Caribbean
Environment
Programme


United Nations Environment Programme






Training in Land and Coastal Use Planning - Case Study
Venezuela










CEP Technical Report No. 13
1992

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CEP Technical Report No. 13
Note:
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, city or area, or its
authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. The document contains the views
expressed by the authors acting in their individual capacity and may not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP.



















For bibliographic purposes the printed version of this document may be cited as:
UNEP: Training in Land and Coastal Use Planning - Case Study Venezuela. CEP Technical Report No. 13.
UNEP Caribbean Environment Programme, Kingston, Jamaica, 1992.

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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
ABSTRACT


The project described in this publication, "Training in Land and Coastal Use Planning ­
Case Study Venezuela", formed an integral part of an umbrella project entitled "Training,
Education and Public Awareness for Environmental Management of Marine and Coastal
Resources in the Wider Caribbean ". The project was implemented by the Venezuelan Ministry
of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (MARNR) between October 1989 and
February 1991.


The goal of the project was to strengthen the capabilities of governments of the region to
undertake environmentally sound development and to manage the marine and coastal resources
by providing training in land and coastal use planning to managers and mid- and top-level
government officials. The participating countries were: Aruba, Barbados, Dominica, French
Guiana (France), Grenada, Guadeloupe (France), Guyana, Martinique (France), Netherlands
Antilles, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and
Venezuela.


The project focused on the Venezuelan experience in planning and management of
critical marine and coastal areas. Margarita Island was utilized, in particular, as a case-study
area because of its geographical features and great similarity to the majority of the other
countries participating in the project. Special emphasis was given to utilizing existing protected
areas as a starting point for integrated planning and management. Additionally, environmental
impact assessment (EIA) techniques, regional and local management plans, as well as a set of
national and local environmental standards were reviewed. Outputs included:

(a)
Case study on the Venezuelan experience in land use planning for coastal areas,
providing the working methodology and with special emphasis on the utilization of
existing protected areas;

(b)
Diagnostic questionnaires, with the following additional tools: (1) model for the
evaluation of critical areas; (2) analysis of information necessary for critical area
planning and for ad hoc implementation of programmes; (3) model for the
establishment of working teams; (4) table of data for planning and management;

(c)
Database for management of critical coastal areas, which includes data for the
participating countries on experts and institutions; general and socio-economic
information; cartographic and geographic information; bibliographic references;

(d)
Regional workshop, held in Porlamar, Margarita Island, from 28 January ­ 1 February
1991, in which 25 experts participated (22 of them being government officials), 21
observers and 5 project personnel.

Based on the experience gained in integrated planning, a follow-up project has been
formulated as part of the CEP Regional Programme on Integrated Planning and Institutional
Development (IPID) for the 1992-1993 biennium. This project is entitled "Development of Pilot
Integrated Management Plans in Small Islands and Coastal Areas".
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS


I.
INTRODUCTION
II.
BACKGROUND ON THE EXPERIENCE OF VENEZUELA IN LAND AND COASTAL
USE PLANNING
A. Environmental Systems of Venezuela and Land Use Planning.
B. National Programme for Areas under Special Planning Regimes.
C. National Parks System of Venezuela.
D. Standards for Land Use Planning in Margarita Island.
E. Methodology for the Identification of Critical Areas for Land Use Planning.
F. Tourism Planning in Coastal Areas.
III. TRAINING IN LAND AND COASTAL USE PLANNING
A. Preparation of the Case Study.
B. Diagnostic Questionnaire and Related Tools.
C. Database Development.
D. Regional Workshop.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOLLOW-UP OF THE PROJECT

BOXES
1. Objectives of the umbrella project
2. Outputs envisaged and generated
3, 4. Reports from the participating countries

ANNEXES
I. Diagnostic
Questionnaire
II.
Model for the Evaluation of Critical Areas
III. Analysis of Fundamental Information Necessary for Critical Area Planning and for Ad Hoc
Implementation of Programmes
IV. Model for the Establishment of Working Teams
V.
Table of Data for Planning and Management of Coastal Areas

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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
I. INTRODUCTION
As one of its activities, the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) aims to support and
provide technical assistance for the development of integrated plans in small islands and coastal
areas. The experiences gained contribute to the development of a regional methodological
framework for such planning and improve the regional capacities for relevant technical
assistance and training. The development of such a framework consists of the following steps:
goals and objectives; inventories and diagnosis; planning considerations, assessment and
evaluation; and the proposal for an integrated plan. By definition, a great variety of experiences
and a significant number of institutions need to be included in the planning process.
The project "Training in Land and Coastal Use Planning - Case Study Venezuela" was designed
to strengthen the capabilities of governments of the region to undertake environmentally sound
development and to manage the marine and coastal resources by providing training in land and
coastal use planning to managers and mid- and top-level government officials. As shown in
Box 1, this project objective was incorporated into an umbrella project entitled "Training,
Education and Public Awareness for Environmental Management of Marine and Coastal
Resources in the Wider Caribbean" (UNEP project code CR/5102-89-01). The project was
implemented by the Ministry of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (MARNR)
of Venezuela between October 1989 and February 1991.
The project examined the specific experience of Venezuela in land and coastal use planning. A
case study was prepared and used for workshop training of government officials responsible for
the management of land and coastal areas in the Caribbean region. The Governments that
participated in the project were requested to prepare national reports assessing their current status
and priority needs for adequate management. These reports were analyzed during the workshop
and possible solutions were explored through utilizing the methodology used in Venezuela. All
information collected was incorporated in a database.
The States and Territories which participated in the project were: Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados,
French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Netherlands Antilles, Aruba and Venezuela.
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CEP Technical Report No. 13

1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES OF UMBRELLA PROJECT CR/5102-89-01
Long-term objective:
To further the goals of the Action Plan and the Cartagena Convention of the Caribbean
Environment Programme by providing a co-ordinated programme for environmental training,
education and public awareness for the advancement of appropriate management of marine and
coastal resources in the Wider Caribbean.
Short-term objectives:
- To co-ordinate the implementation of environmental training, education and public awareness
activities especially related to marine and coastal resources management to ensure that relevant
activities being carried out in the region are co-ordinated and compatible with the objectives of
the Caribbean Action Plan;
- To improve the university programmes for management of natural resources of Caribbean
States and Territories through better integration of environmental issues into scientific, technical
and degree training programmes;
- To strengthen the capabilities of governments of the region to undertake environmentally
sound development and to manage the marine and coastal resources by providing training on
land and coastal use planning to managers and mid- and top-level government officials;
- To promote public awareness on coastal and marine environmental issues and strengthen
regional networking of Caribbean media and NGOs on raising public awareness concerning
sustainable development issues.
During the various meetings of the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP) held in Kingston
in January 1990, the Technical Co-ordinator and the Case Study Consultant were able to contact
9 of the 13 participating countries and to explain thoroughly the objectives of the project, the
questionnaire and the proposed methodology. Moreover, at this occasion, appropriate experts and
institutions were identified to participate in the regional workshop.

