 1990-1991, could
be found in the Report of the Meeting of CEPPOL Group of Experts (Kingston, 12-14 May 1992),
UNEP(OCA)/CAR WG.6/1
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
elements of a regional programme for the assessment and control of marine pollution31.
Based on the outcome of the workshop, the secretariats of UNEP and IOC proposed a
detailed programme for CEPPOL which was endorsed for implementation by the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
Parties32 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990). The specific activities envisaged according to
the programme have started towards the end of 1990 under the joint co-ordination of IOC
and UNEP.
(a)
Training course for the analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine sediments
and organisms (1988-89). The project was planned as a follow up of activities in
the previous years, but was closed at the end of 1988 without substantive outputs
during the biennium 1988-1989. The project was followed up through the activity
described under (f) below.
(b)
Monitoring of pollution of the marine and coastal environment of the Caribbean
islands (1988-89). This project was a carry-over from previous years.
Considerable support was provided for the project to the Caribbean
Environmental Health Institute CEHI (St. Lucia), close to US$ 900, 000 from
UNEP Environment Fund and over US$100,000 from the Caribbean Trust Fund
in the period 1981-1990. The project was terminated at the end of 1990 in light of
the development of the CEPPOL Regional Programme. It is hoped that CEHI can
in the future be considered as a regional activity centre of the Caribbean
Environment Programme for the assessment and control of marine pollution in the
CARICOM subregion.
(c)
Characterization of contamination by hydrocarbons at the Caribbean terminal of
the Panama Canal (1988-89). Due to lack of funds this project was not
implemented.
(d)
Development of environmental water quality standards for bathing waters (1988-
89) and Development of environmental quality criteria (1990-91). An early
attempt failed to, develop, in co-operation between a number of regional
institutions under the co-ordination of INDERENA (Colombia), a bioassay
methodology for the assessment of the coastal water quality in the Wider
Caribbean region. A compilation of environmental quality criteria of coastal
areas in the Wider Caribbean region was prepared by the secretariat33, and was
used for the formulation of regionally-relevant interim, coastal water quality
criteria and effluent guidelines by a regional workshop34 (San Juan, Puerto Rico,
5-15 November 1990). Regional criteria and guidelines for the sanitary quality of
bathing and Shellfish-growing waters were recommended by a seminar of experts
(Kingston, 8-12 April 1991). A research, programme related to the development
of water quality criteria was also suggested by the San Juan meeting. Four
country proposals for research have been received by secretariat: three related to
31 Report of the Workshop. IOC Workshop Report No.59
32 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
33 IOC/UNEP-WQC-I/6
34 Report of the Workshop. CEP Technical Report No.8
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Evaluation of projects ...
pilot studies on guidelines for industrial effluent and one for a study of alternative
indicators of faecal pollution. The latter proposal has been accepted and funded.
(e)
Control of domestic, industrial and agricultural land-based sources of pollution
(1990-91). Guidelines have been prepared and distributed to national focal points
for the preparation of national reports on the sources and amounts of pollutants
from land based sources in their countries. Only 14 countries indicated their
interest in participating in the project, and eleven countries have already
submitted their reports35. The data expected from national reports are intended to
be used for the preparation of a regional survey on land-based sources of
pollution, required for a meaningful negotiation of a protocol on the control of
pollution from these sources (see paragraphs 1.21 and 1.22).
(f)
Baseline studies on pesticides contamination and formulation of control measures
(1990-91). During 1991 proposals for studies have been received from six
countries and one regional institution. A training course for the potential
participants in the project was organized (San Jose, Costa Rica, 6-18 May 1991),
followed by meetings to clarify the methodological approach to pesticide studies
(San Jose, 20-22 May 1991) and the linkage of the project with the International
Mussel Watch Programme (San Jose, 23-24 May 1991). Subsequently, seven
pilot studies were initiated towards the end of 1991.
(g)
Monitoring and control of the sanitary quality of bathing and shellfish growing
waters (1990-91). The programme for monitoring and control of marine pollution
caused by sewage was considered and agreed by a seminar36 held in Kingston (8-
12 April 1991). The secretariat is in the process of analyzing the proposals
received from national institutions for participation in the project.
(h)
Monitoring and control of pollution by oil and marine debris (1990-91). Under
IOCARIBE's coordination pilot studies on debris were undertaken in five
countries, and by CEHI for the CARICOM region. A regional overview was
prepared by IOCARIBE on the present state of pollution by oil and marine debris.
A regional workshop37 (Cartagena, 22-24 July 1991) considered the results of the
overview and was followed by initiation of specific studies on oil and marine
debris by research institutions in seven countries of the region.
(i)
Site-specific studies of damaged ecosystems and development of proposals for
remedial action.(199091). Taking advantage of the activities carried out by the
UNESCO-sponsored Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity (CARICOMP)
Network, a study on pollution within the skeletons of corals is being prepared.
(j)
Research on the significance of organotin as a pollutant of the region (1990-91).
A study involving US Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands was launched
in mid-May 1991.
35 Twelve (12) countries as at 1 July 1992.
36 Report of the Seminar. CEP Technical Report No.9
37 The report of the workshop, including the overview, is being published by IOC.
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
(k)
An assessment of contamination by hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the
south-eastern Caribbean has been undertaken, in co-operation with Venezuela.
The results of the assessment have been published by the Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources (MARNR) of Venezuela.
1.19. Most of the programme activities reviewed in paragraphs 1-13 - 1-18 contains elements
relevant to the Regional Programme on Environmental Training, Education and Public
Awareness for the Management of Marine and Coastal Resources (ETA)38. The ETA-
related activities not mentioned before include:
(a)
Development of a Consortium of Caribbean Universities for natural resources
management (1988-89), and Strengthening of the Consortium of Universities for
training in the management of marine and coastal resources (1990-91). The
Consortium involving 15 institutions was established in 1989, as a programme of
the Association of Caribbean Universities (UNICA). Consortium-wide
educational standards were developed at the bachelor, diploma and master degree
levels for education in resource management with specific reference to marine
and coastal areas. Outlines for undergraduate courses and for a regional one-year
diploma course in resource management were formulated by several Consortium
members, and 16 faculty members were trained on curricula development. The
development of a resource management library collection and a travelling
resource management course are underway.
