PACIFIC ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE








REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS
PROJECT PROPOSAL











Developed in collaboration with the Office of Environmental

Coordination Policy Coordination, Republic of the Marshall Islands

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TABLE OF CONTENT


PROJECT SUMMARY---------------------------------------------------------------------3
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION -----------------------------------------------------6
II. SITUATION ANALYSIS ----------------------------------------------------------8
III. Baseline Scenario and PACC Intervention -------------------------------------14
IV. RMI PACC PROJECT-------------------------------------------------------------17

Annex 1.0

Annex 2.0

Annex 3.0



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PACC PROJECT SUMMARY

I.
Country ­ Republic of the Marshall Islands
II. Title ­ MARSHALL ISLANDS PACC PROJECT: A Whole Island Approach to
Climate Change Adaptation
III.
National Executing Body ­ The Office of Environmental Planning and Policy
Coordination, Office of the President, Republic of the Marshall Islands
IV.
Cost of Project ­ USD 900,000
Co-Financing ­ USD 6,375,000
V.
Funding Agency ­ Global Environment Facility (GEF)
VI.
Implementing Agency ­ United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
VII.
Background to the Consultation

The Republic of the Marshall Islands became the thirteenth country to be part of the Pacific
Adaptation to Climate Change project on the 11th of December 2007. As a result of this
development, an in-country consultation was carried out with government agencies, quasi-
government organizations, and non-state actors as well as members of State governments of
the Republic of the Marshall Islands on the 19th - 27th of February 2008.

This proposal is a result of discussions held at the national level and it details the PACC
proposal for the Marshall Islands. Information on the climate change vulnerabilities faced by
the Marshalls is provided with background information on current development efforts that
are being undertaken at present. The consultation was facilitated by the Secretariat of the
Pacific Regional Environment (SPREP), the implementation partner of the UNDP-GEF
PACC project.

This proposal is divided into four main parts. Part 1 general introduction, Part II Background,
Part III baseline scenario and PACC intervention and Part IV, PACC project details.

VIII. The Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) project

The principal objective of the PACC is to facilitate the implementation of long-term
adaptation measures to increase the resilience of a number of key development sectors in the
Pacific island countries to the adverse impacts of climate change. A framework for PACC
(PACC framework) will be developed through a consultative process involving all relevant
stakeholders (including national governments and their respective agencies, institutions,
departments and ministries, and non-government organizations, where appropriate, CROP
agencies, donor partners, private sector, where appropriate, and others deemed necessary).
The PACC framework will guide the implementation of the PACC at the national (including
community and/or village) and regional levels.

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For PACC Marshall Islands, the project will demonstrate the benefits of taking climate
change into consideration in the water sector so as to better prepare for future climate change
risks. The PACC project hopes to address the issue of high evaporation rates of current water
storage facilities in the Marshall Islands. Unrestricted water utilization levels for Majuro have
been estimated to be about 45 gallons per person per day, which equals 170 L/p/d. Past
projects planned for Majuro have targeted 40 gallon/day (g/p/d) with an estimated current
population 1994 of 25 000 results in a daily consumption of 1 million gallon. Hence, the
storage provided by the existing reservoirs (23 Mega gallon) is less than a months supply in
times of drought. This is a very vulnerable situation and if there are more El Nino like events
in a future climate change scenario, serious socio-economic repercussion would come about
for the island of Majuro. Overall, the PACC project promotes a broad based integrated
intervention that takes into consideration policy issues related to water conservation
particularly during droughts at the national and sectoral level. It also hopes to demonstrate a
whole island approach to climate change adaptation that carefully considers water usage by
other sectors particularly agriculture during droughts. A better understanding of the different
vulnerabilities and risks for Majuro would provide valuable insight to improving the current
and future adaptive capacity of Marshall Island people now and into the future.
IX.
Eligibility to the GEF

The Marshall Islands will be part of 12 other Pacific Island countries that would be accessing
the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) of the GEF. The Marshall Islands has ratified the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in March 1992 and
the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in March 2003. It is therefore, eligible under the guidance and
procedures of the GEF to access GEF resources and financing for its adaptation programmes.
The PACC project has been endorsed by the GEF operational focal point and a letter to that
effect has been sent to the GEF and SPREP.
X.
Linkages to regional/national sustainable development priorities

The PACC project is very closely aligned to the Marshall Islands Vision 2018, which details
the policy direction for the Marshall Islands in terms of development. A key component of
the plan is environment sustainability to ensure development is sustainable. At the regional
level, the work of the PACC fits in very well with the Pacific Islands Framework Convention
on Climate Change which is a regional document detailing priorities of Pacific Island
countries on climate change.

At the national level, the proposed project will have strong linkages to a number of on-going
UNDP-GEF enabling activities such as the National Capacity Self-Assessment (NCSA)
activities, as well as with other UNDP funded activities in the area of sustainable energy
including the UNDP-GEF funded Marshall Islands Renewable Energy (ADMIRE). There is
also a clear complimentarity between the PACC project and another GEF project to be
implemented through UNDP in the Marshall Islands; the Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM). IWRM hopes to demonstrate sustainable water resource and
wastewater management in the Laura area, Majuro Atoll. The overall project purpose is to
achieve improved water resources management, reduction in groundwater pollution from
inadequate wastewater facilities, piggeries, cemeteries and landfills and improved water
supply on and around the Laura area. This will be carried out with the provision of

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infrastructure and improved management to protect the Laura groundwater lens, the largest
natural water resource in Majuro which provides support to the public reservoirs for over
30,000 residents.

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I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 The need for adaptation to climate change

1. It is recognized by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that developing
countries particularly Small Island Developing States are particularly vulnerable to
climate change (IPCC AR4, 2007). The future of many of our island nations is being
shaped by climate change events. The effects of climate change, and the need for
concerted and coordinated action to address its effects, are no longer a matter of political
debate. For some Pacific Island countries, it is a question of survival.

2. Pacific island countries are among the most vulnerable nations in the world to the
impacts of extreme weather events. The most substantial impacts of climate change
include losses of coastal infrastructure and land, more intense cyclones and droughts,
failure of subsistence crops and coastal fisheries, losses of coral reefs and mangroves, and
the spread of certain diseases. Climate change will affect the Pacific way of life and the
sustainable development of our islands in profound ways unless we start to think about
how we can adapt to the changes.

