Global Mercury Project
Project EG/GLO/01/G34:
Removal of Barriers to Introduction of Cleaner Artisanal Gold Mining and Extraction Technologies
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY OF RWAMAGASA MINING
SITE IN GEITA DISTRICT
by
Susan Wagner
Sociologist/National Expert WID
July 2003
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................i
ACRONYMS ...............................................................................................................................iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................iv
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................1
1.1 The Context........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study..................................................................................................... 2
2.0 METHODOLOGY USED...................................................................................................2
2.1 Study Site ........................................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Documentary Review........................................................................................................ 2
2.3 Interviews with Key Informants....................................................................................... 2
2.4 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) ..................................................................................... 3
2.5 Structured Interviews with Community Members .......................................................... 3
3.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE.......................................................................................3
3.1 Description of Rwamagasa Village.................................................................................. 3
3.2 Climate ............................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 Topography........................................................................................................................ 5
3.4 Administrative Structure ................................................................................................... 5
3.5 Population Size, Growth, Density and Spatial Distribution ........................................... 5
3.6 Religion.............................................................................................................................. 6
3.7 Ethnic Groups.................................................................................................................... 6
3.8 Land Tenure....................................................................................................................... 6
3.9 Migration............................................................................................................................ 6
3.10 Employment Patterns ........................................................................................................ 6
3.11 Major Economic Activities............................................................................................... 6
3.12 Income Levels, GDP and Standard of Living.................................................................. 7
3.13 Social Services................................................................................................................... 7
3.13.1 Education.................................................................................................................................................. 7
Pre-School Education.............................................................................................................................. 7
Primary School Education....................................................................................................................... 7
Secondary Schools Education................................................................................................................. 8
Adult Literacy........................................................................................................................................... 9
3.13.2 Health Services......................................................................................................................................... 9
Health Facilities....................................................................................................................................... 9
Top Diseases at Geita District................................................................................................................ 9
Child and Mother Nutrition, Infant and Under Five Mortality, etc....................................................10
3.13.3 Social Welfare ........................................................................................................................................11
3.13.4 Water Supply Services...........................................................................................................................11
Water policy............................................................................................................................................11
Status of Water Supply, Water Quality, Future Plans and Sanitation................................................12
3.14 Infrastructure.................................................................................................................... 12
3.14.1 Power (Electricity, Fuel Wood) ............................................................................................................12
3.14.2 Transportation ........................................................................................................................................12
3.14.3 Telecommunication................................................................................................................................12
4.0 FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY ..........................................................................................13
4.1 Demographic Information of Rwamagasa Community................................................ 13
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania ii
4.1.1 Sex and Age Structure ...........................................................................................................................13
4.1.2 Tribal Composition................................................................................................................................13
4.1.3 Residence Time in the Village ..............................................................................................................13
4.1.4 Distance from the Mining Pits...............................................................................................................13
4.2 Household Structure........................................................................................................ 13
4.2.1
Uses of the Houses, Number of Men and Female................................................................................13
4.2.2
Number of Children in the Household..................................................................................................13
4.3 Education Level............................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Hygiene and Sanitation ................................................................................................... 14
4.5 Economic Life of the Community.................................................................................. 14
4.5.1
Types of Economic Activities ...............................................................................................................14
4.5.2
Monthly Income and Expenditure.........................................................................................................14
4.6 Water Supply....................................................................................................................... 14
4.6.1
Source of Water......................................................................................................................................14
4.6.2
Water Quality.........................................................................................................................................15
4.6.3
Who Fetches Water................................................................................................................................15
4.7 Food consumption and nutrients patterns ...................................................................... 15
4.8 Source of Energy ............................................................................................................. 15
4.9 Source of information and communication ................................................................... 15
4.10 Artisanal Mining Information and the Use of Mercury ................................................ 16
4.10.1 Hours Spent on Mining Processing per Day ........................................................................................16
4.10.2 When the Artisanal Mining Started in the Area and How They Get Involved ..................................16
4.10.3 Provision of Capital for Mining Processing .........................................................................................16
4.10.4 Mining Association's Membership.......................................................................................................16
4.10.5 Employed/Workers in the Small-scale Mining ....................................................................................16
4.10.6 Mercury for Amalgamation and Problems Encountered .....................................................................17
Problems Encountered...........................................................................................................................17
Environmental or Health Hazards Caused by Mercury......................................................................19
4.11 Properties Ownership ...................................................................................................... 19
4.12 Decision Making on Income and Expenditure .............................................................. 19
4.13 Gold Market..................................................................................................................... 20
4.13.1 Plans to Change their Business .............................................................................................................20
4.14 Short-term Training......................................................................................................... 20
4.15 Comments on Licensing/Taxation/Hygiene and Sanitation ......................................... 21
4.16 Attitudes That May Influence Adoption of Improved Mining Technologies ............. 21
4.16.1 Willingness to Learn the Technology and Undergo Medical Check-up ............................................21
4.16.2 Expected Difficulty................................................................................................................................22
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................22
LIST OF REFERENCES .........................................................................................................23
Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................................................24
Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................................................31
Appendix 3 ..................................................................................................................................31
Appendix 4 ..................................................................................................................................32
Appendix 5 ..................................................................................................................................32
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania iii
LIST OF TABLES
page
Table 1: List of Enrolment of Children in Standard I 2000 - 2003 ......................................... 7
Table 2: Availability and Shortages of Teachers and Classroom Buildings.............................. 8
Table 3: Number of Disabilities in Geita District........................................................................ 8
Table 4: Health Facilities in Geita District. ................................................................................. 9
Table 5: Top Outpatient Diagnoses 2002 in Geita District......................................................... 9
Table 6: Top Inpatient Admission Diagnoses............................................................................ 10
Table 7: Communicable Disease Cases and Deaths.................................................................. 10
Table 8: MCH Services Year 2002 ......................................................................................... 10
Table 9: Maternity Services ........................................................................................................ 11
ACRONYMS
AIC
The African Inland Church
DED
District Executive Director
DEO
District Education Officer
DMO
District Medical Officer
FGDs
Focus Group Discussions
GDC
Geita District Council
GGM
Geita Gold Mining Limited
MPs
Members of Parliaments
MWAREMA
Mwanza Region Miners Association
MWAWOMA
Mwanza Women Miners Association
NGOs
Non Governmental Organizations
STD/AIDS
Sexual Transmitted Diseases/Acquired Immuno Deficiencies
Syndrome
TBAs
Traditional Birth Attendants
TTCL
Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited
UNIDO
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
VEO
Village Executive Officer
VETA
Vocational Education Training Authority
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Mercury is used in artisanal mining, whereby, for every gram of gold collected, about two
grams of mercury are dispersed into the environment Artisanal mining activities provide
income to the poorest segment of society in many developing countries, including ethnic
minorities, a great majority of these miners being women and children.
Plans are underway for introducing cleaner artisanal gold mining and extraction
technologies. The primary target beneficiaries of the program will be artisanal miners men
and women alike. In order to effectively introduce this new program on cleaner and more
efficient artisanal gold mining and extraction technologies, a study of the mining
communities - their social services, their activities, their surroundings, and their food and
water consumption patterns - was required.
This socio-economic study was carried out in one representative mining site, namely,
Rwamagasa Village, Rwamagasa Ward in Geita District, Mwanza Region, Tanzania.
Objectives
The objectives of this socio-economic study were to collect sufficient data and knowledge
about the artisanal mining communities at Rwamagasa in Geita district with respect to:
Types of human habitats and proximity to the mines, educational services, health services
and health education. Also information about the artisanal mining, their occupational
activities linked to gold production. Types of occupational activities in the community not
related to mining. The issue of income and expenditure levels, water sources, accessibility,
quality and distribution, willingness to participate on the medical check-up and to learn the
new technology.
Methodology
The methodologies used included documents analysis of existing information , discussions
with key informants such as district and local government leaders/officials, NGOs as well as
leaders and representatives of women's associations, focus group discussions with male
miners, female miners, a mixed group of male and female miners (so as to observe gender
dynamics), women catering for the miners, and other groups related to mining and, lastly,
structured interviews with 250 randomly selected community members
Summary of the major Findings
Rwamagasa Village is in Rwamagasa ward, Busanda division, in Geita District, Mwanza
region, south of Lake Victoria. Rwamagasa village is located south-west of Geita town.
Geita town serves as the administrative centre for the district. Geita district is divided into 7
divisions, 33 wards and 185 villages. Rwamagasa is one of a village located in the
Rwamagasa Ward. The village is divided into 5 vitongoji (sub-villages) that is, Elimu,
Isenyi, CCM, Lubinga and Imalanguzo. Rwamagasa ward, which is a typical rural area, has
a total population of 26,990, comprised of 13,879 males and 13,111 females, with 5,017
households having an average size of 5.4 people.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania v
The main ethnic groups in the Geita District are Walongo, Wasubi, Wasukuma and Wazinza.
The same tribes are residing at Rwamagasa Village with other ethnic groups as well. On the
randomly selected respondents, only 98% have lived there for more than five years.
Land tenure in Rwamagasa village is granted through an allocation system managed by the
village administration. Rwamagasa village as well as Geita town has a big number of people
who have immigrated there in search of self employment in the artisanal mining or
employment in the newly established gold mining. A few people practice licensed business,
while the rest are petty traders.