(b)
Training in management of development projects (1988-89). The project was
expected to be developed by UCORED, in co-operation with the University of
Paris, but the Caribbean Environment Programme did not get involved in it, as
originally planned.
(c)
Training in land-use planning for coastal areas (1988-89). A case study from
Venezuela (Margarita Island) was used to consider, at a workshop on land and
coastal use planning (Porlamar, Margarita Island, 28 January/1 February 1991),
the possible regional application of coastal use planning methodologies (see also
sub-paragraph 1.13 (j)).
(d)
Training in industrial pollution control (1988-89). The project was expected to be
developed by UCORED, in co-operation with the University of West Indies and
the United Nations Industrial and Developmental Organization (UNIDO), but the
Caribbean Environment Programme did not get involved in it, -as originally
planned.
(e)
Workshop on environmental impact assessment (19881989). The results of this
project are reviewed under sub-paragraph 1.13 (j).
(f)
Expansion of environmental education (1988-89). A survey of the extent, quality
and need for environmental education at primary and secondary levels is being
38 Detailed information on the projects and activities of the ETA regional programme , in particular those in the
period 1990-1991, could be found in the Note of the Secretariat on the Implementation of the Action Plan for the
Caribbean Environment Programme, UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
Page 12
Evaluation of projects ...
planned. The other activities supported through this project are reviewed in
subparagraph (a) above.
(g)
Development of public awareness on sustainable development (1988-89). A
media seminar on environmental issues in the region and media policies for
responsible reporting was convened in co-operation with the Caribbean
Conservation Association (CCA) and the Caribbean Institute of Mass
Communication (CARIMAC) in Kingston (13-14 January 1990). A booklet39,
based on the presentations at the seminar, was issued and distributed. In co-
operation with the Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA) and the PANOS
Institute, another booklet40 was also prepared, on mangroves of the region, and
distributed in three languages in 1991. Both booklets are widely used by the
media in the region.
(h)
Expert consultation on education for the management of marine and coastal
erosion (1990-91). The planned expert consultation was replaced by the work of
the Advisory Panel (see paragraph 1.10).
Extension of the Protocol concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills
1.20. Proposals have been prepared by the secretariat, in co-operation with the
Intergovernmental Maritime Organization (IMO), for the extension of the Protocol to also
cover harmful substances other than oil41. The two options presented in the proposals
(extension of the Protocol by an amendment or by an annex) were considered by a
Conference of Plenipotentiaries (Kingston, 15-18 January 1990) which decided to defer
the extension of the Protocol, but agreed that the existing Protocol should continue to
apply provisionally to hazardous substances42.
Development of a protocol on pollution from land-based sources
1.21. A background document43, including elements which could be included in the protocol,
was prepared by the secretariat for use by a future meeting of experts on this subject.
1.22. The survey of land-based sources of pollution being carried out through CEPPOL (see
paragraph 1.18(e)) will serve as additional background material for the meeting of
experts.
39 Environment: The Message and the Media. A Caribbean Perspective.
40 Mangroves of the Wider Caribbean: Toward Sustainable Management.
41 Proposals for the extension of the Protocol. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.5/4 and 5/4/Add.1
42 Final Act of the conference. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.5/5
43 UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/INF.5
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
Joint meeting of ministers of finance and planning with ministers of environment
1.23. The Seventh Meeting of the Monitoring Committee and Special Meeting of the Bureau
(Mexico City, 12-14 September 1988) requested the secretariat to examine the feasibility
of organizing a joint meeting of ministers of finance and planning with ministers of
environment in order to discuss a long term-strategy for sustainable development of the
region, with particular emphasis on the need to develop national accounts of natural
resources for sustainable development44. The request was reiterated by the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
Parties45 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990). The secretariat discussed the idea with various
international and regional organizations, but in view of the impending convening of the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, June
1992) it was felt that the meeting, if held at all, should be postponed for after the
Conference.
Financial mechanisms for the management of the Caribbean Environment Programme
1.24. The financial mechanisms for the management of the Caribbean Environment
Programme for the period 1990-1993, including the Terms of Reference for the
management of the Caribbean Trust Fund have been considered and adopted by the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
Parties46 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990).
Application of the principle of precautionary action
1.25. The possible application of the principle of precautionary action was examined by the
Fifth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the
Contracting Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990), which invited the secretariat to
prepare a study on the mechanism of its application47. The study is being prepared for
submission to the next intergovernmental meeting (November 1992).
Movements of hazardous wastes
1.26. Concern was expressed over the movement of hazardous wastes in the Wider Caribbean
region at the Fifth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of
the Contracting Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990) which requested the secretariat to
prepare an assessment of the nature of such movements48. The request was renewed by
the Ninth Meeting of the Monitoring Committee and Special Meeting of the Bureau49
44 Report of the Meeting. Annex V. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.3/5
45 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
46 Report of the Meeting. Annex V. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
47 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6.
48 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
49 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/5
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Evaluation of projects ...
(Kingston, 12-14 June 1991). As a contribution to the clarification of the problems
associated with the movement of hazardous wastes in the Caribbean region a document
prepared by Greenpeace was published in 1991 by the secretariat50.
Designation of the Wider Caribbean as a "special area" under Annex V of MARPOL 73/78
1.27. The possibility and financial implications of designating the region as a "special area"
were considered by the Fifth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second
Meeting of the Contracting Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990) and by the Ninth
Meeting of the Monitoring Committee and Special Meeting of the Bureau (Kingston, 12-
14 June 1991)51. A regional workshop organized in co-operation with the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) (Caracas, 22-27 October 1990) considered the matter and
recommended the designation of the Wider Caribbean as a "special area"52 which was
formalized at the 31st Session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC)
of IMO (London, 12-16 November 1990). Funds are currently being sought from the
Global Environment Facility (GEF) to, assist the States of the region in complying with
the requirements of the special area" designation53.
II. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
2.1.
Since the Fourth intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and First Meeting of the
Contracting Parties (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987) the Caribbean Environment
Programme has developed vigorously and today it represents a broadly supported
mechanism for regional co-operation on matters related to the protection and
development of the marine and coastal environment of the States and Territories in the
Wider Caribbean region. Although it is difficult to assess the direct impact of the
Programme on the environmental situation of the region, the available information
indicates that the Programme has a significant influence on the environmental policies
and practices of most countries in the region.