3. Generally for the Pacific region, climate changes are expected to include:

i) Increased average air and ocean temperatures ­ which will have impacts on
precipitation, sea levels, winds, tides and other key climate conditions.

ii) Increases in sea-surface temperature ­ which has been linked to increases in
the frequency and severity of tropical cyclones.

iii) Sea-level rise ­ as ocean temperatures rise, thermal expansion of ocean waters
leads to a rise in sea levels causing loss of land, coastal erosion and increased salt
intrusion.

iv) Greater climate extremes ­ e.g. droughts, storms and floods.

v) Changes in rainfall ­ the effect will vary across different island countries, and
will impact on water resource management, particularly in areas dependent on
shallow aquifers and rainwater harvesting.

4. The impact of climate change in the Pacific Islands region is likely to be more severe
than in other areas because of the unique geographical, socio-cultural and economic
characteristics of PICTs. These impacts are likely to include the following:

· Agriculture sector ­ Food insecurity concerns resulting from reduced food
production due to salt-water intrusion and soil salinity; excessive rainfall;
increased flooding; soil erosion; and shift of habitat for certain crops that will

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grow only in cooler mountain environments, which will shift gardens further
away from human settlements.

·
Fisheries sector ­ Tuna Fisheries: While tuna are adaptable to climate
variability, changing sea temperatures will influence total stocks and migratory
patterns, shifting tuna away from current migratory routes. This will have serious
consequences for tuna fisheries in most of the member PICTs. Coastal Fisheries:
the combination of increasing sea-temperatures and sea-level rise will result in
changes to coastal circulation patterns, thereby affecting nutrient supply, lagoon
flushing, coastal erosion, and possibly ocean acidity and coral bleaching. These
will affect both the reef building capacity of corals as well as the spawning cycles
of reef fishes and invertebrates. Increased incidence of coral bleaching and
ciguatera fish poisoning will also be seen.

·
Human settlements ­ the majority of population settlement and critical
infrastructure in most PICTs is located in coastal areas. Villages, towns, cities,
and key infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, power plants and distribution
systems, etc. are mostly located in coastal areas. In an increasingly urbanized
Pacific, with many people residing in informal settlements, under very crowded
conditions, poor housing and limited access to basic amenities, climate change is
expected to place major burden on already stressed urban management.

·
Health sector ­ climate change and environmental factors constitute a major
determinant of health, either directly by causing an increasing incidence of vector-
borne and environment-linked diseases, lack of available clean water or indirectly
by preventing access to, or destroying, health facilities.

·
Potential extinction of sovereign states ­ some of the Pacific's most beautiful
countries, in particular atoll countries, are at grave risk in the long term if the
current trends observed in extreme weather conditions and sea-level rise continue
along the projected path within the next century.

1.2 Objective of the PACC

2 Given the foregoing urgency for the need for adaptation to climate change in the
Pacific island countries, a Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) has been
developed to assist with the implementation of adaptation measures in 13 countries of the
region. The Marshall Islands, as one of the recipient countries will participate in the
PACC to implement adaptation measures in their water sector to enhance resilience to
current and future adverse impacts of climate change.

3 The principal objective of the PACC is to facilitate the implementation of long-term
adaptation measures to increase the resilience of a number of key development sectors in
the Pacific island countries to the adverse impacts of climate change. A framework for
PACC (PACC framework) will be developed through a consultative process involving all
relevant stakeholders (including national governments and their respective agencies,

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institutions, departments and ministries, and non-government organizations, where
appropriate, CROP agencies, donor partners, private sector, where appropriate, and others
deemed necessary). The PACC framework will guide the implementation of the PACC at
the national (including community and/or village) and regional levels.

1.3 Scope of proposal

2 As one the of the key outcomes of the in-country consultations is to determine
detailed adaptation activities and baselines in each country, this report provides the
outcomes of the Marshall Islands in-country consultations on PACC which were held
from the 25th ­ 26th February, 2008. The report is divided into five sections: section I
outlines the urgency for adaptation to climate change in SIDS, building on the IPCC
fourth assessment report; section 2 provides a general overview of the climate change and
development situation (situation analysis) in the Marshall Islands covering issues relating
to assessment of impacts of climate change on the biophysical and human systems and
stakeholder analysis; section 3 covers sectoral analysis with regard to a methodology
and/or a criteria used to select a priority sector for adaptation intervention, institutional
and development baselines within the priority sector as well as the analysis of the impacts
of climate change within the priority sector; section 4 provides information of the
delivery mechanism for full-sized project implementation of PACC-Republic of the
Marshall Islands and section 5 covers the project goals, outcomes, outputs and activities.
The letter of endorsement for co-financing and list of individuals/experts and their
respective institutions consulted during the in-country consultation are appended as
annexes in section 6.

II. SITUATION ANALYSIS

2.1 Geography

3 The Republic of the Marshall Islands is situated in the central Pacific, approximately
mid-way between Hawaii and Australia. The country consists of 29 low-lying atolls and
five low-elevation islands, and together land mass comprises only of 70 square miles.
This is in contrast to the 700,000 square miles of ocean, which forms part of its Exclusive
Economic Zone. Twenty-two of the atolls and four of the islands are inhabited. The atolls
of the Marshall Islands are made up of calcareous remains of coral growth that have
accumulated over millions of years on the peaks of submerged mid-oceanic volcanic
islands (Wiens, 1962). The atoll and islands lie in two parallel chains: Ratak (Sunrise), to
the East; and Ralik (Sunset), to the West. The two atoll chains are approximately 129
miles apart and are aligned diagonally northwest to southeast between 160° E - 173° E
and 04° N - 15° N.

4 The capital is situated on Majuro atoll in the southeast, which has a land area of 3.56
square miles. The distance between Majuro and the furthest outlying atoll (Ujelang) is
approximately 700 miles. Majuro lies some 2,300 miles southwest of Honolulu and
nearly 2,000 miles southeast of Guam. Over two thirds of the population of the Marshall
Islands is concentrated on Majuro and Kwajalein. There is a general conception that there

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are three parts of the Marshall Islands, Majuro ­ capital, Kwajalein ­ second urban center
and the outer islands ­ rural area.

5 Recent studies in the southern Pacific region show that the annual and seasonal ocean
surface and island air temperatures have increased by 0.6 to 1.0oC since 1910 throughout
a large part of the South Pacific, southwest of the South Pacific Convergence Zone
(SPCZ) where as decadal increases of 0.3 to 0.5oC in annual temperatures are only
widely seen since the 1970, preceded by some cooling after the 1940, which is the
beginning of the record, to the northeast of the SPCZ (Salinger, 2001; Folland et al.,
2003).

