Romanian Academy
RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR QUALITY OF LIFE
The monitoring of Social Effects of the
Agricultural Pollution Control Project
REZULTS OF COMMUNITY STUDIES
A report for Ministry for Environment and Water
Management
Author: Raluca Popescu
Coordinators:
Mlina Voicu
Iuliana Precupeu
Main consultant:
Ioan Mrginean
Bucureti
15 Februarie 2005
This report summarizes the results of the community studies carried out within the
project "Monitoring of the social effect of the agricultural Pollution Control Project".
Raluca Popescu has analyzed the qualitative data collected during the fieldwork
research and has elaborated the presentation of the communities.
Mlina Voicu, Iuliana Precupeu (senior research fellows, RIQL) designed the whole
study, ensured the coordination of the fieldwork activities, and supervised the
reporting.
Ioan Mrginean (full professor of sociology; deputy president, RIQL) provided
technical expertise during the whole activity.
The fieldwork and the basic reporting for the case studies where carried out by
Cosmina Chiu, Adina Mihilescu, Gabriela Neagu, Dana Niulescu, , Mihnea
Preotesi, Cerasela Radu (all of them researches with RIQL). All data were collected in
January 2005.
2
Contents
MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AREA...............................................................4
ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU ........................................................................................5
CIOCNETI................................................................................................................8
CUZA VOD ..............................................................................................................10
GRDITEA...............................................................................................................15
INDEPENDENA.......................................................................................................18
VĀLCELE ...................................................................................................................22
VLAD EPE..............................................................................................................24
3
MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF THE AREA
The pilot project area is situated in the South Region of Development, in the county of
Calarai, and covers around 74.000 ha of land, out of which over 60.000 represent
arable land.
The works were developed within the administrative perimeter of 7 communes:
Alexandru Odobescu
Independena
Gradistea
Ciocneti
Cuza Vod
Vlad epe
Vālcelele.
There are around 25.000 people living in this pilot area.
Calarai County is one of the "agricultural" counties of Romania. Agriculture
represents the main source of living for most of the people in the area, the general
standard of living being quite low.
The poverty rates1 are one of the highest, having values superior to average rural
value of the South Region and even county value.
Poverty rate
Alexandru Odobescu
49%
Ciocneti
45%
Cuza Vod 45%
Grditea
47%
Independena 46%
Vālcelele
47%
Vlad epe 47%
Clrai County (Rural area)
40%
South Region (Rural area)
31%
Source: CASPIS, Poverty Map, 2004
The main crops produced in the area are maize, wheat and sunflower. The land is
farmed independently, in family farms or it is leased out to agricultural associations.
Brief community profiles are presented below.
1 Poverty Alleviation and Social Inclusion Promotion Commission (CASPIS) of the Romanian
Government developed a specific small area estimation methodology for poverty measurement, based
on census and survey data. The data are representative at locality level, but the estimations can be
compared only intra-regional and by area residence.
4
ALEXANDRU ODOBESCU
Location
Comuna Al. Odobescu is situated in the North Western part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The comuna has a poverty rate of 49% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) which is
placing it between the poorest comunas within the county of Calarai.
Villages
Within the comuna there are three villages: Alexandru Odobescu, Glui and Nicolae
Blcescu.
Population
In commune are living 3114 persons. The biggest village is Nicolae Blcescu,
cumulating almost 50% of the total population, followed by Alexandru Odobescu
(almost 40%).
Socio-demographic profile
The distribution of population by age groups displays important disparities. Less than
a quarter of the population is under age 19, almost 30% of the population is over age
65, highlighting the ageing trend.
Distribution of population by gender and age groups
Total
%
0-19 years
705
22,6
20-44 years
776
24,9
45 65 years
754
24,2
Over 65
879
28,2
Total
3114
100
The fertility rate is around average national value but the mortality rate is quite high,
even for rural areas. The value of natural growth (-11.6 per 1000 inhabitants) is
explicable in the context of general population decrease and ageing tendencies.