2.2. The adoption of a long-term strategy for the future development of the Caribbean
Environment Programme (see paragraphs 1.7-1.8) refocused the Action Plan on goals,
principles and objectives which, in the light of the analysis of the present most urgent
environmental problems and priorities affecting the coastal and marine, resources of the
Wider Caribbean, and the experience gained in the implementation of the action plan
during its first decade, seem most appropriate.
2.3.
The strategy reconfirmed the need for concentration of the action plan on five substantive
programme areas, i.e.:
50 The Transboundary Movement of Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes in the Wider Caribbean Region. A call for a
Legal Instrument within the Cartagena Convention. CEP Technical Report No.7
51 Reports of the meetings. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6 and IG.8/5
52 Report of the Regional Workshop for the Wider Caribbean on Oil Spill Preparedness and Response and "Special
Area" Status under Annex V of MARPOL 73/78. IMO
53 Note of the Secretariat. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.8/4
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
(a)
integrated planning and institutional development for the management of marine
and coastal resources;
(b)
specially protected areas and wildlife;
(c)
information systems for the management of marine and coastal resources;
(d)
assessment and control of marine pollution; and
(e)
education, training and public awareness for the appropriate management of
marine and coastal resources; and specified the short-term (1990-1995) goals and
objectives for each of these programme areas.
2.4. In a remarkably short period the Caribbean Environment Programme succeeded in
concentrating its activities on the five substantive areas envisaged by the strategy, and
judging from the achievements of the two first years of the five year period in which the
short-term goals and objectives were expected to be reached, the Programme seems to be
on the right track to achieving most of these goals and objectives.
2.5. The new strategy, combined with the transfer of the day to, day co-ordination of the
Programme to the newly established Regional Co-ordinating Unit in Kingston, stimulated
the broadening of the political commitment to the Programme, which was signified by:
(a)
accession of six additional States54 to the Cartagena Convention and its Protocol
concerning Co-operation in Combating Oil Spills, raising the number of Parties to
the Convention and this Protocol to nineteen (the present status of the Convention
and the Protocol is shown in Table 1);
(b)
successful negotiation and signing of the Protocol concerning Specially Protected
Areas and Wildlife by fourteen States;
(c)
the continuation of the provisional application of the Protocol concerning Co-
operation in Combating Oil Spills to hazardous substances other than oil; and
(d)
advanced preparations for the development of a protocol concerning control of
pollution from land-based sources.
2.6.
The growing pledges to, the Trust Fund in the period 1988-1991, from US$503,729 in
1988 to US$967,165 in 1991 (see Table 2) is a further sign of firm political commitment
to, the programme carried out through the Action Plan.
2.7.
Projects initiated before 1988 were, in most cases, successfully completed, and a number
of projects approved for implementation in the framework of the concentration areas,
were initiated (see Table 3). Although, in a short period since the five programme areas
have been approved, it is premature to expect their simultaneous full scale development
and major results, the initial results of the new projects are encouraging and augur well
for the agreed programme. Aside from the remarkable substantive achievements
mentioned in paragraph 2.5, the formulation of:
54 Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Guatemala, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
Page 16
Evaluation of projects ...
(a)
interim environmental quality criteria for coastal waters and effluent guidelines
for the coastal environment of the region; and
(b)
recommendations for criteria or guidelines for sanitary quality of bathing and
shellfish-growing waters; merit being mentioned in view of their significance for
a potential concerted regional action.
2.8. The institutional framework in which the Caribbean Environment Programme is being
implemented is broadening. The number of national institutions participating in the
projects of the Action Plan is rapidly growing and today there is practically no country in
the region which in one way or another does not participate actively in the programme of
work.
2.9.
The decision-making mechanism of the Caribbean Environment Programme is today well
established and consolidated through the regular meetings of the Monitoring Committee,
intergovernmental meetings on the Action Plan, and meetings of the Contracting Parties
to the Convention. Such meetings are preceded by meetings of government experts
which review the technical aspects of the programme and prepare proposals for the
consideration of the decision-making meetings.
2.10. Considerable financial resources, additional to those of the Trust Fund or the
Environment Fund of UNEP, have been acquired for the implementation of the Action
Plan (Table 4). National counterpart contributions to projects implemented on national
levels, and voluntary contributions additional to those pledged for the Trust Fund by the
countries participating in the Action Plan, are only part of such resources.
2.11. The support of the international community to the Caribbean Environment Programme is
growing. Aside from the traditional substantive and technical support enjoyed in the past
and at present from the specialized organizations of the United Nations system55, the
interest in supporting the Programme shown by some financial institutions56, the
European Economic Community and some non-Caribbean States57, is an indisputable
sign of the Programme's attractiveness and success.
2.12. With maturing and expansion of the Caribbean Environment Programme, the nature of
co-operation between the Programme and other programme elements of UNEP is
changing. The Action Plan has today joint activities with several units and programmes
of UNEP58, and some of the projects, carried out in the framework of the Action Plan
serve as pilot projects for other regions covered by the UNEP-sponsored Regional Seas
Programme.
55 IOC, IMO, WHO/PAHO, ECLAC and FAO, in particular.
56 For instance, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank.
57 Sweden, Italy, Japan, Canada and others.
58 Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC); Global Resource Inventory Database (GRID);
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC); Oceans and Coastal Areas Programme Activity Centre
(OCA/PAC); and others.
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
2.13. In spite of some doubts at the outset, the Regional Co-ordinating Unit for the Caribbean
Environment Programme succeeded, in the relatively short period since it was established
in Kingston (May 1987), to consolidate its structure and activities and developed into a
semi-autonomous unit performing the secretariat functions, of the Programme.
III. CONSTRAINTS AFFECTING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CARIBBEAN
ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
3.1. The external and internal constraints, hampering a more vigorous progress in the
implementation of the Caribbean Environment Programme are numerous and varied in
nature. The main constraints can be broadly identified as:
(a)
insufficient political commitment of the countries participating in the Programme;
(b)
lack of adequate financial support;
(c)
organizational weaknesses in the implementation of the agreed programme and in
its co-ordination; and
(d)
inadequate awareness, expertise and experience at the national level.
