PRESENTATION



OF THE PROJECT AREA







Part I:
Socio-economic and Demographic Data

Part II:
Social Assessment


Part III:
Proposed Set of Indicators for Monitoring

the Project Impact in the Pilot Area

---

CONTENT



A: Main characteristic features of the area

PART I ­ SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

B: Description of the 7 comunas

a. Comuna Alexandru Odobescu
b.
Comuna
Ciocanesti


c. Comuna Gradistea

d. Comuna Independenta

e. Comuna Valcelele

f. Comuna Vlad Tepes

g. Comuna Cuza Voda

D: Description of the Fisheries Commercial Society

E: Description of the Iezer Calarasi

PART II - THE SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Description of the communes in the pilot zone of the project
4. Main problem: pollution ­ what is it?

5. General suggestions

6. Stakeholders
Age group18-35
Age group 36-45

7. Findings of the assessment

Human resources

Household

Housing
Animals and other material resources in the household
Economy of the household
Communication
Associating, participation and trust

Information

PART III ­ PROPOSED SET OF INDICATORS FOR MONITORING THE PROJECT
IMPACT IN THE PILOT AREA

---

Annexes


1. Tables-synthesis

2.
Statistic
overview

3.
Questionnaire

---

MAIN CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE AREA


The pilot project area is situated in the South-Eastern part of Romania, in the county of
Calarasi, and covers 74,000 ha, out of which 62,000 are arable land: 40,000 ha. on the terrace
and 22,000 ha. in the Boianu-Sticleanu polder.

The activities will be developed within the administrative perimeter of 7 comunas: Alexandru
Odobescu, Independenta, Gradistea, Ciocanesti, Cuza Voda, Vlad Tepes, Valcelele. There
are 25,730 people living in the pilot area, the average age varying from a comuna to another.

The evolution of the distribution based on age for the total population of the area is
represented in the following table:


0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years
45-59 years
60 years
and over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F















1998
653
608
2269
2069
937
883 1715 1195 1142
892
2129
2630
3807 4735

















20001
628
645
2314
2114
921
795 1935 1504 1147
885
1907
2261
3841 5193




The evolution of the main demographic indicators for the area is presented below:

Year Crude Crude
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Birth Rate Death Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces
%0
%0
%0
%0
%0
%0

1998
9.58
20.4
-10.5
21.23
5.3
0.78
1999
9.90 20.1 -10.2
37.6 5.2 0.8
2000
8.60 17.8 -
9.2 Not available
Not available
Not available


Calarasi county is one of the "agricultural" counties of Romania. In the past on this area had
been practiced a very intensive agriculture, without considering any measures for
environmental protection, mainly in the fragile area of the polder. The irrigation and drainage
system favored the access of the nutrients into the underground water and also into the
Danube. The diffuse pollution with nitrates and nitrites produced by the inappropriate
farming practices became in this way the main factor determining the high incidence of
nitrites poisoning on newborn babies (45 cases between 1996-1999).

1 The demographic data regarding the year 2000 are for the first semester of the year

---

The pilot area is characterized by the fact that most of the income of the people living there is
coming from agriculture. The very high production costs are not reflected in the revenue
obtained at harvest time because of the inflation and of the very small prices and this is why
the general income of the people living in the 7 comunas is very low. This is one of the
reasons why out of the 7 comunas, 4 are between the poorest comunas in the country2.

The main crops produced in the area are maize, wheat and sunflower.
The land is farmed independently, in family farms or it is leased out to agricultural
associations. In the polder there are 3 agricultural commercial society with the majority of the
capital being state-owned; currently they are under privatization.

The drinking water in the pilot area is coming mostly from the wells, but according to the
Directorate for Public Health ­ Calarasi, 79.66% of the total number of samples were not
according to the standards, so the water from that sources is inappropriate for human
consumption (both the nitrites level and the bacteriological content of the water were above
the maximum accepted value). Unfortunately the majority of the people in the comunas are
continuing to use this water, without even boiling it. This project aim is to improve the
quality of the drinking water in the whole area, supporting in this way the less favored social
categories: children and older people, the most affected but also the ones with the smaller
financial or physical possibilities to protect themselves.

Another main feature of the area is that the farmers are not living in the middle of their
farmland. This one has an average size of 2.6 ha/family and it is scattered in several smaller
plots. The households are aggregated within villages and there is no sewerage system or
running water system. Traditionally the livestock (cattle, pigs, poultry etc) is kept near the
house without an organized system to collect the manure from the individual farmers and to
compost it at village level in order to avoid pollution and also to use it as organic fertilizer.
Currently only in some villages the manure is stored in an organized way, but unfortunately
without respecting any rules of environment protection. The "platform" is in the open,
directly on the field, the majority of the wastes being represented by a mixture of manure and
straws coming from the animal shelters. From time to time they are burned and the ashes are
used by some farmers as fertilizer.

The farmers are not aware about the linkage existing between the inappropriate agricultural
practices or customs existing in the area and the pollution of their drinking water.

Another problem that characterizes the area is the lack of trees. In order to create more arable
land in the past almost all the windbreaks or buffer-strips had been clear-cut. This is why
currently the wind erosion is affecting significant areas.
In what concern the area of the Boianu-Sticleanu polder, due to the changes made in the land
use and to several errors in the design of the drainage system, that also is currently not
functioning at proper parameters, the infiltration and the secondary salinity affected big plots

2 From Poverty to Rural Development ­ Document prepared by the World Bank and the Romanian National
Commission for Statistics, 1999

---

of land, making them inappropriate for farming. In the upper areas the land is still good for
agriculture and the level of the obtained yields is satisfactory.
Within the polder is also the Iezer Calarasi Lake, an important corridor for birds' migration,
which had been proposed by the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environment Protection to
become a protected area.
In order to have a broader and more detailed presentation of the pilot area, a social assessment
had been developed. The methods used were the semi-structured interviews and a
questionnaire to which a sample of villagers, representative for the population of the pilot
area, had been invited to respond. The data had been processed and introduced in a database
and a set of indicators to be monitored during the evolution of the project had been prepared.
The database and the indicators are aiming to become an important tool in assessing the
impact of the project on its main beneficiaries.
The following report, presenting the socio-economic and demographic data characterizing the
pilot project area will be structured in 2 main parts: the first part will present the seven
comunas and the area inside the polder, while the second part will present the results of the
social assessment.

---

PART I

---

COMUNA ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU

Location:
Comuna Al. Odobescu is situated in the North ­ Western part of the pilot area.
There is no land in the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder being under the administration of this
comuna.
The Rasa-Galatui Lake borders the comuna.

Mayor: Mr. Gheorghe Sultan

Poverty:
The comuna has a poverty index of 21,57 (according to the WB Report) which is placing it
between the poorest comunas within the county of Calarasi. The study prepared by Prof.
Dumitru Sandu also includes this comuna between the poorest ones.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are three villages:
Al. Odobescu
Galatui
N. Balcescu

Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 3013 persons, out of which 1841 men and 1172
women. At 01.07.1999 there were 2975 persons.
At 1.07.2000 in the comuna were living 3100 persons, out of which 1582 men and 1518
women.

No of inhabitants/village
Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Nicolae Balcescu
1480
Alexandru Odobescu
1150
Galatui
470



The distribution on age groups is the following:
Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
80 91 219 226 110 103 217 121 141 97 236 293 488 591
1999
79 82 216 232 106 91 227 142 134 94 211 269 492 600
20003
93 93 224 241 93 76 242 178 127 91 196 247 504 609

It is important to mention that in the comuna is a very strong community of Adventists.

3 At end of March 2000

---

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.

In the comuna there are 1357 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 80,000 and 180,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at 285,322 lei/month, mainly by the increase
of the pensions under 100,000 lei.

After 1997 several families returned from the cities (after loosing their jobs), most of them
without any training in farming activities, having only very basic knowledge. The majority is
living in the houses of their parents and they are farming the family land.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude
Crude
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces

7.8%0
17.5%0
-9.7%0
0.0%0
7.4%0
0.0%0


Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude
Crude
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Birth Rate
Death Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces

15.9%0
20.7%0
-4.8%0
21.3%0
7.1%0
0.0%0


Yearly local budget:
The local budget was approx. 120 milion lei/year 1999 and was 1.361 million lei/year 2000

Main source of income:
Approximately 95% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. Only 132 persons have other income sources than agriculture.

This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its people is 6264 ha.
The total agricultural area is 5775 ha. and the total arable area is 5432 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 105 ha and the area covered by grassland is 238 ha. There
are also 3 ha. of orchard.


The Commercial Society "Piscicola" is the administrator of 58 ha. of water on the territory of
the comuna.

---

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are 1270 households.

The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 3 ha.
Usually the land is split in at least three locations, the distance between them being of usually
at least 1 km.
In the comuna there are 269 individual farmers owning in total 1046 ha.
While at the end of 1998 in the comuna there were 2 legal associations and 2 family
associations covering 1174 and respectively 3305 ha, currently there is only 1 association on
the area of the comuna covering 4491 ha and having 963 members.

The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize
sunflower
barley
vegetables
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)









*
1469
3000
1629
3000
1214
1350
150
4000
35


* out of which ­ 9 ha. tomatoes
- 2 ha garlic
- 4 ha onions
The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 lei/kg for wheat
- 2300 lei/kg for sunflower
- 600-1000 lei/kg for maize
- 850 lei/kg for barley

The cropping patterns for the associations and for the individuals, for the year 2000:

a. In the associations:

Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 1660
maize 1280
sunflower 750
barley 186

---

rape 244
beans 30
seeds 60
potatoes, vegetables, watermelons
116
forages 165

b. Individuals
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 150
maize 320
sunflower 165
beans 20
potatoes 10
watermelons 10
vegetables 21
small onions
5
forages 105
vineyards
76

Livestock:
cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
635
1500
4300
500
17,500
2000
629 1715 3643
580 23,055

The grassland is appropriate for grazing but the overgrazing can be a problem. The tax for
grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000 lei/cow (the same during the last 2 years).

Machinery:
In the comuna there are only very few old tractors and not enough machinery. In order to be
able to finish the agricultural works in time they must use the Agromec from Independenta,
but they are not coming in due time and because the distance the price is higher.

---

The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:
Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the
households
enterprises existing in the
(no)
comuna (no)
Plows 13
7
Cultivators 3
3
Harrowing equipment
8
3
Drills 4
2
Machinery for spreading fertilizers
2
1
Combines 3
-
Trailers 17
14
Vehicles for transporting commodities
1
3
Moto-pumps 3
1

Also in the comuna there are 20 tractors and 510 chariots.
Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are some possibilities to collect it within the comuna, here being
also a small milk processing factory. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-
consumption and for the rest of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc)
or are selling very small quantities to the neighbors.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is no extension agent/ extension center in the comuna. The extension services are
delivered by the agent working in Vlad Tepes comuna (agronomist).
DGAIA has a representative in this comuna, and also the "primarie" has one agronomist.

Infrastructure:
Only half of the population is connected to the running water network. The rest is drinking
water from the wells.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) and due to the fact that the level
of the underground water is high they are in fact a rapid and direct way to pollute the drinking
water.
This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the
water from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human
consumption (with only one exception ­ an well drilled at 30 m. depth)
e.g.: the well from the medical clinic (25 m. depth) is infested with Streptococcus Fecalis, and
also has the value of the nitrites 2 times the maximum accepted level.

---

There are no ecological platforms for manure and household wastes. The mayor managed to
put in place a system to convince the farmers to not through everywhere the wastes, but in one
place, but unfortunately the comuna had no resources to build a proper platform. Currently
the wastes are put directly on the soil and burned periodically.

Till the last year there were problems related to isolation but currently the comuna managed to
find resources to fix the road and the bridge.

Commercial societies or enterprises delivering services in the comuna:
In the comuna there are 11 small enterprises having a commercial profile, there are 2
acquisition companies, 1 construction enterprise, 1 mill, one bakery and one tailor shop.

Main priorities for the comuna:
The general opinion was that the most critical problem is the quality of the drinking water.
This is why the mayor and the local community prepared feasibility studies for extending the
water supply network, for building an ecological platform for wastes, for graveling the access
roads for the waste platform etc. and the local community is committed to support any
activities helping them to solve this problem. Unfortunately currently only part of the farmers
were able to make a link between the inappropriate way in which they are collecting and
storing the manure and the pollution of the underground water.
Another problem is the one of the erosion. This is why the local community is willing to
participate at the afforestation of the area near the Rasa-Galatui Lake, to plant windbreaks and
buffer strips etc.

Other options are:

· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

COMUNA CIOCANESTI


Location:
Comuna Ciocanesti is situated in the South Western part of the pilot area.
The comuna has land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder and also there is a Commercial
Society formed from the former IAS (State Farm) ­ Ceres Ciocanesti -that used to be under
the territorial area of the comuna.
The National Forests Authority is the manager of 516 ha of forets and the National Waters
Administration is the manager of 588 ha of forestland.
"Piscicola" is the manager of 200 ha. of lake, within the territory of this comuna.

Mayor:

Poverty:
The comuna is not included between the poorest comunas in the county.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are four villages:
Smardan
Sarbi
Andolina
Margineni


Population:
At 1.07.1998 in the comuna were living 5011 persons, out of which 2491 men and 2510
women. At 1.07.1999 there were 4868 persons.
At the end of June 2000 in the comuna were living 4993 villagers out of which 2466 men and
2527 women.

The distribution on age groups is the following:

Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
111 119 452 383 172 150 340 268 189 178 407 484 820 938
1999
107 100 455 378 149 159 340 272 196 154 386 464 764 924
20004 90 97 455 382 150 147 368 296 194 168 353 426 815 944

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.


4 At end of March 2000

---

In the comuna there are 2809 retired persons and 782 unemployed persons without any
income from the state budget.
The majority of the retired people had at the end of the year 1998 pensions between 90,000
and 190,000 lei/month. Currently the average is approx. 300,000 lei.

In the comuna there is also the fostering house "Speranta" where are living 100 children
between 3 and 18 years old and the asylum for old people "Ciocanesti" where are socially and
medically assisted 160 old people. None of these institutions have an own source of running
water. They are using the water source from the Microcentrala Ciocanesti, which is not
authorized by the Public Health Directorate.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Birth Rate
Rate
Growth Rate
Mortality Rate weddings
divorces







8.6%0
21.6%0
-13.0%0
0.0%0
4.5 %0
0.62%0



Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Birth Rate
Rate
Growth Rate
Mortality Rate weddings
divorces







6.2%0
22.5%0
-16.0%0
33.3%0
6.2 %0
0.0%0



Yearly local budget:
The local budget was in 199 approx. 210 million lei/year. This year the budget is approx. 500
million lei/year. No investments had been made.

Main source of income:
Approximately 90% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. In the comuna there are 690 persons having other income
sources except agriculture.

This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 13112 ha.
The total agricultural area is 10832 ha. and the total arable area is 10547 ha.

---

The area covered with vineyards is 256 ha and the area covered by orchards is 2 ha. There
are also 8 ha of haye.
The comuna has 238 ha. of land kept as natural pasture.

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are approx. 1800 households.
Most of the private arable land (6005 ha) is grouped into:
· four agricultural associations (with legal statute), covering 3606 ha
· 6 family associations covering approx. 460 ha (the largest being the one of Mr. Velicu
Petre with 202 ha and 55 members).
· There are 560 individuals covering approx. 2193 ha.

The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 3 ha, but it is split in smaller
plots (usually 3) with an average distance between them of 7-8 km.

The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize sunflower
soybeans
vegetables
watermelons
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha) (ha) (kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)









*
**
1999
4000
1918
5000
1649
1443
1

110
21

(+75 ha
(+16 ha
for seed)
for seed)

* depending on the type of vegetables cultivated. The main area had been covered with peas
(112 ha) with an yield of 2.5 t/ha.
** varying a lot between farmers and the associations

There are also 92 ha. with fodder (89 ha lucerne and 3 ha haye)

The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 - 1300 lei/kg for wheat
- 2100-2300 lei/kg for sunflower
- 600-1000 lei/kg for maize

---

The cropping patterns for the associations for the year 2000:

c. In the legal associations:

Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 1535
maize 825
sunflower 832
barley 100
peas 55
watermelons 40
lucerne 45
potatoes, vegetables,
14

d. Family associations
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 170
maize 155
sunflower 127
barley 3
vegetables 2


Livestock:
cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
709
3793
3951
317
41,795
220
2000
805 3707 9243 279
45,815
220

The grassland is appropriate for grazing. The tax for grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000
lei/cow
Machinery:
In the comuna is a mechanization private commercial society formed after the privatization of
the former state-owned Agromec (the mechanization unit of the former collective farm from
Ciocanesti). They leased in land from the farmers within the comuna, land that is farmed with

---

the machinery they have and they are also working on a commercial basis for the farmers
within the comuna. But generally speaking the set of machinery is not enough for the whole
area of land.

The prices they are using are: 600,000 lei/ha for plowing and disking and 500,000-700,000
lei/ha for harvesting (or between 12-15% from the yield).

The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:

Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the
households
enterprises existing in the
(no)
comuna (no)
Plows 32
23
Cultivators 5
3
Harrowing equipment
14
20
Drills 7
10
Machinery for spreading fertilizers
-
10
Combines 4
11
Sprayers 1
9

Also in the comuna there are 108 tractors (out of which 49 belong to individuals) and 227
chariots.
Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are facilities to collect it within the comuna, mainly through the
private commercial society network. There are mills for wheat and maize in the comuna and
also 2 presses for sunflower oil. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-
consumption and for the rest of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc)
or are selling very small quantities to the neighbors.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is an extension center in the comuna with 2 extension agents (one agronomist and one
livestock engineer).
DGAIA has a representative in the comuna.

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells. There are approx. 1.5 km of pipes for running water.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) representing a rapid and direct
way to pollute the drinking water.
This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the
water from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human

---

consumption. In fact even last year in the comuna had been cases of Blue disease, but also a
serious number of cases of acute digestive diseases.

Commercial societies or enterprises delivering services in the comuna:
In the comuna there are 43 small enterprises having a commercial profile trading food and
non-food products, there are also one bakery and one mill, a slaughter-house, a credit
cooperative, a branch of RAIF.

Main priorities for the comuna:
As in all other comunas here also the most critical problem is considered to be the quality of
the drinking water. The local community is not yet aware about the need to start an intensive
program for cleaning the drinking water and changing the current practices polluting the
environment. An initiative at local level to start prepare a platform for collecting manure and
household wastes is currently being developed, but the financial resources are very limited.

Other options are:

· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

COMUNA GRADISTEA

Location:
Comuna GRADISTEA is situated in the central part of the pilot area.
The comuna has land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder and also there is a Commercial
Society formed from the former IAS (State Farm) that used to be under the territorial area of
the comuna. On the administrative area of the comuna there are also other Commercial
Societies (former IAS), some of them being located part on this comuna part on the
neighboring comunas.

Mayor: Secretary of the Comuna Hall: Mr. Botea Chirea

Poverty:
The comuna has a poverty index of 19.93 (according to the WB Report) which is placing it
between the poorest comunas within the county of Calarasi. The study prepared by Prof.
Dumitru Sandu also includes this comuna between the poorest ones.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are four villages:
Gradistea
Cunesti
Rasa
Bogata
Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 5154 persons, out of which 2518 men and 2536
women. At 01.07.1999 in the comuna were living 5171 inhabitants.
At 1.06.2000 in the comuna were living 5145 persons, out of which 2518 men and 2627
women.

No of inhabitants/village
Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Gradistea 2158
Cunesti 983
Rasa 1269
Bogata 735

The distribution on age groups is the following:
Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
149 125 489 413 166 178 363 283 241 196 366 455 744 977
1999
139 130 494 426 162 176 385 311 235 185 359 438 753 978
20005 141 135 490 425 170 177 397 336 236 196 358 412 731 984

5 At end of March 2000

---

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.

In the comuna there are 2500 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 70,000 and 170,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at approx. 420,000 lei/month, mainly by the
increase of the pensions under 150,000 lei.

After 1997 several families returned from the cities (after loosing their jobs), most of them
without any training in farming activities, having only very basic knowledge. The majority is
living in the houses of their parents and they are farming the family land.

Also, it is common for the comuna to have people coming to farm the land but living in
Calarasi.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces

9.5%0
17.1%0
-7.6%0
40.8%0
6.0 %0
1.56%0

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude Birth
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth
Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces
Rate

10.3%0
22.0%0
-11.7%0
19.2%0
2.3 %0
0.98%0


Yearly local budget:
At the beginning of the year 1999 the local budget was approx. 150 million lei/year, which
after the reallocation became 450 million lei. For the year 2000 the total comuna budget was
1.1 billion lei.

Main source of income:
Approximately 80-85% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and
the social support) only agriculture. There are 642 employed people in the comuna and 710
persons have another source of income than agriculture.
In the comuna there are 9 comercial societies for services and 40 trading enterprises dealing
with food and non-food products.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its people is 17739 ha.
The total agricultural area is 14984 ha. and the total arable area is 14752 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 219 ha and the area covered by grassland is 13 ha.
The comuna has 450 ha. of arable land kept as natural pasture.

---

The Commercial Societies having land on the administrative area of the Comuna are: S.C.
Agrozootehnica Mircea Voda - 1963 ha, S.C. Agroservcom ­ 4805 ha, S.C. Horticola Cuza
Voda ­ 290 ha, S.C. Comsuin S.A. 1090 ha.
"Piscicola" is administrating 684 ha. of waterbody, in the terrace area.

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are approx. 1916 households.
Most of the private arable land (6133 ha) is grouped into:
· seven agricultural associations (with legal statute), covering 4656 ha ­ the biggest having
approx.2400 ha.
· four family associations covering 600 ha.
By the end of June 2000, in the comuna the situation was similar in what regards the number
of agricultural associations. The number of family associations decreased at 3, covering an
area of only 200 ha. The number of members of the agricultural association was approx.
1000. The number of individual farmers was at the same date 126 and they farmed an area of
420 ha.
The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 3 ha.
Usually the land is split in at least three locations, the distance between them usually being of
at least 3 km. There are farmers having their plots at 25 km. distance.

The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize
sunflower
barley vegetables
watermelons
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)









*
**
2100
3500
3000
3800
1400
1700
50
4000
100
52


*100 ha out of which ­ 20 ha. tomatoes
- 25 ha cabbage
- 25 ha potatoes
- 4 ha onions
- eggplant
- carrots

** varying a lot between farmers and the associations

---

Also farmers had 690 ha of forage (lucerne and maize), with 5 tones dries mass for lucerne.

The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 lei/kg for wheat
- 2300 lei/kg for sunflower
- 600-1000 lei/kg for maize
- 850 lei/kg for barley

The cropping patterns for the associations for the year 2000:

e. In the legal associations:
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 1708
maize 1546
sunflower 720
forages 85
barley 288

f. Family associations
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 59
maize 100
sunflower 37

Livestock:
cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
1674
6528
3568
412
50,000
240
2000
1783 6416
3518
627
49,590
250

The grassland is appropriate for grazing but the overgrazing can be a problem. Another
problem raised by the farmers was the distance between the houses and the good pastures.
The tax for grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000 lei/cow

---

Machinery:
As farmers and the mayor said the number of machinery is not enough for the needs of the
farmers. Not only they are old and part of the equipment is not available, but they are not
always appropriate to the existing conditions.

The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:

Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the
households
enterprises existing in
(no)
the comuna (no)
Plows
14
126
Harvesters -
4
Cultivators 6
39
Harrowing equipment with disks
8
34
Drills
12
58
Spayers 3
6

Also in the comuna there are 95 tractors (out of which 21 in individual households). There
are also 417 chariots.

Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are some possibilities to collect it within the comuna, here being
also a small milk-processing factory. There are mills for wheat and maize in the comuna and
also a press for sunflower oil. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-consumption
and for the rest of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc) or are selling
very small quantities to the neighbors.
In the comuna is also a beer factory.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is no extension agent/ extension center in the comuna. The extension services are
delivered by the 2 agents working in Cuza Voda comuna (1 agronomist and 1 bilogist).
DGAIA has a representative in this comuna.

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells or from the pits.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) with 3-4 meters depth and due to
the fact that the level of the underground water is high they are in fact a rapid and direct way
to pollute the drinking water.
This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the
water from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human

---

consumption. This is why all the cases of Blue disease on new-born babies that ocuured in
1997 were from this comuna.

There are no ecological platforms for manure and household wastes. The local community
already prepared a project for household wastes and established the location, but they could
not find resources for doing it.

Main priorities for the comuna:
As in all other comunas also here the most critical problem is considered to be the quality of
the drinking water.

Other options are:

· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

COMUNA INDEPENDENTA


Location:
Comuna Independenta is situated in the central part of the pilot area.
The comuna has no land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder and also there is no commercial
society formed from the former IAS (State Farm).

Mayor: Mr. Constantin Anghel

Poverty:
The comuna has a poverty index of 20.45 (according to the WB Report) which is placing it
between the poorest comunas within the county of Calarasi.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are three villages:
Visini
Potcoava
Independenta

Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 3946 persons, out of which 1973 men and 1973
women. At 01.07.1999 in the comuna there were 3920 inhabitants.
At 1.06.2000 in the comuna were living 3941 persons, out of which 1976 men and 1965
women.

No of inhabitants/village

Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Independenta 2261
Potcoava 1051
Visini 629



The distribution on age groups is the following:
Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
119 83 409 380 168 148 272 175 215 139 337 400 453 648
1999
119 86 402 366 166 144 296 190 199 135 328 375 451 663
20006 102 94 410 364 160 137 304 204 177 128 328 355 467 676

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.


6 At end of March 2000

---

In the comuna there are 1789 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 70,000 and 170,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at approx. 400,000 lei/month, mainly by the
increase of the pensions under 150,000 lei.

After 1997 several families returned from the cities (after loosing their jobs), most of them
without any training in farming activities, having only very basic knowledge. The majority is
living in the houses of their parents and they are farming the family land.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth
Crude
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Death Rate
Growth Rate
Mortality
weddings
divorces
Rate







14.9%0
16.6%0
-0.7 %0
16.9%0
5.3 %0
0.76%0


Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate
Mortality
weddings
divorces
Rate







10.9%0
16.7%0
-5.8 %0
23.8%0
5.6%0
0.76%0


Yearly local budget:
The local budget was at the end of 1999 approx. 470 million lei/year. For the year 2000 the
budget is 877.1 million lei.

Main source of income:
Approximately 98% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. Only 80 persons have other sources of income in the comuna.
This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.
There is in the comuna a private commercial society (the manager being the mayor) and a
mechanization commercial society, offering employment possibilities to the villagers. There
are also a bakery, a carpentry workshop, 2 societies offering services related to agricultural
activities and also a cereal purchasing company.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 5856 ha.
The total agricultural area is 5507 ha. and the total arable area is 5435 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 71 ha and the area covered by grassland is 1 ha.
The comuna has 239 ha. of land kept as natural pasture.

