ANNEX II
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF WATER RELATED MAJOR CONCERNS AND PRINCIPLE
I S S U E S , TOGETHER WITH THEIR POTEN TIAL TRANS BOU N DARY CONS EQU EN CES
MAJOR CONCERN 1: FRESHWATER SHORTAGE

ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY CONSEQUENCES
REDUCTION IN STREAM
1.
Modification of riparian habitats
1.
Loss of agricultural uses (crops, livestock,
- Shifts in freshwater/saltwater front
FLOW
2.
Depletion of fish stocks and species
aquaculture, mariculture)
- Changes in riparian communities
diversity
2.
Loss of human drinking water supplies
- Changes in withdrawal uses
3.
Water quality change
3.
Loss of recreational use
- Potential for conflict over shared water
4.
Decreased wetland areas
4.
Loss of hydro-electric power production
- Potential for induced migration
5.
Reduced capacity to transport sediments,
5.
Loss of aesthetic values
- Reduced groundwater recharge
siltation
6.
Loss of coastal harbours and inland transport
6.
Reduced groundwater recharge
7.
Loss of industrial uses
7.
Saltwater intrusion
8.
Increased potential for upstream/downstream
8.
Changes in biological diversity and food webs
conflicts
9.
Changes in sediment budgets
9.
Reduced availability of fish as food
10. Loss of waste assimilative capacity
11. Increased costs of alternative water supplies
12. Compromise of future use optional
POLLUTION OF EXISTING
1.
Modification of riparian habitat
1.
Human health impacts
- Reduction in water use options
SUPPLIES
2.
Depletion of fish stocks and species diversity
2.
Reduced agriculture productivity (crops,
- Human health impacts
3.
Changes in terrestrial and aquatic biological
livestock, aquaculture mariculture)
- Upstream/downstream conflicts
diversity and food webs
3.
Loss of recreation possibilities
4.
Potential for impacts on migratory species
4.
Loss of aesthetic values
such as water birds
5.
Increased intake treatment cost
6.
Increased damage to water-related equipment
7.
Increased potential for upstream-downstream
conflicts
8.
Increased costs of alternative water supplies
9. Compromise of future use options
LOWERING OF WATER
1.
Reduction in stream flows
1.
Loss of aesthetic value
-
Transboundary groundwater supply conflicts
TABLE
2.
Land subsidence
2.
Damage to infrastructure
-
Contamination of transboundary aquifers
3.
Reduced aquifer capacity
3.
Increased costs of deepening wells and
-
Potential for reduced transboundary streamflow
4.
Reduced vegetation cover
pumping
5.
Greater potential for saltwater intrusion
4.
Population migration
6.
Water quality changes
5.
Transboundary implications
7.
Increased soil erosion
6.
Compromise of future use options
8.
Increased penetration of contaminants into
7.
Increased costs of alternative water supplies
deep aquifers
8.
Increased vulnerability to sea level rise
1

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ANNEX II.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN II: POLLUTION
ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY CONSEQUENCES
MICROBIOLOGICAL
1. Aquatic organism infections and diseases
1.
Increased risks to human health
The sub-group on pollution examined the entries under the
2.
Increased costs of human health protection
various categories of pollutant for "environmental impact" and
3.
Loss of potable water supplies
"socio-economic impact" with a view to determining the
4.
Increased costs of water treatment
potential for these impacts to be transboundary. It was
(bacteriological, viral and other
5.
Costs of preventative medicine
concluded that all such pollutants have the potential for
microbial)
6.
Costs of medical treatment
transboundary impacts. Accordingly, rather than simply
7.
Loss of tourism/recreational values
assigning each and every impact as "potentially
8.
Costs of increased fisheries product
processing
EUTROPHICATION
1. Redox changes [extreme Anoxia]
1.
Loss of tourism/recreation
transboundary " it was decided that a text should be prepared
2. Increased algal blooms
2.
Loss of water supplies
to provide some qualitative discrimination to the likely
3. Changes in algal community structure
3.
Costs of water treatment
magnitude of such transboundary impacts for each class of
4. Changes in macrophyte community structure
4.
Change in fisheries value
contaminants.
5. Loss of habitat (e.g. coral reefs)
5.
Compromise of options for aquaculture
[Sedimentary composition changes]
development opportunities
The reason that
all contaminant classes have the potential for
6. Change in composition of feral fisheries and loss
6.
Loss of property values
transboundary impacts is due to the high probability both in
in case of anoxia
7.
Loss of aesthetic value
riparian rivers and coastal margins that the introduction of
8.
Costs of weed control
substances will result in transport and effects beyond national
9.
Loss of wildlife sanctuaries
boundaries. Nevertheless, the relative potential for these and
10. Costs of increased navigational clearance
other transboundary effects depends on both the conservatism
11. Increased costs of human health protection
and persistence of the contaminants. Thus,
12. Increased costs of fish surveillance/processing
in the case of toxin incidence
13. Costs of reduced fish marketability due to
aesthetic perceptions
CHEMICAL
1. Reproductive disfunction in aquatic organisms
1.
Loss in fisheries
lowest on the scale of potential for transboundary impacts are
2. Behavioral disfunction in aquatic organisms
2.
Loss of protected areas
microbiological agents, solid wastes and thermal discharges.
3. Modified community structure
3.
Increased cost of human health protection
Next highest in probability are suspended solids and nutrients
4. Increased mortality of aquatic organisms
measures
(as proxy for eutrophication). Of similar scales of impact and,
4.
Increased cost of navigational dredging
therefore similar probability of transboundary consequences,
activities
are substances introduced by accidental spillage. The highest
5.
Increased cost of fish processing activities
likelihood of transboundary impacts are posed by chemicals
6.
Reduced options for aquaculture development
and radionuclides which, because many of them behave
7.
Increased costs of water treatment
conservatively, can be transported great distances and pose
8.
Loss of tourism/recreational opportunities
increased risks of damage in remote areas.
9.
Compromise of other uses of freshwater
(reduction in options)
10. Potential for international conflicts
2

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ANNEX II.
Cont.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
1. Habitat modification
1.
Increased costs of navigational survey and
2. Changes in biological community composition
dredging
3. Changes in the growth/survival/reproduction of
2.
Loss of reservoir storage capacity
species
3.
Damage to equipment (particle impacts)
4. Reduced productivity
4.
Reduced tourism/recreational
5. Enhanced erosion of coasts and river channels
amenities/opportunities
6. Increased sediment deposition and siltation
5.
Increased water treatment costs
7. Destruction (blanketing) of benthic communities
6.
Increased costs of coastal protection from
8. Changes in sediment redox conditions (organics)
waves/storm surges/erosion
7.
Costs of cleaning intakes
SOLID WASTES
1. Habitat loss
1.
Loss of aesthetic values/amenities
(Bulk)
2. Hydraulic modification
2.
Endangerment of species
3. Entanglement/Suffocation of marine organisms
3.
Increased costs of animal protection (esp
4. Beach and sediment compositional changes
endangered species)
4.
Increased costs of human health protection
5.
Increased costs of clean-up
6. Increased costs of navigational protection
(survey & dredging)
THERMAL
1. Population/community changes
1. Compromise of options for aquaculture
2. Barriers to migration
development
3. Displacement of organisms
2. Displacement of valued species
4. Changes to physical environment
3. Increased risk to aquaculture (if improper
siting)
RADIONUCLIDE
1. Proximal and stochastic risks to animal life
1. Avoidance of amenities and products due to
perceptions of effects of contamination
(from anthropogenic sources
2. Costs of public reassurance
only)
3. Risks to human health
4. Maintenance of monitoring and radiological
protection activities for public reassurance
purposes
SPILLS
1. Increased avian mortality
1. Costs of clean-up
2. Increased mortality of aquatic life
2 Costs of preventive measures (e.g. tanker
(accidental episodic
3. Habitat damage
design/construction)
releases/introductions of
4. Long-term contamination of sediments and
3. Costs of contingency measures
substances to the aquatic
beaches with associated ecological changes
4. Real or perceived damage to feral and cultured
environment)
fisheries
5. Loss of tourism and recreational amenities
(temporary or permanent)
6. Costs of litigation
7. Costs of insurance
8. Loss of sanctuary and protected areas and
associated wildlife
9. Costs of disruption to shipping, marine reserve
and marine scientific activities during survey
and clean-up
3