II. BACKGROUND ON THE EXPERIENCE OF VENEZUELA IN LAND AND
COASTAL USE PLANNING
A. Environmental Systems of Venezuela and Land Use Planning.
The project "Environmental Systems of Venezuela" was initiated in 1979 in order to produce an
inventory of natural resources, their potential and their limitations for sustainable development.
The goal of the project was to provide data for developing policies concerning land use planning
and the management and protection of natural resources. Although in the first phase the project
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
concentrated on research, objectives relating to planning and institutional development were also
included. These were: to develop new methodologies, which can be applied not only in
Venezuela, but in other countries as well; and to develop practical tools for land use planning
and environmental management. Guidelines for the establishment of environmental education
programmes were also to be formulated.
In the course of the project, the amount of functions relating to planning and institutional
development were gradually increasing. The results of the project were included in a database,
which has been well utilized for the verification of data in a number of studies. Altogether, more
than 150 reports were produced, covering a wide variety of methodologies, concepts, ecological
and geographic subjects, current land use and socio-economic factors which explain land use and
their dynamics.
An important event was the adoption of the Land Use Planning Act in 1983. Follow-up activities
of the project included the development of national and regional land use plans, as well as such
plans for specific sectors, states and sub-regions. Emphasis was laid on the reversal of negative
tendencies, such as urbanization and concentration of activities and services in the capital city.
Political and economic decentralization was encouraged based on the effective and sustainable
use of natural resources.
The National Land Use Plan covers the following spatial and sectorial elements, which are
addressed in an inter-institutional context:
- Planning and control of urbanization in the Caracas area;
- Consolidation of major centres;
- Encouragement of sub-regional centres;
- Encouragement of development in the area Orinoco-Apure;
- Frontier development;
- Consolidation of an effective multi-modal transport and communication system;
- Evaluation of activities in marine and coastal areas;
- Marine and coastal area planning;
- Protection and development of renewable natural resources;
- Protection of agricultural lands (high, medium and low);
- Industrial siting policies;
- Development of standards for petroleum activities;
- Assessment and control of forest resources;
- Implementation of the National Forestry Plan;
- Tourism planning and control, in particular for areas with high pressure and
conflicting use;
- Establishment of areas for hydroelectric development;
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
- Definition of the status of the federal lands;
- Protection of the ecological balance in critical areas;
- Control of maritime transport; and
- Utilization of commercial aquaculture.

Achievements of the National Land Use Plan at the sub-regional level include:
- Planning standards for the Paraguaná peninsula;
- Planning standards for the East coast of the State of Falcón;
- Planning standards for the State of Nueva Esparta;
- Planning standards for the Gulf of Cariaco (in development); and
- Methodologies for the designation of areas with potential for shrimp and salt-winning
in the States of Zulia and Falcón (in development).

B. National Programme for Areas under Special Planning Regimes.
There is a group of areas subject to special management regulations, the "Areas Bajo Régimen
de Administración Especial (ABRAE)" system. These protected areas cover 41 million hectares
or approximately 46% of the Venezuelan territory. The areas, 182 in total, vary widely in
physical, biotic, ecological and socio-economic aspects, and are classified in a number of
different management and legal categories.
In some occasions, the management regimes have been based on sectorial guidelines. Also,
current laws do not cater for a protected area system based on a common vision and integrated
national and international objectives. Overall, the ABRAE group of areas is poorly defined and
co-ordinated as a system.
With the proclamation of the Land Use Planning Act of 1983, significant advances became
possible in the administration of ABRAE. However, in practice, standards were still not
implemented since the majority of areas lacked planning and management regimes and were
covered by specific regulations on use and restrictions. In order to solve this problem, the
Ministry of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (MARNR), through its
Directorate for Land Use Planning, commenced in 1988 with the development of a National
Protected Areas System Plan. The Plan was to be developed in four phases: (1) Development of
the reference framework (guiding principles for environmental policies based on international
guidelines); (2) Development of the conceptual framework (national objectives, management
objectives, generic and management categories or legal regimes); (3) Development of the legal
basis (Natural Protected Areas Act); and (4) Implementation of the National Protected Areas
System.
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
The result, the National Protected Areas System was defined by MARNR as a system of
management categories and legal regimes, taking into account the possible specialized functions
of areas. In order to regularize the management and administration of protected areas, the
following activities were undertaken regarding each area:
- Development of a general diagnostic overview of current issues;
- Classification within the national system;
- Determination of the present state of planning and availability of basic information;
- Formulation of a land use plan and a management regime, based on common
methodologies; and
- Training of personnel.
This process has delivered significant results. The ABRAE group of areas can now be handled
within a nation-wide classification system, which is based on carefully developed
methodologies. Planning has been improved tremendously, at the local level as well as the
regional and national levels, and further follow-up and research is being carried out. Also, a
number of relevant courses and workshops have been organized, in collaboration with the
Interamerican Centre for Water and Soil Research (CIDIAT). Finally, also non-governmental
organizations became effectively involved in the effort, and various agreements were adopted.