2.2 Climate

6 Majuro has a tropical oceanic climate influenced by northeasterly trade winds that
prevail from December to April. Periods of weaker winds and calms occur in the autumn
(fall). The annual rainfall averages about 3560 mm (NOAA), but droughts are not
uncommon. From June through November are normally the wettest months. Mean
monthly temperatures vary within a range of one degree (27oC to 28oC) between the
coolest and warmest month. Average daily temperatures are between 25oC and 30oC.
Relative humidity is uniformly high throughout the year at about 80 %.

7 The mean annual temperature in the Marshall Islands is 28°C with temperature
differences between the warmest and coolest months averaging less than 0.3 °C. This
temperature regime coupled with abundant sunlight throughout the year generates
favorable conditions for plant growth provided there is adequate water. Rainfall, on the
other hand, is unevenly distributed across the archipelago with a distinct rainfall gradient
running from north to south (Wiens, 1962).

8 Precipitation in the southern atolls averages threefold higher than in the northern
atolls. On Enewetok atoll in the north-west, rainfall averages about 1440 mm annually
(SRDC, 2005) increasing to 2540mm on centrally located Kwajalein (3D Research
Corporation, 2005). The southern Marshall Islands are considerably wetter with annual
precipitation on Majuro averaging 3300 mm (Marshall Islands Statistics, 2005).
Available data indicate that rainfall can total as high as 4100 mm annually on Jaluit and is
even higher on Ebon, the most southerly atoll (Spoehr, 1949).

9 The northern and centrally located atolls receive the bulk of their rainfall from June
through November and are prone to drought during the winter and spring months. The
atolls in the south, on the other hand, enjoy a moist climate throughout the year under
normal conditions.

2.3 Population

10 The current population of the Marshall Islands is estimated at approximately 57,000
people. Despite having one of the highest birth rates in the Pacific, the annual population
growth rate since the official census in 1988 was 1.2 %. While national population

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growth is clearly moderated by a net positive rate of out-migration, of greater concern for
planners is the rapid (and largely unregulated) growth of populations in urban centers due
to internal migration. The Community and Household Survey of 2006, estimates the
population in Majuro in excess of 28,000. This represents a seven-fold increase in
population between 1958 and 1999 and a doubling of population density between 1980
and 1999. Population density in Majuro is in the order of 7,500 people per square mile.
With a population approaching 10,000 and a land area of 0.12 square miles, population
density on the islet of Ebeye (Kwajalein Atoll) is in the order of 83,000 people per square
mile. Influenced by this growing trend in urbanization, overall population density in RMI
has increased by a factor of five over the past half century. Overall population density in
2006 is estimated at approximately 800 people per square mile.

2.4 Majuro Population

11 Majuro and Kwajalein are the two most populated atolls, accounting for close to 70%
of the total national population of 50,000 (1999 census).

Majuro 23,676
Kwajalein 10,902
Outer islands
16,262
TOTAL 50,840
(RMI 1999 Census)

12 Despite one of highest birth rates in Pacific, the annual population growth rate since
the official census in 1988 is 1.2 %. While national population growth is clearly
moderated by a net positive rate of out-migration, of greater concern for planners is the
rapid (and largely unregulated) growth of populations in urban centers due to internal
migration. The Community and Household Survey of 2006, estimates the population in
Majuro in excess of 28,000. This represents a seven-fold increase in population between
1958 and 1999 and a doubling of population density between 1980 and 1999. Population
density in Majuro in is in the order of 7,500 people per square mile. With a population
approaching 10,000 and a land area of 0.12 square miles, population density on the islet
of Ebeye (Kwajalein Atoll) is in the order of 83,000 people per square mile. Influenced
by this growing trend in urbanization, overall population density in RMI has increased by
a factor of five over the past half century. Overall population density in 2006 is estimated
at approximately 800 people per square mile.

13 The rapid increase in population in Majuro (67 % since 1980) as a result of reduced
infant death rates, increased fertility rates and immigration from outer islands has
surpassed the capacity of existing water supplies, solid and sewage waste disposal
facilities. Over 50 % of the registered deaths in 1991 were due to diseases commonly
associated with lifestyle and poor living conditions (Barber, 1994). In a census in 1988,
Majuro had a total population of 19 664 of which 1450 were residing in the Laura area
(Anthony et.al., 1989). Estimates in a report on the rural and urban water supply and
sanitation review in 1994 mention 25 000 residents in Majuro (Barber, 1994) and 30 000
in 1998 (Galbraith, Bendure and Friary, 2000) whereas the latest report mentions a
Majuro population of 33 045 (Goodwin, Zheng and Mistry, 2000).

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2.5 Economy

14 With its limited natural resources, the Marshall Islands has a small national economy
that is primarily driven by public sector spending and contributions from the US
Government. The latter takes place under the auspices of the Amended Compact of Free
Association through which the US will continue to support the Marshall Islands through
2023, at which time a Trust Fund made up of US and Marshall Islands contributions will
begin perpetual annual payouts. Commerce in the Marshall Islands is highly dependent
on government expenditures and as of 2004, the government sector, including sate-owned
enterprises accounted for some 40% of GDP and 41% of formal employment. Ebeye and
the U.S. Ronald Reagan Missile Test Site at Kwajalein Atoll are key components in the
RMI economy and are estimated to provide about one-third of economic activity.

15 A continuing challenge for the Marshall Islands is achieving economic and fiscal
stability in the face of a weakly developed private sector. This is because the economy is
highly vulnerable to the negative repercussions of external market and other forces that
disturb economic growth prospects and endanger living standards. Examples where this
has happened in the past include: the decrease of tourism brought about by 9/11 and the
Asian bird flu crisis in the 2001-2004 period; the migratory nature of the Marshall
Island's fisheries for which decreases of fishing and associated revenue were experienced
in 2003 and 2004. More recently, increases in fuel prices in 2004 and 2005 have
reverberated throughout the entire economy. While the private sector has grown steadily
over the past decade, the rate of growth is too slow to make significant inroads into the
31% unemployment rate. The tourist industry, now a small source of foreign exchange
employing less than 10% of the labor force, remains the best hope for future added
income.

16 The Marshall Islands has a GDP of approximately $144 million and a per capita GDP
of approximately $2,900. Key sectors in the economy include:

·
Agriculture and fisheries: 31.7%
·
Industry: 14.9%
·
Services: 53.4% (2004 est.)

17 Important export products include: copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, and fish.
Important industries include: copra, tuna processing, tourism, craft items from seashells,
wood, and pearls. As with most Small Island States, the value of imports ($54.7 million)
greatly exceeds the value of exports ($9.1 million). Government downsizing, drought, a
drop in construction, the decline in tourism, and less income from the renewal of fishing
vessel licenses have held GDP growth to an average of 1% over the past decade.