---

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are approx. 1721 households.
Most of the private arable land (5177 ha) is grouped into:
· two agricultural associations (with legal statute), covering 3567 ha ­ one having 1732 ha
and the second 2467 ha. The last one is not an agricultural association but a former
machinery unit that became private and is farming on leased in land.
· there are approx. 200 individual farmers covering 3488 ha. 7
By the end of June 2000, in the comuna the situation was very similar. The number of
members of the agricultural association was 802. The number of individual farmers was at the
same date 218 and they farmed an area of 1068 ha.

Distribution of land property size for individual farms/households:8
Area
0-1 ha
1-3 ha
3-5 ha
5-7 ha
7-10 ha
No. of
29 74 56 31
10
households

The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 1.5 ha, but it is split in
smaller plots (usually 2) with an average distance between them of 7-10 km.

The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize
sunflower
barley vegetables
watermelons
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)









*
**
1625
4500
1378
5500
1084
1443
192
3980
110
20


* depending on the type of vegetables cultivated. The main area had been covered with peas
(45 ha) with an yield of 2.6 t/ha.
** varying a lot between farmers and the associations


7 This figure had been given by the DGAIA. The mayoralty of the comuna did not confirmed it but gave another
figure, much smaller, of approx. 1500 ha.
8 There were no official land sales during the past 12 months in the comuna.

---

The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 - 1300 lei/kg for wheat
- 2300 lei/kg for sunflower
- 600-1000 lei/kg for maize
- 870 lei/kg for barley

The cropping patterns for the associations for the year 2000:

In the legal associations:
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 525
maize 460
sunflower 330
forages 167
barley 125
potatoes, vegetables,
80
peas 45

The prices obtained after the year 2000 harvest were: 3,500 lei/kg for wheat, 4,000 lei/kg for
maize, 4,200 lei/kg for the sunflower, 1,500 lei/kg for peas, 1,500 lei/kg for beans, 10,000
lei/kg for the forage plants, and an average price of 20,000 lei/kg for the vegetables.

Livestock:

cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
1291*
1791
2554
207
25,000
66
2000
1156** 2730
902
296 34,778 35

* 149 cows are belonging to a private commercial society.
** 125 cattle heads are belonging to the private commercial society
The grassland is appropriate for grazing. The tax for grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000
lei/cow

Machinery:
In the comuna is a mechanization private commercial society formed after the privatization of
the former state-owned Agromec (the mechanisation unit of the former collective farm from
Independenta and Al. Odobescu). They leased in land from the farmers within the comuna,

---

land that is farmed with the machinery they have and they are also working on a commercial
basis for the farmers within the comunas Independenta and Al. Odobescu.
At the beginning of 1999 there were 80 tractors ­ several being the old 200 HP tractors, they
had 32 combines ­ out of which 7 recently purchased from Class, 8 machines for spreading
fertilizers and 8 sprayers for herbicides.
There are 150 employees working on a permanent basis.

The prices they are using are: 600,000 lei/ha for plowing and disking and 700,000 lei/ha for
harvesting (or 15% from the yield).

The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:

Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the
households (no) enterprises existing in the
comuna (no)
Plows
15
40
Harvesters 2
43
Cultivators -
13
Harrowing equipment
5
41
Drills
2
25
Lorries 6
22
Spayers -
8
Machinery for spreading fertilizers
-
5
Machinery for baling straws
-
6

Also in the comuna there are 55 tractors good for working (out of which 15 in individual
households). There are also 253 chariots.

Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are facilities to collect it within the comuna, mainly through the
private commercial society network. There are mills for wheat and maize in the comuna and
also 2 presses for sunflower oil. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-
consumption and for the rest of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc)
or are selling very small quantities to the neighbors.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is no extension agent/ extension center in the comuna.
DGAIA has a representative in this comuna and also the comuna is paying for another
agronomist.

---

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) representing a rapid and direct way to
pollute the drinking water.
This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the water
from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human
consumption. In fact even last year in the comuna had been cases of Blue disease, but also a
serious number of cases of acute digestive diseases.

Main priorities for the comuna:
As in all other comunas here also the most critical problem is considered to be the quality of the
drinking water. The local community is not yet aware about the need to start an intensive program
for cleaning the drinking water and changing the current practices polluting the environment. An
initiative at local level to start prepare a platform for collecting manure and household wastes is
currently being developed, but the financial resources are very limited. Also there are already
individual farmers in the comuna using the manure, and also the manure resulting from the cows
of dairy farm belonging to the private commercial society is used as organic fertilizer.

The local community thinks that creation of windbreaks, buffer-strips, tree planting will be very
useful mainly due to the fact that each winter the snow covers the valley and it creates problems in
accessing the villages. This comuna is also one of the comunas without orchards or trees and this
is why they are affected by wind erosion. The advantage of introducing agro-forestry in the
comuna will be a significant one, as the local representative said.

Other options are:
· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and promoted
on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their main
problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the preparation
for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and environment
pollution.

---

COMUNA VALCELELE


Location:
Comuna Valcele is situated in the Northern part of the pilot area.
The comuna has no land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder.
In the comuna is a former farm of the Communist Party, currently acting as commercial
society, with an area of 1100 ha.

Mayor:

Poverty:
The comuna is not between the poorest in the county, the problems existing being related
mainly to health and age of the inhabitants.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are two villages:
Valcele
Floroaica

Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 2027 persons, out of which 999 men and 1038
women. At 01.07.1999 in the comuna were living 2039 persons.
At 1.06.2000 in the comuna were living 2183 persons, out of which 1124 men and 1059
women.

No of inhabitants/village

Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Valcelele 1600
Floroaica 583


The distribution on age groups is the following:

Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
46 47 170 144 81 65 114 82 84 66 161 244 343 380
1999
38 46 183 149 69 64 127 90 88 66 153 228 337 387
20009
26 47 188 151 58 52 135 103 88 65 159 225 349 407


9 At end of March 2000

---

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.

In the comuna there are 1000 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 80,000 and 180,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at approx. 300,000 lei/month, mainly by the
increase of the pensions under 100,000 lei.

The majority of the inhabitants are old people, most of the children having left the comuna.
Some are coming during vacations or weekend to help their parents, but most of the times
there are only these ones to deal with the household and farming activities.
After 1997 several families returned from the cities (after loosing their jobs), most of them
without any training in farming activities, having only very basic knowledge. The majority is
living in the houses of their parents and they are farming the family land.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces







5.4%0
23.0%0
-17.6%0
90.9%010
5.4 %0
0.0%0


Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude Birth
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces







8.9%0
21.70%0
-12.8%0
111.1%0
6.9 %0
1.48%0


Yearly local budget:
The local budget was approx. 100 milion lei/year (plus 200 at the reallocation) for the year
1999. For the year 2000 the budget of the comuna was approx. 500 million lei.

Main source of income:
Approximately 90% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. 511 persons have another source of income than agriculture
(240 in Floroaica and 271 in Valcelele). In the same time there are 1323 persons in Valcelele
and 343 persons in Floroaica which do not receive any other money except the income
coming from farming.

10 This is the highest infant mortality rate in all the county and almost 4 times higher than the average for the
country.

---

This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.
In the comuna there are 15 commercial societies with food or non-food related activities.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 6457 ha.
The total agricultural area is 5720 ha. and the total arable area is 5560 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 160 ha.
The comuna has 328 ha agricultural land used as natural pasture.

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are 969 households.
The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 2.37 ha, but it is split in
smaller plots (3-5 plots)

Most of the private arable land (4149 ha) was grouped at the beginning of 1999 into six
agricultural associations (with legal statute), covering 2106 ha ­ the biggest having
approx.745 ha and 15 family associations covering 1200 ha. There were also approx. 300
individual farmers covering 1552 ha.


The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize
sunflower
barley
rape
vegetables
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)











*
1290
3300
1340
3200
845
1500
90
4500
50
3200
100
(+ 30 for
seed)

* depending on the type of vegetables cultivated
The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 lei/kg for wheat
- 2200 lei/kg for sunflower
- 600-1000 lei/kg for maize
- 850 lei/kg for barley

---

- 170 US$/t for rape

The cropping patterns for the associations for the year 2000:

g. In the legal associations:
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 1140
maize 682
sunflower 657
forages 50
rape 40
potatoes, vegetables,
30
watermelons 20

h. Family associations
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 144
maize 79.3
Sunflower 64

Livestock:

cattle
pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
1999
594
4,000
2,200
250
40,000
260
2000
470 1988 2551 333
76,397
215

The grassland is appropriate for grazing. The tax for grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000
lei/cow

Machinery:
The existing machinery is not enough for the comuna. There are no enough tractors, lorries or
other transportation means. This creates a problem mainly due to the fact that the villagers
are old people.
The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:
Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the

---

households
enterprises existing in the
(no)
comuna (no)
Plows ­ for tractors
33
21
- for animal propulsion
50
-
Cultivators 12
7
Harrowing equipment
32
14
Drills ­ for tractors
7
7
- for animal propulsion
5
-
Weeding equipment
6
6
Machinery for spreading fertilizers
-
3

Also in the comuna there are 9 tractors of 45HP belonging to individuals, and 48 tractors with
over 65HP (out of which 27 in individual households). There are also 267 chariots.

Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are some possibilities to collect it within the comuna, but the
system is not efficient. There are mills for wheat and maize in the comuna and also a press for
sunflower oil. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-consumption and for the rest
of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc) or are selling very small
quantities to the neighbors.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is no extension agent/ extension center in the comuna. The extension services are
delivered by the 2 agents working in Cuza Voda comuna (1 agronomist and 1 biologist).
DGAIA has a representative in this comuna.

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells or from the pits. There are also 2.2 km of water system,
taking the water from a pit drilled at 80 m depth, but currently only 1 Km. is functioning.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) with 3-4 meters depth and due to
the fact that the level of the underground water is high they are in fact a rapid and direct way
to pollute the drinking water.
This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the
water from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human
consumption.
There are no ecological platforms for manure and household wastes. The local community
already prepared a project for household wastes and established the location, but they could
not find resources for doing it.
In order to solve the problem of the drinking water the local council asked for the support of
the Government of Romania (Ministry of Public Works and Territorial Planning) and also

---

they submitted a project proposal to FRDS (the Romanian Social Development Fund) for the
village Floroaica.

Main priorities for the comuna:
As in all other comunas also here the most critical problem is considered to be the quality of
the drinking water. Other critical issue was the health of the people in the comuna. The
mayor is very willing to support also activities that will improve the income of the farmers or
will reduce their production cost. The local community thinks that afforestation, creation of
windbreaks, bufferstrips, tree-planting will be very useful mainly due to the fact that basically
there are no trees in the comuna, except the very few ones existing within the villages.

Other options are:

· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU acession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

COMUNA VLAD TEPES


Location:
Comuna Vlad Tepes is situated in the North-Western part of the pilot area.
The comuna has no land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder and also there is no commercial
society formed from the former IAS (State Farm).
The Commercial Society "Piscicola" (for fisheries) is administrating 25 ha covered with lakes
and pools, on the area of the comuna.

Also, The National Forests Authority is administrating 322 ha of forest.

Mayor: Mrs. Vaideanu Cornelia

Poverty:
The comuna has a poverty index of 21.28 (according to the WB Report) which is placing it
between the poorest comunas within the county of Calarasi.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are two villages:
Vlad Tepes
Mihai Viteazu

Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 2641 persons, out of which 1247 men and 1394
women. At 01.07 1999 there were 2619 persons in the comuna.
At 1.04.2000 in the comuna were living 2623 persons, out of which 1226 men and 1397
women.

No of inhabitants/village

Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Vlad Tepes
1648
Mihai Viteazu
965

The distribution on age groups is the following:

Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
68 80 187 202 98 90 148 109 89 89 246 292 411 522
1999
59 81 177 196 90 91 176 111 91 84 220 284 446 523
200011 67 84 185 208 81 82 168 130 99 95 211 268 415 530


11 At end of March 2000

---

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.

In the comuna there are 1751 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 80,000 and 180,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at 250,000 lei/month, mainly by the increase
of the pensions under 100,000 lei.

An important problem at comuna level is the aging of the population. Most of the young
people left the villages, this is why the elderly people are representing the majority. This
situation reflects also in the community life.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate
Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces







10.2%0
26.7%0
-16.5%0
0.0%0
4.7 %0
0.78%0



Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude Birth Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth
Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces
Rate







9.9%0
19.9%0
-10.0%0
40.0%0
4.0 %0
0.40%0


Yearly local budget:
The local budget was in 1999 approx. 110 million lei/year and is in the year 2000 703.5
million lei

Main source of income:
Approximately 99% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. Only 45 persons have other sources of income.
This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.
In the comuna there are 7 commercial small enterprises.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 7442 ha.
The total agricultural area is 6468 ha. and the total arable area is 6233 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 130 ha and the area covered by pasture is 105 ha.

---

Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are approx. 1150 households.
In 1999 most of the private arable land (6050 ha) was grouped into:
· three agricultural associations (with legal statute), covering 3181ha
· private individual farmers are covering an area of 2870 ha.

At the end of the agricultural year 2000 in the comuna there were 7 agricultural association
with legal statute, covering an area of 4000 ha. In the comuna there are also 5 family
associations covering 485 ha and having between 6 and 66 members (in total 150 members).

There are also 380 individual farmers having 1493 ha.

The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 4 ha, but it is split in smaller
plots (usually 3) with an average distance between them of 10 km.


The cropping pattern for the last year was:

wheat maize
sunflower
soybeans

vegetables
watermelons
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)









*
**
1650
3500
2030
4500
1656
1400
25

120
20


* depending on the type of vegetables cultivated. The main area had been covered with
potatoes (15 ha) with an yield of 4.6 t/ha.
** varying a lot between farmers and the associations

365 ha. had been cropped with fodder, (235 ha with lucerne and 130 ha with haye)


The average prices received for the main crops were: -1200 lei/kg for wheat
- 2500 lei/kg for sunflower
- 800-1000 lei/kg for maize

---

The cropping patterns for the associations and for the individuals, for the year 2000:

i. In the legal associations:
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 1546
maize 920
sunflower 943
spring barley
50
rape 20
soy-beans 60
beans 2
potatoes, vegetables, watermelons
11
forages 62
remained not planted (in one of the
386
associations)

j. Family associations
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 308
maize 85
sunflower 90
vegetables 3

k. Individuals
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 321
maize 854
sunflower 216
beans 7
rape 14
potatoes, vegetables, watermelons
7
forages 119

---

Livestock:
cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
674
1853
4990
443
41,500
128
2000
415 1548 2248 385
21,540
115


The grassland is appropriate for grazing. The tax for grazing is 10,000 lei/sheep and 20,000
lei/cow
Machinery:
Machinery represents a problem for the comuna, most of the people not having access to
machinery due to the high costs of the works.
The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:
Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in the
households
enterprises existing in the
(no)
comuna (no)
Plows 25
22
Cultivators 7
5
Harrowing equipment
12
18
Drills 7
13
Machinery for spreading fertilizers
1
2
Combinators -
4
Lorries 23
18

Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-consumption and for the rest of
the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc) or are selling very small
quantities to the neighbors. Only very few farmers are going with their products to the market.

OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is one extension agent (an agronomist) in the extension center of the comuna.
DGAIA has a representative in this comuna.

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) representing a rapid and direct
way to pollute the drinking water.

---

This is why ­ as the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the
water from all the wells that are monitored within the comuna is not appropriate for human
consumption, but the situation is not as bad as in the other comunas of the pilot area.

Main priorities for the comuna:
The quality of the drinking water represents a problem, even if it is not such a critical one like
in the other comunas. The local community is an old one so all the initiatives are somehow
pushed back due to this. Also there are already individual farmers in the comuna using the
manure as organic fertilizer.

The local community thinks that creation of windbreaks, buffer-strips, tree planting will be
very useful mainly due to the existence of big area with degraded land. The advantage of
introducing agro-forestry in the comuna will be a significant one, as the local representative
said.

Also an area of 277 ha of comuna grassland needs rehabilitation.

The local council already prepared some project proposals for building a sewerage system for
the comuna, a running water system, for the afforestation of the degraded land etc.

Other options are:
· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

COMUNA CUZA VODA

Location:
Comuna Cuza Voda represents the Eastern part of the pilot area.
The comuna has land within the Boianu ­ Sticleanu polder and also there is a Commercial Society
formed from the former IAS (State Farm) ­ Mircea Voda -that used to be under the territorial area
of the comuna.
The National Forests Authority is the manager of 516 ha of forets and the National Waters
Administration is the manager of 588 ha of forestland.
"Piscicola" is the manager of 200 ha. of lake, within the territory of this comuna.

Mayor: Mr. Tenea Stefan

Poverty:
The comuna is not included between the poorest comunas in the county.

Number of villages:
Within the comuna there are three villages:
Ceacu
Cuza Voda
Calarasii Vechi

Population:
At 01.07.1998 in the comuna were living 4001 persons, out of which 1965 men and 1995 women.
At 01.07.1999 in the comuna were living 3989 persons.
At the end of June 2000 in the comuna were living 4672 inhabitants, out of which 2317 men and
2355 women.

No of inhabitants/village

Name of the Village
No. of Inhabitants
Ceacu 1500
Cuza Voda
2320
Calarasii Vechi
852

The distribution on age groups is the following:

Group
0-4 years
5-19 years
20-24 years
25-34 years 35-44 years 45-59 years
60 years and
of age
over

M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
1998
108 98 354 332 161 139 277 216 206 142 319 377 566 706
1999
95 100 369 321 146 136 302 225 222 152 302 343 551 725
2000
109 98 362 343 149 124 321 257 226 142 302 328 557 746
12

12 At end of March 2000

---

For each institutionalized child the comuna is paying 1.8 million lei/month.

In the comuna there are 3001 retired persons.
While in 1999 the majority of the retired people had pensions between 90,000 and 190,000
lei/month, in the year 2000 the average increased at 350,000 lei/month, mainly by the increase
of the pensions under 100,000 lei.

Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1998:

Crude Birth
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces

10.7%0 24.8%0 -14.1%0 0.0%0 3.8%0
1.79%0


Demographic indicators at the 31.12.1999:

Crude Birth
Crude Death
Natural
Infant
Rate of
Rate of
Rate
Rate
Growth Rate Mortality Rate
weddings
divorces

8.4%0 16.9%0 -8.5%0 0.0%0 4.6%0
1.79%0


Yearly local budget:
The local budget was approx. 190 million lei/year 1999 and is 240 million lei/2000.

Main source of income:
Approximately 90% of the population have as source of income (except the pensions and the
social support) only agriculture. Only 345 persons are working in other areas than agriculture.
This is why the category the most affected by the problems faced by the agricultural sector
and by the whole economy are the younger people, having no other source of income than
agriculture.
In the comuna there are 43 commercial societies, with food and non-food related activities.

The cadastral situation of the comuna:
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 14050 ha.
The total agricultural area is 12433 ha. and the total arable area is 12108 ha.
The area covered with vineyards is 322 ha. There is no grassland or pasture on the territory of
the comuna.
Description of the distribution and use of arable private land:
In the comuna there are approx. 1720 households.
In 2000 most of the private arable land (6550 ha) was grouped into 10 agricultural
associations (with legal statute). There were also 7 agricultural commercial societies.
The average size of the private property/family in the comuna is 3 ha, but it is split in smaller
plots (usually 3) with an average distance between them of 7-8 km.

---

The cropping pattern for the last year was:
wheat maize
sunflower
rape
vegetables
watermelons
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
area
yield
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
(ha)
(kg/ha)
3741
3440 1997 5360 2122 1340 135 1200 133 *
40
(+16
ha
**

for seed)

* depending on the type of vegetables cultivated. The main area had been covered with peas
(112 ha) with an yield of 2.5 t/ha.
** varying a lot between farmers and the associations

There are also 92 ha. with fodder (89 ha lucerne and 3 ha haye), 50 ha with spring barley and
12 ha with barley.

The average prices received for the main crops were: -1500 - 1800 lei/kg for wheat
- 2100-2300 lei/kg for sunflower
- 800-1500 lei/kg for maize

The cropping patterns for the associations and individuals for the year 2000:

1. In the legal associations:
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 2786
maize 1576
sunflower 1798
barley 115
forages 125
potatoes, vegetables,
20

2. Individuals
Type of crop
Area Cultivated (ha)
wheat 216
maize 420
sunflower 150
forages 5
vegetables 39

---

The average yields obtained in the year 2000 were: 4000 kg/ha for wheat, 6000 kg/ha for
maize, 1300 kg/ha for sunflower, 4600 kg/ha for barley.
The prices were: 1500 lei/kg for wheat, 900 lei/kg for maize, 1700 lei/kg for sunflower, 1200
lei/kg for barley.

Livestock:
cattle pigs
sheep and goats
horses
poultry
beehives
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)
(heads)

1999
1022
970
4315
301
43,790
300
2000
1056 1030
4183
336
30,740
400

Machinery:
In the comuna is a mechanization private commercial society formed after the privatization of
the former state-owned Agromec and they are working on a commercial basis for the farmers
within the comuna. But generally speaking the set of machinery is not enough for the whole
area of land.
The prices they are using are: 600,000 lei/ha for plowing and disking and 500,000-700,000
lei/ha for harvesting (or between 12-15% from the yield).
The types and no. of machinery existing in the comuna at the end of the year 2000:
Type of machinery
In individual
In associations or in
households (no)
the enterprises existing
in the comuna (no)
Plows
31
90
Harvesters 2
25
Cultivators 6
17
Harrowing equipment
30
30
Drills
14
30
Lorries 45
208
Disks 30
67

Also in the comuna there are 139 tractors good for working (out of which 39 in individual
households). There are also 341 chariots.
Markets and marketing possibilities:
The main market is the peasant market from Bucharest, but the nearest is the one from
Calarasi. For the milk there are facilities to collect it within the comuna, mainly through the
private commercial society network. There are mills for wheat and maize in the comuna and
also 2 presses for sunflower oil. Otherwise people are producing food for their self-

---

consumption and for the rest of the family living into towns (Calarasi, Oltenita, Bucharest etc)
or are selling very small quantities to the neighbors.

Infrastructure:
The drinking water is from the wells.
The latrines are pits (without concrete walls or septic tanks) representing a rapid and direct
way to pollute the drinking water.

Main priorities for the comuna:
As in all other comunas here also the most critical problem is considered to be the quality of
the drinking water. The local community is not yet aware about the need to start an intensive
program for cleaning the drinking water and changing the current practices polluting the
environment. An initiative at local level to start prepare a platform for collecting manure and
household wastes is currently being developed, but the financial resources are very limited.
Also there are on the area of the comuna 150 ha of grassland that need to be rehabilitated.

Other options are:
· introduction of new high-income generating crops in the cropping pattern
· creation of small plots/farms using environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The
products obtained there could be certified as "biological products" (not organic!) and
promoted on the market at a higher price.
· to organize a good system of collecting the manure and using it on the field as organic
fertilizer.
· setting small teaching programs on environment protection, environmentally friendly
agriculture for the children in the area. These issues can be taught during the vocational
classes representing 30% from the curricula (in the rural areas)
· small training programs for the younger farmers in the area
· to organize discussions with the women in the comuna in order to assess which are their
main problems/needs. Based on this, eventually in collaboration with the women in other
neighboring comunas, to create a group to represent them at local and county level.
· to support the farmers organization in the area to produce bio-products and promoting the
environmentally friendly practices/organic farming. In the same time they can access the
market easier in order to promote their own products (on the national and international
market). This will be a very good strategy on longer term, mainly considering the
preparation for EU accession and the fact that for organic/biological products there are no
limiting quotas.
· public awareness activities, showing also the direct link between morbidity and
environment pollution.

---

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMERCIAL SOCIETY
"PISCICOLA" CALARASI


"Piscicola" is a commercial society of fisheries, being the manager of the lakes and pools
within the county of Calarasi, including the pilot area.
The General Manager is Mr. Popa Laurentiu.

Under the commercial society there are 6 fish farms and a processing unit.
The 6 fish farms are: - Iezer
- Rasa
- Boianu
- Ulmu
- Lupsanu
- Sarulesti

The first three farms are within the pilot area, Boianu being the main breeding farm of the
Society.

The types of fish produced in the farm are:
- Carp
- Chinese carp
- Carassus Auratus Gibellus

The society is marketing fresh fish and also semi-processed fish (30 t/year).

For each m3 of pumped water Piscicola must pay 100,000 lei.

The fish farm Iezer

The exploitation capacity of the farm is of 401.5 ha, all the area being situated under the
administrative perimeter of the comuna Cuza Voda.
The farm is for fish production and for breeding.
The water source is from the Rasa ­ Galatui system, through the drainage system of the
polder. This is why the society must pay for the water twice: while evacuating and also
refilling the lake.
For the fish nutrition they are using supplements of prepared feed.
The quantity of fish produced in this farm is 300-400 t/year, including the small fish (fries) for
own-use.

The fish farm Rasa
It covers an area of 759.15 ha, the main advantage being that the amount of nutrients in the
lake is enough for the normal nutrition of fish produced there. In the same farm is included
the area of the pools Mihai Viteazu I (12 ha) and II (12.5 ha).

---

The quantity of fish produced in this farm is 200 t/year, out of which 100 t/year are for sale.

The fish farm Boianu
The farm covers an area of 198 ha, in the administrative perimeter of the comuna Ciocanesti.
In this farm is produced the quantity of fries necessary for the whole commercial society.
This represents 1.5-1.8 t/ha.

---

AREA PROPOSED TO BECOME PART OF THE
PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK


1.THE NAME OF THE PROTECTED AREA (WETLAND)

IEZER
CALARASI


2.THE NAME OF THE COUNTY /TERRITORY WHERE IS THE AREA

CALARASI


3. TOPOGRAPHIC DATA

The area called IEZER Calarasi is on the administrative territory of the following localities:
· Municipality of Calarasi ­ at 1 km from the proposed area
· Cuza Voda communa ­ at 1 km from the proposed area
· Gradistea communa ­ at 0.2 km from the proposed area


4. THE COORDINATES AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE AREA
(WETLAND)


Northern
Southern
Eastern
Western
Central
Coordinates
Limit
Limit
Limit
Limit
44ŗ14'45" N
44ŗ12'50"N
44ŗ15'00"N 44ŗ13'50"N
44ŗ13'50"N
27ŗ13'30"E
27ŗ13'10"E
27ŗ17'40"E
27ŗ13'05"E
27ŗ13'50"E

5. POSITION

The area is situated in the Danube waterside in a percentage of 75%, within the dammed area
Boianu-Sticleanu and 25% is in the Danube terrace.

6. THE TYPE OF WETLAND IN WHICH THE AREA IS INCLUDED

Is the major type of habitat - with works and facilities for permanent fish breading activities.