C. National Parks System of Venezuela.
The National Parks System at present consists of 35 national parks and 15 nature monuments,
which cover 8,573,888 ha or 9.35% of the national territory.
The protection of marine and coastal areas in Venezuela started as a result of the First World
Parks Congress (Seattle, U.S.A., 1962). This Congress specifically recommended that
governments extend existing coastal national parks to include adequate marine areas, as well as
establish additional national marine and coastal parks and protected areas. In Venezuela, in the
first phase, 237,000 ha were incorporated. At present 18% or 670 km of the continental coastline
is protected in the National Parks System.
Three important marine and coastal national parks are: Archipiélago Los Roques (located in the
Caribbean Sea); Morrocoy (at the East coast of the State of Falcón); and Mochima (Eastern
Venezuela).
The Archipiélago Los Roques National Park was established in 1972 as the first marine national
park of Venezuela. The area, which has been utilized intensively for artisanal fishing for many
years, also receives great numbers of visitors all over the lagunes, islands and keys of the
archipelago. The designation as national park was therefore seriously questioned by the various
interest groups involved: small and large scale fishermen; the promoters of small and large scale
tourism projects; and traditional vacationers who had installed various constructions for private
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
use. However, reservations of these users disappeared when it was clarified that their concerns
were adequately included in the management plan for the archipel.
A good example of rescuing a natural area is the establishment of the Morrocoy National Park.
The principal problem of the area, before the national park was established, was the clearing of
mangroves for the construction of vacation (weekend) houses. In 1974, more than 320 ha of
mangroves had been cleared, and 711 weekend houses had been constructed on the water
surface, and 562 on the various keys and islands. All this had major impact on the marine and
coastal ecosystems. The Government therefore eradicated all the houses. More than 200,000
cubic meters of construction materials were removed.
A similar campaign took place in 1989 in the National Park Mochima, where contrary to existing
regulations, private people had constructed vacation houses. After a tough court case, 585 houses
were removed, and the park was succesfully developed for use by all visitors.
After producing environmental impact assessments and proper evaluations of the ecological
fragilities of every national park, the Government developed priority actions to counter the most
significant negative effects. Simultaneously, management plans and rules were adopted, as
reflected in this case study.
D. Standards for Land Use Planning in Margarita Island.
Margarita Island has experienced enormous economic, social and spatial changes in the last 40
years. There are now three times more people than 40 years ago and population growth is
continuing. The traditional way of life of the inhabitants of the island has changed considerably.
The increase in wealth, however, is not matched by the increase in services and the capacity to
better plan tourism development.
A first step in developing a planning methodology for Margarita Island was the assessment of the
history of land use, through compiling the approved permits. It was revealed that a complete
chaos existed in the processing of permits and authorizations, as it did not respond to logical
planning criteria.
It was decided by the Government that a land use plan be developed in six months time. Due to
this short time frame, the strategy employed did not include a diagnostic description, but focused
on the following components: the analysis phase, the conclusions and the methodologies for
enhancing the process when resources and time are limited.
Concerning the analytic phase, the following main components were defined:
- Analysis of the population and its distribution;
- Study of the economy of the State of Nueva Esparta;
- Analysis of the urban system; and
- Analysis of the general services.
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Supporting studies were done in the following fields: tourism; fish resources; historical and
architectural analysis; history of settlements; city system; infrastructure; coastal management.
Additionally a number of factors caused by the rapid changes in the island were incorporated,
such as conflicts about land tenure, dependence of the economy, ecological vulnerability, great
increase in visitors.
In order to solve or minimize the planning problems, specific standards were developed
promoting the designation of land use according to potential and restrictions; e.g. with regard to
tourism development in areas where the Government had not planned the installation of
infrastructure and services, a project developer needs to guarantee its intention to install them.
E. Methodology for the Identification of Critical Areas for Land Use Planning.
The identification of critical areas is a key issue in the development of appropriate planning
regimes. A case study was implemented in the coastal zone of Carenero-Punta Castillito (State of
Miranda), which applied four steps: (a) Description and delimitation of the sub-units in the area;
(b) Simulation of relevant inter-relationships within the area and between the sub-units; (c)
Assessment of the sensitivities of the sub-units; (d) Guidelines for their management.
The case study highlighted the need to plan at a detailed level (scale 1:5,000 or 1:10,000). The
case study utilized a scale of 1:50,000.
The case study identified legislation and planning standards to be applied to the sub-units. The
critical parameters were determined to assist in establishing the overall planning regime for an
area, and detailed plans for the sub-units, within the socio-economic context.
F. Tourism Planning in Coastal Areas.
A methodology has been developed, utilizing the El Pico area in the Paraguana peninsula, where
there was a lot of unplanned development (e.g. weekend houses).
Six public meetings were held, which formed the base for a division of the area into four zones: a
zone for camping, a hotel/guesthouse zone, a zone for the construction of weekend houses and a
green zone. A programme was established to compensate for the demolition of inappropriate
construction in the various zones.

III. TRAINING IN LAND AND COASTAL USE PLANNING
A. Preparation of the Case Study.
In keeping with the training objectives of the project, the case study focused on the
methodologies used in Venezuela and described Venezuela's general experience in land and
coastal use planning, laying special emphasis on critical coastal area planning. The various
components of the case study have been described in Chapter II. The case study incorporates
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
practical results of earlier Venezuelan projects, including those entitled: "Environmental Systems
of Venezuela", "National Plan for Land Use Planning", "Planning in States" and "Sub-regional
Planning". These project experiences had already proven useful for the development of a
National System of Protected Areas.
In October 1989, the following critical coastal areas were selected for use in the case study:
- Isla Margarita (Nueva Esparta) and the east coast of the state of Falcon;
- National parks: "Archipielago de Los Roques", "Laguna de Tacarigua", "Morrocoy",
and "Mochima";
- Wildlife reserves: "Isla de Aves", "Cuare", and "Cienaga de Los Olivitos".
In particular Margarita Island was a focuss of the case study, since it has most features in
common with the majority of the countries participating in the project. Semi-detailed maps were
prepared for Margarita Island, at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:25,000. These maps were presented
during the workshop and illustrated the discussions on the planning methodologies. It was found
that although the scales utilized might be adequate for planning purposes, these are not
appropriate for land administration, e.g. for the processing of permissions for changes in land
use.
The case study utilized existing protected areas as a starting point for integrated planning and
management, and reviewed environmental impact assessment (EIA) techniques, legislation,
regional and local land management plans, inter-institutional arrangements, as well as a set of
national and local environmental standards. Existing planning methodologies for the various
management categories of Venezuelan protected areas were slightly modified in the case study,
in order to allow for the preparation of specific critical area management plans.
2 OUTPUTS ENVISAGED AND

GENERATED
ENVISAGED

GENERATED

The experience gained by the project was actively
applied in the further development of CEP's action
A regional programme for training
plan, through a proposal for the continuation of the
and technical co-operation on
integrated planning component of the project, as part of
land-use planning for coastal
the IPID Regional Programme for 1992-1993:
areas, approved by the "Development of Pilot Integrated Management Plans
governments of the region for the
for Small Islands and Coastal Areas" in which the
year 1991.
methodology of the case study will be utilized. This
was approved for implementation by the 9th Meeting
of the Monitoring Committee, Kingston, June 1991.
A case study on the Venezuelan

The case study was fully developed, with special
experience in land use planning for
emphasis on the utilization of existing protected areas.
coastal areas.
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
Trained personnel on the

The diagnostic questionnaire can be used as a training
management of critical marine and
tool. It provides guidelines for the preparation of
coastal areas.
national reports.

