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PROPOSAL FOR REVIEW
Project Title
Lake Ohrid Management Project
Country Eligibility
Under 9(b) of the Instrument
Total Project Costs
US$4.27 million
GEF Financing
US$3.97 million
Cofinancing
Stand-alone project with parallel financing (for
related non-transboundary activities) being
sought from Switzerland, the European Union,
Austria, Italy, UNDP, the Netherlands, and
other international donors (approximately $4
million in parallel financing virtually certain
with additional $17 million being sought);
Government contribution: approximately
$300,000.
GEF Implementing Agency
World Bank
Executing Agencies
Governments of Albania and the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Local Counterpart Agencies
Ministry of Public Works, Territorial Planning
and Tourism (Albania); Ministry of
Construction, Urban Planning, and
Environment (the former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia)
Estimated Starting Date
April 1, 1997
(Effectiveness)
Project Duration
Three Years
GEF Preparation Costs
Project Preparation Advance
US$285,000 (PDF Block B)
US$ 25,000 (PDF Block A)

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY (GEF)
ALBANIA AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
LAKE OHRID MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Lake Ohrid and Its Surroundings
1.
Lake Ohrid is approximately 2-3 million years old, and is one of the world's oldest lakes. Two-
thirds of the lake's surface area of 358 square kilometers belongs to the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia while the remainder is in Albanian territory, and the lake lies in a valley 695 meters above sea
level surrounded by mountain peaks of over 2,000 meters. It has a shoreline of 88 kilometers, maximum
length of 30 kilometers, width of 14.5 kilometers and depth of 289 meters.
2.
The only surface outflow of Lake Ohrid is the River Crni Drim which accounts for 72% of the
outflow (with a mean discharge of 22.2 cubic meters per second), with the remaining 28% accounted for
by evaporation. The catchment area of the lake covered 1,042 square kilometers until 1962, when it was
artificially enlarged to 1,487 square kilometers after the River Sateska, previously a tributary of River Crni
Drim, was diverted into the lake near Struga. However, the effective size of the catchment is substantially
larger since several springs along the shore of Lake Ohrid are supplied from Lake Prespa. Lake Prespa,
which lies 200 meters higher than Lake Ohrid and is separated from it by a mountain range, provides
approximately 46% of the inflow of water to Lake Ohrid. The largest spring, St. Naum, discharges about
8.3 cubic meters per second corresponding to 25% of the total inflow into Lake Ohrid. About 40 rivers
and streams drain into Lake Ohrid and provide roughly 26% of its inflow, but only the Sateska, Koselska,
and Cereva carry significant discharges. Others are small and dry out during the summer.
Biological and Environmental Significance
3.
The lake is one of the largest biological reserves in Europe, possessing unique flora and fauna
which are extinct elsewhere. Only Lake Ohrid, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Caspi, and Lake Baikal are
believed to have been formed during the Tertiary Period some 2-4 million years ago, and hence these
lakes are characterized by unique flora and fauna distinct to that period. Due to its age, many of Lake
Ohrid's aquatic species are endemic including ten of the seventeen fish species. In addition, there are five
particular endemic species which are restricted to small areas of the lake offering special microecological
systems. Finally, the reed belts in the littoral zone have a high ecological significance as a biotope for
various aquatic birds, as well as for fish spawning grounds. Because of its rich history and unique flora
and fauna, Lake Ohrid was declared a UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site in 1980.
Economic Significance
4.
The lake's shores have been populated since antiquity, and, in addition to a number of mostly
fishing villages, three cities with a combined population of about 100,000 have grown up around the lake -
- Ohrid and Struga in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Pogradec in Albania. During the
summer tourist season, the population along the Macedonian shore increases from 80,000 to 120,000. In

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addition, about 60,000 people live in the lake's catchment area on the Albanian side, and Pogradec is also
an important summer destination for Albanian tourists. For the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
Lake Ohrid is the number one tourist destination, and it frequently received foreign tourists before the war
in Bosnia-Hercegovina discouraged tourism to the Balkans. In Albania, Lake Ohrid is the second most
popular summer tourist destination after the Adriatic Coast, and approximately one thousand fishermen
make their living from the lake. Ten of the fish species in the lake have commercial value.
Major Transboundary Threats to the Lake
5.
A clear danger exists to maintaining the long-term ecological stability of Lake Ohrid unless action
is taken to improve environmental management of the catchment area and the shoreline to prevent the
accumulation of pollutants in the lake. These actions are critical since the inflow and the outflow is very
small so that the lake's water is exchanged approximately only every 60 years. This long water retention
time is the main reason for the slow reaction of the lake to pollution. Box 1 (page 13) summarizes the
major transboundary threats to the Lake identified in the feasibility study conducted as part of project
preparation. Chief among transboundary threats, and despite a number of remedial measures, is the
phosphorous content on the Lake: less than 25% of wastewater in the catchment is treated. After untreated
wastewater, the second major source of pollution is the inflow of nutrients from non-point sources (i.e.,
erosion and agricultural run-off). Industrial pollution, on the other hand, is less of a problem now due to
reduced industrial activity.
6.
The total phosphorus concentration has increased by about 0.25 mg/m3 over the past decade with
a mean concentration estimated at between 7-8 mg/m3. Therefore, it is predicted that the state of the lake
will move from its present state (oligotrophic) to mesotrophic or even eutrophic in the next ten years, if
measures are not taken to limit phosphorus loading into the lake. The current loading of dissolved
phosphorus is approximately 150 tons per year, and this would need to be reduced to 100 tons per year to
keep the mean concentration of phosphorus below 7 mg/m3.
7.
On the Albanian shore, the main sources of pollution stem from untreated sewage from Pogradec,
and sewage from villages. Before the fall of communism, uncontrolled industrial wastewater and mining
waste, including toxic substances and heavy metals, were also discharged directly into the lake. In the
Albanian catchment area, the main sources of pollution are agricultural run-off and soil erosion due to
unsustainable agricultural practices and excessive deforestation. On the Macedonian shore, the main
sources of pollution stem from sewage from incomplete secondary collection systems in Ohrid and Struga,
sewage from villages, and uncontrolled discharge of pre-treated wastewater from hotels, camp sites and
industries. In the Macedonian catchment area, the main sources of pollution are sediment load discharged
by the Sateska River, infiltration of contaminated water from widespread septic tanks, rain and
groundwater contaminated by disposed solid waste, and agricultural run-off.
8.
In the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, measures to abate the environmental degradation
of the lake were initiated in the 1980s. Two of the three existing wastewater treatment plants in the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are located in the catchment of Lake Ohrid. About 20,000 population
equivalents (pe) in Ohrid and 14,000 pe in Struga are connected to a sewerage system. Wastewater is
pumped along the shore through a 25.4-kilometer-long collector with eight pumping stations to a
treatment plant near Struga. Treated water is discharged into the River Crni Drim. The plant is designed
to treat wastewater of 120,000 pe, although some components (e.g. aerated grit removal tank) are laid out