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ANNEX II.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN III: HABITAT AND COMMUNITY MODIFICATION

ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY CONSEQUENCES
LOSS OF ECOSYSTEMS OR
1. Loss of natural productivity
1.
Reduced capacity to meet basic human needs
-
Damage to transboundary ecosystems, including loss (or
ECOTONES
2. Loss of biodiversity
(food, fuel) for local pop'ns
change) in productivity, biodiversity, or loss of stability in
3. Loss of natural storm barriers
2.
Changes in employment opportunities for local
shared ecosystem, change in community structure, both
4. Loss of natural protection from erosion
populations and associated changes in social
plant and animal (regional)
5. Loss of carbon sinks and release of carbon to
structures
-
Damage to endangered, threatened or endemic species
the atmosphere
3.
Loss of aesthetic value/recreation for local
(global)
6. Loss of migratory species using the habitat and
populations
-
Loss of stability in national or transboundary systems due
altered migratory patterns
4.
Loss of existing income and foreign exchange
to species introductions (global)
7. Impacts of estuarine system changes on
from fisheries, tourism, etc.
-
Spread of disease or exotic species to neighbouring
adjacent coastal marine ecosystems
5.
Loss of opportunity for investment income and
countries (regional)
foreign exchange from former ecosystem and
-
Reduced natural protection from storms or erosion in
possible new opportunities (e.g. loss of
countries sharing ecosystems (regional)
materials for potential pharmaceutical
-
Impacts of freshwater or estuarine system changes on
products)
international coastal marine ecosystems (regional)
6.
Loss of cultural heritage
-
Impacts of physical changes in beach dynamics on
7.
Human conflicts, nat'l & Int'l
adjacent countries, erosion deposition (regional)
8.
Loss of education and scientific value
-
Damage to migratory species and their habitat changing
9.
Increased risks to human population and
patterns of migration (interregional and global)
capital investment; loss of land due to loss of
-
Loss of carbon sinks and increased release of carbon to
physical protection
the atmosphere (global)
10. Costs of responding to risks
11. Intergenerational inequity, possibly
-
Loss/damage of anadramous/catadramous stocks and their
MODIFICATION OF
1.
Modification of natural productivity
1-5 as above
habitat shared by riparian fishing States (regional and
ECOSYSTEMS OR
2.
Modification of biodiversity including loss of
6.
Modification or loss of cultural heritage
interregional)
ECOTONES, INCLUDING
species and genetic diversity
7-11
as above
-
Reduced means of meeting basic needs (food and fuel)
COMMUNITY
3.
Changes in ecosystem stability
12. Costs of controlling invasive species
for pop'ns in countries sharing systems (regional)
STRUCTURE AND/OR
4.
Changes in community structure both plant and
13. Costs of restoration of modified ecosystems
-
Loss of existing and potential income from fishing,
SPECIES COMPOSITION
animal
tourism, potential future resources (regional and global)
5.
Susceptibility to disease
-
Loss of existing potential foreign exchange and investment
(threatened/endangered
6.
Changes in migratory species populations and
in countries sharing damaged systems (regional)
species)
migratory patterns
-
Effects on movement of foreign investment, world prices
7.
Modification in natural storm barriers and
(regional and global)
reduced protection from erosion
-
Costs of restoration to countries sharing damaged systems
8.
Increased vulnerability to opportunistic
(regional)
invaders
-
Costs of controlling introduced species to shared marine
systems (regional)
-
Costs of emergency response and rebuilding to shared
systems for storm or erosion damage (regional)
-
Damage to shared cultural heritage (regional)
-
Reduced aesthetic recreational value in shared system
(regional) and for international tourism (global)
-
Damage to educational and scientific value to shared
systems (regional) and loss of potential knowledge
(global)
-
Costs of dealing with human migration and possible
international conflict (regional and global)
4

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ANNEX II.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN IV: UNSUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION OF FISHERIES & OTHER LIVING RESOURCES.
ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES
INAPPROPRIATE
HARVESTING
a. Changes in biological community structure due
1. reduced economic returns
- For shared/straddling stocks - problem of
PRACTICES
to overexploitation/depletion of one or more
2. loss of employment
sharing resources/management mechanisms by
key species
3. Conflict between user groups for shared
fishery commission.
Over-exploitation
4. resources including space
b. Changes in food webs favouring scavengers by
- Wastage of juveniles in one jurisdiction may
Wastage of bycatch discards
5. (+): potential new source of employment
affect earnings in other (through migration
6. (-): loss of proteing for human or animal
c. Increasing vulnerability of protected species
consumption
- International tensions due to conflicting claims
populations
7. (-): Juveniles entering other fisheries
Destructive fishing practices
destroyed, thus reducing earnings
- Pressure on States through international press
d. Changes to habitat and community structure
(media)/NGOs
resulting from destructive fishing practices.
8. Loss of protected species
9. Lost opportunities inter-generational equity
issues
RESOURCE/HABITAT
a. Changes in community structure by food chain
CHANGES
manipulation
1. Improved catch/earnings
- Assumes agreement of owners in other
b. Changes in community structure through
jurisdictions, for transboundary resources
restocking and habitat manipulation
2. Improved catch/earnings
HABITAT DESTRUCTION
a. Ecosystem degradation
1. Loss of employment/earnings
- Uncertain (see Habitat)
DECREASED VIABILITY
a. Possible physiological and ecological impacts
1. Possible Human Health impacts
- Effects in other jurisdictions of imported
OF STOCK THRO'
on animal populations through chronic
2. Reduced commercial value resulting from
fishery products
CONTAMINATION &
contamination
tainting
DISEASE
MAN-INDUCED
CHANGES IN THE
a. Potentially severe impacts on ecosystem
1. Loss of food sources and livelihood
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
a. Long-term changes in population genome &
1. Possible effects on fishery (uncertainty)
gene frequencies
2. Increased risks of predation, competition
- Relevant to transboundary seas and
b. Changes in biological communities thro'
and/or disease for commercially valuable
waterbodies and shared resources
deliberate and accidental introductions
species
5

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ANNEX II.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN V: GLOBAL CHANGE
ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT
POTENTIAL TRANSBOUNDARY ISSUES
CHANGES IN
1.
Land cover change
1.
Freshwater availability
N.B. Climate Change is by its very nature a
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
2.
Habitat/Biodiversity
2.
Food security
Transboudary cause of environmental and socio-
3.
Shifts in Boundaries between sea and fresh
3.
Employment security
economic issues, many of the impacts of which are
waters
4.
Changes in productivity of agriculture, fisheries
themselves transboundary.
4.
Feedback to global climate change
and forestry
5.
Changes in thermohaline circulation
5.
Changes in resources distribution and political
6.
Extreme events (frequency and intensity)
jurisdiction over them
7.
Changes in precipitation, evaporation and snow
6.
Human migration
accumulation and melting
7.
Damage to human life and property
8.
Response costs for extreme events
9.
Costs for avoiding navigation hazards
SEA LEVEL CHANGE
1.
Intrusion of sea water to fresh water
1.
Increased cost of coast protection and
2.
Modification of aquatic habitats
emergency response/forecast
3.
Loss of land, damage to coastal zones including
2.
Loss of income and employment
productive land
3.
Loss of property & capital assets
4.
Human migration
INCREASED UV-B
1.
Damage to flora and fauna at the water surface
1.
Loss of incomes and foreign exchange from
RADIATION AS A RESULT
and sub-surface
fisheries
OF OZONE DEPLETION
2.
Decrease of productivity
2.
Loss of opportunity for investments (both
domestic and foreign)
3.
Increased costs of human health care
CHANGES IN OCEAN CO
1.
Feedback to global climate change
2
SOURCE/SINK FUNCTION
6