25 experts participated in the Regional Workshop, 22
Training of 20 government
of them being government officials. Additionally there
officials through the Regional
were 21 observers and 5 project personnel. The
Workshop on the Venezuelan
Workshop established an initial network of experts on
experience.
integrated marine and coastal area planning.
A database for management of

The database for the case study was developed and
critical coastal areas at the land use
includes the information obtained.
planning division of MARNR.
B. Diagnostic Questionnaire and Related Tools.
From October-December 1989, through a detailed process of drafting and consultation, a survey
questionnaire was developed. The goal of the questionnaire was to compile from the 13
participating countries, as well as from Venezuela, comparable principal data on marine and
coastal resources and their planning and management. This would assist in the development of a
common regional methodology for coastal use planning.
A number of national and international experts on training and coastal zone management were
consulted and, within Venezuela, all the selected areas were visited. In early 1990, the diagnostic
questionnaire, attached as Annex I to this report, was distributed in English, French and Spanish
to the participating countries. Within Venezuela, the questionnaire was sent to more than 60
governmental and non-governmental organizations in the participating countries, which are
involved or interested in the management of marine and coastal resources. This assisted in the
preparation of a national report that truely reflected the great variety of experiences and opinions
in the country.
The questionnaire elicited from the participating countries detailed information on: (a) the
current status of the marine and coastal resources; (b) current status of the management of these
resources; and (c) national reports and priority needs regarding land-use planning and
management of coastal areas. In preparing this questionnaire, the project team started with the
development of a number of tools. These tools served both to give a framework for the
compilation of information, as well as to provide instruments for the training of planners and
managers in an integrated approach. The tools were:
- A model for the evaluation of critical areas (see Annex II to this report);
- An analysis of information necessary for Critical Area Planning and for ad hoc
implementation of programmes (Annex III);
- A model for the possible establishment of working teams on marine and coastal area
management (Annex IV);
- A table of data for planning and management of coastal areas (Annex V).
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
Altogether seven national reports were obtained in response to the questionnaire and during the
Regional Workshop. All the information obtained was incorporated in a (sub-)regional database
for land and coastal use planning. This database is the topic of the next section.
C. Database Development.
A database was initiated to compile and manage the information gathered through the
questionnaire and the workshop. The database was designed in consultation with the CEP
Regional Programme for Information Systems (CEPNET), in order to facilitate its integration
into CEPNET and effectively provide a basis for the development of a regional database on
coastal planning. It is therefore expected that the database will form an important tool in the
follow-up projects under CEP.
The database for the management of critical coastal areas includes, for the participating
countries, information on:
- Experts and institutions;
- General and socio-economic information (numerical and text data on local or
national level);
- Environmental information:
- Renewable and non-renewable natural resources;
- Environmental problems;
- Natural disasters.
- Cartographic and geographic information, aerial photos and satellite information; and
- Bibliographic references.
D. Regional Workshop.
The Regional Training Workshop in Coastal Zone Planning and Management was held in
Porlamar, Margarita Island, from 28 January - 1 February 1991. The workshop was bilingual
(English and Spanish). There was a participation of 25 experts (22 of them being government
officials), 21 observers and 5 project personnel. The workshop comprised of national
presentations by Aruba, Barbados, Guadeloupe, Netherlands Antilles, St. Vincent and the
Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. An overview of these presentations is
presented in Box 3 and Box 4. Additionally, round-table discussions were convened on the
following topics:
(1) Methodological aspects for the management of marine and coastal areas;
(2) Legal considerations and institutional development in coastal areas; and
(3) Alternative strategies for the management of marine and coastal areas.
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
The experience on land and coastal use planning in Venezuela was utilized to explore solutions
for regional, sub-regional, national and local planning problems. The regional workshop
highlighted the importance of strengthening regional information exchange and networking and
co-operation in training and institutional development on the subject. The conclusions and
recommendations of the various round-tables are listed in the sections below.

Round-table No. 1: Methodological aspects for the management of marine and coastal
areas.
The following conclusions were obtained:
- In all participating countries methodologies for coastal areas management are lacking;
- Similarly, the countries lack the institutional definition regarding the formulation of
programmes on the management of coastal areas;
- Further, institutional co-ordination for coastal zone management needs to be strengthened;
- There is a need to define "the coastal zone" for planning purposes; and
- Non-compatible concepts and strategies are being applied for marine and coastal areas.
The round-table adopted the following recommendations for the regional level:
- Initiation of negotiations among the countries of the Wider Caribbean region to formulate a
methodology on the management of marine and coastal areas, which may be utilized as a
guide for solving common problems throughout the region;
- Definition, by each country of the region, of its coastal zones based on own priorities and
characteristics;
- Strengthening of communication among the countries, in order to ensure environmental
assessments in cases where large-scale projects may infringe on common resources; and
- Establishment of a database and regional information network on marine and coastal
resources management, which includes general issues, environmental impacts and
conservation methodologies.
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CEP Technical Report No. 13

3, 4 REPORTS FROM PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES
COUNTRY
PRINCIPAL COASTAL
ACTIONS TAKEN
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Aruba
Sewage from urban industrial and touristic
Design of environmental policy
activities; solid waste.
related to existing legislation on
liquid effluents; construction of
sewage plants, discharge
systems and incinerators;
development of landfill areas.
Barbados
Destruction of marine fauna; sand mining;
Increase in coastal studies,
deforestation; loss of beaches and coastal
including their dynamics;
erosion; vacuums in environmental law; lack
increase in inter-institutional
of co-ordination among institutions related to
and sectoral co-ordination;
environmental management; lack of public
development of strategies for
awareness on existing coastal management
coastal management,
legislation.
reforestation and public
awareness.
Guadeloupe
Mangrove destruction; unchecked tourism
Taxation on construction, to be
(France)
development; sewage.
used for studies on flora and
fauna and protected area
management.
Netherlands
Unchecked tourism development; sewage; lack Development of environmental
Antilles
of planning; creation of artificial beaches
law; gathering data on coastal
causing heavy damage to coral reefs and other development and resources;
ecosystems.
water quality monitoring and
pollution control.
Trinidad and Oil industry pollution; unplanned land use;
Development of national policy
Tobago
coastal erosion; lack of water quality
on land use; improve co-
standards; industrial pollution; weak
operation among government
environmental law; sewage; lack of inter-
agencies as well as with private
institutional co-ordination; river basin
companies; EIAs; development
deterioration.
of conservation strategy.
St. Vincent Unchecked tourism development; unselective Creation of national marine
and the
spearfishing; coral reef destruction due to boat parks; development of
Grenadines
anchoring; coral bleaching; beach sand mining. integrated planning and coastal
zone management programmes.
Venezuela
Pollution by oil industry; deforestation; urban Creation of MARNR which
development; lack of land use planning;
initiated a number of measures.
unplanned tourism development; overfishing.