Other demographic indicators (2003 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Births 28
9,6
Deaths
62
21,3
Natural Growth
-34
-11,6
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the commune and its inhabitants is 5938 ha. The
total agricultural area is 5757 ha and the total arable area is 5414 ha.
5
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 119
Combine harvesters
18
Sowing machines
31
Trails
-
Carts 496
Pesticides spreading machines
5
Organic fertilizers spreading machines
2
Herbicides spreading machines
7
Agricultural activities
The arable land is grouped in many agricultural associations in the area, some of them
from outside the commune. There are 3 agricultural associations with legal statute (the
most important is located in Independena commune, but with work-points in every
village) and several family associations.
The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is higher compared to
parcels of individual farmers, cumulating over 60% of the plowed land. Most of the
agricultural land is plowed up with cereals.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations (only those with legal statute)
Independena
ROM-CAN
Elia
Total
Cereals 2050
402
63
2515
Technical plants (Sunflower)
704
120
37
861
Lucerne
180
9
189
Total
2934
531
100
3565
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface (ha)
Total production (t)
Productivity (kg /ha)
Cereals (wheat and barley)
515
1515
3000
Corn
655
2292
3500
Technical plants (sunflower)
410
615
1500
Vegetables
88
1878
21340
Fruits 8260
fruit
trees
-
-
Vineyard
105
-
-
Lucerne 20
-
-
Fodders
12
-
-
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
31080
Pigs
2206
Sheep and goats
2326
Cows
410
Horses 439
Services of agriculture extension
There is no Agricultural County Direction representative in the comuna. Mayory has
no employed person on the position of agronomic engineer even there is a person with
such training who completes cadastral tasks. There is an extension agent / extension
center of the County Office of Agricultural Consultancy in the commune.
6
Health status
Half of the population is connected to a running water network, the rest drinking
water from the wells. Even for those connected to the network, the water is not
appropriate for human consumption, the system being old and damaged. Only in
Glui village the water is safe, the water-centrals being restored last year with
SAPARD financing.
The incidence of diseases is generally the same as it was in 2000. In the past 4 years
there have been registered several cases of digestive and skin diseases, not chronic
ones, only with season character, during the summertime. Rather unusual, nitrites
intoxications are encountered between the small children (under age 1), the main
cause being drinking water from the wells, in spite of the fact that the parents were
warned about the risk of pollution by the medical personnel.
Incidence of diseases (2004 compared to 2000)
2000
2004
Acute diarrhea
20
20
Baby blue diseases
2
2
Tuberculosis 1
1
Skin diseases
7-8
7-8
Hepatitis 1
-
7
CIOCNETI
Location
Commune Ciocanesti is situated in the South Western part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 45% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are
Population
According to the 2002 census, in commune are living 4998 persons, 2479 males and
2519 females.
Demographic profile
The fertility rate and the marriage rate are smaller compared to national level,
explicable in the context of ageing tendency. The mortality rate is pretty high, as a
result of factors connected to the developing level of the area. As the general
population decrease trend, the natural growth has negative value: - 10.4 per 1000
inhabitants. The divorce rate is above national value, rather high for rural area.
Demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Live births
43
8,6
Deaths
95
19,0
Natural growth
-52
-10,4
Infant deaths
1
0,2
Marriages 16 3,2
Divorces
11
2,2
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the commune is 13.112 ha. The agricultural area is
10.832 ha
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 126
Combine harvesters
31
Sowing machines
83
Trails
154
Carts 100
Pesticides spreading machines
23
8
Agricultural activities
There are 7 agricultural associations, and also 9 agricultural societies. Opposite to the
common pattern in the area, the surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations
is smaller than that cultivated by individual farmers. Most of the agricultural land is
plowed up with cereals; important shares are cultivated with technical plants but also
with vegetables, another feature that differentiate the crop pattern of Ciocneti.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface (ha)
Productivity (t / ha)
Cereals 2180
5
Technical plants
878
2,2
Vegetables 225
16,7
Fruits
17
12
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface (ha)
Productivity (t / ha)
Cereals 3041
4,6
Technical plants
560
2,7
Vegetables 165
7,5
Fruits
15
12
Vineyard
95 4
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
33675
Pigs
2037
Sheep and goats
3382
Cattle
629
Horses 459
Services of agriculture extension
There is no extension agent/ extension center of the County Office of Agricultural
Consultancy in the comuna. Agricultural County Direction has a representative.
