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ANNEX A. INCREMENTAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT:

1. Background
The GEF Incremental Costs analysis requires a consideration of the baseline and additional costs
associated with achieving `domestic' benefits (i.e., those accruing to the participating countries) and
global environmental benefits (i.e., those accruing beyond the jurisdiction of the participating countries).
The regional scope of this project presents methodological difficulties in assessing costs that are normally
calculated in a purely national context. As with any legitimate GEF project, the benefits arising from this
project will accrue at global, regional and national scales. The purpose of this analysis is to attempt to
segregate the costs of project activities benefiting conditions and resources in coastal areas under national
jurisdiction, on the one hand, and the costs of project activities that provide additional (incremental)
benefits in the form of reduced stress and improved conditions in international waters areas beyond the
individual jurisdictions of the participating countries. This analysis also provides justification for the
incremental costs by assessing the incremental benefits and showing, where possible, that these outweigh
the incremental costs of the project.
Global Benefits
Assessing the global benefits of a GEF project necessitates, in the first instance, a consideration of the
comparative environmental importance, from a global perspective, of the region or area covered by the
project, together with an understanding of the extent to which the project reduces environmental loss or
degradation. This reduction in environmental degradation represents the predominant environmental
benefit of the project at all scales. Partitioning the total benefit at global, regional and national scales poses
problems in the context of incremental cost calculations because, in many cases, the benefits cannot be
valued in purely monetary terms and, furthermore, predicting the distribution of benefits among
geographical areas is profoundly difficult. In the context of international waters, however, interventions
addressing transboundary environmental issues and concerns are considered to be wholly incremental.

This project comprises two major foci: first, the prevention of pollution in the Mediterranean Sea
(implementation of SAP-MED); and second, measures to enhance the preservation of biodiversity in this
same enclosed Sea. In addressing those two foci, the project adopts a combination of holistic and sectoral
(for technical/methodological reasons) approaches. The first component comprises integrated approaches
for the implementation of both SAPs and their NAPs through ICZM, IWRM and Management of Coastal
Aquifers and provides mutual support to the two major foci. The second and third components address
them separately with targeted activities for each of them. The fourth component addresses Project
coordination, management and M&E, including replication and communication strategies and NGOs
involvement plan. The Mediterranean Sea is universally recognized as the most enclosed marginal sea.
Within its catchment lay the oldest cradles of modern civilization, Egypt, Greece and Rome. Today, it
contains diverse social and cultural entities, including the countries of North Africa, the eastern
Mediterranean, the Balkans and Southeastern member states of the European Union. The importance of
the Mediterranean Sea to the economies of these countries, whether for transportation or the recovery of
resources, is indisputable. It is clear from the number and scale of GEF projects in Mediterranean
countries that the social, political and environmental importance of the region is already well-recognized.
The pilot project on POPs is a direct contribution of Mediterranean Countries to the global efforts to
reduce the adverse impacts on health and environment of POPs.

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Baseline Activities and Costs
At a national level all the countries of the region have sought, over the last decade, to strengthen their
national capacity for sound and sustainable management of the marine environment. Following the past
emphasis on assessment of problems, significant experience has been built up at a national level. In some
instances, however, countries have been unable to devote sufficient resources internally to developing
such capacity; hence the stage of development varies widely from country to country.

Strictly, baseline activities in the region are of two types. The first type comprises activities undertaken by
the participating countries predominantly for national purposes to improve the social and environmental
conditions that offer social and economic benefit. The second type comprises contemporary activities
being undertaken by international agencies and supported by a wide variety of donor institutions, both
bilateral and multilateral, in which the developing countries of the Mediterranean participate. An effort
has been made in the text of the project brief and in the estimation of baseline costs to identify and
segregate these two types of baseline activity. The primary reason for such segregation is to ensure that
there is a specific allocation of baseline costs to issues of national action directed primarily at obtaining
domestic benefits. International projects support not only the acquisition of domestic benefits to the
participating countries but also a variety of regional and global benefits in engendering the introduction of
uniform and effective management and surveillance mechanisms throughout the developing world.
Incremental Costs
The analysis of incremental costs is the main subject of this annex. In addition to the estimation of
incremental costs, an effort is made to determine and distinguish between any additional domestic benefits
provided by the project as distinct from those accruing in areas beyond individual national jurisdictions.
Such projections of benefit are fraught with difficulty as noted above. Therefore, frequently it is only
possible to examine the likely scale of incremental benefits accruing from project activities as a means of
providing justification for the incremental costs and the investment of GEF financing.
Domestic Benefits
The domestic benefits accruing from this GEF alternative project comprise improvements in the condition
of the environment under national jurisdictions and the enhancement of national capacities to manage and
control the adverse environmental impacts of economic activities. Those components of the project
directed towards enhanced management of land-based activities to reduce the entry of contaminants into
the sea will yield major domestic benefits because the receiving coastal area is closest to the sources. The
project components devoted to SAP-BIO implementation will have domestic benefits largely limited to
the economic and social benefit accruing from increased biological diversity in coastal areas under
national jurisdiction. Nevertheless, to the extent that such biodiversity enhancements align with
international aspirations adopted from global perspectives, some of these benefits could be claimed as
incremental. In large part, the capacity-building activities within the project will result primarily in
domestic benefits to the participating countries. Nevertheless, to the extent that such national capacity-
building enables improved coordination among national actions to protect and enhance the marine
environment of the Mediterranean as a whole, there will exist incremental benefits. In relation to land-
based source control, these incremental benefits will accrue at the regional level whilst greater
harmonization of interventions directed towards biodiversity protection and enhancement can be argued to
accrue at both regional and global levels.
Incremental Benefits
The present project adds significantly to the `regional baseline' enabling the countries to accelerate the
implementation of the two Strategic Action Programs, that on land-based activities and that on
biodiversity. Timely implementation of these two SAPs is unlikely to occur in the absence of a GEF

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intervention, since the level of funding currently available for regional coordinated action is insufficient to
address all aspects of these programs.

The incremental benefits of this project will accrue both to the international waters of the region and
international waters beyond the Mediterranean. In the case of stress associated with contaminants derived
from land-based activities, the greatest incremental benefits will be regional. Biodiversity preservation in
the Mediterranean also constitutes an incremental benefit in the context of contemporary international
initiatives. Incremental benefits of project interventions aimed at biodiversity enhancements fall into two
categories: those relating to the mitigation of transboundary environmental impacts, such as loss of fish
spawning and nursery habitats that serve as a source of propagules for fisheries elsewhere in the region or
as habitat for endangered species; and those resulting from adoption of a harmonized regional approach to
interventions.

All activities within the proposed project have been based on the priorities identified in the two strategic
action plans for the Mediterranean engendered through the Barcelona Convention. Thus, there exists a
basis of regional coordination in the selection of priorities for action included in the project. This enhances
the probability that the incremental benefits of project activities are maximized and that GEF support will
be devoted both to supporting the region in promulgating collective action towards regional priorities. The
fact that these priority concerns fall within the two of the priorities for international action, namely land-
based sources and [biodiversity], provides an automatic alignment with global priorities as represented by
the international waters and biodiversity focal areas of the GEF portfolio.

The value of a regional approach to the harmonization of actions is demonstrated in part by the following
example in relation to land-based sources of pollution. All countries have some form of water quality and
discharge aspirations, often reflecting in part the comparative importance of pollution as a problem within
a national context. In cases where a country having low importance from the perspective of the total
pollutant loading of the Mediterranean imposes stricter standards than a country that is a major source of
contaminants they place themselves at economic disadvantage whilst contributing little to the maintenance
of the health of the Mediterranean Sea environment. Harmonization of standards within the region results
in more effective interventions by riparian states, greater equity in economic costs and benefits, and will
yield enhanced incremental benefits.

The activities proposed within the POPs sub-component have been based on concrete assessment of the
state-of-the-art of PCBs management in the region and its impacts on health and environment, especially
the marine environment. The incremental benefits are seen in the reduction of levels of PCBs in marine
ecosystem e.g. food chain and sediments, the reduction of transboundary movement of PCBs at regional
and global levels and building harmonized regional capacities to the environmental sound management of
PCBs . Without GEF's financial support, the region would probably maintain the current practice of long
term storage of PCBs contaminated oils and equipments without any environmental protection and
inappropriate disposal of contaminated metals and oils. Postponing the establishment of an harmonized
management plan for the treatment of contaminated equipment increases the risks of new environmental
contamination and of human exposure. PCBs still in use in electrical equipment are at risk of release
through fires in electrical equipment; those off-line can release PCBs through leaks and spills. Stocks that
are not well protected can be accessed by people wishing to utilize the oils; cases have been documented
in various countries of PCB-contaminated oils being used as an "industrial hand cleaner" and for cooking.
Repeated exposure to even small quantities of PCBs can cause damage to the liver and neurological and
immune systems. Inadequate handling of PCBs can also lead to emissions of other toxic substances,
including dioxins and furans, that are POPs regulated under the Stockholm Convention.

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2. INCREMENTAL COST ASSESSMENT AND JUSTIFICATION
Project Components and Activities
This project comprises four (4) components as follows:
1. Integrated Approaches for the Implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM and
Management of Coastal Aquifers
2. Pollution from land-based activities: Implementation of SAPMED and related NAPs;
3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAPBIO and related NAPs;
4. Project coordination, replication and communication strategies, management and M&E
Component 1 comprises: the management of coastal aquifers and groundwater; the application of
integrated coastal zone management and integrated water resources management; the next two
components comprise the principal sectoral activities of the project.
Component 2 is directed at improving the protection of the Mediterranean basin through improved
pollution control associated with land-based activities in the participating countries.
Component 3 deals with the implementation of SAP-BIO, and development of a marine protected area
network in the Mediterranean and wider application of protected areas and improved fisheries resource
management based on an ecosystem approach.
Component 4 contains essentially all the project management, coordination and M&E activities, including
Sustainable Financial Mechanism and NGO Mobilization, the development of a communication and
replication strategies.
Baseline and Incremental Costs and Benefits
The project activities are so diverse that it is neither easy nor logical to roll up the baseline and
incremental activities and costs for all project components into a single presentation of each at an overall
project level. Accordingly, the assessment of incremental costs and benefits associated with the activities
requires analyses at the component level and, in some cases, at the sub-component, or activity, level. Such
analyses are presented by project component in the following sections.

Component 1: Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM
and Management of Coastal Aquifers
This component has four sub-components. These are addressed separately in the following sections.
Sub-Component 1.1. Management of Coastal Aquifers and groundwater
This sub-component comprises three (3) activities that are addressed in sequence in the following sections.
1.1.1. This activity involves an assessment of the risks to coastal aquifers and associated uncertainties
together with vulnerability mapping. The cost of the GEF alternative is $2,475,000 of which $350,000 is
the estimate of baseline costs. The incremental cost is therefore $2,125,000 and, of this amount, $625,000
is requested from the GEF. The purpose of this activity is to develop in the region the water resources
planning and knowledge for developing and evaluating options for reducing the stress on aquifers, for
introducing groundwater management into sustainable land resources development and sustainable coastal
and SIDS development. In large part, the initial benefits of this activity are domestic and realized in the
participating countries of the region. Nevertheless, increased incorporation of groundwater management
into environmental and resource protection in these countries will engender benefits at both regional and

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global levels that should far outweigh the incremental costs. The incremental benefits have been
conservatively estimated to be $15 million.

1.1.2. This activity focuses on the development of a regional plan of action for regional and national
actions of coastal groundwater and sustainable land management. The plan will identify priority issues and
the steps required to identify, manage and protect Mediterranean coastal aquifers with reference to the
geographic, hydrogeological and environmental conditions of coastal ground waters, socio-economic
settings, policy issues and strategies on groundwater. The component will define actions to control
groundwater salinization and pollution in coastal aquifers and the transport of land-based source pollutants
through groundwater seepage and discharges into coastal and marine waters. It will also cover issues
relating to coastal land management to prevent land degradation. The cost of the GEF alternative is
$3,958,000 with $560,000 being the estimate of baseline costs. The incremental cost is therefore
$3,398,000 of which $775,000 is being sought from the GEF. In the context of the enclosed nature of the
Mediterranean Sea such costs should be greatly outweighed by the incremental benefits to international
waters within the region that are estimated to exceed $30 million.

1.1.3. The third activity involves the introduction of legal, institutional and policy measures to enable
coastal aquifer management to be effected in each of the participating countries of the region. The costs of
this GEF alternative activity are $970,000 of which $200,000 is the estimate of baseline costs. The GEF is
being requested to provide $370,000 towards the incremental costs of $770,000. Similar to the other
activities in this sub-component, the incremental costs are small compared to the expected incremental
benefits that will accrue as a consequence of dedicated attention to coastal aquifer management. In the
case of this last activity, the incremental benefits have been estimated to be about $5 million.

1.1.4 The last activity will be cross cutting, it will support the parallel activities and it will provide for
cost-effective monitoring under Sub-component 1.1. It includes spatial technology expertise and series of
satellite and other imageries of the project areas. The costs of this GEF alternative activity are $450,000 of
which 0 is the estimate of baseline costs. The GEF is being requested to provide $0 towards the
incremental costs of $450,000.

Sub-Component 1.2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development (MSSD) calls for action to move the region
towards sustainable development in order to strengthen peace, stability and prosperity, taking into account
of its weaknesses and the threats it faces but also of its strengths and opportunities. One of seven essential
issues on which the MSSD attempts to achieve progress on is "Promoting sustainable management of the
sea and the littoral and urgently stopping the degradation of coastal zones". Action in this context calls for
the promotion of integrated development and management of coastal areas. Its purpose is to fully
incorporate ICZM into the strategies, approaches and actions adopted within the region to reduce stress on
the Mediterranean Sea. This sub-component comprises two activities as outlined below.

1.2.1. The first activity provides support for the preparation of National ICZM Strategies and National
Action Plans. It is directed towards developing the role of ICZM as a policy framework for water
resources management and biodiversity protection at the regional level. The baseline cost of activities
associated with the promotion of ICZM among the participating countries is currently $8,850,000. This is
in addition to the costs of a variety of international programs involving the promotion of ICZM that
encompass the region that are estimated to be $2,540,000. The total cost of GEF alternative is $10,666,200
making the incremental cost $1,816,200 of which $565,000 is requested from the GEF. The GEF
investment will undoubtedly be outweighed by the incremental benefits resulting from the activity.

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1.2.2. The second activity involves the implementation of demonstration projects for effective
management of coastal areas and identification and management of sensitive areas and marine protected
areas (MPAs). The ICZM approach, tools and techniques will be demonstrated in selected countries
through preparation of ICZM plans. The activity will include: joint drafting of an Integrated River Basin
Management Plan (IRBN); organization of national workshops to ensure broad stakeholder involvement
in IRBM Plan preparation and implementation; and finalizing the IRBM plan including implementation
instruments. This work will contribute to the formulation of an ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean.
Despite the existence of a number of international programs supporting ICZM in the region costing just
under $10 million, no country baseline exists for this activity; thus, the project activities are entirely
incremental in the amount of $1,298,500 of which $385,000 is requested from the GEF. The overall
justification of such a financial commitment are that the more widespread is the implementation of sound
multi-sectoral coastal management arrangements, the greater protection is provided to international waters
areas like the Mediterranean. In view of the number of participating countries in this activity, the
investment appears to be warranted by the scale of the likely incremental benefits accruing from the
activity.

Sub-Component 1.3. Integrated Water Resource Management
The objective of this sub-component is to facilitate action to promote IWRM planning at national,
transboundary and regional levels to reduce pollution from land-based activities. It comprises four
activities outlined below. The total cost of the GEF alternative is $2,850,000 with a baseline cost of
$250,000. Thus, the incremental cost is $2,600,000 of which $500,000 is requested from the GEF. The
main outcome of this sub-component will be that countries have increased capacity to manage their water
resources effectively based on IWRM principles. It will result in the progressive adoption of IWRM
policies, implementation of IWRM practices in pilot areas and the building of capacity. In the context of
the WSSD targets, a GEF commitment of $500,000 in combination with a total of $2,600,000 co-
financing from other sources to meet the incremental costs appears to be an appropriate level of
investment in the development of IWRM.

1.3.1. This activity develops Action Plan for IWRM in the Mediterranean. The action plan will make
reference to ongoing and planned regional and sub-regional initiatives undertaken by international
organizations as well as countries. The incremental cost of these activities is $560,000 of which $80,000 is
being sought from the GEF.

1.3.2. This activity provides catalyzing action and building capacity for national IWRM planning in two
(2) countries. This activity will provide technical support through focused policy workshops and training
courses for the preparation of IWRM roadmaps and the elaboration of strategic parts of full-scale IWRM
plans and will address financing needs for meeting the water-related MDGs and WSSD targets. The
incremental cost of these activities is $1,140,000 of which $200,000 is being sought from the GEF.