---

ANNEX III
PRINCIPAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC ROOT CAUSES OF THE IDENTIFIED WATER RELATED MAJOR CONCERNS AND
PRINCIPAL ISSUES
I.
Po l icy and Leg al Fai lures (Econo mi c po l icy fai lures , s ee III bel ow)
1.
Policy and Legal failures including inadequate regulation and best practices, guidelines, etc.
2.
Inadequate law and policy harmonization among international instruments
3.
Property and user rights
4.
Unethical transfer of goods, wastes and technology between countries
II
Ins ti tuti o nal Fai lures
1.
Lack of capacity, budget, or will to implement policies and decisions
2.
Lack of capacity, budget, or will to enforce policies and decisions
3.
Lack of clearly defined responsibilities and poor coordination among national government agencies responsible for different sectors
4.
Inadequate coordination between local and national levels of government and inadequate delegation responsibility
5.
Deficiencies in stakeholder participation (a matter of law and policy in most cases)
6.
Failure of institutions to utilize effectively current information in decision-making processes, including selecting inappropriate technology
7.
Corrupt practices which subvert the effective implementation of policies and programmes
III
Eco no mi c (Market) fai lures (many o f these i s s ues o ri gi nate i n Law and Po l icy )
1.
Pricing issues, domestic and international
2.
Subsidies
3.
Investment policies
4.
Valuation of environmental goods and services
5.
User fees
IV
Informati o n fai lures i n s ci enti fi c, techni cal and eco no mi c as pects
1.
Inadequate scientific understanding and uncertainty and related data
2.
Inadequate economic analysis and related data
3.
Inadequate or unreliable data collected through routine national data programmes
4.
Inadequate knowledge of technological and technical response options
5a.
Methodological failures in pre-operational prediction, such as prior comparative analysis of options, prior risk assessments, prior impact assessments
5b.
Methodological failures in post operational or environmental analysis, such as environmental auditing, environmental accounting, cause effect analysis, source
distribution analysis
6.
Ineffective data interpretation for management purposes
7.
Inappropriate expert advice and technology
8.
Inadequate access to scientific information at the international level by governments and access to data collecting at the national level for international purposes
9.
Poor public education and awareness regarding scientific and economic values and technical options
7

---

ANNEX IV
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MAJOR CONCERNS AND PRINCIPAL ISSUES
1 = Low; 2 = Intermediate; 3 = High
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
A WATER SCARCITY
A1
Pollution
*
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
A2
Lowering of water table
*
3
2
2
2
1
2
A3
Reduction in streamflow
3
*
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
B HABITAT
B1
Loss of ecosystem/ecotones
3
2
3
*
2
2
3
3
B2
Modification of ecosystems/ecotones
3
2
3
*
3
3
3
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
C POLLUTION
C1
Microbiological
3
3
3
*
2
1
1
2
C2
Eutrophication
3
3
3
*
1
2
2
C3
Chemical
2
3
3
*
3
3
2
C4
Suspended solids
2
3
2
*
2
2
2
C5
Solids
1
2
1
*
1
1
1
C6
Radionuclides
*
3
2
1
C7
Spills
1
2
2
*
2
D FISHERIES
D1
Overexploitation
2
1
*
2
3
2
3
3
D2
Excessive by-catch
2
2
*
3
1
2
D3
Destructive fishing
2
2
3
3
*
2
1
1
D4
Disease/Pollution
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
*
2
2
2
D5
Biogenetic Diversity
3
2
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
*
2
2
1
2
Fisheries biomass
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
*
2
1
1
E GLOBAL CHANGE
E1 Hydrological Cycle
2
2
3
2
2
*
E2 Sea-level rise
3
2
1
1
*
E3 UVB
2
2
2
1
*
8

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ANNEX V
CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFIED WATER RELATED MAJOR CONCERNS AND PRINCIPAL ISSUES
MAJOR CONCERN I: FRESHWATER SHORTAGE

ISSUES
CAUSAL CHAIN
UNCERTAINTIES
IMMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY
a. Municipal waste water
1. Inadequate waste water treatment (a,b)
1. High cost of treatment
- Effects of pollution
POLLUTION OF
discharges
(a,b,g)
EXISTING
b. Industrial waste water
2. Excessive use of fertilizers and other
2. Inadequate regulation and
I 1
- Ambient conditions
SUPPLIES
discharges
chemicals (c,e)
enforcement (a,b,g)
II 1, 2, 7
c. Irrigation return flows
3. Excessive irrigation (c)
3. Poor operation of treatment
II 2
- Future development patterns
d. Urban storm runoff
4. Lack of storm water controls and
plants (a,b)
e. agricultural storm runoff
treatment (d,e)
4. Difficulty in monitoring (a-
II 2
f. Evaporation induced
5. Impoundments (f)
e,g)
IV 4
concentration
5. Lack of knowledge of
g. Atmospheric deposition
6. Poor air quality (g)
pollution impacts (a-e,g)
IV 1, 9
LOWERING OF
a.
Excessive pumping
1.
Increased water demand from:
1.
Agricultural subsidies (a)
I 1
-
Future land use and development
WATER TABLE
Population growth; Life style;
2.
Lack of groundwater
patterns
Industrialization; Food production;
property rights (a)
III 2
-
Future demographic patterns
Urbanization (a,b)
3.
Lack of regulation and
-
Effects of land-use change on
enforcement (a,b)
hydrology
b.
Reduced recharge
2.
Urban drainage and impermeability (b)
4.
Lack of basin-wide
I 1
-
Regional effects of climate change
3.
Lack of protection of recharge zones
management (a-d)
II 1, 2, 7
-
Effectiveness of regulations
(b)
5.
Lack of conjunctive use
-
Future technological changes
c.
Reduced peak flow
4.
Climate change (b,d)
management (a,b,c)
II 3, 4
-
Future institutional changes
5.
Rural land use patterns (b,d)
6.
Inappropriate reservoir
IV 1-4
d.
Vegetative cover including
6.
Impoundments (c)
operation (b,c)
phreatophytes
REDUCTION IN
a.
Increased diversion for:
1.
Population growth (a)
1.
Inappropriate investment
III 2, 3
-
Future land use and development
STREAMFLOW
domestic, industrial, public,
2.
Life style changes (a)
policies and subsidies (a)
patterns
irrigation, and recreational
3.
Industrialization (a)
2.
Inappropriate water
-
Future demographic patterns
uses
4.
Over pumping (a,b)
pricing (a)
-
Effects of land-use change on
b.
Decreased inputs from:
5.
Urbanization (a,b)
3.
Lack of regulation and
I 1
hydrology
changed rainfall-runoff
6.
Food production (a,f)
enforcement (a)
II 1, 2, 7
-
Regional effects of climate change
relationships, and decreased
7.
Inappropriate land-use practice (b,c)
4.
Absence of demand-side
I 1, 3
-
Effectiveness of regulations
groundwater inflow,
8.
Reduced recharge (b,c)
management (a,b)
-
Future technological changes
c.
Return flows
9.
Irrigation practice (b,c)
5.
Lack of water property
-
Future institutional changes
d.
Increased evaporation
10. Changes in channel (b,c)
rights (a,b)
e.
Reduced peak flows
11. Increased temperature (b,d)
6.
Lack of basin-wide
II 3, 4
12. Increased water surface, including
management (a-c)
IV 1-4
impoundments (d)
7.
Climate change (a,e)
IV 1
13. Increased vegetative cover
9