The major economic activities in Geita District are farming, livestock keeping, trading,
fishing and mining. At Rwamagasa village, they produce cash crops including cotton and
paddy. Other economic activities performed at the village are: artisanal mining, livestock
keeping, food vendors and other petty business.
Most people have an income of below Tz Shl 50,000 (1 US$ is equivalent to 1035 Tanzanian
Shillings) per month (64%), while 24% earn between 51,000 100,000 and only 3% get
more than 200,000 per month. However, when asked about their expenditure, only 45% said
that they spent more than Tz Shl 50,000/mo and 7% said they spend more than 200,000/mo.
This is typical of a general pattern in the country, whereby people manage to get extra funds
in one way or another, outside their regular income, in order to survive.
Gold mining, which is done in Geita district, is of two types: small-scale artisanal mining,
which is conducted in 250 small scale mining sites having an average of 8.3 ha, in size, and
large-scale mining, which includes sub-components of research, actual mining and master
gold dealers. The majority of artisanal miners are in Nyamtondo, Rwamagasa, Nyarugusu
and Nyakagwe wards. The residents of Rwamagasa are primarily involved in mining
activities.
Geita district has 210 pre-schools, 228 primary schools and 9 secondary schools as well as
adult literacy classes. The pupil drop out rate is another serious problem in the district,
including Rwamagasa village. At Rwamagasa Village, there are two primary schools with
1,650 pupils, 890 boys and 760 girls. Only 18% of the respondents had higher than primary
school education.
The community of Rwamagasa village does not have adequate health services. They are in
the process of constructing their own village dispensary. Out of 848 households at
Rwamagasa, only 625 have pit latrines. The village lacks social welfare services and a police
post for security.
There are trunk roads which are supposed to connect bordering countries, regional roads
which connect regions within the country, district roads which connect neighbouring
districts, and feeder roads usually leading to district roads. At Rwamagasa village, there are
no telecommunication services. The villagers depend upon the services available in Geita
town.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania vi
Among the people interviewed at Rwamagasa village, 54% are engaged in mining alone,
while 14% are engaged in a combination of farming, mining and petty business, 9% practice
farming along, 7% buy gold and other minerals and 5% operate bars, hotels and guest
houses. The focus group discussion reported that the major economic activities for women in
that village are food vendors (mama lishe), selling vegetables in the market, saloon, tailoring
and few in the mining activities. The agricultural activities are done by both women and
men.
The main source of water is from boreholes (63%), followed by shallow wells (20%), rain
water and shallow wells (10%) and river and shallow wells (4%). Water for washing/bathing
is fetched from boreholes (55%), shallow wells (15%), rain water (10%) and rain water
(11%). The quality of water is not safe since the same sources are used for processing gold.
Most of the respondents (40%) spend 12 hours per day in processing gold. The respondents
were asked to indicate when they started the mining activities. They said that mining
activities started in 1972, but many had moved from different mining sites. The activity of
mining gained momentum at Rwamagasa from 1998 onwards. When asked why the number
is increasing, the respondents mentioned that a number of them were given compensation by
Geita Gold Mining Company (GGM), which is based in Geita Town, and they opted to
invest the money gained into small-scale mining. Some of the respondents (36%) are
members of the mining association (MWAREMA).
Many of the enterprises such as small-scale mining and small business are basically family
affairs. The artisanal miners dig shafts, crush the ore and recover the gold using mercury.
They work with their bare hands when using mercury for gold recovery.
The small-scale miners, together with other entrepreneurs associated with gold mining are
faced with a host of problems. More than half of the interviewers (56%) said that the main
problem was lack of equipment and proper tools, which often resulted in injuries and fatigue.
The second biggest problem mentioned by the 16% respondents was insufficient working
capital and lack of reliable market for their gold. At present, 65% now sell their gold to
businessmen (`Makota') or to the prominent, licensed, small-scale miner based in the village
known as Kadeo Blue Reef Gold Mining Company. Also, there is insufficient water for
cleaning gold. The respondents were also concerned about the high tax rate charged for
mining (37%). The focus group discussions with the Mwanza Women Miners Associations
(MWAWOMA) were also concerned with the above problems and reported that, in addition,
they encounter the problem of theft, since there is no security system in the mining area.
They learned about the effects from the Resident Mining Officer (50%), UNIDO 6%, Mass
Media 15%, other people 16%, Books and seminar 9% and VETA (10%). Others heard this
information from their friends (6%). There is substantial number of women who were not
informed.
Most of the respondents are willing to adopt a new technology (94%). Regarding strategies
for learning the new technology, 78% of the respondents said they would like to be trained
through demonstration.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania vii
During the focus group discussions, women were less informed about the effects of mercury
than men. Most of them do have access to gold pits, but they do not own or have mining
licenses. Only 9% actually own mining pits.
Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations
Based on the above analysis the following conclusions can be made:
· Most of the artisanal miners do not own claims and, every three days, 30% of the ore
dug out of the ground is given to the claim holder
· Very few miners know the effect of mercury especially women
· Most of the miners were very willing to learn the new technology.
· Most of them are not members of mining associations.
The following recommendations can be made:
· The artisanal miners should be educated regarding the hazards of using mercury.
· A multiple approach should be used to introduce the new proposed technology
including tours to other places where the new technology is already in use, seminars
and short courses in the mining area and practical demonstrations.
· Alternative sources of income should be found for the Makota who are presently
earning their living by selling mercury.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 1
1.0
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Context
Mercury is one of the most toxic substances in the world and has the potential for causing
significant environmental damage and health problems when improperly handled. Mercury is
used in artisanal mining, whereby, for every gram of gold collected, about two grams of
mercury are dispersed into the environment through artisanal mining activities. These
artisanal mining activities provide income to the poorest segment of society in many
developing countries, including ethnic minorities and a great majority of these miners being
women and children.
When mercury is used in mining, it is absorbed by humans through food or contaminated air
and may often result in irreversible neurological diseases or death of men, women and
children. Moreover, habitats are sometimes permanently ruined.
The relative simplicity and effectiveness of the technology associated with the use of
mercury, known as amalgamation, mask its dangers. The process can be improved by using
procedures that involve highly efficient devices such as retorts that can be manufactured
locally at a low cost.
Plans are underway for introducing cleaner artisanal gold mining and extraction
technologies. The objective of this program is to replace mercury amalgamation with
improved technologies while at the same time improving the income of the miners through
more efficient recovery. This will necessarily involve increasing knowledge and awareness
amongst all stakeholders and providing advice concerning the adoption of new policies and
regulations related to artisanal gold mining, with due consideration for gender issues.
The primary target beneficiaries of the program will be artisanal miners men and women
alike. The secondary beneficiaries will be governments, local institutions and the society at
large due to the very nature and extent of the damage caused by the present methods of
artisanal mining.
The activities of the program will mainly be directed towards the introduction of safe and
high-yield extraction methods that could pre-empt the use of mercury. This will entail the
dissemination of knowledge on appropriate new artisanal mining technology, the training of
miners in the application of this technology, the training of local manufacturers, the creation
of awareness concerning environmental issues and advising governments and local
institutions concerning new policies.
In order to effectively introduce this new program on cleaner and more efficient artisanal
gold mining and extraction technologies, a study of the mining communities - their social
services, their activities, their surroundings, and their food and water consumption patterns -
was required.
This socio-economic study was carried out in one representative mining site, namely,
Rwamagasa Village located in Rwamagasa Ward in Geita District, Mwanza Region,
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 2
Tanzania.
1.2
Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this socio-economic study were to collect sufficient data and knowledge
about the artisanal mining communities at Rwamagasa in Geita District with respect to:
· The structure and demography of the community living in the vicinity of the selected
mining site, including ethnic diversity.
· Types of human habitats and proximity to the mines.
· Educational services.
· Health services and any possible health education related to mining.
· Information about those occupied with artisanal mining, including time spent at the
mine.
· Detailed description of the overall process of gold production, focusing on the use of
mercury and the locations where the burning of the amalgam occurs.
· Occupational activities linked to gold production (mercury selling, gold trading,
catering for miners, etc.).
· Types of occupational activities in the community not related to mining.
· Income levels.
· Food consumption patterns, including an estimate of the proportion of local product
consumption.
· Water sources, accessibility, quality and distribution.
· The use of river water for irrigation, fishing, washing, drinking purposes, etc.
· The attitudes and behavior patterns in the community which may either act as barriers
or which might facilitate the introduction of the proposed new technology in artisanal
mining. For example:
· Willingness to learn the new technology
· Difficulties they expect to encounter in the change over
2.0
METHODOLOGY USED
2.1
Study Site
The study was conducted in Rwamagasa Village, Geita District, and Mwanza Region.
2.2
Documentary Review
Documents related to the artisanal mining and gender issues were reviewed these included
statistics and information about socio economic issues of Geita district and its micro-
projects. This information was compiled and synthesized so as to present a concise overview
of the overall project.
2.3
Interviews with Key Informants
Key informants were interviewed according to a pre-designed checklist. The key informants
were district and local government leaders/officials, NGOs as well as leaders and
representatives of women's associations.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 3
2.4
Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
Focus groups discussions were held with male miners, female miners, a mixed group of male
and female miners (so as to observe gender dynamics), women catering for the miners, and
other groups related to mining. These were semi-structured in that part of the discussions
was based on a pre-prepared list of questions/ topics and part was based on open, free
discussion. Discussions lasted for 1 hour for each group.