18 With respect to government spending, the total budget of the Marshall Islands is in
the region of $150 million. Only 25% of the revenue raised to fund the budget is raised
domestically. Over 60% of government revenue originates from Compact of Free
Association funding, federal grants and nuclear compensation funding. The largest

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contributors to government revenue are taxes (income tax and import tax), fishing
licenses, ship registration fees, gross revenue tax and tourism.

19 Since 2004, the government has concentrated spending to its priority sectors:
education, health, environment and infrastructure development and maintenance. The
strategic approach to government spending includes: streamlining government and
making public services more efficient and effective; creating an environment for private
sector-led economic growth and employment generation; and improving the living
standards for all Marshall Island citizens.

2.9 Government

20 After almost four decades under US administration, the Marshall Islands attained
independence in 1986. Previously it was part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands,
a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States Navy from 1947 to 1951
and by the United States Department of the Interior from 1951 to 1994. Elections are held
every four years with each of the twenty-four constituencies electing a senator to the
lower house of Marshall Islands bicameral legislature, the Nitijela. The upper house - the
Council of Iroji - is an advisory body comprising twelve tribal chiefs. The Council of
Iroji is consulted on all customary and land issues. The President, who is head of state as
well as head of government, is elected by the Nitijela. The executive consists of the
Presidential Cabinet - ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the
Nitijela. The public service is headed by a Chief Secretary who is responsible to the
Cabinet for the general direction of the work of all Departments and offices of
government.

21 Local government is administered by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Each inhabited
island has a local council headed by a mayor. Funds are disbursed to the local councils on
an annual basis in relation to the size of the population being served. Local council
activities include: local police services, solid waste collection, and maintenance of local
roads. Additional funding for capital projects is sometimes allocated from donor funding
or US federal grants. Mayors report back to the Ministry of Internal Affairs every three
months.

22 The Marshall Islands and the United States have a very strong relationship of mutual
assistance as encapsulated under the Compact of Free Association, which came into
effect in 1986. Certain provisions of the Compact, including economic assistance, expired
in 2001 and have been subsequently renegotiated for an additional 20 years commencing
in May 2004.

2.3 Climate change vulnerabilities

23 The Marshall Islands was heavily hit by the effects of variations of the El Niņo
weather pattern in 1997 and 1998, receiving almost no rainfall. Drought affected most of
the country's population, particularly on Majuro and Ebeye. Such weather patterns have
become more frequent since 1977, bringing an increase in rainfall in the Northeast Pacific

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and a rainfall decrease in the Southwest. These more frequent El Niņo events are believed
to be associated with global warming, although there is no clear evidence that they are
not part of a long-term natural cycle. Each El Niņo event has resulted in water shortages
and drought particularly in the northern atolls of the country where it is considered
warmer than the southern atolls.

24 Like most low-lying atolls, groundwater is a critical resource for the Marshall Islands.
Freshwater lenses are very shallow on coral atolls and borehole drilling is normally kept
within 5-10 meters of the surface. The only alternative to groundwater in these
circumstances is localized rainwater harvesting, which is not reliable in the long term and
may not be adequate for current and future needs given the growth of the population,
particularly on Majuro.

25 El Niņo-related tropical cyclone activity that was anticipated in the Marshall Islands
during the final months of 2006 into January 2007 did not occur. Only one tropical
cyclone was a problem: in early October, the tropical disturbance that became Typhoon
Soulik (TC 21W) tracked close to Majuro and Kwajalein. Gusty southerly winds
associated with this tropical system produced high seas that topped the seawall on the
southern boundary of the Majuro Airport. Saltwater contaminated 8 million gallons of
fresh water. Some of the cloud systems in the Central Pacific looked as if they could
become tropical cyclones that would affect the Marshall Islands, but no significant
cyclone moved across the region. Paka (1997) was the last tropical cyclone of typhoon
intensity to pass through the Marshall Islands.

26 During El Niņo, the rainfall pattern in the Marshall Islands is very complex. Usually
the northern islands of the Marshall Islands enter a prolonged dry spell for the first
several months in the year that follows the El Niņo year. The central parts of the Marshall
Islands (this includes Majuro) often are quite dry and the southern part of the Marshall
Islands and the islands of Kiribati can be wetter. Majuro had a severe dry spell lasting 4
or 5 months in early 1983, 1992 and 1998. Any atoll in the northern Marshall Islands may
experience a month or two of abnormally dry weather at any time during the period
February through May 2007.

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III. Baseline Scenario and PACC Intervention

3.1 Current and Future Vulnerability

27 Vulnerability is a function of exposure to hazards, sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
From the basis of exposure alone, 100% of the RMI population and infrastructure are
located in the coastal areas/zones, rendering them highly vulnerable to climate change and
sea-level rise (ADB 2005). Their vulnerability is exacerbated by their exposure to extreme
events, such as high winds, high waves, typhoons, dry weather events, coastal erosions, salt
water intrusions to waters and coral bleaching. Previous assessments (Initial National
Communication, 2001) have pointed out that even though RMI is not directly in the
typhoon corridor, it is exposed to a number of hazards and vulnerabilities that are linked
both to its physical characteristics and unsustainable development processes. According
to the National Action Plan for Disaster Risk Management (2008-2018), the risk posed by
these socio-economic and physical conditions are compounded by weak management of
various human activities and little consideration of the risk that is created through these
development activities. All these climate and non-climate related exposures would
seriously impact on already highly vulnerable sectors that are climate dependent such as
water. Water is a major issue for Majuro and it is a growing problem given the high
population density and the amount of space and resources available. If the water issue is
not adequately addressed, it could undermine the development in other sectors
particularly health and education.

28 According to the recently developed National Action Plan for Disaster Risk
Management (2008-2018), factors that contribute to the RMI's high vulnerability include:
·
Extremely high population densities on some islands, e.g. Ebeye, Majuro etc.;
·
High levels of poverty ­ 20% of the population lives on less than $1 per day. In
addition to increasing incidence of poverty on the outer islands, pockets of deep
poverty have taken hold in the urban centers of Majuro and Ebeye;
·
Low elevation (the average elevation in the Marshall Islands is seven feet ASL);
·
Wide dispersal of the country over a large area of ocean;
·
A fragile island ecosystem ­ including the invaluable ecosystem services offered
by coral reefs protecting the coastline;
·
Limited and fragile fresh-water resources that are highly vulnerable to over-use
and contamination;
·
A weakly developed economy that is vulnerable to global influences.