Health status
Tests made by the Public Health Institute show that the water from wells is not
appropriate for human consumption, but the situation is not as bad as in the other
comunas of the pilot area. Last year were registered some cases of digestive diseases
but no case of Baby Blue disease.
Incidence of diseases (2004)
No.
Acute diarrhea
14
Baby blue diseases
-
Tuberculosis 1
Skin diseases
-
Hepatitis -
9
CUZA VOD
Location
Commune Cuza Voda represents the Eastern part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 45% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are three villages: Cuza Voda, Ceacu, Clraii Vechi.
Population
In commune are living 4352 persons. The biggest village is Cuza Vod, cumulating
almost 50% of the total population. The other two villages are smaller: Ceaucu 34%
and Clraii Vechi 16% of total population.
No of inhabitants/village
No. of Inhabitants
Cuza Vod 2133
Ceaucu
1474
Clraii Vechi
745
Total
4352
Households
The average size of the household is 2,9 members, having the same value as the
national one.
No. and size of households by villages
No. of households
Average number of
persons on household
Cuza Vod 724 2,9
Ceaucu
502
2,9
Clraii Vechi
282
2,6
Total
1508
2,9
Socio-demographic profile
The distribution of population by gender reveal small differences (49,1% men and
50,9% women), significant differences being registered by age groups. Over a third of
the population is over age 55, joining in the general ageing trend, particularly in rural
area.
10
Distribution of population by gender and age groups
M
F
Total
%
0-18
years 508 480 988 22,7
19-35 years
513
453
966
22,2
36 45 years
238
167
405
9,3
46-55 years
245
248
493
11,3
56
and
Over
634 866 1500 34,5
Total
2138
2214
4352
100
The fertility rate is higher than the national values. The mortality rate is quite high,
common situation in less developed rural areas. The value of natural growth, even a
negative one (-5 per 1000 inhabitants), is better than in other communes in the area.
The divorce and also the marriage rate are smaller compared to national level,
explicable in the context of ageing tendency.
Other demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Live birth
46
10,5
Death
68
15,6
Natural Growth
-22
-5
Marriages
22
5,05
Divorces 3
0,6
Active and inactive population by gender
Total
Masculine
Feminine
Active population
1618
1167
451
Employed
1494
1063
431
Unemployed 124
104
20
Inactive population
2734
971
1763
Pupils and students
581
305
276
Retired persons
1190
475
715
Housewives 587
-
587
In public care or in care of an NGO
31
18
13
In individual care
337
166
171
Other situations
8
7
1
The total number of people employed is 1618, almost 75% of them being males.
Unemployment rate (8%) is around average national value.
Wage earnings population represents only one third of the employed population from
which people involved in agricultural activities cumulate around 30%. Industry is an
important sector, covering a quarter of the salaried persons. Almost 40% are dispersed
in quite equal shares in other economical activities like: public administration, trade,
transportation, education, etc.
11
Salaried persons by work area
No.
%
Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing
160
31,7
Industry
131
25,9
Public Administration
45
8,9
Trade
33
6,5
Transport 32
6,3
Education system
28
5,5
Constructions 23
4,6
Health and Social work system
16
3,2
Other activities
37
7,3
Total salaried persons
505
100,0
Almost 30% of the commune population is retired, 1040 persons receiving
agricultural pensions, 927 persons - pensions from state insurance, and 163 persons -
war veteran payments. There are also 56 unemployment insurance beneficiaries and
55 beneficiaries of handicap aids.