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ANNEX V.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN II: POLLUTION
ISSUES
CAUSAL CHAIN
UNCERTAINTIES
IMMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY
EUTROPHICATION
a. Enhanced Nutrient Inputs
1. Use of fertilizers in crop
1.
Enhanced food production via
1.
Lack of internalization of
-
Relative importance of
production (a)
use of fertilizers (a)
costs of environmental
given sources in a
(given appropriate
2.
Use of animal wastes in
2.
Intensification of animal
degradation
given situation
turbidity, incident light and
agriculture (a)
production (a)
2.
Inadequate development
(temporal & spatial
temperature conditions)
3.
Wastes from animal
3.
Enhanced energy demand
and/or enforcement of
variance)
production (a)
(a,c)
regulations
b. Increased
4.
Combustion of fossil fuel (a)
4.
Urbanization (a)
-
Levels/input rates of
recycling/mobilization
5.
Forestry/Agricultural practices
5.
Enhanced aquacultural
I 1, 2
nutrients that give rise
(a,b)
production (a)
II 1-7
to algal blooms
c. Trapping of nutrients (e.g.
6.
Phosphate detergents (a)
III 1 - 5
(exceptional)
in river impoundments)
7.
Sewage discharges (a)
6.
Land-use changes (a,b)
IV 1 - 9
8.
Aquaculture (a)
-
Limitations of
9.
Draining of wetlands (a,b)
7.
Enhancement of navigation,
information on the
10. Wildlife preservation e.g.
dredging of watersways and
incidence and bio-
accumulation of guano from
harbours (b)
availability of forms of
sanctuaries for migratory
8.
Enhancement of water
nutrients (N & P)
birds (a)
supplies (b,c)
11. Soil loss (a)
9.
Hydrolelectric power
-
Uncertainties in the
12. [Transport of micro-nutrients
development (b,c)
precision of
to the pelagic environment]
comparisons among
13. Water system impoundment
options or,
(b,c)
-
Uncertainties in the
14. Soil and sediment erosion,
predictions of the
remobilization, leaching (a,b)
outcome of
management
intervention
[HARMFUL ALGAL
a.Alterations to the relative
1.Reduction of Phosphorus
1.
Intensification of agriculture
I 1, 2
-
Lack of understanding
BLOOMS]
rates of input of nutrients
containing detergents (a)
(a)
II 1-7
of phytoplankton
(P & N) - Phosphate
2.ncreased nitrogen emissions from
III 1-5
metabolism in response
(Including shifts in
limitation (Enhancements
agriculture especially animal
IV 1-9
to changes in
phytoplankton community
of nitrogen supply/inputs,
husbandry (a)
availability of nutrients
structure, e.g. diatoms to
reduction in phosphorus
3.Increased N emissions from
dinoflaggelate)
inputs, abnormal
agriculture (b)
-
Consequence on higher
mixing/upwelling (M)
4.River impoundment (b)
trophic structure of
shifts in phytoplankton
b.Alterations to the relative
community structure
rates of input of nutrients
2.
Intensification of agriculture
(Si, P & N) (Increased N
(b)
inputs, reduced Si inputs,
reduced P inputs)
3.
Runoff control/modification
(b)
10

---

ANNEX V.
Cont
MICROBIOLOGICAL
a.Discharge of: sewage,
1.Inadequate regulation of waste
1.
Governance and/or
I 1, 2
animal wastes,
management activities and/or
institutional failures
II 1-7
(Bacteriological,
contaminated solids,
2.lack of enforcement
2.
Lack of internalization of costs
III 1-5
viral, and other
urban (runoff),
of environmental degradation
IV 2, 3, 5a, 5b,
microbiological agents)
inadequately treated
4.
Lack of education
6, 7, 9
hospital wastes, through
5.
Deficiencies in sectoral
point and diffuse sources
management approaches
CHEMICAL
a.Industrial and urban waste
1.Road safety improvement (a)
1.
Population growth (a, b)
1.
Lack of internalization of
-
Effects on the
discharges
2.Enhanced manufacture and use
2.
Enhancements in standards of
costs of environmental
environment, Man and
b.Agricultural runoff
of chemicals in domestic
living (a, b)
degradation
aquatic organisms
c.Leachates from solid waste
applications (a, b)
3.
Increased industrial
2.
Failure to limit population
imprecise (both
landfill
3.Mineral extraction and refining
development (a, b, e, h)
growth and migration
deterministic and
d.Chemical releases from
(a, b, c)
3.
Poor development and/or
stochastic effects
aquaculture
4.Land clearance (and combustion)
4.
Increased urbanization (a, b,
enforcement of regulations
regimes)
e.Acid mine drainage
(a, b, c, i)
h)
pertaining to environmental
-
Dose/response
f.Weed and pest control
5.Human health protection (a, b, g)
impacts of social and
relationships uncertain
activities
6.Intensification of agriculture (b,
5.
Increased demand for
industrial development.
-
Difficulties in
g.Disease vector control
f, i)
food/proteins (a, d, f, i)
4.
Limitations in the
quantifying relative
activities
7.Aquaculture development (d)
international transport of
magnitudes of sources
h.Emissions from fossil fuel
8.Increased use of antifoulants (d)
6.
Reduction of risks to human
hazardous substances
-
Lack of information on
combustion (electrical
9.Intensified forest management (f)
health and safety (g)
5.
Deficiencies in sectoral
production rates and
and vehicle)
10.Intensified fossil fuel
management approaches
use of chemicals and
i.Increased combustion of
combustion (h)
7.
Increased use of vehicles (h)
I 1-4
their locations
natural vegetation
8.
Continued reliance on fossil
II 1-7
fuels (h)
III 1-5
IV 1-9
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
a.Soil erosion (aeolian and
1.Deforestation (a)
1.
Urbanization (a, b, d, g, j)
1.
Population growth
runoff transport)
2.Agricultural activities (a)
2.
Improvement in standards of
b.Land development/
3.Mineral mining, extraction and
2.
Infrastructural improvement
living
excavation/earthmoving
separation (a, b, d, e, h, i)
(a, b, c, d, g, j)
3
Failure to internalize costs of
c.Dredging
4.Reservoir maintenance (b, c)
environmental degradation
d.Aggregate recovery
3.
Industrial development (a, b, c,
4
Deficiencies on the
e.Mine waste discharges
5.Harbour development,
d, e, f, h, i)
development and/or
f.Placer mining
maintenance (b, c, d)
enforcements of regulations
g.Sewage (& sewage sludge)
4.
Residential development (a, b,
(unregulated activities)
discharges, dumping
6.Navigational improvements (c, d)
d, g)
5.
Failures of sectoral
h.Release of drilling muds
management approaches
and particulate additives
7.Inadequate treatment of urban
5.
Marine and riverine transport
I 1, 2
i.Hydraulic mining
wastes (g, j)
(c, d)
II 1-7
j.Urban waste discharges
III 1-5
(including plastic
IV 1, 2, 3,, 5a,
scrubbers in domestic
5b, 6, 7, 9
and industrial cleaners)
11

---

ANNEX V.
Cont.
SOLIDS
a.Deliberate dumping of
1.Increased use of packaging
1.
Excessive/unnecessary use of
1.
Deficiencies in the
(Bulky wastes)
objects
2.Misplaced reliance on public
packaging
development and/or
good behaviour
2.
Limitations in waste disposal
enforcement of regulations
b.Casual discard of buoyant
3.Thoughtlessness
options
2.
Failure to internalize the
and non-buoyant waste
4.Deficiencies in recycling
3.
Excessive pace of
costs of environmental
objects by individuals
programmes
enhancements to standards of
degradation
living without commcomitant
3.
Inadequate education
development of recycling and
4.
Deficiencies in the control of
disposal facilities
public behaviour
5.
Deficiencies of sectoral
(non-holistic) management
approaches
I 1, 2, 3, 4
II 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,7
III 1, 5
IV 2, 3, 5a, 5b, 6, 7, 9
RADIONUCLIDES
a.Incidents at sea
1.Deliberate use of the marine
1.
Peaceful applications of
1.
No global problems
b.Spills from treatment
environment for waste
nuclear power
facilities
assimilation and disposal
2.
Perceptions represent
c.Discharges/emissions from
2.
Military applications of
concerns only
nuclear power plants
2.Use of nuclear power as an
nuclear power and nuclear
d.Discharges/emissions from
electrical generation source
weapons
3.
Except for limited fail-safe
nuclear fuel
and for powering military and
provisions for release from
reprocessing plants
civilian vessels
3.
Peaceful application of
nuclear weapons
e.Deliberate waste disposal at
nuclear explosives
sea
3.Military activities
f.Accidents with nuclear
weapons
g.Accidents at nuclear power
installations
h.Accidents involving
nuclear-powered vessels
i.Fallout from nuclear
weapons tests
j.Contamination from
underwater/underground
nuclear tests (military
and peaceful)
ACCIDENTAL SPILLS
a.Inadequate accident
1.Lack of development or
1.
Failures in policy development
I 1, 2(f), 3, 4
minimization measures
implementation of
II 1-7
b.Inadequate contingency,
preventative and/or remedial
III 3, 5
response measures
measures
2.
Failures in policy
IV 1, 2, 4(f), 5a, 5b, 6, 7, 9
c.Human error
implementation
I 1, 2(f), 3, 4
d.Force majeure
II 1, 2, 3, 4, 5a, 5b, 6, 7
III 3, 5
IV 1, 2, 4(f), 5a,5b, 6, 7, 9
12