Political commitment
3.2.
A strong political commitment, expressed at the highest possible national level, is one of
the basic prerequisites for the successful implementation of a complex multidisciplinary
programme requiring international co-operation. Adherence to international legally
binding agreements signify such political commitments.
3.3.
The Convention, adopted in March 1983, in force since October 1986, and confirmed by
the First Meeting of the Contracting Parties (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987) as the
legal framework of the Caribbean Environment Programme has yet to be formally
acceded to by nine eligible States and the European Economic Community (see Table 1).
In view of the present status of the Convention it is not quite correct to argue that the
Convention is in fact the universally recognized legal framework of the Action Plan and
that it enjoys the support of all States of the Wider Caribbean region.
3.4.
Participation of the countries in the intergovernmental meetings supervising and guiding
the development of the Caribbean Environment Programme is another expression of their
commitment to the Programme. Out of the 36 invited countries only 11 participated in
both of the last two intergovernmental meetings (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987;
Kingston, 17-18 January 1990), while 1159 countries were absent from both of them.
Most countries are represented at the intergovernmental meetings at a fairly high-level
but modest-sized, 1-3 member delegations.
3.5.
A further sign of less than universal political commitment to the Programme is the fact
that thirteen States and Territories did not contribute during the last two biennia (1988-89
59 Bahamas, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, St. Kitts and Nevis, St.
Vincent and Grenadines, and Suriname.
Page 18
Evaluation of projects ...
and 1990-91) to the Trust Fund at all, and three discontinued contributing after 1988 (see
Table 2).
Financial support
3.6.
The implementation of the Action Plan is seriously affected by the chronic lack of funds.
3.7.
Although it is recognized that the Trust Fund of the Caribbean Environment Programme
is the main financial instrument needed to ensure a stable and predictable source of
monies required to cover the costs of the core projects approved by the intergovernmental
meetings and the basic needs of the Programmels secretariat, the size of the Trust Fund
was not growing to keep pace with the development of the Programme. When
establishing the Trust Fund at their First Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan60
(Montego Bay, 6-8 April 1981), the countries participating in the Programme pledged to
contribute to it voluntarily US$1.5 million for the biennium 1982-1983. The pledges to
the subsequent biennia have been revised downwards, and those for the biennia 1988-
1989 and 1990-1991 (see Table 2) do not match the purchasing power of the amount
pledged almost ten years ago.
3.8. There is still no unanimous agreement about the scale according to which the
contributions to the Trust Fund should be paid, although the vast majority of the countries
participating in the Action Plan agree that the voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund
be paid according to, a scale based on the scale of assessed contributions to the UN
budget. The major anomalies are: the lack of any contribution from three States, two
Territories and the European Economic Community since the establishment of the Trust
Fund in 1982; the lack of contributions from 13 States and Territories in the period 1988-
1991; the relatively low although regular contribution from Mexico; and the low
contribution of the USA, which started to contribute only in 1990 (see Table 2).
3.9. When adopting the extension of the Trust Fund through 1993, the Fifth
Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan and Second Meeting of the Contracting
Parties (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990) recognized that, despite the voluntary nature of
the contributions, once the proposal for assessed levels was accepted by
intergovernmental meetings, the acceptance implied a commitment on the part of the
country participating in the Action Plan61. In reality, however, the agreed contributions
to the Trust Fund are frequently not paid (only about 2/3 of the agreed contributions have
been actually paid in the period 1988-1991) or, are paid with considerable delays (see
Table 2), creating serious problems in the implementation of the Action Plan according to
the agreed schedule.
3.10. The 13 per cent levied by UNEP as "programme support cost" on the amounts collected
by the Trust Fund, remains a controversial issue, although UNEP's contribution to the co-
ordination and management of the Action Plan seems to surpass the amount levied in this
way.
60 Report of the Meeting. UNEP/CEPAL/IG.27/3
61 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
3.11. The use of the Trust Fund in supporting the projects which were "active" during the
period analyzed in this document is shown in Table 3. Table 4 indicates that in the period
1988-1991 the average annual expenditures and commitments of the Trust Fund were
about US$850,000, a figure considerably higher than the actual average annual
contributions to the Trust Fund (about US$500,000) in the same period (see Table 2).
The deficit between the income and expenditures was covered by contributions
accumulated in the Trust Fund in the period 1985-1988, i.e. during the years of low
activity. By the end of 1991 this reserve was practically exhausted.
3.12. The counterpart contributions towards the co-ordination and common costs, and
implementation of individual projects is significant (see Table 3 and Table 4), but do not
represent a steady and predictable financial contribution which would allow for long-term
planning of activities (for example see sub-paragraph 1.13 (i), and concentration on
priorities defined by the agreed workplan. It should be noted that the counterpart
contributions to specific projects implemented by national institutions are frequently
declared unrealistically, and are in most cases in the form of contributions in kind or in
local currency.
3.13. Fund-raising for projects requiring cash beyond the financial capabilities of the Trust
Fund and the Environment Fund, did not yield the expected results, at least not within the
expected time-frame and in expected amounts. A further potential danger experienced
with counterpart contributions was that in some instances they reflected the interest of
donors rather than the priorities of the Caribbean Environment Programme. Therefore,
uncritical acceptance of such contributions, either in the form of staff or cash earmarked
for specific activities, may lead (and actually led) to unpredictable complications in the
co-ordination of the Programme or distortion of priorities decided by the countries
participating in the Programme.
3.14. In line with UNEP's policy, the support from the Environment Fund is channelled
towards activities relevant as components of UNEP's global programmes which are not
necessarily identical with regional priorities in each case.
Organizational problems
3.15. Due to the lack of universal adherence to the Convention by all States participating in the
Caribbean Environment Programme, parallel arrangements had to be made to satisfy the
specific interests and rights of the Contracting Parties without curtailing the full
substantive participation of non-Contracting Parties in the Programme. These
arrangements require extra efforts from the States participating in the Programme and
from the secretariat in co-ordinating the Action Plan. Moreover, they frequently lead to
ambiguous situations about the rights and "duties" of non-Contracting Parties in subjects
such as negotiation of matters relevant to the legal framework of the Programme,
contributions to the Trust Fund, and eligibility for membership in various subsidiary
bodies created under the Convention and the Action Plan. These problems, as well as
those related to the voting rights of States and Territories have prevented the adoption of
the rules of procedure for the meetings and conferences convened in the framework of the
Page 20
Evaluation of projects ...