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for 180,000 pe. Construction was suspended in the late 1980s due to the lack of funding. The second
treatment plant connects 12,000 pe in Resen on Lake Prespa which accounts for 46% of the water of Lake
Prespa draining into Lake Ohrid through underground streams and springs.
9.
In Albania, there are no wastewater treatment facilities at present, and only Pogradec has a
wastewater collection system serving about 35% of its residents. Wastewater collected in a trunk sewer is
pumped by three pumping stations and discharged into Lake Ohrid about five kilometers east of Pogradec
near the border with Macedonia. This situation, however, represents a transboundary threat to the health
of both residents and tourists in Pogradec due to the lack of treatment before wastewaters are discharged.
During the summer of 1995, the Government issued health warnings and many Albanian tourists avoided
using the main beach near Pogradec due to unsanitary conditions from wastewater discharge.
Project Objectives
10.
The primary objective of the Project is to develop a basis for the joint management and protection
of Lake Ohrid by the governments and people of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and
Albania. By establishing a basis for joint management of the Lake Ohrid Basin, the Project will promote
cost-effective solutions concerning transboundary natural resources management and pollution issues and
prevent and minimize future pollution. This is the foundation upon which the success of the GEF Project
and all subsequent efforts will rest since any environmental protection strategy for the Lake Ohrid Basin
must be based on the principles of cooperation between Albania and the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, and the joint management of the lake and its surrounding resources. The GEF project will
finance the incremental costs associated with this cooperation over the next three years.
11.
GEF projects which fall under the Water body-based Operational Program typically contain
certain steps in the development of a strategic action plan (SAP). In the case of Lake Ohrid, the following
elements of a SAP are already in place: identification of transboundary issues based on a Transboundary
Issues Paper prepared under the GEF Project Preparation Advance, a Memorandum of Understanding
(signed in December 1996) on cooperation between the two countries, including the intent to establish a
suitable organizational framework for cooperation, plus a list of investment priorities determined through
a Project Feasibility Study financed by the Swiss Government. The proposed project would deepen and
broaden the process of SAP formulation, focusing particularly on an analysis of transboundary issues, and
over the next three years result in the formulation and adoption of a Lake Ohrid Strategic Action Plan and
Investment Program.
12.
Among the transboundary natural resources management issues to be addressed are: (i) joint
management and protection of fisheries resources to ensure that these resources are not overexploited; (ii)
joint management and protection of biodiversity resources in and around Lake Ohrid; (iii) the implications
of the discharge of wastewaters from the Macedonian treatment plant in Struga into the River Crni Drim
which flows into Albania; (iv) the potential environmental implications of discharging Albanian
wastewaters directly into the lake near Pogradec; and (v) the transboundary effects of improper use of
agricultural chemicals and poor land-use practices, and the potential degradation of the springs feeding
Lake Ohrid. In light of the importance of economic activities such as tourism and fishing for the local
economies on both sides of Lake Ohrid, a primary objective of the Project and subsequent Strategic
Action Plan and Investment Program will be to promote integrated analysis and consideration of the

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implications of pollution control and development strategies, focussing on the costs and benefits on both
sides of the lake.

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Project Description
13.
Four components are proposed for the Project: (i) Developing the Institutional, Legal, and
Regulatory Framework for Cooperation; (ii) Establishing a Monitoring Framework; (iii) Preparation of a
Lake Ohrid Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program; and (iv) Financing Priority "Catalytic"
Measures. The GEF project will finance only the incremental costs related to international cooperation. It
should be emphasized that the GEF Project is proposed as a stand-alone project which is closely linked to
Bank and other donor support in both countries. It thus serves as a catalyst for other donors to provide
parallel financing for investments and other measures which are not considered to be incremental. For
example, the Government of Switzerland (monitoring equipment and wastewater collection investments)
and the European Community (wastewater treatment) are both actively involved in supporting measures
which are complementary to the GEF Project and have committed approximately $2.26 million in parallel
financing for 1997. The Government of Switzerland also financed the Project Feasibility Study
($o.5m)which was completed in December 1995 as part of GEF project preparation.
Developing the Institutional, Legal, and Regulatory Framework ($0.640 million). This
component will establish and support a Lake Ohrid Management Board in order to promote
permanent cooperation between the two countries. Each country has appointed six high level
national and local officials (including representatives of nongovernmental organizations) to be on
the Board, and it is proposed that one international specialist also serve on the Board. The Board
will meet periodically (about 2-3 times per year) to agree on common objectives, operating rules
and procedures, review project implementation, and discuss strategies for raising funds for
implementation of the environmental program for the conservation of Lake Ohrid.