29 The 4th IPCC Assessment Report (2007) is projecting warming of about 0.2°C per
decade for a range of SRES emission scenarios. The best estimate for the low scenario
(B1) is 1.8°C (likely range is 1.1°C to 2.9°C), and the best estimate for the high scenario
(A1FI) is 4.0°C (likely range is 2.4°C to 6.4°C). This could mean an increase in El Nino
and La Nina situations for Marshall Islands, which could exacerbate current
vulnerabilities people are already facing. Observations also show that average
temperature of the global ocean has also increased to depths of at least 3000 m and that

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the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate system.
This means that the air temperature rise could lead to sea surface temperature rise. Such
scenarios do not augur well for marine life, which the Marshall people depend on to eke
out a living. Such additional stressors added onto the current vulnerable situations of
Majuro, current development programmes particularly in the water sector would be
seriously stressed.

3.2 Current Development Efforts in the Water Sector

The structure and climate of the atolls has restricted the quantity and quality of fresh
water supply in the RMI. The source of drinking water varies from area to area, but for
the country as a whole around 70 per cent of homes use rainwater for drinking (RMI
Statistical Yearbook, 2003). To address shortcomings in water supply, the National
Government distributed more than 3,000 water catchments to residents in both the urban
centers and the Outer Islands. In addition, there are plans to construct another water
reservoir to improve the security of water supply in Majuro Atoll.

The water supply on Majuro is from two main sources; the airport runway catchment area
and the Laura groundwater lens. In the late 1970s and 1990s, the Government of the
Marshall Islands in its effort to provide sanitized drinkable water to the general populace of
Majuro managed to develop the airport runway also as a water catchment facility. Water
from the runway is piped to a reservoir that is then linked to the main water supply system for
Majuro. The reservoir near the runway is open and has a fairly significant evaporation rate.
For better adaptation to future drought conditions, there is a need to address the issue of
evaporation at the Majuro reservoir.

Other on-going efforts to address the issue of water and wastewater for Majuro include
the development of toilet facilities and sewage disposal guidelines for the Marshall
Islands by the Republic of the Marshall Islands Environmental Protection Agency
(RMIEPA). The regulation has taken effect in 1994 but enforcement of these rules by
RMIEPA has continuously been problematic. In Laura, the United States Environment
Protection Agency (USEPA) provided a grant to install a wastewater system. The project,
designed to protect the groundwater lens, consisted of a septic tank and leach field for
every family in the immediate area from which water was withdrawn. The College of
Micronesia has provided through its Cooperative Extension Program a Water Quality
Extension Agent based in Majuro. The main objective of this program is raising
awareness among communities on hygiene and sanitation, providing information on best
practices, assisting in facilitation of regulations and organizing workshops and seminars
in the urban and rural setting.

3.3. Gaps

Efforts to address the water issue particularly in drought conditions for Majuro continues
to be of major concern to the government. A study by the Asian Development Bank in
2005 prioritized water in Majuro as one of the major areas that need assistance. Even
though the Government of the Marshall Islands is well aware of the effects of the El Nino
and the La Nina phenomenon on the water supply situation of the country, there is a need

15

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to go beyond individual phenomenon to an integrated development of the whole water
situation in Majuro, the capital of the RMI. This will better position Majuro to adapt to
current and future drought conditions related to El Nino or otherwise. With a continuous
influx of people from the rural to Majuro, population will continue to increase as well as
the demand for quality water supply.

3.4 PACC Intervention

30 For PACC Marshall Islands, the project will demonstrate the benefits of taking
climate change into consideration in the water sector so as to better prepare for future
climate change risks. The PACC project hopes to address the issue of high evaporation
rates of current water storage facilities in the Marshall Islands. Unrestricted water
utilization levels for Majuro have been estimated to be about 45 gallons per person per
day, which equals 170 L/p/d. Past projects planned for Majuro have targeted 40
gallon/day (g/p/d) with an estimated current population 1994 of 25 000 results in a daily
consumption of 1 million gallon. Hence, the storage provided by the existing reservoirs
(23 Mega gallon) is less than a months supply in times of drought. This is a very
vulnerable situation and if there are more El Nino like events in a future climate change
scenario, serious socio-economic repercussion would come about for the island of
Majuro.

31 Overall, the PACC project would promote a broad based integrated intervention that
takes into consideration policy issues related to water conservation and quality
particularly during droughts at the national and sectoral level. It also hopes to
demonstrate a whole island approach to climate change adaptation that carefully
considers water usage by other sectors particularly agriculture during droughts. A better
understanding of the different vulnerabilities and risks for Majuro would provide
valuable insight to improving the current and future adaptive capacity of Marshall Island
people now and into the future.

32 The efforts by the PACC project would help inform future initiatives of government
that are in the pipeline such as the construction of a new water reservoir by the Majuro
Water and Sanitation Corporation.


16

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PART II. MARSHALL ISLANDS PACC PROJECT PROPOSAL

Introduction

The principal objective of the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change [PACC] is to facilitate
the implementation of long-term adaptation measures to increase the resilience of a number
of key development sectors in the Pacific island countries to the adverse impacts of climate
change. Marshall Islands became the twelfth country to be part of the PACC project on the
8th of December 2007. This development resulted in a country consultation carried out from
the 19th to the 28th of February 2008 with government agencies, quasi-government
organizations, and non-state actors.

Climate change impacts on several key sectors of a country. The key sectors are agriculture,
water, infrastructure, health, and coastal zone. Impacts on these sectors are often magnified
in small atoll island environments and have the potential to set-back development
progress gained over the years. Key natural hazards that have the potential to negatively
impact on these key sectors include: tropical storms and typhoons, high surf, and drought.
All these hydro-meteorological events are expected to increase in intensity due to climate
change.

Feedback from consultations carried out during the two weeks point to water as the critical
sector that needs support from the PACC project. Even though there are several donors
already supporting the sector over the years, the water vulnerability for Marshall Islands is in
a critical situation warranting support particularly to adapt to the hydro-meteorological
events listed above. This proposal is a result of the consultation and it details the
activities that would be undertaken by the Marshall Islands to address current and future
vulnerabilities they are facing in the water sector. PACC project resources will be used to
compliment current development programmes in the water sector taking into
consideration current and future changes in climate.

Conceptual Approach

A Whole Island Approach to Climate Change Adaptation: Reducing vulnerability of the water
sector to climate change.