Programme, although they have been considered by several intergovernmental
meetings62.
3.16. The intergovernmental meetings, held to review the progress of the Action Plan and to
decide on its future activities, do not devote sufficient time to the critical analysis of the
achieved results, to the substantive evaluation of the completed and ongoing projects, and
to the identification of weaknesses encountered in the implementation of the programme.
Some of the key documents prepared by the secretariat on specific request of
intergovernmental meetings63 were barely noted without any comments from,
intergovernmental meetings64. This situation is, at least partly due, to the late distribution
of documents for the meetings, which does not allow sufficient time for their analysis
before the meetings.
3.17. The workplans adopted by intergovernmental meetings are to a large extent overly
ambitious. The timetable for their implementation is in most cases too optimistic, and the
budgetary allocations do not match the funds available for their implementation.
Consequently, the adopted workplans require frequent modifications or adjustments in
order to meet time and funding realities. Projects, activities and programme areas (e.g.
CEPNET) which heavily depended on (unrealistically) expected counterpart
contributions in cash, suffered in particular.
3.18. In spite of the clear decision of the Fourth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Action Plan
and First Meeting of Contracting Parties65 (Guadeloupe, 26-28 October 1987) to
concentrate the implementation of the Action Plan on activities of regional relevance
addressing the common problems of the Caribbean region, reconfirmed by the next
meeting of similar nature66 (Kingston, 17-18 January 1990), there are recurring attempts
from individual countries, to approve projects which have a narrow scope and doubtful
regional relevance.
3.19. Some of the meetings convened under the Action Plan and Convention are organized
according to an unrealistic time schedule which does not allow for timely preparation and
distribution of the meetings' documents in all required languages, nor is sufficient time
provided during the meetings to deal meaningfully with all agenda items. The negative
financial implications of such meetings are considerable.
3.20. The volume of work expected to be carried out by the Regional Co-ordinating Unit is not
in proportion with the staffing complement of the Unit. The core staff of the Unit is too
small for the level of co-ordination required in light of the rapidly growing complexity of
62 Reports of meetings. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.4/4, IG.6/6, and IG.8/5
63 Regional Overview of Environmental Problems and Priorities Affecting the Coastal and Marine Resources of the
Wider Caribbean. CEP Technical Report No.2; The Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Programme:
Evaluation of its Development and Achievements. CEP Technical Report No.1
64 Reports of the meetings. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.4/4 and UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.6/6
65 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.2/4
66 Report of the Meeting. UNEP(OCA)/CAR IG.4/4
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CEP Technical Report No. 19
the Programme. Solutions sought through secondment of staff from various States or
organizations, or through hiring temporary professional staff to deal with specific
projects, frequently did not yield satisfactory results. The attempt (unsuccessful for the
time being) to ensure the co-ordination of a large regional programme (CEPPOL) through
a long-term outposting of an IOC staff member to the Unit, has hampered the progress in
this programme area.
3.21. The inadequacy of communication between various partners involved with the Caribbean
Environment Programme is a serious issue which affects the Programme by delaying the
approval of project documents, implementation of the agreed activities, and flow of
information on the obtained results. This inadequacy is felt on all levels: within the Co-
ordinating Unit., and in the relationship of the Unit with the Headquarters of UNEP, with
UNEP's Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, with the national focal
points in various countries, as well as with the counterparts in the international,
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The inadequate or ill-
functioning communication systems and infrastructures are only part of the problem,
which could be solved by the use of cost-effective public data networks to create
continuous communication links between interested parties. However, no technical
solutions alone can improve the present situation and replace the lack of imaginative and
efficient use of existing systems, and the lack of interest in sharing information, or in co-
ordinating mutually beneficial activities through consultations with potential partners.
Inadequate avareness, expertise and experience
3.22. Among the major factors constraining a more vigorous development of the Caribbean
Environment Programme are:
-
the lack of broader public awareness that environmental protection is the basic
prerequisite for sustainable development;
-
the inadequate awareness at the level of national administrations about the
opportunities for, and advantages from, multilateral co-operation through regional
programmes such as the Caribbean Environment Programme; and
-
the shortage of adequate expertise and experience needed for the development and
application of meaningful environmental protection policies at the national levels;
IV. TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED THROUGH THE
CARIBBEAN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
4.1.
Training on all levels, including training of educators, technicians, scientists, managers,
and policy-makers, was clearly recognized in the long-term strategy of the Caribbean
Environment Programme as a key element contributing to the overall goals of the
Programme. Consequently, during the last four years training, education and public
awareness was maintained as one of the five substantive regional programmes of the
Action Plan (see paragraph 1.19), and is, for all practical purposes carried out through
almost all projects and activities undertaken in the framework of the Action Plan.
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Evaluation of projects ...
4.2. The forms of training vary, depending on the type of training needed to achieve the
specific goal, from individual training to group training provided through workshops,
seminars and other type of meetings. It is estimated that about 700 individuals were
trained in such way during the period 1988-1991, and that the total training period
amounted to about 120 person/months.
4.3.
Although training can also be considered as a specific form of technical assistance, the
latter in the context of this document refers to assistance provided in the form of
information, expert advice, or equipment. Aside from the routine distribution of
information from, the Co-ordinating Unit, through the CEPNET programme in particular
(see paragraph 1.17), in the period 1988-1991 twelve67 person/weeks of experts, and
equipment worth about US$57,000 were made available to the countries participating in
the Caribbean Environment Programme.
V. FUTURE TRENDS
5.1. The achievements of the Caribbean Environment Programme in the period 1988-1991
were remarkable and far outweigh its shortcomings. Assuming that the positive trends
will continue, a projection of the possible future development of the Programme is given
in the ensuing paragraphs.
5.2. It is hoped that all eligible States, which have not yet done so, and the European
Economic Community, will soon confirm their formal political commitment to the Action
Plan by acceding to, the Convention, and the Protocol concerning Co-operation in
Combating Oil Spills, and thus ensure that the Convention becomes a universally
accepted legal framework for the Caribbean Environment Programme.