This component will support technical training for technical specialists and local staff from the
municipalities who would work under the guidance of the Lake Ohrid Management Board. It will
also support analytical work leading to the harmonization of the relevant laws, regulations, and
standards between the two countries. Other measures supported under this component will include
strengthening the environmental management and enforcement capacity of municipalities
bordering the lake, and providing limited support (e.g. through training and technical assistance for
legal and regulatory reform) to counterpart agencies in Tirana and Skopje. In addition, Project
Implementation Units (PIUs) have been established in both countries, and the PIU activities will
be supported under this component. The salaries of the members of the Lake Ohrid Management
Board will be financed by their respective organizations with the exception of small honoraria to
cover expenses to be paid to Board members.
Establishing a Monitoring Framework (US$1.900 million). Coordinated monitoring of Lake
Ohrid has never been carried out, and thus the Project will support a well-coordinated monitoring
program through the purchasing of monitoring equipment and the development of a monitoring
system for tracking the quality of the waters of Lake Ohrid, the level and composition of
discharges into the lake, and other data relevant for the Ohrid Lake ecosystem. A Monitoring
Concept has been prepared and approved by the Monitoring Task Force from each country, and
includes: (i) details on data collection, information exchange, and publishing of monitoring
information; (ii) the precise points to be monitored in Albanian and Macedonian waters along with
the frequency of monitoring and the parameters to be measured at each point; (iii) equipment
requirements in both countries; (iv) training and technical assistance requirements; and (v)
institutional responsibilities. Clearly, without coordinated monitoring, it would not be possible to

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guarantee that the two countries could adequately analyze problems from an "ecosystem"
perspective and agree on mutually acceptable solutions for managing transboundary issues. The
component will therefore provide financing for initial purchasing of monitoring equipment such as
boats, chemical analyzers, and other field equipment required to carry out regular monitoring of
the water quality of the lake and effects on flora and fauna, in addition to office equipment, and
support for additional staff, training, and technical assistance. The monitoring plan will be
formulated during project implementation. However, the key indicators will be identified during
project appraisal. A key indicator of stress reduction is a decrease in the discharge of dissolved
phosphorous into the Lake. At the end of the Project, a new laboratory will be created on the
Albanian side of Lake Ohrid, and a complete monitoring system based on cooperation between the
two countries (including for the exchange of data and information) will be established.
Preparation of a Lake Ohrid Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program (US$0.895
million). This component will develop and design a forward-looking Strategic Action Plan and
Investment Program which will be responsive to the GEF International Waters Strategy
requirements. The Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program will form the long-term basis
for both developing and protecting the Lake Ohrid region, addressing transboundary pollution and
natural resource management issues, and mitigating the environmental impact of present and
expected human activities well into the next century. Preventive solutions will be emphasized,
taking into account the data to be collected through monitoring activities supported under the
Project. Through workshops, training programs, and the close collaboration of international,
Albanian, and Macedonian specialists, the Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program will
build on the existing Project Feasibility Study by identifying prospective donors and financiers in
addition to proposing a schedule for the phasing of technical assistance and investment measures.
The Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program will focus on: (i) tourism and infrastructure
development (including management of cultural heritage); (ii) urban and industrial pollution and
wastewater management; (iii) solid waste management; (iv) watershed management -- agricultural
chemicals, soil quality and erosion, forestry; (v) natural resources management -- biodiversity,
protected areas, parks; (vi) fisheries management; (vii) legal/regulatory framework; (viii)
institutional strengthening; and (ix) financial sustainability.
Environmental education and public awareness programs in support of local actions identified in
the SAP will be conducted by local non-governmental organizations and introduced in schools and
in the local communities bordering on the Lake. The preliminary design of the public awareness
campaign was financed by the Project Preparation Advance and implemented by local non-
governmental organizations.
Priority "Catalyst" Measures (US$0.535 million). This component will finance small
investments and other measures to promote community support, test technologies new to the area,
and to serve as catalysts for future investments. Only investments and measures with a clear
transboundary impacts and high demonstration value for both countries have been selected for
financing. Based on the Project Feasibility Study, and agreed to in consultation with the national
governments, municipalities, and other local groups, small pilot projects have been selected to
address transboundary issues related to: (a) reduction of the nutrient load flowing into Lake Ohrid
(including soil erosion control and agricultural management); (b) fisheries management; and (c) a
seismic analysis program due to the location of Lake Ohrid in areas sensitive to earthquakes. The
reduction of nutrient output (see (a) above) is considered to be the pilot project with the greatest

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potential benefit. The funds ($410,000) will support two activities. First a market and feasibility
study for introducing phosphorous-free detergents to reduce waste-water treatment costs. Currently
no phosphorous-free detergents are available in either country, yet detergents contribute about half
of the total phosphorous in Lake Ohrid on an annual basis. Secondly, the project will finance a
public awareness campaign aimed at improving agricultural management to reduce soil erosion
and agricultural run-off into the lake. This will be implemented by local NGOs who have worked
closely with the Swiss consultants in identifying the needs and target populations for this activity.
The demonstration value and lessons learned from these pilot measures will thus complement and
contribute to the formulation and design of the Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program to
be prepared under the Project, and, at the same time, serve to stimulate donor interest in providing
additional support for the activities covered under this component (See the Project Budget in
Annex 1 for a more detailed description of this component and each demonstration project).
14.
Thus far, a Project Preparation Advance (PPA) of $285,000 has been awarded to the countries, and
this has helped to lay the groundwork for the future sustainability of the Project (See Annexe 2). In
addition to financing the design of the public participation and awareness campaign, the PPA has financed
meetings of members of the Lake Ohrid Management Board who together drafted the Memorandum of
Understanding and the overall framework for project preparation, and meetings of the Monitoring Task
Force who have prepared the Monitoring Concept. The PPA is also financing the design of institutional
arrangements in both countries to govern day-to-day project implementation through Project
Implementation Units (PIUS) which will serve under the direction of the Lake Ohrid Management Board,
financed a two day training course on project management and implementation which was held in July,
1996, and partially financed a Donors' Conference held at Lake Ohrid in October, 1996. Approximately
eight donors were represented at the Donors' Conference which was attended by about 80 people. The
purpose of the Donors' Conference was to clarify the roles of prospective donors during the next three
years, and the measures each could finance to support parallel activities associated with the GEF project.
Project Cost and Financing
15.
The project is proposed as a grant of $3.97 million from the GEF. The project will finance only
the incremental costs associated with the management of transboundary issues in the Lake Ohrid Basin in
accordance with GEF Operational Policies for Water-Body Projects (Annex 5). Preliminary feasibility
studies have identified an investment program of approximately $50 million. This includes investments
and activities associated with the development and implementation of a Strategic Action Plan, a public
awareness campaign, institutional strengthening, design of a financing mechanism to ensure sustainability,
and small-scale, priority pilot projects with a high potential for demonstration and replicability. These
incremental costs are proposed for GEF financing. Both the Albanian and Macedonian authorities have
demonstrated strong commitment to the proposed Lake Ohrid Management Project, and the salaries of all
members of the Lake Ohrid Management Board will be financed by the government agencies or non-
governmental organizations which employ the Board Members. In addition, the countries will finance the
salaries and overhead costs required to finance the participation of all members of technical task forces
and counterpart staff who will be involved in the implementation of the Project (with the exception of PIU
staff and consultants), and this total contribution is expected to be on the order of $100,000 per year.
16.
The project is intended to be a catalyst for other donors to provide parallel financial support for
other priority projects for Lake Ohrid in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania. At this