7. THE SIZE OF THE PROPOSED AREA

a. The total area: 3200 ha
· 20% from the area belongs (from administrative point of view) to the municipality
of Calarasi

---

· 60% from the area belongs (from administrative point of view) to the Cuza Voda
communa
· 20% from the area belongs (from administrative point of view) to the Gradistea
communa

b. The area of the water: 400 ha
· 20% from the area belongs (from administrative point of view) to the municipality
of Calarasi
· 80% from the area belongs (from administrative point of view) to the Cuza Voda
communa

8. THE CHARACTERSITICS OF THE WETLAND

A. The main identified habitats identified in the area:
- permanent works and facilities for fish breeding (Iezer-Calarasi)
- arable land that surround the lake on an area of approx. 2 km.


B. The importance of the existing habitats for the area proposed for preservation

The permanent fish breeding facilities:

Due to the very complex hydrological regime of the Danube and the periods of increase
and decrease of the water level, together with the draining activities made on large areas that
had been dammed during the last decades, the living conditions for the birds passing by this
region had not remained stable, varying from an year to another.

The places that remained as stable habitat for birds are on the riverside of the Danube in
the areas between the shore and the dames, the small islands and the works for fish breeding.

The Iezer-Calarasi area represents a halting place for the birds coming during winter
and summer, thousands of wild ducks and geese, egrets, purple herons, storks, pelicans and
swans coming here due to the very good living conditions. Between the mammals it is good
to mention the existence of the otters, very sensitive to the quality of water and environment.

The arable land surrounding the Iezer
This arable land, surrounding the polder on an area of approx. 2 km had been included in the
specified area for protection reasons, in this way allowing a real protection to the birds living
in the area, limiting hunting and poaching (that are practiced in the area).


C. The ecological status of the habitats

The permanent fish breeding facilities:
They are ensuring, due to the permanent water supply from the channels and also due to the
big areas covered with reed and reed mace, a stable and very good habitat for the birds in the
area.

The arable land
On this land an intensive agriculture is practiced, the birds finding here good feeding options,
reason why they are visiting very often the area.

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D. Main types of vegetation

The permanent fish breeding facilities:
The macrophytobentos is represented by amphibian plants: reed, reed mace, sedge (Carex),
Sersipus and by underwater plants like Potamogeton, Polygonum, Ceratophyllum,
Miriophyllum.

The reed and the macereed are used by the birds for building nests.

The arable land
The cropping structure varies due to the crop rotation. The main crops are: wheat, barley,
maize, soy beans, sunflower.


E. The existent types of layers (in the soil)

The geological profile in the area put in evidence the following layers: soil, loess, sany loess,
fine sands with horizontal stratification, raw sand, gravel. At the basis of these horizons there
is a layer of impermeable clay, on the top of which the water sacks are formed. At a depth of
more than 30 m there are cretaceous deposits formed because of the Pre-Balkans Plateau
sinking.

At surface level several settlings took place and due to the damming the alluvial deposits
diminished and the degradation phenomena occurred (caused by the excess of moisture,
mostly eliminated through the system of channels existing within the dammed area Boianu-
Sticleanu).


9. NUMBER OF SPECIES (FLORA AND FAUNA)

A. Mammals
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
- the otter (Lutra lutra lutra) ­ Mustelidae fam.
· Other species
- the badger (Meles meles meles) ­ Mustelidae fam.
- the wild rabbit (Lepus europaetus transsylvanicus or Lepus caponsis) ­
Leporidae fam.
- the fox (Vulpes vulpes) ­ Canidae fam.
- the mole (Talpa europaea) ­ Talpidae fam.
- the gopher (Citellus citellus) ­ Seiuridae fam.
- the water rat (Ondatra Zibehica) ­ Cricetidae fam

B. Birds
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
- the red-necked goose (Branda rufficolis, Pall) ­ Anatidae fam.
- the white-head duck (Oxiura leucephala) ­ Anatidae fam.
- the white pelican (Pelecanus oncrotalus oncrotalus) ­ Pelicanidae fam.
- the winter swan (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) ­ Anatidae fam.
- the little egret (egretta garzetta garzetta) ­ Anatidae fam.

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- the purple heron (Ardea purpurea purpurea) ­ Ardeiadae fam
- the white stork (Ciconia ciconia ciconia) - Ciconiiadae

· Other species
- the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus cristatus) ­ Podicipedidae fam.
- the black headed gull (Larus ribiduns ribiduns) ­ Alcedinidae fam.
- the coat (Fulica atra atra) ­ Rallidae fam.
- the cormorant (Phalocrocorax carbo) ­ Phalacrocoracidae fam.
- the pygmy cormorant (Phalocrocorax pygmaeus) - Phalacrocoracidae fam
- the glossy ibis (Plegadis Falcinellus falcinellus) ­ Threkiornithidae fam.

C. Reptiles
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
none
· Endemic species
none
· Other species
- the lizard (lacerta agilis)
- the river snake (Serpentes ord.)
- pond turtles (Emys orbicularis)

D. Amphibians
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
none
· Endemic species
none
· Other species
- the pond frog (Rana esculenta)
- the small (tiny) frog ? (Bombina bombina)

E.Fish
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
none
· Endemic species
- the Chinese carp
· Other species
- the carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) ­ Cyprinidae fam.
- the crucian (carassus auratus gibelio) - Cyprinidae fam.
- the trout (Esox lucius) ­ Esociadae fam.
- the pike perch (Lucioperca lucioperca) ­ Perciadae fam.
- the catfish (silurus glanis) ­ Siluridae fam.
- the perch (Perca fluviatillis) ­ Percidae fam.

F. Invertebrates
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
None

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· Endemic species
none
· Other species
- snails (Limnea starynalis)
- lake shells (anodonta)
- river shell (Unio)
- Hydrophillus piccus

G. Plants
· Species included in the Bern and Bonn convention
none
· Endemic species
none
· Other species
- sedge (carex) ­ Cyperaceaea fam.
- reed mace (Typha) ­ Thphaceae fam.
- reed (Phragmites communis) ­ Gramnineae fam.
- Agrophynus repens
- Sersipus
- Potamogeton
- Lemna
-Myrophyllum
-Polygonum


10. TYPE OF PROPERTY WITHIN THE AREA:

The sector of the
Type of property
Size of the area (ha)
% from the whole
wetland
area
Fish breeding facilities
State owned
400
12.5
Arable land
State owned
1920
60.0
Communa land
704
22.0
Water management
State owned
144
4.5
Transports (roads)
State owned
32
1.0


11. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE AREAS INCLUDED IN THE CONSIDERED ZONE

The manager
The size of the area
% from the total
(ha)
area
SC SIDERCA SA CALARASI (the channel for
128
4.0
navigation Borcea and the basin of retention)

SC AGROZOOTEHNICA SA - MIRCEA
1920
60.0
VODA Calarasi

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RNP ROMSILVA ­ The Forestry Judet office
2400
75.0
Calarasi (The hunting fund 43)13

SC PISCICOLA SA Calarasi
400
12.5

Gradistea mayoralty
192
6.0

Cuza Voda mayoralty
512
16.0

AGVPS Calarasi (the hunting fund 26)14
800
25.0

RAIF Calarasi ­ the irrigation channels
16
0.5

The National Society for Roads
32
1.0



12. ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA:

- agriculture
- fisheries
- hunting
- water management:

- industrial use and navigation (SC SIDERCA SA)
-
irrigations
- transports: - national, judet and local roads


13. THE GENERAL STATUS OF THE WETLAND

The Iezer lake is a remain of the previous existing lakes in the Danube river meadow, before
the damming and the drainage of the area. The water exchange between the lake and the
Danube is made through the existing channels within the dammed area of Boianu-Sticleanu
(where the polder is situated)
The arable land is the result of the damming and drainage of the river meadow.

The sector being on the terrace area is now in the wild stage.


14. THE TYPES OF DANGER THAT THE CONSIDERED AREA IS FACING
CURRENTLY

- the agrochemical substances used by farmers
- the poaching and the hunting

13 RNP ROMSILVA Calarasi and AGVPS Calarasi are managing the hunting funds within the considered area,
but not the land .
14 RNP ROMSILVA Calarasi and AGVPS Calarasi are managing the hunting funds within the considered area,
but not the land

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15. THE MANAGERIAL AUTHORITY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANALYZED AREA

The COUNTY COUNCIL CALARASI
Address: Sloboziei Street no.9
Calarasi
Judet Calarasi
Code: 8500

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PART II

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SOCIAL ASSESSMENT


1. Introduction

This Social assessment has been projected on two main dimensions. The first aims at giving an
image on the way of living of the population (dwelling, quality of life, incomes and expenses in
the household, sources of income). The second overlook the way people see themselves from the
point of view of poverty, the trust they have in some of the institutions in the commune, their
sources of information and their interest in possible involvement/participation in the project.

2. Methodology

The methods used in the research have been: a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews,
applied in all the communes. The research took place between 9 October, 2000 and 22 October,
2000, student operators ­ 7 for the questionnaires and 3 for the interviews participating in it.

Questionnaire

The questionnaire comprises questions regarding the life standard of villages (incomes,
expenses, equipment), way of living, agricultural methods used in the household, inputs, outputs,
agricultural production and crops, on environment, health, means of information, trust in various
institutions in the commune, associations and participation in commune activities, etc. (see
Annex 3).

Pre-test
The questionnaire has been pre-tested in the Visini village, commune of Independenta. Some
variables have been added, while others have been modified.

Sample
The questionnaire was applied in 13 villages, belonging to the 7 communes in the pilot zone.
Two criteria of choosing the villages have been considers: 1) center of commune/far away from
the center and 2) near water / far away from the water.
- two villages for each of the following communes have been chosen: Alexandru Odobescu
(Nicolae Balcescu, Galatui), Independenta (Independenta, Potcoava), Gradistea (Gradistea,
Bogata), Cuza-Voda (Cuza-Voda, Ceacu), Valcelele (Valcelele, Floroaica).
- for the Vlad Tepes commune, we have chosen only the Vlad Tepes village (center of the
commune), as the other was very close to the first, and the population quite little in number.
In all these villages 30 questionnaires / village have been applied for each.
The Ciocanesti commune is, from administrative point of view, a single village. Here, 60
questionnaires have been applied. As a result of the checking of how the questionnaires had been
filled in' only 45 were taken into consideration. At the end, the total number of questionnaires
in all the 7 communes was 374.
The way of sampling was random on election lists, with a step established according to the
population of the village, and with leaving number previously chosen (the same for all sub-
samples). As a result, the respondents were over 18 and each one represented a household.

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Difficulties encountered in applying the questionnaires
The main problem was identifying the people that were part of the sample. In some communes
the election lists had not been updated, which determined for the names of deceased persons or
persons who had left the locality to appear in the sample.
Another problem lies in the fact that in most of the election lists the addresses of the people are
not included (which is rare in the urban areas). In some villages, people know each other, and the
persons in the sample could be easily identified. In others, for example Ceacu and Cuza-Voda,
because of the inverse migration in the last years, people no longer know each other and there
have been persons impossible to identify.
In all cases when the identification was impossible or when, after three visits, the respondent was
not available, there has been replacement with reserve persons.
In spite of all these difficulties, the sample is representative for the reference population.

As for the proper application of the questionnaire, there have been three types of problems:
- Difficulties in understanding certain terms like: "pollution", "environment" or "organic
agriculture", especially by the older generation.
- Difficulties in appreciating the income: in very many cases there is permanent exchange
between the families of those who stayed in the village and those who are in town,
exchange which is not quantified or considered as an expense or income flow.
- Most of those who have their land in an association do not know what quantity of seeds,
pesticides, fertilizers or herbicides has been used and what production has been obtained
for each crop.

Interviews

14 interviews have been made: 2 in each commune, having as an interview guide the main
objectives of the project.

3. Description of the villages within the sample

An observation that works for all the communes in the pilot zone is that before 1989 there had
been CAP15's throughout the region. After the Law 18/1991 had been ratified, the land began
being given back to the owners. The mean land surface for a single household in this region is 3
ha. At present, most of the landowners prefer working it within associations (legal or family)
present in the communes.

Note: The index of the level of development of each commune, according to Dumitru Sandu (in "The
social space of transition", 1999, pp. 184, 200 and 201) is a value obtained as factorial result of indexes
referring to the composition of population (active population in agriculture in 1992, population of over 60
in 1992, employees in the enterprises in the communes for each 1000 inhabitants), demographic elements
relevant for community poverty (birth rate 1991-1995, the net temporary migration rate, the emigration
rate 1991-1995), the size of dwellings ­ average dwelling surface on house), the equipment of houses (TV
for each 1000 inhabitants, telephones for each 1000 inhabitants), the development of animal sector (index
unit large villa = (1*cattle+ 0.35*pigs+ 0.12*sheep+ 0.04*poultry)/ha of agriculture field) and the
accessibility of the town.
The poorest communes in the county of Calarasi have the index of the level of development­10.6
(Gurbanesti), -7.9 (Ileana), -7.7 (Frasinet).


15 CAP = Agricultural Production Cooperative

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ALEXANDRU
Chosen villages: Nicolae Balcescu and Galatui
ODOBESCU commune
Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = - 0.7 Is the
commune with the lowest development index in the pilot zone
- Nicolae Balcescu is the center of the commune, situated at 27 km
from Calarasi.
- Galatui lies at 4 km from the center of the commune
- The average age of the sample of the commune is 5816.
- There is a running water system in the village, but the network
covers only 70% of its surface (source: village hall)

VLAD TEPES commune The chosen village: Vlad Tepes
Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = 1.2
- The village of Vlad Tepes is the center of the commune, situated at
29 km from Calarasi
- The average age of the sample of the commune is 46.

VALCELELE commune Chosen villages: Valcelele and Floroaica

Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = 0.6
- The village of Valcelele is the center of the commune, situated at
25 km from Calarasi.
- The village of Floroaica is 3 km away from the center of the
commune, on the road to Calarasi.
- The mean age in the commune is 51.
- There is a running water network in the commune, but it does not
work, people using the wells in their households (source: village
hall)
- There is one agriculture company, seven trade companies and seven
family associations in the commune (source: DGAIA).
- The mayor of the commune is the president of the association with
the largest land area and owning the largest number of machines
(SC ILDU SRL). This is one of the reasons why some of them
joined his association, thinking that from his position he can have
access to more important resources (financial, but also symbolic).
During research, a new family association was about to come to
life.
- There may be observed a higher mobility of land from one
association to another.


16 The mean age in the communes mentioned in this table is calculated at the level of the sample, and not on the entire
population of each commune.

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INDEPENDENTA
Chosen villages: Independenta and Potcoava
commune
Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = 0.9
- The village of Independenta is the center of the commune, situated
at 15 km from Calarasi.
- The village of Potcoava lies at 20 km from Calarasi.
- The average age of the sample of the commune in the commune is
53.
- There is a program of checking the quality of water in the wells
(source: Village Hall)
- In all the three villages there is running water network. In the
villages of Independenta and Potcoava the distribution system is old
and not functional. Only in the village of Visini (not comprised in
the final sample) the network was remade in 1998 and it works.
(source: Village Hall), but people say the water is not good to
drink.
- There is one agriculture company and one trade company in the
commune (source: DGAIA)
- The mayor of the commune is the president of the largest
association (SC INDEPENDENTA), inheritor of the whole range of
assets of the ancient CAP (After 1989, nothing has been sold or
distributed. Anyhow, villagers call it "CAP". After the association
has made an important purchase of machines, there can be noticed a
tendency of transferring the land from the other association to this
one.

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CUZA-VODA commune
- Chosen village: Ceacu and Cuza-Voda
Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = 3.6
- The village of Ceacu is the center of the commune, situated at 9 km
from Calarasi.
- The village of Cuza-Voda lies at 11 km from Calarasi.
- The nearness of Calarasi makes the villages sort of rural
neighborhoods of the town. Anyhow, people here hardly know each
other.
- Many town inhabitants bought houses in the commune and moved
here.
- Also, those who moved to Calarasi years ago have come back
following massive dismissals at the plant and because of the
difficult life in the town.
- The average age of the sample of the commune in the commune is
53.
- Until three years ago, the commune had been supplied with running
water by a network coming from a deep well. At present, it does not
work any longer.
- There are ten agriculture companies and seven trade companies in
the commune (source: DGAIA)
- Most of these are offspring from the ancient SMT17, SMA18, etc.
People think of gathering the land by family, not individually: "we are
gathering all, to keep the land united". There cannot be said that there
is significant mobility in this respect.
GRADISTEA commune Chosen villages: Gradistea and Bogata
Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = - 0.1
- The village of Gradistea is the center of the commune, situated at
13 km from Calarasi.
- The village of Bogata is 20 km away from Calarasi.
- The average age of the sample of the commune in the commune is
55.
There is running water network, but it does not work.
CIOCANESTI commune Chosen village: Ciocanesti

Observations
- Index of the level of development of the commune = 7.3 It is the

commune with the highest poverty index in the pilot zone.
- The commune is actually a single village and is composed of four
more "districts" (ancient separated villages, components of the
commune of Ciocanesti): Andolina, Sarbi, Smardan, Margineni.
- Ciocanesti is situated at 25 km (this is a mean value, because the
village extends on several kilometers along the road).
- The average age of the sample of the commune in the commune is
57.




17 SMT = Mechanic Transport Society
18 SMA = Machinery Center

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4. Main problem: pollution ­ what is it?

The main objective of this project is reducing pollution due to agriculture works, by using
environment-friendly agriculture methods. But before starting such a project we should ask
ourselves what "pollution" means to the people in the area. Have they ever heard of pollution? What
do they know about it? What does "pollution" mean to them?

1. Although radio and TV stations frequently talk about "pollution" or environment", not everybody
knows what they mean. Most of them are aged or uneducated.

2. In the cases when people know what it means, pollution is thought as an urban, industrial
phenomenon, very often reduced to the quality of the air. That is why nobody conceives it that
pollution could exist in the countryside, too, moreover, in their village/commune: "the air is pure",
"pollution? where from?"

3. The quality of water is almost never connected to pollution. The water is not good to drink
because "it is not good": the essential factor in establishing the quality being the taste and
sometimes color/clearness. People drink water or not if they like or not its taste. Very few believe
that because of this their health might be affected. Although doctors in maternity recommend
mothers not to give water from wells to newborn babies, very few observe this. This is partly
because of the lack of resources, which would permit buying of mineral water, normal or sparkling,
etc. On another hand, the advice of the doctors in the town is most often ignored: they consider
these should present the advice to everybody, but it is up to each one to decide whether they should
observe it or not. This decision is made depending on what people know about the quality of water.

4. Very few of the interviewed persons make connections between agricultural methods used, the
place of the latrines or the ways of storing house and/or animal wastes and the quality of the well
water.

· The pit latrines ­ from their point of view, they do everything to avoid possible infiltration in
the water source, that is they dig the pit "as far from the well as possible". But this "as far as
possible" varies from a few meters to a few tens of meters, depending on how large the yard
is.

· The place of storing the garbage ­ the criteria in choosing it refer mainly to the "smell" and
then to the customs: "that's the way we do it", "we've been doing that since times out of
mind", "well, where else?", etc. The explanations/reasons given do not refer to avoiding
infiltration and water pollution.

· Agriculture practices ­ They may say "too many chemicals are not good, they could harm
the land", but generally the negative implications they may have are projected into a
temporally indefinite future, not at all at present.
In most cases, the agriculture methods used are not a choice of landowners, but of the
manager, who is the president of the association.
Those who do not have their land in an association resort to the least expensive methods or to
those they "inherited" ("that's the way my father taught me").

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5. General suggestions

The image the people visiting these communes see is not the one of primarily poverty, lack of
comfort or one of daily hardships, but hopelessness in a future differently shaped than the present.
Given this background, the project of the World Bank is the impulse that could make the people get
rid of this apathy, that could give them the means to set up strategies for the years to come, and not
only a context related reaction of survival.

1. Thus, the most important thing is for as many people as possible to participate to this project,
in a way or another, and in all its phases. Participation, even a minor one, could make them talk
"from their own experience", and not from what they heard or saw, about this project.
This would be reassuring for the people, showing that this project is:
- Very serious, that doesn't even consider failure ­ so something intended to end well.
- Targets the people living there ­ so everybody will be part of it.
- The project is not an "umbrella" which would protect various groups in the village (or from
outside) that want to enrich or obtain different advantages.
From this point of view, the participation of "outsiders" (World Bank representatives from
Washington, Calarasi and Bucharest) is meant to protect them.

2. It would be good for different specialists to have as many meetings with people as possible.
These would end up in something specific, not to give the impression of aimless talks: "we're
talking again and nothing's going to be done".
Another reason in favor of these non-intermediate meetings is "prestige catching": participants
could feel themselves more important, more involved after these interactions.

3. The stake of this project should become a personal one for each of villagers: thus, they would
become more involved. So, hesitations and fears regarding applying the project could be avoided.

4. It should be insisted on the fact that this given help does not mean something offered for free or a
lucky win. The project is something likely to change their lives: it will work, develop or die
according to the interest/involvement of the community/people in it.
Moreover, in case of its success, they could participate in the project by applying in other areas of
the country, the same practices in the frame of experience exchange.

5. But, it is important for the good evolution of the project that they must get something specific
as fast as possible: symbolic (it is the simplest example in the beginning) or material.

6. Depending on the project components useful help can came from Village Halls (for example in
the case of garbage management) or agricultural associations (as in the case on environment-
friendly agriculture practices).

The associations or presidents of associations could be very important groups for applying of
the project: the president is the manager of the land and in most cases people who have their land
in associations do not control what happens with it. In certain situations, however, landowners can
decide transfer from one association to another. For this reason we consider that the
associations/presidents of associations cannot be the only target group.

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6. Stakeholders

The population in the pilot zone is an old one. There is a tendency for it to become younger, due to
the shortage of jobs in the region. This, together with a lack of strategies of internal or external
economic migration determined that many young people stay in the village, on the one hand, and on
the other, many of those who had previously left for the town to return.

In spite of the fact that those between 18-45 represent only 29.9% of the respondents, we consider
them the most interesting groups in achieving the project.
- First of all, they are the most interested to be informed and get involved in different parts of the
project.
- Secondly, in a few years they will become heads of households, they will decide about the land
they own and household development strategies.
- Thirdly, participation in such a project would give them a feeling of usefulness, that they can do
something both for them/their families and for the village. This can be one of the most
important aspects, taking into consideration the fact that the majority is not employed, and the
prospect of finding jobs in the village or somewhere else in the near future is very unlikely. On
such a background, they exhibit an interrogative resignation: "what can we do?", "there is
nothing to do here in the countryside".

Age group 18-3519

Young people between 18 and 35 represent 22.9% of the subjects interviewed in this research. Most
of them are registered or unregistered unemployed and housewives. Most of them graduated from a
vocational school or have 10 classes, and only a third graduated from high school. Very few of them
are heads of households. They show much trust in the priest and in the school's principal and less in
commune councilors. Almost three thirds have much trust in the mayor.
On another hand, more than three quarters of the respondents at this age consider their influence
concerning the local decisions is little or absent.
They are more often present in the community activities organized in the commune than the others.
Their main sources of general information are the TV and the radio, while for agriculture the
sources are the relatives, TV and friends.
They are the most interested in getting credits in the future.
Very many would get involved in the awareness campaign.
The most interesting lectures/conferences considered being on environment, agriculture and
nutrition.

Age group 36-4520

Respondents between 36 and 45 represent 6.95% of the total number of respondents. Half of them
are unregistered unemployed and housewives. Three-quarters are graduated of a vocational school
or 10 classes. Almost a third are heads of households. As compared with the younger group of
people (between 18-35) they have better trust in the priest and less in the school's principal,
commune councilors and mayor. In exchange, they have better trust in their power to influence local
decisions than the younger. They are more active in the charity activities organized in the commune,
and less in the community ones.

19 All the data concerning this group can be found in the Annex, Table 1.
20 All the data concerning this group can be found in the Annex, Table 1.

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The main sources of general information are the TV and the radio, while for agriculture the sources
are the relatives, the school and the ancient CAP's, SMT's engineers/employees.
They are most interested in finding out information on the quality of water, environment and
agriculture. They would get involved in waste management, setting up of demonstration plots,
organic agriculture.

7. Findings of the assessment

a.
Human resources
b.
Household
c.
Communication

a. Human resources

The chapter "Human resources" answers the question "who are the people in this area and in each
individual commune?" What age(s) are they? What is their education? What do they do? etc. Are
there major differences between communes21? What can we say about them?

Age. Although part of those who had left to work in the town before 1989 returned to the village,
while most of the young people stay here because of the lack of jobs, the population is old. The
average age on the whole sample is 53 for women and 54 for men. 53.7 % of villagers are over 55,
22.9% are between 18­35, 6.95 % are between 36­45, while16.3% between 46­55.
Most of the people over 56 are in the commune of Alexandru Odobescu (67.0%), while the least are
in the commune of Vlad Tepes (36.2%).

Gender. At the level of the sample, 46% are men and 54% are women22.

Education. Out of the total number of the interviewed, 8% never went to school, 58% graduated 8
classes or less, 23% graduated 10 classes or vocational schools, and the rest of 2.1% graduated from
high school or university.
In the commune of Valcelele there are the most people who never went to school (17.2%), while in
the commune of Vlad Tepes in the sub-sample under research there is no one who never went to
school.

Present Status. At present, at the level of the entire sample, only 14.7% of the subjects are
employed. The rest, 48.7% are retired, 23.5% are housewives, 8.8% are unregistered jobless, 3.2%
are registered unemployed and 1.1% are pupils, students
In the last years, a new category appeared in Romania: unregistered jobless persons. They are
people who, subsequent to dismissals (individual or collective) spent all the financial help the State
offers in these situations: compensation salaries (for those fired as a result of enterprises
restructuring), unemployment aid, unemployment allocation. They couldn't find reliable, long-time
jobs, but they are not registered with the District Offices for Labor Force. Most of the women in this
situation declare themselves "housewives". This is the explanation for the high percentage of
"housewives" that was registered, against the "unregistered jobless". During certain periods of the

21 The Presentation of Human Resources can be found at the end of the Report, in the Annex, Table 2.1 ­ Table 2.7.
22 According to the methodology of the research, students, soldiers, young people in the hostels, etc. were not part of the
sample.

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year, they do other activities that bring income, as for example daily workers, but very seldom do
they declare themselves as such.

Present occupation. Out of the total number of respondents, only 14.2% have a job, and 7.5%
declare it as being unsure. The reasons for which the other 85.8% of the subjects do not have a job
are different: they are retired, registered or unregistered jobless or unemployed, or they are
housewives.
From this point of view, there have been difficulties in establishing the occupation, since many
women, working inside the household, declared themselves housewives. As a rule, men ­ head of a
household or widows declared themselves farmer with individual household. Also, some of the
unemployed or jobless declared themselves daily workers or farmers with individual households or
farmers in state owned farms. Generally, the present occupation of the respondents is working their
or their parents' land.
This can be noticed from the mean work time outside household, in the field: 7 hours/day for men
and 4 hours/day for women. The time allocated to any activity that does not take place either in the
household or in the field (on the owned land) is less: 3 hours/day for men and 1 hour/day for
women. The time spent in the house and in the yard is close: 9 hours/day for women and 8 for men.