5.3.
Likewise, it is hoped that the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife
(SPAW) will be ratified, or acceded to, by a sufficient number of States to, ensure its
entering into force by 1994. An intensified work in the framework of the agreed regional
programme on SPAW would certainly contribute to an early implementation of the
Protocol's provisions, regardless of the date of its formal entry into force.
5.4.
The negotiation of a protocol on control of pollutants from land-based sources may take
some time, because the formulation of the protocol's technical annexes will have to take
into account, among other things, the results of CEPPOL yet to be obtained.
Nevertheless, in view of the urgency of the problem and following the example of the
SPAW Protocol, the States may adopt the protocol without some of its technical annexes,
leaving the adoption of these annexes for a later date. In the meantime:
(a)
the proposed interim environmental quality criteria for coastal waters, effluent
guidelines, and standards/guidelines for the sanitary quality of bathing and
shellfish-growing waters (see sub-paragraph 1.18 (d) and paragraph 2.7) could be
considered by the Contracting Parties and adopted if found suitable; and
67 This figure does not include the expert assistance provided by the staff of the Co-ordinating Unit.
Page 23
CEP Technical Report No. 19
(b)
the technical work on the formulation of measures needed for the application of
the protocol could proceed at the level of meetings of experts.
5.5
Further and stronger concentration of the Action Plan on the balanced implementation of
five substantive programmes areas (see paragraph 2.2) approved as the backbone of the
Caribbean Environment Programme, and their full development into a complex web of
regional activities carried out through networks of co-operative institutions, could be
expected. The Programme would gain in strength if suitable national or regional
institutions could be identified, designated and used as regional activity centres for the
co-ordination of specific activities. It is hoped that the awareness of the countries
participating in the Programme about their priorities will prevent a biased development of
the Programme resulting from uncritical adoption of priorities not shared by the majority
of the countries from the region, or policies, measures, guidelines and criteria not suitable
for them.
5.6
The present level of co-operation between the Programme and other regional or global
programmes with similar or complementary objectives, should be expected to broaden, as
it would contribute to the integration of the Action Plan into the global trends in
environmental protection. The benefits from such co-operation would be mutual. The
improved communication, on technical and human levels, between all relevant parties
would be a basic prerequisite to achieving this goal.
5.7
With the intensification of the Programme, and assuming that it will deal successfully
with the problems requiring regional co-operation among the States and Territories of the
Wider Caribbean, the financial support to, the Action Plan, through the Trust Fund and
various counterpart contributions, will be certainly forthcoming.
5.8
The Regional Co-ordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme, which
against all odds managed to develop during its relatively short existence into a viable,
semiautonomous mechanism for the day-to-day co-ordination of the Caribbean
Environment Programme, will probably remain a unit with a small professional core
staff, assisted by staff temporarily seconded from various Government structures or
international organizations. Bureaucratic hypertrophy of the Unit (as well as the co-
ordination and common costs) could be easily avoided by maintaining a high professional
standard of the staff and by restricting the work of the Unit to activities which can not be
assigned to, or performed by regional activity centres (see paragraph 5.5), national and
regional organizations, or specialized agencies of the United Nations system.
Page 24
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE I
Status of the Convention for the Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider
Caribbean Region; the Protocol Concerning co-operation in Combating Oil Spills in the
Wider Caribbean Region and the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and
Wildlife in the Wider Caribbena Region
(as of 1st June 1992)
ELIGIBLE PARTIES
CONVENTION1
OIL SPILL
SPAW PROTOCOL3
PROTOCOL2
Antigua and Barbuda
A
A
S
Bahamas
-
-
-
Barbados
S and R
S and R
-
Belize
-
-
-
Colombia
S and R
S and R
S
Costa Rica
A
A
-
Cuba
A
A
S
Dominica
A
A
-
Dominican Republic
-
-
-
European Economic
Community
S
-
-
________________________
1 Adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of
the Wider Caribbean Region in Cartagena de Indias on 24 March 1983. Entered into force on 11 October 1986;
depositary of the Government of the Republic of Colombia
2 Adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of
the Wider Caribbean Region in Cartagena de Indias on 24 March 1983. Entered into force on 11 October 1986;
depositary the Government of the Republic of Colombia
3 Adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Wider
Caribbean Region in Kingston on 18 January 1990; annexed adopted by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries for the
Adoption of the Annexes to the Protocol concerning Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife in the Wider Caribbean
Region in Kingston on 11 June 1991; not in force; depositary the Government of the Republic of Colombia.
Page 25
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE I (CONT'D)
ELIGIBLE PARTIES
CONVENTION1
OIL SPILL
SPAW PROTOCOL3
PROTOCOL2
France
S and R
S and R
S
Grenada
S and R
S and R
-
Guatemala
S and R
S and R
S
Guyana
-
-
-
Haiti
-
-
-
Honduras
S
S
S
Jamaica
S and R
S and R
-
Mexico
S and R
S and R
-
Netherlands
S and R
S and R
-
Nicaragua
S
S
S
Panama
S and R
S and R
-
St. Kitts and Nevis
-
-
-
St. Lucia
S and R
S and R
-
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
A
A
S
Suriname
-
-
-
Trinidad and Tobago
A
A
A
United Kingdom
S and R
S and R
-
United States of America
S and R
S and R
-
Venezuela
S and R
S and R
-
S = SIGNATURE;
R = RATIFICATION;
A
ACCESSION OR
ACCEPTANCE
Page 26
TABLE II
Agreed1 and paid contributions (in US$) to the Trust Fund in the period 1988-1992
(as at 31 December 1992)
States and
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
19822 1992
Territories
agreed paid
agreed paid agreed paid
agreed paid
agreed paid agreed paid
Antigua and Barbuda
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
56,478
0
Bahamas
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
1,735
89,378
83,985
Barbados
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
89,378
89,378
Belize
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
6,500
81,500
81,500
Colombia
13,406
13,406
17,534
17,534
13,406
13,406
17,534
17,534
13,406
13,406
215,608
215,608
Costa Rica
7,755
0
10,143
0
7,755
0
10,143
0
7,755
0
97,245
24,774
Cuba
13,406
13,406
17,534
17,534
13,406
13,406
17,534
5,729
13,406
0
168,106
142,895
Dominica
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
9,320
9,320
7,128
0
89,376
82,248
Dominican Republic
8,383
0
10,964
0
8,383
0
10,964
0
8,383
0
105,118
0
France
162,487 162,487 212,513 212,513
162,487 162,487 212,513
212,513
162,487
162,487 2,037,487
2,037,487
Grenada
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
89,378
6,001
Guatemala
7,755
0
10,143
0
7,755
0
10,143
0
7,755
0
97,245
0
Guyana
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
2,198
89,378
84,444
Haiti
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
89,378
16,575
Honduras
7,128
7,128
9,322
9,322
7,128
7,128
9,322
8,647
7,128
0
8,378
81,575
Jamaica
10,832
10,832
14,168
14,168
10,832
10,832
14,168
14,168
10,832
0
135,832
125,000
Mexico
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
72,003
530,000
562,003
___________________
1 The agreement amounts listed in this table include amendments made by individual countries after the adoption of the scale of payment by the relevant
intergoverrunental meetings.