The topics discussed with women included problems faced by women when starting or
improving their gold mining projects, interactions between men and women, gender balance
in economic power and decision-making, and their awareness of mercury uses and its effect
on human beings.
Focus group discussions were important because they enabled the consultant to cross check
the information gathered through the questionnaire. Multiple sources of information were
used to ensure the validity of the information given by respondents.
2.5
Structured Interviews with Community Members
Capable individuals in the area were selected and trained to administer the questionnaires.
Structured interviews were held with 250 community members sampled using stratified
random sampling. That is, various strata were identified in the community to represent
different areas and different groups of people such as miners, people providing services to
miners, traders, and people involved in other types of activities, with gender balance
proportional to the population. Within each group, individuals were sampled randomly for
interview.
The type of information obtained from the interviews has already been mentioned in the
objectives. When asking questions regarding attitudes and behavior patterns that may either
act as barriers or facilitate the introduction of the proposed new technology in artisanal
mining, a brief, objective description of the new technology was first provided.
3.0
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
3.1
Description of Rwamagasa Village
Rwamagasa Village is in Rwamagasa ward, Busanda Division, in Geita Distrist, Mwanza
Region, south of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The village is divided into 5 vitongoji (sub-
villages) that are: Elimu, Isenyi, CCM, Lubinga and Imalanguzo. According to the elders
who are the members of the Rwamagasa Village, the word "Rwamagasa" comes from the
indigenous word "Ngwasa" which literary means "animals' veins". The village was famous
for producing animals' veins used for tying bows for hunting with arrows, which was the
main subsistence activity in that community. The neighboring villages use to come to
Rwamagasa to purchase the animal's vein and there was nowhere else they could get them.
Thus, the name of the village has been Rwamagasa up to the present.
It should be noted that when explaining the socio-economic profile of Rwamagasa it is not
proper to avoid the profile of Geita District as an entry point. Geita District is located 2° 08'
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 4
to 3° 28 South of the Equator and longitude 32° 37' to 37' east of Greenwich (see map of
Tanzania below). Rwamagasa village is located southwest of Geita town.
Geita town is 100 km from Mwanza by road via two ferry routes, i.e., Kamanga and Busisi.
On the other hand Rwamagasa Village is 25 kilometers from Geita town on earth road. There
are also two airstrips, one belongs to the Geita Gold Mining Company and the other one to
the forest reserve. Dar es Salaam can be accessed from Mwanza by air which takes 1 hour
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 5
for large planes and an hour and half for small planes. There is a railway line from Dar es
Salaam to Mwanza which takes 30 hours. Also Mwanza is accessible by road by bus in
different route such as Dar es Salaam - Arusha via Nairobi - Mara region to Mwanza; this
takes about 20 hours. Another road route is Dar es Salaam - Dodoma region - Singida region
- Shinyanga region to Mwanza, which takes about 24 hours. For private vehicles, one can use
Dar es Salaam - Arusha via national parks i.e. Manyara, Ngorongoro, Soronera and then
Mwanza. (no buses uses this route). It is hard to establish the distance from Dar es Salaam to
Mwanza because it depends which route one is using. However Dar es Salaam to Mwanza is
approximately 1000 kilometers.
3.2
Climate
Geita District has two main rainy seasons that run from November to December and
February to May with the mean annual rainfall of 1264 mm. The annual minimum and
maximum temperatures for Geita range between 14°C and 30°C.
3.3
Topography
Geita district is characterized by hilly topography in the north, west and parts of the south
west, with a gentle slope towards the south and southeast. There are pediments that are
gently sloping towards the drainage depressions. These pediments are vulnerable to erosion,
particularly where vegetation cover has been removed through cultivation, mining or
overgrazing. The average attitude is 1,300 to 1,100 above sea level.
3.4
Administrative Structure
Geita town serves as the administrative center for the district. The District Council
(GDC/Council) is the policy and legislative making organ as well as the overseer of all
developmental issues in the district. The district Executive Director (DED) heads the
Secretariat of the Council. The district has 43 Councilors from all the administrative wards
and appointees on special seats. The three Members of Parliament (MPs) come from their
respective Constituencies and at the same time serve as Councilors.
3.5
Population Size, Growth, Density and Spatial Distribution
Geita District has one of the largest populations in Mwanza Region. According to the 2002
census, it has a total population of 712,195, comprised of 355,823 males and 356,372
females. There are a total number of 115,640 households with an average household size of
6.2. The district is growing very fast, considering that there were only 439,191 people during
the 1988 census.
Rwamagasa ward, which is a typical rural area, has a total population of 26,990, consisted of
13,879 males and 13,111 females, with 5,017 households having an average size of 5.4
people.
Geita district is divided into 7 divisions, 33 wards and 185 villages. The district occupies a
total area of 7,825 sq. km, out of which 6,775 sq. km is dry land and 1,050 sq. km is water.
Rwamagasa is one of a village located in the Rwamagasa Ward.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 6
3.6
Religion
The main religions in the district are Christianity, with different denominations, and Islam.
According to the Village Executive Officer (VEO), at Rwamagasa village most residents are
Christians belonging to the Catholic Church, Lutheran, Methodist (TCMC), The Tanzania
Assemblies of God and The African Inland Church (AIC). All these religious groups have
places of worships at the village.
3.7
Ethnic Groups
The main ethnic groups in the Geita District are Walongo, Wasubi, Wasukuma and Wazinza.
However, due to the presence of the gold mines in the area, lately there has been an influx of
different ethnic groups from all over the country, coming as families. The same tribes are
residing at Rwamagasa Village with other different ethnic groups.
3.8
Land Tenure
According to the VEO of Rwamagasa, land tenure in Rwamagasa village is granted through
an allocation system managed by the village administration. Land is obtained by registering
with the village government by providing a reference from their previous village leadership
who gives the required purchase price of the land. Land ownership is principally in the hands
of men. Young population has to rely on goodwill from friends or relatives, inheritance or
buying arable land or plots. Women do have access to land but are not supposed to inherit
their father's land. This has in the long run left women without land.
3.9
Migration
Rwamagasa village as well as Geita town has a big number of people who have immigrated
there in search of self employment in the artisanal mining or employment in the newly
established gold mine. Together with this the village is highly populated without enough
social services to cutter for all. No record was available to establish the number of migration.
3.10 Employment Patterns
Formal and informal employment is a major activity in the Geita town. Formally, people are
employment by the Government institutions, Parastatal organizations, Geita Gold Mine
(GGM), NGOs, etc. A few people practice licensed business, while the rest are petty traders.
Most of these are concentrated in Geita Township, followed by the small-scale mining areas
such as Rwamagasa, Mgusu, Nyarugusu, Nyamtondo and Nyakagwe.
3.11 Major Economic Activities
The major economic activities in Geita District are farming, livestock keeping, trading,
fishing and mining. The district has about 206,000 hectares of arable land and 252,000
hectares of grazing area. The food crops grown in the district include maize, cassava, sweet
potatoes and bananas.
At Rwamagasa village, they produce cash crops include cotton and paddy. Tillage of land is
done by hand with hoes. Other economic activities performed at the village are: artisanal
mining, livestock keeping, food vendors and other petty business.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 7
Gold mining, which is done in Geita district, is of two types: small-scale artisanal mining,
which is conducted in 250 mining sites having an average of 8.3 ha, in size, and large-scale
mining, which includes sub-components of research, actual mining and master gold dealers.
According to the Resident Mining Officer of Geita District, the majority of artisanal miners
are in Nyamtondo ward, Rwamagasa Ward, Nyarugusu ward and Nyakagwe ward. The
residents of Rwamagasa are primarily involved in mining activities. Gold extraction is a
labor intensive activity, drawing on all members of the community, including young children
who are involved in the processing of gold. The number of artisanal miners is unknown
but it is estimated to be as many as 150,000. Practically all of them are mining illegally
without licenses or the approval of the authorities. Also there is a substantial influx of
fortune hunters. There is no research done to establish how men, children and women are
involved in the artisanal mining in the district.
3.12 Income Levels, GDP and Standard of Living
In Geita district, many people are employed in the informal sector to support the population.
The main job generators in the informal sector are artisanal mining, fishing, agriculture and
livestock keeping. Also, many people are employed in rural trade, retail shops, and the
supply of accommodation and food in eating places.
3.13 Social Services
3.13.1 Education
Pre-School Education
According to the District Education Officer (DEO), the district has 210 pre-schools. Many of
these schools are operating on primary school premises. Generally, pre-schools have no
permanent structures, nor teaching learning facilities. At Rwamagasa ward, there are two
pre-schools with 420 pupils, 260 boys and 160 girls.
Primary School Education
Enrolment of children in Standard I have increased tremendously over the past three years.