1.3.3. This activity aims at developing an IRBM in globally important river basin(s) and adjacent coastal
area. IRBM plans will be prepared in two (2) selected areas of importance in the context of biodiversity
protection. One related national workshop and a number of local consultation meetings would be
organized for each area. The activity will provide an opportunity to test real situations for application of
an integrated approach to ICM that includes IWRM principles. The incremental cost of these activities is
$730,000 of which $200,000 is being sought from the GEF.

1.3.4.This activity provides a short list of transboundary basins and water issues for the implementation of
pilot projects. Emphasis will be on the effectiveness, tractability and replicability of interventions. The
assessment will cover approximately 15 transboundary water bodies. The incremental cost of these

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activities is $170,000 of which $20,000 is being sought from the GEF.

Component 2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants:
Implementation of SAP-MED and associated National Action Plans
This component has three sub-components. Each is dealt with in sequence below.
Sub-Component 2.1. Control of Land-based Sources of Marine Pollution
Baseline activities are largely those engendered by Mediterranean countries in relation to the LBS
Protocol under the Barcelona Convention. To date, these activities have included the preparation of
National Diagnostic Analyses, National Baseline Budgets and National Action Plans for addressing
priority pollutants identified in the Strategic Action Plan (SAP-MED) for the implementation of the LBS
Protocol. Individual National Action Plans include both tangible actions, such as the construction of
effluent treatment systems, and intangible actions, such as the improvement of legislative and institutional
frameworks. The implementation of these National Action Plans, in the case of the developing countries
of the region, requires an investment of resources over a timescale that exceeds the rates of financial
support available for marine environmental protection activities. Accordingly, there exist baseline
activities and funding supporting project activities that address LBS issues but these are generally a minor
part of the costs of the highest priority national interventions. This GEF project will enable these highest
priority actions to be implemented in a timely manner and will accelerate policy and institutional changes
at local, national and regional levels and significantly improve the quality of the marine environment of
the Mediterranean Sea, thereby providing direct incremental benefits. During project lifetime and beyond
there will be sustained incremental benefits consequent to the accelerated introduction of legislative and
institutional change provoked by this project. The baseline costs have been estimated on the basis of the
information available in the National Diagnostic Analyses (NDAs) and National Action Plans (NAPs)
provided by the Mediterranean Countries in 2003-2004. This sub-component comprises seven (7)
activities as outlined below.

2.1.1. The first activity is directed at addressing LBS priorities identified as common to a number of
Mediterranean developing country jurisdictions. The first activity deals with phosphogypsum wastes from
the fertilizer industries in Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria. These countries are either discharging such wastes
directly into the sea or drying the slurry on land that results in coastal contamination either directly from
the discharge or the entry of wind-borne material from waste piles on coastal lands. The total costs of this
project activity are $1,720,000 of which $1,460,000 is represented by baseline costs to the countries
concerned. The incremental costs are therefore $260,000 or approximately 15% of the total cost. Of the
incremental costs, $120,000, or 46%, is requested from the GEF. While there are clearly substantial
national benefits to the three countries involved in this activity, the benefits of reduced contamination of
marine resources, especially seafood, with contaminants of concern, such as cadmium, beyond the
immediate coastal zones of the three countries, could reasonably be expected to constitute much more than
15% of the overall benefits of the interventions made within the project, thereby justifying the incremental
costs.

2.1.2. The second activity addresses leather tannery waste having high biological oxygen demand and
containing significant concentrations of chromium. Some tanneries are removing grease and floating
material before discharge that reduces the BOD by about 50% but has little effect on the chromium
content of the waste. Tannery wastes have been identified by Albania, Algeria, Egypt and Turkey as a
priority LBS issue in relation to damage and threats to the marine environment. This project activity
involves improving controls on chromium and BOD releases from tannery wastes and the implementation
of a demonstration project in Turkey that addresses wastes from a group of tanneries. It then involves the
preparation and implementation of guidelines for the effective control of Cr and BOD in tannery effluents

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in Albania, Algeria and Egypt. The total costs of the GEF alternative are $925,000 of which $565,000 is
baseline cost. The incremental cost is therefore $360,000, which represents 39% of the overall cost of this
activity. An amount of $170,000, equivalent to 47% of the incremental costs, is requested from the GEF.
If substantial and sustainable reductions in BOD discharge from tanneries in Albania, Algeria, Egypt and
Turkey can be made, the incremental benefit to the countries of the Mediterranean will undoubtedly far
exceed this proportion of the incremental cost.

2.1.3. The third activity deals with the management and recycling of used lubricating oils in Algeria,
Albania, Croatia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria and Palestinian Authority. In general, 40-
50% of waste lubricating oil is recycled. The rest is either released into the sewage system or burnt with
other wastes. This project activity will create a lubricating oil recycling system in Algeria, undertake a
demonstration of its effectiveness and replicate the administrative and technological arrangements,
including training and capacity-building, in the other seven participating countries. The total costs of this
activity are $695,000 of which $385,000 is the estimate of baseline costs. The incremental costs are
therefore $310,000, or 44% of the budget for this activity, of which $150,000 is requested from the GEF.
The collection, storage, avoidance of spillage and safe recycling of used lubricating oils is a topic of
relevance to most developing countries and, indeed, to some developed countries. The persistence of oil in
the marine environment inevitably means that oil introduced into the Mediterranean will not only interfere
with legitimate activities in the country of origin but also adversely effect maritime activities in other
countries of the enclosed sea. In that context, the incremental cost of 48% is likely to be an absolute
minimum figure for the scale of incremental benefits gained through the prevention of used lubrication oil
leakage to the sea.

2.1.4. The fourth activity addresses the recycling of used automobile lead-acid batteries in Albania,
Algeria, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey and Palestinian
Authority. Recycling of such batteries is also a common problem in a wide range of developing countries.
Lead batteries are currently recycled through a process that produces substantial emissions of organic
material and lead. This project activity is designed to establish an environmentally sound recycling system
in Syria, including the completion of any necessary legislative changes and creation of administrative
mechanisms, and then disseminate the procedures and expertise to the other participating countries. The
total cost of the activity is $664,000. The baseline costs are $400,000 leaving $264,000 as the incremental
cost, which represents 40% of the total. An amount of $124,000 towards the incremental costs is being
requested from the GEF. It is a reasonable assumption that the benefits of reduced residual lead discharges
to the marine environment and the associated reduction in contamination of commercial and subsistence
fish products would have benefits, both in terms of the market acceptability of seafood and reduced health
protection costs, especially for children, in Mediterranean and other countries that would far exceed both
the GEF proportion and the total of the incremental costs.

2.1.5. The fifth activity involves an assessment of the discharge of nutrients to the Mediterranean Sea from
rivers. This activity stems primarily from concerns about the frequency of harmful algal blooms that can
be triggered by nutrient enrichment or altered relationships between nitrogen and phosphorus containing
nutrients. These concerns have been heightened by the incidence of eutrophication in the receiving waters
of the Rhone, Ebro, Po and other rivers discharging to the Aegean Sea. The principal focus of the activity
is on nitrogen compounds because the nitrogen inputs have increased markedly while phosphorus nutrient
compounds have declined over the last two decades. The activity is directed at obtaining quantitative
information of the riverine discharges of water, sediments and nutrients to the Mediterranean Sea in a
spatially and temporally comprehensive manner. This will permit the establishment of the magnitudes of
nutrient input on the scale of the major Mediterranean Sea sub-basins (i.e., the Alboran, North-Western,
South-Western, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, Central, Aegean, North-Levantine and South-Levantine
Seas) and correlate nutrient budgets with specific time periods (e.g., decades) to which they correspond.
The database being constructed in the framework of the MAP project of MEDPOL will be further

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enlarged and made more comprehensive and temporally and spatially coherent than might have been
achievable within the projected baseline activities. This will permit the development of more sophisticated
models for the prediction of riverine nutrient fluxes in relation with current and projected land use
practices. Such models will benefit from the availability of an abundance of water chemistry data,
demographic information and land use practices within the basin. The cost of the GEF alternative for this
activity is $970,000 including baseline costs of $750,000. Thus, the incremental cost is $220,000, or 23%
of the total, to which the GEF is requested to provide a contribution of $90,000. In view of the
compromises to marine resources and amenities caused by eutrophication, whether or not accompanied by
harmful algal blooms, the incremental costs of this activity would be dwarfed by both the additional
domestic incremental benefits of interventions based on a more thorough understanding of nutrient
sources and nutrient effects in the Mediterranean Sea obtained through the activity.

2.1.6. All the Mediterranean countries are developing national standards for releases and emissions
through a national consultation procedure. The sixth activity in the LBS component has the purpose of
developing Emission Limit Values (ELV) for industrial effluents and Environmental Quality Standards
(EQS) for receiving water bodies. It has the objective of introducing ELV and EQS into the legislation of
all the participating countries for all substances included in the SAP-MED. The cost of the GEF
alternative is $552,000 of which $282,000 is estimated to constitute baseline costs. The incremental cost
of $270,000 represents 49% of the total cost and the GEF is being requested to provide $120,000 of this. It
is extremely difficult to project the likely extent of incremental benefits of the application of ELV and
EQS in the ten participating countries. Assuming that the values chosen have the effect of reducing the
rates of introduction of anthropogenic material into the Mediterranean, there will clearly be some
reduction in the anthropogenic stress on the entire system. However, whether the current levels of stress
associated with the industries to be subjected to ELV and/or the excess concentrations of contaminants in
the sea above those concomitant with the EQS values are major sources of adverse effects on marine fauna
and flora or pose major risk to human health remains unknown. It is therefore not possible to estimate
quantitatively the incremental benefits likely to accrue from the development and imposition of ELV and
EQS. Nevertheless, if the focus of attention in the development of ELV is on waste streams that are
known to be major sources of adverse effect and the development of EQS focuses on improving
conditions that are known to be adverse, the incremental costs are likely to be far outweighed by the
incremental benefits. It therefore appears that the incremental benefits would be more than commensurate
with the scale of incremental costs and provide some confidence that they would exceed the GEF portion
of these costs.

2.1.7. The seventh and last activity in this sub-component deals with the improvement of inspection
systems for compliance assessment and enforcement. While almost all Mediterranean countries have
created inspection systems, they suffer from weaknesses in respect to compliance and enforcement. The
primary objective of this activity is to enhance and update the inspectorates in eight countries: Albania,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lebanon, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria and Turkey. This is primarily a
capacity-building activity but will be of critical importance in applying in a sustainable manner the
enhanced controls introduced as a result of the other activities in this sub-component. The total cost of this
activity is $4,265,000 of which $3,913,000 is attributable to baseline costs. Thus, the incremental cost is
$352,000, or 8% of the total cost of the GEF alternative, of which $176,000 is requested from the GEF. In
this case, there exist two types of incremental benefit of the intervention: first, the actual reduction in
stress on the Mediterranean as a whole and the concomitant direct incremental benefit to the other riparian
countries; and, second, the enhanced confidence of the other countries in the region that the controls and
compliance monitoring are being implemented more or less uniformly throughout the region. Both aspects
contribute to incremental benefit and recognizing this, the incremental benefit would be likely to more
than compensate for the incremental cost, especially in view of the number of countries participating in
the activity.

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Sub-Component 2.2. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST)

This sub-component has been designed to address pollution from land-based activities of priority
industrial pollution hot spots that are identified in the Strategic Action Plan (SAP). Some 101 priority hot
spots were identified as impacting public health, drinking water quality, recreation and other beneficial
uses, aquatic life (including biodiversity), and economy and welfare (including marine resources of
economic value). Almost all hot spots are considered, in the national reports, as having transboundary
impacts on the issues considered in the analysis. Under baseline conditions, the national governments of
the Mediterranean countries would continue their efforts in addressing pollution from land-based sources
but national priorities would likely be directed at sources most adversely affecting local conditions. The
cost of the GEF alternative for this sub-component is $29,295,500 of which $27,345,000 is estimated to be
the baseline costs. Thus, the incremental costs are $1,950,500 of which $1,000,000 or 51% is being
sought from the GEF. The balance of the sub-component costs is being met through co-financing. In the
absence of an estimate of the current costs of adverse effects on resources and amenities arising from
contaminant releases to the Mediterranean from the proponent countries, it is a somewhat tenuous exercise
to estimate the benefits, both domestic and incremental, arising from the implementation of this project
sub-component. Nevertheless, the incremental cost of $2 million seems a relatively small sum in relation
to the likely scale of adverse effects on resources and the health protection costs associated with risks
posed by the consumption of Mediterranean seafood in the region and beyond. It can therefore be stated
with some confidence that the sum of domestic and incremental benefits associated with reduced releases
of contaminants achieved through the introduction of improved technology and management will exceed
the incremental costs of this sub-component.
Sub-Component 2.3. Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes containing
or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries
This sub-component addresses improved regional management interventions to reduce the use and release
of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Mediterranean countries. It follows from identification of PCBs as
justifying priority attention in the region based on the results of National Action Plans (POPs-NIPs)
completed or in progress in the region. The project consists of 5 activities to be implemented in Albania,
Egypt, Lebanon, Libya and Syria (those Mediterranean countries which have ratified the Stockholm
Convention): Institutional and legal frameworks for implementation of ESM of PCBs; Demonstration
projects to improve the management program of PCBs and facilitate the implementation of NIPs and SAP-
MED; Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment; Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs
equipment; National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal programs. It builds on the
preparative activities relating to the Stockholm Convention 2004 that include the preparation of National
Action Plans for POPs by all Contracting Parties to the Convention. The cost of the GEF alternative is
$7,930,000 with a baseline on $2,200,000 making the incremental costs $5,730,000. The GEF is requested
to provide $2,450,000, (additionally $250,000 go for the management and $200,000 go to replication
activities of the sub-component), equivalent to 50% of the incremental costs. The benefits of this sub-
component relate primarily to the reduction in risks to human health and lowered contamination of marine
resources associated with the reduced use and release of PCBs from the electrical industries, including
stockpiles, in the participating countries. A substantial portion of the benefits will be domestic,
particularly those relating to the risks posed by direct exposures to PCBs. However, reduced
environmental releases of PCBs and the resulting reduction in POPs contamination of the marine
environment and its resources, such as fisheries products, is likely to constitute dominantly incremental
benefits gained by the region as a whole. If the substantial improvements in PCB management can be
achieved, the incremental benefits in terms of improved health protection and improved value of marine
resources will far exceed the entire costs of the sub-component.

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Component 3: Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAPBIO and associated
National Action Plans
Sub-Component 3.1. Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of a
Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (MPA) Network
This sub-component has the objective of strengthening the conservation of regionally important coastal
and marine biodiversity through the creation of an ecologically coherent MPA network in the
Mediterranean region. The incremental costs of this sub-component are $13,916,600 and the GEF is being
requested to provide $42,500 from International Waters.
Sub-Component 3.2. Promotion of the sustainable use of fisheries resources in the Mediterranean
through ecosystem-based management
This sub-component has a GEF alternative cost $4,715,000 of which the baseline amounts to $1,800,000.
The incremental cost is therefore $2,915,000 to which the GEF is requested to contribute $757,500. In the
case of this sub-component, similar to the other activities in component 2, the primary target beneficiaries
will be the populations of the Mediterranean countries. The benefits flowing from the adoption of the
ecosystem-based approach are essentially long-term and contribute both to sustaining renewable resource
utilization as well as other downstream benefits such as improving tourism potential. Increased fisheries
yields will contribute directly to income generation and poverty alleviation in fisheries-dependent
communities. Reinstating keystone species, particularly large predator species, will have a positive trophic
cascade effect that will benefit coastal communities. Over the short-term, local communities will benefit
from more effectively managed protected areas that have greater potential for cost recovery and improved
ecological function. In addition, governments and institutions will benefit from institutional strengthening
as a result of improved planning capacity, networking and general skill development. Accordingly,
drawing a distinction between domestic and incremental benefits is extremely difficult but, in view of the
geographical and physical oceanographic proximity of Mediterranean countries, the incremental benefits
are likely to exceed 50% of the incremental costs justifying the level of GEF financial commitment to the
project.
The sub-component comprises three (3) activities as characterized in the following sections.
3.2.1. This activity is directed at the establishment of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management at
regional and sub-regional levels. Its goal is to assist the countries to improve capacity building,
management, governance and legislation for the application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. It has
a GEF alternative cost of $1,559,400 that includes $400,000 of baseline costs. The incremental cost is
therefore $1,159,400 to which the GEF is requested to contribute $179,700.

3.2.2. The purpose of this activity is to reduce the levels the by-catch mortality inflicted by fishing fleets
on populations of particularly vulnerable species of fish and invertebrates and on marine mammals
(including cetaceans and the monk seal), turtles and sea birds. The GEF alternative is costed at $2,724,600
with a baseline cost of $1,200,000. Thus, the incremental costs are $1,524,600 to which the GEF is
requested to contribute $512,300.