2 This column reflects the total contribution to the Caribbean Trust Fund over the life of the Trust Fund (1982-1992)
Page 27
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE II (CONT'D)
States and
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
19822 1992
Territories
agreed paid
agreed paid agreed paid
agreed paid
agreed paid agreed paid
Netherlands
- Aruba
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
0
36,500
30,000
- Neth. Ant.
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
130,08
61,450
Nicaragua
7,128
7,128
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
89,378
56,478
Panama
7,755
7,755
10,143
10,143
7,755
2,562
10,143
0
7,755
0
72,785
49,694
St. Kitts/Nevis
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
0
27,500
25,000
St. Lucia
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
6,500
8,500
8,500
6,500
6,500
81,500
81,500
St. Vinc./Gren.
6,500
0
8,500
0
6,500
0
8,500
0
6,500
0
81,500
45,000
Suriname
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
9,322
0
7,128
0
89,378
24,678
Trinidad & Tobago
8,383
8,383
10,964
10,964
8,383
8,383
10,964
10,964
8,383
4,433
105,118
101,168
United Kingdom
- Anguilla
0
0
0
0
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
7,500
7,500
- British V.I.
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
5,500
60,500
60,500
- Cayman Islands
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
4,500
22,500
22,500
- Montserrat
2,500
0
2,500
0
2,500
2,500
2,500
0
2,500
0
27,500
0
- Turks & Caicos
4,500
4,500
4,500
0
4,500
4,500
4,500
0
4,500
0
29,232
11,323
U.S.A.
0
0
0
0
108,450 108,450 124,178
124,178
180,950
180,950
413,578
413,578
Venezuela
99,659
99,659 130,341 131,341
99,659
99,659 130,341
130,341
99,659
2,649 1,249,659
1,152,649
EEC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sweden
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
212,585
212,585
212,585
212,585
Total
503,729 435,196
640,489
537,807
614,679 529,325 767,165
641,860
899,764
685,070 6,887,004
5,988,860
Page 28
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE III
Project documents which served as the formal and financial basis for the implementation of
the Action Plan in the period 1988-1991 (as at 31 December 1991) (The amounts indicated
under the cost of the projects are in cash unless other-vise indicated)
Project number: CR/5102-86-04:
Title of Project:
Promotion of the survival and recovery of endangered, threatened and
vulnerable seas turtles in the Wider Caribbean region
Implementation:
Monitor International/WIDECAST in collaboration with WIDECAST
NGO Consortium
Duration:
January 1987 - December 1990
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ........................................... 27,000
to Monitor International /WIDECAST (in kind) .................... 318,000
TOTAL
.............
345,000
Project Number: PP/CRI5102 87-02:
Title of Project:
Development of environmental education and public awareness on marine
and coastal resources management in the Wider Caribbean region
Implementation:
The Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA)
Duration:
August 1987 - January 1989
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Environment Fund of UNEP .................................... 20,064
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ............................................ 70,708
to CCA (in kind) ......................................................... 14,000
TOTAL ............. 104,772
Page 29
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE III (CONT'D)
Project-Number: FP/CR/JA/CP/5102-86-05:
Project Title:
Support for the Regional Co-ordinating Unit for the Action Plan of the
Caribbean Environment Programme
Implementation:
Regional Co-ordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme in
collaboration with: the Governments of Jamaica, USA and France; the
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ;
and the International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Duration:
January 1987 - May 1991
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Environment Fund of UNEP ................................... 523,757
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ........................................... 1,089,487
to the Government of Jamaica ......................................... 169,735
to the Government of Jamaica (in kind) .............................
67,800
to the Government of USA ............................................
250,645
to the Government of France ..........................................
86,309
to the Government of France (in kind) ............................... 69,534
to ECLAC (in kind) ....................................................
25,000
to IMO-(in kind) ........................................................
25,000
TOTA.L ............ 2,307,267
Project Number: CR/5102-87-06:
Title of Project:
Sub-regional oil spill contingency planning in the Wider Caribbean
(Phase II)
Implementation:
International Maritime organization (IMO)
Duration:
September 1987 - October 1991
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ........................................
104,500
to IMO (including support from SIDA and
the Government of USA)(in kind and cash) ...................
121,661
TOTAL ...........
226,161
Page 30
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE III (CONT'D)
Project Number:
CR/5102-87-07:
Title of Project:
Environmental management of bays and coastal zone in the Wider
Caribbean
Implementation:
UNESCO in co-operation with the Government of Cuba through the
Cuban Institute of Transportation Research
Duration:
September 1987 - December 1990
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ........................................... 74,413
to UNESCO (in kind) ................................................... 15,000
to the Government of Cuba (in kind) ................................. 236,000
TOTAL ............ 325,413
Project Number:
FP/CR/5102-87-08:
Project Title:
Assessment of contamination by hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the
south-eastern waters of the Caribbean Sea
Implementation:
Government of Venezuela through the Ministry of the Environment and
Renewable Resources (MARNR) in co-operation with the Division of
Hydrology and Navigation of the Ministry of Defence
Duration:
September 1987 - ongoing
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund .......................................
190,000
to the Government of Venezuela (in kind) .......................