The Table 1 shows the enrolment trend for Standard I in Geita District by sex from 2000 to
2003:
Table 1: List of Enrolment of Children in Standard I 2000 - 2003
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
Boys
10,705
12,167
21,948
12,828
Girls
9,897
11,182
19,458
12,101
Total
20,602
23,349
41,406
24,929
Source: District Education Officer, Geita district
There are 228 primary schools. Most of them have a shortage of classroom buildings,
teacher's houses, latrines and furniture. Table 2 shows the requirement, the availability and
the shortage of each item:
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 8
Table 2: Availability and Shortages of Teachers and Classroom Buildings
CLASS ROOMS
TEACHERS
LATRINES
DESKS
Req
Avail
Def
Req
Avail
Def
Req
Avail
Def
Req
Avail
Def
3105
1086
2019
3309
369
2946
6627
1046
5581
6478
2264
4214
TABLES
CHAIRS
CUPBOARDS
Req
Avail
Def
Req
Avail
Def
Req
Avail
Def
5739
970
4769
6380
1095
5285
3641
448
3193
Note: Req = Required; Avail = Available; Def = Deficiency
Source: District Education Officer, Geita District
At present, the teacher: pupil ratio is 1:98, as compared to the national standard ratio
of 1:45. The shortage of teachers in the district is partly due to deaths. There is an average
death rate of one teacher per month, according to the DEO. Also, the shortage of teachers is
more serious in the rural areas.
The pupil drop out rate is another serious problem in the district, including Rwamagasa
village. The main course of truancy is because the pupils are engaged in fishing, trading,
petty trade, migration, artisanal mining, pregnancy (for girls) and distance to schools (mainly
for secondary schools).
At Rwamagasa Village, there are two primary schools with 1,650 pupils, 890 boys and 760
girls.
Table 3: Number of Disabilities in Geita District
Disability
Boys
Girls
Total
1. Blind
25
7
32
2. Dumb
36
37
73
3. Albino
13
14
27
4. Handicap
51
32
83
5. Mental Retarded
39
35
74
6. Epilepsy
1
0
1
7. Physical disability
121
57
178
Total
286
182
468
Source: District Education Officer, Geita District
Based on the above information on the number of disabilities in the Geita District, the
primary sources and causes of above illness could not be undertaken during the survey.
Hence, this could be the area of further investigations.
Secondary Schools Education
Due to the growing population in Geita district, the goal of the district is to have one
secondary school for each ward that is 33 secondary schools. Presently, there are only 9
secondary schools in the district, out of which 6 are government and 3 are private. The
secondary school for the Rwamagasa ward is still under construction.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 9
Adult Literacy
Since Independence, the country has placed emphasis on adult literacy, so much so that
deliberate efforts have been taken throughout the country to get adult illiterates into classes.
The ability to read and write in Kiswahili and do some basic mathematics defines adult
literacy in its narrowest sense. Rwamagasa village is conducting such classes, although
figures on how many are attending were not available.
3.13.2 Health Services
Health Facilities
According to the District Medical Officer (DMO), Geita district has one government hospital
with 170 beds, five health centers with 132 beds, and 41 Dispensaries (35 owned by
government, 5 Voluntary and 1 private owned). There are 10,646 people per dispensary.
Below are the types of services available in health facilities.
Table 4: Health Facilities in Geita District.
S/No
Type of Service
Govt. Hospital Health Centers Dispensaries
1 OPD
01
05
41
2. MCH Services
01
05
41
3. Laboratory
01
05
4
4. In Patients
01
05
3
5. DTC
02
5
40
6. Postnatal Care
01
5
0
7. Dental clinical with
01
0
0
Equipment
8. Emergency Oral Care
01
05
0
9. Family Planning
01
5
40
10. ANC Syphilis
01
5
11
Screening
11. Microscopes
6
5
1
12. Sterilizers
14
15
116
13. X-Rays Machines
2
0
0
14. Motor vehicles
4
0
0
Source: District Medical Officer, Geita District.
Top Diseases at Geita District
Table 5: Top Outpatient Diagnoses 2002 in Geita District
No.
RANK
<5 YEARS
5 YEARS AND ABOVE
Diseases
No. of
% of all
Diseases
No. of
% of all
cases
diseases
cases
diseases
1.
Malaria
79065
63%
Malaria
102,316
53.3%
2.
ARI
18935
15.2%
ARI
34002
18.04%
3.
Diarrhea
12737
10.3%
Diarrhea
35026
18.6%
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 10
4.
Pneumonia
9560
7.8%
Pneumonia
7649
4.
5.
U.T.I
3509
2.8%
U.T.I
8554
4.6%
6.
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
575
0.3%
7.
TB
TB
265
0.14%
Total 123,806
100%
188387
100%
Table 6: Top Inpatient Admission Diagnoses
RANK
<5 YEARS
5 YEARS AND ABOVE
Disease
No of
% of all
Disease
No of % of all
Cases Diagnosis
Cases diagnosis
GEITA
1
Malaria
2210
56.5%
Malaria
1037
51%
2.
Diarrhea
247
6.3%
Diarrhea
153
7.5%
3.
Pneumonia
632
16.1%
Pneumonia
454
22.4%
4.
Anemia
771
19.7%
Anemia
175
9%
5.
Meningitis
11
0.3%
Meningitis
25
0.05%
6.
Others
39
0.9%
Others
184
9.07%
TOTAL
3910
2028
100%
Source: District Medical Officer, Geita District
Table 7: Communicable Disease Cases and Deaths
<5 years
>5 years
Adm.
No of
Deaths Cases Adm.
Deaths
cases
Cholera
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rabies
0
0
0
0
0
0
R/fever
0
63
0
198
0
0
Typhoid
01
03
0
261
04
0
Plague
0
0
0
0
0
0
Meningitis 06
06
04
04
04
02
AFP
0
0
0
0
0
0
Source: District Medical Officer, Geita District
Child and Mother Nutrition, Infant and Under Five Mortality, etc.
Table 8: MCH Services Year 2002
S/NO
DISTRICT-GEITA
2002
1.
ANS Clinic
34508
2.
Client tested for Syphilis
-
3.
Clients receiving TT dose 2+
31624
DELIVERIES.
4.
At health facility
8731
5.
BBA
673
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 11
6.
Reported by trained TBAS
509
CHILD IMMUNIZATION
7.
BCG Immunizations children <1 year
28,933
8.
DPT 1 Immunizations children <1 year
34902
9.
DPT 3 Immunizations children <1 year
28274
10.
Polio 3 Immunizations children <1 year
30307
11.
Measles immunization
25947
12.
Children weighed at measles immunization
25947
13.
Children weighed <60% weight for age at
815
measles immunization
FAMILY PLANNING
14.
Total acceptors
16282
15.
New acceptors
8210
Table 9: Maternity Services
DELIVERIES:-
2002
1.
-At health facility
8420
2.
-B.B.A deliveries
673
3.
-Reported by trained TBAS
664.
Source: District Medical Officer, Geita District
Based on the above health information, it is obvious that the community of Rwamagasa
village does not have adequate health services. Moreover, they depend mainly on health
services in neighboring areas or at the district hospital in Geita town. The Rwamagasa
community is on the process of constructing their own village dispensary. Currently, they
depend on five small privately owned pharmacies in their village.
Regarding to the prevalence of STD/AIDS, in Geita, the district Hospital keeps medical
records of all diagnosis but at the time of the survey consolidated on STD/AIDS was not
available.
An assessment of the primary sources and causes of above illness could not be undertaken
during the survey. Also specific knowledge of mercury poisoning signs in the population
could not be given; hence this could be the area of further investigations.
3.13.3 Social Welfare
Rwamagasa village lacks social welfare services and police post for security. The police post
is under construction. However, they do have agricultural and veterinary extension officers.
3.13.4 Water Supply Services
Water policy
The National Water Policy aims at providing every person or household with access to safe,
clean and adequate water supplies within 400 meters by 2002 A.D.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 12
Status of Water Supply, Water Quality, Future Plans and Sanitation
On the 163 villages in Geita district, only 120 are supplied with drinkable water. There is a
severe shortage of access to water that is adequate for domestic use in the districts rural
areas. The main water sources in Geita district are 11 boreholes, 46 man-made dams, 234
shallow wells, 10 harvested rain water tanks, seasonal rivers and streams and Lake Victoria.
Communities have been taking an active part in construction and management of water
sources. There are in total of 224 water committees, out of which 160 are active. Some of the
communities have already established water funds for running water activities in the future.
At Rwamagasa village, they are using shallow wells and a river as sources of water. The
quality of water is not safe since the same source is used for processing gold. The village
does not have water committees.
In a rural area like Rwamagasa village, people are required to provide for their households an
adequate latrine and a pit for refuse disposal. Out of 848 households at Rwamagasa, only 625
have pit latrines.
3.14 Infrastructure
3.14.1 Power (Electricity, Fuel Wood)
In Geita district, the main sources of energy for both industries and domestic use are
firewood, petroleum products and electricity. The common people, such as those in
Rwamagasa village, depend mainly on firewood, charcoal and kerosene for cooking and
lighting purposes. Other sources of energy are petrol and diesel used for milling machines
and crushers.
3.14.2 Transportation
In Tanzania, there are different designations for roads. There are trunk roads which are
supposed to connect bordering countries, regional roads which connect regions within the
country, district roads which connect neighboring districts, and feeder roads usually leading
to district roads. In Geita region, none of the roads are tarmac.
The road from Geita Town to Rwamagasa village is earth road and is impassable during the
rainy season, except for 4-wheels drive vehicles.