Number of members in the household. At the level of the entire sample, the mean number of
persons in a household is 3. In Independenta, Cuza-Voda, Gradistea and Ciocanesti the mean
number is 4 persons in a household.

Number of members temporarily away is 42 at the level of the entire sample. Most of them (18)
come from the commune of Gradistea, but we cannot say there are certain strategies ­ to be found at
community level ­ of temporary migration in search for jobs (in other localities or abroad), as it is
the case in other parts of the country.

Head of the household. In 53.7% of the households, the head of the household is a person over 56,
and in 23.0% he is a person between 18 and 35. Persons with the age between 36-45 are heads of
households in 7.0% of the cases. Those between 46-55 are in proportion of 16.3%.

b. Household

In describing the household, the following indicators have been considered:
Housing
The road in front of the house,
House
Bathroom and toilet
House garbage and manure
Source of water
Animals and other material resources of Goods
the household
Animals
Land
Economy
Incomes
Expenses
Productions
Credits

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b.1.
Housing

Road. In 61% of the cases, the road in front of the house in an earth one, in 19.9% it is covered
with gravel and in 19.1% it has an asphalt cover. The most numerous households with an earth
road are in Vlad Tepes (75.9%), in Independenta (71.7%) and in Cuza-Voda (70.0%). Most of
those having a stone road are in Ciocanesti (39.5%), while the most numerous having an asphalt
road are in Alexandru Odobescu (33.3%).

House. In 12.6% of the households considered, the roof or walls of the house are badly damaged,
most of them in Ciocanesti (23.3%) and the least in Independenta (5.0%)23.

Bathroom and toilet in the house. In 96.3% of the households in the sample there is no
bathroom in the house, and in 97.9% there is not a WC in the house. The most numerous
bathrooms in the house are in the communes of Valcelele and Gradistea. (6 in each).

In the rest of the households, the latrine is in the yard. In 35.7% the WC is built "far from the
house", in 22.4%, "at the back of the yard" and in 18,1% "far from the water source". The mean
distances between the latrine and the known water sources around it are 35m, 28m, 18m. The
main way of building a WC is simply digging a hole (95.1%). Very few have WC with concrete
walls or with cement tubes inside.
The average of the depth of the latrine pit is 4m in most of the communes (except for Cuza-Voda
and Valcelele where it is 3m).
97% of the subjects never vacuumed the WC. The main reasons claimed are: building another
WC in the yard (30.0%), impossibility of vacuuming because of the earth walls ­ without
concrete (20.8%), the fact that there is no vacuuming service in their village (17.6%), or only for
public institutions (village hall, school) at best.
The mean period of using a WC is 10 years (there are cases when the period of use extends to 30,
even 40 years).
In most of the cases, when the WC cannot be used anymore, it is covered (63.5%) with garbage
or manure (3.8%), earth (18.6%).

The place of the storing of the house garbage for 63.1% of the households is "at the back of the
yard" and for 16.0% it is "in a corner of the yard, in different recipients" (trailers, for example),
4.0% store it "near the road, by the fence" and only 3.5% take it to the platform. (for the
presentation on each commune, see the table below) .
Generally, in the households where there are animals, this is the place for storing the manure.
51.3% store it "at the back of the yard, in a hollow" and 15.2% "at some side of the garden, in
recipients (trailers, wagons, etc)".
79.1% say that every now and then they take it to the platform in the village. 12.5% take it "to
the place where everybody throws it" or "to the side of the village".
The frequency of evacuating the wastes varies from once every two-three days (10.2%), to once
a week (23.5%) and once a month (18.7%).
There is no communal system of collecting the wastes in any of the communes. The task of
transporting it to the platform of the village going to each household. This becomes a difficult
activity, if there are no adequate means of transport (the most frequently the cart is used, if any),
or if its members are old and they move with difficulty. Theoretically, the Village Hall controls

23 This evaluation has been done both operators and subjects

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the correct way of storing the garbage, but practically in very few communes fines are given. In
these cases, there are not hazardous or unauthorized by the Village Hall places which villagers
could use as collective points of storing the garbage. Generally, these spaces are along the river
banks or in spaces far from living areas, usually at some side of the village.

ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing the manure in Using the manure as
house garbage in the
the household
a fertilizer
household
38.6% at the back of the yard 43.2% at the back of the yard, in a hollow 56.8% never
20.5% near the road, by the
13.6% at some side of the garden, in
26.1% sometimes
fence
recipients
10.2% most of the
15.9% in a corner of the yard, 12.5% it is not the case because they
times
in different recipients
don't have animals

VLAD TEPES commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing the manure in Using the manure as
house garbage in the
the household
a fertilizer
household
66.0% at the back of the yard 53.2% at the back of the yard, in a hollow 78.7% never
19.1% in a corner of the yard, 14.9% at same side of the garden, in
12.8% sometimes
in different recipients
recipients
4.3% always
10.6% near the stable
VALCELELE commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing the manure in Using the manure as
house garbage in the
the household
a fertilizer
household
77.8% at the back of the yard 63.6% at the back of the yard, in a hollow 40.2% never
10.1% in a corner of the yard, 12.1% it is not the case because they
33.0% sometimes
in different recipients
don't have animals
13.4% always
7.1% - in a corner of the yard, in different
recipients
INDEPENDENTA commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing the manure in Using the manure as
house garbage in the
the household
a fertilizer
household
67.4% at the back of the yard 46.1% at the back of the yard, in a hollow 74.2% never
19.1% in a corner of the yard,
store
15.7% sometimes
in different recipients
21.3% in a corner of the yard, in different 7.9% most of the times
recipients

15.7% it is not the case because they
don't have animals

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CUZA-VODA commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing the Using the manure as a
house garbage in the
manure in the household
fertilizer
household
81.9% at the back of the yard 62.8% at the back of the yard, 56.4% never
5.3% in a corner of the yard,
in a hollow
20.2% sometimes
in different recipients
10.6% it is not the case
9.6% most of the times
because they don't have
animals
5.3% in a corner of the
yard, in different recipients
GRADISTEA commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing
Using the manure as a
house garbage in the
the manure in the
fertilizer
household
household
54.6% at the back of the yard 36.1% at the back of the
67.0% never
18.6 at the platform
yard, in a hollow
21.6% sometimes
15.5% in a corner of the yard, 25.8% at the platform of the
in different recipients
village
18.6% in a corner of the
yard, in different recipients
CIOCANESTI commune

The place of storing the
The place of the storing
Using the manure as a
house garbage in the
the manure in the
fertilizer
household
household
51.6% at the back of the yard 50.0% at the back of the
61.0% never
35.5% in a corner of the yard,
yard, in a hollow
21.1% sometimes
in different recipients
32.3% in a corner of then

6.5% behind the house
yard, in different recipients


At the level of the sample, 60.3% of the respondents say they never use manure as a fertilizer,
most of them arguing they do not have cows and horses to produce it.

The mean distances between the water source used by the members of the household and the
known places for disposing garbage and manure are 70m, 25m, 21m.

Water. In most of the households the villagers consume water from the wells. The average depth
of the wells is 24 m, but there are wells 250 m (declarative) or only 2 m deep. The deepest wells
are those in Vlad Tepes (an average depth 24 m), while the least deep are those in Cuza-Voda
(an average depth 8 m).

The only commune where people know the quality of water is bad is Cuza-voda. In the
commune, people know the wells with "good water", that is water that is not troubled and has

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good taste. In fact, they say the quality of the water deteriorated following the use of pesticides
and diesel fuel by the CAP and the other agriculture associations in the years 60 and after that.
Part of them do not remember having been told of the wells being infested: they found that
themselves and decided it was not good. Those who have such wells take the water for cooking
and drinking from their neighbors. Very few can afford to buy sparkling or normal mineral
water.
Almost all the mothers in the area are advised, by the hospital in Calarasi, not to give water to
the babies, but very few observe, most of them saying that "I've drunk water there and I'm not
dead".

In the commune of Valcelele, nobody knows about the situation a few years ago when babies got
poisoned with nitrites. For many of the interviewed "the water is very good to drink", "we don't
have problems with water".

Health and diseases. However, generally, even there have been water related diseases in the
family, they are considered small natural accidents and very seldom are they considered real
diseases and almost never "diseases because of water". Thus, to the question "Have there been
cases of illness in your family in the last 3 years?", 97.1 % answer there have not been cases of
acute diseases in their families,
99.7% - there have not been cases of blue-disease,
98.4% - there have not been cases of tuberculosis,
88.8 % deny cases of mineral or vitamin deficiency in the family,
95.7% declare there have not been cases of skin disease, and
98.7% - there have not been cases of hepatitis.
Anyhow, 59.4% have spoken of other cases of diseases in the family: cardiovascular, gastric, etc.

These last diseases are those for which most money has been spent (the average amount spent is
around 397,132 lei for a first case of disease (see the questionnaire). The cases of disease
mentioned are more numerous, but they are not understood as expenses, because many times, not
having money, they do not go see a doctor or buy some or all of the medicines recommended by
the doctor, or it is the children who buy them. However, the high cost of medicines is considered
by 17.1% of the respondents as one of the main everyday problems.

Thus, for the question "How satisfied are you about your health?", 63.7% are "unsatisfied" or
"rather unsatisfied", most of them being women (50,8%). "Quite satisfied" or "very much
satisfied" are 35.8%, most of them being men (43,2%). As the age of respondents grows higher,
the degree of satisfaction about their health goes down: the young people (18-35 years old) are
"quite satisfied" and "very much satisfied" ­ 61.6%, while the old people (over 56) are in
proportion of 73% "unhappy" and "rather unhappy"

Fuel. The corn cubs are the fuel used24 both for cooking (49.2%), and for heating the house
(37.7%) and water (52.7%), never being however the main one. In 66.8% of the cases they come
from own resources.
The other fuels used are: for cooking - gas (91.4%) and wood (40.4%), for heating the house ­
wood (94.1%) and coal (12.6%), and for heating water ­ gas (60.4%), wood (40.1%). Out of
these only the wood is still used from the own resources of the household, but only in 14.2% of
the cases, being bought for the rest.

24 For fuel consumption, see the Table 3 in the Annex.

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b.2 Animals and other material resources in the household

We have called "material resources" the assets in the households that can give an image on its,
but also its members' estate: long use equipment and land (see Table 4 in the Annex).

Goods. The most homogeneous25 commune is Alexandru Odobescu, and where the most
significant differences have been noticed is Valcelele. Generally, these differences are to the
benefit of the centers of the communes, except for Independenta, where the village of Potcoava
is better equipped with goods. (for the type goods that present these differences, see Tables 5.1 ­
5.4 in the Annex). The existence of mobile phones can be explained by the lack/small extent of
fixed telephone networks in some areas (for example in Independenta). With more than half of
the people having mobile phones, the expenses related to these devices are paid by somebody
else, outside the household (most of the times by the children living in town).

The animals that cannot miss from a household are the pigs and the poultry (one of the
explanations is that they are easier for old people to take of). In the communes of Alexandru
Odobescu, Vlad Tepes, Cuza-Voda and Gradistea, the number of horses is larger than that of
cows. Regardless of the number of sheep they have, they are "given to the shepherd"; this latter
is the one who takes care of them, not the owner.

Land. 93.3% of the respondents say they own land. The communes with the largest number of
land owners26 are Valcelele (100%), Cuza-Voda (98.4%), Alexandru Odobescu (93.3%). The
most people without land are in Vlad Tepes (13.3%), Ciocanesti (11.6%) and Independenta
(10.0%). Out of these, 70.6% are between 18-35: 33.3% are from Independenta, 29.2% are from
Vlad Tepes, 16.7% are from Ciocanesti.
The average surface on the entire sample is 4.3 ha. Excluding the extreme values of the surfaces
of owned land, there can be obtained a median of 2.3 ha. owned land for each household. The
communes of Independenta, Cuza-Voda and Alexandru Odobescu are the most homogeneous
from this point of view, while in Vlad Tepes, Gradistea and Ciocanesti there are a few owners
that possess surfaces much larger than the average in the commune.

Out of the total number of landowners, 73.5% have it in associations. The average surface of
land in association on the sample is 2.8 ha. (the mean surface is 1.5 ha.). The communes with the
largest number of landowners that do not have their land in an association are Gradistea (41.7%),
Vlad Tepes (40.0%) and Valcelele (31.7%).

One of the explanations for this situation is the fact that in these communes there is a higher
mobility of land from one association to another, from one year to the next. Most of the people
who want to change the association are not satisfied rather with the products and/or the money
they get at the end of the agricultural year than with the productions on each type of crop. Very

25 We refer to the existence or not of some significant differences between the villages that form a commune that
entered the sample of the research. In the cases of the communes of Vlad Tepes and Ciocanesti, there have been
only one village in the sample, so we cannot speak of comparison at intra-commune level.
26 We refer to the population of the sample.

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few of the landowners that have their land in an association know what happens with it. Most of
the times, the decision of changing the association is made after comparison with other
associations in the commune (that gave more to the people).The comparison with other
communes have effect rather at discoursive than actional/praxiologic. For example, part of the
interviewed admire the inhabitants of the commune of Independenta: "These people in
Independenta are different than us. They have a mayor who supports them and always gives
them what he promises." But this admiration would not be enough for them to transfer their land
to another association. What is really important in these situation is the existance of associations
that produce more and give to the people more than others.

The period the questionnaire was applied partially coincided with the one when people could not
decide which existing association to join. Because of this fact, there is a rather high percentage of
owners who work their land individually than usual.

b.3. Economy of the household

The subjective wealth is the image each of the interviewed persons has on his/his household's
incomes and expenses, as well as on his general situation (rather poor or quite rich).
We can say most of the subjects consider themselves rather poor: the income is not enough in
many cases even to cover everyday needs, and the products in the household cover only a quarter
from the consumption, for one third of the cases. Still, many times, the consumption in the
household is reduced according to the possibilities to cover it: "we cut off".
59.9% of the subjects consider that in their households the present income is not enough, not
even for everyday necessities, in19.5% it is enough only for everyday necessities, and in 16.0%
it is enough for decent living, but not for luxury purchases.
Anyhow, the lack of money is considered as the main everyday problem by 47.7% of the
respondents.

Incomes

The most frequently declared income sources are: CAP pension, state pension, casual labor,
state salary, allowance of children, food products sales, animals sels. There is a series of income
which is not declared, the main cause being that they may be taxed. The most frequent source
like this is cart transport. Some of the additional income sources in the household are not
considered as such, for example daily work or sales of animals and agricultural products. That is
why, when asked about activities that bring additional income, 78.1% say they do nothing in
addition.

Main source of income
The sources of income the previous month (September) considered by respondents as most
important are: CAP pension ­ 28.4%, state pension ­ 26.6%, casual labor ­ 10.3%. In families
with children, this category comprises also the children allocation given by the state.

At the level of the sample, the average of the total amount of money obtained by all members
of the household the previous month was 1,161,767 lei: 1,404,334 lei in Gradistea, 1,294,278 lei
in Cuza-voda, 1,152,569lei in Ciocanesti, 1,105,749 lei in Valcelele, 1,075,638 lei in Vlad
Tepes, 988,879 lei in Independenta, 922,673 lei in Alexandru Odobescu.

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Expenses

71.5% of the respondents say they paid for mechanical agriculture works the previous year,
while for seeds, fertilizers, herbicides only 57.3% say they paid. Very few can estimate what the
expenses were, especially if they had the land in an association. In most of the cases, the
association takes all the expenses related to agriculture works (seeds, pesticids, fertilizers,
agricultural works, etc). from the products that belong to the owners at the end of the year. There
are situations in which the respondents do not take into consideration the vouchers given by the
state to cover these expenses: either because giving a voucher does not mean paying; either
because in certain situations, the president of the association took the vouchers of those whose
land he is takes care of directly from the Village Hall. In other cases, these expenses have been
drastically reduced: they used seeds from the previous year(s) and they gave up using fertilizers
and manure. This can be observed looking at the average value of these expenses ­ see Annexes
(the mean calculated on the basis of the answers given by those who could offer information on
these).

Other expenses from the last year were related to buying animals - 9.7%, to buying machinery -
4.1% and to buying land - 3.2%. But even in the case of purchasing animals there has been an
unofficial system by which people used to get poultry in exchange for milk-vouchers27. As in the
case of the vouchers for agriculture works, they are not regarded as payments/expenses.

The work of the land with the exclusive help of the members of the household represented 45.7%
last year. 30.7% got help from the people for whom they worked too, and 27.5% worked the land
by hiring daily workers. In 33.4% of the cases, the land was worked by the children who do not
stay with the respondents in the same household.
The highest expenses in September, at the level of the entire sample were related to victuals
(food, drinks, etc) and to agricultural works.


Food, drinks (including public consumption,
574,426 lei
coffee, cigarettes, juice)
Clothes, footwear
151,687 lei
Facilities (gas, light, water, garbage)
278,172 lei
Medicines, medical care
152,979 lei
Transport
93,299 lei
Culture, education (supplementary lessons)
78,126 lei
Long use stuff
323,110 lei
Phone (mobile, fix)
24,588 lei
Dues, installments, bank (it doesn't matter
25,753 lei
for whom)
House made (tins)
21,086 lei
Agriculture works
555,712 lei
Fuel for heating the house
292,086 lei
Money given to children
89,053 lei

In case the income of the household is not enough to cover the needs, 17.4% said they borrow,
10.2% said they live with what they have in the household or what they get from their land, 9.1%

27 Milk-vouchers are vouchers given by the Ministry of Agriculture through village halls for cows that give milk.

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reduced their expenses. 15.0% have a rather passive attitude towards a situation of this kind: "we
go on anyway", most of them being aged (over 56).
Another way of covering these expenses is buying on credit from the shops in the village. 26.4%
say they do that "often" and "very often", while 51.6%, "never". This kind of loan is limited by
the shop owners depending on the known amount of the customers' income ­ they establish what
the highest amount each debtor can stand.

Yields/Products

Agricultural productions. As in the case of the quantities of seeds, fertilizers, etc., less than half
of the respondents know what the yields for different crops were last year (see Table 6 in the
Annex).

Dairy productions. The main destination of milk is self consumption, in the household, but
extended to the children's families (be it in the village or in town). In rare cases it is sold in the
village and in even fewer cases it is sold directly at the market. The commonest consumption
way is fresh milk (with an average production at the level of the households considered in the
sample of 140.33 litres/week), feta cheese (average production of 13.59 kg/week), sweet cheese
(average production of 5.57 kg/week). (For weekly productions of all products, see Table 7 in
the Annex).

70.6% do not sell anything from what they produce in the household, 14.2% sell a quarter, and
6.7% sell almost half. Out of these, only 7.0% go to the market. The main reasons for which they
prefer resorting to other means of sale are: high cost of transport, low sale prices, difficulties in
obtaining authorizations and sanitary certificates.

Marketing activities. 79.4% of the respondents have not exchanged products obtained in the
household for other services or products, and 15.0% exchanged only a quarter.
75.9% say they haven't given products obtained in the household to relatives/acquaintances.
In spite of very close relationship between children left for the town and the parents' household,
only 15.8% say they have given almost a quarter of the products obtained in the household to
relatives/acquaintances. That is because children are not considered relatives, but permanent
members of the household.

Credits. Only 9.6% (36) have had a credit so far, most of them (15) being over 56. 9 belong to
the age group 18-35, 7 are between 46-55 and 5 are aged between 36-45.
Regarding the intention of starting the procedures of getting a credit, the highest interest is with
those over 56 ­ 12 persons and those between 18-35 ­ 11 persons.
The main declared reasons for which most of the respondents are not interested in getting a credit
are: low income, which make the reimbursement of the debt impossible (45.4%), they don't need
one (12.6%), high interest rates (9.5%), they are afraid of not being able to pay back (7.67%).

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8. Communication

Associating, participation and trust

Associationism. 97.9% of the respondents are not members of any association (among them
98.0% are women and 97.7% are men). About their partners, 85.8% say they are not members of
any association, and 12.6% do not know whether their partners belong or not to an association.

Participations. Church, Village Hall and School are the main institutions that have organized/are
organizing charity or community activities in the communes. The political parties or other
organizations are virtually inexistent from this point of view.

ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (26.7%)
- Church (10.0%)
- Village hall (6.7%)
- Village hall (5.0%)
- School (5.0%)
VLAD TEPES commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Village hall (10.0%)
- Church (16.7%)
- School (10.0%)
- Village hall (13.3%)
- Church, Political Parties,
- School (6.7%)
- Organizations (3.3%)
VALCELELE commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (30.0%)
- Church (45.0%)
- School (13.3%)
- School (23.3%)
- Village hall (5.0%)
- Village hall (13.3%)
INDEPENDENTA commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (16.7%)
- Church (6.7%)
- School (10.0%)
- Village hall (1.7%)
- Village hall (3.3%)

CUZA-VODA commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (44.3%)
- Church (47.5%)
- School (6.6%)
- Village hall (19.7%)
- Village hall (4.9%)
- Political Parties (4.9%)
GRADISTEA commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (40%)
- Church (15.0%)
- Village hall (6.7%)
- Village hall (8.3%)
- School (3.3%)
- School (1.7%)
CIOCANESTI commune

Charity Activities
Community Activities
- Church (46.5%)
- Church (16.3%)
- Village hall (7.0%)
- Village hall (11.6%)
- Political Parties (2.3%)

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In all the communes, Church is the most important institution that organizes both charity
activities and community activities with important participation.
The high percentage of participation in the activities organized by the school in Valcelele can be
explained by the fact that before the elections in the spring of the year 2000, the mayor had been
the principal of the school in the commune. She has been/is assigned the various activities in the
commune, carried out by school or not.

Young people between 18-35 are most active to the community activities organized in the
village: 15.1% participate to the activities organized by Village Hall, 23.3% to those organized
by Church, 8.1% to those organized by School.
People over 36 are more active in the activities organized by Church, both women and men:
19.2% aged between 36-45, 21.3% between 46-55 and 24.5% over 56.

Trust in the power to influence local decisions. More than half of the young and aged
respondents believe people like them influence "little" or "very little" the decisions made at local
level, women at a larger extent than men. (see the Table 7 in the Annex). Most of them are in
Independenta ­ 87.6% and Valcelele ­ 81.9%, while the fewest are in Gradistea ­ 47.4% and
Ciocanesti ­ 54.9% (see the Table 8 in the Annex).

More than expressing their lack of confidence, the old do not understand why they should get
more involved in the process of decisions making at the level of the commune. From their point
of view, only the elected (the bosses) decide and are responsible for the welfare of the commune.

Trust in institutions ­ people in the village. In each commune there are three characters-
institutions in which people trust "much" and "very much". These are: the Priest, the Doctor and
the School's Principal. They are the "elite of the village", or what we would call these days the
"intellectual elite". We believe that very often they are appreciated for what they are ­
intellectuals, or for what they represent, and less for what they actually do.

The Priest is among the characters enjoying one of the highest degrees of reliability ­ 81.0% at
the level of the entire sample, both for men and for women ("much" and "very much" trust:
83.7%, and 77.9% respectively), especially with the population over 35.

In the doctor there is "much" and "very much" trust from 77.6% of the respondents, in close
proportions men and women (80.2%, and 74.4% respectively).
The trust in the School's Principal at the level of the sample is 51.6%. There is a decrease of
trust in the school's principal with the people growing old. The young people (18-35) have
"much" and "very much" trust in proportion of 67.5%, while those over 56 only in proportion of
44.0%
Regarding the trust in the commune councilors, there is greater variability: 33.4% have no trust
or "very little", 43.4% have "much" and "very much" trust, and 23.3% do not know. The great
number of no answers can be explained by the fact that people do not know the new councilors
yet.
In all the communes, those who trust "much" and "very much" in the mayor represent more than
50.0% out of the total of the interviewed. The highest percentage is for the mayor in Valcelele
(83.3%), followed by that in Independenta (73.3%). The lowest percent of trust are for the
mayors of Ciocanesti (51.2%), Cuza-Voda (59.3%) and Gradistea (60.0%).

---

After 1989, a new character appeared in the village ­ the President of Agricultural Association.
Regardless of whether he had previously worked or not in the CAP, SMA, SMT, etc., he is now
the one who makes the decision on the use of land within the association. The control of land
holders is almost inexistent. What they are interested in is the yields: products and/or money they
get at the end of the agriculture year. It is interesting that the mayors in Independenta and
Valcelele are also the presidents of the largest associations in the respective communes. In this
case we can speak of trust in the institution of the mayor by shifting trust towards the president
of the association.

In the communes where people have little or very little trust in their capacity of influencing
local policy (Valcelele and Independenta), the mayors who are also presidents of associations
gather high scores with the trust the population have in them.


Information

The main sources of general information

TV is the main information source for all age categories, both for men and for women. Anyhow,
it is to be observed from the table of the goods in the household that the percentage of TV sets
holders (Color and Black & White) and dish antennas is quite large as compared with other
goods in the household.

Radio is the second most important source of information. In evaluating its influence it is to be
taken into account that almost a third of the respondents never listen to the radio ­ in some cases
because they do not have radio sets, although they have TV sets.

Newspapers are not read by more than half of the respondents.

In spite of the fact that men go to the pub quite often, they declare a more reduced frequency
because of the community rules.

Watching TV
- 74.1% watch TV "several times a week" or "daily"
Among these, 77.3% are women and 71.3% are men.
On age categories:
84.9% of those between 18-35
83.6% of those between 46-55
80.7% of those between 36-45
65.5% of those over 56.
- 9.1% watch TV "several times a month" or "once a month or more rarely"
- 16.8% never watch TV

Listening to the - 59.8% listen to the radio "several times a week" or "daily".
radio
Among these, 61.4% are men and 58.5% are women.
On age categories, they listen as follows:
65.1% of those between 18-35
65.4% of those between 36-45
59.0% of those between 46-55
56.8% of those over 56.

---

- 11.8% listen "once a month or more rarely" or "several times a month"
- 28.4% never listen to the radio (there are cases when even if there is a
color or black & white TV set, there is no radio set

Reading
- 59.9% of the sample never read newspapers
newspapers
- 13.1% read newspapers "several times a week" or "daily"

Going to Church
- 41.4% - go to the church "several times a year" or "once a year or
more rarely"
- 26.1% - "several times a month" or "once a week"
- 25.5% - not at all; more men than women, more old people
(because of moving difficulties) than young people.
Going to pub/ - 16.9% go to a bar/restaurant "several times a month" or "once a
restaurant
week"
Among these:
35.3% are young people between 18-35
34.6% are between 36-45
14.7% are between 46-55
7.5% are over 56.
- 11.9% go "once a year or more rarely" or "several times a year"
- 71.2% of the respondents say they never go to bar/restaurant

The main information source regarding agriculture is, regardless of the age of the
respondents, the relatives (husband/wife, parents and grandparents).
Regardless of the age of respondents are the relatives (husband/wife, parents and
grandparents).