For atoll environments with limited landmass, people economize with space. Activities
such as food production and food security, coastal developments, as well as other
livelihood activities, which include water harvesting and storage, co-exist in a defined
parcel of land. Rarely are there clear demarcations or zoning. In the case of Majuro,
which is a proposed site for the PACC Project, this is largely the case, even though some
may argue that food production activities are more concentrated in Laura then in any
other part of the island. Given the above scenario for Majuro, it is worth considering the
conceptual notion of a `whole island approach to climate change adaptation'. This `whole
island approach' takes into consideration several pertinent points:


17

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· Water, food security and coastal management are closely integrated in atoll
environments and are closely interconnected;
· Land area is severely limited thus a lot of activities co-exist in a parcel of land;
· Land and sea interface is one of the same coin therefore any development that is
implemented in one affects another;

The conceptual approach described above will be tried out in the Majuro atoll, Marshall
Islands under the PACC project. It is also the intention that even though water would be
the main sector to be addressed by the Marshall Islands, linkages would be explored with
the food production and food security sector, health, and other pertinent sectors such as
the coastal management sector.

Pilot Area

The PACC project will be piloted in the capital of Marshall Islands, which is Majuro atoll
and has a land area of 3.56 square miles. The distance between Majuro and the furthest
outlying atoll (Ujelang) is approximately 700 miles. Majuro lies some 2,300 miles
southwest of Honolulu and nearly 2,000 miles southeast of Guam. Over two thirds of the
population of the Marshall Islands is concentrated on Majuro and Kwajalein.



18

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PROPOSED CONCEPT FOR MARSHALL ISLANDS

A WHOLE ISLAND APPROACH TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION:
Reducing vulnerability of the water sector from climate change





VISION 2018 ­ The Strategic

Development Plan Framework


Strengthening Marshall Islands institutional and procedural mechanisms to

ensure that possible advantages of international and regional co-operation

to minimize the adverse impact of global warming to climate change.





First and Second National

ENABLING
Communication to the Conference

ENVIRONMENT
of the Parties of the United Nations

PROGRAMMES
Convention on Climate Change








IMPLEMENTATION

PROGRAMNMES

PACC
ADMIRE

PROJECT


A WHOLE

ISLAND
WATER

APPROACH TO

CLIMATE

CHANGE

ADAPTATION


Reducing water loss
Reducing water usage
Demonstrating
through minimizing
from the main water
alternative water
the evaporation
source through
source through reverse
rates from current
provision of alternative
osmosis and
water storage
source of water for
alternative energy
facilities.
drought resilience and
sources.
food security.

19

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Vision 2018

Marshall Islands have a Vision document titled Vision 2018 and it recognizes the importance
of climate change as a global issue that has significant consequences locally. Goal 1 of the
National Vision refers to Marshall Islands as a country within an interdependent world and
this needs careful considered and capitalized on when opportunities arise. Programmes such
as the GEF-UNDP-SPREP-PACC project contribute to the realization of the national vision.
The National Vision reads:

`Become a country within an inter-dependent world, with an enhanced socio-economic self-reliance,
an educated, healthy, productive, law-abiding and God loving people in which individual freedom and
fundamental human rights are protected and culture and traditions are respected and development
and environmental sustainability are in harmony'.

Master Plan

The Master Plans will be implemented by as many people as possible using existing
institutions of government, the private sector, non-government organizations and civil society
at large. Marshall Islands is especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, sea-level
rise, and extreme events, however, like most small island states, it lacks adequate baseline
information for understanding the complex interplay between and within natural and human
systems. There are gaps in information on likely changes in climate and human systems at
the atoll-environment scale but this is no excuse not to act. The PACC project should be able
to build on existing assessments as well as take a `Whole Island Approach' to climate change
adaptation using the top-down and bottom-up approach.

Project Objective

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the benefits of taking climate change into
consideration in current development programmes so as to better prepare for future climate
change risks. The PACC project hopes to address the issue of high evaporation rates of
current water storage facilities in the Marshall Islands. It is theorized that if adaptation
measures were put in place, several millions of gallons of water would be saved and better
position Majuro to minimize the effects of future droughts. The PACC project would
promote a whole island approach to climate change adaptation that takes a holistic view of
how water is being used so as to better address other risks such as overdrawing of bore holes
for agricultural purposes. A better understanding of the different vulnerabilities and the risk
profile would provide valuable insight to improving the current and future adaptive capacity
of Marshall Island people now and into the future.

Goal:

The main goal of this project is to enhance the capacity of the Republic of the Marshall
Islands to adapt to climate change, including variability, in selected key development sectors.

Specific Outputs:


20

---

Output 1.1: Relevant plans and programmes incorporate climate risks in the coastal
sector in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

Output 2.1: Guidelines to integrate coastal climate risk management into relevant plans
and programmes.
Output 2.2: Trained staff in key agencies to respond to impacts of salt-water intrusion and
rises in sea surface temperatures on food production systems.

Below is a description of the outputs that would be delivered by the PACC project for
Marshall Islands.

Output 1.1: Relevant plans and programmes incorporate climate risks in the coastal
sector in the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

This will include integrating climate change into key development sectors that are highly
vulnerable to climate change which include; agriculture, water, and coastal management.
At the national level, work in climate variability and change is still the `domain' of
Meteorology Services, Environment Departments and National Disaster Agencies but the
impacts are being felt by other agencies e.g. Fisheries, Agriculture, Forestry, Physical
Planning, and Public Works. To mainstream key climate change issues into development
plans of government sectors, a number of critical steps would be followed, which
requires collaborative analytical and policy inputs from a number of different technical
experts and domestic partners. Critical components of mainstreaming include: review of
the NSDS and its role in national development; the identification of the strengths,
weaknesses, gaps, responses to strengthen specific sectoral management (problem tree
analysis and objective/ solution identification); the review of the link between sectoral
plans and NSDS and the relationship between sectoral medium term budget and the
medium term national fiscal expenditure and revenue budget; and strengthening of sector
level budgeting that reflects outcome focused priorities and national development goals.

Specific activities to be undertaken would include:

· Promote and support dialogue, exchange of information and coordination
amongst early warning, disaster risk reduction, disaster response, development
and other relevant agencies and institutions at all levels, with the aim of
fostering a holistic and multi-hazard approach towards disaster risk reduction.
· Development or customizing of a mainstreaming methodology that takes into
consideration climate change technical and policy frameworks and issues;
· Forming of a Mainstreaming Team to work with key government sectors to
mainstream climate change issues into key sectoral plans and policies;
· Countries to form V&A Teams comprising people in various agencies and
institutions who can collaborate, integrate their work and be the main contact
points in the various agencies to champion adaptation approaches and
initiatives. Once the teams are formed a range of capacity building initiatives to
be developed in the next component can be implemented.