---

ANNEX V.
Cont.
MAJOR CONCERN III: HABITAT AND COMMUNITY MODIFICATION

1
ISSUES
CAUSAL
CHAIN
UNCERTAINTIES
IMMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
POLICY MANAGEMENT
FAILURES
LOSS OF MANGROVE
a.
Conversion to
1.
High economic
1.
Export drive & world
1.
Undervaluation of
-
Method of
ECOSYSTEM
aquaculture
returns at individual
market price of shrimp
mangrove ecosystem
economic valuation
and group level
2.
Government foreign
and valuation of
trade & investment policies
mangrove ecosystems
I-1, 2, 3; II-all; III-1, 3, 4; IV-
1-7, 9
b.
Conversion to
1.
Subsistance
2.
High population pressures
1.
Undervaluation of
-
Determination
Agriculture for:
requirements & food
mangrove ecosystem
of carrying capacity
(i) Subsistance
security eg rice
3.
Export drive and world
2.
Government foreign
requirements
2.
Economic
prices of agricultural
trade & investment policies
(ii) Intensive,
returns from cash
commodities
I-1, 2, 3; II-all; III-1-4; IV-all
commercial production
crops e.g. oil palm
c.
Conversion to ports,
1.
National
1.
Undervaluation of
-
Determination
airports and other public
Development needs
ecosystem
of carrying capacity
infrastructure
2.
National policies on
land-use
3.
Coordination among
sectoral agencies of
government
I-1, 3; II-all; III-3, 4; IV-all
2.
High economic
4.
Government policies
d.
Conversion to Tourism
returns
on foreign investment
Infrastructure
I-1, 3; II-all; III-2, 3, 4; IV-all

1 The exam ples specified are not m eant to be com prehensive. Sim ilar causal chains could be developed for coral reefs, seagrass beds, and m any other tropical and tem perate system s
13

---

ANNEX V.
cont.
MODIFICATION TO
a.
Subsistance wood
1.
1.
Poverty, lack of
1.
Government policies
- Valuation of mangrove
MANGROVE
harvest
Subsistance/Surv
employment, economic
on foreign investment
ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM
ival needs
opportunities
2.
Monopoly in world
-
Lack of
b.
Commercial timber
2.
Better economic
2.
Population growth and
woodchips market;
ecological
harvest (forestry
returns
migration
government policies on
understanding of
("sustainable")
3.
High economic return to
foreign investment;
ecosystem structure
3.
Commercial
foreign investor but negligible
undervaluation of
and function
c.
Selection of particular
exploitation for export
return to country when resources
mangrove ecosystem
-
Recovery time
species resulting in
is exploited
I-1, 2, 3; II-all; III-1, 3, 4; IV-
after extensive
monoculture
all
harvest
-
Extent of
d.
Woodchip harvest for
ecological damage
Rayon Production, based on
after harvest
clear-felled coups
a.
Partial conversion to
1.
High economic
I-1, 2, 3; II-all; III-1, 3, 4; IV-
-
Scientific basis
aquaculture
returns
1-7, 9
for buffer zone and
b.
Diminished freshwater
1.
Inadequate
protected areas
& sediment supply due to
consideration of
dams, diversion
downstream impacts and
-
Scientific
lack of coordination
information on
c.
Sedimentation from
2.
Comparative
among different
nutrient fluxes
offshore mining
value of placer
government Ministries in
d.
Movement into
minerals such as tin
water allocation
mangroves
3. Population pressure
I-1, 2; II-all; III-1, 2, 4, 5; IV
all
I-1; II-all; III-3, 4; IV-1-7, 9
I-3; II-2, 3-5, 7; III-4; IV-9
MODIFICATION OF
a.
Sedimentation due to:
1.
Inadequate forest and
-
Agreed
TEMPERATE ESTUARY
Forestry, road and other
watershed management practices
methods and
construction; Dams, diversion;
2.
Inadequate consideration
economic valuation
Modification in
Cattle raising/riparian erosion
of downstream impacts and lack
of system and system
biodiversity and
b.
Introduction of exotic
of coordination among different
function
system function,
species through aquaculture
1. Food supply and cash
government Ministries in water
migratory species and
c.
Disease from
crop
allocation
-
Change in
patterns of migration,
reintroduction of species for
3.
Inadequate management
flushing rates in some
nursery and fishery
aquaculture
2. Food supply and cash
practices to control erosion
estuaries
productivity,
d.
Loss of habitat due to
crop
I-1, 2; II-all; III-1, 2, 4, 5; IV
recreational value
conversion to airports,
all
marinas, housing, etc.
3. Relative valuation
14

---

ANNEX V.
cont.
MAJOR CONCERN V: OVEREXPLOITATION OF FISHERIES & OTHER LIVING MARINE RESOURCES
ISSUES
CAUSAL CHAIN
UNCERTAINTIES
IMMEDIATE
SECONDARY
TERTIARY
QUATERNARY
OVER-EXPLOITATION
a.
Excessive
1.
Possibility of
1.
High prices, demand
1.
Free access to
-
Inadequate information
effort (too many
individual/collective
driven, international trade
resources
on resources and on socio-
boats, fishermen,
profits
in fish
2.
Human population
economic aspects;
etc.)
2.
Migration to the
growth and lack of land
-
Market uncertainties
2.
Need for food for
coast
tenure in agriculture
-
Employment
subsistence drives poor
3.
Lack of employment
I 3
uncertainties
into fishery as
opportunities, poverty
III 4
-
Impact of climate
"employment of last
4.
Lack of other food
IV 1, 2, 3,5a,6, 7,9
variability on resources (e.g.
resort"
options
El Nino)
EXCESSIVE BYCATCH
a.
Low economic
1.
Poor Fishing Gear
1.
Lack of research on
III 1, 4, 5
-
Uncertainty of priority
value of discards
Selectivity
fishing technology
IV 1
between reducing bycatch
AND DISCARDS
2.
Perishability and/or
2.
Lack of research on
IV 4
and utilising it
lack of storage facilities
product development
and/or poor acceptance as
food
DESTRUCTIVE
a.
Inappropriate
1.
Lack of
1.
Lack of research on
1.
Lack of education
-
Direct and indirect
technology and poor
"environmentally friendly"
fishing technology
of fishery
impacts of fishing difficult to
FISHING PRACTICES
harvest procedure
fishing gear
2.
Lack of
I 1
distinguish
2.
Lack of ecological
consideration of
II 1, 2, 5
ethics in harvesters/users
intergenerational equity
III 4
issue
IV 1
DECREASED
a.
Unsuitable
1.
Anoxia
1.
Pollution (See
environment for
2.
Contaminants
pollution and Habitat)
VIABILITY OF STOCK
survival or
3.
Loss of habitat
THROUGH
completion of life
4.
Disease-causing
POLLUTION/
cycles
organisms
DISEASE
IMPACT ON
a.
Increase in
1.
Accidental
1.
Failure of
1.
Lack of scientific
Inadequacy of controls
exotic species
introductions by shipping
regulations regarding
research
BIOLOGICAL AND
interferes with
(ballast water),
ballast water
Questionable enforcement
GENETIC DIVERSITY
commercial species,
aquaculture
treatment/quarantine of
IV
capacity
1
competitors,
2.
Intentional release
imported species
predators)
of animals of a single
2.
High returns from
II 2
genotype stock
aquaculture and
b.
Reduction of
3.
Loss of diversity in
recreational fisheries
2.
Poor planning (lack
the gene pool of wild
breeding
investments
of consideration of
stocks
areas/ecosystems
intergenerational equity)
when making investments
15

---

ANNEX VI
MARINE GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS AND FRESHWATER BASINS
The following tabulation is a preliminary and far from complete geographic framework under which a GIWA Assessment might be organised. The
Major Regions correspond to the 9 regional organisational Units. Columns one and two represent the major marine divisions, and columns 4 and 5
represent the major freshwater units, around which the regional assessments could be structured. Column 3 includes smaller marine sub-units for a
number of areas where it is known that specialised assessment activities are already underway or have been completed in the past.
The following points should be noted:
-
The columns headed Coastal and Riparian States & Relevant Institutions, Organisations and Programmes, are provided for guidance only and are
NOT intended to be taken as an exhaustive listing;
- in a number of instances the inland or land-locked countries sharing freshwater basins have not been listed (e.g. the Nile)
-
not all the world's rivers have been listed and in a number of instances where none are named, numerous smaller rivers drain into the coastal seas
designated in columns 2 & 3; and,
-
the geographic scope of each unit includes the entire area of the catchment basins draining to the designated marine area.
-
nomenclature follows the Times Atlas of the Oceans
-
A global map of Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) is included in Annex V of this report and individual LMEs are identified under each of the large
regional units in the following tabulation.
ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION I: ARCTIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Arctic Basin
Denmark, Norway, USA
AMAP; IASC; AOSB;
( I )2
M a c K e n z i e
Canada
MIZEX; SHEBA; AII
N. Dvina
R u s s i a
P e c h o r a
O b
E n i s e y
Baykal Lake
L e n a
K o l y m a