3.2.3. The goals of this activity are to eliminate some particularly harmful fishing practices still practised
in some areas of the Mediterranean, to raise fishing stakeholders' awareness of the harmful effects of
fishing on biodiversity and enhance stakeholders' capacity to participate in environmental protection
activities. It involves the identification and rectification of unsustainable fishing practices at regionally
representative MPA sites. The cost of the GEF alternative is $431,000 with a baseline cost of $200,000.
The GEF is being requested to contribute 28% ($65,500) of the incremental costs of this activity.

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Component 4. Project Management and Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies
This component has three (3) sub-components as outlined below.
SUB-COMPONENT 4.1. PROJECT COORDINATION, MANAGEMENT AND M&E

This sub-component includes activities related to the SP project management and coordination, M&E
activities and the involvement of stakeholders in project activities and demonstrations. It will establish
effective project implementation and coordination at both regional and national levels to ensure that the
projected outputs are delivered and the overall objectives achieved.

The sub-component comprises nine (9) activities sum up in 3 main groups: coordination, management,
and M&E; Sustainable Financial Mechanism for long-term implementation of NAPs; and NGO
Mobilization.

The project coordination, management and M&E costs are $4,061,000. These costs are entirely
incremental because they will be wholly incurred for GEF project management. The requested GEF
funding is $2,301,000 or 57% of these costs.

Sustainable Financial Mechanism for long-term implementation of NAPs (activity 4.1.4). This project
activity will aim to bring strategic financial planning and management into the NAP project cycle and
overcome the present difficulties of implementation. The total cost of the GEF alternative for this activity
is $27,673,000 of which $27,043,000 are the estimated baseline costs. The incremental cost is therefore
$630,000 of which $400,000 is being requested from the GEF. The fact that the NAPs derive from
coordinated regional action and represent a commitment among the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona
Convention to play their full part in the protection of the Mediterranean Sea, logically means that it could
be argued that the activity could be regarded as entirely incremental on the basis that it promotes regional
coordination of national activities. This is balanced by the fact that the benefits of the implementation of
the NAPs will inevitably be partially to the countries concerned. It is virtually impossible to define the
likely proportion of incremental benefits from each country's implementation of its NAP but 2%
incremental benefit would appear to be considerably lower than might be expected. The GEF portion of
the funding for this activity corresponds to 63% of the incremental cost. The GEF is a primary exponent of
coordinated regional action in regional areas towards the preservation and improvement of the marine
environment and its resources, thereby wholly justifying such a commitment.

NGO Mobilization (activity 4.1.9) This activity addresses the involvement of community-based
organizations in negotiation and decision-making processes relating to environmental protection. Its
objective is to ensure effective involvement of civil society in a "Strategic Partnership" through
enhancing the role of NGOs and community-based organizations in the region to gain wide stakeholder
participation and achieve wide involvement in decision-making and project implementation.

The activities foreseen are expected to contribute to the overall transparency of SAP implementation and
enhancing the levels of commitment by civil society and other stakeholders while promoting effective
public access to environmental information and public participation in environmental decision-making in
the Mediterranean region. The total cost of the GEF alternative for this activity is $700,000 and has no
baseline component making the total project costs incremental. The incremental cost is therefore $700,000
of which $150,000 is being requested from the GEF.

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SUB-COMPONENT 4.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
This sub-component covers the preparation of information packages, the convention of events in the
region and the planning and execution of public information campaigns. These activities are intended to
lead to increased public awareness of issues relating to the Mediterranean Sea and illustrate how existing
compromises of the marine region can be reduced or alleviated. This component has been prepared and
included as a means of providing specific activities dedicated to public information and awareness. It has a
cost of $1,761,000 and has no baseline component making the total project costs incremental. The GEF is
being requested to contribute $530,000 or slightly more than half the incremental costs. The benefits
gained in terms of public awareness and increased availability of information concerning the status of the
Mediterranean Sea and the measures that are being implemented to protect it and address the source of
existing and foreseen problems in the area will be basin wide. Clearly, much of the improvement in public
awareness will result in domestic as well as regional benefits and it would be premature to attempt to
distinguish between these types of benefit. Nevertheless, the cost of this sub-component is approximately
4% of the incremental costs of the entire project. This seems to constitute a reasonable allocation of funds
to the dissemination of information and communication with the wider Mediterranean community thereby
justifying the inclusion and level of funding requested.
Sub-Component 4.3. Replication Strategy
This sub-component provides dedicated attention to the potential for replication of demonstrations and
initiatives from both within and outside the region. The cost of the GEF alternative for this sub-component
is $5,581400 with a baseline cost of $2,300,000. This yields an incremental cost of $3,281,400 to which
the GEF is requested to contribute $1,090,000 or 33% of the incremental cost. The inclusion of this sub-
component for a cost representing a modest portion of overall project costs should yield greater efficiency
and incremental benefits far exceeding the investment.

4.3.1. The first activity will involve establishing a Project Replication Team (PRT) to ensure that all
regional projects developed under the LME Partnership have valid replication components (or a strategy)
integrated into the project from the concept design stage. The Project Replication Team will also
contribute to, facilitate, coordinate and guide the replication process in all its development stages,
including specific measures of progress, risk assessment and expected impacts, thereby allowing feedback
and project adjustments as and when required. The total cost of this activity is $1,740,000 built on a
baseline of $1,500,000, much of which is based on support provided by other international funding
agencies, leading to an incremental cost of $240,000 of which $80,000 is requested from the GEF.

4.3.2. The second activity involves the collection of information. Practical baseline methodology will be
developed to effectively collate, record and manage information in a common web-based platform (web
portal). INFO/RAC is developing at present a similar system for UNEP/MAP named InfoMAP. This
provides a coordinated basis for the development a similar system for the Mediterranean thereby offering
the opportunity for increased synergy, improved quality, integration and avoidance of duplication. This
platform will incorporate information from activities carried out under the regional component of the
project. The total cost of this activity is $1,660,000 with a baseline of $600,000. The incremental cost is
therefore $1,060,000 of which $450,000 is requested from the GEF.

4.3.3. The third activity involves information analysis. The information collected on the regional projects
will be placed into a macro-scale Mediterranean "arena" to identify potentially matching replication sites
taking account of physical, geographical, environmental and political and social criteria. Its purpose is to
identify potential sites for the replication of initiatives developed under the regional projects followed by
promotion. The total cost of this activity is $1,345,000 with a baseline of $200,000 leading to an
incremental cost of $1,145,000 of which $335,000 is requested from the GEF.

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4.3.4. The fourth activity is devoted to a comparative assessment of potential sites to determine those in
which demonstrations would be both appropriate and beneficial. The assessment process will be based on
a scoring system probably incorporating indicators and be made available to a wide audience of potential
users through outreach and information dissemination. This activity has no baseline and is entirely
incremental at a cost of $387,500 of which $150,000 is being requested from the GEF.

4.3.5. The final activity involves the promotion of replication. The previous activities in this sub-
component will provide a basis in terms of conceptual design and stakeholder commitment (especially
donor and government interest) to embark on the promotion of replication projects. The Project
Replication Team will be supported by the collective contributions of LME Partners and gradually assume
a more coordinating and monitoring role in the replication process. There is no baseline component to this
activity and it is therefore entirely incremental at a cost of $448,900 of which $75,000 is being requested
from the GEF.

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DETAILED INCREMENTAL COSTS AND BENEFITS

Component/

Total

Incremental/

Activity
Component/Activity
(GEF
Baseline
Incremen
GEF
Total
Incremental Cost/Benefit Considerations
No.
Alternative
Cost $
tal Cost $
Funding$
Cost
) Cost $
(GEF/IC) %
1.
Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM and management of coastal aquifer
1.1.
Management of Coastal Aquifers
7,853,000 1,110,000 6,743,000 1,770,000 86%
(26%)
and groundwater
1.1.1.
Assessment of coastal aquifer risk
2,475,000 350,000 2,125,000 625,000 85%
(29%) Water resources planning and knowledge for reduced
and uncertainty
international water stress. Introduction of groundwater
management as a crosscutting and strategic water resource
management process. Improved land resources development
and sustainable coastal and SIDS development. Enhanced
basis for adaptation to climatic change. Collective benefits
should exceed the incremental costs of this activity.
1.1.2.
Regional Actions for coastal 3,958,000
560,000
3,398,000
775,000
86% (22%)
Adoption of a strategic approach to hydrogeological water
aquifer management
resources management resulting in reduced LBS pollution of
coastal aquifers and marine and coastal waters. Improved
ability to address coastal land degradation, including
salinization and desertification. Conservation of submarine
groundwater discharges, wetlands and biodiversity/fisheries
resources.
1.1.3.
Legal policy reform for coastal
970,000 200,000 770,000 370,000 79%
(48%)
Reduced
stress on international waters. Regional
aquifer management
groundwater mechanisms for implementation of water
resource and environmental conventions. Development of the
capacity for multi-sectoral and multiple focal area integration
for the purposes of reducing the stress on international
waters.
1.1.4
Spatial application � cross cutting
450,000 0 450,000 0 100%
(0%)
Spatial
observation
technology is a recognized strategy,
activity
taking on an expanded role and becoming a powerful tool for
the implementation and monitoring of international
environmental management under global and regional
environmental conventions
1.2.
Integrated Coastal Zone
11,964,700 8,850,000 3,114,700 950,000
26%
(30%)
Management
1.2.1.
Support for the preparation of 10,666,200 8,850,000 1,816,200 565,000
17% (31%)
The minor proportion of incremental costs associated with
National ICZM Strategies and

this activity will undoubtedly yield a larger incremental
National Action Plans
benefit.

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Component/

Total

Incremental/

Activity
Component/Activity
(GEF
Baseline
Incremen
GEF
Total
Incremental Cost/Benefit Considerations
No.
Alternative
Cost $
tal Cost $
Funding$
Cost
) Cost $
(GEF/IC) %
1.2.2.
Application of ICZM approach,
1,298,500
0
1,298,500
385,000
100% (30%) In view of the number of participating countries, the
tools and techniques in

investment appears to be warranted by the likely incremental
demonstration areas
benefits that will accrue from it.
1.3.
Integrated Water Resource 2,850,000 250,000 2,600,000 500,000 91%
(19%) Countries have increased capacity to manage their water
Management
resources effectively based on IWRM principles. Progressive
adoption of IWRM policies, implementation of IWRM
practices in pilot areas and the building of associated
capacity.
1.3.1.
Develop Action Plan for IWRM
590,000 30,000 560,000 80,000 95%
(14%)
The
incremental
benefits of this activity in terms of coherent
in the Mediterranean
basin management should far outweigh the incremental costs.
1.3.2. Catalyze
action and build 1,240,000 100,000 1,140,000 200,000 92%
(17%) The small augmentation of baseline activities by this activity
capacity on National IWRM
will yield substantially larger incremental benefits in terms of
Planning in 2 target countries
accelerated attention to millennium development goals and
WSSD targets.
1.3.3.
Develop an IRBM in globally
830,000
100,000
730,000
200,000
88% (27%)
The small augmentation of baseline activities by this activity
important river basin(s) and
will yield substantially larger incremental benefits in terms of
adjacent coastal area
accelerated attention to millennium development goals and
WSSD targets.
1.3.4
Preparation of short list of 190,000 20,000 170,000 20,000 89%
(12%)
IWRM
priority
interventions` and investment opportunities
transboundary basins and water
identified in approximately 15 shared water bodies and
issues
international workshops convened for six shared water-
bodies
2.

Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants: Implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs
2.1.
Facilitation of policy and 9,791,000 7,755,000 2,036,000
950,000 20%
(47%)
Accelerated mutual achievement of reduced effects of land-
legislation reforms for pollution
based activities with enhanced benefits of all riparian states.
control
Incremental benefits likely to exceed incremental cost.
2.1.1.
Management of phosphogypsum
1,720,000 1,460,000 260,000 120,000 15%
(46%) Enhanced coordination of interventions to reduced impact of
wastes
phosphogypsum discharges from fertilizer industries having
reduced incremental impact on fisheries protection and
seafood quality. Major benefits will be domestic but
incremental benefits likely to be commensurate with the
incremental costs.
2.1.2.
Chromium and BOD control in
925,000
565,000
360,000
170,000
39% (47%)
Reduced BOD and Cr discharges having reduced impact on
tanneries
international waters (IW). Incremental benefits likely to far
outweigh the incremental costs.
2.1.3.
Recycling of used automobile
695,000 385,000 310,000 150,000 44%
(48%)
Reduced
land-based oil inputs to IW providing water quality
lubricating oils
improvements and reduced seafood tainting. Incremental
benefits likely to far outweigh the incremental costs.

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Component/

Total

Incremental/

Activity
Component/Activity
(GEF
Baseline
Incremen
GEF
Total
Incremental Cost/Benefit Considerations
No.
Alternative
Cost $
tal Cost $
Funding$
Cost
) Cost $
(GEF/IC) %
2.1.4.
Recycling of lead batteries
664,000
400,000
264,000
124,000
40% (47%)
Reduced Pb leakage to IW with associated improvements in
seafood quality and reduced risks to human health.
Incremental benefits likely to be commensurate with the
incremental costs.
2.1.5
Riverine input of nutrients
970,000 750,000 220,000 90,000 23%
(45%)
The
availability of improved understanding of the sources
and effects of nutrients in the Mediterranean Sea will offer
the opportunity to devise effective interventions to reduce the
incidence of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms
yielding far larger benefits than the incremental costs of this
activity.
2.1.6.
Development and application of
552,000
282,000
270,000
120,000
49% (44%)
This is an ambitious activity but, if successful and applies to
Emission Limit Values (ELV and
the sources of greatest damage and risk. The long-term
Environmental Quality Standards
incremental benefits will undoubtedly outweigh the
(EQS)
incremental costs.
2.1.7.
Facilitation of policy and 4,265,000 3,913,000 352,000 176,000 8%
(50%) A laudable activity to improve compliance with controls
legislation reforms for pollution
leading to increased confidence in waste management
control � Permit, inspections and
procedures. In the long term, the incremental benefits should
compliance systems
greatly outweigh the incremental costs.
2.2
Transfer of Environmentally 29,295,500
27,345,000
1,950,500
1,000,000 7%
(51%) The coordinated introduction of sound technology and
Sound Technology (TEST)
management approaches in the region is expected to have
benefits far exceeding the incremental costs. It is, however,
not possible to determine the proportions of domestic and
incremental benefits.
2.3.
Environmentally Sound
7,930,000 2,200,000 5,730,000 2,450,000 72%
(43%) This component will result in increased domestic benefits in
Management of equipment, stocks
comparison with the baseline activities. Furthermore,
and wastes containing or
concerted action of this type will result in incremental
contaminated by PCBs in
benefits in terms of improved human health and improved
national electricity companies of
fisheries product values that will far exceed the incremental
Mediterranean countries
costs.
3.

Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAPBIO and related NAPs
3.1.
Conservation of Coastal and 15,566,600 1,650,000 13,916,600
42,500
89% (0,3%)

Marine Diversity through
Development of a Mediterranean
MPA Network
3.2.
Promotion of the Sustainable Use
4,715,000 1,800,000 2,915,000
757,500
62% (26%)

of Fisheries Resources in the
Mediterranean through
Ecosystem-based Management
Approaches

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Component/

Total

Incremental/

Activity
Component/Activity
(GEF
Baseline
Incremen
GEF
Total
Incremental Cost/Benefit Considerations
No.
Alternative
Cost $
tal Cost $
Funding$
Cost
) Cost $
(GEF/IC) %
3.2.1.
Regional ecosystem approach to
1,559,400 400,000 1,159,400 179,700 74%
(15%) The
relatively modest cost of this initiative is likely to be
fisheries management
substantially outweighed by the incremental benefits.
3.2.2. By-catch
reduction at fleet level
2,724,600 1,200,000 1,524,600 512,300 56%
(34%) The small incremental cost of this activity will not only yield
incremental benefits relating to biodiversity protection but
also domestic and incremental benefits relating to improved
fisheries yield.
3.2.3.
Address unsustainable fisheries
431,000 200,000 231,000 65,500 53%
(28%)
The
small
incremental cost of this activity will not only yield
practices in MPAs
incremental benefits relating to biodiversity protection but
also domestic and incremental benefits relating to improved
fisheries yield.
4.
Project Coordination, Replication and Communication Strategies, Management and M&E

4.1.1, 4.1.2, Project Coordination,
4,061,000 0 4,061,000
2,301,000
100% (57%) The justification for the incremental costs of this sub-
4.1.3, 4.1.6, Management and M&E
component relate to effective and successful GEF project
4.1.7, 4.1.8,
implementation.
4.1.9
4.1.4
Financial Sustainable mechanism 27,673,000
27,043,000
630,000
400,000 2%
(63%)
Potential incremental benefits are likely to exceed the
for long term implementation of
incremental costs attributed to the GEF. The long-term
NAPs
benefits of sustained financing should far outweigh the
incremental costs.
4.1.10 NGO
Mobilization
700,000 0 700,000
150,000 100%
(21%)
Facilitate NGO and CBO participation in all processes of the
"Strategic Partnership" components; NGO and CBO
involvement in the region strengthened through capacities
development, lessons learnt, and best practice knowledge
products
4.2.
Information and Communications
1,761,000
-
1,761,000
530,000
100% (30%) The addition of a dedicated communications program in the
Strategies
project should yield basin-wide benefits, both domestic and
incremental, that far outweigh the incremental cost.
4.3.
Replication Strategy
5,581,400 2,300,000 3,281,400 1,090,000 59%
(33%) The potential for useful replication of demonstrations and
other initiatives both within and outside the region
adequately justify the associated incremental costs.
4.3.1. Guiding
replication
and
1,740,000 1,500,000 240,000
80,000
14%
(33%)
communication
4.3.2. Collection
of
information
1,660,000
600,000
1,060,000
450,000
64% (42%)

4.3.3.
Information analysis, sharing and
1,345,000 200,000 1,145,000 335,000 85%
(29%)
dissemination
4.3.4.
Assessment of replication 387,500 - 387,500
150,000
100%
(39%)

potential

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ANNEX B-1

Logframe Matrix for the Strategic Partnership

Results
Objectively Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification
Critical Assumptions and Risks
Long-term Goal: To reverse the By end of 10 years Impact:
-
MAP coordinated long-term monitoring
-
Efforts to reduce stress will out
trend of water quality and biodiversity
� Reduced land based pollution;
programme;
way projected increases of
degradation in the Mediterranean.
� Reduced loss of bio-diversity;
-
Data from various Mediterranean
biodiversity loss and pollution in the

� Reduced eco-system degradation;
monitoring programs (government, institutions
basin.
� Reduced stress at water-body level.
etc).
In line with MDG/WSSD Environmental targets
Outcomes

Integrated Mediterranean Seas large By end of 5 years:
-
Legal, policy and institutional reforms
-
Countries commit necessary
marine eco-system (LME)
1. National & Regional Policy, legal & institutional reforms
endorsed or in the process of endorsement,
resources for implementation of
preservation & protection program
adopted and ready for implementation in minimum of 6
monitored through the Barcelona Convention
SAPs and NAPs;
implemented.
countries;
mechanisms;

2. Hotspots and sensitive areas of national priority previously
-
Reports of SP Focal Points on Inter-ministry -
All stakeholders will
identified in NAPs and SAPs with improved environmental
Committee Meetings submitted to the SC;
collaborate and participate actively
conditions (15% of major hotspots/sensitive areas
-
Reports from the Co-ordination Group and
in the activities and demonstration
identified in TDA);
Steering Committee; Completed work-plans;
projects;
3. Replication/Scaling � Up strategy adopted and successful
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;

investments being replicated in 5 countries;
-
WB and RC projects reports; demonstration -
Countries are committed to
4. Leveraged financing for multiple investments and policy
indicators verified;
prioritizing SAP and NAP
measures. Strategy developed for links with private sector;
-
Reports of the Contracting Parties to the
implementation.
5. Long-term Barcelona Convention and MAP based
Barcelona Convention
framework in place and operational ensuring the

sustainability of the SP beyond the life-span of the project.

Outputs

A. Investment Fund Implemented
1.1 Selection criteria, sector priorities and
-
IF projects provide inputs to SP replication
-

identification/preparation mechanism established and
and regional workshops;
1. Innovative, cost-effective
operational;
-
IF project reports; Bank supervision
investments in specific country

mission reports;
contexts promoted/implemented. 1.2 IF Demonstration projects identified, funded, implemented, -
Bank Country Assistance Strategies,

evaluated and reported;
PRSPs

B - 1

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
Results
Objectively Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification
Critical Assumptions and Risks
B. Regional Component
-
No of institutions adopting new
-
The legislative agencies of the
Implemented
2.1 Development, training and demonstration of new
tools/techniques and guidelines;
participating countries will

tools/techniques and guidelines to address SAP priorities
-
No of policy documents drafted and
collaborate and participate actively
2. Increased knowledge of
in all countries and widely disseminated;
adopted;
in the activities related to the
countries and donors on most
2.2 Participation of countries and donors in project activities;
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
regulatory-legal framework;
innovative projects/ technologies 2.3 Communication strategy to ensure wide dissemination of
-
Project Steering Committee Meeting
-
Willingness of high-level
that address regional priority
project results.
reports;
decision makers to participate in the
objectives.

-
Co-ordination Group Meeting Reports;
Project;

3.1. National & Regional Policy, legal & institutional reforms
-
Inter-ministerial meeting reports
-
National and local
3. Enhanced capacity of country
drafted, based on needs identified in SAP MED and SAP
-
Workshop reports;
governments continuously support
governments to implement
BIO in all participating countries;
-
Thematic reports;
the preparation and implementation
policies and strategies that
3.2. Relevant institutions in all countries strengthened;
-
Publications;
of relevant strategies, NAPs and
address SAP priorities.
3.3. Participation of all relevant stakeholders in project
-
GIS maps.
demo projects.

activities and SAP/NAP implementation
4. Stress reduction measures

monitored at water-body level.
4.1 Demonstrations (approx. 31) implemented and monitored

for stress reduction over the period of the project (see M&E).
5. Increased scientific knowledge

concerning the coastal zone,
5.1 Assessments (aprox. 6) undertaken related to coastal
pollution and biodiversity of the
aquifers, nutrient fluxes, MPA's, by-catch and unsustainable
Mediterranean.
fishing practices

C. SP Coordination Group
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
High level of commitment of
established & operational
6.1 At least 20 new potential replicable projects identified,
-
Project Steering Committee Meeting
the members and experts

including their funding mechanisms;
reports;
participating in the PRT;
6. Replication/communication
6.2 Regional replication strategies designed and implemented
-
Co-ordination Group Meeting Reports;
-
Favorable environmental and
strategy for scaling up
for each Investment Fund sub-project;
-
PRT documents and reports;
socio-economic conditions for the
successful investments within
6.3 Communication Strategy for the Strategic Partnership
-
PRP Assessment documents;
correct identification of PRPs;
and across countries fully
developed, improving access to, and sharing of,
-
Info material and reports;
-
Reliability of data and analysis.
developed.
information, results and lessons learned with all key
-
PRP final documents.
Availability to share data;

stakeholders informed of SAP and project activities, and
-
Level of collaboration and by

sharing of lessons learned.
in by national stakeholders;

-
Availability of sufficient
financial resources and good quality
project results.
B - 2

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
Results
Objectively Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification
Critical Assumptions and Risks

7.1 Establishment of a sustainable financing resource
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Cooperation from Ministries of
7. Resource mobilization
capacity/platform in the region.
-
Project Steering Committee Meeting
Finance;�
strategy/financing mechanism
7.2 Collection and diffusion of information and policy briefs on
reports;
-
Cooperation from private and
developed introduced.
contemporary and available financial practices;
-
Co-ordination Group Meeting Reports;
public sectors;

7.3 Preparation of guidelines for public sector investment and
-
Policy briefs prepared and disseminated;
-
Stakeholders collaborate and
private sector participation in environmental financing and
-
"tool kits" and guidelines for setting up and
participate actively in the activities.
of "Tool Kits" and guidelines for establishing and
implementing financial strategies;�
implementing financial strategies; (MAP and World Bank)
-
Guidelines for public sector investment

planning and private sector participation;

-
Training of environmental finance
experts/officers.

8.1 Establishment of a Strategic Partnership Project Steering
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Cooperation of SP Focal
8. SP coordination of project
Committee (SPSC) to engage all key stakeholders involved -
Project Steering Committee Meeting
Points;
team(s), committees, donors
in SAP-MED and SAP-BIO implementation;
reports;
-
Information exchange between
and governments programs.
8.2 Establishment of a Strategic Partnership Co-ordination
-
Co-ordination Group Meeting Reports.
all relevant focal points and

Group (SPCG);

ministries participating in the project

8.3 Identification and design of sub-projects under the
-
Cooperation of private sector

Investment Fund component reflect systematic interactions
and donors in the SP

within the context of the coordination mechanisms of the
Regional Project component.

9. Monitoring & Evaluation System
9.1 Integrated M&E system established & operational based
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Partners to the SP

on the Project Logframe, Annual Work Plans & Budgets
-
Project Steering Committee Meeting
successfully complete all

and the 12 month M&E plan.
reports;
activities/demonstrations as per

9.2 Outcomes-Goal progress assessed annually in APR,
-
Co-ordination Group Meeting Reports;
work-plan

Output-Outcome progress assessed half-yearly in HPRs,
-
M&E.
-
Coordination Group
and implementation progress assessed in the PIRs,
adequately monitoring all projects
external Mid-term and Final Evaluations .
activities throughout implementation
9.3 Periodic/Specific Thematic Reports provided as requested

10. Long term Regional Framework
9.1 Long-term Barcelona Convention and MAP based -
Reports of MAP;
-
Cooperation of private sector
developed.
public/private strategic framework in place
-
Recommendations approved by the CoP of
and donors

the Barcelona Convention.
-
MAP ensures continuation of

framework as part of its mandate

B - 3

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
ANNEX B-2

Logframe Matrix for the Regional Component of the Strategic Partnership

Component
Objectively Verifiable Indicators
Means of Verification
Critical Assumptions and Risks
Outcomes
Objective: To promote and induce Key Indicators:
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Willingness of high-level
harmonized policy, legal and -
Adoption implementation of regional and national -
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
decision makers to participate in the
institutional reforms and fill the policy/legal/institutional reforms in all countries;
inert-agency meetings;
Project;
knowledge gap aimed at reversing -
Regional and National institutions strengthened in all countries;
Legal, policy and institutional reforms National and local governments
marine and coastal degradation -
Increased scientific knowledge of the Mediterranean: endorsed or in the process of continuously support the preparation
trends and living resources Assessments (min. of 6) undertaken related to coastal aquifers, endorsement, monitored through the and implementation of relevant
depletion, in accordance with nutrient fluxes, MPA's, by-catch and unsustainable fishing practices- Barcelona Convention mechanisms
strategies, NAPs and demo projects
priorities agreed by the countries in
Participation of all relevant stakeholders in project activities and
the SAP MED and SAP BIO and to SAP/NAP implementation
prepare the ground for the future -
Development, training and demonstration of new tools/techniques
implementation of the ICZM and guidelines to address SAP priorities in all countries and widely
Protocol.
disseminated
-
Replication strategy designed and implemented with a minimum of
20 new replication projects identified
Key SR Indicators to include:
-
45,000 ha coastal zone managed through application of ICZM and
IWRM
-
20,000 ha of land with appropriate aquifer and groundwater
management in place
-
Pollution reduction of min. 50% at demonstration sites (Cd, Hg,
Pb, Cr, BOD and total nitrogen)
-
50% of lubricating oil and lead batteries recycled at demonstration
sites
-
870 tons of PCB's removed and disposed (in five countries), at the
selected demonstrations sites.
-
Surface area covered by MPA's will be increased by 10% (from
9,732,600 to 10,705,860 hectares)
Unsustainable fishing practices reduced by 90% at priority sites
(covering 30,000 ha)
B - 4

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008

Component 1: Integrated approaches for the implementation of Saps and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM and Management of Coastal Aquifers.
1. Regional legislation addressing 1.1 Regional legislation drafted and presented to the CoP for adoption: -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Willingness of high-level
ICZM, IWRM and aquifer - Regional Action Plan for Coastal aquifers;
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
decision makers to participate in the
managements as mechanisms to - Regional Plan for eco-hydrogeological management, land
inert-agency meetings;
Project;
protect the Mediterranean from
degradation and protection of priority coastal wetlands;
-
Legal, policy and institutional
-
National and local governments
biodiversity loss and pollution from
- Regional Action Plan for IWRM.
reforms endorsed or in the process of
continuously support the preparation
land based sources.

endorsement, monitored through the
and implementation of relevant

Barcelona Convention mechanisms.
strategies, NAPs and demo projects;

2. Regional and National 2.1 Sub-regional/National Plans drafted and applied in demonstration -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Willingness of high-level
institutions strengthened for ICZM areas:
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
decision makers to participate in the
and IWRM.
- ICZM NAPs drafted through a participatory approach and adopted inert-agency meetings;
Project;
for minimum of 2 countries;
-
Sub-regional/national plans and
National and local governments
- ICZM Plans to demonstrate ICZM approach, tools and techniques guidelines drafted and in the process of
continuously support the preparation
in two areas;
adoption;
and implementation of relevant
- IWRM plans drafted for 2 countries;

strategies, NAPs and demo projects.
- IRBM plans for 2 water bodies prepared in parallel with ICZM and
Coastal Aquifer.
-
number of newly adopted national

policy documents on ICZM and IWRM in
2.2. New tools and guidelines developed and applied in demonstration support of the implementation of SAP
areas:
MED and SAP BIO;
-
COED assessments for a min. of 2 countries;

-
Coastal aquifer and land management approaches developed and -
number of national and local
implemented at 3 demonstration sites and eco-hydrogeology
institutions' staff dealing with ICZM and
applications for management and protection of coastal wetlands;
IWRM trained on systemic inclusion of
-
Integrated Transboundary Water Resources Management
relevant issues in national policy
introduced in 6 water bodies.
framework for pollution reduction and

biodiversity protection.
2.3 Min of 24 ICZM/IWRM related institutions strengthened.

2.4 Case study for harmonizing national institutional arrangements and
legislation with ICZM Protocol. 15 juridical practitioners trained on
implications of national ratification of the Protocol.

B - 5

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
3. Stress reduction measures 3.1 Minimum of 3 joint ICZM, IWRM and aquifer and land -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
Cooperation of National and local
achieved through ICZM, IWRM and management demonstrations implemented, disseminated and -
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
governments.
management of aquifers and analyzed for their replicability.
inert-agency meetings
monitored at water-body level.

-
Demonstration reports
3.2 Stress Reduction:
-
Regional and national workshops
-
20,000 hectares of land directly impacted by intervention for 6
reports;
countries (coastal urban, coastal plains/agriculture, and upper

watersheds, to address LBS, coastal salinization, through coastal
sedimentation and siltation, flooding, wetland sedimentation);
-
300 Hectares of wetland under proper wetland management;
-
3 demonstrations resulting in 45,000 hectares of coastal zone
managed through application of ICZM and IWRM.

4. Sustainable financing
4.1 Priority intervention and investment opportunities for IWRM
Assessment reports and funding Cooperation of countries and
opportunities established.
identified in approximately 15 shared water bodies.
mechanisms
donors.
4.2 Methodology for selection, implementation and sustainable
financing of pilot ICZM projects will be drafted and distributed.

5. Increased scientific knowledge 5.1. Scientific assessments:
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
timely mobilization of CA
concerning the management of -
Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to Mediterranean
-
Thematic reports;
vulnerability mapping teams and
aquifers and groundwater.
coastal aquifers in all countries;
-
Publications.
pilot area surveys;
-
Coastal vulnerability mapping of aquifers in selected sites, and the
-countries' cooperation and support
production of GIS maps in 3 countries;
in facilitating vulnerability mapping
Assessment of land degradation in the context of ICZM.
filed survey, data collection and
capacity building.
Component 2. Pollution from land based sources, including Persistent Organic Pollutants: Implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs
6. Increased capacity of basin 6.1 National legal and policy documents drafted (min. of 5) -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
The legislative agencies of the
countries to implement policies and incorporating the SAP-MED priorities and in process of adoption by the -
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
participating countries will
strategies that address SAP MED countries.
inert-agency meetings;
collaborate and participate actively
and the NAPs priorities.

in the activities related to the

6.2. Implementation initiated for a minimum of 8 NAP priorities in -
number of newly adopted national
regulatory-legal framework;
participating countries as a result of project activities and pilot projects, policy documents in support of the
-
Availability of funding from
and monitored though Barcelona Convention mechanisms.
implementation of SAP MED;
industries;

-
Stakeholders agreement on
6.3. Management plans/guidelines developed and applied for the -
Guidelines adopted;
ELV and EQS;
reduction of pollution from land-based sources.
-
Training materials; reports of the
-
Agreement of national
-
ELV (and EQS) in all countries;
workshops of national and regional
authorities on the ELV� and EQS;
B - 6

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
-
Guidelines for pollution reduction (phosphogypsum wastes,
experts in private and public sectors;
-
Stakeholders collaborate and
tannery effluents, the recycling of lubricating oil and lead batteries) in
-
Plans of action endorsed for the
participate actively in the activities;
all countries;
uniform approach to permit and

-
Plans of action for permitting, compliance and inspection systems
inspection;
in 8 countries.
ELV and EQS approved by national

authorities;
7. Increased knowledge of 7.1. Environmentally sound technology (TEST-MED) applied to 8 Contact with target enterprises to verify Enterprises will apply for ISO
countries and donors on innovative demonstration enterprises resulting in the reduction of pollution loads ISO certification; certification.
technology to reduce pollution and from industrial hot spots in accordance with SAP objectives, their Communication/Revisit
the
increased scientific knowledge.
results widely disseminated and analyzed for their replicability.
target enterprises to check production

results and monitoring figures.
7.2 Assessment riverine fluxes of nutrients to the Mediterranean.