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Recommendations to be applied at the national level, as adopted by round-table No. 1 are to:
- Implement an inventory of natural resources within the defined coastal zone;
- Formulate appropriate land use strategies in coastal areas, taking into account local potential
and limitations;
- Legislate, through management policies, the use of coastal areas; and
- Initiate necessary institutional arrangements in order to formulate a programme on coastal
management.
Finally, recommendations for the local level are:
- Full participation of State, district and local authorities in the development of the
management planning process; and
- Full participation of decentralized entities, community organizations and Mayor's offices in
the decision making process, in order to enhance the viability of coastal management
programmes.

Round-table No. 2: Legal considerations and institutional development in coastal areas.
Legal and institutional issues are central in the planning and management process of marine and
coastal areas. The integration of diverse economic and social sectors and other interests in
coastal zone planning was analyzed, and the following conclusions were derived:
- Although marine and coastal areas have been regarded as a priority, this has not been
reflected in the activities of international organizations and Governments;
- Countries work in an isolated manner regarding marine and coastal management;
- Because there are so many institutions and organizations dealing with marine and coastal
planning and management issues, joint action is very difficult to achieve;
- Because there are numerous laws and legislations relating to the management of marine and
coastal areas, there are many options for interpretation and ultimately their application;
- As yet, local governments are not prepared for the responsibility regarding proper land use
planning; and
- Experience of research institutes and universities is under-utilized, due to lack of co-
ordination between these institutions and those organizations charged with management of
marine and coastal areas.
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
Recommendations of round-table No. 2 for the regional level include:
- Establishment of co-ordination mechanisms among the countries of the region based on a
regional strategy for planning and management of marine and coastal areas;
- Establishment of an information network for exchange of experiences on legal and
institutional aspects; and
- Enforcement of compliance with international agreements on toxic, hazardous and other
wastes.
Regarding the national level, the following recommendations were adopted by round-table No. 2:
- Promote legislation for administration and planning of protected areas under uniform criteria;
- Achieve legislation for appropriate management, including use of natural resources, such as
mangroves, springs and wetlands;
- Promote penalties for abuse and establish sanctions proportionate to damage caused;
- Recognize in juridical terms those traditional uses of the environment that do not endanger
the resources; and
- Classify and co-ordinate the ranges of activities of the various local or sectoral public entities
involved in the management of marine and coastal resources.

Round-table No. 3: Alternative strategies for the management of marine and coastal areas.
This round-table concluded that marine and coastal resource management issues are quite similar
in the various countries of the region. The most frequently mentioned problems are: (a) Anarchic
settlement with a heavy tendency of population concentration in the coastal zone and city
margins; (b) Inadequate use of marine and coastal resources, including over- and under-
exploitation; (c) Inadequate infrastructure in coastal zones for urban areas, harbours, fishing,
industries and tourism development; (d) Overuse of basic services; (e) Destruction of the
equilibrium in marine and coastal ecosystems; (f) Gaps in environmental legislation;
(g) Frequent non-coordination among the organizations responsible for the formulation and/or
implementation of policies at national, regional and local level; (h) Insufficient human, material
and financial resources; (i) Insufficient participation of the private sector, the public and
scientific community in the decision making on development and management plans;
(j) Continuous intervention of economic, political, social and other pressure groups impeding the
formulation and application of policies and activities; (k) Insufficient education and awareness
on environmental issues at all levels; and (l) Inadequate scientific and technical co-operation.
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Round-table No. 3 adopted the following recommendations focused on international
organizations:
- Establish and strengthen permanent mechanisms for co-ordination and co-operation, in order to
avoid duplication of efforts;
- Create new regional co-operative programmes and strengthen existing ones relating to
planning and management of marine and coastal areas; and
- Disseminate and distribute information on the legal and planning instruments available in the
region.
Regarding the Governments of the countries of the region, the round-table recommended the
following:
- Promote and support specialized human resource development, for the implementation of
initiated activities;
-
Prepare and implement necessary marine and coastal planning and management
programmes, as well as establishing ad hoc technical/administrative offices for these
programmes, where not existing;
- Create at the highest level in each country, a specialized organization for environmental
management, and strengthen existing ones by providing necessary financial resources;
- Guide demographic expansion toward well-equiped urban centres;
- Provide basic services (water, electricity, education and roads) to coastal areas;
- Design and implement formal and non-formal environmental education at all levels;
- Establish and implement monitoring mechanisms to secure the fragile ecological equilibria
of marine and coastal areas;
- Develop marine and coastal environmental legislation, which will have to include adequate
penalties;
- Create protected areas, and support these with necessary resources;
- Establish and strengthen bilateral and multilateral agreements relating to environment and
natural resources;
- Enhance and support co-operation among academic and research institutions in the region,
including training of specialized human resources;
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
- Divide, in a clear, objective and co-ordinated manner, responsibilities and functions of the
different organizations responsible for the implementation of national policies in the coastal
zone relating to socio-economic development, security, defense and conservation;
- Organize scientific/technical events with participation of governmental and non-
governmental organizations, with objectives to search viable solutions to problems of marine
and coastal areas;
- Establish agreements between the academic and private sectors for searching solutions to
problems of marine and coastal areas;
- Establish relevant agreements with the media for information and training purposes;
- Establish programmes for the development of alternative sources of energy; and
- Publicize information on existing legal and planning instruments, in order that organizations
involved in planning, administration and management of coastal areas incorporate these into
their decision making processes.
The round-table made the following recommendations to local authorities:
- Seek solutions for sustainable use of marine and coastal resources;
- Urge central Government to allocate the necessary financial resources for marine and coastal
resource management;
- Actively participate in marine and coastal resource management, in compliance with existing
legislation; and
- Promote the utilization by local governments of the recommendations for the national level.
Specific recommendations to coastal communities are the following:
- Urge responsible authorities to provide basic services, training, protection of sustainable
resource use, and relevant land use planning;
- Urge authorities to improve the artisanal fisheries techniques;
- Urge authorities to develop and strengthen appropriate large-scale fisheries;
- Urge participation of coastal communities in implementation of policies on marine and
coastal resource management; and
- Take an active role in the development and implementation of legislation on marine and
coastal resource management.
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
Recommendations to the private sector include:
- Actively participate in the establishment and implementation of marine and coastal planning
and management;
- Provide technical and financial support to relevant research activities; and
- Collaborate in the accomplishment of the management plans by ensuring the applicability to
investments and projects.
The round-table also made recommendations to the academic sector:
- Urge participation in consultations on research, planning and management activities in
coastal areas; and
- Establish and implement training programmes, in particular with regard to marine and
coastal resource management.
Recommendations to non-governmental organizations include:
- Actively participate in all stages of research and planning programmes in coastal areas; and
- Provide financial and technical support to marine and coastal research and management
programmes.

IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOLLOW-UP OF THE PROJECT
Integrated planning for the management of marine and coastal areas means that for each area a
great number of factors will be examined and incorporated in order to achieve sound socio-
economic development and environmental management. Although the approach is similar, the
specific planning process will be distinct for each area. In many cases, substantial changes in
development planning and traditional decision making will be necessary. In other areas, a more
simple and direct approach could mean the solution for a variety of problems encountered.
One important lesson from the project is that for promoting effective integrated planning of
marine and coastal areas in the region, projects and activities need to be integrated with the other
resource management and economic development programmes which are being implemented. It
is therefore necessary to allow for modifications and adjustements in the decision making
process, taking into account specific dynamics in institutional and legal frameworks, and in the
scale of the planning area and of possible umbrella and sub-projects.
To ensure successful projects, efficient information networking needs to be achieved since there
are always a large number of institutions involved in training and planning activities. Relevant
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
institutions cover a wide spectrum including the local, national, regional and international levels,
and have widely differing mandates and objectives.
An area of vital interest to planning is community development and community-based natural
resource management. This is still a relatively unexplored area in the Caribbean Environment
Programme. Emphasis needs to be put on providing guidelines and information to governments
and planners for effectively involving communities. A follow-up project has therefore been
proposed by MARNR, with as its goal that the planning guidelines and criteria now available, be
adjusted and improved, and contacts with, among others, local authorities, private enterprise, and
the public in general in the area, be better integrated in the planning process. This allows also
that public participation, awareness and environmental education become key elements in the
planning process. Through a second regional workshop, the feasibility of applying the improved
methodology in other Caribbean countries will be assessed.
Based on the special experience gained with the project in the field of integrated planning, the
proposed follow-up project has been formulated as part of the CEP Regional Programme on
Integrated Planning and Institutional Development (IPID) for the 1992-1993 biennium. In this
project, entitled "Development of Pilot Integrated Management Plans in Small Islands and
Coastal Areas", maps will be developed at a scale of 1:5,000 and a case study will focus on a
small area on the coast of Margarita Island.
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
ANNEX I
Diagnostic Questionnaire
PART A: QUESTIONNAIRE COUNTRY REPORT

1. GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE COUNTRY, THE ORGANIZATIONS AND
THE INDIVIDUALS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COUNTRY REPORT
1.1.
Country
1.2.
Institution
1.3.
Complete address (and postal code)
1.4.
Institution telephone
1.5.
Telex/telefax
1.6.
Cable
1.7.
Electronic mail
1.8.
Institutional nature (A, B, C)
A. Government level (national, district, local, other)
B. Nature (land use planning, coastal resource management, other)
C. Activities (research, programme design, policy design, policy implementation,
other)
1.9.
Individuals (name and position)
1.10. Designated institutional and individual technical focal points

2.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR LAND USE PLANNING AND OTHER
RELATED ACTIVITIES
2.1.
Land use planning (list institution name, complete address, institution telephone/
telefax/ cable/ telex/ electronic mail, institutional nature, individual technical focal
points)
2.2.
City planning (see listing under 2.1.)
2.3.
Designation of industrial areas (see listing under 2.1.)
2.4.
Designation of tourism areas (see listing under 2.1.)

3. ORGANIZATIONS
AND
INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR COASTAL AREA
AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
3.1.
Marine areas and resources
3.1.1. Fisheries
3.1.2. Other biotic resources (sea mammals, sea turtles, seagrass beds)
3.1.3. Oil production
3.1.4. Metallic mineral resources
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
3.2.
Coastal areas and resources
3.2.1. Tourism
3.2.2. Recreation
3.2.3. Fisheries
3.2.4. Agriculture and aquaculture
3.2.5. Urban planning (city and site planning)
3.2.6. Mining
3.2.7. Oil industry
3.2.8. Industrial development
3.2.9. Communications and transport (port, road authorities)
3.2.10. Public services (basic infrastructure)
3.2.11. Scientific research
3.2.12. Environmental protection
4.
INDICATORS OF COASTAL ORIENTATION
4.1.
Geographic
4.1.1. Total land area (Km2)
4.1.2. Critical areas or special coastal sites (Km2)
4.1.3. Length of coast (Km)
4.1.4. Ratio length of coast - land area
4.2.
Demographic
4.2.1. Total population
4.2.2. Density per Km2
4.2.3. Total population of the capital city
4.2.4. Ratio or % of population of capital city to total population
4.2.5. Population on coast (number of people living permanently on the coast)
4.2.6. Ratio or % of population on coast to total population
4.2.7. % of urban centres in coastal areas to total urban centres
4.2.8. Largest urban centres on coast (list name and population size)
4.2.9. Is the capital city on the coast?
4.3.
Economic
4.3.1. Per capita income (comparative years)
4.3.2. Coastal tourism (number of tourists per year and earnings in US$ per year)
4.3.3. Fish catch (metric tons per year and US$ per year)
4.3.4. Aquaculture production (metric tons per year and US$ per year)
4.3.5. Coastal agriculture production (metric tons per year and US$ per year)
4.3.6. Coastal resource mining (metric tons per year and US$ per year)
4.3.7. Oil production (BBLS and US$ per year)
4.3.8. Other
4.3.9. Port activities (ports and airports: metric tons per year and US$ per year)
4.3.10. Gross national product (comparative years)
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
5. LEGISLATIVE
ADMINISTRATION
OF THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT
5.1.
National level
5.2.
International level (includes regional regulations)
6.
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMMES
6.1.
General identification
6.1.1. Country
6.1.2. Institution
6.1.3. Complete address (and postal code)
6.1.4. Institution telephone
6.1.5. Telex, telefax and electronic mail
6.1.6. Institutional nature
6.1.7. Activities (list only research, programme design and academic
specializations)
6.1.8. Focal points
6.2.
Summary of general and marine science courses offered by academic institutions
(List for the country, the type of courses and their level. Type of courses:
geography, ecology, general oceanography, physical oceanography, chemical
oceanography, marine biology, fisheries, aquaculture, marine geology, economics,
sociology, planning, urban planning, architecture, landscaping, coastal engineering,
petroleum engineering, tourism, environmental law, law of the sea, other. Level of
courses: A.A.S., B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D.)
6.3.
Courses offered per institution