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time, the Government of Switzerland has committed support to the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia for priority investments for wastewater collection and monitoring measures ($1.91 million in
1997), and the EU-PHARE will finance the detailed design work for a wastewater treatment plant in
Pogradec, Albania ($400,000). It is expected that the construction of the wastewater treatment plant in
Albania will be financed by the World Bank and other donors on the basis of the recommendations of a
Project Feasibility Study financed by Switzerland. In addition, the United Nations Development Program
(UNDP), the World Bank, and the Governments of Italy, Austria, Finland, and the Netherlands are
considering parallel activities which would complement the proposed GEF Project (See Annex 4).
Project Implementation
17.
The entire GEF Project will be implemented over a three-year period, with the intention that the
wider Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program for the protection and management of the Lake
Ohrid region would form the foundation for future technical assistance and investment activities. During
the course of the implementation of the GEF Project, the Governments of the former Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia and Albania, the World Bank, and other donors will more fully develop ideas for follow-on
projects and investments which would be included in the Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program to
be developed towards the end of project implementation.
18.
The Lake Ohrid Management Board would oversee project implementation through Project
Implementation Units (PIUs) which have been established in both countries. Each PIU would consist of a
project manager, an accountant, and support staff, and report directly to the Lake Ohrid Management
Board. The PIU would involve the municipalities of Pogradec, Ohrid, and Struga, and other institutions
such as the Hydrobiological Institute in Ohrid and the Hydrometeorological Institute in Albania. For the
public awareness and environmental education work, the PIU would also coordinate with local
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) which are working together with the Regional Environment
Center (REC) (headquartered in Budapest, and with offices in Albania and Macedonia) on raising public
awareness and promoting public participation.
Rationale for GEF Involvement
19.
The project is consistent with the GEF Operational Strategy approved in November, 1995 and
specifically falls under the Water-Body Operational Program. The GEF would support measures required
to promote and facilitate communication and collaboration, the development of a Strategic Action Plan
and Investment Program, joint monitoring, and limited investment in demonstration/pilot projects which
would help to reduce the potential for damage to Lake Ohrid, especially in border areas. Because Albania
was closed for over forty years, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia only recently achieved
independence, the Project would afford the first real opportunity for cooperation in management of natural
resources and investment planning between the two countries. In the absence of the GEF Project, it is
doubtful that joint management of Lake Ohrid would take place since there is little history of cooperation
between the two countries in this area. Moreover, the Project will also have the added benefit of
promoting international cooperation in an area where there is some existing political tension. Finally,
because there are other border lakes between Greece, Albania, and the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia (Lake Prespa), Greece and Macedonia (Lake Dojran), and Albania and Yugoslavia (Lake

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Shkoder), the Lake Ohrid project would serve as a precedent and model to follow for these other
transboundary initiatives.
20.
Officials from both countries have underscored that the lake itself has no borders, and therefore
that project design and implementation must be carried out jointly to be successful. The project
beneficiaries submitted official requests for a joint project to the World Bank in the fall of 1994 shortly
after initial discussions were held with World Bank staff working on both countries, and requests were
resubmitted by the GEF Focal Points (Annex 5). In July 1996 the countries reached substantive
agreement on a Memorandum of Understanding concerning the Protection of Lake Ohrid, and this was
signed in December 1996. Both countries appointed teams of approximately fifteen technical specialists
from each country (representing about ten ministries, institutes, and the local municipalities in each
country) who have been working together with the World Bank and the team of Swiss consultants to
prepare the Project.
Lessons Learned and Technical Review
21.
Much of the preparation of the project has been done by national and local staff in Albania and the
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, so that the lessons learned during project preparation can be
applied during project implementation. A copy of the Technical Review of the Project is included as
Annex 6. The revised project design has responded to the review by ensuring that these comments were
taken into account during the preparation of the Project Feasibility Study which was completed some four
months after receipt of the Technical Review comments. Specifically, the complex ground water/surface
water system associated with the connection between Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa, the hydrogeologic
karst system, and the inflow of water from natural springs was taken into account in project preparation
and design. All of these issues were examined along with the water balance and water currents of Lake
Ohrid and Lake Prespa (which are part of one system since the latter accounts for 46% of the inflow to
Lake Ohrid) in the Project Feasibility Study. The issue of data collection and assessment will be
addressed through the monitoring component of the project which will establish a framework for data
collection and information exchange between the two countries.
Sustainability and Participation
22.
Assuming successful implementation of the Project over the next three years, it will be proposed
towards the end of project implementation that the international donor community help endow a Lake
Ohrid Foundation or Lake Ohrid Development Corporation which would have responsibility for
developing policies and programs for the protection of Lake Ohrid and its environment into the next
century. The Lake Ohrid Management Board could become the Board of Directors for such a
Foundation/Corporation, and the Project Implementation Units would form the staff. Without long-term
commitment, there is some danger that the resources to continue international cooperation and monitoring
would be inadequate, so it will be necessary to create a focal institution to sustain future efforts. In
addition, a small portion of tourism revenues, wastewater charges, and other fees associated with the use
of the lake could be earmarked by both countries for the proposed Lake Ohrid Foundation/Development
Corporation, and for supporting cooperative management of Lake Ohrid. Joint ventures with foreign
investors after the GEF Project is completed would be another possible mechanism for financing a
Foundation/Corporation.