21

---

· Mainstream climate change risk considerations into planning procedures,
especially for major infrastructure projects, including the criteria for design,
approval and implementation of such projects and considerations based on
social, economic and environmental impact assessments.

Output 2.9.1a Guidelines for improving water retention through redesign and retrofit of
existing water-holding tanks to enhance resilience to drought events.

Output 2.9.1b Demonstrating climate change risk management in water holding tanks in
Majuro town (with co-financing support).

Activity 1: Reducing water loss through minimizing the evaporation rates from
current water storage facilities.

This activity would address the issue of water loss from current water storage facilities in
Majuro. It builds on previous and current efforts by Government to address the issue of water
availability in times of extended dry periods or drought situations for Majuro. The Majuro
runway was constructed in the early 1970s. A major part of the runway has been on the main
water catchment for Majuro atoll. Rainwater is collected at the runway and pumped into
nearby reservoir. The reservoir near the runway is open and this have a fairly significant
evaporation rate. Installation of evaporation covers will increase the amount of water that is
available for distribution to the public. The runway improvements will enable more efficient
and effective collection of rainwater.

Drought associated with ENSO events have depleted rainfall collection supplies and the
freshwater lenses and perched aquifers on many Pacific Island countries including Marshall
Islands. For example, in 1998, 40 atolls of Micronesia ran out of water during an ENSO
event, resulting in the declaration of a national emergency. The main capital of the Marshall
Islands, Majuro only had access to drinking water for only seven hours every fourteen days.
Climate change could result in an increased incidence of ENSO events, which in the past
have been associated with massive decreases in rainfall in the western portion of the Pacific.
This could substantially reduce freshwater supplies in nations such as Micronesia and the
Marshall Islands, where rainwater is the primary source of supply.

Unrestricted utilization levels for Majuro have been estimated to be about 45 gallons per
person per day, which equals 170 L/p/d. In effect 70 % of the population in Majuro has
access to treated municipal drinking water and 25 % untreated well water in the Laura area.
Past projects planned for Majuro have targeted 40 gallon/day (gpd) with an estimated current
population in 1994 of 25 000 resulting in a daily consumption of 1 million gallon. Hence, the
storage provided by the existing reservoirs (23 Mega gallon) is less than a months supply in
times of drought. This is a very vulnerable situation and if there are more El Nino like events
in a future climate change scenario, serious socio-economic repercussion would come about
for the island of Majuro.

This component would deal with the vulnerability described above by addressing the issue of
reducing water loss through minimizing the evaporation rates from current water storage
facilities. Anti-evaporation covers could be investigated to see which is best to address the

22

---

situation on Majuro. Hopefully through such measures, evaporation rates at the reservoir
would be reduced by about 3,000,000 gallons annually.

Proposed Tasks:

i)
Confirm rate of evaporation using current data and future scenarios;
ii)
Develop various adaptation scenarios to address the issue;
iii)
Evaluate the adaptation options; and
iv)
Implement the most appropriate adaptation measure.

Proposed Budget ­ USD350,000
Co-Financing ­

Primary Agency - MWSC
Secondary Agencies ­ MEC, National Weather Service, EPA,

Activity Indicators

i)
Increased level of water from current baseline;
ii)
Increase of water days/hours
iii) Reports


Activity 2: Reducing water usage from the main water source through provision of
alternative source of water for drought resilience and food security.

Description


Proposed Activities:

i)
Assess current and future climate change precipitation scenarios;
ii)
Carry out participatory assessments (CV&A);
iii)
Develop alternative source of water
iv)
Evaluate the adaptation options; and
v)
Implement the most appropriate adaptation measure.

Proposed Budget ­ USD200,000

Co-Financing ­

Primary Agency: R & D and Land Grant
Secondary Agencies: National Weather Service, EPA, MWSC

Activity Indicators

i)
Increased level of water from current baseline;

23

---

ii)
Less draw from the Laura water lens
iii)
Increased alternative water sources
iv) Increased
production
of staple crops

Output 3: Demonstrating alternative water source through reverse osmosis and
alternative energy sources.

Description


Proposed Tasks:

i)
Assess current and future climate change precipitation scenarios;
ii)
Assess current supply



Proposed Budget ­ USD 130,000
Co-Financing ­


Primary Agency: CMI
Secondary Agencies: National Weather Service, EPA

Activity Indicators

i).

Primary agency:
Secondary agency:

Possible Activity Indicators:

i)
Confirm rate of evaporation using current data and future scenarios;
ii)
Develop various adaptation scenarios to address the issue;
iii)
Evaluate the adaptation options; and





Activity 4: National water conservation/adaptation policy developed.

Description

- Businesses/government houses/hospitals etc. should have their own water supply
systems in place;

24

---

- Autonomous institutional

Tasks

i)
Develop a policy for installing alternative water sources and storage in all new
public buildings;
ii)
Develop a policy for installing alternative water sources and storage in all new
private buildings

Proposed Budget ­ US60,000
Co-Financing ­


Primary Agency: EPA/OEPPC
Secondary Agencies: EPPSO, Local government, Internal Affairs,

Activity Indicators

1. Policy developed and endorsed by Cabinet in 2010
2. Increased number of buildings that are in compliance with the policy
3. Decreased usage of public water during dry season (January-March)



Output Two: Increased public awareness on climate change and water quality


Description

- This output will complement National Action Plan Disaster Risk Management,
which aims to conduct public awareness activities and linkages between water,
pollution and public health;
- Under this output the level of public awareness about water related risks and
climate will be addressed
-

Activity

iii)
Develop a communications strategy on climate change
iv)
Conduct an awareness raising campaign of linkages between climate change,
water, pollution and public health;
v)
Equip community with knowledge and means to purify water from climate
related risks;
vi) Facilitated
regular
consultation meetings between landowners, private sector
and regulatory agencies

Proposed Budget ­ USD 60,000

25

---

Co-Financing ­


Primary Agency: OEPPC
Secondary Agencies: EPA, CMI Land Grant, OEPPC, Internal Affairs, MWSC

Activity Indicators

1. Increased knowledge (Pre and post surveys);
2. Improved health and lifestyle (decreased number of cases water borne
diseases);
3. Increased users of safe water (pre and post survey results);



Long form of Acronyms used above:

MWSC - Majuro Water Sewer Company
MEC - Marshalls Energy Company
WSO - National Weather Service
EPA - Environmental Protection Authority
R&D - Resource & Development
Land Grant - CMI Land Grant
CMI - College of the Marshall Islands
OEPPC - Office of Environmental Planning & Policy Coordination
MALGov - Majuro Atoll Local Government
IA - Internal Affairs
EPPSO - Economic Policy Planning & Statistic Office


26

---

PACC Budget:

The PACC budget as agreed in the two days workshop at the Marshall
Islands Hotel on the 26th and the 27th of February 08 is presented below.