The first source of The second source of The third source of
agriculture information agriculture information agriculture information
mentioned
mentioned
mentioned
1. Relatives (parents, 1. Other sources (CAP, 1. TV ­ 2.7%
grandparents,
SMT, SMA, etc.) ­ 24.6%
husband/wife) ­
68.6%

1.
Other sources
2. Relatives ­ 18.6%
2. Specialist engineer in the
(CAP, SMT, etc.) 2. TV ­ 18.6%
village
­ 14.2%

3. TV ­ 5.6%
3. Specialist engineer in the 3. Other sources (SMA,
For the young people village ­ 12.0%
CAP, SMT) ­ 13.8%
between 18-35, it is the
school


The main three sources of information on pesticides (in case the respondents know what it
is) are:
1. TV ­ for 17.9% of the respondents it is the first source of information on pesticides

---

2. The specialist engineer in the village ­ for 14.6% it is the first source of information
3. Radio ­ 12.2%

Information about central institutions with local representative. It is to be observed that the
county institutions the best known at local level are the General Directorate for Agriculture and
Food and the Sanitary and Veterinary Agency. People's opinion on their activity in their
commune are in fact opinions on the people they know, that are the local representatives.
Regarding the other institutions, if any in the village, specialists are taken for the wider category
of "engineers", without particular specifications. This can be explained by the fact that most
people do not know which institution the engineers in the village belong to.


I heard
Evaluation of their activity
(these are the answers of those who have
heard of these institutions)
General Directorat for
51.1% - 33.5% consider that the activity of
Agriculture and Food (DGAIA)
DGA is "very good" and "good"
- 18.4% say the activity of DGA is
"bad" and "very bad"
- 30.0% say that it does not exist in
the commune
Environement protection Agency
38.2% - 29.0% appreciate the activity as
(APM)
"very good" and "good"
- 13.8% say that the activity of the
agency is "very bad" and "bad"
- 42.1% say that it does not exist in
the commune
District office for Consultancy in
26.5% - 33.7% have a "good" and "very
Agriculture (OJCA)
good" opinion on the activity of
the office
- 18.4% have a "bad" and "very
bad" opinion on its activity
- 31.6% say that it does not exist in
the commune
Sanitary and Veterinary Agency
62.6% - 69.1% appreciate its activity as
"good" and "very good"
- 13.8% have a "bad" and "very
bad" opinion on it
- 10.3% say that it does not exist in
the commune
Office for Agricultural Pedologic
11.8% - 24.6% appreciate its activity as
Studies (OSPA)
"good" and "very good"
- 7.7% appreciate its activity as
"bad" and "very bad"
- 56.9% say that it does not exist in
the commune

---

Romanian Waters
37.7% - 30.5% have a "good" and
"very good" opinion on it
- 13.5% have a "bad" and
"very bad" opinion on its
activity
- 41.8% say that it does not
exist in the commune
Research Institutes
37.2% - 13.0% have "good" and
"very good" opinion
- 63.7% say that it does not
exist in the commune



Information on the project of the World Bank in the pilot zone and information on the
certificates for biological products. Most of the respondents have never heard of "certificates
for biological products", and part of those who say they have heard assign it other
meanings. As for the project of the World Bank, the elder do not know what "World
Bank" is and only a quarter of the people in the area say they have heard of it. The
objectives they identify are the expression of everyday news in the media on various
financing coming from international organizations.

Information about "certificate for
- 55.1% have never heard of such a
biological products"
certificate
- 43.3 % NK/NA
- 1.6% (6) say they have heard they
have heard of that, and two of
them say it is about certificates for
animals and analyses
Information about the project of the
- 74.6% have not heard of such a
World Bank in the area
project
- 24.1% declare they have heard of
the project.
Among these, 45.7% say the aim of the
project is giving money for the
development of agriculture, and 25.7% -
helping peasants to buy agriculture
machines

Agriculture method used. The most frequently used agriculture method is crop rotation of
schemes (60.4% of the respondents). The most rarely used one is wind of break, because it
is expensive even at community level.

Minimum tillage
35.8%
Crop rotation schemes
60.4%
Organic fertilizers
28.9%
Wind breaks
2.9%
Fertilizers 18.7%

---

Most of those who use crop rotation say it is a non-polluting method. About organic fertilizers,
one third say it is polluting, and as for fertilizers all of those who use it say it is polluting.

Interest in lectures. The most appealing field for the respondents is agriculture, and the age
groups the most interested in possible lectures/conferences are 36-45 and 18-35.


Not
Not very
Interested Very
much
NA/NK
interested at much
interested
all
interested
Lectures on 25.7% 22.3% 32.2% 12.1% 7.8%
quality of
water
Lectures on 26.8% 20.1% 32.2% 11.3% 9.7%
environment
Lectures on 27.1% 19.3% 35.7% 10.7% 7.2%
nutrition
Lectures on 26.5% 21.4% 32.2% 12.9% 7.0%
planting
vegetables
Lectures on 22.3% 16.4% 38.6% 16.4% 6.4%
agriculture
Lectures on 29.5% 20.6% 29.8% 10.2% 9.9%
organic
agriculture


Wish of involvement in the project. However, young people under 45 are very much interested
in involving in different components of the project, men to a larger extent than women. The
fields most people would like to get involved in are: awareness campaigns, involvement in
garbage management and creating test lots.


18-35 36-45 46-55 56-
Involvement in
48.8% 65.4% 41.4% 34.0%
garbage
management
Involvement in
45.2% 64.0% 49.2% 32.8%
creating test
lots
Involvement in
32.9% 50.0% 39.6% 25.8%
organic
agriculture
Involvement in
71.8% 68.0% 58.3% 56.8%
awareness
campaigns

---

ANNEXES

---

A N N E X 1

Tables - synthesis

---

Table 1

STAKEHOLDERS' PROFILE

Age group 18-35
Age group 36-45
Status
Status
38.4% - housewife
50.0% - occupied
32.6% - occupied
34.6% - housewife
25.6% ­ unemployed (registered and
15.4% - unregistered unemployed
unregistered)
Education
Education
41.2% -vocational schools, 10 classes
67.7% -vocational schools, 10 classes
27.9% - high school graduated
7.7% - high school graduated
16.3% - 8 classes graduated
19.2% - 8 classes graduated

Head of the household
Head of the household
16.3% of the respondents at this age
30.8% of the respondents at this age

Participation to community activities
Participation to community activities
organized by:
organized by:
15.1% - by Village hall
7.7% - by Village hall
23.3% - by Church
19.2% - by Church
8.1% - by School
0% - by School




Participation to charity activities organized Participation to charity activities organized
by:
by:
5.8% - by Village hall
11.5% - by Village hall
25.6% - by Church
30.8% - by Church
87.2% - by School
92.3% - by School

---

Influence on local policies
Influence on local policies
52.0% - at all
45.0% - at all
36.0% - little
15.0% - little
12.0% - very much and much
35.0% - very much and much


Trust in mayor
Trust in mayor
- 27.9% - a little and very little
- 34.6% - a little and very little
- 65.1% - much and very much
- 61.6% - much and very much


Trust in councilors
Trust in councilors
- 36.0% - a little and very little
- 38.5% - a little and very little
- 45.4% - much and very much
- 34.6% - much and very much


Trust in priest
Trust in priest
- 23.2% - a little and very little
- 15.4% - a little and very little
- 67.4% - much and very much
- 80.8% - much and very much


Trust in school's principal
Trust in school's principal
- 18.7% - a little and very little
- 26.9% - a little and very little
- 67.5% - much and very much
- 50.0% - much and very much

Credit
Credit
- have taken so far28 ­ 10.5%
- have taken so far ­ 19.2%
- are going to take ­ 12.8%
- are going to take ­ 11.5%
Interest in possible lectures on (much and very
Interest in possible lectures on (much and
much):
very much):
- quality of water ­ 58.2%
- quality of water ­ 77.0%
- environment ­ 67.4%
- environment ­ 73.1%
- nutrition ­ 63.9%
- nutrition ­ 65.4%
- agriculture ­ 64.0%
- agriculture ­ 73.1%
- planting vegetable ­ 52.3%
- planting vegetable ­ 57.75
- organic agriculture ­ 48.8%
- organic agriculture ­ 61.5%
Wish of involvement (much and very much):
Wish of involvement (much and very much):
- garbage managem. ­ 48.8%
- garbage managem. ­ 65.4%
- creating test lots ­ 45.2%
- creating test lots ­ 64.0%
- organic agriculture ­ 32.9%
- organic agriculture ­ 50.0%
- awareness ­71.8%
- awareness ­ 68.0%



28 It is to be reminded that most of the people that have taken a credit are over 56, but now they prove to be more
reluctant than the others in this respect.

---

Table 2.1


HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE ­ ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU

ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU commune
· Age of the respondents
67.0% - more than 56
18.2% - 46-55
11.4 ­ 18-35
3.4% - 36-45
· Education of the respondents
11.4% never went to school
71.6% 8 classes at most
10.2% high-school graduated
· Present status of the respondents
64.8% are retired
19.3% are housewives
12.5 are occupied
· Main source of income declared by
35.2% - state pension
the respondent
22.7% - CAP pension
12.5% - other sources
· Number of members in the
2 persons in the household ­ 48.3%
household
3 persons in the household ­ 13.3%
4 persons in the household ­ 11,7%
1 person in the household ­ 8,3%
5 persons in the household ­ 8,3%
6 persons in the household ­ 8,3%
· Number of members temporarily
0 persons ­ 95.0%
away
· Number of children under 6
15
· Number of children between 7 and
12
18
· number of children who get
27
allowance

---

Table 2.2

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE ­ VLAD TEPES

VLAD TEPES commune

· Age of the respondents
36.2% - over 56
21.3% - 46-55
4.3% - 36-45
38.3% - 18-35
· Education of the respondents
61.7% 8 classes at most

36.2% 10 classes or vocational school
2.1% high school graduate
· Present status of the respondents
29.8% are retired
48.9% are housewife
· Main source of income declared by the
48.9% - state pension
respondent
10.6% - CAP pension
8.5% - state salary
8.5% - private firm salary
· Number of members in the household
3 persons in the household ­ 26.7%
2 persons in the household ­ 23.3%
4 persons in the household ­ 23.3%
1 person in the household ­ 10%
5 person in the household ­ 10%
· Number of members temporarily away
0 persons ­ 86.7%
· Number of children under 6
9
· Number of children between 7 and 18
11
· number of children who get allowance
19

---

Table 2.3

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE - VALCELELE

VALCELELE commune

· Age of the respondents
47.5% - over 56
25.3% - 18-35
21.2% - 46-55
6.1% - 36-45
· Education of the respondents
17.2% never went to school
55.6% 8 classes at most
17.2% 10 classes or vocational school
10.1% high school graduated
· Present status of the respondents
42.4% are retired
32.3% are housewives
10.1% are unregistered unemployed
10.1% are occupied
· Main source of income declared by
32.3% - state pension
the respondent
19.2% - CAP pension
11.1% - daily worker
· Number of members in the
2 persons in the household ­ 35.0%
household
3 persons in the households ­ 21.7%
4 persons in the households ­ 16.7%
5 persons in the household ­ 13.3%
· Number of members temporarily
0 persons ­ 93.3%
away
· Number of children under 6
13
· Number of children between 7 and
24
18
· number of children who get
30
allowance

---

Table 2.4

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE - INDEPENDENTA

INDEPENDENTA commune

· Age of the respondents
49.4% - over 56
23.6% - 18-35
21.3% - 46-55
5.6% - 36-45
· Education of the respondents
12.4% never went to school
56.2% 8 classes at most
16.9% 10 classes or vocational school
13.5% high-school graduated
1.1% university/college graduated
· Present status of the respondents
48.3% are retired
24.7% are housewives
14.6% are occupied
12.4% are unregistered unemployed
· Main source of income declared by the
30.3% state pension
respondent
20.2% CAP pension
18% - state salary
13.5% - daily worker
· Number of members in the household
3 persons in the household ­ 26.7%
2 persons in the household ­ 21.7%
5 persons in the household ­ 13.3%
1 person in the household ­11.7%
6 persons in the household ­ 11.7%
· Number of members temporarily away
0 persons ­ 95.0%
· Number of children under 6
13
· Number of children between 7 and 18
32
· number of children who get allowance
33

---

Table 2.5

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE ­ CUZA-VODA

CUZA-VODA commune

· Age of the respondents
54.35% over 55
25.55% ­ 18-35
11.7% -36-45
8.5% - 46-55
· Education of the respondents
7.4% never went to school
58.5% 8 classes at most
20.2% 10 classes or vocational school
13.8% high school graduated
· Present status of the respondents
46.8% are retired
27.7% are housewives
12.8% are occupied
· Main source of income declared by 38.3% - state pension
the respondent
25.5% - state salary
10.6% - CAP pension
· Number of members in the
2 persons in the household ­ 29.5%
household
3 persons in the household ­ 19.7%
4 persons in the household ­ 14.8%
5 persons in the household ­ 11.5%
· Number of members temporarily
0 persons ­ 95.1%
away
· Number of children under 6
13
· Number of children between 7 and 30
18
· number of children who get
40
allowance

---

Table 2.6

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE - GRADISTEA

GRADISTEA commune

· Age of the respondents
54.6% over 56
21.6% - 46-55
15.5% - 18-35
8.2% - 36-45
· Education of the respondents
6.2% never went to school
63.9% 8 classes at most
24.7% 10 classes or vocational school
5.2 % high school graduated
· Present status of the respondents
42.3% are retired
26.8% are housewives
17.5% are occupied
· Main source of income declared by
30.9% - state pension
the respondent
25.8% - state salary
10.3% - CAP pension
· Number of members in the household 2 persons in the household ­ 23.3%
4 persons in the household ­ 18.3%
3 persons in the household ­ 16.7%
1 person in the household ­ 11.7%
5 persons in the household ­ 11.7%
· Number of members temporarily
0 persons ­ 80.0%
away
· Number of children under 6
17
· Number of children between 7 and 18 24
· number of children who get
33
allowance

---

Table 2.7

HUMAN RESOURCES IN EACH COMMUNE - CIOCANESTI

CIOCANESTI commune

· Age of the respondents
61.3% over 56
29.0% - 18-35
4.8% - 36-45
4.8% - 46-55
· Education of the respondents
4.8% never went to school
48.4% 8 classes at most
32.3% 10 classes or vocational school
14.5% high school graduated
· Present status of the respondents
58.1% are retired
24.2% are housewives
12.9 % are occupied
· Main source of income declared by the
respondent
· Number of members in the household 2 persons in the household ­ 27.9%
3 persons in the household ­ 23.3%
5 persons in the household ­ 20.9%
4 persons in the household ­ 14.0%
· Number of members temporarily away 0 persons ­ 88.4%
· Number of children under 6
7
· Number of children between 7 and 18 18
· number of children who get allowance 29

---

Table 3


FUEL CONSUMPTION PER MONTH/YEAR IN THE HOUSEHOLD










Average
Median

Gas - consumption per month (m3)
3.6
3.5
Wood - consumption per year (m3)
17.9
3.6
Coal - consumption per year (ton)
16.9
.0
Electricity - consumption per month (KW)
78
61
Diesel - consumption per month (liters)
12
0
Cool - consumption per year (Kg)
552
88
Sawdust - consumption per month ((Kg)
0
0

---

---

Table 4
ANIMALS AND OTHER RESOURCES OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN EACH COMMNUE

ALEXANDRU
VLAD TEPES
VALCELELE
INDEPENDENTA
CUZA-VODA GRADISTEA CIOCANESTI
ODOBESCU
GOODS
GOODS
GOODS
GOODS
GOODS
GOODS
GOODS
Car - 5.7%
Car -2.1%
Car -13.1%
Car -13.5%
Car -21.3%
Car -24.7%
Car -17.7%
4X4 car ­ 0
4X4 car ­ 0
4X4 car -4.0%
4X4 car - 0
4X4 car -3.2%
4X4 car -2.1%
4X4 car -4.8%
Cart ­53.4%
Cart - 44.7%
Cart - 42.4%
Cart - 43.8%
Cart - 39.4%
Cart - 43.3%
Cart - 27.4%
Tractor - 5.7%
Tractor -8.5%
Tractor -3.0%
Tractor -4.5%
Tractor -1.1%
Tractor -3.1%
Tractor -14.5%
Sewer - 4.5%
Sewer ­ 0
Sewer ­ 0
Sewer ­ 0
Sewer ­ 0
Sewer ­ 0
Sewer -1.0%
Mobile phone -1.1%
Mobile phone- 8.5%
Mobile phone -0.1%
Mobile phone -2.2%
Mobile phone -3.2%
Mobile phone -8.2%
Mobile phone -3.2%
Fix phone - 4.5%
Fix phone - 29.8%
Fix phone - 4.0%
Fix phone - 0
Fix phone - 36.2%
Fix phone - 4.1%
Fix phone - 8.1%
Refrigerator - 48.9%
Refrigerator - 57.4%
Refrigerator - 60.6%
Refrigerator - 43.8%
Refrigerator - 73.4%
Refrigerator - 83.5%
Refrigerator - 67.7%
Freezer - 4.5%
Freezer ­ 0
Freezer - 3.0%
Freezer - 3.4%
Freezer - 14.9%
Freezer - 10.3%
Freezer - 4.8%
Antenna - 4.5%
Antenna - 6.4%
Antenna - 5.1%
Antenna - 0
Antenna - 16.0%
Antenna - 25.8% Color
Antenna - 37.1%
Color TV - 22.7%
Color TV - 29.8%
Color TV - 37.4%
Color TV - 27.0%
Color TV - 41.5%
TV - 49.5% Black and
Color TV - 40.3%
Black and white TV - Black and white TV - Black and white TV - Black and white TV - Black and white TV - white TV - 52.6%
Black and white TV -
71.6%
57.4%
47.5%
69.7%
55.3%
Washing machine -
62.9%
Washing machine -
Washing machine -
Wash. mach -12.1%
Washing machine -
Washing machine -
40.2%
Washing machine -
21.6%
21.3%
18.0%
44.7%
22.6%
LAND
LAND
LAND
LAND
LAND
LAND
LAND
Surface of owned/
Surface of owned or
Surface of owned or
Surface of owned or
Surface of owned or
Surface of owned or
Surface of owned or
leased agric. land
leased agric. land
leased agric. land
leased agric. land
leased agric. land
leased agric. land (ha) ­
leased agric. land (ha)
(ha) ­ mean ­ 3.1
(ha) ­ mean ­ 6.4
(ha) ­ mean 4.3
(ha) ­ mean ­ 2.3
(ha) ­ mean ­ 2.8
mean ­ 7.2
­ mean ­ 5.1
Surface of the land in Surface of the land in Surface of the land in Surface of the land in Surface of the land in Surface of the land in
Surface of the land in
Association (ha) ­
Association (ha) ­
Association (ha) ­
Association (ha) ­
Association (ha) ­
Association (ha) ­ mean
Association (ha) ­
average ­ 2.4
average ­ 5.5
average ­ 1.8
average ­ 1.8
average ­1.8
­ 3.0
mean ­ 4.3
ANIMALS (average ANIMALS (average ANIMALS (average ANIMALS (average ANIMALS (average ANIMALS (average
ANIMALS (average
No. heads)
No. heads)
No. heads)
No. heads)
No. heads)
No. heads)
No. heads)
Cattle ­ 0
Cattle ­ 0
Cattle ­ 0
Cattle ­ 1
Cattle ­ 0
Cattle ­ 0
Cattle ­ 0
Pigs ­ 3
Pigs ­ 2
Pigs ­ 2
Pigs ­ 2
Pigs ­ 2
Pigs ­ 4
Pigs ­ 3
Poultry ­ 20
Poultry ­ 59
Poultry ­ 23
Poultry ­ 15
Poultry ­ 38
Poultry ­ 24
Poultry ­ 30
Rabbits ­ 0
Rabbits ­ 0
Rabbits ­ 0
Rabbits ­ 0
Rabbits ­ 0
Rabbits ­ 1
Rabbits - 1
Sheep, goats - 4
Sheep, goats - 2
Sheep, goats - 1
Sheep, goats - 1
Sheep, goats - 2
Sheep, goats - 5 Horses
Sheep, goats - 1
Horses ­ 1
Horses ­ 1
Horses ­ 0
Horses ­ 1
Horses ­ 1
­ 1
Horses ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives ­ 0
Beehives - 0
Pigeons - 2
Pigeons - 3
Pigeons - 7
Pigeons - 4
Pigeons - 3
Pigeons - 5
Pigeons - 0

---

Table 5.1

Differences between the villages of the same commune in owned goods
Valcelele commune
Goods
Car Mobile
Refrigerat
Color TV B&W TV Washing
phone
or
machine
Valcelele
8 5 27 20 18 21
Floroaica
1 1 9 1 10 4

Table 5.2

Differences between the villages of the same commune in owned goods
Independenta commune
Goods
Color TV
Color TV
Washing machine
Independenta
6 22 3
Potcoava
11 8 18

Table 5.3
Differences between the villages of the same commune in owned goods
Cuza-Voda commune
Goods
Refrigerator Cart
Cuza-Voda
16 14
Ceacu
27 9

Table 5.4
Differences between the villages of the same commune in owned goods
Gradistea commune
Goods Antenna
Color
TV
Refrigerator
Washing
machine
Gradistea
11 18 5 16
Bogata 5 12 1 7

---

Table 6

Productions and crops declared by respondents (1999 ­ 2000)


N Minimum
Maximum Mean

Wheat - production (kg/ha)
167 0
40,000

2091.64
Wheat - crop
238 0
15,000

1578.37
Maize - production (kg/ha)
142 0
12,000

2099.84
Maize - crop
242 0
25,000

2714.97
Sunflower - production
(kg/ha)
130 0
8,000

211.38
Sunflower - crop
157 0
8,000

226.91
Barley - production (kg/ha)
131 0 99

2.42
Barley - crop
132 0 200

3.78


Table 7

Weekly productions in each commune

commune

Total

Alexandru Vlad
Cuza-
Valcelele Independenta
Gradistea Ciocanesti
Odobescu Tepes
Voda
Weekly
Mean
49.35 27.27
33.71
64.39 42.98
663.31
60.16 140.33
production
of fresh
Valid N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
milk (l)
N
Weekly
Mean
2.86
7.33
6.70
9.09
2.75
2.50
12.26
5.57
production
of sweet
Valid N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
cheese (kg) N
Weekly
Mean
4.96 13.67
1.83
6.64
2.96
52.79
16.81
13.59
production
of feta
Valid N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
cheese (kg) N
Weekly
Mean
.45
.00
.09
3.97
.77
.17
5.32
1.45
production
of Yogurt
Valid N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
(kg)
N
Weekly
Mean
.00
.13
4.30
3.06
6.19
.34
5.47
2.46
production
of Cream
Valid N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
(kg)
N
Weekly
Mean
.00
.00
.00
3.00
.00
.00
5.21
1.02
production Valid
of butter
N=49
N=15 N=23
N=33
N=26 N=29
N=19
N=194
N

---

Table 8
Trust in the power to influence local decisions


18-35 36-45 46-55 56-
Very little/at all
45.3% 38.5% 50.8% 56.0%
A little
31.4% 11.5% 19.7% 14.0%
Much
9.3% 19.2% 19.7% 11.5%
Very much
1.2% 7.7% 0
1.0%
NA/NK
12.8% 23.1% 9.8% 17.5%


Table 9

Trust in the power to influence local decisions in each commune


ALEXANDRU
VLAD
VALCELELE INDEPENDENTA CUZA-
GRADISTEA CIOCANESTI
ODOBESCU
TEPES
VODA
Very
59.1% 57.4% 56.6%
76.4% 58.5% 26.8% 22.6%
little/at
all
A little
12.5% 14.9% 25.3%
11.2% 17.0% 20.6% 32.3%
Much
12.5% 10.6% 10.1%
5.6% 10.6% 17.5% 25.8%
Very
- 2.1%
1.0%
- 5.3% -
-
much
NA/NK
15.9% 14.9% 7.1%
6.7% 8.5% 35.1% 19.4%

---

A N N E X 2

Statistic overview

---

Auto-evaluation of the poverty-richness
1= poor
55
14.7%
2
56
15.0%
3
58
15.5%
4
42
11.2%
5
111
29.7%
Auto-perception (poor - rich)
6
32
8.6%
7
10
2.7%
8
4
1.1%
9
1
.3%
NK/NA
5
1.3%
Total
374 100.0%



Auto-consumption.
How much did the products obtained in household or received cover in the consumption of
the household?