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23.
Both countries have invited the participation of national and local nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) to encourage public participation and improve public awareness, responsibility, and ownership of
the Project. These include the Regional Environment Center which has offices in both countries and local
NGOs around Lake Ohrid such as Perla and Kadmi/Harmonia in Albania, and Lihnidos, Enhalon, and
Natura in Macedonia. These NGOs all had major responsibility for helping to organize the Donors'
Conference held at Lake Ohrid in October. In addition, in connection with the conference, a film was
produced by the NGOs on the management of Lake Ohrid, an NGO roundtable was held in both countries,
and numerous other public awareness activities were carried out under the Project Preparation Advance
such as children's programs ("clean the lake day"), environmental education activities, and distribution of
leaflets and other public materials promoting the protection of Lake Ohrid.
24.
The municipalities along Lake Ohrid have all demonstrated active interest and participation in
project preparation so far and have worked together with the NGO and PIU staffs. In addition, there has
been television and news media coverage, public conferences, including town meetings charied by the
local mayors special films and other promotions concerning the management of Lake Ohrid. By working
together with the Regional Environment Center (REC) and local NGOs, the GEF Project Preparation
Advance has begun to plant the seeds for sustained public awareness and involvement. A more detailed
public participation plan will be developed during project appraisal, and be finalized before project
implementation begins.
25.
Approximately $250,000 of the GEF Grant will be allocated for public awareness activities, and
the NGOs (led by the Regional Environment Center) will prepare a detailed proposal for the use of the
money before project implementation begins. Many of the specific activities are already identified, such
as the public awareness campaign to reduce nutrient load and introduction of phosphorous-free detergents
(para. 13). It is expected that the participation of all stakeholders will be continuous throughout the
Project, and that the NGOs which will be responsible for public awareness activities will prepare a public
participation plan based on the inputs of the various stakeholders (i.e., local government, local business,
fishermen, farmers, environmental and nature organizations, and the general public in the towns and cities
around the lake). Under the GEF Project, financing will be provided to establish "Green Centers" in both
countries which will promote environmental education and awareness for the general public, and ensure
that local involvement in, and awareness of, the Project is maximized.
Project Issues and Benefits
26.
This project would be the first of its kind in Central and Eastern Europe, and the first between the
two countries, and will address a complex set of managerial, scientific/technical, and institutional issues,
and aim to provide both Governments with the necessary skills, information, technical and financial
resources, and a proper legal and institutional framework. It will develop the capability of the two
countries to work together in the management and protection of Lake Ohrid, and also provide the basis for
preparing a regional development strategy which will serve the needs of both countries.
27.
The primary benefit of the Project would be the protection of the Lake Ohrid basin by establishing
an effective international framework for long-term basin management, and by undertaking priority actions
to control the major sources of pollution. Involvement of the GEF would leverage financing for parallel
projects identified in the Project Feasibility Study, and follow-on projects expected to be identified under

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the Lake Ohrid Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program. By investing now in preventive measures
to protect Lake Ohrid, both countries will save millions of dollars which would likely be required for
future clean-up and corrective measures.
28.
Another benefit of the Project is that it has served to stimulate consider donor interest in financing
the protection of Lake Ohrid. A Donors' Conference was held at Lake Ohrid in October, and was attended
by representatives of the World Bank, UNDP, GEF, European Bank, European Union, and Governments
of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and Finland. So far, approximately $2.31 million of the baseline
costs have been committed to be financed by the European Union and the Government of Switzerland in
1997, with an additional $1.7 million highly likely from the other donors. Of the total of $24.865 million
being sought, both countries are optimistic that most of this amount will be committed before completion
of the GEF Project. Follow-up is being coordinated through the Project Preparation Committee (PPC) of
the Environmental Action Program for Central and Eastern Europe since the Lake Ohrid Donors'
Conference was the first ever Sub-Regional PPC meeting.
29.
Finally, the Project would also establish the basis for cooperation between the two countries in
other areas. Finally, the Project would provide additional benefits by developing a framework for
management of three other border lakes in the region -- Lake Shkoder (Albania and Yugoslavia), Lake
Dojran (Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), and Lake Prespa (Albania, the former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Greece). Future projects for each of these lakes could be
considered by the GEF, World Bank, and other donors, and benefit from the lessons learned in the design
and implementation of the Lake Ohrid Project.
Risks
30.
This is a complex project from a political and administrative viewpoint. Project design will
therefore have to address a number of factors. These include: (i) Expected development of the Lake Ohrid
Region and the technical, social, economic, and institutional measures which will be needed to reconcile
urban, industrial, agricultural, and tourism development with concerns for the environment; (ii) Sensitivity
analysis examining the response of the Lake Ohrid ecosystem to both present and projected pollution
loads in order to ascertain the minimum level of protection required; (iii) Protection requirement standards
to determine priorities and specific protection measures based on the results of the sensitivity analysis; (iv)
Monitoring efficiency of protection measures to provide feedback for adjustment of measures undertaken
and planning of future development of the region; and (v) Institutional strengthening and education of the
public to sustain environmental protection efforts.
31.
The primary risk is the possible difficulty of ensuring adequate cooperation between the two
countries in executing the Project. Many of the Albanian technical specialists are located in the capital
city three hours from Lake Ohrid since there is no technical institute on the Albanian side of the lake, and
this makes organizing meetings and collaborating with their Macedonian counterparts more difficult. In
addition, the mechanisms for telecommunications and border crossing procedures are antiquated. To
ensure a balanced involvement of the two countries in project implementation, it will be necessary to
strengthen the institutional capacity in Pogradec, Albania.
32.
Finally, without effective training of the technical and policy specialists in both countries, there is
a risk that the project would not be successful due to inadequate institutional capability to support its

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13
- 13 -
implementation. To this end, the Project will support institutional strengthening at the local and national
level, focusing on: (i) training for technical specialists who will work on developing the Strategic Action
Plan; (ii) project management training for the staff of the Project Implementation Units; and (iii) training
for the monitoring specialists. In all cases, a key aspect of the training will be to promote that staff from
both countries work closely together.
33.In any event, a promising start for cooperation has been made with the establishment of Project
Implementation Units in both countries, agreement on a Memorandum of Understanding between the two
countries, and the establishment of the Lake Ohrid Management Board. By adhering to the GEF
Guidelines for Monitoring and Evaluation of International Waters Projects, environmental and
performance indicators will be agreed upon during appraisal and a methodology for minimizing and
addressing project risks will be developed before project implementation begins. This project monitoring
is in addition to the lake monitoring (discussed in para. 13) which focussed on identifying key indicators
for
assessing
the
health
of
Lake
Ohrid.