OUTPUTS
BUDGET COFINANCING
USD
Output 1.1
350,000
4,000,000 (Airport
Runway works)
400,000 ­ (MWSC)
Output 1.2
210,000
140,000 (CMI)
450,000 R&D
Budget
250,000 ­ ROC
300,000 (National
Weather Service)
Output 1.3
130,000
375,000 (CMI)
Output 2.1
60,000
200,000 EPA
Output 2.2
60,000
100,000 (CMI)
Project Management
90,000
160,000 OEPPC
TOTAL 800,000
6,375,000


27

---

Institutional Arrangement

The PACC project will be coordinated at the national level by the Marshall Islands National
Advisory Committee on Climate Change (NACCC). The NACCC will provide policy and
technical oversight to the project. The NACCC comprises various ministries and
departments, as well as representatives from the private sector, local communities and NGOs.
The NACCC will ensure that the PACC project is clearly in line and contributing to the
overall national development goals and the Vision 2018 of the Government of Marshall
Islands.

A PACC project Management Unit will be established at OEPPC and a Coordinator
appointed to coordinate the day-to-day execution of activities to be carried out. Figure 1
shows the institutional framework and project management structure. The PACC project will
be executed by the OEPPC, with the support of various government ministries: Resources
and Development, Foreign Affairs, Health, EPPSO, RMIEPA Public Works, Internal Affairs
and Non-governmental Partners.

The NACCC will meet every two months to review project implementation and provide
scientific, technical, policy and strategic guidance. The minutes of these meetings will be
shared with all participating institutions.

28

---

National Advisory Committee on Climate Change NACCC
OEPPC-Office of
National Advisory

the President
Committee on
Technical
Climate Change
Advisory
Group
- UNDP
OEPPC
-
SPREP

- SOPAC
- Etc.
PACC Project
Management Unit
& Secretariat
Support
CORE PACC
GROUP
CMI
OEPPC
Weather
MWSC
EPA
RND
Station

29

---

PROJECT LOG FRAMES AND INDICATORS


Project Log Frame and indicators for Marshall Islands would be finalized during the
inception meeting of the PACC project.

30

---

Budget


Responsible ERP/Atlas
Budget Description








Budget
Code

Total




Year 1/08 Year 2/09Year 3/10Year 4/11Year 5/12 Budget
Outcome 1
71200 International Consultants ( including national regional staffing)
10,000
10,000
0
0
0
0
10,000
71300
Local Consultants (including national staffing)
30,000
5,000
5000
10,000
5,000
5,000
30,000
71400
Contractual Services - Ind
20,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
0
20,000
71600
Travel
20,000
0
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
20,000
72100
Contractual Services - Co
40,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
0
40,000
72200
Equipment & Furniture
10,000
5,000
1,000
3,000
1,000
0
10,000
72400
Communication & Audio Visual equipment
4,000
2,000
500
500
500
500
4,000
72500
Supplies
1,000
500
100
100
200
100
1,000
72800
Information technology and Outreach
3,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
0
3,000
74200
Printing, Publishing & Production
2,000
0
500
500
500
500
2,000
Subtotal

140,000
38,000
28,100
34,600
28,200
11,100
140,000
Outcome
2



71200
International Consultation
10,000
10,000
0
0
0
0
10,000
71300
Local Consultants
60,000
10,000
20,000
20,000
5,000
5,000
60,000
71400
Service Contracts - Ind
150,000
30,000
50,000
50,000
10,000
10,000
150,000
71600
Travel
20,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
3,000
20,000
72100
Contractual services - Co
320,000
55,000 105,000
55,000
55,000
50,000
320,000
72200
Equipment & Furniture
10,000
0
5,000
5,000
0
0
10,000
72500
Supplies
50,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
10,000
50,000
72400
Audio Visual Equipment and Communication
20,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
2,500
2,500
20,000
72800
Information Technology Equipment and Outreach
15,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
15,000

74200 Printing and Publications
15000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
15,000
Subtotal

670,000
132,000 208,000 156,000
91,500
82,500
670,000
Outcome
3



71200
International Consultants








31

---

71300
Local Consultants






0
71600
Travel
20,000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
20,000

72100 Contractual Services - Co






0
Subtotal

20,000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
20,000
Outcome 4


88,758
17752
17752
17752
17752
17750
88,758
Subtotal

88,758
17752
17752
17752
17752
17750
88,758
Total


918,758
191,752 257,852 212,352 141,452
115,350
918,758

32

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ANNEX 2 ­ DESCRIPTIONS OF COFINANCING

National Training Council
Output 2.2
To educate outer island populations on how to address vulnerabilities related to climate
change.

CMI
The CMI facilities Master Plan calls for increasing levels of independence from municipal
water and energy supplies. Within the context of this plan, $375,000 is available from a U.S.
Dept. of Interior approved capital improvement project to create an Alternative Energy
Center for the campus. Matching funding is assured from USDOI sources, but other sources
of funds may be substituted.
CMI Land Grant
The money CMILand Grant is cofinancing is currently used to conduct our extension
activities and research projects to address the water quality and agriculture issues of the
Marshall Islands. The staff works closely with the farmers and community in the rural
villages of Majuro and in the outer islands.

MWSC
4 Staff / 1.1 @ 40% per year over four years
2 staff / 1.2 @ 20% per year (Research) over 4 years
1 staff @ 20% per year (Policy develop) over 4 years

Runway Works ­ RMI Ports Authority
The Majuro runway was constructed in the early 1970s. A major of the runway has been
on the main water catchment for Majuro atoll. Rainwater is collected at the runway and
pumped into nearby reservoir. The reservoir near the runway are open and this have a fairly
significant evaporation rate. Installation of evaporation covers will increase the amount of
water that is available for distribution to the public. The runway improvements will enable
more efficient and effective collection of rainwater.

33

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Weather
Data acquisition, analysis and dissemination
Drought

Marshall Energy Company
MEC can contribute technical skills and expertise to the design and construction of house
size solar water distilling equipment

R&D
Salaries for 5 staff ­ 137,000
Fuel ­ 35,000
Training ­ 33,000
Reporting ­ 27,000
Equipment/supplies ­ 90,000
Communications ­ 40,000
Public awareness ­ 90,000
Travel ­ 50,000


34

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