2 Roman numerals in parantheses ( e.g.I) correspond to the columns in Annex ##
16

---

ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION II: NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS3
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Wider
Gulf of Mexico (2)
M i s s i s s i p p i
U S A
IOCARIBE; UNEP (CEP); Gulf
of
C a r i b b e a n
(LME)
Rio Grande
M e x i c o
Mexico Program; Gulf of Mexico
B r a z o s
Fisheries Management Council;
G r i j a l v a
River Basin Commissions; National
Estuary Programs; Watershed
C o l o r a d o
Councils; Universities; EPA; NOAA;
USGS; National Water Quality
Monitoring Council
Caribbean Sea (3)
M a g d a l e n a
Belize, Guatemala,
IOCARIBE, COSDLC,
(LME)
Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
UNDP, FAO, CARICOMP,
Rica, Panama, Colombia,
OAS MEXICO, UNEP,
V e n e z u e l a
P N U M A .
C a r i b b e a n
Aruba, Cuba, Haiti,
UNDP; FAO; UNCHS;
Islands (4)
Dominican Republic,
CRMI(OECS/NRMU); CCA;
Jamaica, Puerto Rico,
ECLAC; CARICAD;
Bahamas, US Virgin
CEPPOL; COSALC;
Islands, Antigua & Barbuda,
CFRAMP; CARICOMP;
Barbados, Bermuda,
WIDECAST;
S t . K i t t s / N e v i s , D o m i n i c a ,
IRF; CEHI; IMA; CMI;
St.Lucia, St.Vincent & the
METEO-France; CARMABI;
Grenadines, Grenada,
CANARI; Univ. of West
Trinidad & Tobago, British
Indies; MAREMP; CMS;
Dependent Territories, The
UWICED.
Netherlands Antillies,
French Islands

3 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
17

---

ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION II: NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS4, Continued.
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Western North
Southeast Shelf (5)
P a m l i c o
P a m l i c o
U S A
NAFO; ICES;
A t l a n t i c
(LME)
S o u n d
N e u s e
Northeast Shelf (6)
Gulf of Maine
A n d r o s c o g g i n
U S A
National Estuary Programs;
(LME)
P e n o b s c o t
Bay of Fundy
St. John
National Water Quality
Long Island
C o n n e c t i c u t
Monitoring Council
S o u n d
H u d s o n
Delaware Bay
Delaware
C h e s a p e a k e
Susquehanna
Chesapeake Bay Programme
B a y
P o t o m a c
J a m e s
A l b e r m a r l e
S d .
Scotian Shelf (7)
St. John
Canada
(LME)
Gulf St. Lawrence
St. Lawrence
Great Lakes
USA, Canada
International Joint
( 8 )
C o m m i s s i o n ;
Newfoundland Shelf
Canada
Fisheries Management
(9)
(LME)
Baffin Bay,
Councils States/Tribes;
Labrador Sea,
Canadian
Archipelago (10)
East Greenland (15)
Greenland
(LME)
West Greenland (16)
(LME)
Iceland Shelf (14)
I c e l a n d
(LME)

4 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
18

---

REGION II: NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS5, Continued.
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
E a s t e r n
Barents Sea (11) ( L M E )
Tuloma
Russia, Norway, Faroes
ICES: UNDP Barents Sea
N o r t h
Norwegian Sea (12)
N a m s e n
Oslo & Paris Commission
(LME)
A t l a n t i c
Faroe Plateau (13)
(LME)
Baltic Sea (17) (LME)
Sweden, Finland, Estonia,
HELCOM; ICES;
Latvia, Lithuania, Denmark
EU (Phare/Tacis,
Oder
Germany
MAST); NSP;
V i s t u l a
B u g
Poland, Belarus, Ukraine
SKAGEX;
N e v a
Ladoga Lake
R u s s i a
Baltic Agenda 21, BALTEX
D a l e l v e n
Sweden, Norway, Denmark
Oslo & Paris Commission
North Sea (18)
R h i n e
Switzerland, France
Int. Rhine Comm.
S h e l d e
N e t h e r l a n d s
E l b e
Germany
Int Elbe Comm.
W e s e r
Humber
UK
T y n e
T h a m e s
Celtic-Biscay Shelf
A v o n
U K ,
Oslo & Paris Commission
( 1 9 )
(LME)
L o i r e
F r a n c e ,
S h a n n o n
I r e l a n d ,
Iberian Coastal
Douro, Tejo
S p a i n ,
Oslo & Paris Commission
(20)(LME)
Tambre
P o r t u g a l
Mediterranean Sea (21)
W e s t e r n
Malta, Morocco , Algeria,
UNEP/MAP; EU;
M o n a c o
(LME)
Mediterranean
Ebro
S p a i n
WB/UNDP/EIB-
R h o n e
France Switzerland
METAP WB
E a s t e r n
P o
Italy. Slovenia, Croatia,
Greece

5NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
19

---

Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Mediterranean
N i l e6
Egypt. Albania, Turkey,
C y p r u s
Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
Tunisia, F. Yugoslavia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Libya

6 The countries of the Nile Basin are not listed in the Right Hand Column
20

---

ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION II: NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS7, Continued.
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Black Sea (22) ( L M E )
B u l g a r i a
BSEP- UNDP/UNEP/WB /EU;
G e o r g i a
TU-Black Sea - NATO;
R o m a n i a
EROS-2000 - EU;
R u s s i a
COMSBlack - IOC
Turkey
IOC Reg. Programme.
U k r a i n e
Danube
Austria, Bulgaria, Romania,
Danube River Basin -
Germany, Slovakia,
EU/GEF
Slovenia, Moldova,
S u b - r e g i o n a l :
Hungary, Croatia, Czech
Danube Delta GEF (PDF)
Republic, Bosnia,
F . Y u g o s l a v i a
D n i p r o
Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
Dnipro GEF (PDF)
D n i e s t r
M o l d o v a
C h o r o k h
Georgia, Turkey
(Azov Sea)
D o n
Russia, Ukraine
Azov Sea DSS -
Netherlands; Lower Don
( W B )
Caspian Sea (23)
North Caspian
Turkmenistan, Iran
WB/EU
V o l g a
R u s s i a
U r a l
K a z a k h s t a n
South Caspian
Kura
Turkey, Georgia, Armenia,
Azerbaidjan
Aral Sea (24)
Amudariya
Kirgistan, Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

7 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
21

---

ANNEX VI.
REGION III: NORTH PACIFIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS8, Continued.
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal & Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
N o r t h
California current
C o l u m b i a
Canada
CALCOFI; GLOBEC;
( 2 6 )
P a c i f i c
(LME)
S a c r a m e n t o
U S A
COOP; WOCE
Gulf of California
C o l o r a d o
M e x i c o
( 2 7 )

(LME)
Fuerte
Gulf of Alaska (25) (
C o l u m b i a
INPOC; WOCE;
S u s i t n a
U S A
GLOBEC; COOP
Ma t a n u s k a
C o p p e r
Fraser
Canada
S k e e n a
Bering Sea
E. Bering Sea
Y u k o n
USA, Canada,
BERPAC
(28) (LME)
W. Bering Sea
Anadyr
R u s s i a
(29) (LME)
Sea of Okhotsk (30)
Russia, Japan
(LME)
Oyashio Current
J a p a n
NOWPAP
(31) (LME)
Kuroshio Current
Japan, China
NOWPAP
(32) (LME)
Sea of Japan9 (33)
Amur
Russia, Japan, S.Korea,
NOWPAP
(LME)
Tumen
N.Korea, China
Yellow Sea (34)
Bohai Sea (35
H a i
Japan, N. Korea, S.Korea
NOWPAP
L i a o
Y e l l o w
C h i n a
East-China Sea (36)
Y a n g t s e
China, Japan, S. Korea
EASAP
(LME)
Huai
C e n t r a l
H a w a i i a n
USA & International Water
UNCLOS
P a c i f i c
Archipelago (37)
(LME)