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14
- 14 -
LIST OF ANNEXES
1.
Provisional budget for Lake Ohrid Management Project (1997-2000)
2.
Lake Ohrid Management Project -- Project Preparation Advance (Summary Data)
3.
Project Components and Responsible Authorities
4.
Calculation of Incremental Costs
5.
Letters of Request for GEF Project from Governments of Albania and Macedonia
6.
Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel Comments
7.
Memorandum of Understanding signed by both Countries in December 1996

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Annex I
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF)
BUDGET FOR LAKE OHRID MANAGEMENT PROJECT (1997-2000)
No.
COMPONENT
MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
TOTAL
1
DEVELOP INSTITUTIONAL/LEGAL/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
$350,000
$290,000
$640,000
1.1
Meetings/Local Travel/Honoraria for Lake Ohrid Management Board
$ 20,000
$ 20,000
$ 40,000
1.2
Preparation/Harmonization of Laws and Regulations
$ 15,000
$ 15,000
$ 30,000
1.3
Preparation/Harmonization of Local Standards
$ 15,000
$ 15,000
$ 30,000
1.4
Local Monitoring and Enforcement
$ 35,000
$ 25,000
$ 60,000
1.5
Project Implementation Units -- Staff/Equipment/Operating Expenses
$150,000
$125,000
$275,000
1.6
Training -- National Level Officials
$ 20,000
$ 20,000
$ 40,000
1.7
Training -- Local Level Officials
$ 45,000
$ 25,000
$ 70,000
1.8
International Consultants' Fees and Travel A/
$ 30,000
$ 30,000
$ 60,000
1.9
National Consultants' Fees and Travel
$ 20,000
$ 15,000
$ 35,000
2
ESTABLISH MONITORING FRAMEWORK
$1,000,000
$900,000
$1,900,000
2.1
Monitoring Equipment, Boats, and Supplies
$750,000
$600,000
$1,350,000
2.2
Office Equipment and Supplies
$ 50,000
$100,000
$150,000
2.3
Local Training
$ 20,000
$ 15,000
$ 35,000
2.4
Foreign Training, Travel, and Study Tours
$ 20,000
$ 25,000
$ 45,000
2.5
Data and Information Management and Exchange
$ 50,000
$ 50,000
$100,000
2.6
Four-Wheel Drive Vehicle and Operating Costs
$ 45,000
$ 45,000
$ 90,000
2.7
Meetings and Travel of Monitoring Task Force
$ 5,000
$ 15,000
$ 20,000
2.8
New Staff to be Hired
$ 30,000
$ 20,000
$ 50,000
2.9
International Consultants' Fees and Travel A/
$ 30,000
$ 30,000
$ 60,000
3
PREPARE LAKE OHRID STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN B/
$520,000
$375,000
$895,000
3.1
Technical Task Force Meetings
$ 30,000
$ 20,000
$ 50,000
3.2
Training Programs for Technical Task Forces
$ 80,000
$ 40,000
$120,000
3.3
Interim Local Workshops and Conferences
$ 30,000
$ 20,000
$ 50,000
3.4
Office Equipment/Supplies for Technical Task Forces
$ 75,000
$ 50,000
$125,000
3.5
Local Travel
$ 30,000
$ 20,000
$ 50,000
3.6
International Consultants' Fees and Travel A/
$ 80,000
$ 80,000
$160,000
3.7
Public Participation and Awareness
$150,000
$100,000
$250,000
3.8
Financial Sustainability Study A/
$ 25,000
$ 25,000
$ 50,000
3.9
Donor Conference for Final Strategic Action Plan A/
$ 20,000
$ 20,000
$ 40,000
4
FINANCE PRIORITY "CATALYST" MEASURES C/
$320,000
$215,000
$535,000
4.1
Fisheries Management D/
$ 20,000
$ 45,000
$ 65,000
4.2
Reduce Phosphorous Load and Improve Agricultural Management E/
$260,000
$150,000
$410,000
4.3
Seismic Analysis Program
$ 40,000
$ 20,000
$ 60,000
GRAND TOTAL F/
$2,190,000
$1,780,000
$3,970,000

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A/
These sub-components will require joint implementation by the two Project Implementation Units (PIUs) in each country
B/
For preparation of the Lake Ohrid Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program, the following task forces are proposed to be formed (in
addition to those already formed for monitoring and public awareness):
(i)
tourism and infrastructure development (including management of cultural heritage)
(ii)
urban and industrial pollution and wastewater management
(iii)
solid waste management
(iv)
watershed management -- agricultural chemicals, soil quality and erosion, forestry
(v)
natural resources management -- biodiversity, protected areas, parks
(vi)
fisheries management
(vii)
legal/regulatory framework
(viii)
institutional strengthening
(ix)
financial sustainability
C/
Priority "catalyst" measures refers to small investment and other measures which are intended and required to plant the seeds for future more
substantive investment which will be required to protect and develop the Lake Ohrid region during and after the completion of the GEF Project.
Specifically, the measures to be financed under the GEF Project and based on the Project Feasibility Study are:
Sector
Macedonia -- Pilot Project Description
Albania -- Pilot Project Description
4.1
Fisheries
Demarcation and protection of important spawning
Demarcation and protection of important spawning
Management D/
grounds to improve fisheries management (Module 16
grounds to improve fisheries management (Module 16 of
of Project Feasibility Study)
Project Feasibility Study)
Establishment of fish hatchery for autochthonous
species (Module 17 of Project Feasibility Study)
Strengthening of regional branch of General Directorate
for Fisheries to improve regulation of fishing (Module 57
of Project Feasibility Study)
4.2
Reduction of
Promotion of sale of phosphorous-free detergents to
Promotion of sale of phosphorous-free detergents to
Nutrient Load
reduce phosphorous load into the lake (Module 65 of
reduce phosphorous load into the lake (Module 65 of
(Phosphorous) and
Project Feasibility Study)
Project Feasibility Study)
Improved
Agricultural
Education/awareness programs and demonstration
Education/awareness programs and demonstration
Management E/
projects to improve the use of manure, agricultural
projects to improve the use of manure, agricultural
chemicals, and crop rotation to reduce soil erosion
chemicals, and crop rotation to reduce soil erosion
(Modules 5, 6, 8 and 9 of Project Feasibility Study)
(Modules 5, 6, 8, and 9 of Project Feasibility Study)
Soil erosion protection program through regreening of
unused land and improved control of grazing access
(Module 10 of Project Feasibility Study)
4.3
Seismic Analysis
Evaluation of investment requirements (e.g. for
Evaluation of investment requirements (e.g. for
Program
wastewater collection and treatment) to ensure that
wastewater collection and treatment) to ensure that
investment planning takes into account the risk of
investment planning takes into account the risk of
damage from earthquakes
damage from earthquakes
D/
As catalyst to larger project for Albanian fish hatchery, and improved Albanian and Macedonian joint fisheries management
E/
As catalyst to larger transboundary project for reduction of nutrient input into Lake Ohrid and improve agriculture management practices
F/
Government contributions to be more precisely specified but will include: (i) salaries of all counterpart staff not employed by the Project
Implementation Units; and (ii) overhead and office space for government employees involved in technical task forces. These expenses are
expected to be borne by the national and local governments of each country, and are estimated at $150,000 for Macedonia ($50,000 per
year), and $120,000 for Albania ($40,000 per year). Total government contributions are estimated at $300,000.