(List for the institution, the types of courses and their level as in 6.2.)
7. SECTORAL
PROBLEMS
(Indicate for each of the sectors listed hereunder if there is a problem (yes/no) and give a
brief description)
7.1.
Fisheries
7.2.
Water resources
7.3.
Agriculture
7.3.1. Crops
7.3.2. Animal (farming/grazing systems and aquaculture)
7.4.
Recreational development
7.5.
Tourism development
7.6.
Port development
7.7.
Energy resources
7.8.
Contingency plans
7.8.1. Oil spills
7.8.2. Hazardous wastes or substances
7.9.
Industrial development
7.10. Pollution
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
7.11. Protected areas system
7.12. Environmental education and awareness
7.13. Other


PART B: ASSESSMENT OF STATUS OF COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES
AND MANAGEMENT NEEDS

1.
PHYSICAL - NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS
1.1. Marine
environment
1.1.1. Marine and sub-marine areas
1.1.1.1. Continental shelf
1.1.1.2. Deep marine basins
1.1.2. Islands
1.1.3. Coastal areas
1.2.
Climate
1.2.1. Annual average temperature
1.2.2. Annual average precipitation
1.2.3. Annual average evaporation
1.2.4. Winds
1.2.5. Climatic regions and classification system employed (Thornwhite,
Koppen, Holdridge, other)
1.3.
Hydrogeology
1.3.1. Watersheds and hydrography
1.3.2. Water resources
1.3.2.1. Surface water
1.3.2.2. Groundwater
1.3.3. Water resources demand
1.3.3.1. Urban - industrial
1.3.3.2. Agricultural
1.3.3.3. Tourism
1.3.3.4. Other
1.3.4. Desalination plants (number of plants and capacities)
1.4.
Oceanography
1.4.1. Bathymetry
1.4.2. Waves
1.4.3. Currents (longshore, tidal, flood, turbidity, other marine currents)
1.4.4. Tides (frequency, period, amplitude, maximum, minimum)
1.4.5. Other relevant characteristics
1.5.
Geology and marine and littoral geomorphology
1.5.1. Coast classification
1.5.1.1. High energy
1.5.1.2. Low energy
1.5.1.3. Other classification systems
1.5.2. Lithology and sedimentary processes
1.5.3. Coastal processes (erosion, sedimentation)
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
1.5.4. Seismic characteristics
1.5.5. Natural or human induced risks (abatement strategies)
1.6.
Soils
1.6.1. Soil classes
1.6.2. Agricultural lands (according to the soil classification system)
1.6.2.1. Agricultural land (availability, demand)
1.6.2.2. Criteria employed to assess priorities for use
1.6.2.3. Forest land (availability, demand)
1.6.2.4. Range land (availability, demand)
1.6.3. Soil degradation
1.7. Vegetation
1.7.1. Ecosystems (mangroves, decideous forests, tropical rainforests, other)
1.7.2. Forest products (availability, demand)
1.7.3. Wood charcoal (availability, demand)
1.8.
Fauna (see 3.)

2.
COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
2.1. Marine
ecosystems
2.1.1. Coral reefs
2.1.2. Seagrass beds
2.2. Coastal
ecosystems
2.2.1. Rocky coasts
2.2.2. Sandy or muddy beaches
2.2.3. Wetlands
2.2.4. Estuaries
2.2.5. Mangrove systems

3.
COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES
3.1. Living
resources
3.1.1. Fisheries
3.1.1.1. Artisanal fishing
3.1.1.2. Industrial or semi-industrial fishing
3.1.1.3. Commercial species (fish)
3.1.1.4. Molluscs and crustaceans
3.1.1.5. Survey of fishermen
3.1.1.6. Survey of fishing boats
3.1.1.7. National fish production (metric tons and US$ per year)
3.1.1.8. Fish exports and imports
3.1.2. Wildlife
(fauna)
3.1.2.1. Avifauna
3.1.2.2. Sea mammals
3.1.2.3. Sea turtles
3.1.2.4. Reptiles
3.2. Non-living
resources
3.2.1. Conventional
energy
resources (oil, gas, coal, other)
3.2.2. Non-conventional energy resources
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
3.2.3. Metallic
minerals
3.2.4. Non-metallic
minerals
3.3.
Tourism and scenic resources
3.3.1. Inventory of tourism and scenic resources (marine, sub-marine, coastal
resources)
3.3.2. Actual status of tourism and scenic resources (use intensity)
3.3.3. Legal status of tourism and scenic resources and areas

4.
NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
4.1. Water
resources
4.1.1. Surface waters
4.1.1.1. Changes in the run-off patterns (water cycle disruption)
4.1.1.2. Floods
4.1.1.3. Pollution
4.1.1.3.1. Municipal sources
4.1.1.3.2. Industrial sources
4.1.1.3.3. Agro-industrial sources
4.1.2. Ground waters
4.1.2.1. Over-use
4.1.2.2. Pollution (source, pathway, type)
4.2. Soils
4.2.1. Erosion problems (human use, other)
4.2.2. Hills and watershed devegetation
4.2.3. Urban processes on fertile soils
4.2.4. Soil pollution (solid and liquid wastes, other)
4.3. Vegetation
4.3.1. Devegetation
4.3.2. Forest fires (natural, induced, other)
4.3.3. Flooding (construction of water reservoirs, other)
4.3.4. Acid rain or biocides related problems
4.4. Fauna
4.4.1. Hunting of threatened or endangered species
4.4.2. Habitat loss (devegetation, construction of water reservoirs, other)
4.4.3. Species loss due to biocides use or other related causes
4.5. Air
4.5.1. Air pollution (urban, industrial processes, other)
4.5.2. Air pollution (forest fires, other natural events)

5. MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES

5.1.
National organizations and institutions responsible for environmental quality, land
use planning and coastal area and resources management
5.1.1. Institution
5.1.1.1. Name
5.1.1.2. Address
5.1.1.3. Telephone, telefax and electronic mail
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...
5.1.2. Institutional nature (governmental, non-governmental, land use planning,
urban and city planning, industrial or tourism development agencies,
other)
5.1.3. Programme implementation
5.1.3.1. Short term
5.1.3.2. Long term
5.1.4. Individual focal points
5.2. National
economic
planning
5.2.1. Model
5.2.2. Population patterns
5.2.3. Technology and environment
5.2.4. Economics and environment
5.2.5. Society and environment
5.3.
Nation-wide or sub-national land use planning and regulation
5.3.1. National level planning
5.3.2. Regional planning
5.3.3. Site planning
5.3.4. Sectoral planning
5.4.
Special management strategies
5.4.1. Environmental impact assessment
5.4.2. Shoreline exclusion or restriction
5.4.3. Coastal atlas or databank

6.
NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS SYSTEM

6.1. Management
categories
6.2.
List of natural protected areas (list characteristics)
6.3.
Proposed natural protected areas

7. ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW
7.1.
Existing environmental law
7.2.
Needs for legislative administration of the coastal environment

8. INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS
8.1.
National level
8.2.
International level

9.
SCIENTIFIC AND ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
9.1.
Governmental institutions (formal and non-formal education programmes)
9.2. Non-governmental institutions and organizations (formal and non-formal
education programmes)

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CEP Technical Report No. 13
10. INSTITUTIONS AND PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION
10.1. Governmental
10.1.1. Institutions
10.1.2. Programmes in land use planning and coastal areas and resource
management
10.2. Non-governmental
10.2.1. Institutions and organizations
10.2.2. Programmes in coastal resources management
10.3. Public awareness and environmental education programmes
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Training in land and coastal use planning ...

ANNEX II
Model for the Evaluation of Critical Areas

Criteria
Relevance
Observations
High Medium
Low
I. Value represented by the




natural resources:

A. Regional context/ representativity



(Wider Caribbean)
B.
National
context/
representativity



(States and Territories)
C.
Sub-national
context/




representativity

D. Representativity at the community



level
E.
Biological
productivity




F.
Biological
characteristics,




representativity of the species

G. Protection of the species





H. Characteristics of the ecosystems




II. Value for man:




A.
Recreational





B. Commercial (fishing and others)




C.
Scenic
value




D.
Scientific
investigation





E. Education (e.g. natural processes)



F.
Historic/
Archeological




/Palaeontological







III. Activities which (potentially) take




place, having environmental impacts:
1.
..........................................




2.
..........................................




3.
..........................................




4.
..........................................




5.
..........................................




6.
..........................................




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CEP Technical Report No. 13

Criteria
Relevance
Observations
High Medium
Low
IV. Administrative matters:




A.
Inter-institutional
relations




B.
Environmental
protection




organizations
C.
Accessibility




D.
Monitoring
and
control




E.
Economic
considerations




F.
Others











V. Other matters:




..........................................



..........................................



..........................................




..........................................

















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Training in land and coastal use planning ...

ANNEX III
Analysis of Fundamental Information Necessary for
Critical Area Planning and for Ad Hoc Implementation
of Programmes

PHASE 1:
A. Legal regime;
B. Identification of planning teams;
C. Determination of the objectives of the programme selected;
D. Determination of the selection criteria for the area to be managed.
Result: A planning team that guides and assists the programme in its development, based
on an agreed policy, agreed objectives and on existing legal instruments.
PHASE 2:
A. Collection of cartographic information, air photos and bibliographies concerning the
ecosystems of the area under consideration;
B. Classification of the ecosystems and habitats in relation to species of interest;
C. Precision of locations;
D. Determination of the conservation category;
E. Selection of the locations and categories to be managed.
Result: The selection of an area to be incorporated in the national system of protected
areas.
PHASE 3:
A. Detailed study of the area;
B. Identification of those sectors best suitable to the type of use permitted;
C. Zoning (utilizing the agreed criteria and the results of phase 1);
D. Determination of necessary equipment and infrastructural, financial and personnel
requirements;
E. Preparation of management plan;
F. Initiation of the process for official protected area designation.
Result: A programme to be implemented in the selected area.
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CEP Technical Report No. 13
PHASE 4:
A. Establishment of facilities, provision with equipment and contracting of personnel at
a scale in line with the tasks assigned;
B. Implementation of management programmes;
C. Initiation of education and awareness programmes;
D. Initiation of monitoring and supervision/enforcement programmes;
E. Strenthening of training and research.
PHASE 5:
Evaluation and revision: every ____ years.
Note: the consultation process with the communities should commence from the first
phase on and be continued through all the phases.

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Training in land and coastal use planning ...

ANNEX IV
Model for the Establishment of Working Teams


1. PRELIMINARY PLANNING:
- Government representatives;
- Expert in marine and coastal protected areas;
- Expert in terrestrial protected areas;
- Sociologist;
- Planner;
- Economist;
- Lawyer.
2. PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME:
- Expert in marine and coastal protected areas;
- Marine ecologist or marine biologist;
- Sylviculturist or agronomist (for watershed management and/or the terrestrial sectors
which influence the selected area);
- Expert in coastal tourism;
- Sociologist;
- Planner;
- Economist;
- Educator;
- Administrative team for the entity created: manager; professional and technical staff;
security and maintenance;
Also sub-programmes with:
- Community organizations;
- Public relations institutions.
3. MANAGEMENT:
- Managers, professionals and technicians (at least an ecologist and a educator);
- Assistants and secretarial staff;
- Security and maintenance;
- Boatmen (optional).
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CEP Technical Report No. 13

ANNEX V
Table of Data for Planning and Management of Coastal Areas

1. Type of habitat/ecosystem (e.g. coral reefs, coastal lagoons, wetlands).
2.

Distribution (the general environment and the specific localization of the
habitats/ecosystems).
3. Approximate surface area, inventory of resources.
4. Legal regime.
5. Sources of influence (e.g. topology around lagoon, water courses, energy flows).
6. Economic value (e.g. fisheries, tourism, recreation, research, conservation).
7. Threats:
A. Natural (e.g. overloading, natural degradation);
B. Induced by man;
C. Potential (projects, activities, others).
8. Particular need for the protection and management of the habitat/ecosystem (research,
protection, management, legal issues, public awareness, education).
9. Socio-economic problems associated with the protection of the habitat/ecosystem (resource
use conflicts, suitability of land, traditional and proposed land use).
10. List of institutions and individuals which can be contacted and type of information provided.
11. References (bibliography, consulted literature, source material).


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