I didn't obtain/I didn't
25
6.7%
receive this type of products
The products covered a
121 32.4%
quarter of our consumption
The products covered half
How much did the products obtained in
99 26.5%
of our consumption
household or received cover in the
consumption of the household?
The products covered three
quarters of our
59 15.8%
consumption
The products covered
57 15.2%
almost all our consumption
NK/NA
13
3.5%
Total
374 100.0%




1

---

Evaluation of the present income of the household

Even for everyday necessities, it is not
224 59.9%
enough
It is enough only for everyday
73 19.5%
necessities
It is enough for decent living, but we
How do you appreciate the present
60 16.0%
cannot afford buying
income of your family?
We manage to buy some more
11
2.9%
expensive things, but we restrain
We manage to have all we need,
4
1.1%
without restraining from anything
NK/NA
2
.5%
Total
374 100.0%





Buying on credit (last year)

Never
193 51.6%
Very rarely
32
8.6%
rarely
49 13.1%
Have you ever bought on credit last year?
often
70 18.7%
very often
29
7.8%
NA/NK
1
.3%
Total
374 100.0%








2

---

The most important income source in the household

stat salary
60 16.0%
private firm salary
17
4.5%
mixt firm salary
4
1.1%
state pension
131 35.0%
CAP pension
52 13.9%
unemployment allowance/ "help"
9
2.4%
allowance
child allowance
7
1.9%
The most important income source in
household
social assistance
1
.3%
agriculture production incomes
14
3.7%
animals' sells
19
5.1%
own animals
15
4.0%
business' profit
1
.3%
daily worker
24
6.4%
other sources
17
4.5%
NA/NK
3
.8%
Total
374 100.0%




Amount of money obtained by all members of the household



Mean
Median

Total amount of money obtained by all members of your household 1161767 837500





3

---

Covering the needs
How do you do to cover your needs if the income is not enough?

the income we get is enough
19
5.1%
we spend less money, we give up some purchases
34
9.1%
we go on anyway
56 15.0%
we borrow
65 17.4%
we sell animals and products in the household
19
5.1%
we endure
14
3.7%
we buy on debt
9
2.4%
I work as a daily worker
21
5.6%
we live from what we have (in the household and on the land)
38 10.2%
we get help from relatives (parents, children)
12
3.2%
Others
1
.3%
NA/NK
86 23.0%
Total
374 100.0%

Bathroom and toilet in the house

Count
360
No
Col %
96.3%
Bathroom
Count
14
Yes
Col %
3.7%
Count
374
Total
Col %
100.0%
Count
366
No
Col %
97.9%
Toilet in the house
Count
8
Yes
Col %
2.1%
Count
374
Total
Col %
100.0%


4

---

The depth of the source of water and of the WC in each commune


Alexandru
Vlad Tepes
Valcelele
Independenta
Cuza-Voda
Gradistea
Ciocanesti
Odobescu
Media
4
4
3
4
3
4
4
Median
22
24
18
18
8
13
12


Modalities to build the hollow of the WC

Dig hollow
352
95.1%
Dig hollow with concrete walls
8
2.2%
Hollow with cement tubes inside
6
1.6%
Other modalities
3
.8%
NA/NK
1
.3%
Total
370 100.0%

Using the WC


Mean Median

How long have you been using the present WC? (years)
8
3
On the average, how long do you use a WC? (years)
20
10

The vacuuming the WC


yes
6
1.6%
The vacuuming the WC no
362
97.6%
NA/NK
3
.8%
Total
371 100.0%





5

---

Reasons for which vacuuming is not used

there is no such service in the village
65
17.6%
the waste is used as fertilizer
4
1.1%
another WC has been built
111
30.0%
there is no such habit in our village
32
8.6%
the hollow of the WC has been destroyed by rats
1
.3%
because of the hollow without concrete
77
20.8%
it isn't a place for evacuate it
2
.5%
I don't have money for paying such services
20
5.4%
Because of the smell
6
1.6%
NA/NK
52
14.1%
Total
370 100.0%




What do you do when your WC cannot be used anymore?

we cover it
152
41.1%
we cover it with garbage, manure
14
3.8%
we cover it with earth
69
18.6%
we dig another hollow
125
33.8%
we evacuate it with a bucket
2
.5%
NA/NK
8
2.2%
Total
370 100.0%









6

---

Choosing the place for building the WC

far from the water source
67
18.1%
at the back of the yard
83
22.4%
on flat ground
25
6.8%
"far from the house"
132
35.7%
"on an area where no WC had existed"
32
8.6%
"far from the annexes"
6
1.6%
Others
22
5.9%
NA/NK
3
.8%
Total
370 100.0%



The place of the storing of the house garbage

at the back of the yard
236
63.1%
in a place where everybody throws it
5
1.3%
in a corner of the yard, in different recipients (trailer)
60
16.0%
behind the house
11
2.9%
in a hollow in the yard
9
2.4%
at the back of the garden
10
2.7%
behind the stable
8
2.1%
at the platform
13
3.5%
in front of the house
3
.8%
near the road, by the fence
15
4.0%
NA/NK
4
1.1%
Total
374 100.0%


7

---

The place of the storing of the manure

at the back of the yard - in a hollow, store
192 51.3%
near the stable
13
3.5%
at some side of the yard
6
1.6%
in at the back of the garden
12
3.2%
at some side of the garden, in recipients (trailers, wagon)
57 15.2%
in a place where everybody throws it
3
.8%
it is not the case, we don't have animals
39 10.4%
at the platform of the village
25
6.7%
behind the house
6
1.6%
in front of the house
3
.8%
on the street, near the fence
14
3.7%
NA/NK
4
1.1%
Total
374 100.0%


Evacuation of the garbage

others
1
.3%
we take it to the platform of the village
296
79.1%
we take it to the place where everybody throws it
17
4.5%
we burn it
8
2.1%
we take it to the side of the village
30
8.0%
it is not the case
5
1.3%
We cover the hollow and make another one
2
.5%
We take it to the field
2
.5%
NA/NK
13
3.5%
Total
374 100.0%


8

---

Evacuation frequency of the garbage

once a month
70
18.7%
once every two weeks
35
9.4%
once every two-three days
38
10.2%
once a week
88
23.5%
once, two-three times a year
16
4.3%
once a year
13
3.5%
once every four-five days
16
4.3%
several times a day
2
.5%
once every three weeks
30
8.0%
once a day
23
6.1%
once every two-three months
27
7.2%
NA/NK
16
4.3%
Total
374 100.0%


Using the manure as fertilizers

always
22
5.9%
most times
35
9.4%
sometimes
77
20.6%
never
225
60.3%
NA/NK
14
3.8%
Total
373 100.0%



9

---

Distances between the toilet and sources of water


Mean Median

Distance between the toilet and the first source of water (m)
35
30
Distance between the toilet and the second source of water (m)
28
0
Distance between the toilet and the third source of water (m)
18
0



Distances between the source of water and places of disposal of manure


Mean Median

Distance between the source of water and the first place of disposal of the
70
30
manure (m)
Distance between the source of water and the second place if the disposal
25
0
of the manure (m)
Distance between the source of water and the third of disposal of the
21
0
manure (m)



10

---

Reading newspapers


Count
Col %
Not at all
224
59.9%
Once a month or more rarely
54
14.4%
Several times a month
47
12.6%
Several times a week
32
8.6%
Daily
17
4.5%
Total
374 100.0%





Watching TV


Count
Col %
Not at all
63
16.8%
Once a month or more rarely
16
4.3%
Several times a month
18
4.8%
Several times a week
72
19.3%
Daily
205
54.8%
Total
374 100.0%


11

---

Going to Church and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %

Not at all
15 17.6%
5
19.2%
17
28.3%
58
29.0%
95
25.6%
Once a year
or more
24 28.2%
6
23.1%
12
20.0%
29
14.5%
71
19.1%
rarely
Going to
Several
35 41.2%
13
50.0%
18
30.0%
42
21.0%
108
29.1%
church
times a year
Several
times a
3
3.5%
1
3.8%
9
15.0%
41
20.5%
54
14.6%
month
Once a week
8
9.4%
1
3.8%
4
6.7%
30
15.0%
43
11.6%

Total
85 100.0%
26 100.0%
60 100.0%
200 100.0%
371 100.0%



Going to restaurant and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %

Not at all
41 48.2%
12
46.2%
45
73.8%
165 83.3%
263
71.1%
Once a year
or more
5
5.9%
3
11.5%
2
3.3%
8
4.0%
18
4.9%
rarely
Going to
Several times
bar/restaurant
9 10.6%
2
7.7%
5
8.2%
10
5.1%
26
7.0%
a year
Several times
9 10.6%
4
15.4%
6
9.8%
9
4.5%
28
7.6%
a month
Once a week
21 24.7%
5
19.2%
3
4.9%
6
3.0%
35
9.5%
Total
85 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
198 100.0%
370 100.0%




12

---

Listening to the radio


Count
Col %
Not at all
106
28.4%
Once a month or more rarely
28
7.5%
Several times a month
16
4.3%
Several times a week
86
23.1%
Daily
137
36.7%
Total
373 100.0%




Listening to the radio and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
x
Not at
17 19.8%
5
19.2%
21
34.4%
63
31.7%
106
28.5%
all
Once a
month
or
7
8.1%
3
11.5%
2
3.3%
16
8.0%
28
7.5%
more
Listening rarely
to the
Several
radio
times a
6
7.0%
1
3.8%
2
3.3%
7
3.5%
16
4.3%
month
Several
times a
17 19.8%
5
19.2%
16
26.2%
47
23.6%
85
22.8%
week
Daily
39 45.3%
12
46.2%
20
32.8%
66
33.2%
137
36.8%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
199 100.0%
372 100.0%





13

---

Fuel consumption per month/year in the household



Mean Median

Gas - consumption per month (m3)
3.6
3.5
Wood - consumption per year (m3)
17.9
3.6
Coal - consumption per year (ton)
16.9
.0
Electricity - consumption per month (KW)
78
61
Diesel - consumption per month (liters)
12
0
Cool - consumption per year (Kg)
552
88
Sawdust - consumption per month ((Kg)
0
0



Safety of jobs



Count
Col %
Very sure
4
1.1%
Sure
11
2.9%
Unsure
28
7.5%
Very unsure, I'm going to lose it
6
1.6%
It is not the case
321
85.8%
NA/NK
4
1.1%
Total
374
100.0%









14

---

What would you do if you lost your job tomorrow?


Count
Col %
I would look for another job
18
4.8%
I would work as a daily worker
5
1.3%
I would work on the black market
1
.3%
I would work in my household
9
2.4%
I would wait to get retired
1
.3%
I would get unemployed
1
.3%
I would leave for another locality
4
1.1%
it is not the case
321
85.8%
NA/NK
14
3.7%
Total
374 100.0%



Time for working and the respondent's gender status

respondent sex
Total

male
female

Mea
Media
Valid
Mea
Media
Valid Mea
Media
Valid
n
n
N

n
n
N
n
n
N
Working
in the
N=11
N=12
N=23
house
8
8
9
10
8
10

0
8
8
and in
the yard
working
outside
househol
N=10
N=12
N=23
3
0
1
0
2
0

d, but not
8
7
5
in the
field
working
N=10
N=12
N=23
outside
7
8
4
2
5
5

8
9
7
househol

15

---

d, in the
field

16

---

commune
Alexandru

Vlad Tepes
Valcelele
Independenta
Cuza-Voda
Gradistea
Ciocanesti
Odobescu
Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
yes
4
6.7%
1
3.3%
4
6.7%
2
3.3%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Acute diseases in your
family
no
56
93.3%
29
96.7%
56
93.3%
58
96.7%
61 100.0%
60 100.0%
43 100.0%
yes
1
1.7%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Blue-disease in your
family
no
59
98.3%
30 100.0%
60 100.0%
60 100.0%
61 100.0%
60 100.0%
43 100.0%
yes
2
3.3%
1
3.3%
2
3.3%
0
.0%
1
1.6%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Tuberculosis
no
58
96.7%
29
96.7%
58
96.7%
60 100.0%
60
98.4%
60 100.0%
43 100.0%
yes
6
10.0%
4
13.3%
7
11.7%
3
5.0%
7
11.5%
2
3.3%
0
.0%
Anemia in your family
no
54
90.0%
26
86.7%
53
88.3%
57
95.0%
54
88.5%
58
96.7%
43 100.0%
Mineral/Vitamin
yes
7
11.7%
4
13.3%
12
20.0%
2
3.3%
10
16.4%
6
10.0%
1
2.3%
Deficiency in your
family
no
53
88.3%
26
86.7%
48
80.0%
58
96.7%
51
83.6%
54
90.0%
42
97.7%
yes
1
1.7%
1
3.3%
7
11.7%
0
.0%
4
6.6%
2
3.3%
1
2.3%
Skin diseases in your
family
no
59
98.3%
29
96.7%
53
88.3%
60 100.0%
57
93.4%
58
96.7%
42
97.7%
yes
1
1.7%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
1.7%
2
3.3%
1
1.7%
0
.0%
Hepatitis in your
family
no
59
98.3%
30 100.0%
60 100.0%
59
98.3%
59
96.7%
59
98.3%
43 100.0%
yes
23
38.3%
18
60.0%
21
35.0%
36
60.0%
7
11.5%
29
48.3%
18
41.9%
Other diseases
no
37
61.7%
12
40.0%
39
65.0%
24
40.0%
54
88.5%
31
51.7%
25
58.1%
Total
60 100.0%
30 100.0%
60 100.0%
60 100.0%
61 100.0%
60 100.0%
43 100.0%


17

---

---

How satisfied are you about your health?


Count
Col %
Unhappy
65
17.4%
Rather unhappy
173
46.3%
Quite happy
97
25.9%
Very happy
37
9.9%
NA/NK
2
.5%
Total
374 100.0%



Diseases in the family in the last three years


Count Col %

yes
11
2.9%
Acute diseases in your family
no
363 97.1%
yes
1
.3%
Blue-disease in your family
no
373 99.7%
yes
6
1.6%
Tuberculosis
no
368 98.4%
yes
29
7.8%
Anemia in your family
no
345 92.2%
yes
42 11.2%
Mineral/Vitamin Deficiency in your family
no
332 88.8%
yes
16
4.3%
Skin diseases in your family
no
358 95.7%
yes
5
1.3%
Hepatitis in your family
no
369 98.7%
yes
152 40.6%
Other diseases
no
222 59.4%




19

---

Expenses in family for the illness cases



Mean Maximum Valid N

How much did you spend last year for the first illness case ?
397132
12000000 N=374
How much did you spend last year for the second illness case?
69599
10000000 N=374
How much did you spend last year for the third illness case?
8847
1200000 N=373







Interest in finding out more information on blue diseases, anemia, tuberculosis, hepatitis, vitamin
deficiency, acute diseases, skin diseases



Count
Col %
at all
88
23.5%
a little
115
30.7%
much
79
21.1%
very much
38
10.2%
NA/NK
54
14.4%
Total
374 100.0%







20

---

Respondent's membership and gender status

respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col
Count
Col
Col
%
Count
Count

%
%
yes
2
1.2%
3
1.5%
5 1.3%
Member of any organization or association
no
168 97.7%
198 98.0%
366 97.9%
­ respondent
NA
2
1.2%
1
.5%
3
.8%





Membership of respondent's partner


Count
Col %
yes
6
1.6%
no
321
85.8%
NA/NK
47
12.6%
Total
374 100.0%





21

---

Taking part in community activities organized in commune and the age

Respondent's age

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
Take part in any
yes
13
15.1%
2
7.7%
4
6.6%
19
9.5%
community activity
organized by City Hall
no
73
84.9%
24
92.3%
57
93.4%
181
90.5%
take part in any community yes
20
23.3%
5
19.2%
13
21.3%
49
24.5%
activity organized by
Church
no
66
76.7%
21
80.8%
48
78.7%
151
75.5%
Take part in any
yes
7
8.1%
0
.0%
3
4.9%
10
5.0%
community activity
organized by School
no
79
91.9%
26 100.0%
58
95.1%
190
95.0%
Take part in any
Yes
3
3.5%
1
3.8%
0
.0%
0
.0%
community activity
organized by Political
No
83
96.5%
25
96.2%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
Parties
take part in any community yes
3
3.5%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
.5%
activity organized by
various organizations
no
83
96.5%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
199
99.5%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%













22

---

Taking part in charity activities organized in commune and the age of respondents

Respondent's age

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
Take part in charity
yes
5
5.8%
3
11.5%
1
1.6%
13
6.5%
activities, organized by the
City Hall
no
81
94.2%
23
88.5%
60
98.4%
187
93.5%
Take part in charity
yes
22
25.6%
8
30.8%
10
16.4%
76
38.0%
activities organized by the
Church
no
64
74.4%
18
69.2%
51
83.6%
124
62.0%
Take part in charity
yes
11
12.8%
2
7.7%
3
4.9%
10
5.0%
activities organized by the
School
no
75
87.2%
24
92.3%
58
95.1%
190
95.0%
take part in Charity
yes
1
1.2%
1
3.8%
0
.0%
1
.5%
activities organized by
Political Parties
no
85
98.8%
25
96.2%
61 100.0%
199
99.5%
Take part in charity
yes
2
2.3%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
activities organized by
various organizations
no
84
97.7%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%



























23

---

People's influence on decisions made for the commune and the respondent's age

Respondent's age

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
very
little/at
39
45.3%
10
38.5%
31
50.8%
112
56.0%
all
Do you think people
like you can influence
a little
27
31.4%
3
11.5%
12
19.7%
28
14.0%
the important
much
8
9.3%
5
19.2%
12
19.7%
23
11.5%
decisions made for
your commune?
very
1
1.2%
2
7.7%
0
.0%
2
1.0%
much
NA/NK
11
12.8%
6
23.1%
6
9.8%
35
17.5%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%



Trust in priest



Count
Col %

at all
17
4.5%
a little
37
9.9%
Trust in priest much
166
44.4%
very much
137
36.6%
NA/NK
17
4.5%
Total
374 100.0%












24

---

Trust in priest and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %
at all
7
8.1%
0
.0%
3
4.9%
7
3.5%
17
4.6%
a little
13 15.1%
4
15.4%
10
16.4%
10
5.0%
37
9.9%
Trust in
much
39 45.3%
11
42.3%
31
50.8%
85 42.5%
166
44.5%
priest
very
19 22.1%
10
38.5%
15
24.6%
92 46.0%
136
36.5%
much
NA/NK
8
9.3%
1
3.8%
2
3.3%
6
3.0%
17
4.6%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%


Trust in School's Principal


Count Col %
at all
16
4.3%
a little
36
9.6%
much
128
34.2%
very much
65
17.4%
NA/NK
129
34.5%
Total
374 100.0%


Trust in School's Principal and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %
at all
4
4.7%
3
11.5%
3
4.9%
6
3.0%
16
4.3%
a little
12 14.0%
4
15.4%
8
13.1%
12
6.0%
36
9.7%
Trust in School' much
38 44.2%
5
19.2%
23
37.7%
62 31.0%
128
34.3%
s principal
very
20 23.3%
8
30.8%
10
16.4%
26 13.0%
64
17.2%
much
NA/NK
12 14.0%
6
23.1%
17
27.9%
94 47.0%
129
34.6%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%

25

---

Trust in doctor and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %
at all
7
8.1%
0
.0%
1
1.6%
10
5.0%
18
4.8%
a little
5
5.8%
4
15.4%
10
16.4%
10
5.0%
29
7.8%
Trust in
much
50 58.1%
6
23.1%
28
45.9%
110 55.0%
194
52.0%
doctor
very
21 24.4%
11
42.3%
12
19.7%
51 25.5%
95
25.5%
much
NA/NK
3
3.5%
5
19.2%
10
16.4%
19
9.5%
37
9.9%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%


Trust in mayor in each commune


Trust in mayor
Total

at all A little much very much NA/NK
Count
8
11
30
11
0
60
Alexandru Odobescu
Col % 13.3%
18.3% 50.0%
18.3%
.0% 100.0%
Count
4
2
14
6
4
30
Vlad Tepes
Col % 13.3%
6.7% 46.7%
20.0%
13.3% 100.0%
Count
3
4
20
30
3
60
Valcelele
Col %
5.0%
6.7% 33.3%
50.0%
5.0% 100.0%
Count
3
12
35
9
1
60
commune Independenta
Col %
5.0%
20.0% 58.3%
15.0%
1.7% 100.0%
Count
7
11
22
16
5
61
Cuza-Voda
Col % 11.5%
18.0% 36.1%
26.2%
8.2% 100.0%
Count
7
14
29
7
3
60
Gradistea
Col % 11.7%
23.3% 48.3%
11.7%
5.0% 100.0%
Count
0
6
20
2
15
43
Ciocanesti
Col %
.0%
14.0% 46.5%
4.7%
34.9% 100.0%
Count
32
60
170
81
31
374
Total
Col %
8.6%
16.0% 45.5%
21.7%
8.3% 100.0%



26

---

Trust in Councilors

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
at all
15 17.4%
4
15.4%
8
13.1%
32
16.0%
59 15.8%
a little
16 18.6%
6
23.1%
15
24.6%
29
14.5%
66 17.7%
much
33 38.4%
6
23.1%
20
32.8%
74
37.0%
133 35.7%

very
6
7.0%
3
11.5%
4
6.6%
15
7.5%
28
7.5%
much
NA/NK
16 18.6%
7
26.9%
14
23.0%
50
25.0%
87 23.3%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%




Situation of the Land

Do you own or lease in
Land in an
Lease in or locate any

agricultural land?
Association
land

no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
Count
25
349
98
275
338
36
Col
6.7%
93.3%
26.2%
73.5%
90.4%
9.6%
%


Surface of owned or leased
Surface of the land in
Surface of land leased in/
agricultural land (ha)
Association (ha)
located (ha)
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
Mean
Median
4.3
2.3
2.8
1.5
.4
.0












27

---

Owned agricultural land, land in association, land leased in/located

Do you own or
lease in
Land in an
Lease in or locate

agricultural
Association
any land

land?
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
Count
4
56
11
49
52
8
Alexandru
Odobescu
Col %
6.7% 93.3%
18.3%
81.7%
86.7%
13.3%
Count
4
26
12
18
27
3
Vlad Tepes
Col %
13.3% 86.7%
40.0%
60.0%
90.0%
10.0%
Count
0
60
19
41
53
7
Valcelele
100.0
Col %
.0%
31.7%
68.3%
88.3%
11.7%
%
Count
6
54
13
47
55
5
commune
Independenta
Col %
10.0% 90.0%
21.7%
78.3%
91.7%
8.3%
Count
1
60
4
57
58
3
Cuza-Voda
Col %
1.6% 98.4%
6.6%
93.4%
95.1%
4.9%
Count
5
55
25
34
57
3
Gradistea
Col %
8.3% 91.7%
41.7%
56.7%
95.0%
5.0%
Count
5
38
14
29
36
7
Ciocanesti
Col %
11.6% 88.4%
32.6%
67.4%
83.7%
16.3%



28

---

Using the milk

own consumption
162 98.2%
give it to my children ( in the village or town)
1
.6%
1_What do you do with the milk?
sale to the villagers
1
.6%
sale directly on markets
1
.6%
Total
165 100.0%
own consumption
1
1.3%
give to my children in the village or town
42 53.2%
2_What do you do with the milk?
sale to the villagers
19 24.1%
sale directly on markets
17 21.5%
Total
79 100.0%
sale to the villagers
5 45.5%
3_What do you do with the milk?
sale directly on markets
6 54.5%
Total
11 100.0%



Activities that bring additional incomes



Count
Col %


Different activities (cart transport, knitting)
21
5.6%


we sell animals and different products
2
.5%


I work as a daily worker
23
6.1%


I don't do anything in addition
292
78.1%


NA/NK
36
9.6%

Total
374 100.0%







29

---

Interest in lectures on environment and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interest
10 11.6%
3
11.5%
18
29.5%
69 34.5%
100
26.8%
at all
not very
much
15 17.4%
3
11.5%
13
21.3%
44 22.0%
75
20.1%
Interest in
interested
lectures on
environment interested
39 45.3%
13
50.0%
21
34.4%
47 23.5%
120
32.2%
very
much
19 22.1%
6
23.1%
4
6.6%
13
6.5%
42
11.3%
interested
NA/NK
3
3.5%
1
3.8%
5
8.2%
27 13.5%
36
9.7%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%



Interest in lectures on the quality of water and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
not
interested
12 14.0%
3
11.5%
14
23.0%
67 33.5%
96
25.7%
at all
Interest not very
in
much
20 23.3%
1
3.8%
16
26.2%
46 23.0%
83
22.3%
lectures interested
on the
quality interest
38 44.2%
12
46.2%
22
36.1%
48 24.0%
120
32.2%
of
water
very
much
12 14.0%
8
30.8%
6
9.8%
19
9.5%
45
12.1%
interested
NA/NK
4
4.7%
2
7.7%
3
4.9%
20 10.0%
29
7.8%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%

30

---

Interest in lectures on organic agriculture and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interested
18 20.9%
5
19.2%
18
29.5%
69 34.5%
110
29.5%
at all
not very
Interest in much
20 23.3%
3
11.5%
11
18.0%
43 21.5%
77
20.6%
lectures on interested
organic
interested
32 37.2%
11
42.3%
22
36.1%
46 23.0%
111
29.8%
agriculture
very
much
10 11.6%
5
19.2%
5
8.2%
18
9.0%
38
10.2%
interested
NA/NK
6
7.0%
2
7.7%
5
8.2%
24 12.0%
37
9.9%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%

Interest in lectures on planting trees and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interested
15 17.4%
9
34.6%
24
39.3%
81 40.5%
129
34.6%
at all
not very
Interest in
much
25 29.1%
2
7.7%
10
16.4%
42 21.0%
79
21.2%
lectures on
interested
planting
interested
30 34.9%
10
38.5%
18
29.5%
39 19.5%
97
26.0%
trees/orchards
very
much
13 15.1%
5
19.2%
7
11.5%
13
6.5%
38
10.2%
interested
NA/NK
3
3.5%
0
.0%
2
3.3%
25 12.5%
30
8.0%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%




31

---

Interest in lectures on agriculture and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interested
11 12.8%
4
15.4%
16
26.2%
52 26.0%
83
22.3%
at all
not very
much
17 19.8%
3
11.5%
7
11.5%
34 17.0%
61
16.4%
Interest in interested
lectures on
agriculture interested
38 44.2%
13
50.0%
26
42.6%
67 33.5%
144
38.6%
very
much
17 19.8%
6
23.1%
9
14.8%
29 14.5%
61
16.4%
interested
NA/NK
3
3.5%
0
.0%
3
4.9%
18
9.0%
24
6.4%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%




Interest in lectures on planting vegetables and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interested
15 17.4%
6
23.1%
17
27.9%
61 30.5%
99
26.5%
at all
Interest
not very
in
much
23 26.7%
5
19.2%
9
14.8%
43 21.5%
80
21.4%
lectures
interested
on
interested
32 37.2%
9
34.6%
25
41.0%
54 27.0%
120
32.2%
planting
vegetables very
much
13 15.1%
6
23.1%
7
11.5%
22 11.0%
48
12.9%
interested
NA/NK
3
3.5%
0
.0%
3
4.9%
20 10.0%
26
7.0%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%



32

---

Interest in lectures on nutrition and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count Col %
not
interested
12 14.0%
8
30.8%
18
29.5%
63 31.5%
101
27.1%
at all
not very
Interest
much
14 16.3%
1
3.8%
11
18.0%
46 23.0%
72
19.3%
in
interested
lectures
on
interested
39 45.3%
11
42.3%
23
37.7%
60 30.0%
133
35.7%
nutrition
very
much
16 18.6%
6
23.1%
7
11.5%
11
5.5%
40
10.7%
interested
NA/NK
5
5.8%
0
.0%
2
3.3%
20 10.0%
27
7.2%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%
































33

---

The first agriculture information source mentioned and the respondent's age

respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
TV
6
7.0%
2
7.7%
6
9.8%
7
3.5%
21
5.6%
radio
1
1.2%
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
1.0%
3
.8%
newspapers
2
2.3%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
.5%
neighbors
1
1.2%
0
.0%
1
1.6%
1
.5%
3
.8%
friends
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
school
9
10.5%
1
3.8%
3
4.9%
5
2.5%
18
4.8%
About
agriculture Community
- the first
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
1.6%
0
.0%
1
.3%
House/Club
information
source
pub
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
mentioned
relatives
(husband,
51
59.3%
15
57.7%
40
65.6%
150
75.0%
256
68.6%
parents,
grandparents)
specialist
engineer in
1
1.2%
2
7.7%
3
4.9%
8
4.0%
14
3.8%
the village
other sources
15
17.4%
6
23.1%
7
11.5%
25
12.5%
53
14.2%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%