8 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
9 Also known as the East Sea
22

---

ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION IV: EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS10
Marine Area
M a r i n e
M a r i n e
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
S u b - a r e a ,
S u b - a r e a ,
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 2*
Level 3*
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
S o u t h e a s t
Patagonian Shelf
Chile, UK
( 3 8 )
A t l a n t i c
(LME)
La
Paraguay
Brazil, Paraguay,
La Plata Treaty
Plata/Parana
B e r m e j o
Argentina, Bolivia
GEF Project
Uruguay
Uruguay, Brazil
Parana
Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil
Itaipu Agreement
Brazil Current (39)
Paraibe do Sul
B r a z i l
Brazilian Government
(LME)
Guanabara
PDBG
B a y
Sao Francisco
Patos Lagoon
Uruguay
CEIVAP
Northeast Brazil
T o c a n t i n s ,
Araguia
B r a z i l
Brazilian Government
S h e l f
(40)
(LME)
X i n g u
CEVASF
Amazon (33b)
Peru, Colombia, Venezuela,
Amazon Treaty
Brazil, Equador

10 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
23

---

ANNEX VI.
REGION V: SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS11
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
A s s o c i a t e d
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
West &
Canary Current (41)
Guinea Bissau
ORSTOM, ECOWAS, CECAF
C e n t r a l
A f r i c a
(LME)
S e n e g a l
Senegal, Mauritania, Mali
Senegal River Commission
Senegal/Cape Verde
Gambia
Gambia, Senegal, Guinea
I s l a n d
Lake Chad
Nigeria, Chad, Sudan,
Lake Chad River Basin
( 4 3 )
Cameroon, Niger
Gulf of Guinea (42)
Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote
ECOWAS, Central Africa
(LME)
d'Ivoire, Sao Tome &
Economic Community,
P r i n c i p e ,
CECAF, GEF
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon
V o l t a
Ghana, Benin, Burkino
Volta River Authority, CEB
Faso, Togo
N i g e r / B e n u e
Niger, Guinea, Nigeria,
Niger River Authority
Benin, Cameroon, Chad,
M a l i
C o n g o
Congo Brazzaville, Congo
Economic Community of
Kinshasa, Angola
Central Africa
Benguela Current
C u n e n e
A n g o l a
BENEFIT, SADC
( 4 4 )
(LME)
Oranje
Namibia, South Africa
S A D C ,
O k a v a n g o
Namibia, Botswana, Angola
SADC, OKACOM
( i n t e r n a l )
East Africa -
Agulhas Current
Great Ruaha
Tanzania, Comoros,
SADC, COMESA,
( 4 5 )
IOCIMCWO
W e s t e r n
(LME)
M a n g o k y
Madagascar
I n d i a n
O c e a n
L i m p o p o
Botswana, Zimbabwe
Z a m b e z i
Mozambique, Zambia,
Malawi, Namibia, South
A f r i c a
Somali Coastal
Tana
K e n y a
IGAD; EAS; IOCINWIO
Current (46) (LME)
Ruyuma
Tanzania, Mozambique
Juba
Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya

11 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
24

---

Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
A s s o c i a t e d
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
East African
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda,
GEF
Rift Valley
Ruanda, Burundi, Congo-
Lakes (47)
Kinshasa, Ethiopia,
Zambia, Zimbabwe,
M o z a m b i q u e
ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION VI:INDIAN OCEAN & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS12
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
A s s o c i a t e d
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Arabian Sea
Gulf of Aden (48)
Yemen, Djibouti, Somalia
PERSGA
Red Sea (49) ( L M E )
Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt,
PERSGA
Palestine, Israel, Syria,
Jordan, Saudi Arabi
Jordan (land-
Izrael, Syria, Jordan,
EU Database Project
locked river)
Palestine, Lebanon
( 5 1 )
Persian Gulf (50)
T i g r i s -
Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran,
ROPME
Euphrates
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab
E m i r a t e s
South Asia
Arabian Sea (52)
Narmada
I n d i a
SACEP, ICIMOD, SAARC,
S e a s
(LME)
Oman, Somalia, Yemen,
IOMAC, START - SEACOM,
Pakistan, Maldives, Iran.
ESCAP JGOFS, PERSGA,
WOCE
Indus
Afganistan, Pakistan, India
Indian/Pakistan Agreement
Bay of Bengal (53)
Sri Lanka, Thailand
GEF
(LME)
G a n g e s
Bangladesh, India, Bhutan,
ICIMOD, Indo/Bangladesh
N e p a l
Agreement, India/Nepal
Brahmaputra
A g r e e m e n t
Irriwaddy
Myanmar

12 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
25

---

ANNEX VI.
REGION VII: SE ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS13
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
Freshwater
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
Organizations &
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
S o u t h - E a s t
South China Sea
Malaysia, Philippines,
START - SARCS; ASEAN;
A s i a
(54) (LME)
I n d o n e s i a
COBSEA
(incl. North
Pearl River
C h i n a
A u s t r a l i a )
Red River
V i e t n a m ,
Black River
Mekong (55)
Laos, Cambodia,
Mekong Commission
Gulf of
C h a o p h r i a
T h a i l a n d
T h a i l a n d
Sulu-Celebes Sea
I n d o n e s i a
(56)
(LME)
Indonesian Seas
I n d o n e s i a
(57)
(LME)
Northern Australian
A u s t r a l i a
Shelf (58) ( L M E )
I n d o n e s i a
South Pacific
Coral Sea Basin
A u s t r a l i a
( 5 9 )
New Zealand
Great Barrier Reef
A u s t r a l i a
GBRMPA
(60) (LME)
Great Australian
Murray-
A u s t r a l i a
Murray-Darling
Bight (61)
D a r l i n g
C o m m i s s i o n
Small Islands (62)
Cook Islands; Fiji;
SPREP, ESCAP, University
Kiribati; Niue, Marshall
of South Pacific, SPC,
islands; Federated States of
SPEC, South Pacific Forum,
Micronesia; Papua New
Forum Fisheries Agency,
Guinea; Tonga; Tuvalu;
SOPAC, Tourism Council of
Vanuatu; Western Samoa;
the South Pacific
Nauru; Solomon Islands;
Territories & Dependencies
of UK & USA; France
Tasman Sea (63)
New Zealand
New Zealand
Shelf (LME)

13 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
26

---

ANNEX VI.
C o n t .
REGION VIII: SOUTH-EAST PACIFIC & MAJOR FRESHWATER CATCHMENT BASINS14
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
A s s o c i a t e d
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
S o u t h e a s t
Humboldt Current
Colombia, Panama
C P P S
( 6 4 )
P a c i f i c

(LME)
B r a v o
Chile, Peru, Equador
Lake Titicaca
Peru, Bolivia
( l a n d l o c k e d )
C h i l e a n
S o u t h e r n
L a k e s
E a s t e r n
Guatemala, Nicaragua, El
Equatorial
Salvador, Costa Rica,
Pacific (65)
Honduras
REGION IX: ANTARCTIC15
Marine Area
Marine Sub-area,
Marine Sub-
Freshwater
A s s o c i a t e d
Coastal/ Riparian States
Relevant Institutions,
Level 1*
Level 2*
area, Level 3*
c a t c h m e n t ( s )
c a t c h m e n t
Organizations &
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
( d e s c r i p t i o n )
Level 1
Level 2
P r o g r a m m e s
Antarctic (66)
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty Countries
Scientific Committee on
(LME)
Antarctic Research
CCAMLR
Weddell Sea

14 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
15 NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNE
the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document con
acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring organisations.
27