3.14.3 Telecommunication
The main telecommunication services in the Geita district are: the Tanzania
Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL) and cellular telephone services (Vodacom
and Celtel). The Tanzania Posts office offers services such as mailing letters, parcels and
financial transfers, both locally and internationally. At Rwamagasa village, there are no
telecommunication services. The villagers depend upon the services available in Geita town.
Most of the residents have access to quite a good number of radio stations within the
country, e.g., Radio Tanzania, Radio Free Africa and some television stations.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 13
4.0
FINDINGS OF THIS STUDY
A total of 250 respondents participated in the survey. Although not all of the 250 respondents
did answer every question in the questionnaire. Therefore the frequencies indicated in the
tables are based on the actual number of responses for each particular question, and do not
always add up to 250.
4.1
Demographic Information of Rwamagasa Community
4.1.1 Sex and Age Structure
Among the people interviewed at Rwamagasa village, 60% of males were the head of the
household and 40% were female head of the household. The dominant age group was
between 30-39 years old, which consisted of 37% of the population. Overall, 73% were
married and 18% were single. It should be noted that, those women mentioned are the head
of the household they are either single or widow.
4.1.2 Tribal Composition
Out of the 250 respondents who answered this question, the highest number belonged to
Sukuma tribe from Mwanza region (39%), Muha from Kigoma Region (11%), followed by
Kurya from Mara Region (10%) and Sumbwa which are from within the village (6%). The
rest of the percentages were divided into other small tribes.
4.1.3 Residence Time in the Village
Of the people interviewed, cumulatively 98% have lived there for more than five years. Most
of them come from different parts of the country, but mainly from a neighboring village in
Nyarugusu ward (11%), which is another prominent mining area in Geita district.
4.1.4 Distance from the Mining Pits
The distance from the mine pits to the residences of those interviewed ranges from three
quarter of kilometer to 3 km, with 33% living half a kilometer from the mine pits, 33% one
kilometer from the pits, 6% two kilometers and 21% living three kilometers from the mine
pits. Although these pits are outside their residential areas but gold processing is done on
their compounds.
4.2
Household Structure
4.2.1 Uses of the Houses, Number of Men and Female
80% of the houses are for residential purposes only, while 19% are for residential and
commercial purposes. There are slightly more men in the households (60%) than women
(40%). However, most of the house's compounds are used for gold processing and mercury
amalgamation and other petty trade such as retail shops, food vendors and bars.
4.2.2 Number of Children in the Household
When asked about the number of children per household, 30% have one child, 27% have 2
children, and 18% have 3 children while 10% have more than 6 children in the household.
The small number of children per household is due to the fact that many people come to the
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 14
mining areas without their families since they move from one mining site to another.
4.3
Education Level
Overall, 10% of the interviewees have never attended school, while 72% have primary
school education, followed by 11% with secondary level education and 7% with advanced
level of education. With respect to gender, 6% of males were illiterate, while 10% of females
were illiterate.
Amongst the siblings of the respondents, 59% had primary school level, 12% had secondary
education, 2% had college education while 27% are illiterate.
4.4
Hygiene and Sanitation
As mentioned earlier, in rural areas people are required to provide for their households an
adequate latrine and a pit for refuse disposal. The survey shows that, the biggest percent of
the households have pit latrines (97%), while only 3% use bush.
4.5
Economic Life of the Community
4.5.1 Types of Economic Activities
Most of the Rwamagasa villagers interviewed, 54% are engaged in mining alone, while 14%
are engaged in a combination of farming, mining and petty business, 9% practice farming
along, 7% buy gold and other minerals and 5% operate bars, hotels and guest houses. The
focus group discussion reported that the major economic activities for women in that village
are food venders (mama lishe), selling vegetables in the market, saloon, tailoring and few in
the mining activities. Both women and men do the agricultural activities.
4.5.2 Monthly Income and Expenditure
Most people have an income of below Tz Sch. 50,0001 per month (64%), 24% earn between
51,000 100,000, while 10% earn between 101,000 - 200,000 and only 3% get more than
201,000 per month. The low-income levels for most of the miners are a reflection of the
business size. Many of the businesses are family based, using almost exclusively family
labor. Access to capital might be another reason for the low incomes levels.
However, when asked about their expenditure, only 85% said that they spent more than Tz
Sch 50,000 per month and 7% said they spend more than 200,000 per month. This is typical
of a general pattern in the country, whereby people manage to get extra funds in one way or
another, outside their regular income, in order to survive.
4.6 Water Supply
4.6.1 Source of Water
The main source of water is from boreholes (63%), followed by shallow wells (20%), rain
water and shallow wells (10%) and river and shallow wells (4%). Most of the water used for
1 1 US$ is equivalent to 1035 Tanzanian Shillings
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 15
domestic purposes is fetched from boreholes (60%), while 17% fetched water from the
shallow wells.
Water for washing/bathing is fetched from boreholes (55%); shallow wells (18%), rain water
(10%) and 22% from the river. Water for mine sluicing, is obtained from ponds (22%), mine
pits (18%), boreholes (15%) and the river (8%). Irrigation is very minimal and it is only 3%
of water used from the boreholes.
4.6.2 Water Quality
Most of the respondents (70%) were of the view that the quality of water was good, 15% said
it is muddy and 6% mentioned that the water is hard. Most (68%) treat the water by boiling,
12% by filtering and 19% they do not do anything to treat the water. They rest either use
chemical or buying mineral water.
4.6.3 Who Fetches Water
The traditional image of a woman as a mother and housewife underline a clear-cut division
of labor between men and women. Women perform the bulk of household work. Their
domestic responsibilities include food production, processing, preparation and storage as
well as the provision of fuel and water, sanitation, cleaning the house and laundry. Hence the
role of fetching water as it has been revealed by the respondents (men and women) is clearly
the responsibility of women (50%), more than men (11%), boys10%, girls 5%, women and
girls 6%, However, men who do not have wives are buying water from carriers 12%.
However, young boys are the one who supply water to the miners for washing gold and
business areas such as hotels for money.
4.7
Food consumption and nutrients patterns
The reason for asking this question is to know the status of nutrient intake by the Rwamagasa
community. The highest numbers of respondents (36%) take meat once a week and 7% eats
meat every day, while 36% eat fish twice a week and 6% eat fish everyday. Moreover, 31%
eat chicken at least once a week, 17% eat eggs once a week, 38% drinks milk everyday, 36%
eat bean everyday, 50% eat vegetables everyday and 27% each fruits everyday.
4.8
Source of Energy
Since Rwamagasa is in the rural area, the main source of energy is fuel and charcoal (36%),
Charcoal 21%, fuel/wood/charcoal 27%, fuel and wood 16%. As it has been mentioned
earlier, the majority of Geita residents, mainly in the rural areas depend on fuel, fire wood
and charcoal for domestic purposes. Fuel products are used of lighting purposes and machine
operation.
4.9
Source of information and communication
Information dissemination especially newspaper is a little bit difficult since most of the news
is from Dar es Salaam, which is quite far away. Even by the time news reaches Rwamagasa,
it is outdated. The source of information they are getting from Radio Free Africa in Mwanza.
The greatest number of the respondents (47%) gets information from the radio, radio and TV
12%, 10% from local newspapers/TV/local leader, 6% from local leaders and 5% no source
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 16
of information.
4.10 Artisanal Mining Information and the Use of Mercury
4.10.1 Hours Spent on Mining Processing per Day
Most of the respondents (40%) spend 12 hours per day in processing gold. However, there
are some (25%) who spend 24 hours in the pits, 35% depending upon the nature of work.
4.10.2 When the Artisanal Mining Started in the Area and How They Get Involved
The respondents were asked to indicate when they started the mining activities. They said
that mining activities started in 1972, but many had moved from different mining sites. The
mining activities gained momentum at Rwamagasa from 1998 onwards. It is hard to establish
the number of artisanal miners because they do come and go. When asked why the number is
increasing, the respondents mentioned that a number of them were given compensation by
Geita Gold Mining Company (GGM), which is based in Geita Town and they opted to invest
the money gained into small-scale mining. However, they were doing the same activities at
the place where it is now privatized and the owner now is the GGM.
Most of the respondents got involved into the mining activities due to economic hardship
(21%), while 18% had been advised by fellow friends, after seeing that they were getting
income for sustenance. The rest 78% are doing it just because they have inherited it from
their parents and there are no other activities they can do in that particular village--it has
become their way of life.
4.10.3 Provision of Capital for Mining Processing
Most of the respondents they obtained capital from their own initiatives (87%). Only 7% had
borrowed money from relatives. Others from their spouse and assistance from relatives.
There is no micro-finance scheme in their area.
4.10.4 Mining Association's Membership
Few of the respondents (36%) are members of the mining association MWAREMA
(Mwanza Region Mining Association). While 64% are not the member. However, they
mentioned they are not getting any support from the association. The reason why others are
not members is that they were not aware of the association, and through the experience from
the members of the association, they are gaining nothing from the association. Another
reason for the low membership is that members of the association must be legally registered
as artisanal miners. Since most of them are there just temporarily, they think there is no need
of registering themselves. Others mentioned that they do not have enough education to join
the association. To be a member of MWAREMA one must provide primary mining license
which most of them are not eligible. MWAREMA this is an association for the artisanal
miners in Mwanza region. During the survey it was not easy to establish their role in the
mining industries.