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-16-
Annex II
LAKE OHRID MANAGEMENT PROJECT -- PROJECT PREPARATION ADVANCE (SUMMARY DATA)
No.
COMPONENT
MACEDONIA
ALBANIA
TOTAL
1
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
$57,960
$51,680
$109,640
2
LOCAL INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING
$48,795
$31,323
$80,118
3
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS
$37,050
$28,000
$65,050
4
PROJECT MANAGEMENT/IMPLEMENTATION
$15,070
$15,070
$30,140
GRAND TOTAL
$158,875
$126,073
$284,948
Note: The distribution of this Advance to each country was agreed upon by both
parties in late-January 1996

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LAKE OHRID MANAGEMENT PROJECT
PROJECT COMPONENTS AND RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES
Component
Responsible
Responsible
Organization in Albania
Organization in Macedonia
Institutional, Legal, and
Ministry of Public Works,
Ministry of Urban Planning,
Regulatory Framework
Territorial Planning, and
Construction, and
Tourism
Environment
Monitoring
Hydrometeorological
Lake Ohrid Hydrobiological
Institute
Institute
Strategic Action Plan and
Committee for
Ministry of Urban Planning,
Investment Program
Environmental Protection
Construction, and
Environment
Priority Catalyst
Ministry of Public Works,
Ministry of Urban Planning,
Investments
Territorial Planning, and
Construction, and
Tourism
Environment
Notes:
(i)
Local municipalities to be actively involved in the implementation of all components
except for monitoring
(ii)
Under the direction of the Lake Ohrid Management Board, the Project
Implementation Units (PIUs) will be responsible for project administration on a day-
to-day basis, and working together with each of the above institutions, the
municipalities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
(iii)
Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) to be responsible for Public Awareness
aspects of Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program

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Annex IV
CALCULATION OF INCREMENTAL COST
Broad Development Goals
1.
The development goal of the project is to create a framework for the joint
management and protection of Lake Ohrid which will: (i) mitigate the impacts of previous
environmental damage; and (ii) minimize future environmental damage so that expensive
corrective solutions will not be required. Specifically, this will entail developing the
institutional, legal, and regulatory framework required for joint management, establishing
a monitoring framework which both countries will use to guide monitoring activities,
preparing a Strategic Action Program and Investment Program, and initiating some high
priority demonstration/pilot projects. By preparing the way for investments aimed at
reducing pollution through improved wastewater treatment and solid waste management,
and improving natural resources management (fisheries, agricultural, forestry, and
biodiversity), the GEF Project will help to conserve the unique biodiversity of the Lake
Ohrid region, and enhance its long-run development potential, especially in tourism.
Baseline Scenario
2.
The Baseline Scenario consists of those activities which each country could
reasonably be expected to undertake in the absence of a regional framework for
collaborative management. These include major investments related to wastewater
collection and treatment which were identified in the Project Feasibility Study, and
measures aimed at improving forestry management and biodiversity management on
each side of the lake. Of the total of approximately $50 million in investment identified in
the Project Feasibility Study, approximately $46 million are considered baseline and are
proposed for non-GEF financing from multilateral and bilateral sources. Table 1 below
presents a detailed breakdown of the incremental costs of $3.97 million and the additional
$20.865 in baseline costs proposed to be financed by other donors as agreed by both
Governments. The total amount is $24.835 million in financing which is being sought for
the 1997-2000 period to initiate the investments identified in the Project Feasibility Study
with the remaining 50% identified in the Project Feasibility Study to follow in the next
century. So far, approximately $2.31 million of the baseline costs have been committed
to be financed by the European Union and the Government of Switzerland in 1997, with
an additional $1.7 million highly likely.
GEF Alternative Scenario
3.
The GEF Alternative Scenario consists of the Baseline Scenario plus those
measures which need to be taken to promote sustainable management of the Lake Ohrid
region, and to capture the resulting global environmental benefits. To capture these
benefits, a sustained effort is required to establish a strong foundation for joint
management of the lake and its resources. Consequently, the GEF Alternative Scenario