---

AN N EX VII
PRELIMIN ARY CONS IDERATION OF THE REGION AL IMPORTAN CE OF THE MAJOR WATER-RELATED CON CERN S
AN D PRIN CIPAL IS S U ES
The following tabulation provides an initial expert opinion concerning the relative importance of the identified major concerns and principal issues on a
regional basis. It was constructed as a means of scoping the full assessment and
does
not
constitute,
in
itself,
an
assessment
of
the
relative
importance
of
the
major
concerns
and
principal
issues.
During the preparation of these tables and the subsequent plenary discussion it was clearly recognised that:
· the contents of this Annex provide a guide to the scope and nature of the final assessment and should not be taken as a quantitative statement
concerning the importance of the concerns in each region;
· the highlighted concerns (shaded cells) represent an opinion by members of the Group concerning the comparative importance of each issue in a
regional and global context;
· Individual regional assignments should not be taken out of the context of the entire table; and,
· participants in the exercise noted that in many cases, either information was lacking, or the collective knowledge of the Expert Group was insufficient
for a well-qualified judgement regarding the degree of concern, such cases are indicated by ii = insufficient information.
In some cases the designated regions could be further subdivided on the basis of available information and expert knowledge, hence the final page of
this annex provides a more detailed geographic breakdown for the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas.
NB. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this Annex do not imply the expression of any
opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or the GEF concerning the legal status of any State, Territory, City or area, or of
its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document contains the views expressed
by experts acting in their individual capacities, and may not necessarily correspond with the views of the sponsoring
organisations.
28

---

ANNEX VII. C o n t .
REGION I
REGION II - NORTH ATLANTIC
ARCTIC
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
A FRESHWATER
A1 Pollution
i i
i i
i i
SHORTAGE
A2 Changes in Water Table
i i
i i
i i
A3 Reduction in streamflow
i i
i i
i i
i i
B HABITAT
B1 Loss of ecosystems/ecotones
i i
i i
i i
MODIFICATION
B2 Modification of ecosystems ecotones
i i
C POLLUTION
C1 Microbiological
C2 Eutrophication
C3 Chemical
i i
C4 Suspended solids
i i
i i
C5 Solids
i i
C6 Radionuclides
C7 Spills
D FISHERIES
D1 Overexploitation
OVEREXPLOITATION
D2 Excessive by-catch
D3 Destructive Fishing
i i
i i
D4 Diseases/Pollution
i i
i i
i i
D5 Biogenetic diversity
i i
i i
i i
D6 Fisheries biomass
E GLOBAL CHANGE
E1 Hydrological cycle
i i
i i
E2 Sea level change
i i
i i
i i
E3 UVB
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
REGION I ARCTIC
REGION II - NORTH ATLANTIC
1.
Arctic
2.
Gulf of Mexico LME
13. Faroe Plateau
3.
Caribbean Sea LME
14. Iceland Shelf LME
4.
Caribbean Islands
15. East Greenland Shelf LME
5.
South East Shelf LME
16. West Greenland Shelf LME
6.
Northeast Shelf LME
17. Baltic LME
7.
Scotian Shelf LME
18. North Sea LME
8.
Gulf of St. Lawrence
19. Celtic-Biscay Shelf
9.
Newfoundland Shelf LME
20. Iberan Coastal LME
10. Baffin Bay, Labrador Sea,
21. Mediterranean Sea LME
Canadian Archipelago
22. Black Sea LME
11. Barents Sea LME
23. Caspian Sea
12. Norwegian Sea LME
24. Aral Sea
29

---

ANNEX VII. C o n t .
REGION III - NORTH PACIFIC
REGION IV - EASTERN
REGION V - SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
SOUTH AMERICA
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40a
40b
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
A FRESHWATER
A1 Pollution
i i
i i
i i
SHORTAGE
A2 Changes in Water Table
i i
i i
A3 Reduction in streamflow
i i
i i
i i
B HABITAT
B1 Loss of ecosystems/ecotones
i i
i i
MODIFICATION
B2 Modification of ecosystems ecotones
i i
i i
i i
C POLLUTION
C1 Microbiological
i i
i i
C2 Eutrophication
i i
i i
i i
C3 Chemical
i i
i i
C4 Suspended solids
i i
i i
C5 Solids
i i
i i
C6 Radionuclides
i i
i i
C7 Spills
i i
D FISHERIES
D1 Overexploitation
i i
i i
OVEREXPLOITATION
D2 Excessive by-catch
i i
D3 Destructive Fishing
i i
i i
D4 Diseases/Pollution
i i
i i
i i
i i
D5 Biogenetic diversity
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D6 Fisheries biomass
i i
i i
E GLOBAL CHANGE
E1 Hydrological cycle
i i
i i
i i
i i
E2 Sea level change
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
E3 UVB
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
REGION III NORTH PACIFIC
REGION IV
REGION V SUB-
S A H A R A N
EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA
AFRICA
25. Gulf of Alaska, LME
38. Patagonian Shelf LME
41. Canary Current, LME
26. California Current LME
39. Brazil Current LME
42. Gulf of Guinea, LME
27. Gulf of California LME
40. Northeast Brazil Shelf LME
43. Lake Chad
28. West Bering Sea LME
40a. Brazilian Northeast
44. Benguela Current, LME
29. East Bering Sea LME
40b. Amazon
45. Agulhas Current, LME
30. Sea of Okhotsk LME
46. Somali Coastal
31. Oyashio Current LME
Current, LME
32. Kuroshio Current LME
47. East African
33. Sea of Japan LME
Rift Valley Lakes
34. Yellow Sea LME
35. Bohai Sea
36. East China Sea LME
37. Hawaiian Archipelago LME
30

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ANNEX VII. C o n t .
REGION VI - INDIAN OCEAN
REGION VII - SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC
REGION VIII
REGION IX
SOUTHEAST PACIFIC
ANTARCTIC
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
A FRESHWATER
A1 Pollution
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
SHORTAGE
A2 Changes in Water Table
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
A3 Reduction in streamflow
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
B HABITAT
B1 Loss of ecosystems/ecotones
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
MODIFICATION
B2 Modification of ecosystems ecotones
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C POLLUTION
C1 Microbiological
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C2 Eutrophication
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C3 Chemical
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C4 Suspended solids
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C5 Solids
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
C6 Radionuclides
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
iii
C7 Spills
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D FISHERIES
D1 Overexploitation
i i
i i
i i
i i
OVEREXPLOITATION
D2 Excessive by-catch
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D3 Destructive Fishing
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D4 Diseases/Pollution
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D5 Biogenetic diversity
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
D6 Fisheries biomass
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
E GLOBAL CHANGE
E1 Hydrological cycle
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
E2 Sea level change
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
E3 UVB
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
REGION VI INDIAN OCEAN
REGION VII SOUTHEAST ASIA &
REGION VIII
REGION IX
THE SOUTH PACIFIC
SOUTHEAST
ANTARCTIC
PACIFIC
48. Gulf of Aden
54. South China Sea LME
64. Humboldt
66. Antarctic LME
49. Red Sea LME
55. Mekong River
Current LME
50. Persian Gulf
56. Sulu-Celebes Sea, LME
65. Eastern Equatorial
51. Jordan(Land-locked
57. Indonesian Seas, LME
Pacific
River system)
58. North Australian Shelf, LME
52. Arabian Sea, LME
59. Coral Sea Basin
53. Bay of Bengal
60. Great Barrier Reef, LME
61. Great Australian Bight
62. Small island States
63. New Zealand Shelf, LME
31

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ANNEX VII. C o n t .
REGION II NORTH ATLANTIC
SUB-REGION 21
SUB-REGION 22
SUB-REGION 23
MEDITERRANEAN
BLACK SEA
CASPIAN SEA
21
A
B
C
D
E
F
22
G
H
I
J
K
L
23
M
N
A FRESHWATER
A1 Pollution
SHORTAGE
A2 Changes in Water Table
A3 Reduction in streamflow
B HABITAT
B1 Loss of ecosystems/ecotones
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
MODIFICATION
B2 Modification of ecosystems ecotones
C POLLUTION
C1 Microbiological
C2 Eutrophication
C3 Chemical
C4 Suspended solids
C5 Solids
C6 Radionuclides
C7 Spills
D FISHERIES
D1 Overexploitation
OVEREXPLOITATION
D2 Excessive by-catch
D3 Destructive Fishing
D4 Diseases/Pollution
i i
i i
i i
D5 Biogenetic diversity
D6 Fisheries biomass
E GLOBAL CHANGE
E1 Hydrological cycle
E2 Sea level change
E3 UVB
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
i i
SUB-REGION 21
SUB-REGION 22
SUB-REGION 23
MEDITERRANEAN
BLACK SEA
CASPIAN SEA
A. Western Mediterranean
G. Azov Sea
M. Volga
B.
Eastern Mediterranean
H. Danube
N. Kura
C. Ebro
I.
Dnipro
D. Rhone J.
Dniestr
E.
Po
K. Chorokh
F .
Nile
L.
Do
32

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