34

---

The second agriculture information source and the respondent's age

respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
TV
16
35.6%
2
11.8%
2
6.3%
14
15.7%
34
18.6%
radio
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
6.3%
1
1.1%
3
1.6%
newspapers
0
.0%
1
5.9%
0
.0%
1
1.1%
2
1.1%
neighbors
3
6.7%
1
5.9%
4
12.5%
4
4.5%
12
6.6%
friends
5
11.1%
0
.0%
1
3.1%
2
2.2%
8
4.4%
school
7
15.6%
4
23.5%
4
12.5%
5
5.6%
20
10.9%
About
agriculture Community
- the second
1
2.2%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
1.1%
2
1.1%
House/Club
information
source
pub
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
3.1%
0
.0%
1
.5%
mentioned
relatives
(husband,
5
11.1%
1
5.9%
9
28.1%
19
21.3%
34
18.6%
parents,
grandparents)
specialist
engineer in
4
8.9%
5
29.4%
1
3.1%
12
13.5%
22
12.0%
the village
other sources
4
8.9%
3
17.6%
8
25.0%
30
33.7%
45
24.6%
Total
45 100.0%
17 100.0%
32 100.0%
89 100.0%
183 100.0%



35

---

The third agriculture information source and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
TV
4
28.6%
2
33.3%
2
20.0%
4
14.3%
12
20.7%
radio
2
14.3%
0
.0%
1
10.0%
3
10.7%
6
10.3%
newspapers
1
7.1%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
3.6%
2
3.4%
neighbors
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
20.0%
1
3.6%
3
5.2%
friends
2
14.3%
0
.0%
2
20.0%
2
7.1%
6
10.3%
school
1
7.1%
3
50.0%
0
.0%
2
7.1%
6
10.3%
About
agriculture church
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
3.6%
1
1.7%
- the third
information pub
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
3.6%
1
1.7%
mentioned
relatives
(husband,
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
20.0%
2
7.1%
4
6.9%
parents,
grandparents)
specialist
engineer in
2
14.3%
0
.0%
1
10.0%
6
21.4%
9
15.5%
the village
other sources
2
14.3%
1
16.7%
0
.0%
5
17.9%
8
13.8%
Total
14 100.0%
6 100.0%
10 100.0%
28 100.0%
58 100.0%


36

---

Pesticides information sources and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count Col %
Count Col % Count Col % Count Col % Count Col %
My experience
0
.0%
0
.0%
2 11.1%
7
11.5%
9
7.3%
I heard from
3
8.8%
0
.0%
1
5.6%
4
6.6%
8
6.5%
others
I'm not
2
5.9%
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
2
1.6%
interested in it
School, college
2
5.9%
2
20.0%
2 11.1%
4
6.6%
10
8.1%
TV
11
32.4%
1
10.0%
5 27.8%
5
8.2%
22
17.9%
SMT
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
5.6%
1
1.6%
2
1.6%
About pesticides Agriculture
- information
engineers from
3
8.8%
2
20.0%
0
.0%
13
21.3%
18
14.6%
sources
the village
Association
2
5.9%
3
30.0%
2 11.1%
3
4.9%
10
8.1%
Radio
4
11.8%
1
10.0%
2 11.1%
8
13.1%
15
12.2%
State farmer
1
2.9%
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
1.6%
2
1.6%
Parents and
3
8.8%
0
.0%
2 11.1%
2
3.3%
7
5.7%
other relatives
CAP
0
.0%
0
.0%
1
5.6%
13
21.3%
14
11.4%
Magazines,
3
8.8%
1
10.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
4
3.3%
advertisings
Total
34 100.0%
10 100.0%
18 100.0%
61 100.0%
123 100.0%

37

---

Going to the market


Count Col %

yes
26
7.0%
Going to the market with the products from household no
345 92.5%
NA/NK
2
.5%
Total
373 100.0%




Difficulties in selling the products at the market


Count
Col %
high cost of transport
62
16.6%
low selling prices
23
6.1%
sanitary police
1
.3%
no problems
9
2.4%
I have nothing to sell
8
2.1%
Difficulties in obtaining authorizations, certificates
15
4.0%
Dirt in the markets
3
.8%
High taxes in markets
5
1.3%
low sales because of people's poverty
6
1.6%
lack of time
2
.5%
I'm too old for going to the market
3
.8%
Lack of space and booths in the markets
6
1.6%
NA/NK
231
61.8%
Total
374 100.0%


38

---

Taking a credit so far


Count
Col %

yes
36
9.6%
Taking a credit so far no
332
88.8%
NA/NK
6
1.6%
Total
374 100.0%



Taking a credit so far and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
Taking yes
9 10.5%
5
19.2%
7
11.5%
15
7.5%
36
9.7%
a
no
77 89.5%
20
76.9%
53
86.9%
181
90.5%
331
88.7%
credit
so far
NA/NK
0
.0%
1
3.8%
1
1.6%
4
2.0%
6
1.6%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
200 100.0%
373 100.0%



Intention to start procedure to get a credit and the respondent's age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Coun
Col %
Coun
Coun
Coun
Coun
t
Col %
Col %
Col %
Col %
t
t
t
t
Intention yes
11 12.8%
3 11.5%
5
8.2%
12
6.0%
31
8.3%
to start
no
75 87.2%
22 84.6%
55 90.2%
182 91.0%
334 89.5%
procedur
e to get a
credit
NA/N
0
.0%
1
3.8%
1
1.6%
6
3.0%
8
2.1%
K
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total
86
26
61
200
373
%
%
%
%
%


39

---

Reasons for not taking a credit

Respondent's age
Total

18-35 36-45 46-55
56 -

Count
Count Count Count Count
I haven't needed
8
1
7
30
46
I'm afraid I can't pay the money back
5
1
4
18
28
my income is very low and there is no
35
11
34
86
166
way for me to pay back
I don't have long term money sources
1
1
2
4
8
Reasons for not
I'm not interested
3
0
0
3
6
taking a credit
high interest rates
13
4
5
13
35
it is not profitable
0
1
0
1
2
I don't want to be a debtor to the Bank
1
1
1
7
10
I don't trust in the banking system
2
1
1
1
5
NA/NK
16
5
4
34
59
Total
84
26
58
197
365



























40

---

Agriculture methods used


Count
Col %

no
240
64.2%
Method used - minimum tillage
yes
134
35.8%
no
148
39.6%
Method used - crop rotation schemes
yes
226
60.4%
no
266
71.1%
Method used - organic fertilizers
yes
108
28.9%
no
363
97.1%
Method used - wind breaks
yes
11
2.9%
no
304
81.3%
Method used - fertilizers
yes
70
18.7%
no
360
96.3%
Method used - composting
yes
14
3.7%
Total
374 100.0%



Have you ever heard of "certificate for biological products"?


Count Col %
yes
6
1.6%
Have you ever heard of "certificate for biological products"? no
206 55.1%
NA/NK
162 43.3%
Total
374 100.0%



41

---

About the institutions

Count Col %

yes
191 51.1%
Heard of DGA (General Direction for Agriculture)?
no
183 48.9%
yes
143 38.2%
Heard of APM (Environment Protection Agency)?
no
231 61.8%
yes
99 26.5%
Heard of OJCA (District Office for Consultancy in Agriculture)? no
273 73.0%
NA/NK
2
.5%
yes
234 62.6%
Heard of Sanitary and Veterinary Agency?
no
138 36.9%
NA/NK
2
.5%
yes
44 11.8%
Heard of Office for Pedologic Agriculture Studies?
no
328 87.7%
NA/NK
2
.5%
yes
141 37.7%
Heard of Apele Romane (Romanian Waters)?
no
230 61.5%
NA/NK
3
.8%
yes
139 37.2%
Heard of Research Institute?
no
232 62.0%
NA/NK
3
.8%
Total
374 100.0%

View on DGA' s activity in the commune


Count Col %
very bad
18
9.5%
Bad
17
8.9%
good
55
28.9%
very good
9
4.7%
does not exist in the commune
57
30.0%
NA/NK
34
17.9%
Total
190 100.0%

42

---

View on Environment Protection Agency' s activities


Count
Col %
very bad
12
8.3%
bad
8
5.5%
good
32
22.1%
very good
10
6.9%
does not exist in commune
61
42.1%
NA/NK
22
15.2%
Total
145 100.0%


View on District Office for Consultancy for Agriculture' s activities



Count
Col %
very bad
10
10.2%
bad
8
8.2%
good
30
30.6%
very good
3
3.1%
does not exist in the commune
31
31.6%
NA/NK
16
16.3%
Total
98 100.0%


View on Sanitary and Veterinary Agency 's activities


Count
Col %
very bad
12
5.2%
bad
20
8.6%
good
137
58.8%
very good
24
10.3%
does not exist in the commune
24
10.3%
NA/NK
16
6.9%
Total
233 100.0%

43

---

View on Office for pedologic Agriculture Studies' activities


Count
very bad
2
bad
3
good
9
very good
3
does not exist in the commune
26
NA/NK
5
Total
48


View on Romanian Water Activities


Count
Col %
very bad
11
7.8%
bad
8
5.7%
good
38
27.0%
very good
5
3.5%
does not exist in the commune
59
41.8%
NA/NK
20
14.2%
Total
141 100.0%


View on Research Institutes' activities


Count
Col %
very bad
1
.7%
bad
3
2.2%
good
22
16.3%
very good
9
6.7%
does not exist in the commune
86
63.7%
NA/NK
14
10.4%
Total
135 100.0%


44

---

Have you ever heard there might be a project supported by World Bank in the area?


Count
Col %
yes
90
24.1%
no
279
74.6%
NA/NK
5
1.3%
Total
374 100.0%





Knowledge about the objectives of the World Bank project



Count
Col %
they give money for the development of agriculture
16
45.7%
they help peasants to buy agriculture machines
9
25.7%
development of communes
2
5.7%
they give money for departments
2
5.7%
leasing in the land
1
2.9%
sanitation
2
5.7%
creation of ecological garbage platforms
1
2.9%
water supply
1
2.9%
NK
1
2.9%
Total
35 100.0%














45

---

Do you know the objectives of this project?


Count
Col %
yes
33
36.7%
no
56
62.2%
NA/NK
1
1.1%
Total
90 100.0%


Wish for involvement


Count
Col %

yes
145
40.8%
Involvement in garbage management
no
210
59.2%
yes
145
40.5%
Involvement in creating test lots
no
213
59.5%
yes
107
31.4%
Involvement in organic agriculture
no
234
68.6%
yes
222
61.2%
Involvements in awareness campaigns
no
141
38.8%
yes
4
1.1%
Involvement in other domains
no
11
2.9%
NA/NK
359
96.0%
Total
374 100.0%


46

---

Number of members in the household


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11
12
Count 1 34 114 77 53 47 29 12 3 2 1 1
Col % 0.3% 9.1% 30.5% 20.6% 14.2% 12.6% 7.8% 3.2% 0.8% 0.5% 0.3% 0.3%





Respondent sex


Count
Col %
male
172
46.0%
female
202
54.0%
Total
374 100.0%






Actual respondent status


Count Col %
retired
182 48.7%
pupil, student
4
1.1%
unemployed
12
3.2%
housewife
88 23.5%
unregistered unemployed
33
8.8%
occupied
55 14.7%


47

---

Respondent's last graduated school


Count
Col %
never went to school
30
8.0%
4 classes not graduated
33
8.8%
4 classes graduated
79
21.1%
8 classes not graduated
53
14.2%
8 classes not graduated
52
13.9%
10 classes
29
7.8%
vocational/apprentice school graduated
57
15.2%
high school graduated
33
8.8%
college graduated
5
1.3%
university not graduated
2
.5%
university graduated
1
.3%
Total
374 100.0%





Respondent's gender status and age

Respondent's age
Total

18-35
36-45
46-55
56 -

Count
Col %
Count Col % Count
Col % Count
Col % Count
Col %
male
41 47.7%
14
53.8%
24
39.3%
93 46.3%
172
46.0%
respondent
sex
female
45 52.3%
12
46.2%
37
60.7%
108 53.7%
202
54.0%
Total
86 100.0%
26 100.0%
61 100.0%
201 100.0%
374 100.0%


48

---

Actual respondent's main occupation


Count Col %
pupil/student, housewife, unemployed
80 21.4%
farmer with individual household
33
8.8%
farmer in state owned farms
138 36.9%
not qualified industrial worker
12
3.2%
qualified industrial worker
43 11.5%
services worker (shop assistant, driver, etc.)
27
7.2%
services clerk with high school graduated (maximum level)
7
1.9%
technician/foreman
4
1.1%
liberal professions requiring university degree (doctors
4
1.1%
businessman/farmer (with employees)
1
.3%
enterpriser on his/her own (without employees)
8
2.1%
daily worker
11
2.9%
Other
6
1.6%
Total
374 100.0%

First income source last month


Count
Col %

state salary
32
9.7%
private salary
11
3.3%
mixed company salary
3
.9%
state pension
88 26.6%
CAP pension
94 28.4%
First income source last month
unemployed allowance
12
3.6%
daily worker
34 10.3%
on her/his own
16
4.8%
business profit
2
.6%
others
39 11.8%
Total
331 100.0%

49

---

The road in front of the house




Total

asphalt
stone earth
Count
20
6
34
60
Alexandru Odobescu
Col %
33.3% 10.0% 56.7% 100.0%
Count
4
3
22
29
Vlad Tepes
Col %
13.8% 10.3% 75.9% 100.0%
Count
9
11
40
60
Valcelele
Col %
15.0% 18.3% 66.7% 100.0%
Count
7
10
43
60
commune Independenta
Col %
11.7% 16.7% 71.7% 100.0%
Count
9
9
42
60
Cuza-Voda
Col %
15.0% 15.0% 70.0% 100.0%
Count
10
18
32
60
Gradistea
Col %
16.7% 30.0% 53.3% 100.0%
Count
12
17
14
43
Ciocanesti
Col %
27.9% 39.5% 32.6% 100.0%
Count
71
74
227
372
Total
Col %
19.1% 19.9% 61.0% 100.0%


50

---

Roof or walls of the house of respondent are badly damaged



Total

yes
no
Count
5
55
60
Alexandru Odobescu
Col %
8.3% 91.7% 100.0%
Count
3
27
30
Vlad Tepes
Col % 10.0% 90.0% 100.0%
Count
10
50
60
Valcelele
Col % 16.7% 83.3% 100.0%
Count
3
57
60
commune Independenta
Col %
5.0% 95.0% 100.0%
Count
6
55
61
Cuza-Voda
Col %
9.8% 90.2% 100.0%
Count
10
50
60
Gradistea
Col % 16.7% 83.3% 100.0%
Count
10
33
43
Ciocanesti
Col % 23.3% 76.7% 100.0%
Count
47
327
374
Total
Col %
12.6% 87.4% 100.0%



















51

---

Washing/repair the car of family


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent wash/repair the car of family
19
10.4%
23
10.7%
42
10.6%
Respondent's partner wash/repair the car
14
7.7%
15
7.0%
29
7.3%
Son wash/repair the car of family
3
1.6%
6
2.8%
9
2.3%
Daughter wash/repair the car of family
1
.5%
7
3.3%
8
2.0%
Other women who live in the household
3
1.6%
1
.5%
4
1.0%
repair/wash the car of family
Other man who live in the household
3
1.6%
5
2.3%
8
2.0%
Wash/repair the car
repair/wash the car of family
of family
A female relative help us, for free of charge
4
2.2%
1
.5%
5
1.3%
repair/wash the car of family
A male relative help us, for free of charge
1
.5%
1
.5%
2
.5%
repair/was the car of family
We pay someone to repair/wash the car of
3
1.6%
0
.0%
3
.8%
family
It is not the case
131
71.6%
152
71.0%
283
71.3%
NA/NK
1
.5%
3
1.4%
4
1.0%
Total
171
100.0%
202
100.0%
373
100.0%


52

---

Cooking


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Cases Col Response %
Cases Col Response % Cases Col Response %
Respondent cook
24
10.9%
186
71.5%
210
43.8%
Respondent's partner cook
122
55.5%
6
2.3%
128
26.7%
Son cook
3
1.4%
1
.4%
4
.8%
Daughter cook
10
4.5%
16
6.2%
26
5.4%
Other women who live in the household
44
20.0%
37
14.2%
81
16.9%
Cooking Other man who live in the household
2
.9%
1
.4%
3
.6%
A female relative help us, for free of charge
10
4.5%
9
3.5%
19
4.0%
A male relative help us, for free of charge
1
.5%
1
.4%
2
.4%
We pay someone
1
.5%
1
.4%
2
.4%
It is not the case
2
.9%
1
.4%
3
.6%
NA/NK
1
.5%
1
.4%
2
.4%
Total
169
100.0%
200
100.0%
369
100.0%



53

---

Wash up the clothes


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent wash the clothes
17
9.9%
189
93.6%
206
55.2%
Respondent' s partner wash the clothes
119
69.6%
4
2.0%
123
33.0%
son wash the clothes
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Daughter wash the clothes
7
4.1%
24
11.9%
31
8.3%
Other women who live in the household wash
43
25.1%
33
16.3%
76
20.4%
the clothes
wASH UP THE Other man who live in the household wash the
CLOTHES
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
clothes


A female relative help us, for free of charge
10
5.8%
7
3.5%
17
4.6%
wash the clothes
A male relative help us, for free of charge
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
wash the clothes
We pay someone to wash the clothes
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
It is not the case
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
NA/NK
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Total
171
114.6%
202
128.2%
373
122.0%


54

---

Doing the house


respondent' sex
Total

male
female

Cases Col Response %
Cases Col Response % Cases Col Response %
Respondent do the house
26
15.2%
182
90.1%
208
55.8%
Respondent' s partner do the house
119
69.6%
8
4.0%
127
34.0%
Son do the house
0
.0%
3
1.5%
3
.8%
Daughter do the house
7
4.1%
24
11.9%
31
8.3%
DOING THE Other women who live in the household
41
24.0%
40
19.8%
81
21.7%
HOUSE
Other man who live in the household
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%

A female relative help us, for free of

9
5.3%
8
4.0%
17
4.6%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of charge
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
We pay someone
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
It is not the case
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
NA/NK
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Total
171
118.1%
202
132.2%
373
125.7%












55

---

Wash up the dishes


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent wash up the dishes
20
11.7%
189
94.0%
209
56.2%
Respondent' s partner wash up the dishes
120
70.2%
4
2.0%
124
33.3%
Son wash up the dishes
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Daughter wash up the dishes
7
4.1%
22
10.9%
29
7.8%
Other women who live in the household wash
42
24.6%
35
17.4%
77
20.7%
up the dishes
Other man who live in the household wash up
Wash up the
1
.6%
1
.5%
2
.5%
the dishes
dishes
A female relative help us, for free of charge
8
4.7%
8
4.0%
16
4.3%
wash up the dishes
A male relative help us, for free of charge wash
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
up the dishes
We pay someone
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
It is not the case
1
.6%
0
.0%
1
.3%
NA/NK
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
Total
171
116.4%
201
128.9%
372
123.1%










56

---

Ironing


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Cases Col Response %
Cases Col Response % Cases Col Response %
Respondent
16
9.4%
181
90.0%
197
53.1%
Partner
114
67.1%
1
.5%
115
31.0%
Son
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Daughter
7
4.1%
22
10.9%
29
7.8%
Other women who live in the household
42
24.7%
30
14.9%
72
19.4%
Ironing Other man who live in the household
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
A female relative help us, for free of charge
8
4.7%
7
3.5%
15
4.0%
A male relative help us, for free of charge
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
We pay someone
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
It is not the case
7
4.1%
3
1.5%
10
2.7%
NA/NK
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Total
170
114.1%
201
122.4%
371
118.6%

















57

---

TAKE CARE EVERYDAY OF THE CHILDREN


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
8
4.7%
63
31.2%
71
19.1%
Partner
38
22.5%
10
5.0%
48
12.9%
Son
1
.6%
1
.5%
2
.5%
Daughter
3
1.8%
4
2.0%
7
1.9%
Other women who live in the
23
13.6%
15
7.4%
38
10.2%
household
Other man who live in the
Take care everyday of the
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
household
children
A female relative help us, for free
1
.6%
3
1.5%
4
1.1%
of charge
A male relative help us, for free of
2
1.2%
5
2.5%
7
1.9%
charge
We pay someone
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
It is not the case
105
62.1%
112
55.4%
217
58.5%
NA/NK
6
3.6%
12
5.9%
18
4.9%
Total
169
110.7%
202
111.9%
371
111.3%












58

---

Supervise the lessons and free time of the children


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
9
5.4%
55
27.8%
64
17.5%
Partner
33
19.6%
6
3.0%
39
10.7%
Son
2
1.2%
1
.5%
3
.8%
Daughter
3
1.8%
4
2.0%
7
1.9%
Other women who live in the
18
10.7%
12
6.1%
30
8.2%
household
Other man who live in the
Supervise the lessons and free
1
.6%
1
.5%
2
.5%
household
time of the children
A female relative help us, for
1
.6%
3
1.5%
4
1.1%
free of charge
A male relative help us, for
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
free of charge
We pay someone
0
.0%
0
.0%
0
.0%
It is not the case
109
64.9%
118
59.6%
227
62.0%
NA/NK
6
3.6%
11
5.6%
17
4.6%
Total
168
108.3%
198
107.1%
366
107.7%







59

---

Go to doctor with the children


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
7
4.2%
57
28.9%
64
17.6%
Partner
32
19.2%
7
3.6%
39
10.7%
Son
3
1.8%
0
.0%
3
.8%
Daughter
3
1.8%
5
2.5%
8
2.2%
Other women who live in the
18
10.8%
10
5.1%
28
7.7%
household
Other man who live in the
Go to doctor with the
1
.6%
0
.0%
1
.3%
household
children
A female relative help us, for free of
2
1.2%
3
1.5%
5
1.4%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of
0
.0%
2
1.0%
2
.5%
charge
We pay someone
2
1.2%
0
.0%
2
.5%
It is not the case
104
62.3%
114
57.9%
218
59.9%
NA/NK
7
4.2%
12
6.1%
19
5.2%
Total
167
107.2%
197
106.6%
364
106.9%










60

---

Go to school with the children

respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
5
2.9%
37
18.3%
42
11.3%
Partner
26
15.3%
1
.5%
27
7.3%
Son
1
.6%
0
.0%
1
.3%
Daughter
3
1.8%
3
1.5%
6
1.6%
Other women who live in the
14
8.2%
8
4.0%
22
5.9%
household
Other man who live in the
Go to school with the
1
.6%
0
.0%
1
.3%
household
children
A female relative help us, for free of
2
1.2%
2
1.0%
4
1.1%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
charge
We pay someone
0
.0%
2
1.0%
2
.5%
It is not the case
118
69.4%
138
68.3%
256
68.8%
NA/NK
10
5.9%
14
6.9%
24
6.5%
Total
170
105.9%
202
102.0%
372
103.8%













61

---

BRINGING WATER FOR HOUSE

respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
148
87.1%
158
79.4%
306
82.9%
Partner
100
58.8%
103
51.8%
203
55.0%
Son
25
14.7%
40
20.1%
65
17.6%
Daughter
7
4.1%
23
11.6%
30
8.1%
Other women who live in the
42
24.7%
30
15.1%
72
19.5%
household
Other man who live in the
21
12.4%
17
8.5%
38
10.3%
Bringing water for
household
house
A female relative help us, for free of
4
2.4%
6
3.0%
10
2.7%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of
5
2.9%
4
2.0%
9
2.4%
charge
We pay someone
2
1.2%
2
1.0%
4
1.1%
It is not the case
0
.0%
2
1.0%
2
.5%
NA/NK
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Total
170
208.2%
199
194.0%
369
200.5%













62

---

Weeding


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Cases Col Response %
Cases Col Response % Cases Col Response %
Respondent
134
78.4%
160
79.2%
294
78.8%
Partner
109
63.7%
99
49.0%
208
55.8%
Son
22
12.9%
38
18.8%
60
16.1%
Daughter
5
2.9%
22
10.9%
27
7.2%
Other women who live in the household
38
22.2%
36
17.8%
74
19.8%
Weeding A female relative help us, for free of charge
16
9.4%
15
7.4%
31
8.3%
Other women who live in the household
8
4.7%
7
3.5%
15
4.0%
A male relative help us, for free of charge
5
2.9%
4
2.0%
9
2.4%
We pay someone
2
1.2%
3
1.5%
5
1.3%
It is not the case
4
2.3%
4
2.0%
8
2.1%
NA/NK
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Total
171
200.6%
202
192.6%
373
196.2%












63

---

Sowing the plants in the garden


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
135
78.9%
159
78.7%
294
78.8%
Partner
110
64.3%
96
47.5%
206
55.2%
Son
21
12.3%
38
18.8%
59
15.8%
Daughter
5
2.9%
21
10.4%
26
7.0%
Other women who live in the
38
22.2%
36
17.8%
74
19.8%
household
Other man who live in the
17
9.9%
13
6.4%
30
8.0%
Sowing the plants in the household
garden
A female relative help us, for free
7
4.1%
7
3.5%
14
3.8%
of charge
A male relative help us, for free of
5
2.9%
4
2.0%
9
2.4%
charge
We pay someone
3
1.8%
3
1.5%
6
1.6%
It is not the case
3
1.8%
5
2.5%
8
2.1%
NA/NK
1
.6%
1
.5%
2
.5%
Total
171
201.8%
202
189.6%
373
195.2%









64

---

Digging the plants in the garden


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
140
81.9%
156
77.6%
296
79.6%
Partner
106
62.0%
105
52.2%
211
56.7%
Son
22
12.9%
40
19.9%
62
16.7%
Daughter
7
4.1%
21
10.4%
28
7.5%
Other women who live in the
33
19.3%
35
17.4%
68
18.3%
household
Other man who live in the
Digging the plants in the
18
10.5%
16
8.0%
34
9.1%
household
garden
A female relative help us, for free of
9
5.3%
8
4.0%
17
4.6%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of
7
4.1%
5
2.5%
12
3.2%
charge
We pay someone
2
1.2%
5
2.5%
7
1.9%
It is not the case
4
2.3%
5
2.5%
9
2.4%
NA/NK
1
.6%
2
1.0%
3
.8%
Total
171
204.1%
201
198.0%
372
200.8%











65

---

REAP (IN THE VEGETABLE GARDEN)


respondent sex
Total

male
female

Col Response
Col Response
Col Response Cases
Cases
Cases
%
%
%
Respondent
138
81.2%
164
82.4%
302
81.8%
Partner
111
65.3%
101
50.8%
212
57.5%
Son
21
12.4%
38
19.1%
59
16.0%
Daughter
8
4.7%
23
11.6%
31
8.4%
Other women who live in the
39
22.9%
39
19.6%
78
21.1%
household
Other man who live in the
18
10.6%
17
8.5%
35
9.5%
Reap (in the vegetable
household
garden)
A female relative help us, for free of
8
4.7%
8
4.0%
16
4.3%
charge
A male relative help us, for free of
6
3.5%
7
3.5%
13
3.5%
charge
We pay someone
2
1.2%
3
1.5%
5
1.4%
It is not the case
4
2.4%
6
3.0%
10
2.7%
NA/NK
0
.0%
1
.5%
1
.3%
Total
170
208.8%
199
204.5%
369
206.5%











66

---

Expenses in the household for mechanical agriculture works; seeds, fertilizers, herbicides; agriculture equipment, animals, land


payment of mechanical
seeds, fertilizers,
buying of agriculture
buying of
buying of

agriculture works
herbicides
equipment
animals
land
Total

no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
Count
2
54
12
44
55
2
55
2
52
4
56
Alexandru
Odobescu
Col %
3.6%
96.4%
21.4%
78.6%
96.5%
3.5% 96.5%
3.5%
92.9% 7.1% 100.0%
Count
6
24
13
17
29
1
29
1
30
30
Vlad Tepes
Col %
20.0%
80.0%
43.3%
56.7%
96.7%
3.3% 96.7%
3.3% 100.0%
100.0%
Count
25
34
32
27
54
5
54
5
56
3
59
Valcelele
Col %
42.4%
57.6%
54.2%
45.8%
91.5%
8.5% 91.5%
8.5%
94.9% 5.1% 100.0%
Count
5
55
9
51
60
54
6
59
1
60
commune Independenta
Col %
8.3%
91.7%
15.0%
85.0%
100.0%
90.0% 10.0%
98.3% 1.7% 100.0%
Count
13
47
21
39
54
3
56
4
59
1
60
Cuza-Voda
Col %
21.7%
78.3%
35.0%
65.0%
94.7%
5.3% 93.3%
6.7%
98.3% 1.7% 100.0%
Count
26
21
37
10
45
2
39
9
45
2
47
Gradistea
Col %
55.3%
44.7%
78.7%
21.3%
95.7%
4.3% 81.3% 18.8%
95.7% 4.3% 100.0%
Count
22
13
24
11
34
1
28
7
35
35
Ciocanesti
Col %
62.9%
37.1%
68.6%
31.4%
97.1%
2.9% 80.0% 20.0% 100.0%
100.0%
Total
Col %
28.5%
71.5%
42.7%
57.3%
95.9%
4.1% 90.3%
9.7%
96.8% 3.2% 100.0%




67

---

Last year, for the agriculture works, in your household


Count Col %

no
245
65.5%
yes
103
27.5%
Payment of daily workers
it is not the
21
5.6%
case
NA/NK
5
1.3%
no
234
62.6%
yes
115
30.7%
Did people for whom you worked in exchange help
you?
it is not the
21
5.6%
case
NA/NK
4
1.1%
no
176
47.1%
yes
171
45.7%
Did you work only with people in your household?
it is not the
22
5.9%
case
NA/NK
5
1.3%
no
220
58.8%
yes
125
33.4%
Working children
it is not the
23
6.1%
case
NA/NK
6
1.6%
Total
374 100.0%









68

---

What did you do with the agriculture products you got in your household last year/


Count Col %

no sale
264
70.6%
sale of about a quarter
53
14.2%
sale of about a half
25
6.7%
sale of about three
Sale of part of the products got in the household
12
3.2%
quarters
sale of almost all
5
1.3%
it is not the case
11
2.9%
NA/NK
4
1.1%
not exchanged
297
79.4%
exchange of about a
56
15.0%
quarter
Exchanged products got in household for other products or
service
exchange of about a half
5
1.3%
It is not the case
12
3.2%
NA/NK
4
1.1%
not given
284
75.9%
given about a quarter
59
15.8%
given about half
11
2.9%
given about three
Products got in household given to relatives (acquaintances)
2
.5%
quarters
given almost all
1
.3%
It is not the case
12
3.2%
NA/NK
5
1.3%
Total
374 100.0%


69

---

A N N E X 3

Questionnaire

---

QUESTIONNAIRE



AUTGL. In every society some people consider themselves rich, others poor. Where do you situate yourself
on the next scale? (show this scale and encircle a position)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10




















poor












reach
99. NA/NK

AUTOCONS. Last month, how much did the products you obtained in your household or received (from
relatives, friends, etc.) cover in the consumption of your household?