8. Stress reduction measures 8.1 Pilot projects (9) implemented, widely disseminated and analyzed -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
Cooperation of National and local
achieved through demonstration for their replicability, resulting in 50% pollution reduction at the -
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and governments, institutions and
projects and monitored at water- demonstration sites of:
inert-agency meetings;
industry in project activities
body level.
- cadmium (Cd) from phosphogypsum wastes;
-
Thematic reports.
- mercury (Hg) from phosphogypsum wastes;

- lead (Pb) from phosphogypsum wastes;
- Cr from tannery effluents;
- BOD from tannery effluents;
- total nitrogen from tannery effluents.
50% of lubricating oil and lead batteries recycled at demonstration sites

8.2 Application of TEST in 8 demonstration enterprises (in 3 countries)
resulting in:
- Water productivity at demonstration enterprises increased by
40%;
Reduction of min 30% pollution loads at the demonstration enterprises.
9. Initiation of NAP/NIP
9.1 Five countries with strengthened administrative capacity, including -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
The legislative agencies of the
implementation for the ESM of chemicals management administration within the central government;
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and participating countries will
equipment, stocks and wastes
inert-agency meetings;
collaborate and participate actively
contaminated with PCBs in national 9.2 Five countries with strengthened legislative and regulatory -
Thematic reports;
in the activities related to the
electricity companies of
frameworks for the management of POPs;
-
Disposal certificates
regulatory-legal framework;
Mediterranean countries

9.3 Five countries with strengthened capacity for enforcement and
Cooperation with NIP coordinators
B - 7

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
disposal;

9.4 Demonstration projects implemented in five countries, with 870
tons of PCB's removed and disposed.
Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
10. Countries have the capacity to 10.1 Regional Coordination Unit (RCU) for MPAs established and -
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Willingness of high-level
conserve regionally important methodologies for MPA management and creation agreed.
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and decision makers to participate in the
coastal and marine biodiversity
inert-agency meetings;
Project;
through the creation of an 10.2 Implementation of projects/tools /technologies for biodiversity -
Thematic reports;
-
National and local governments
ecologically coherent MPA network conservation:
Workshop reports.
continuously support the preparation
in the Mediterranean region.
- 3 MPA management tools developed; and demonstrated in 2
and implementation of relevant

MPAs.
strategies, NAPs and demo projects

-
The integrated nature of the
10.3 Area under protection to be increased by 10%, from 9 732 600
project (three implementing
hectares to 10,705,860 hectares
agencies) means that con-financing

or delivery failure may have
implications for other activities and
sub-components;

11. Countries have the capacity to 11.1 National policy/legislative reforms drafted for all countries:
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
Willingness of high-level
utilize coastal and high seas -
Ecosystem approach mainstreamed into fisheries management
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
decision makers to participate in the
resources through the adoption of policies and activities: 4 sub-regional and 5 national policy reforms
inert-agency meetings;
Project;
the ecosystem approach to and management reforms to incorporate EAF drafted.
-
Thematic reports;
-
National and local governments
fisheries management and the
Workshop reports.
continuously support the preparation
application of targeted interventions 11.2 Implementation of projects/tools /technologies for biodiversity
and implementation of relevant
to reduce by catch and other conservation:
strategies, NAPs and demo projects
unsustainable fishing practices
- Fisheries plans to integrate EAF and biodiversity conservation in

the Fisheries Research Institutes and management organizations
in 5 countries;
-
Methodology for by-catch reduction in 2 countries.

11.3 By catch of iconic and vulnerable species reduced by 75 %.

11.4 Unsustainable fishing practices reduced by a minimum of 90 % at
regionally prioritized sites in 7 countries covering 30,000 ha.
B - 8

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008

Component 4. Project Coordination, Replication and Communication strategies, Management and M&E1
12. Effective project management 12.1 Project Management:
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
Effective communication/
of the regional component -
PMU, SPSC, SPCG, SPB established and functional;
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
collaboration with the PMU and all
established and coordination and -
Work plan adopted and implemented.
inert-agency meetings.
the implementing agencies
synergy between the Regional

Project and the Investment Fund 12.2 Project Co-ordination:
components of the Strategic -
PMU, SPSC, SPCG, SPB meetings;
Partnership.
-
All countries have established inter-ministry committees;
-
Identification and design of sub-projects under the Investment
Fund component reflect systematic interactions within the context of
the coordination mechanisms of the Regional Project component.

13. Replication and communication 13.1 Replication Strategy for the RC
-
APR, HPR, PIR reports;
-
High level of commitment of the
mechanisms are designed and -
Project Replication team established with ToRs;
-
Reports from the SPCG, SPSC and
members and experts participating
implemented for RPs under the -
Accessibility of information: data via the web-portal, meetings,
inert-agency meetings;
in the PRT;
LME Partnership, with results workshops held;
-
PRT documents and reports;
-
Favorable environmental and
communicated and disseminated
-
Potential Replication Projects (PRPs) identified, including their
-
User Reports;
socio-economic conditions for the

funding mechanisms.
-
Internet database;
correct identification of PRPs;
-
Replication Potential assessment completed with scored
-
Internet web sites;
-
Reliability of data and analysis.
Replication Projects;
-
PRP Assessment documents;
Availability to share data;
-
Replication potential catalyzed at the national level: PRPs have a
-
Info material and reports;

specific section with complete data sets and strategy for their
Project
reports;
replication.
-
PRP final documents;

-
Leaflets, brochures, etc.;�
13.2 Communication Strategy:
-
Event reports;�
-
Printed material regarding the project activities disseminated to
-
Web site;
the general public;
-
Campaign reports.
-
Number of public events;

-
Magazine designed, on-line and updated;
Number and success of campaigns to the general pubic (including civil
society interest groups).

1 The activities under Component 4 are aimed to provide support to both the Regional Component and Investment Fund of the Strategic Partnership
B - 9

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
14. Involvement of all key 14.1 Effective national inter-ministry coordination through the -
Regional and national workshops
-
Level of collaboration and by in
stakeholders in the project activities establishment of inter-ministry committees in all countries
reports;
by national stakeholders;
and SAP implementation process

-
Project progress reports, Project
-
Availability of sufficient financial
.
14.2 NGO/CBO's present and participate in: stakeholder consultation monitoring and evaluation reports;
resources and good quality project

meetings, advisory bodies, managing/decision making bodies of the -
Qualitative analysis on how effective results;
project, and monitoring and evaluation activities.
NGO involvement has been - to be
-
Political willingness to

conducted at the end of the project;
cooperate and to activity participate
14.3 NGO involvement plan published and all stakeholders have a -
Related references in reports of
in the project programs and
copy early in project implementation
regional (Barcelona Convention,
initiatives;

Barcelona Process, etc.), sub-regional
-
Stakeholders collaborate and

and national processes;
participate actively in the activities;

Media coverage.
Stakeholder Involvement Plan

implemented successfully.

Project Activities:
Component 1 Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPS and NAPS: ICZM, IWRM and management of coastal aquifer
Sub-Component 1.1. Management of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater
1.1.1 Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to Mediterranean coastal aquifers
1.1.1.1.
Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to the Mediterranean coastal aquifer
1.1.1.2.
Coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping: Pilot Project in one selected country
1.1.1.3.
Coastal aquifer supplement to TDA-MED: Development of a coastal TDA supplement
1.1.2 Regional actions for Costal Aquifer Management
1.1.2.1.
Development of a regional Action Plan on Coastal Aquifers
1.1.2.2.
Integration of groundwater management in ICZM and IWRM planning systems
1.1.2.3.
Identification and planning of coastal groundwater demonstrations
1.1.2.4.
Sustainable Coastal land management
1.1.2.5.
Implementation of eco-hydrogeology applications for management and protection of coastal wetlands
1.1.2.6.
Coastal aquifer supplement to SAP MED, SAP BIO and NAPs
1.1.3 Legal, Institutional and policy reform for Coastal Aquifer management
1.1.3.1.
Policy/legal/institutional regional assessment for coastal aquifer management
1.1.3.2.
Policy/legal/institutional reforms, institutional development for coastal aquifer management
1.1.4 Spatial technology application �cross cutting activity
Sub-Component 1.2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management
1.2.1 Support activities in preparation of National ICZM Strategies and NAPs
1.2.1.1.
Strengthening the role of ICZM as a policy framework for water resources management and biodiversity protection (capacity building activities, regional workshop, dissemination of
B - 10

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
Project Activities:
results)
1.2.1.2.
Support to the preparation of two to four ICZM NAPs (draft ICZM NAPs, National conferences on ICZM NAPs)
1.2.1.3.
Harmonizing national institutional arrangements and legislation with ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean
1.2.1.4.
Developing/strengthening of coastal legislation in two to four Mediterranean Countries
1.2.1.5.
Use of Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) as an ICZM tool (sectoral COED assessments in 2 countries; capacity building and network of experts)
1.2.2. Application of ICZM approach, tools, and techniques in demonstration areas
1.2.2.1.
ICZM Plans to demonstrate ICZM approach, tools and techniques in two selected areas (drafting and finalizing ICZM plans conferences.)
1.2.2.2.
Capacity building for effective implementation and sustainable financing of pilot ICZM projects
1.2.2.3.
Co-ordination and harmonization of ICZM component with other components' activities in demo projects
Sub-Component 1.3. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
1.3.1 Develop Action Plan for IWRM in the Mediterranean
1.3.2. Catalyze Action and Build capacity on National IWRM Planning (workshops and targeted training courses in 4 countries
1.3.3. Develop Integrated Resources Basin Management (IRBM) in globally important river basins and adjacent coastal area (drafting and finalizing of IRBM, organization of national and local
workshops, identification of priority investments
1.3.4. Prepare Short List of Transboundary Basins and Water Issues suitable for interventions and the implementation of pilot projects
Component 2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants: implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs
Sub-Component 2.1. Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control �
Industrial Pollution pilot projects (based on NAP priorities):
2.1.1 Phosphogypsum slurry management�
2.1.2 Chromium and BOD control of tanneries effluent
2.1.3 Lubricating oil recycling and regeneration
2.1.4 Lead batteries recycling
2.1.5 Assessment of the magnitude of riverine inputs of nutrients into the Mediterranean Sea
2.1.6 Setting Emission Limit Values (ELV) in industrial effluents and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS)
Sub-Component 2.1. Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control �
Permit, Inspection and Compliance Systems:
2.1.7 Permit, Inspection and Compliance Systems: meeting among agencies responsible for permitting, inspections and enforcement to form plans of action for permitting, compliance and
control
2.1.8 Training workshop to provide practical guidance and uniformity on inspecting on the most commonly polluting and industrial facilities of the country.
2.1.9 National final meeting for the assessment and feedback to propose solutions for the formulation of amendments to the existing legislation.
Sub-Component 2.2. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST-MED)
2.2.1 Set up national focal points
2.2.2 Introduction of the TEST integrated approach
2.2.3 Set-up of the information management system
2.2.4 Identification and selection of demonstration enterprises
2.2.5 Preparation of initial review at demonstration enterprises including market and financial viability and initial environmental review
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Project Activities:
2.2.6 Implementation of a Cleaner Production Assessment (CPA)
2.2.7 Introduction of EMS principles and design of EMS at demonstration enterprises
2.2.8 Introduction of Environmental Management Accounting practices and design
2.2.9 Evaluation of Phase I of the TEST Project
2.2.10 Preparation and promotion of EST projects
2.2.11 Investment promotion of identified EST project
2.2.12 Evaluation of Phase II of the TEST Project
2.2.13 Introduction of basic principles for the preparation of enterprise sustainable strategies (SES)
2.2.14 Preparation of National Publication on the application of the TEST approach;
2.2.15 Organization of seminars
2.2.16 Organization of introductory seminars on TEST approach at other enterprises in each country
2.2.17 Organization of a regional workshop to present the results of TEST Med projects
2.2.18 Starting of networking activities
Sub-Component 2.3. Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes containing or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries
2.3.1 Legislative and institutional framework for implementation of ESM of PCBs
2.3.2 Demonstration projects to improve the management programme of PCBs and facilitate the implementation of NIPs and MED-SAP Guidelines for PCBs management implemented
2.3.3 Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs equipment
2.3.4 Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment
2.3.5 National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal programs
Component 3: Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP BIO and related NAP
Sub-Component 3.1. The conservation of coastal and marine diversity through development of a Mediterranean MPA Network
3.1.1 Establishment of coordination mechanism for regional MPA management
3.1.1.1.
Inception and Terminal activities
3.1.1.2.
Develop communication & information tools
3.1.1.3.
Development of long-term management arrangements
3.1.1.4.
Activities follow up and Advisory Committee meetings
3.1.2 Planning and extended MPA Network
3.1.2.1.
Establish priority activities required
3.1.2.2.
Identify stakeholders & partnership
3.1.2.3.
Assessment of new site options
3.1.2.4.
Ecological assessment of demonstration area
3.1.2.5.
Identify stakeholders participation mechanism
3.1.2.6.
Identify high seas fisheries protected areas
3.1.2.7.
MPA creation guidelines and teaching packages
3.1.3 Improved MPA management
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Project Activities:
3.1.3.1.
Management Workshop � Existing MPAs
3.1.3.2.
Management Workshop � New MPAs
3.1.3.3.
Training for existing MPA managers
3.1.3.4.
Training for new MPA mangers
3.1.3.5.
Development of innovative training tools
3.1.3.6.
Demonstration project on guidelines and specific zoning for the management of recreational activities in Turkey
3.1.3.7.
Demonstration project on guidelines for the management of recreational fisheries activities in Algeria
3.1.4 Regional MPA monitoring System
3.1.4.1.
Feasibility study, design & creation
3.1.4.2.
Training MPA managers in M&E
3.1.4.3.
Assessment of management effectiveness
3.1.4.4.
Demonstration project on monitoring and evaluation system for the Croatian MPAs network
3.1.5 Ensuring financial Suitability
3.1.5.1.
Financial analysis of new MPA needs
3.1.5.2.
Training in business planning
3.1.5.3.
Financial mechanism for MPA network development
3.1.5.4.
Training in conservation finance
3.1.5.5.
Demonstration project on long term financial mechanism in Tunisia
3.1.5.6.
Demonstration Project on financial sustainability mechanism in 3 new areas
3.1.5.7.
Demonstration project in Libya in making an environmental and economic case for a system of C&MPAs
3.1.6 Support to the Legal Governance
3.1.6.1.
Legal assessment
3.1.6.2.
Institutional analysis
3.1.6.3.
Legal training for MPA managers
3.1.6.4.
Issue of users guide of MPA management issues
Sub-Component 3.2. Sustainable use of fisheries resources through ecosystem-based management approaches
3.2.1 Regional ecosystem approach to fisheries management
3.2.1.1.
Identify regional EAF priorities
3.2.1.2.
Apply EAF to fisheries management
3.2.1.3.
Legal reform for EAF implementation
3.2.2 By catch reduction at fleet level
3.2.2.1.
By catch reduction at fleet level
3.2.2.2.
Demonstrate by catch mitigation solutions
3.2.3 Address unsustainable fisheries practices in MPAs
3.2.3.1.
Identify areas with significant impacts

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Project Activities:

Component 4. Project Coordination, Replication and Communication strategies, Management and M&E
Sub-Component 4.1 Project Co-ordination, Management and M&E
4.1.1: Program Project Management
4.1.2: Strategic Partnership's Steering Committee (SPSC)
4.1.3: Strategic Partnership Coordination Group (SPCG)
4.1.4: Sustainable financing mechanism for the long term implementation of NAPs
4.1.5: Long term Sustainability of Activities Beyond the Lifetime of the SP.
4.1.6: Inter agencies meetings
4.1.7: Mid-Term Stocktaking Meeting
4.1.8: Auditing, Evaluation and Reporting
4.1.9: Country Focal Point Support Program (CFPSP)
4.1.10 NGO involvement in the Region
Sub-Component 4.2 Information and Communication strategies
4.2.1 Design and preparation of IC Strategy, information materials (leaflet, brochures, etc.) for selected audiences
4.2.2 Design, production and updating of on line LMA magazine
4.2.3 Participation to selected national/international environmental events
4.2.4 Planning of an "ad hoc" audiovisual campaign for wide media dissemination
Sub-Component 4.3. Replication Strategy
4.3.1 Guiding the replication process
4.3.1.1.
Creation of a Med-LME Project replication Team
4.3.2 Collecting information
4.3.2.1.
Developing an ICT platform: data collection, database, monitoring and updating
4.3.3 Information analysis, sharing and dissemination
4.3.3.1.
Information analysis, selection of PMAs
4.3.3.2.
Organization of replication meetings
4.3.3.3.
Design and implementation of dissemination mechanism and Partnership building
4.3.3.4.
Organization of a regional conference
4.3.4 Replication potential assessment
4.3.4.1.
Design and implementation of a Replication Scoring System
4.3.5 Catalyzing implementation
4.3.5.1.
Initial facilitation of on-site project development
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ANNEX C: RESPONSE TO PROJECT REVIEWS

a) Convention Secretariat comments and IA/ExA response
b) STAP expert review and IA/ExA response
c) GEF Secretariat and other Agencies' comments and IA/ExA response