385,000
TOTAL............... 575,000
Page 31
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE III (CONT'D)
Project Number: FP/CR/5102-88-01:
Project Title:
Assessment and control of marine pollution in the Wider Caribbean
Implementation:
The Intergovernmental Oceanographic commission (IOC) of UNESCO in
association with the Caribbean Environmental Health Institute
(CEHI/CARICOM) , Government of St. Lucia, and the Pan-American
Health Organization
Duration:
April 1988 - December 1990
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Environment Fund of UNEP ................................... 134,767
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ........................................... 132,532
to IOC (in cash and kind) .............................................. 105,000
to CARICOM (in kind) ................................................. 77,300
to Government of St. Lucia (in kind) ................................. 100,000
to PAHO (in kind) ...................................................... 50,000
TOTAL ............. 599,599
Project Number: FP/CR/5102-88-02:
Project Title:
Environmental management of coastal areas and terrestrial ecosystems
influencing the marine environment of the Wider Caribbean
Implementation:
Regional Co-ordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme, in
co-operation with the Economic Commission of Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC), the Caribbean Conservation Association (CCA),and
the Governments of France, Cuba, Jamaica and Guyana
Duration:
January 1988 - ongoing
Cost of the project (in us$):
to the Environment Fund of UNEP ..................................
56,562
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ..........................................
504,594
to ECLAC (in kind) ....................................................
45,000
to CCA (in kind) ........................................................
37,300
to the Government of France (in kind) ..............................
689,665
to the Government of Cuba (in kind) ................................
131,500
to the Government of Jamaica (in kind) .............................
15,000
to the Government of Guyana (in kind) .............................
55,200
TOTAL ............ 1,534,821
Page 32
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE III CONT'D
Project Number: FP/CR/5102-88-04:
Project Title:
Development and implementation of a common methodology for the
assessment of the coastal water quality for the Wider Caribbean Region
Implementation:
Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovables (INDERENA) of
the Government of Colombia, in association with the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO.
Duration:
July 1988 - ongoing
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Environment Fund of UNEP .................................
14,871
to the Caribbean Trust Fund .........................................
34,474
to FAO (in kind) .......................................................
4,000
to IOC (in kind) ........................................................
24,000
to, INDERENA (in kind) .............................................
180,500
to 13 national institutions (in kind) .................................
260,000
TOTAL
............
517,845
Project Number: CR/5102-89-01:
Project Title: Environmental
training,
education and public awareness for the
advancement of appropriate management of marine and coastal resources
in the Wider Caribbean
Implementation:
Regional Co-ordinating Unit for the Caribbean Environment Programme
in association with the Association of Caribbean Universities (UNICA),
Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables
(MARNR, Venezuela) and the Caribbean Conservation Association
(CCA)
Duration:
January 1989 - ongoing
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund .................................
149,127
to UNICA (in kind) ...........................................
63,000
to MARNR (in kind) .......................................... 47,000
TOTAL
............
259,127
Page 33
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE III CONT'D
Project number: FP/CR/JA/CP/5101-90-02:
Title of Project:
Marine Pollution Assessment and Control Programme for the Wider
Caribbean Region (CEPPOL): A joint IOC/UNEP Regional Programme
Implementation:
Regional Coordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme
and Intergovernmental Oceanographic commission of UNESCO in
association with the national institutions
of
the region and with the
support of IOCARIBE, USA/EPA, IAEA, IMO, WHO/PAHO and FAO
Duration:
July 1990 - Ongoing
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ............................................. 300,000
to the Environment Fund of UNEP ..................................... 288,000
to the Government of USA ............................................... 80,000
to
the
International
Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO ...... 100,000
to national institutions .................................................... 700,000
to IOC/IOCARIBE ........................................................ 80,000
to the International Atomic Energy Agency ........................... 20,000
to
the
International Maritime Organization ............................ 15,000
to the Food and Agricultural Organization ............................. 5,000
to the World Health Organization/Pan American
Health Organization ................................................... 5,000
TOTAL
...............
1,593,000
Page 34
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE III CONT'D
Project Number: FP/CR/JA/CP/5101-90-05:
Project Title:
The Action Plan for the Caribbean Environment Programme: 1990-1995
Implementation:
Regional Co-ordinating Unit of the Caribbean Environment Programme,
in association with the Association of Caribbean Universities (UNICA);
the Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of
Miami; the Institute of Marine Affairs, Government of Trinidad and
Tobago; and the Natural Resources Conservation Department of the
Ministry of Development, Planning and Production, Government of
Jamaica
Duration:
October 1990 - ongoing
Cost of the project (in US$):
to the Caribbean Trust Fund ..........................................
1,211,345
to the Environment Fund of UNEP ..................................
105,000
to the Government of Jamaica ........................................
102,222
to the Government of Jamaica (in kind) .............................
11,000
to the Government of France .......................................... 54,000
to the Government of Netherlands .................................... 61,273
to the Government of Sweden ......................................... 135,000
to the Government of USA ............................................. 26,283
to the Conservation Treaty Support Fund ............................ 4,000
TOTAL
..............
1,710,123
Page 35
CEP Technical Report No. 19
TABLE IV
Expenditures and commitments (in US$) related to the
implementation of the Action Plan in the period 1988-1991
(as at 31 December 1991)
(Expenditures represent the actual level of disbursement in a given calendar year;
commitments represent budgetary allocation against which disbursements are authorized;
counterpart contributions are in cash or kind.)
KIND
1988 1989 1990 1991
TOTAL
Trust Fund
771,474
817,043
708,701
1,116,098
3,413,316
Environment Fund
167,661
183,061
6,933
418,870
776,585
Counterpart contribution
941,038
2,182,600
312,880
301,282
3,737,000
TOTAL
1,880,173
3,182,704
1,028,574
1,836,250
7,927,701
Page 36
Evaluation of projects ...
TABLE V
Counterpart contributions in cash and kind (exressed in US$) to
the implementation of the Action Plan in the period 198-1991
(as at 31 December 1991)
KIND
1988 1989 1990 1991
TOTAL
Coordination and
common costs
116,877
241,524
135,218
201,944
695,563
Project cost
824,161
1,941,076
177,662
99,338
3,042,237
TOTAL
941,038
2,182,600
312,880
301,282
3,737,800
Page 37