Infrastructure
Land
The total agricultural area is 8188 ha and the total arable area is 8065 ha.
Regarding land administration, 6618 ha are cultivated in agricultural associations,
344,2 ha in leasing, 811 ha in private administration, 28 ha being in parochial property
and 387 ha being communal natural pastureland.
Surface of agricultural land by type
Hectares
Arable land
8065
Vineyard
121
Pastureland 1
Forest
3
Fruits 1,2
12
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 121
Combine harvesters
25
Sowing machines
66
Trails
120
Carts 500
Pesticides machines
14
Agricultural activities
The private arable land is grouped in 16 agricultural associations and individual
farmers. The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is much larger
compared to those of individual farmers. Over two third of the agricultural land are
plowed up with cereals, almost one quarter with technical plants.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
4832 ha
3975 kg / ha
Technical plants
2140 ha
3000 kg / ha
Vegetables -
-
Fruits
-
-
Vineyard
4 ha
10 t / ha
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
901 ha
4200 kg / ha
Technical plants
325 ha
2000 kg / ha
Vegetables
40 ha
3 t / ha
Fruits
12 000 trees
130 t
Vineyard
148 ha
5 t / ha
Livestock
Heads
poultry
33000
pigs
4200
sheep and goats
2500
Cattle
330
horses
312
Non-agricultural activities
There are 43 commercial societies, with food and non-food related activities, so that
employment possibilities in activities other than agricultural ones are better than in
overall pilot area.
There are many shops and bars, 2 slaughterhouses, factory for meat processing in
Ceacu village and a textile factory in Cuza Vod village.
OJCA Calarasi and DGAIA representatives:
There is no extension agent/ extension center in the commune. DGAIA has a
representative.
13
Health status
Cuza Vod commune has one sanitary unit, 1 family physician and 4 nurseries. Only
three quarters (3279 persons) are registered on the family physician lists.
As in other communes in the area the quality of the drinking water is rather
problematical. Generally the water from the wells monitored by the Public Health
Institute is not appropriate for human consumption.
The incidence of diseases is generally the same as it was in 2000. In the past 4 years
there have been registered many cases of digestive and skin diseases and even nitrites
intoxications.
Incidence of diseases (2004 compared to 2000)
2000
2004
Acute diarrhea
30-40
30-40
Baby blue disease
2
1
Tuberculosis 5
3
Skin diseases
60
60
Hepatitis 2
2
14
GRDITEA
Location
Commune Grditea is situated in the central part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 47% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are four villages: Graditea, Cuneti, Rasa and Bogata.
Population
In commune are living 4919 persons. The biggest village is Grditea, cumulating
over 40% of the total population, followed by Rasa (25%). The other two villages are
smaller.
Socio-demographic profile
The distribution of population by gender reveal small differences (49,5% men and
50,5% women), disparities being registered by age groups. More than a third2 of the
population is over age 60, highlighting the ageing trend. The level of dependency ratio
is high.
Distribution of population by gender and age groups
M
F
Total
%
0-14
years 398 366 764 15,5
15-34 years
703
609
1312
26,7
35
59
years
632 580 1212 24,6
60 and over
701
930
1631
33,2
Total
2434 2485 4919 100
The fertility and also the marriage rates are smaller compared to national level,
explicable in the context of ageing tendency. The mortality rate is around average for
rural areas. The value of natural growth (-8.9 per 1000 inhabitants) display the general
population decrease trend. The divorce rate is quite high, especially for rural area.
Other demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Births 29
5,9
Deaths
73
14,8
Natural growth
-44
-8,9
Marriages
22
4,5
Divorces 13
2,6
2 National value is around 20% and average rural value is around 25%.
15
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the commune and its inhabitants is 17739 ha. The
total agricultural area is 14984 ha and the total arable area is 14796 ha.