Project: Strategic partnership for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem-Regional Component:
Implementation of agreed actions for the protection of the environment al resources of the
Mediterranean Sea and its costal areas

TECHNICAL REVIEW

Author: Prof. Dr. Dirk Van Damme

Date: Thursday, 14 September, 2006

1. Scientific and technical soundness of the project

1.1. Comments related to the scientific basis and the proposed technologies:

1.1.1. Assessment of the scientific basis of the project.

The scientific basis is generally speaking well covered and sufficient information and knowledge on the
dynamics, functioning and structure of the ecosystems covered is available due to the fact that the project
build on former experience. A weak point and scientifically debatable issue is the text concerning the
impact of climate change on the studied ecosystem i(paragraph 22-25). It is extremely important that this
environmental factor is taken into consideration as is done in the project proposal. However, the assumption
is here made that the projected global sea rise of 5 mm/year can be transposed on the Mediterranean Basin.
In my opinion, this is not evident. If the desertification in this region continues, which is a likely
assumption, then the amount of water lost through evaporation could be far in excess than the quantity of
water needed to balance the loss that is able to pass trough the extremely narrow Straight of Gibraltar. In
other words it is possible that the level of the Mediterranean will be decreasing instead of increasing.
Equally linked with climate change is the important factor of increasing salinity. The Mediterranean is
already more saline than the Atlantic. Increased evaporation in combination with the significantly increased
amount of salts in domestic and industrial waste water could become a major ecological threat (e.g. directly
or indirectly by causing stratification). The part on the climate change should hence be altered taking in
consideration the above and underlining the complexity. Sufficient information on the hydrological regime,
land use practices, drainage, groundwater and population dynamics is available.

1.1.2. Appropriateness of approach to collect relevant information on sections of society and economy and on
the different aspects of the environment, water management and ecosystem

The way the information has been collected is not only appropriate but recommendable in the sense that it does
not try to divulge gaps or shortcomings, which are inevitable in such a complex project.

1.1.3. Assessment of the correct identification of the sectoral changes required to achieve the goals of the OPs

The sectors and changes in each sector elementary to achieve the proposed goals are properly identified and
targeted.

1.1.4. Has the issue of inter-comparability of data been addressed?

Yes, quite adequately. It consitutes a main issue.
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1.1.5. Analysis of the interlinkages between water-related environmental issues and root causes behind
different environmental problems.

The analytic part of this project proposal is rudimentary since the relations are well known and an in-depth
discussion would be superfluous in this type of implementing project.

1.1.6. Presentation of the tools and methodologies for TDA and SAP

The methodologies are clearly presented though with a caveat that dueto the complexity of the project there is
a need for improvising and alteration whilst the project evolves. This is in my b-view the only correct
approach.

1.1.7. Does the project determine what type of measures is needed to ensure that the ecological carrying
capacity is not exceeded.

The project is more a follow up resulting from the determination/identification of the measures that need to be
taken. In inherently identifies them.

1.1.8. Assessment of adequacy of the scope of the project.

The scope of the project is, considering the degree of difficulties there have to be overcome in transboundary
cooperation and the appalling low level of existing administrative, legal and technical infrastructure
concerning the protection of the coastal and marine realm in the countries involved, realistic in its scope. It
is not adequate in the sense that its implementation will significantly alter the degradation of the
Mediterranean ecosystem but it is a necessary and essential major step in that direction.

1.1.9. Are the proposed technologies adequate to the regional socio-economic profile?

Yes. The technologies are already existing or can be rapidly adapted to the specific socio-economic profile.

1.1.10. Could the proposed technologies pose environmental threats?

None at all.

1.2. Question related to the use of technology

To what extent will technological innovations be used to support the project?

The project does not encompass the use or development of really novel technology

1.3.
Questions related to institutional arrangements

Assessment of institutional arrangements.

The institutional arrangements are worked out in detail and perfected as can be seen in the annexes

1.4.
Other questions

1.4.1. Is choice of demonstration sites representative and appropriate?

Yes, since it is based on former practical experience and not on theory.

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1.4.2. Have any problems been overlooked?

No

1.4.3. Assessment of adequacy of the scope of the project

The scope of the project is adequate as an essential step (see above). In my opinion are the
incremental costs for activity 2.1.7. `improvement of inspection systems' of subcomponent 2.1
`Control of land-based source of pollution'., the incremental costs of sub-component 2.2
`Transfer of technology' and those of sub-component 4.3 `Replication strategy'
underestimated.

1.4.4. Have issues of conflict been addressed?

Not in particular, though suggested, e.g. in the use of fisheries resources.

2. Identification of the global environmental benefits

2.1. Does the project address issues that will result in global environmental benefits?

The results of this kind of proposal concerning the implementation of transboundary protective measures and
actions, such as formulated in the project proposal, possess a high replication and as such are important on a
global scale.

2.2. Are any negative environmental effects anticipated?

No

3. How does the project fit within the context of the goals of GEF

Does the project fit within the overall strategic thrust of the GEF- funded IW activities to meet the incremental
costs of: (a) assisting groups of countries to better understand the environmental concerns of their IWs and work
collaboratively to address them; (b) build the capacity of existing institutions; and (c) implement measures that
address the priority trans-boundary environmental concerns?

The project fits perfectly on all levels within GEF's goals

4. Regional context

Assessment of the regional scope of the project.

Mediterranean Sea and coastal regions of the countries along its southern and eastern borders.

5. Replicability of the project

Scope for replication of some of the approaches in other international water bodies.

A region highly suitable for replication should be the South Chine Sea

6. Sustainability of the project

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Largely depends on national government commitment. Key is the regional mechanism which should provide
focus and means for coordinating national efforts, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of
individual country undertakings. Involvement of the private sector, inter-governmental financial institutions,
investors and commercial banks is also a key element of sustainability.

The project tries to commit as intensely as possible the governments and private sectors concerned. Due to the
fact that the countries involved all fringe the Europran Union with its stringent environmental regulations, this
particular international political and economic context should logically form a guarantee for its sustainability

7. Does the project make an effort to change cultural and deeply embedded habits that have given rise to
the environmental problems addressed by the project?

The project addresses only the environmental problems that are created by a combination of a demographic
explosion and (agro)industrialization. In my opinion it would be counterproductive to try to incorporate such
issues (e.g. population decrease trough birth control) in this type of project and in this stage of development of
environmental conservation.

Secondary issues

Linkages to other focal areas
Most IW projects have outspoken linkages with the biodiversity focal area, and to land degradation.

Linkages to other programs and action plans at regional or sub-regional levels
The IWs area includes numerous international conventions, treaties and agreements. The architecture of marine
agreements is especially complex, and a large number of bilateral and multilateral agreements exist for
transboundry freshwater basins.
Related conventions and agreements in other areas increase the complexity. These initiatives provide a new
opportunity for cooperating nations to link many different programs and instruments into regional
comprehensive approaches to address IWs.
Have all relevant conventions been considered and taken into account in the project?
Is the proposed activity consistent with existing national plans?

Other beneficial or damaging environmental effects
Assess beneficial and detrimental environmental effects that could result from the intervention.

Degree of involvement of Stakeholders in the project
Because of the area-wide interventions, community involvement and stakeholder participation are especially
important in OP 9.
Are the national and regional institutions likely to be able to contribute to the achievement of the objectives
identified?
Are all countries which have a stake in the IW body subject of the intervention by the project involved in it?

Capacity building aspects
Capacity building is an important component in international waters projects.
Institution building plays a crucial role, and specific capacity-strengthening measures are required to assist
countries in finding the appropriate institutional and organizational matters.

Following the formulation of Strategic Action Plan (SAP), the next step is to formulate a capacity building,
technical assistance or investment project.

Innovativeness of the project
Assessment of the innovativeness of the project.
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2008
ANNEX C1

Response to STAP/IA comments

REVIEWER'S COMMENTS
RESPONSE AMENDMENT
LOCATION

1.1.1. Assessment of the scientific basis of the project
The Reviewer raises an important scientific

question regarding the final effect and impact of Med LME Umbrella Project:
The scientific basis is generally speaking well covered and Climate Change in the Mediterranean. Although PARAGRAPHS 22-26:
sufficient information and knowledge on the dynamics, the project does not deal with Climate Change per
functioning and structure of the ecosystems covered is se, we believed it was important to mention a few It should be noted however, that
available due to the fact that the project build on former facts regarding CC and its possible effects in the although global warming seems to be
experience. A weak point and scientifically debatable issue Mediterranean area. The reviewers is correct that well established and global sea level
is the text concerning the impact of climate change on the a number of serious uncertainties exist in this rise as well, the response of various
studied ecosystem i(paragraph 22-25). It is extremely respect.
regions to that forcing is still a big
important that this environmental factor is taken into
unknown. It has been shown, for
consideration as is done in the project proposal. However, We have, therefore, added a paragraph that example, that global warming is not a
the assumption is here made that the projected global sea discusses those uncertainties and moderates our unimodal phenomenon but rather a
rise of 5 mm/year can be transposed on the Mediterranean previous discussion on CC impacts in the area
multimodal one with differing
Basin. In my opinion, this is not evident. If the
responses in different areas. In this
desertification in this region continues, which is a likely
respect it is interesting to note that
assumption, then the amount of water lost through
during the period from 1960 to 1980
evaporation could be far in excess than the quantity of water
while global warming was evident on a
needed to balance the loss that is able to pass trough the
global scale, the Mediterranean Sea's
extremely narrow Straight of Gibraltar. In other words it is
temperature at surface was decreasing.
possible that the level of the Mediterranean will be
The complexity of positive and
decreasing instead of increasing. Equally linked with
negative feedback mechanisms within
climate change is the important factor of increasing salinity.
the climate system and the weaknesses
The Mediterranean is already more saline than the Atlantic.
of present regional climatic models,
Increased evaporation in combination with the significantly
should result in a cautious approach of
increased amount of salts in domestic and industrial waste
the various prediction scenaria. This
water could become a major ecological threat (e.g. directly
need for cautiousness applies of course
or indirectly by causing stratification). The part on the
to the discussion of the previous
climate change should hence be altered taking in
paragraphs as well. Nevertheless, there
consideration the above and underlining the complexity.
is no doubt that climate change will
Sufficient information on the hydrological regime, landuse
have an impact in the Mediterranean as
practices, drainage, groundwater and population dynamics
well and therefore this is an issue to
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2008
is available
follow closely in the coming years.

1.2. To what extents will technological innovations be

used to support the project?
Although we do not take the reviewer's comment

as a negative one but rather as a comment on the
The project does not encompass the use or development of nature of the project, we do believe that TEST is a
really novel technology.
very successful and innovative technology, which
will be applied for the first time in the
Mediterranean area.

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2008

ANNEX C2

Response to GEF Secretariat and other Agencies' comments
April 2007

Recommendation by program manager
Response
Location(s) of amendments
Med LME Umbrella Project Document: page
1.
Exec. Summary Point 4.1: include Spain Spain has been added to the donors and to the 43, para.151; page 59, para 239
among donors and members of the Steering Steering Committee.
Annex E: page 1 � section 1.1 (1st para.)
Committee.

Med LME Umbrella Project Document: page
2.
Include under the responsibility of the PMU the The PMU responsibilities has been updated to 43 para 159
following activity: to identify a set of environmental include the development of environmental status Annex E: page 1 � section 1.1 (objective iv);
status indicators reflecting SAP targets and indicators (reflecting SAP targets and agreements) page 2 � section 1.1 (last para.); page 6 (last
agreements, and to promote in the countries, with during the inception period, their presentation at the para.); page 22 (text above Table E-5)
the support of MAP, the harmonized monitoring of Inception Meeting and their long-term monitoring.
these indicators well beyond the project's life. The
proposed set of indicators and monitoring
procedures will be presented to the Steering
Committee during the Inception Meeting.
3.
Check the total figure for co-financing (which "The total co-finance is 29,607,200 USD of which N/A
should be $23,723,200).
the secured amount is 23,720,500 USD".
4.
Ensure that project will have a website Additional text to Component 4.2 added to clarify Med LME Umbrella Project Document: page
according to IW LEARN criteria, and that it will that the project will have a website according to IW 49, para 194 section 4.2.1
participate to IW LEARN initiatives, including LEARN criteria (and gives web address). Text
biannual conferences.
already mentions that it will participate to IW
LEARN initiatives, including biannual conferences.
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2008
5.
Adequately respond to all issues on the POPs See below

part of the project raised under the General
Comments section
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2008

POPS COMPONENT (GRANIER 6TH APRIL 07)
RESPONSE
Location(s) of ammendments
6.
The entry under "further processing" dated More information is provided on NAPs and NIPs Annex F, pages 111-113
December 2006 includes 5 points that UNEP and and their operational links and on other
GEFSEC agreed should be taken into consideration international and national related projects. Although
in developing the PCB component before WP the countries' endorsements already received
inclusion. I find no documentation to reflect indeed cover all components of the Project,
whether any of these points have indeed been taken including PCBs, additional and specific
into consideration (detailed activities and link with endorsement will be asked for the PCB component.
NIPs; specific country endorsements, links with UNIDO's position is that the project should not be
related projects and role of UNIDO).
split between two agencies . As UNIDO was not
involved in the concept and preparation of the
project UNIDO agrees that the project should be
run by MEDPOL. Nevertheless, while MEDPOL
will execute the POPs component of the project,
UNIDO will closely follow its progress. ..
7.
In addition, I have the following comments: - Within the Executive summary, the section Med LME Umbrella Project:
The share for the POPs focal area is $2.9m, or 23% summarizing the POPs activities has been expanded Page 35 section 2.3
of the GEF allocation for this project. This should to reflect the percentage of the project.
be more or less reflected in the level of
documentation provided. In particular, the POPs
component has to be more visible in the Executive
Summary.
8.
Similarly, needs more visibility in the log- Log-frame has been revised with visible indicators
Med LME Umbrella Project:
frame, particularly in the "results" section, as well Results section within the project Brief and Page 37, Component 2 Results
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2008
as in the incremental costs analysis.
executive summary has been expanded
Annex B: Page B-7/8, point 9
Incremental Costs section has been amended
Annex A: Page 3/A-10/A
9.
$2.9m are to be allocated from the a very active From 2,9 million USD POPs allocation, 200,000
network which promoted POPs focal area. $2.45m USD have been taken for Replication Strategy
is attributed to the PCB component. What of the (Sub-Component 4.3) and 250,000 USD for Project
remaining $0.45m?
Management (Sub-Component 4.1)". This has been
clarified in the documents.
10.
$2m to cofinance the PCB component come The Multilateral Trust Fund should read Med LME Umbrella Project: page 71, table 6
from the "multilateral trust fund". Please clarify Mediterranean Trust Fund. This has been corrected. Co-financing sources table
what fund this is.

11.
How are UNEP and MEDPOL going to ensure Any demonstrations within the project (e.g. Annex F, Section 2.3 page 117, chapter
adequate environmental safeguards when it comes servicing, maintenance, storage and disposal "Objectives/outputs" and chapters 2.3.2,
to disposal operations?
operations) would be required to meet appropriate 2.3.2.3, page 118
local and international environmental standards and
incorporate suitable safeguards. The project will
take advice on these from local and international
authorities (for example follow country procedures
on Environmental Impact Assessment) and also
seek advice from other similar GEF supported
projects. Suitable conditions, specifications and
safeguards will be incorporated in any commercial
tendering exercises. International transboundary
movements of PCB wastes as part of disposal
operations will be required to be compliant with
relevant international rules, standards and
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2008
guidelines for such hazardous wastes.