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includes those measures required to bring the two countries to work together (i.e.,
institutional strengthening, a cooperative monitoring program, preparation of a Lake Ohrid
Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program, and small pilot and demonstration
projects), without which the support of the international donor community for parallel
measures included in the Baseline Scenario would not be realized. These costs are
clearly additional to what each government could reasonably be expected to finance if
only national benefits were included in the economic analysis.
4.
Because the two countries have never worked together before on such a project, it
is estimated that approximately $3.435 million will be required to establish this basis for
working together. This figure is considered to be covered entirely by incremental cost
financing, given that an additional $0.535 million is estimated for catalytic pilot and
demonstration projects to promote community awareness, test technology and ideas new
to the region and to catalyze future investments.
Incremental Cost Project Component Breakdown
5.
Legal/Regulatory Framework and Institutional Strengthening: the incremental
costs of $0.640 million primarily reflect the costs of: (i) harmonizing national laws,
regulations, and standards; (ii) financing regular meetings and travel for the Lake Ohrid
Management Board and Project Implementation Units; and (iii) carrying out joint training
courses at which local and technical specialists will learn together and exchange
information based on their own experiences.
6.
Monitoring Framework. The incremental costs of $1.900 million reflects: (i)
monitoring equipment which will be required for a well-coordinated monitoring program for
Lake Ohrid; (ii) establishing a system for data collection and information exchange
between the two countries; (iii) meetings and travel for the monitoring task force and (iv)
training courses and technical assistance.
7.
Strategic Action Plan and Investment Program. The incremental costs of $0.895
million reflect a number of items including: (i) the costs of hiring international consultants
to assist the two countries in preparing the Strategic Action Plan and Investment
Program; (ii) training programs for technical task forces; (iii) joint efforts in environmental
education and public awareness; (iv) study of the feasibility of establishing a financially
sustainable mechanism, i.e., a corporation, foundation, trust fund; and (v) organization of
a Donors' Conference at the end of the GEF Project to present the Strategic Action Plan
and Investment Program.
8.
Priority Pilot Activities Addressing Transboundary Issues. The $0.535 million for
priority demonstration and pilot projects which address transboundary issues is sought so
that the benefits of environmental investments can be demonstrated to the countries and
to prospective donors and private investors. The nutrient load study accounts for 80% of
these funds. The study will identify key actions and impediments to introducing
phosphorous-free detergents in the two countries. The priority measures identified were

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selected on the basis of the Project Feasibility Study, and should receive financial support
in order to demonstrate potential benefits and stimulate donor interest in financing follow-
up support.
Additional Domestic Benefits
9.
Additional national benefits would accrue in the form of improved fisheries
management, and especially in protecting the long-run potential for developing Lake
Ohrid and promoting it as a tourist destination. Without first making the effort to create a
framework for protecting and managing the lake, it will not be possible to promote and
encourage tourism in a way which would be sustainable and beneficial to the local
economy. Improved environmental management is the sine qua non for developing and
promoting tourism, and all of the national and local officials in Albania and Macedonia are
fully aware of this. Although it might take 5-10 years before any sizable tourism benefits
would accrue to either country, the foundation must be laid by the GEF Project in order
that this potential can be realized through future cooperative efforts. In addition, domestic
benefits might accrue since the Lake Ohrid Project would provide a basis for similar
transboundary lakes management project which could be developed in the future
between Albania, Macedonia, and Greece (Lake Prespa), Macedonia and Greece (Lake
Dojran), and Albania and Yugoslavia (Lake Shkoder). Thus, it is not possible to estimate
what the long-run benefits of the GEF Project might be, or whether these benefits should
be deducted from incremental costs.

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TABLE 1
INCREMENTAL COST MATRIX
Component
Cost
USD
Domestic Benefit
Global Benefit
Sector
Category
Million
Institutional, Legal,
Baseline
0.100
Improved framework for
and Regulatory
enforcement of environmental
Framework
regulations and project
implementation
With GEF
0.740
Harmonizing of laws,
Alternative
regulations, and standards
(same as above)
will enhance protection of
biodiversity, fisheries
management
Incremental
0.640
Monitoring
Baseline
0.700
Some equipment needs for
Framework
monitoring on Macedonian
side can be met
With GEF
2.600
Establishment of monitoring
Alternative
framework for well-
coordinated monitoring is
required to ensure
(same as above)
adequate information for
protecting and managing
the lake's resources
Incremental
1.900
Strategic Action
Baseline
0.300
Improved framework for
Plan/Investment
management of Lake Ohrid
Program
and its watershed, and
greater potential for attracting
investment financing and
international donor support
With GEF
1.195
Integrated management of
Alternative
all of the lakes resources
(same as above)
and its protection as a
UNESCO cultural heritage
site and tourist attraction
Incremental
0.895
Wastewater
Baseline
16.210
Improved wastewater
management and treatment
and reduced health impacts to
local populations
With GEF
16.210
Reduced impacts of
Alternative
sewerage on fisheries and
(same as above)
biodiversity
Incremental
0.000
Forestry
Baseline
1.100
Improved forestry
management and reduced
erosion in Albania
With GEF
1.100
Reduced sedimentation and
Alternative
(same as above)
nutrient input into Lake
Ohrid
Incremental
0.000

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Fisheries
Baseline
0.255
Improved livelihood and
security of income for local
fishermen
With GEF
0.320
Improved protection and
Alternative
(same as above)
management of endemic
species
Incremental
0.065
Industrial Waste
Baseline
0.500
Inventory of industrial pollution
Management
in Macedonia to provide basis
for targeted waste reduction
programs
With GEF
0.500
Reduce impacts of industrial
Alternative
wastewater and hazardous
(same as above)
and solid waste on
discharges into Lake Ohrid
Incremental
0.000
Solid Waste
Baseline
0.260
Improved solid waste
Management
collection/disposal, health and
aesthetic benefits
With GEF
0.260
Reduce negative impacts of
Alternative
solid waste on aesthetics of
(same as above)
shoreline and impacts on
biodiversity in Lake Ohrid
Incremental
0.000
Reduction of
Baseline
0.540
Improved land-use practices
Nutrient Input
to promote sustainable
(Phosphorus) and
agriculture and more efficient
Improved
use of agricultural chemicals
Agricultural
Management
With GEF
0.950
Reduced input of
Alternative
phosphorous into Lake
(same as above)
Ohrid to guard against
eutrophication and protect
natural habitat
Incremental
0.410

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Seismic Analysis
Baseline
0.100
Improve planning in both
countries for earthquakes to
ensure minimal damage to
structures and surrounding
habitat
With GEF
0.160
Increase likelihood that
Alternative
environmental investments
(same as above)
and cultural heritage on
both sides of the lake can
withstand any future
earthquakes
Incremental
0.060
Tourism
Baseline
0.800
Improved framework for
marketing Lake Ohrid as a
domestic and international
tourist attraction
With GEF
0.800
Benefits derived from
Alternative
visiting unique natural and
(same as above)
cultural heritage of Lake
Ohrid
Incremental
0.000
Totals
Baseline
20.865
With GEF
24.835
Alternative
Incremental
3.970
te: Follow-up with various donors is being coordinated through the Project Preparation Committee (PPC) of the Environmental Action Program for Central a
stern Europe.

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