4.10.5 Employed/Workers in the Small-scale Mining
Many of the enterprises such as small-scale mining and small business are basically family
affairs. Where the owner is not the sole worker, the other workers in the business usually
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 17
include the husband/wife, children, and relatives. Out of the 250 respondents, only two have
permanent employment. In the group discussions it was reported that, many of the small-
scale mines use family labor, often leading to increased workload for women who also have
household duties. Also, young children perform similar activities around their compounds
assisting their parents or for payments for the other people. Such practices stop them from
attending school and studying properly as it has been mentioned earlier that the district has a
big problem of pupil dropouts and truancies. However, the village government has imposed
some by-laws which forbid such activities to be practiced by children especially for those
who are school going.
4.10.6 Mercury for Amalgamation and Problems Encountered
The artisanal miners dig shafts, crush the ore and recover the gold using mercury. Artisanal
miners work with their bare hands, when using mercury for gold recovery. Most of the
artisanal miners do not own primary mining license and every three days 50% of the ore dug
out of the ground is given to the license holder. The gold is found in the ore rock, which is
dug out with a pick shovel from the rock base. When the miner thinks he has got to the ore
rock he crushes a small sample of it to test for gold. A drum of water (200 liters) is supplied
by a businessmen brokers locally known as "Makota" who charges 200/-Tshs for the water.
The artisanal miners wash their crushed ore in the drum. The drum owner claims any gold
left at the bottom of the drum.
A miner decides from the gold washing, if the ore rock contains enough gold (not less than
two grams of gold). If the ore rock is considered good, he will fill about two bags (50-70kgs)
of the ore. Usually the ore is taken home to be manually crushed either by the members of
family or laborers. After the ore is crushed to a certain size, the ore is taken to the ball mill,
which is usually a modified tractor with a wheel hub connected to the ball mill. The ball
mills are set up in the residential areas and the owner of the crusher provides mercury for
amalgamation. Business people who benefit from 50% of remaining ores privately own the
crushing machine.
After crushing, the material is washed in nearby locally made ponds over a wooden pan
covered with sackcloth (sluice box). The sackcloth, which has particles of heavy minerals
including gold, is then washed clean in a bucket in which the concentrate settled. Mercury is
added to the concentrate in a pan in which by using bare hand the miner make sure that the
mercury is mixed well with the concentrate. Panning is conducted until he remains with the
final product the amalgam. The amalgam is burned in an open air to release mercury and
remain with gold.
The financial income from this task is negotiable but the brokers, known as "Makota",
purchase the gold for about Shs.10, 000/- per gram if it is of good quality. Some of these
brokers live within the village and others come from outside. Also there are other miners
who simply take their gold wherever there are potential customers.
Problems Encountered
The small-scale miners, together with other entrepreneurs associated with gold mining are
faced with a host of problems. During the survey, every respondent was asked to list
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 18
problems that she/he considers being the major constraints to her/his business. In response,
56% said that the main problem was lack of equipment and proper tools, which often
resulted in injuries and fatigue. When they get injured they cannot do their work and they
have to travel to Geita for treatment, since there are inadequate health facilities in
Rwamagasa.
The second biggest problem listed by the 16% respondents was insufficient working capital
and lack of reliable market for their gold. Formerly they use to sell their gold to Meremeta
Company, which is no longer buying gold. About 65% are now selling their gold to
`Makota' or to the prominent, licensed, small-scale miners based in the village known as
Kadeo Blue Reef Gold Mining Company.
Another problem mentioned by 7% of the miners is that the pits get filled with rain water and
they do not have pumps to drain the water out. Lack of knowledge on the gold processing
and the use of mercury for amalgamation was yet another problem. Also, there is insufficient
water for cleaning gold. Furthermore, taxes and licenses were also cited as being too high for
many of the miners.
The artisanal miners are vulnerable to mine accidents in the mining shafts, during crushing
ore and to mercury contamination during amalgamation process. Most of the artisanal miners
do not own claims or primary licenses and every three days 30% of the ore dug out of the
ground is given to the license holder
The focus group discussions with a group of women only at Rwamagasa village were
concerned with the problem of health facilities in their village. Sick or pregnant mothers
have to walk long distance to the district hospital, which is in a distance of 25km. Otherwise
they get delivery services from the Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) who are not enough
and can not solve complicated problems.
The focus group discussions with the Mwanza Women Miners Associations (MWAWOMA)
supported the above problems and reported that they also encountered the same problems of
theft since there is no security system in the mining areas. The theft happened when the
miners come across the gold in a certain pit (shimo limehila) literary means they have
discovered the gold in the pit. Usually other miners from different pits invade the pits and
steal the ore, which causes a loss to the claim owner. They further requested the provision of
gloves and retorts while waiting for the new technology. They also requested the new
technology to include "Mining Kit mobile processing equipment which can move from
one miner to another comprising of crushing, milling and gold recovery equipment
fitted in a mobile truck".
Furthermore, the specific problems of female entrepreneurs are faced with characteristic
problem that are gender related. Women entrepreneurs listed sexual harassment and abusive
language from customers as another big problem that they encountered in their daily
business.
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 19
Environmental or Health Hazards Caused by Mercury
At least 60% of the respondents are aware of the environmental hazards caused by the use of
mercury. As high as 25% of them were able to mention some of the effects, such as general
body weakness and strokes. They learned about these effects from the Resident Mining
Officer (50%), UNIDO 6%, Mass Media 15%, other people 16%, Books and seminar 9%
and VETA (10%). Others heard this information from their friends (6%). There is substantial
number of women who were not informed. The apparent reason for this is that most of the
guests who come to village ended up talking with the leaders and the male miners. During
the focus group discussions, women were less informed about the effects of mercury. Also
through observation there were not single posters for mercury safety in that village. This
shows how the miners are less informed or unaware about the hazards of the mercury.
Government leaders were given short seminar but they never share the information with the
rest of the fellow villagers.
4.11 Properties Ownership
The respondents were asked to indicate kinds of properties that they have access to and
control of. Most of them do have access to gold pits, but they do not own or have mining
licenses. Only 9% actually own gold pits. About 10% own livestock and 52% have access to
houses, while 30% own houses that are permanent structures, i.e., houses constructed of
concrete blocks with a corrugated iron roof. Very few respondents own milling equipments
or motor vehicles. The other items which they control, and have access to, are radios,
bicycles, sewing machines, etc.
4.12 Decision Making on Income and Expenditure
While female entrepreneurs are performing equally well in terms of income earned with their
business, frequently women are not free to decide on how to use the income earned. The
respondents were asked the question "who decides how to use the money from your
business?" This question was directed to married female respondents. About 10% of the
married females said that they make their own decisions, but 57% reported that their
husbands make the decisions and 34% said that they make joint decisions run the business.
The above views were also echoed in the focus group discussions (FGD) especially with
women's group only, where a substantial number of the participants reported that their
husbands have the last say on how the money from their businesses is to be used. It was
reported that, Sukuma tradition, a woman is not allowed to keep money at all! It is the man
who keeps all the money, including the money from the wife's economic ventures.
Whether because of custom or lack of education on the part of the woman, most rural woman
unwittingly accede the right to make decisions on their businesses to their husbands. In focus
group discussions, Rwamagasa women said that it is the responsibility of the husband to
provide them with capital, look for credit facilities and buy raw materials. They did not seem
to realize that in so doing the husband ultimately takes over the right to make decisions on
the income from the business.
There are many disadvantages associated with allowing the men to make decisions for the
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 20
women. When the men make decisions, the women are denied the opportunity to build their
confidence in the decision-making process. In addition, the women are denied the
opportunity to advocate for her interests, and when they are the ones actually doing the work,
it might discourage them from improving the enterprise.
In Sukuma culture, all the cattle belong to the men even though the women contribute
considerably to the upkeep of the cattle. The women have access to the milk only and no
control over the cows. They have no say when it comes the selling of the cows or using them
as oxen. Women are often seen as a source of cheap labor, which has been obtained by the
men through a marriage. The group of women lamented that dowry partly contributes to the
problem. Once a man pays dowry, he considers the woman as his property, with no decision-
making powers in the household.
4.13 Gold Market
There are promising markets for the gold from Rwamagasa. As mentioned earlier, the gold is
sold to "Makota" or Kadeo Blue Reef Gold Mining Company or outside the village.
Although about 28% of the respondents do not encounter any problems, a number of them do
face different problems. Some of these are the low prices for gold, long distances to the mine
and poor infrastructure. For example, some gold dealers cannot make it during the rain
season due to the bad roads, no reliable markets and undermined prices/price fluctuations.
The respondents also were concerned about the measurements of the quality of the gold,
theft, payment disturbance and high costs of processing. They insisted that the kind of work
they are doing is like gambling.
4.13.1 Plans to Change their Business
About half of the respondents (51%) have plans of changing their businesses. Among the
reasons given were they thinking that the availability of gold is limited and that there is not
enough mining area because the pits, which they relay on now, have been privatized. About
4% said they want to go back to agricultural activities because they are not getting profit
from the mining business. However, on the other hand, 33% mentioned that they do not have
a plan to change their business because there is a guarantee of good income, the gold is
available and there is no problem of market. The response of this question was very
controversial because the respondent might think that, there are some credit facilities will be
provided if he/she say is going to change the business. This is an area, which need further
investigation.