12.
What is the comparative advantage of The appropriate management of POPs is one of the Annex F, section 2.3, page 126, chapter
MEDPOL and CP/RAC to execute this component? important issues of the SAP to which countries are "Institutional coordination and support"
committed. The POP's component of the various
NAPs have been prepared by MEDPOL and
CP/RAC on the basis of a comprehensive inventory
and management plans agreed upon by the
Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention in
2005. Medpol has already done similar operations
which? MED POL is in charge of the follow up to
the implementation of the SAP and the NAPs and
CP/RAC is also involved to the management of
hazardous wastes making use of BATs and BEPs.
The execution of this component by MED POL in
cooperation with CP/RAC will therefore facilitate
the implementation of the countries' commitments
under the Barcelona Convention and, indirectly, the
Stockholm Convention.
13.
Need to work on the results framework for the M&E Plan expanded, and will be finalized Annex E, M&E Plan: Tables E-4 and E-5
PCB component. At the very least, a detailed M&E (including baselines) for during the inception phase
plan with baseline should be produced within year of the project.
Annex F, section 2.3, chapter "Institutional
one of project implementation. Amounts of PCBs A more detailed framework plan of implementation coordination and support" page 126.
disposed of should be a target (1187 tons are of the activities is prepared according to the
mentioned somewhere - this is target for SP2).
countries' capabilities and the status of preparation
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2008
of NIPs.
14.
I understand that disposal operations will take The percentage of PCBs to be disposed as a result Annex F, section 2.3, chapter

place as "demonstrations", addressing part of the of the project vis-�-vis the total PCBs is calculated
"Objectives/outputs", page 117
problem in each country. How much of the
problem?
15.
Sections on sustainability and stakeholder Sustainability prospects and stakeholder
Annex F, section 2.3, chapters "Risks and
analysis as they pertain to POPs are weak.
involvement are analyzed more in detail.
sustainability" and "Stakeholder involvement"

16.
Following up on the first 2 points of Dec 2006: More detailed information on the countries' specific Annex F, section 2.3, chapter "State of the art
the 3 lines per country provided in Annex F do not circumstances related to the project is provided.
of the implementation of ESM of PCBs in the
constitute "country specific description of PCBs
targeted countries", page 114
circumstances and planned activities [etc]". Albania
and Lebanon have submitted their NIP already.
Syria (with UNEP) and Egypt (with UNIDO)
should be complete - certainly the PCB inventory
part should be.
17.
Not clear why Stockholm Convention The proposed institutional and coordination Annex F, section 2.3, chapter "Institutional
Secretariat should be in the steering committee arrangements were re-arranged and simplified coordination and support", page 126
since that secretariat has no operational mandate. taking into account the existence of a Steering
More useful to have UNIDO (in particular to Committee for the whole project.
facilitate linkages with the TEST-MED National Focal Points are expected to collate
component). As well as representatives of the other information on other projects and share it with the
projects - Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria.
members of the Steering Committee.
18.
Need to update information: e.g. Algeria has Table 1 of the project Brief has been updated for all Med LME Umbrella Project: page 23 (Table
ratified the SC.
Conventions
1)
C - 12

Annexes A to C
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April February
2008
19.
Need to mention the Morocco PCB project Reference has been included.
Annex F, section 2.3, chapter "Background",
with UNDP which might advance faster than the
page 111
regional West Africa project.
20.
It is mentioned that endrin is allowed for Information was outdated, is in fact banned in EU Med LME Umbrella Project: page 9, para 36
limited applications in the EU. Is this so?
and reference has been removed.
21.
The project addresses SP1 (Capacity building Documents were based on August 2006 version of Med LME Umbrella Project: page 21, Fit to
for NIP implementation) - about $1.1m and SP2 POPs strategic objectives. All documents have been GEF Strategies and Strategic Programs
(Investments for NIP implementation) - about revised based on Feb. 2007 Strategic Objective
$1.35m.
document to include both Strategic Objectives 1
and 2
C - 13

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April February 2008

Annex C3

Response to GEF Council Comments

July 2007

Comments from the GEF Council
Response
France:
No response required
Taking into account the threats on the marine
ecosystems of the Mediterranean Sea, this project
aiming at reduction of land-based pollution is
particularly relevant. The expected investments funded
by the World Bank, following the framework of the
regional component funded by the GEF must enhance
synergies between the actions the coastal states
implement and thus it must contribute significantly to
the reduction of land-based pollution.

This project is related with a regional component (PAS
BIO) aiming at strengthen marine protected areas in
Mediterranean Sea, funded by the FGEF, the Spanish
co-operation and private funds.

Favorable opinion

C - 14

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April February 2008

Annex C4

Response to GEF Council Comments
(Program Manager: Ivan Zavadsky)

January 2008

Comments from the GEF Council
Response

The total co-financing, increased since
The final correct total co-financing is USD
the WP entry is different than the
36,548,200, excluding PDF-B Phase. USD
submitted within the Request for CEO
35,597,700 is for the UNEP led activities and USD
Endorsement; the agency was asked to
950,500 for the UNIDO led activities (see UNEP
re-submit with corrected total figure.
and UNIDO project documents)

All documents have been updated accordingly.

POPs COMPONENT - LG - 10 Jan 2008

1) The desirability for explicit endorsement by the

participating countries of the PCB component was
The endorsement letters from participating
discussed on numerous occasions. In fact this was a
countries were submitted to GEFSEC in December
condition set for WP inclusion but after discussions with 2007 (Annex P). Laurent Granier has been
UNEP at the time of WPI it was agreed that such
informed accordingly.
endorsements from the focal points would be requested

only at CEO endorsement. Recent discussions in the
POPs task force regarding coordination of regional
initiatives and national projects indicate that this is
certainly needed.

POPs COMPONENT - LG - 10 Jan 2008

2) It would be helpful to find in the project document a
Text added to clarify that no overheads or other
statement relative to the financial arrangements with the
PSC are charged by the Centre (Annex F: page 123,
CP/RAC. In light of Stockholm COP-3 discussions and
para Strategy of Implementation; Med LME
decision on regional centres, I would think it necessary
Umbrella Project: page 36, para 136).
to state explicitly that no overheads or other PSC are
C - 15

Annexes A to C

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April February 2008
charged by the Centre, so that in fact 100% of the GEF
resources reach the eligible participating countries.
POPs COMPONENT - LG - 10 Jan 2008

3) Please detail coordination with ongoing GEF funded
Text added to clarify coordination with PCB
PCB projects (e.g. in Morocco and Tunisia), as well as
projects (Annex F: page 123, para Strategy of
articulation of the regional project with planned
Implementation; Med LME Umbrella Project: page
activities of GEF agencies in Lebanon and Egypt (both
36, para 135).
planned for PIF approval in 2009).

C - 16

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008
ANNEX D
Work-plan and Timetable

Component
Sub-Component
1. Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM and management of coastal aquifer

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1.1 Management of Coastal Aquifer and Groundwater

1.1.1 Assessment of coastal aquifer risk and uncertainty and mapping of their

vulnerability
1.1.1.1 Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to the Mediterranean coastal

aquifer
1.1.1.2 Coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping: Pilot Project in one selected country

1.1.1.3 Coastal aquifer supplement to TDA-MED: Development of a coastal TDA

supplement
1.1.2 Regional actions for Costal Aquifer Management

1.1.2.1 Development of a regional Action Plan on Coastal Aquifers

1.1.2.2 Integration of groundwater management in ICZM and IWRM planning

systems
1.1.2.3 Identification and planning of coastal groundwater demonstrations

1.1.2.4 Sustainable Coastal Land Management

1.1.2.5 Implementation of eco-hydrogeology applications for management and

protection of coastal wetlands
1.1.2.6 Coastal aquifer supplement to SAP MED, SAP BIO and NAPs

1.1.3 Legal, Institutional and policy reform for Coastal Aquifer Management

1.1.3.1 Policy/legal/institutional regional assessment for coastal aquifer

management
1.1.3.2 Policy/legal/institutional reform, institutional development and mechanism

for coastal aquifer management
1.1.4 Spatial technology application - Cross cutting activity

D - 1

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008
Component
Sub-Component
1. Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM and management of coastal aquifer

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
1.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management

1.2.1 Support activities in preparation of National ICZM Strategies and NAPs

1.2.1.1 Strengthening the role of ICZM as a policy framework for water resources

management and biodiversity protection
1.2.1.2
Support
to
the
preparation
of
ICZM
NAPs

1.2.1.3 Harmonising national institutional arrangements and legislation with ICZM

Protocol for the Mediterranean
1.2.1.4 Developing/strengthening of coastal legislation in the Mediterranean

(notably national Coastal Laws)
1.2.1.5 Use of Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) as an ICZM tool

1.2.2 Application of ICZM approach, tools, and techniques in demo areas

1.2.2.1 ICZM Plans to demonstrate ICZM approach, tools and techniques in

selected areas
1.2.2.2 Capacity building for effective implementation and sustainable financing of

pilot ICZM projects
1.2.2.3 Coordination and harmonization of ICZM component with other

components' activities in demo projects
1.3 Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

1.3.1 Develop Action Plan for IWRM in the Mediterranean

1.3.2 Catalyse Action and Build capacity on National IWRM Planning in 2 target

countries
1.3.3 Develop Integrated Resources Basin Management (IRBM) in globally

important river basin(s) and adjacent coastal area
1.3.4 Preparation of Short list of Transboundary Basins and Water issues

D - 2

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008

Component
Sub-Component
2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants: implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2.1 Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control

(a) Industrial pollution pilot projects

2.1.1 Phosphogypsum slurry management in Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria

2.1.2 Chromium and BOD control of tanneries effluent in target countries

2.1.3 Lubricating oil recycling and regeneration in target countries

2.1.4 Lead batteries recycling in target countries and Palestinian Authority

2.1.5 Setting ELV in industrial effluents and EQS in all participating countries

2.1.6 Assessment of the magnitude of riverine inputs of nutrients into the Med. Sea

(b) Permit, Inspection and Compliance

2.1.7 Meetings among agencies responsible for permitting, inspections and

enforcement
2.1.8 Training workshops to provide practical guidance and uniformity on

inspecting on the most commonly polluting and industrial facilities of the country
2.1.9 National final meeting for the assessment and feedback to propose solutions

for the formulation of amendments of the existing legislation
2.2 Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST)

First stage: 2.2.1 Set up national focal points

2.2.2 Introduction of the TEST integrated approach

2.2.3 Set-up of the information management system

2.2.4 Identification and selection of demonstration enterprises

2.2.5 Initial review at demonstration enterprises, incl. market and financial viability

Second stage: 2.2.6 Implementation of a Cleaner Production Assessment

2.2.7 Introduction of EMS principles and design of EMS

2.2.8
Introduction
of
Environmental
Management
Accounting

2.2.9 Preparation and promotion of EST investment projects

D - 3

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008

Component
Sub-Component
Continued 2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants: implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs
Cont. 2.1 Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Continued 2.2 Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST)

2.2.10 Introduction of basic principles for the preparation of enterprise sustainable

strategies (SES)
Third Stage: 2.2.11 Preparation of National publication on the application of the

TEST approach
2.2.12 Organization of
national
seminars
in
each
country

2.2.13 Introductory seminars on TEST approach at other enterprises in each country

2.2.14
Regional
Workshop
to
present
the
results
of
TEST-Med
projects

2.2.15
Starting
of
networking
activities

2.3 Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes

containing or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of
Mediterranean countries
2.3.1Legislative/institutional framework for implementation of ESM of PCBs

2.3.2 Demonstration projects to improve the management programme of PCBs

2.3.3 Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs equipment

2.3.4 Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment

2.3.5 National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal programmes

3. Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP BIO and

related NAPs
[3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development

of a Mediterranean MPA Network]
3.1.1 Establishment of coordination mechanism for regional MPA management

3.1.1.1 Inception and Terminal activities

3.1.1.2 Develop communication & information tools

D - 4

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008
Component
Sub-Component
3. Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of MPA
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3.1.1.3
Development
of
long-term
management
arrangements

3.1.1.4 Activities follow up and Advisory Committee meetings

3.1.2 Planning and extended MPA Network

3.1.2.1 Establish priority activities required

3.1.2.2 Identify stakeholders & partnership

3.1.2.3 Assessment of new site options

3.1.2.4
Ecological
assessment
of
demonstration
area

3.1.2.5
Identify
stakeholders
participation
mechanism

3.1.2.6 Identify high seas fisheries protected areas

3.1.2.7 MPA creation guidelines and
teaching
packages

3.1.3 Improved MPA management

3.1.3.1 Management Workshop � Existing MPAs

3.1.3.2 Management Workshop � New MPAs

3.1.3.3 Training for existing MPA managers

3.1.3.4 Training for new MPA mangers

3.1.3.5 Development of innovative training tools

3.1.3.6 Demonstration project on guidelines and specific zoning for the

management of recreational activities in Turkey
3.1.3.7 Demonstration project on guidelines for the management of recreational

fisheries activities in Algeria
3.1.4 Regional MPA monitoring System

3.1.4.1 Feasibility study, design & creation

D - 5

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008
Component
Sub-Component
Continued. 3. Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of MPA
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3.1.4.2 Training MPA managers in M&E

3.1.4.3
Assessment
of
management
effectiveness

3.1.4.4 Demonstration project on monitoring and evaluation system for the

Croatian MPAs network
3.1.5 Ensuring financial Suitability

3.1.5.1 Financial analysis of new MPA needs

3.1.5.2 Training in business planning

3.1.5.3 Financial mechanism for MPA network development

3.1.5.4
Training
in
conservation
finance

3.1.5.5
Demonstration
project
in
Tunisia

3.1.5.6
Demonstration
Project
on
financial
sustainability
mechanism
in
3
countries

3.1.5.7 Demonstration Project in Libya in making an environmental and economic

case for a system of C&MPAs
3.1.6 Support to the Legal Governance

3.1.6.1 Legal assessment

3.1.6.2
Institutional
analysis

3.1.6.3 Legal training for MPA managers

3.1.6.4 Issue of users guide of MPA management issues

3.2 Promotion of the sustainable use of fisheries resources in the

Mediterranean through ecosystem � based management approaches
3.2.1 Regional ecosystem approach to fisheries management

3.2.1.1 Identify regional EAF priorities

3.2.1.2 Apply EAF to fisheries management

3.2.1.3
Legal
reform
for
EAF
implementation

3.2.2 Bycatch reduction at fleet level

3.2.2.1 Bycatch reduction at fleet level

3.2.2.2
Demonstrate
bycatch
mitigation
solutions

D - 6

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008

Component
Sub-Component
Continued. 3. Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
Continued. 3.2 Promotion of the sustainable use of fisheries resources ...
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
3.2.3 Address unsustainable fisheries practices in MPAs

3.2.3.1 Identify areas with significant impacts

4. Project Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies,

Management and M&E
4.1 Project Co-ordination, Management and M&E

4.1.1 Project Management Unit1

4.1.2 Strategic Partnership Project Steering Committee (SPSC)2

4.1.3 Strategic Partnership Coordination Group (SPCG) + WB personnel

4.1.4 Sustainable Financial Mechanism for the long term implementation of NAPs

4.1.5 Long term Sustainability of Activities Beyond the Lifetime of the SP3

4.1.6 Inter agencies meetings

4.1.7
Mid
Term
Stocktaking
Meeting

4.1.8 Auditing, Evaluation and Reporting

4.1.9 Country Focal Point Support Program (CFPSP)

4.1.10 NGOs involvement in the region

4.2 Information and Communication strategies

4.2.1 Design and preparation of IC campaigns, information materials (leaflet,

brochures, etc.)
4.2.2 Design, production and updating of on line LMA magazine

4.2.3 Participation to selected national/international events

4.2.4 Planning of "ad hoc" audiovisual campaigns for wide media dissemination

1 This Sub-component includes the PMU (Project Management Unit), which will extend for a period of six month beyond the project life after the end of the project to
properly finalize and close all the pending financial issues.
2 The first three month of the project will be an inception period during which the first Steering Committee will be held, baseline information gather by the partners will be
finalized and the work-plan of the first year will be discussed and decided in detail.
3 The Steering Committee and the Coordination Group will carry out this Sub-component
D - 7

Annex
D

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February
2008

Component
Sub-Component
Continued. 4. Project Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies, Management and M&E

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
4.3 Replication Strategy

4.3.1 Guiding the replication process

4.3.1.1 Creation of a Med-LME Project Replication Team

4.3.2 Collecting information

4.3.2.1 Developing an ICT Platform, data collection, database, monitoring & updating

4.3.3 Information analysis, sharing and dissemination

4.3.3.1 Information analysis, selection of PMAs and dissemination

4.3.3.2 Organization of two Replication meetings

4.3.3.3 Design and implementation of dissemination mechanism and partnership

building
4.3.3.4 Organization of a regional conference

4.3.4 Replication potential assessment

4.3.4.1 Design and implementation of a Replication Scoring System

4.3.5 Catalysing implementation

4.3.5.1 Initial facilitation of on-site project development

D - 8

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
ANNEX E

MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) PLAN

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP AND REGIONAL COMPONENT

As described in the Project Brief the Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean LME consists of the
following 2 components:

� The Regional Component: Implementation of agreed actions for the protection of the
environmental resources of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal areas (outlined in the present
document), and
� The Investment Fund for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Partnership (" led by the
World Bank and already approved by the GEF Council in August 2006).