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 127
Combine harvesters
30
Sowing machines
52
Trails
48
Carts 300
Pesticides spreading machines
17
Agricultural activities
The private arable land is grouped in many agricultural associations in the area, some
of them from outside the commune. There are 8 commercial societies, 4 agricultural
associations and 7 individual farmers.
The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is smaller compared to those
of individual farmers. Most of the agricultural land is plowed up with cereals, but also
technical plants cultures represent important shares.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface (ha)
Productivity (kg /ha)
Cereals
Cereal Seeds Cereal Seeds
3317
2928
3840
5500
Technical plants
2676
1800
Vegetables
25
8000
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface (ha)
Total Production (t)
Productivity (kg /ha)
Cereals 2788
16725
5999
Technical plants
1212
2882
2378
Vegetables 16
143
8937,5
Fruits
23
2500
108696
Vineyard
188 752
4000
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
31080
Pigs
2206
Sheep and goats
2326
Cattle
410
Horses 439
Non-agricultural activities
There are many commercial societies, with food and non-food related activities, so
that employment possibilities in activities other than agricultural ones are better than
in overall pilot area:
a toilet paper factory in Cuneti village
2 oil factories in Rasa and Cuneti villages
a tailor workshop in Rasa village
16
a milk processing factory in Rasa village
a fish processing factory in Rasa village
There are also several shops, bars and a discotheque.
Services of agriculture extension
There is no extension agent/ extension center County Office of Agricultural
Consultancy in the commune. Agricultural County Direction has a representative.
Health status
There are one sanitary unit in Grditea village (deserving also Cuneti village) and
one sanitary point in Rasa village (deserving also Bogata village), every unit having a
family physician.
The incidence of the diseases is similar each year. There have been registered cases of
digestive diseases and intoxications, but allergenic or alimentary, not with toxic
agents. Skin diseases are frequent, the main cause being swimming in the pollute
channel near commune.
Incidence of diseases (2004)
No.
Acute diarrhea
3
Baby blue diseases
-
Tuberculosis 2
Skin diseases
10-15
Hepatitis 2
17
INDEPENDENA
Location
Commune Independena is situated in the central part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 46% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are three villages: Viini, Potcoava, Independena
Population
In commune are living 3981 persons. The biggest village is Independena, cumulating
over 60% of the total population. The other two villages are smaller: Potcoava 23%
and Viinii 17% of total population.
No of inhabitants/village
No. of Inhabitants
Independena 2270
Potcoava
905
Viini 506
Total
3681
Households
The average size of the household is 2.6 members, being smaller than the Romanian
average size of the household (2.93).
No. and size of households by villages
No. of households
Average number of
persons on household
Independena 816
2,8
Potcoava
356
2,5
Viini 226
2,2
Total
1398
2,6
Socio-demographic profile
The distribution by gender is quite equal, significant differences being registered by
age groups. Almost a quarter of the population is over age 60, the same as the general
trend in the rural areas.
3 according to the 2002 census
18
Distribution of population by gender and age groups
M
F
Total
%
0-19
years 456 391 847 23,0
20-44 years
618
476
1094
29,7
45-64
years
437 470 907 24,6
65 and Over
331
502
833
22,6
Total
1842 1839 3681 100
The fertility and the marriage rates are higher than the national values, typical
situation for rural area. The mortality rate is also higher than the national average,
having the same trend as in the other rural areas. Even negative, natural growth value
is the best value in investigated area.
Other demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Live births
43
11,7
Deaths
50
13,5
Natural growth
-7
-1,9
Marriages
22
6,0
There are 292 salaried persons, almost two third in agricultural activities. Education
system, Trade and Social Work system have also significant number of persons
employed.
Wage earnings population by work area
No.
Agriculture 186
Industry
7
Trade 18
Transport
2
Public Administration
5
Education system
39
Health system
6
Social work system
15
Church 4
Total salaried persons
292
Almost a half from the commune population is retired, 990 persons receiving
agricultural pensions, 819 persons - pensions from state insurance, and 165 persons -
war veteran payments. There are also 35 unemployment insurance beneficiaries and
71 beneficiaries of handicap aids.