When the respondents were asked to compare their business from the past and now, 19%
mentioned that it has increased, 38% mentioned that there has been no change and 28% said
they couldn't make this comparison.
4.14 Short-term Training
The respondents were asked whether they have received any short-term training on top of
their basic education. The analysis reveals that half of the respondents (51%) have never
received any kind of training and only 22% have received training. Those who have acquired
knowledge on artisanal mining got it from the previous mining sites or at Rwamagasa by
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 21
VETA, Mining Office at Geita District and TAN-DISCOVERY.
The type of training most of them received was on the effects of mercury, environmental
protection, mining techniques, security and precautions, rock blasting, and laboratory
techniques. One-quarter (25%) agreed that the training helped them a lot because it has
improved their efficiency in recognizing gold and reduced unnecessarily accidents and the
effect of mercury. On the other hand 6% think that the training was too short and 12%
recommended more training, particularly training on modern mining and how to seek better
markets.
4.15 Comments on Licensing/Taxation/Hygiene and Sanitation
The respondents were concerned about the high tax rate charged for mining (37%), poor
equipments for environmental protection 35%, 20% they are fear about effect of mercury and
17% did not have comments. Regarding hygiene and sanitation, at Rwamagasa there is no
health officer, hence the issue of health and sanitation is a serious problem. Children are
exposed to mercury throughout the area since there is no playground set aside for them. They
play with mercury everyday. Most of the people do not have proper toilets. So far, no study
has been done to determine the safety of the water used in the area. The risk may be high
since they are using shallow wells that are close to the pit latrines.
4.16 Attitudes That May Influence Adoption of Improved Mining Technologies
The survey tried to assess the attitudes and behavior patterns in the community, which may
either, act as barriers or which might facilitate the introduction of the proposed new
technology in artisanal mining. The respondents were asked regarding their willingness to
learn the new technology and difficulties they may encounter in the change over. In
response, 29% said they think the new technology is good since they know the effect of the
mercury, while 16% think that the production will increase. While 15% mentioned that with
new technology they will use modern equipments, which will simplify their work and be
able to produce good quality for better market. The rest thought it will depend the output of
the new technology and availability while other did not have any comments.
Similar comments were supported by the focus group discussions. Some people stopped
mining due to the fear of mercury contaminations, but with the introduction of new
technology they will start again doing the mining businesses.
4.16.1 Willingness to Learn the Technology and Undergo Medical Check-up
Most of the respondents are willing to adopt the new technology (94%). Very few were
uncertain (6%) with the concern that the new technology might reduce the production and
they will be unable to make enough profit. The focus group discussions were quite happy
about the new technology, which they have been awaiting for long time. Some mentioned
that they attended seminars about the technology but they were wondering why the program
does not take off.
Regarding strategies for learning the new technology, 78% of the respondents said they
would like to be trained through demonstration, 14% said they would like to learn through
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 22
short courses to be held within the village and 8% would like to have tours to the places
where they are practicing this new technology. The focus group discussion agreed with the
above; however, they think that strategies for helping people to change their attitudes might
be difficult.
Most of the people interviewed said they are ready and willing to undergo medical check up
and, if necessary, be treated. In the focus group discussions, the thinking was the same
emphases that, most of the people are faced with health problems including heavy cough,
body weakness and skin diseases, which they are worried about the causes of such diseases.
In the local leaders' meeting they said they would speed up the construction of the
dispensary so that it can be utilized during the intervention. Meanwhile they requested the
mobile cinema which shows the use of the new technology and the effect of mercury.
4.16.2 Expected Difficulty
Of the respondents, 62% said there would be no problem at all, while 19% they do not know
what will happen and 8% mentioned that they would loose their employment. The focus
group discussion felt that there will not be a problem; however, they were concerned about
the gold dealers (Makota) who provide mercury and it is their main source of income. They
suggested that education should focus mainly on those who supply the mercury since they
will oppose the new technology due to the fact that they are going to lose their market for
mercury.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the above analysis the following conclusions can be made:
1 The artisanal miners are vulnerable to mine accidents because they dig shafts, crush
and recover the gold using mercury
2 Artisanal miners 35% handle mercury by their bare hands due to poor equipments for
environmental protection. Regarding hygiene and sanitation, at Rwamagasa there is
no health officer, hence the issue of health and sanitation is a serious problem.
Children are exposed to mercury throughout the area since there is no playground set
aside for them. They play with mercury everyday.
3 Most of the house compounds are used for processing gold and mercury
amalgamation and other petty trade such as retail shops, food vendors and bars.
4 Most of the people are facing health problems including heavy cough, body weakness
and skin diseases
5 Most of the artisanal miners do not own claims/primary mining license and, every
three days, 30% of the ore dug out of the ground is given to the claim holder
6 The training given was effective but was not adequate especially for women. 78% of
the respondents said they would like to be trained through demonstration.
7 Very few miners know the effect of mercury, particularly women. About 94% of the
miners were very willing to learn a new technology and undergo medical check-up.
8 The village government leaders promised to give maximum support to the whole
intervention
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 23
The following recommendations can be made:
1 Creation of awareness amongst artisanal miners regarding the effects of mercury
2 The artisanal miners should be educated regarding the hazards of using mercury by
using a multiple approach such as tours to other places where the new technology is
already used, seminars and short courses. The methods should be theoretical and
practical.
3 Develop Information Education Communication (IEC) materials such as T-Shirts,
caps, posters, banners, leaflets, booklets etc. for information dissemination
4 Immediate alternatives or ways to reduce the further effects of mercury should be
introduced including using protective gear such as gloves, retorts and isolation of
special areas for gold washing. This should be done with assistance and cooperation
from the respective Government Officials.
5 Alternative sources of income should be found for the Makota who are presently
earning their living by selling mercury.
6 Government, policy makers and mining officials should give technical and financial
support to the established associations such as MWAREMA and MWAWOMA also
some environmental NGOs/CBOs that could be utilized as agents for inseminating
information to the miners
7 Information of the importance of the new technology should start from the Regional
level down to District council; this will help to disseminate information to the village
authority and to impose by-laws to stop miners from using mercury.
8 Educational institutions including primary schools should teach students about the
effects of mercury.
9 The river which crosses the village and is used for different activities should be an
area of mercury investigation.
LIST OF REFERENCES
CEEST 1993, Environmental Impacts of Small-scale Mining. A case Study of
Mererelani
, Kahama, Nzega, Geita and Musoma. CEEST Report No. 07/1993
District Education Officer, Geita District Annual report 2002
District Executive Director, Project proposal for detailed study on" Enhancement of
Poverty Alleviation" Via Sustainable Development: A Vision for Geita District
Council
District Medical Officer, Geita District Annual report 2002
Dubell, F. 1997, The Informal Sector in Geita District Report from a survey, VETA
Regional Office Mwanza,
Tesha, A. L Mushingwe, B.A., Mmbando, H. E., Mbena, J.M., 2001, Final Report for the
Project Introducing New Technologies for Abating Mercury Pollution Caused by
Informal Gold Mining Operations in Tanzania.
URT 1997, Mwanza Region Socio-Economic Profile. Joint Publication by the
Planning
Commission, Dar es Salaam and regional commissioner's Office, Mwanza
URT 2002, Tanzania household population census: Preliminary Report, Bureau of
Statistics, Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs and Planning, Dar es
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 24
Appendix 1
STUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COMMUNITY MEMBERS ON REMOVAL
OF BARRIERS TO THE INTRODUCTION OF CLEANER ARTISANAL GOLD
MINING AND EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES
Questionnaire No:.......
Village............... Ward........... District................. Region.................
Date:..................... Name of Enumerator: ..................
INTRODUCTION AND INFORMED CONSENT
(Introduce yourself, explain the purpose of the interview then, and request the consent
to be interviewed)
A.
Demographic Information (biodata)
Q1.
Who is the head of household?
1. Male
2. Female
Q2.
Age of the respondent:
SEX M 1
F 2
10 19 years old
01
20 29 years old
02
30 39 years old
03
40 49 years old
04
50 and above
05
Q3.
Marital status of the respondent:
1. Single 2. Married 3. Widow 4. Widower 5. Separate
Q4. Number of children:
Sex
F
M
Number
Living
Q5.
What is the highest level of education achieved by:
1. Father
2. Mother
3. Respondent
4. Siblings
1.
2
3
4
O1. Illiterate 02. Primary education 03. Secondary A Level 04 Secondary O level 05 College 06. University 07 other specify
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 25
Q6. Religion: 01 Christian
02. Muslim 03 other (specify)...........
Q7. How long have you being here? ............ years
Q8. Where are you from? ............
Q9. Tribe/Ethnicity ...................
B. Household Structure:
Q10. House situation: 1. Density 2. High 3. Low 4. Unplanned. 5 other (specify).....
(To be assessed by the interviewer)
Q11. Type of houses:
Roof: 1. Grass 2. Corrugated sheet 3. Other (specify) ......
Wall: 1. Bricks/Blocks 2. Mud 3. Poles 4. Other (specify) .......
(To be assessed by the interviewers)
Q12. Do you live in:
1. Rented house
2. Own house 3 Other (specify) ................
If rented what is the monthly rent? ......................