1. I didn't obtain/I didn't receive this type of 4. the products cover three quarters of our consumption
products
2. the products cover a quarter of our consumption 5. the products cover almost all our consumption
3. the products cover half of our consumption
9. NA/NK


How much did you spend last month in your household

BUG1.
Food, drinks (including public consumption, coffee, cigarettes, Lei
juice)
BUG2. clothes, footwear
Lei
BUG3. Facilities (gas, light, water, garbage)
Lei
BUG4. Medicines, medical care
Lei
BUG5. Transport
Lei
BUG6. Culture, education (supplementary lessons)
Lei
BUG7. Long use stuff
Lei
BUG8. Phone (mobile, fix )
Lei
BUG9. Dues, installments, bank (it doesn't matter for whom pay)
Lei
BUG10. Home made (tins)
Lei
BUG11. Agriculture works
Lei
BUG12 Fuel for heating
Lei
BUG13. Money gave to children
Lei

TRAI. How do you appreciate the present income of your family?

5. We manage to have all we need, without restraining from anything
4. We manage to buy some more expensive things, but we restrain from other expenses
3. It is enough for decent living, but we cannot afford buying some more expensive things
2. It is enough only for everyday necessities
1. Even for everyday necessities, it is not enough
9.NS/NR


CRDT. Some people are used to doing shoppings without paying immediately, but when they have got the
pension or the salary. Have you or someone else in your family ever bought on credit last year?

4. Very often 3. Often
2.Rarely
1.Very rarely 0.Never 99.NA/NK



1

---

SURSE. In the last 12 months, in your household the money income came from ...?
(circle all the income sources corresponding to all the household members, in the last 12 months)

1. state salary
7. unemployment
13. aniamls'sels
allowance/"help" allowance

2. private firm salary
8. child allowance
14. own income
3. mixt firm salary
9. schoolarship 15. business'profit
4. compensation salary
10. social assistance
16. daily worker
5. state pension
11. dividends, rents, interest
17. other sources
6. CAP pension
12. agriculture production incomes 99. NA/NK

SURSPR. What is the most important income source in your household? |__|__|
(use the above codes)










99. NA/NK

VEN. Last month, what was total amount of money obtained by all members of your household,
(including salaries, dividends, sales, rents, and so on) about ...?




__________________________________________lei


99. NA/NK

NEVOI. What do you do to cover your needs if the income of your household is not enough?

________________________________________________________ 99.
NA/NK

Does your house have...?
Yes No NA
CASA4
Bathroom
1 0 9
CASA5
Toilet (W.C) inside the 1 0 9
house

If the answer at CASA4 is 0, then ask the following questions:

ADWC. What is the depth of your WC ?______ m

CONSTR. How did you build the hollow of the WC?


__________________________________________________________ 99. NS/NR

VECHWC. How long have you been using the present WC? ___________ years 99.
NA/NK

TIMPWC. On the average, how long do you use a WC ?
____________ years
99. NA/NK

VIDANJ. Have you ever asked for the vacuuming the WC


1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK


MOTVID. Why ?
____________________________________________________
99. NA/NK


NEFOL. What do you do when your WC cannot be used anymore ?

_________________________________________________________________
99.
NA/NK




2

---

ALEGWC. How do you choose the place for building the WC ?

________________________________________________________________
99. NA/NK

DEPGM. Where do you store the house garbage ?

_________________________________________________________________
99. NA/NK

DEPGA. Where do you store the manure ?

_________________________________________________________________
99. NA/NK

EXCEDG. What do you do when the space in your yard for storing the garbage is not sufficient ?

__________________________________________________________


99.
NA/NK

FRECV. How often do you do these activities ?


___________________________________________________________

99.
NA/NK

INGRNAT. Do you use the manure as fertilizer ?

___________________________________________________________
9. NA/NK

DISTWF. How far are the nearest sources of water from your WC ?



1. _____ m

2. _____ m

3. _____ m


99. NA/NK


ADFAN. The depth of your source of water. _______________ m

99. NA/NK


DISTGF. ...what about from the place where you dispose the manure ?




1. _____ m

2. _____ m

3. _____ m


99. NA/NK



READ: Now, I'd like to talk about you and your family:



How often do you ...
Daily
Several times a Several times a Once a month or
Not at NA/

week
month
more rarely
all
NK
P1. Read papers
5
4
3
2
1
9
P2. Listen to the radio
5
4
3
2
1
9
P3.
Watch
TV
5 4 3
2 1
9



And how often ...
Once a
Several times Several times Once a year Not at NA/
week
a month
a year
or more
all
NK
rarely
P4. Go to church
5
4
3
2
1
9
P5. Go to bar/restaurant
5
4
3
2
1
9

3

---

What do you use as fuel in your household for .... ?


Gas
Corn
Sawdust Wood Cool Electricity. Diesel
cobs
fuel
COMB1. Cooking






COMB2. Heating






the
house
COMB3. Heating






the
water
COMB4. Others







.........

OBTIN. Where do you get these materials from?


Bought
Own
Other
resources
situations
PROCUR1.
Gas


PROCUR2.
Wood


PROCUR3.
Cool


PROCUR4.
Diesel fuel



PROCUR5.
Fuel oil



PROCUR6.
Corn cobs



PROCUR7.
Sawdust



CONSCOMB. How much do you consume per month? (take an yearly average)


CONS1. CONS2. CONS3. CONS4. CONS5. CONS6.
CONS7.
Gas
Wood
Cool
Electricit
Diesel
Corn
Sawdust
(m3)
(m3)
(t)
(KW)
(l)
cobs
Consumed







quantity/
month

READ: In order to have a whole image of the country, please answer us a few questions regarding your
household and yourself. These will be used only for statistical analyses.

In
your household, do you Yes No
have
AUTO
Car 1
2
AUTOTER 4X4 car
1
2
TELEMOB Mobil phone
1
2
TEL
Fix phone
1
2
FRIG
Refrigerator 1
2
APRC
Antenna/cable 1
2
TVC
Color TV
1
2
TVAN
Black and white TV
1
2
CONG
Freezer 1
2
MAUT
Automatic washing machine
1
2
MS
Washing machine
1
2
CAR
Cart 1
2
TRAC
Tractor 1
2
SEMAN
Sewer 1
2

4

---

SAFELM. There has been a lot of discusstion about unemployement lately. How sure is your job?

1.Very sure
2. Sure
3. Unsure
4. Vrey unsure, I'm going to lose it

9.NA/NK


LM. What would you do if you lost your job tomorrow?


__________________________________________________________ 88. NC 99. NA/NK


In the last month, on a regular work day, about how many Hours NA/NK
minutes/hours...
X1. worked in the house and in the yard

99
X2. worked outside the household

99
X3. worked outside the household, in the fields

99


SAN5. How satisfied are you about your health....?

4. Very happy 3. Quite happy 2. Rather unhappy
1. Unhappy
9. NA/NK

In the last 3 years, in your family there cases of illness :

Yes
No

Number
of
cases
in
the family
B1. Acute diseases
1 2
BF1
B2. Blue-disease
1 2
BF2
B3. Tuberculosis
1 2
BF3
B4. Anemia
1 2
BF4
B5. Mineral/
1 2
BF5
Vitamin deficiency
B6. Skin diseases
1 2 B6.
B7. Hepatitis
1 2 B7
B8. Other
1 2 B8
.............................



CHELMED. How much did you spend last year for each of the illness cases ...?

1. ______________ lei
2. ________________ lei
3. ___________________ lei


INTERBOL. To what extent would you be interested in finding out more information on these diseases ?

4. very much
3. much
2. a little

1. at all
9. NA/NK

AS1. Are you a member of any organization or association (sport group, prefessional associations, union,
ecological groups) which does not bring any income ?

1Yes
2.No
9.
NA/NK

AS2. What about your husband/wife/partner?

1. Yes
2. No
9. NA/NK


5

---

Have you ever taken part in any activity ... organized by ...

City
Church
School Political Various
Hall
parties
organizations

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Yes
No
Charity
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2
Community
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2


CPS. Do you think people like you can influnce the important decisions made for your communa ... ?

4. very much 3. much 2. a little
1.very little/at all
9. NA/NK

How much do you trust ...
Very much
Much A little
At all
NA/NK
PG1. Your priest/minister
4
3
2
1
9
PG2. Mayor of your locality
4
3
2
1
9
PG3. Schools'pricipal 4
3
2
1
9
PG4. Doctor (human)
4
3
2
1
9
PG5. Councilors 4
3
2
1
9
PG6. Others................ 4
3
2
1
9

Usually, who perform the following activities within the household?

MULTIPLE ANSWER: 1. Me 2. Wife/husband//partner 3. son 4. Daughter 5. Other women who live in the
household
6. Other man who live in the household 7. A female relative help us, for free of charge 8. A mal relative help
us, for free of charge 9. We pay someone 88. NC 99. NA/NK



ROL1. Wash/repair the car of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
family
ROL3. Cooking
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL4. Doing the house
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL5. Wash the clothes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL6. Wash up the dishes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL7. Ironing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL8. Take care everyday of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
the child/children
ROL9. Supervise the lessons and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
the free time of the children
ROL10. Go to doctor with the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
children
ROL11. Go to school with the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
children
ROL12. Bringing water for
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
house
ROL13. Weeding
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
ROL14. Sowing the plants in the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
garden
ROL15. Digging up in the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
vegetable garden
ROL16. Reap (in the vegetable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 88 99 NC NA/NK
garden)



6

---

Yes
No
NA/NK
If yes, how

many has?
PAM. Do you own or lease in agricultural land?
1 0 9
HA1.
(including the garden around your house)
|__|__|,|__|

Yes No NA/NK
If yes, how
many has?
PAMAS. Do you have the land in any association?
1 0 9
HA2.
|__|__|,|__|

Yes No NA/NK
If yes, how
many has?
ARENDA. Last year, 1999, did your family lease in/ locate 1 0 9
HA3.
any land?
|__|__|,|__|


How quantity of ... did you use last year for ... ? What the price ?


Seed

Pesticides

Fertilizers
Herbicides
Quantity
Price
Quantity Price
Quantity
Price
Quantity
Price
(kg/ha)
(lei/kg)
(kg/ha)
(lei/kg)
(kg/ha)
(lei/kg)
(kg/ha)
(lei/kg)
Wheat







Maize







Sunflower







Barley







Vegetables










How production and crop did you obtain last year for ...?


Production
(kg/ha)
Crop
Wheat

Maize

Sunflower

Barley




How many animals of this kind do you have in your household?


Total
number
Total
number
(heads)
(heads)
SEP1. Cattle

SEP6. Horses

SEP2. Pigs

SEP7. Beehives

SEP3. Poultry

SEP8. Pigeons

SEP4. Rabbits

SEP9. Others ...

SEP5. Sheep, goats



















7

---

For those who have cattle and sheep :

LAPT. What do you do with the milk you obtain every day ?

1. own consumption
2.gave to my children 3. sale to the villagers
4. sale directly on markets

5. sale to the collecting pointing the village
6. sale to private diary factories
9. NS/NR


Should you think of last week, what was the daily production of .... in your household ?

(if there is a special situation ­ pregnant animal, ill or another situation, the reference period is that before this
situation)

PROD1.
PROD2.
PROD3.
PROD4.
PROD5.
PROD6.
PROD7.
Fresh milk
Sweet
Feta cheese
Yogurt
Cream
Butter
Others
(liters)
Cheese
(kg)



........
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
Production








ACTIV. Some people do something more to gain some extra money (handicrafts, baskets, weaving, knitting,
etc). What do you do ?

___________________________________________________ 88. I don't do anything 99.NS/NR

AGINV. Last year, in your household there have been money Ye No No
cas NA/NK
spent on:
1. payment of mechanical agriculture works
1
0
8
9
2. seeds, fertilizers, herbicides
1
0
8
9
3. buying of agriculture equipment
1
0
8
9
4. buying of animals cumprare de animale
1
0
8
9
5. buying of land umprare de pmānt 1
0
8
9


AGLUCRU. Last year, for the agriculture works, in your
Ye No No
cas
NA/NK
household
1. did you pay daily workers?
1
0
8
9
2. did people for whom you worked in exchange help you?
1
0
8
9
3. did you work only with people in your household?
1
0
8
9
4. did you work with your children?
1
0
8
9


AGPROD. What did you do with the agriculture No Yes


products you got in your household last year?
About a
Abou About Almost NC NA/
quarter t half three all
NK

quarters
1. sold part of the products
0
1
2
3
4
8
9
2. exchanged for other products or services
0
1
2
3
4
8
9
3. gave
to
relatives
(acquaintances)
0 1 2 3 4 8 9

PRBZ. In your opinion, what are the main problems you have in everyday life ?

_____________________________________________________ 99.
NA/NK

8

---

INTCRS. If in your locality there were meetings or lectures held by specialists in the following problems to
what extent would you be interested in taking part?




Very much
Interested Not
very
much
Not interested at NA/NK
interested
interested
all
Water
4 3 2 1 9
problems
Environment
4 3 2 1 9
Agriculture
4 3 2 1 9
Vegetables
4 3 2 1 9
Organic
4 3 2 1 9
agriculture
Nutrition
4 3 2 1 9
Trees/orchards
4 3 2 1 9
Others
4 3 2 1 9
................



INFAGR. Where do you know/did you find out most things on agriculture ? (Don't read answers)



Order in which the information source is mentioned
1.TV
2. Radio

3. Newspapers

4. Neighbors

5. Friends

6. School

7. Community House

8. Church

9. Pub

10. Relatives (husband, parents, grandparents)

11. Agriculture Engineer(s)

12. Others ...........





INFPEST. What about pesticides ?



____________________________________________________________ 99.
NA/NK



VANZARE. Do you go to the market with the products from your household ?




1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK



9

---

If the answer to VANZARE is 1, then :
PIATA. To what markets do you go to sell your products ? (take into account the uncovered markets,
too) ?


Market
Distance from the village
Frequency
Products for sale
In the village



In the commune



In the town



In the largest market in


town

For all subjects :

GREUT. What are the most important hardships you have concerning the sale of your products at the
market ?


____________________________________________________________
99. NA/NK

UZCRDT. Have you ever taken a credit so far ?


1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK


INTENTIE. Are you going to start procedures to get a credit ?

1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK


If the answer at INTENTIE is 2, then ask the following question :


MOTCRD. Why ?

______________________________________________________ 99.
NA

CONSTR. What are the main problems in getting a credit ?

_______________________________________________ 99. NA/NK



In order to improve crops, there are different methods. What methods do you use in this respect ?

METAGR.
POL. Is it polluting or not ?

I use it
Yes
No
1.Minimum tillage

1 2
2. Crop rotation

1 2
schemes
3. Use of organic
1 2
fertilizers
4. Wind breaks

1 2
5. Optimum use of
1 2
fertilizers
6. Composting

1 2
7. Others ...

1 2


10

---

CERTIF. Have you ever heard of « certificates for biological products » ?


1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK


If the answer at CERTIF is 1, then ask the following question: CUNCERT. What do you know about it ?


__________________________________________________________9. NA


READ: Now I would like you to tell me if you have :


APREC. How do you appreciate the activity of these
institutions in your commune ?





Heard of ... ?
Y N NA/
Very
Good Bad Very Does
NA/

NK
good
bad
not
NK
exist in
the
village
1. D.G.A.
1 2 9
1. D.G.A.
4 3 2
1 8 9
2. A.P.I
1 2 9
2. A.P.I
4 3 2
1 8 9
3. OJCA
1 2 9
3. OJCA
4 3 2
1 8 9
4. Sanitary
1 2 9
4.Sanitary
4 3 2
1 8 9
&Veterinary
&Veterina
Ag.
ry Ag.
5. OSPA
1 2 9
5. OSPA
4 3 2
1 8 9
6. Romanian
1 2 9
6.Romania
4 3 2
1 8 9
Water
n Water
7. Research
1 2 9
7.Research
4 3 2
1 8 9
Insitute
Institute


Abbreviations of the institutions that appear in the tables:
1. DGA ­ General Direction for Agriculture; 2.
EPA ­ Environment Protection Agency; 3. OJCA ­ District Office for Consultancy in Agriculture; 5. OSPA ­
Office for Pedologic Agriculture Studies


PJWB. Have you ever heard there might be a project supported by World Bank in the area to improve
agriculture and the environment ?

1.
Yes
2.
No
9.
NA/NK

OBIECT. Do you know what the objectives of this project are ?



1. Yes
2. No
9. NA/NK

If the answer at OBIECT is 1, then ask the following question :

CUNOB : What are these... ?

___________________________________________________________ 99.
NK

11

---

IMPLICARE. In which of the following would you like to get involved in your commune ?



Yes No
NA
/NK
The garbage problem
1 2 9
(collecting, storing,
destruction)
Creating test lots to
1 2 9
improve agriculture and
environment practices
Organic agriculture
1 2 9
Campaigns to make
1 2 9
people aware of the
problems of the
commune
Others ................
1 2 9




NRMEM. Total members in the household |__|__|
PLECAT. From whom temporarily away
|__|__|
COP1. From whom children under 6
|__|__|
COP2. From whom children between 7 and 18
|__|__|
NRALOC. Number of children who get allowance
|__|__|


12

---

In this table there will be written the codes corresponding to each person in the household aged 15 and over!There will NOT be mentioned the persons temporarily away from
household.Check for the number of persons in the table to correspond with the number of persons in the household minus children under 15 and persons away!
RELATIVES Gender
Age
Status
SCHOOL. Last
OCUP. Main occup.(for retired persons register the last occupation) SURS. Income sources last




graduated school
1. pupil/student, housewife, unemployed
month
1. husband/wife 1. male

1.retired
1. never went to
2. farmer with individual household

2. child
2. female
2.pupil,studen
school
3. farmer in state owned farms
1. state salary
3. father
t
2. 4 classes not
4. not qualified industrial worker
2. private salary
4.mother
3.unemployed
graduated
5. qualified industrial worker
3. mixed company salary
5.brother/sister
4. housewife 3. 4 classes graduated 6. services worker (shop assistant, driver, etc.)
4. compensation salary
6. others
5.
4. 8 classes not
7. director/president in agriculture
5. state pension
unregistered
graduated
8. services clerk with high school graduated (maximum level)
6. CAP pension
unemployed 5. 8 classes graduated 9. technician/foreman
7. enemployment allowance
6. occupied
6. 10 classes
10. technical professions requiring university degree (engineer, etc.) 8. daily work
7. vocational/
11. liberal professions requiring university degree (doctors, teachers, 9. on his/her own
apprentice school researchers, etc.)
10. business profit
graduated
12. superior clerk in the state administration
11. others
8. high school
13. enterprise director
graduated
14. businessman/farmer (with employees)
9. college graduated 15. enterpriser on his/her own (without employees)
10. univ. not graduated 16. daily worker
11. univ. graduated
17. other (free answer)
P0: SUBJECT




1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P1





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P2





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P3





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P4





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P5





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P6





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P7





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P8





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P9





1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

CAPGOSP. Who is the head of the household ? |____| (mark the code of the person in the above table, 0 ­ 9)

13

---

The interview operator will complete the answers for the questions below

LOCALITY: ________________________________ |__|__|


(name of commune/village)


LOCALIT Type of locality


1.commune center village­ name of village ____________________
2. village - name of village ________________________________

NAME OF THE OPERATOR: _______________________________
CODE OF THE OPERATOR |__|

NAME Name of the subject:

ADR Address of the subject: number_______

LOC The house of the subject has:
Roof or walls badly damaged

1. Da 2. Nu






DIST Distance to the nearest town
_______ km
DRUM The road in front of the house is:
1.asphalt
2.stone
3.earth


DUR Duration of the interview in minutes
|__|__|__|


DAY Day of the interview
|__|__|





























14

---

A N N E X 4

Indicators for monitoring

---

Indicators for monitoring the project impact in the pilot area

Impact indicators
What is
Baseline End
of End of End of End of End of
How
measured
Year 1
Year 2 Year 3 Year 5 Year 6
% households storing the household waistes:
Percentage





Questionnaire
- in specially organized platforms
- 3.5 %
- in conditions recommended by the project (organic
- 0%
separated from inorganic waists)

% households storing the manure:
Percentage






Questionnaire
- throwing it/do not use it on a regular basis

- 88.3%
- in the household bins/manure platform
- 6.7%
- do not have livestock
- 10.4%

% of individual farmers using manure as
Percentage





Questionnaire
fertilizer (always, most of the time)
- 15.3%

% of individual farmers using environmentally
Percentage





Questionnaire
friendly agricultural practices, as described in the

project

- minimum tillage
- 35.8%
- crop rotation
- 60.4%
- organic fertilizers
- 28.9%
- windbreaks
- 9.9%
- compost
- 3.7%
% of interviewed farmers recognizing they
Percentage





Questionnaire
suffered from Acute Diarrheic Disease.
- 2.9%

% of interviewed farmers aware of the relation
Percentage





From interviews.
between the diseases and the water quality
- 0%
A question to be

added to the
questionnaire.
% of farmers knowing what the certificate for
Percentage





Questionnaire
biological products/organic products are
- 1.6%

% of farmers aware of the objectives of the World Percentage





Questionnaire
Bank project
- 24.1%

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Impact indicators
What is
Baseline End
of End of
End of
End of
End of How
measured
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 5
Year 6
The information about the project had been
Percentage




Questionnaire
obtained through:

- Radio
- 0%
- TV
- 0%
- newspapers
- 0%
- meetings
- 0%
- others
- 0%

Level of farmers' involvement:







Questionnaire
- number of demo plots
number
- 0%
- total surface of plot(s)
hectares
- 0%
- number of manure bins in households
number
- 0%

No. of farmers who participated in the
number





Questionnaire
awareness campaign (working groups, focus-
- 0%
groups)
- for agricultural practices
- for manure management
- for water quality

Sources of information in agriculture:







Questionnaire
- number of sources used by the farmers
Number
6
(representing more than 1%)


- % of farmers that used at least one source of
Percentage
30.3%
information other than friends/relatives/neighbors

% of individual farmers knowing about
Percentage




Questionnaire
- DGAIA
- 51.1%
- APM
- 38.2%
- OSPA
- 11.8%
- OJCA
- 26.5%

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Impact indicators
What is measured
Baseline
End of
End of End of
End of End of
How
Year 1
Year 2 Year 3
Year 5 Year 6
% of individual farmers who used (or think
Percentage
Questionnaire
to use) the services of :

- DGAIA
- 52.1%
- APM
- 42.7%
- OSPA
- 35.5%
- OJCA
- 52.1%

% of the interviewed farmers having a good
Percentage
Questionnaire
and very good view on the services offered

by:

- DGAIA
- 33.6%
- APM
- 30 %
- OSPA
- 24.9%
- OJCA
- 33.7%

% of women involved in project activities:
Percentage
Questionnaire
- new farming activities/technologies
-0%
- using manure as fertilizer in the garden
-0%
- public health related activities
-0%
- awareness activities
-0%

% of involvement of the local authorities in
Percentage
Questionnaire
the project:

- mayors
-0%
- local councilors
-0%

% of involvement of the local leaders in the
Percentage
Questionnaire
project:
-0%
- presidents of agricultural associations
-0%
- managers of family associations
-0%
- managers of agricultural commercial societies
-0%
- comuna doctors
-0%
- comuna teachers
-0%
- priests

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