19
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the comuna and its inhabitants is 5856 ha. The
total agricultural area is 5507 ha and the total arable area is 5427 ha.
Regarding land administration, 1941 ha are cultivated in agricultural associations,
1910 ha in leasing, 1402 ha in private administration, 12 ha being in parochial
property and 242 ha being communal natural pastureland.
Surface of agricultural land by type
Hectares
Arable land
5427
Vineyard
71
Pastureland 1
Forest
7
Orchard
1
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 100
Combine harvesters
41
Sowing machines
34
Trails
30
Carts 252
Pesticides spreading machines
7
There are 2 societies offering services related to agricultural activities and also a
cereal purchasing company.
Agricultural activities
The private arable land is grouped in two agricultural associations (with legal statute)
and individual farmers. The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is
almost double compared to those of individual farmers. Two third of the agricultural
land are plowed up with cereals, almost one quarter with technical plants.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
2320 ha
6500 kg / ha
Technical plants
1100 ha
1850 kg / ha
(987 ha sunflower
(2500 kg / ha sunflower
113 ha crocus)
1200 kg / ha crocus)
Vegetables
73,5 ha
950 kg / ha
Fruits
1 ha
20
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
1108 ha
5600 kg / ha
Technical plants
250 ha
2300 kg / ha
Vegetables
40 ha
13 t / ha
Fruits
16 000 fruit trees
145 t / ha
Vineyard
71 ha
3500 kg / ha
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
27187
Pigs
958
Sheep and goats
1172
Cattle
470
Horses 355
Non-agricultural activities
There are only a few commercial societies so that employment possibilities in
activities other than agricultural ones are quite low.
There are 12 shops, 10 bars 2 carpentry workshops and a bakery, most of them small
family business.
Services of agriculture extension
There is no extension agent/ extension center County Office of Agricultural
Consultancy in the commune. Agricultural County Direction has a representative in
this commune and also the commune is paying for another agronomist.
Health status
Independena commune has one sanitary unit, 2 family physicians and 2 nurseries.
Only three quarters (2799 persons) are registered on the family physician lists.
For the most part, the water from wells is not appropriate for human consumption.
The incidence of the diseases is very similar to year 2000. Every year were recorded
cases of digestive diseases and a pretty alarming number of skin diseases, fortunately
most of them season not chronic ones. According to the commune physician, nitrites
intoxications seem to display an increase trend in the last two years, especially for the
small children.
Incidence of diseases (2004 compared to 2000)
2000
2004
Acute diarrhea
10
11
Baby blue diseases
-
2*
Tuberculosis -
2
Skin diseases
80
80
Hepatitis -
-
* Children under 1 years old
21
VĀLCELE
Location
Commune Vālcele is situated in the Northern part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 47% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are two villages: Vālcele and Floroaica.
Population
In commune are living 2081 persons, 1008 males and 1073 females. The biggest
village is Vālcele, cumulating almost three quarters of the total population.
Demographic profile
The fertility rate is significantly higher than the national value, but the mortality rate
is also quite high, natural growth registering negative value. The divorce and also the
marriage rate are smaller compared to national level, explicable in the context of
ageing tendency.
Demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Live births
30
12,2
Deaths
43
17,5
Natural growth
-13
-6,2
Marriages
10
4,1
Divorces 3 1,2
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the commune is 6800 ha. The total agricultural
area is 6395, and the arable area is 6351 ha.