Q13 How far do you live from the mine? ......................... m
Q14. Uses of the house: 1. Residential/commercial 2. Residential only 3. 0ther (specity)
Q15. How many people in the household:
1. Men .......
2. women..........
3. Children (male female ) ....
Q6. Hygiene and sanitation
Toilet: 1. Flush toilet 2. Pit latrine 3. Using the bush 4. Other (specify)......
C. Socio-Economic life of the respondent
Q17. What type of economic activities are you doing?
1.
2
3
4
Q18. On average, where does your monthly income stand?
Below 50,000
01
51,000 100,000
02
101,000 200,000
03
201,000 400,000
04
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 26
401,000 800,000
05
801,000 1,000,000
06
Above 1,000,000
07
Q19. On average, what is your expenditure on the following per month in Tz. Shs.?
1. Food
2. Water
3. Rent
4. Health
5. School fees
6. Clothing
7. Transport
8. Energy
9. Servants
10. Others (specify)
Total expenditure
Q20. What is the source of water?
1. Rain water 2. Ponds 3. River 4. Boreholes 5. Shallow wells 6. tape water 7.
Other (specify)...........
Where do you get water for the following activities:
1. Domestic use
2.Washing/bathing
3. Mining
4. Irrigation
5. Livestocks
6. others specify
Q21. How is the quality of water?
1. Good 2. muddy water 3. hard water 4. Unsafe 5. other (Specify) ...........
How do you treat water before using for domestic use?
.....................................................................................
Q22. Who fetches water?
1. Women 2 Men 3 Boys 4 Girls 5 other (specify)
Distance to the water source:
1. 0.0.5 hrs 2. 0.5- 1 hrs 3. 1-2 hrs 4. 3-4 hrs 5. > 4 hrs
Q23. How many times per week to you eat each of the following foods:
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 27
01. Meat ( ) 02. Fish ( ) 03. Chicken ( ) 04. Eggs ( ) 05 Milk ( )
06. Beans ( ) 07. Vegetables ( ) 08 Fruits ( ) 08 Other (specify)......
Q24. Source of energy
01 TANESCO 02 Generator 03. fuel 04 Wood 05 Other (specify)....
Q25. Source of information and communication:
01 Radio 02 News paper 03 TV 04. Local leaders 05. Other (specify) ....
D. Artisanal Mining Information
Q26. How many hours per day do you spend on mining activities, on the average?
.............. ..........
Q27. When did you start? .....................
Q28. How did get involved in mining? Who provided assistance at the beginning and in what
form: Self
01 ..............................
Husband
02..............................
Relative loan
03...............................
Government Loan
04...............................
NGOs Loan
05.......................................
Others (Specify)
06.......................................
Q29. Are you a member of any Mining Association 1. Yes 2. No.......
If the answer is yes which association...................................
If the answer is no Why.........................................................
Q30. What kind of support you are getting from the association?
..........................................................................................
Q31. Who are employed/working in the enterprise?
Self
Spouse
Children Other dependants
Casual Employment
Permanent Employment
Seasonal Employment
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
F
Indicate which of the above are paid in cash? Kind? Both. Amount in cash .................
E. Equipment and Inputs (Mercury)
Q32. Where do you get your raw materials and other inputs?
Gold Traders
01
Spouse
02
Relative
03
Others (specify)
04
Q33. Do you encounter any problems in handling the overall process of gold production? 01
Yes 02 No. Explain:
...............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 28
Q34. Are you aware of any environmental or health hazards that may be caused by the use of
mercury in gold mining.
Yes
01
No
02
Q35. If yes, what are the hazards?
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Q36. Who informed you? ..............................................................................................
F.
Properties Ownership
Q37. Indicate kinds of properties you have access to and control that means those you own
outright by your name, specify amount or type where relevant.
Properties with Access Value
Control
Self
Spouse
Both Others
specifications
(specify)
Gold pit
Livestock
House
Farm Equipment
Milling Equipment
Vehicle
Others (specify)
G. Decision Making on Income and Expenditure
Q38. Who decide on the income and expenditure in your household?
Self 01
Spouse 02
Both 03
Q 39. Who decides how to spend the money obtained from your business
Self 01
Spouse 02
Both 03
H. Market
Q40. Where is the main market for your products?:..............
Q41. How far is the market ...................
Q42. How do you identify potential markets?........................
Q43 Who take the products to the market ............................
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 29
Q44. What difficulties have you encountered in acquiring markets?........................
Q45. How do you get information about potential markets? Tick the relevant.
Spouse
01
Friend
02
Fellow miners)
03
NGO
04
Government
05
Others
06 (specify).................
Q46. Which organisations assist you in accessing the market? ..............................
Q47. What are your future expectations of this enterprise
Q48. Do you have any expansion plans? Yes 01 No 02
why?........................................................................................
Q49. Do you have plans of changing your business? Yes 01 No 02
Explain:....................................................................................
Q50. How do you compare you present situation financially since you started the business?
Increased 01
The same 02
No improvement 03
I. Training
Q51. Have you received any training regarding to your business? Yes 01 No 02
Where......................... What type of training ......................................
Who facilitated the training? ..............................................................
Q52. Has the training helped in your business: Yes 01 No 02
Q50. How? ..........................................................................................
Q53. Any recommendations you have for improving training provision? ..................
.......................................................................................................
Q54. Name 3 most significant problems you are facing in the enterprise. How do you solve
them.
Q55. What are your comments on the following:
Licensing/taxation/ Hygiene and sanitation/ Pollution etc.
......................................................................................................
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 30
......................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
J. Attitudes that may influence adoption of new mining technologies
(The interviewer will read a short description of the new proposed mining
technology and explain it if necessary)
Q57. What are your comments incase of the introduction of proposed new mining
technology?
.....................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
Q58. Would you be willing to learn this new technology?
Yes
01
No
02
Uncertain
03
Q59. What form of training do you think you will need in order to learn it?
Short course
01
Demonstration
02
Tour
03
Other
04
Q60. What difficulties do you expect if you might encounter in the change over?
..........................................................................................................................
Thanks for your cooperation, do you have any questions?
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 31
Appendix 2
LIST OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS PARTICIPANTS
MEMBERS OF MWAREMA ASSOCIATION AND LOCAL LEDEARS
Name
Sex
Activities
1.Zablon Chaha
M
Artisanal miner
2.Pascal Fumbuka
M
Artisanal Miner
3.M.Kajoro
M
Artisanal Miner
4.M.Mganga
M
Village Chairman - Artisanal Miner
5.Elias Kapula
M
Councillor
6.Joseph Kapalatu
M
Village Executive Officer
7.Selestina Charles
M
Villager
8.Dominik Kimambo
M
Artisanal Miner
9.Kristopher Kadeo
M
Chairman MWAREMA - Artisanal Miner
10.Boniface Matale
M
Villager
11.Chacha James
M
Artisanal Miner
Appendix 3
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSION FOR WOMEN AND MEN
Name
Sex
Artisanal Miner
1.Athmani Adam
M
Artisanal miner
2.Roby Johnson
F
Mama lishe
3.Betty Makuru
F
Artisanal Miner
4.Poul Kapalatu
M
farmer
5.Christine Kadashi
F
farmer
6.Salama Idd
F
farmer
7.Zablon Boniface
M
Ward Executive Officer
8.Sylivester Serikali
M
farmer
9.Selestina Charles
M
farmer
10.Obadia Silika
M
farmer
11.Simeo Kibela
M
farmer
12.Joseph Kapalatu
M
farmer
13.Tobias Masanja
M
CCM chairman
14.Otieno Johanes
M
Member
15.Letus Bernad
M
mason
16.Eva Lwambo
F
Mama lishe
17.Rehema Matati
F
Tailoring
18.Happiness Manyanga
F
Housewife
UNIDO - Socio-Economic Survey of Rwamagasa Mining Site in Geita District, Tanzania 32
Appendix 4
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION FOR WOMEN OF RWAMAGASA 8/5/2003
Name
Sex
Activities
1.Cesilia Juma
F
Petty business in the market
2.Sophia Paulo
F
Petty business in the market
3.Estre Samwel
F
Petty business in the market
4.Hilda Omari
F
Petty business in the market
5.Magret Robert
F
Petty business in the market
6.Leonia Ignas
F
Farmer
7.Ester Tito
F
Farmer
8.Asha Salum
F
Farmer
9.Helen Barnabas
F
Farmer
10.Marieta Daudi
F
Farmer
11.Hadija Almas
F
Farmer
12Monika Zakaria
F
Farmer
Appendix 5
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION FOR MWANZA WOMEN MINING ASSOCIATION
(MWAWOMA) 9/5/2003
Name
Sex
Activity
Rebecca Mirengeri
F
Physician and Diamond Artisanal Miner at Mabuki
Mwanza also Chairperson of MWAWOMA
Kulwa John
F
Artisanal miner Mara region
Tatu Kajoro
F
Artisanal miner Nyakangwe/ treasurer
Paulina Mwiza
F
Artisanal miner Busolwa Geita/secretary
Theresia k. Malenya
F
Artisanal miner Tembo mine Geita
Bonania Edward
F
Hotelier and Artisanal miner Mara
Winnie Deus
F
Artisanal Miner