50
ANNEX 5: Analysis of Root Causes
Main Root Causes
Specific Features
1. Poor or ineffective legal framework at the
· Lack of observance of international environmental laws and regulations
national level and absence at the regional level,
· Lack of international coordination
inadequate implementation of regulatory
· Poorly defined national environmental laws and regulations
instruments
· Ineffective EIA's/Environmental audits
· Ineffective inspectorates
· Inadequate compliance and trend monitoring
· Ineffective economic/financial mechanisms
· Inadequate enforcement

2. Inadequate planning and management
· Poorly planned urban/industrial/ recreational/agricultural/coastal zone
practices
development
· Poor intersectoral coordination
· Accidental oil spills from historical offshore development
· Insufficient contingency plans
· Linear (cradle-to-grave) vs. cyclic approaches to human and industrial waste and
pollution management
· Farming and grazing in wetland areas (including deltas)

3. Poor or insufficient public involvement
· Lack of general awareness of environmental issues
· Deficient public participation/lack of transparency
· Inadequate identification and involvement of stakeholders

4. Sea level fluctuation
· Poorly planned urban/industrial/recreational/agricultural development in the
coastal zone
· Ineffective trend monitoring and forecast
· Inefficient emergency plans
· Resettlement of population and growing unemployment
· Desertification

5. Inadequate knowledge and infrastructure base · Insufficient understanding of sustainable fisheries yields in context of ecosystem
health and stability
· Poor understanding of sustainable, low cost pollution management approaches and
technologies
· Limited capacity to simulate human and ecosystem responses to different marine
resource and pollution management strategies

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ANNEX 5: Analysis of Root Causes (cont.)



Main Root Causes

Specific Features

6. Inadequate funding base
· Unsettled economies in transition
· Early stages of natural resource development
· Low priority on national agendas

7. Underemployment/lack of jobs
· Poaching increased to gain livelihoods
· Degrading protected areas for fuel sources
8. Inappropriate environmental regulatory
infrastructure
9. Lack of regional legal instruments
· Inadequate regional cooperation

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52
Annex 7
Terms of Reference
Caspian Environment Programme
Steering Committee
Background: The Steering Committee will be composed of representatives of the CEP
member countries, International Donor Agencies and selected observers. The CEP
Steering Committee will also act as the Steering Committee for the GEF/UNDP and the
EU/TACIS projects and any other projects which are incorporated under the CEP
umbrella.
Tasks:
· Provide overall policy direction to the Programme
· Assist in allocating Programme support for activities consistent with Programme
objectives
· Annually review the progress of the Programme and its projects
· Annually review and approve the work plan and the budget of the Programme and
its projects
· Provide guidance to the PCU in coordinating and managing the Programme and its
projects
· Elaborate a long-term environmental recovery plan for the Caspian region.
· Consider adding a representative from the private sector at a later date

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53
Annex 8
Terms of Reference
Caspian Environment Programme
Programme Coordination Unit (PCU)
Background: The PCU would provide a coordination and management structure for
the development and implementation of the Caspian Environment Programme in
accordance with the rules and procedures of GEF/UNDP and EU/TACIS consistent
with directions provided by the Steering Committee.
Tasks:
· Assistance in networking between National Focal Points and Intersectoral
Coordinating Committees in all five coastal countries (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakstan,
Russian Federation, Turkmenistan);
· Organization of technical cooperation activities between Caspian Regional Thematic
Centres in all five coastal countries for capacity-building, environmental policy,
management and pre-investment activities
· Organization of consultative meetings for introducing and implementing
programme activities;
· Collection and dissemination of information on policy, economic, scientific and
technical issues related to the programme; that are not addressed by the Caspian
Regional Thematic Centres
· Provision of support for the preparation of technical and pre-investment studies;
· Preparation of progress reports (administrative and financial) concerning
programme activities;
· Establishment of and assistance in networking between specialized institutions in
participating countries and technical specialists from elsewhere;
· Assistance in implementing pilot projects for the environment;
· Coordination of international, multi-lateral and bi-lateral environmental activities in
the Caspian, where appropriate;
· Programme management (financial, logistical and strategic) particularly in the
context of both the GEF/UNDP and EU/TACIS projects

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54
Annex 9
Terms of Reference
Caspian Environment Programme
Caspian Regional Thematic Centres
Background: The Caspian Regional Thematic Centres shall be based upon existing
institutions with the best available regional expertise in selected thematic areas. They
will operate on the basis of working parties involving participation of interested coastal
countries together with outside experts where this is considered necessary.
Tasks:
· Develop a work plan and implement activities in respective thematic area
· Responsible for regional coordination within area of competency
· Organize and conduct working parties and training within area of competency
· Develop relevant regional recommendations, guidance and strategy within area of
competency
· Assist in development of the TDA and UIP
· Assist in development and implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) and
Strategic Action Plan (SAP)
· Contribute scientific and technical advice to the formulation of proposals for
national and regional actions and donor funding
· Network with national and international institutions and specialists in respective
focal area
· Prepare and implement regional pilot projects
· Liaison closely with National Intersectoral Coordinating Committee and PCU
· Contribute scientific and technical expertise to CEP information system
development and public awareness activities
· Cooperate with other Caspian Regional Thematic Centres
· Develop and maintain a Database Management System within area of competence

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55
Annex 10
Terms of Reference
Caspian Environment Programme
Intersectoral Coordinating Committees
Background: The Intersectoral Coordinating Committees will provide guidance
and ensure coordination of a wide range of National institutions and organizations
directly responsible for the implementation of the Programme at the National level. The
Intersectoral Coordinating Committee will have a full time, small secretariat (national
and donor-supported) reporting to (under the direction of) the National Focal Points,
and will serve as the liaison with the PCU.
Tasks:
· Ensure an integrated and coordinated approach to facilitating the sectoral changes
need for the long-term rehabilitation of the Caspian ecosystem
· Identify national modalities for the implementation of various components of CEP
· Develop, support and coordinate national networks of Caspian Regional Thematic
Centres
· Liaise activities of Caspian Regional Thematic Centres
· Coordinate and ensure timely delivery of national contributions to the Programme
· Assume responsibility for national contributions to Transboundary Diagnostic
Analysis (TDA) and Strategic Action Plan (SAP), and preparation of National Action
Plan (NAP)
· Develop proposals for submittal to the Programme Coordination Unit
· Liaison with Programme Coordination Unit (PCU)
· Facilitate national and donor contributions to necessary `baseline' activities needed
to rehabilitate the Caspian
· Assist in coordination and cooperation of the national Caspian Regional Thematic
Centres and with those in other CEP countries
· Prepare national funding for Caspian Regional Thematic Centres
· Assume responsibility for preparation of Urgent Investment Portfolio

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Function

Modality

Governance
Steering Committee
Program
Coordination/
Coordination
Unit
Management
Azerbaijan
Caspian
Intersectoral
Regional
Coordinating Committee
Thematic Center(s)
Iran
Caspian
Intersectoral
Regional
Coordinating Committee
Thematic Center(s)
National
Kazakstan
Caspian
Implementation
Intersectoral
Regional
Coordinating Committee
Thematic Center(s)
Russian
Caspian
Intersectoral
Regional
Coordinating Committee
Thematic Center(s)
Turkmenistan
Caspian
Intersectoral
Regional
Coordinating Committee
Thematic Center(s)

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