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 83
Combine harvesters
15
Sowing machines
32
Trails
65
Carts 185
Pesticides spreading machines
5
22
Agricultural activities
There are 7 agricultural commercial societies and 5 family associations and over 400
individual farmers. The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is of
3881 ha, representing 60% of the cultivated land. Almost 75% of the agricultural land
is plowed up with cereals.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
2838 ha
5800 kg / ha
Technical plants
818 ha
2100 kg / ha
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
1980 ha
5800 kg / ha
Technical plants
4706 ha
2100 kg / ha
Vegetables
22 ha
2000 kg / ha
Vineyard
42 ha
100 t
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
29719
Pigs
462
Sheep and goats
1847
Cattle
530
Horses 304
Services of agriculture extension
There is no extension agent/ extension center County Office of Agricultural
Consultancy in the commune. Agricultural County Direction has a representative.
Health status
The water from wells is also not appropriate for human consumption, and the situation
is around average of the pilot area. Last years was registered some severe cases of
baby blue diseases.
Incidence of diseases (2004)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Acute
diarrhea
- - - - -
Baby blue diseases
-
-
-
2*
3*
Tuberculosis
2 3 14 - 2
Skin diseases
-
-
-
-
-
Hepatitis
- 2 - - -
* The nitrites intoxications were severe cases registered to children under 1 year.
23
VLAD EPE
Location
Commune Vlad Tepe is situated in the North-Western part of the pilot area.
Poverty
The commune has a poverty rate of 47% (according to CASPIS Poverty Map) above
the average rural value of Calarai County.
Villages
Within the commune there are two villages: Vlad epe and Mihai Viteazu
Population
In commune are living 2453 persons, the biggest village being Vlad epe,
cumulating over two third of the total population.
Demographic profile
As in overall rural area, the fertility rate is higher than the national values. The
mortality rate is very high, as a result of factors connected to the developing level of
the area. Natural growth has quite high negative values.
The divorce and also the marriage rate are smaller compared to national level,
explicable in the context of ageing tendency.
Demographic indicators (2004 values)
No.
Per 1000 inhabitants
Live births
28
11,4
Deaths
49
20
Natural growth
-21
-8,5
Marriages
12
4,9
Divorces 3 1,2
Infrastructure
Land
The total area of land belonging to the commune is 6468 ha. The total agricultural
area is 6296.
Machinery
The types and no. of machinery existing in the commune
No.
Tractors 69
Combine harvesters
13
Sowing machines
29
Trails
68
Carts 302
Pesticides spreading machines
1
24
Agricultural activities
The private arable land is grouped in 6 agricultural associations (with legal statute)
and individual farmers. The surface of land cultivated in agricultural associations is of
4001 ha, representing 60% of the cultivated land. Most of the agricultural land is
plowed up with cereals, but important shares are cultivated with technical plants.
Types of cultures - agricultural associations
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
2752 ha
Corn: 5000 kg / ha
Wheat: 4000 kg / ha
Barley: 4000 kg / ha
Technical plants
1014 ha
Sunflower: 1800 kg / ha
Vegetables
5 ha
950 kg / ha
Lucerne
133
Pastureland
97
Types of cultures - individual farmers
Surface
Productivity
Cereals
1315 ha
Corn: 5000 kg / ha
Wheat: 4000 kg / ha
Barley: 4000 kg / ha
Technical plants
1046 ha
Sunflower: 1800 kg / ha
Vegetables 31
ha
Vineyard
75 ha
Livestock
Heads
Poultry
27187
Pigs
958
Sheep and goats
1172
Cattle
470
Horses 355
Services of agriculture extension
There is no extension agent/ extension center of County Office of Agricultural
Consultancy in the commune. Agricultural County Direction has a representative.
Health status
As the results of the tests made by the Public Health Institute are showing, the water
from all the wells monitored within the commune is not appropriate for human
consumption. The water is infested with nitrites and nitrates, as both medical
personnel and local authorities admitted.
The situation is not as bad as in the other communes of the pilot area. Last year was
registered only a few cases of intoxications or digestive diseases.
Incidence of diseases (2004)
No.
Acute diarrhea
-
Baby blue diseases
1
Tuberculosis 1
Skin diseases
-
Hepatitis -
25
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