The M&E framework presented within this document is for the overall Strategic Partnership and for
the Regional Component. Details of the M&E Plan for the Investment Fund are found in the Project
Brief submitted separately by the World Bank.

1.1.
Project Inception Phase (3 months)

The first meeting of the SP Steering Committee (SPSC) will double as the Inception Workshop for the
project and will therefore include the following participants: SP national focal points from all GEF-
eligible countries, representatives of the implementing agencies (UNEP and the WB), representatives
of the executing agency (UNEP/MAP), the GEF Secretariat, the co-executing agencies (FAO,
UNESCO, UNIDO, MEDPOL, METAP, SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC, INFO/RAC, CP-RAC, WWF, MIO-
ECSDE) and the EU, the Project Manager, the President of the Bureau of Contracting Parties to the
Barcelona Convention, major donors (France, Italy, Spain) and one NGO representing a network of
NGOs in the Mediterranean. The SPSC will be co-chaired by the President of the Bureau of the
Barcelona Convention and the Coordinator of UNEP/MAP.

The objectives of the Inception Workshop are the following:

i. To plan the co-ordination of actions to be undertaken under the Regional Component (UNEP-
MAP and co-executing agencies) and the Investment Fund (World Bank);
ii. To assist the PMU to take ownership of the project's goals and objectives and introduce all co-
executing agencies for the implementation of the project;
iii. To present the roles, support services and complementary responsibilities of the co-executing
agencies of the project and to present UNEP project related budgetary planning, budget reviews,
and mandatory budget re-phasing;
iv. To assist the PMU to finalize preparation of the project's first annual work plan on the basis of
the project's logframe matrix and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan. This will include
reviewing the logframe and M&E plan (indicators, means of verification, assumptions), revising
them if necessary, and on this basis finalize the Annual Work Plan (AWP). The resulting
amendments to the workplan and Log-frame will be adopted by the Steering Committee;
v. To review the baseline data for the M&E indicators, and indicate where additional information
may be required;
vi. To present and review environmental status indicators, reflecting SAP targets and agreements,
which will be developed during the inception period of the project, along with specific
arrangements for their long-term monitoring beyond the lifespan of the project (with the support
of MAP).
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Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
vii. To present the roles, support services and complementary responsibilities of UNEP-MAP, the
World Bank and the co-executing agencies of the project; and
viii. To provide a detailed overview of UNEP reporting and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
requirements, with particular emphasis on the Annual Project Implementation Reviews (PIRs)
and related documentation, the Annual Project Report (APR), as well as mid-term and final
evaluations.

The Inception Workshop will also provide an opportunity for all parties to understand their roles,
functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures, including reporting and
communication lines, and conflict resolution mechanisms. The Terms of Reference for project staff
and decision-making structures will be discussed again, as needed, in order to clarify for all, each
party's responsibilities during the project's implementation phase.

This Project will have a three month inception period which will include the first Steering
Committee/Inception Meeting, the preparation of the report of the meeting, the finalization of the Log-
frame, M&E plan (including environmental status indicators), baseline data and the preparation of the
AWP. Table E1 provides an indicative monitoring and evaluation work plan for the Strategic
Partnership. Table E2 provides the list of indicators for the Strategic Partnership and tables E3 to E5
provide a list of appropriate indicators for the Regional Component. Baseline data will be finalized
during the inception period of the project.

1.2.
Monitoring Responsibilities and Events

The Inception Workshop will present a Schedule of M&E-related meetings and reports for both the
Strategic Partnership and the Regional Component. This will be developed by UNEP, UNIDO, FAO,
the World Bank, the PMU and co-executing agencies.

Such a schedule will include: (i) tentative time frames for Steering Committee and Co-ordination Group
Meetings and (ii) project related Monitoring and Evaluation activities.

Day to day monitoring of implementation progress will be the responsibility of the PMU based on the
Project's Annual Work Plan and its indicators with the support of all responsible co-executing
agencies. The PMU will inform UNEP, UNIDO, FAO and all co-executing agencies of any delays or
difficulties faced during implementation so that the appropriate support or corrective measures can be
adopted in a timely and remedial fashion. The WB will inform UNEP, UNIDO and FAO of any
delays or difficulties faced during implementation of the IF component.

The PMU will fine-tune the progress and performance/impact indicators of the Project at the Inception
Workshop in consultation with UNEP, UNIDO, FAO, the WB and the co-executing agencies.
Specific targets for the first year implementation progress indicators together with their means of
verification will be developed at this Workshop. These will be used to assess whether implementation
is proceeding at the intended pace and in the right direction and will form part of the Annual Work
Plan. Targets and indicators for subsequent years would be defined annually as part of the internal
evaluation and planning processes undertaken by the PMU, and agreed with the Executing and
Implementing Agencies.

Periodic monitoring of implementation progress will be undertaken by UNEP, UNIDO, FAO and the
co-executing agencies through the provision of half-yearly reports submitted to the PMU, UNEP-MAP
and UNEP.

Annual Monitoring will occur through the preparation of the APR to be reviewed by the Steering
Committee (SPSC). The APR will be drafted by the PMU, based on the activity and demonstration
reports by the co-executing agencies. In addition the WB will provide to UNEP, UNIDO and FAO
annual Project Progress Reports.
E - 2

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007

1.3.
Project Monitoring Reporting

The Project Manager in conjunction with the Project extended team (PMU staff, UNEP, UNIDO,
FAO, and all co-executing agencies) will be responsible for the preparation and submission of the
following reports that form part of the monitoring process. Items (a) through (e) are mandatory and
strictly related to monitoring, while (f) through (g) have a broader function and the frequency and
nature is project specific to be defined throughout implementation.

(a)
Inception Report (IR)
A Project Inception Report will be prepared immediately following the Inception Workshop. It will
include a detailed First Year Work Plan divided in quarterly time-frames detailing the activities and
progress indicators that will guide implementation during the first year of the Project. The Report will
also include the detailed project budget for the first full year of implementation, prepared on the basis
of the Annual Work Plan, and including any monitoring and evaluation requirements to effectively
measure project performance during the targeted 12 months time-frame.

The Inception Report will include a more detailed narrative on the institutional roles, responsibilities,
coordinating actions and feedback mechanisms of project related partners. In addition, a section will be
included on progress to date on project establishment and start-up activities and an update of any
changed external conditions that may effect project implementation, including and unforeseen or
newly arisen constraints.

When finalized, the report will be circulated to project counterparts who will be given a period of one
calendar month in which to respond with comments or queries. Prior to this circulation of the IR,
UNEP, UNIDO, FAO and the co-executing agencies will review the document.

(b)
Half-yearly Progress Report (HPR), Annual Project Report (APR) and Project
Implementation Review (PIR)

The HPR is a self-assessment report by project management to the UNEP Office and provides them
with input to the reporting process as well as forming a key input for the Steering Committee. The
PIR is an annual monitoring process mandated by the GEF, to be conducted by the UNEP Task
Manager in consultation with UNEP-MAP. It has become an essential monitoring tool for project
managers and offers the main vehicle for extracting lessons from ongoing projects. In addition, UNEP
Task Manager, based on the knowledge of the project progress, will submit to UNEP Evaluation and
Oversight Unit a annual project report, which is a UNEP self-evaluation tool.

An APR/PIR is prepared on an annual basis following the first 12 months of project implementation.
The purpose of the APR/PIR is to reflect progress achieved in meeting the project's Annual Work Plan
and assess performance of the project in contributing to intended outcomes through outputs and
partnership work. The APR/PIR is discussed in the SPSC meeting so that the resultant report
represents a document that has been agreed upon by all of the primary stakeholders.

The items in the APR/PIR to be provided by UNEP GEF includes the following:
� An analysis of project performance over the reporting period, including outputs produced and,
where possible, information on the status of the outcome;
� The constraints experienced in the progress towards results and the reasons for these;
� The three (at most) major constraints to achievement of results;
� Annual Work Plans and related expenditure reports;
� Lessons learned;
� Clear recommendations for future orientation in addressing key problems in lack of progress.

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
UNEP analyses the individual APR/PIRs by focal area, theme and region for common issues/results
and lessons. The Reports are also valuable for the Independent Evaluators who can utilise them to
identify any changes in project structure, indicators, workplan, etc. and view a past history of delivery
and assessment.

(d) Periodic Thematic Reports
As and when called for by UNEP or UNEP-MAP, the project team will prepare Specific Thematic
Reports, focusing on specific issues or areas of activity. The request for a Thematic Report will be
provided to the project team in written form by UNEP/UNEP-MAP and will clearly state the issue or
activities that need to be reported on. These reports can be used as a form of lessons learnt exercise,
specific oversight in key areas, or as troubleshooting exercises to evaluate and overcome obstacles and
difficulties encountered. UNEP and UNEP-MAP are requested to minimize their requests for
Thematic Reports, and when such are necessary will allow reasonable timeframes for their preparation
by the project team.

(e) Project Terminal Report
During the last three months of the project the project team will prepare the Project Terminal Report.
This comprehensive report will summarize all activities, achievements and outputs of the Project,
lessons learnt, objectives met, or not achieved, structures and systems implemented, etc. and will be
the definitive statement of the Project's activities during its lifetime. It will also lay out
recommendations for any further steps that may need to be taken to ensure sustainability and
replicability of the Project's activities.

(f) Technical Reports (project specific- optional)
Technical Reports are detailed documents covering specific areas of analysis or scientific
specializations within the overall project. As part of the Inception Report, the project team will prepare
a draft Reports List, detailing the technical reports that are expected to be prepared on key areas of
activity during the course of the Project, and tentative due dates. Where necessary this Reports List
will be revised and updated, and included in subsequent APRs. Technical Reports may also be
prepared by external consultants and should be comprehensive, specialized analyses of clearly defined
areas of research within the framework of the project and its sites. These technical reports will
represent, as appropriate, the project's substantive contribution to specific areas, and will be used in
efforts to disseminate relevant information and best practices at local, national and international levels.

(g) Project Publications (project specific- optional)
Project Publications will form a key method of crystallizing and disseminating the results and
achievements of the Project. These publications may be scientific or informational texts on the
activities and achievements of the Project, in the form of journal articles, multimedia publications, etc.
These publications can be based on Technical Reports, depending upon the relevance, scientific worth,
etc. of these Reports, or may be summaries or compilations of a series of Technical Reports and other
research. The project team will determine if any of the Technical Reports merit formal publication,
and will also, in consultation with UNEP, UNEP-MAP, the government and other relevant stakeholder
groups, plan and produce these Publications in a consistent and recognizable format. Any publications
need prior clearance from UNEP and UNEP-MAP. Project resources will need to be defined and
allocated for these activities as appropriate and in a manner commensurate with the project's budget.
INFO/RAC will play a key role in the publication and dissemination of publications (see Component
4.2)

2. INDEPENDENT EVALUATION

The project will be subjected to at least two independent external evaluations as follows:-

(i)
Mid-term Evaluation and Mid-Term Stocktaking Meeting
An independent Mid-Term Evaluation will be undertaken at the end of the second year of
implementation. The Mid-Term Evaluation will determine progress being made towards the
E - 4

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
achievement of outcomes and will identify course correction if needed. It will focus on the
effectiveness, efficiency and timeliness of project implementation; will highlight issues requiring
decisions and actions; and will present initial lessons learned about project design, implementation and
management. Findings of this review will be incorporated as recommendations for enhanced
implementation during the final half of the project's term. The organization, terms of reference and
timing of the mid-term evaluation will be decided after consultation between the parties to the project
document. The Terms of Reference for this Mid-term evaluation will be prepared by UNEP
Evaluation and Oversight Unit.

A mid-term stocktaking meeting will take place during the second or third year of the Strategic
Partnership. It will be convened a few months prior to a Barcelona Convention COP. Participants will
include: all Steering Committee members; representatives of the Executing Agencies, co-financing
agencies and appropriate GEF focal areas; and the managers of all Investment Fund projects both
ongoing and in preparation. The GEF Independent Office of Evaluation will also participate and
present the independent mid-term evaluation of the project. The Regional Project and the Investment
Fund will prepare and submit a consolidated progress report, describing the results achieved in the
context of established indicators, and containing recommendations for any mid term project revisions.
This meeting will provide an opportunity to bring project progress to the attention of the Barcelona
Convention COP.

(ii)
Final Evaluation
An independent Final Evaluation will take place three months prior to the end of the project, and will
focus on the same issues as the mid-term evaluation. The final evaluation will also look at impact and
sustainability of results, including the contribution to capacity development and the achievement of
global environmental goals. The Final Evaluation should also provide recommendations for follow-up
activities. The Terms of Reference for this Mid-term evaluation will be prepared by UNEP-Evaluation
and Oversight Unit in line with the GEF evaluation requirements.
Audit Clause
UNEP-MAP will provide UNEP with quarterly financial reports as well as certified annual financial
statements with an audit of the financial statements relating to the status of UNEP (including GEF)
funds according to the established procedures to be set out in the project document. The Audit will be
conducted by the legally recognized auditor, or by a commercial auditor.

E - 5

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Table E-1: Indicative Monitoring and Evaluation Work Plan and corresponding budget
Activity/Reporting
Time/Frequency
Responsible Partner(s)
Budget USD1

GEF
Other
Inception Workshop
Within the first two
PMU; co-executing
58,000
0
months of project start
agencies; SP Focal Points;

up
UNEP/MAP, UNEP,
UNIDO, FAO, GEF, WB
Inception report
Immediately following
PMU and all executing/co-
4,000
0
the IW/Steering
executing agencies2

Committee
Measurement of initial
Start, middle and end of
PMU and all executing/co-
30,000
0
baseline and means of
the project
executing agencies

verification for project
indicators
Project Implementation Plan
Project Commencement
PMU
0 15,000
(PIP) review of work-plan,
UNEP, UNIDO, FAO
timetable and budget.
WB
Annual Project Report (APR)
Annually PMU,
executing/co-
0
0

executing agencies and WB

Project Implementation
Annually
UNEP, UNIDO, FAO
0
0
Review (PIR)
UNEP-MAP

Half-yearly Progress Reports
Half-yearly PMU,
executing/co-
0 20,000
(HPR) including activity and
executing agencies and WB
demonstration reports from
each partner
SP Steering Committee
Annually
PMU, SPSC, UNEP,
213,000
35,000
meetings and reports
UNIDO, FAO and WB

SP Co-ordination Group
Annually
PMU, SPCG and WB
0
160,000
meetings and reports
Inter-agency (IA) meetings
Annually PMU;
executing/co-
0 35,000
and reports
executing agencies;
Periodic Thematic Reports,
To be determined by the
Executing/co-executing
0 38,000
Technical Reports and
PMU, SPPSP, UNEP
agencies
Project publications
and co-executing
agencies
SP Focal Point reports on
Annually
SP National Focal Points
0
0
country activities including
minutes of inter-ministry
committee meetings.
Independent Mid-term
Mid-point of project
UNEP, UNIDO, FAO
45,000
0
Project Evaluation
implementation phase

Mid-Term Stocktaking
Mid-point of project
PMU, SPSC, UNEP,
0 71,000
meeting
implementation phase
UNIDO, FAO and WB
Final Independent Project
End of project
UNEP, UNIDO, FAO
45,000
0
Evaluation
implementation

Terminal Report
At least one month prior
PMU,
20,000
0
to project termination
Executing/co-executing

agencies, WB
Lessons learned
Annually
PMU Executing/co-
55,000
0
executing agencies, WB

Quarterly financial reports
Quarterly
UNEP-MAP
40,000
0

Audit Annually
UNEP-MAP
40,000
0

1 Excluding Project team salaries
2 FAO, WWF, UNESCO UNIDO, SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC, CP/RAC, GWP-MED, MIO-ECSDE, METAP,
UNEP-MAP MEDPOL
E - 1

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Activity/Reporting
Time/Frequency
Responsible Partner(s)
Budget USD1

GEF
Other
TOTAL INDICATIVE COST
550,000
374,000
Excluding project team staff time and UNEP staff and travel expenses

The following tables (Table E-2 to Table E-5) list the principal indicators showing improvements in
Process and Stress Reduction relative to Project activities and deliverables. Process and Stress
Reduction tables capture the primary indicators from the Log-Frame. Table E-2 presents the principal
indicators for the overall Strategic Partnership (including RC and IF). Tables E-3 to E-5 lists the
indicators for the Regional Component.

These tables and their indicators will be reviewed at the Inception stage and endorsed by the SPCG.
Environmental status indicators, reflecting SAP targets and agreements, will also be identified, along
with specific arrangements for their long-term monitoring beyond the lifespan of the project (with the
support of MAP). Following endorsement, the PMU will develop a national monitoring template for
Impact Measurement which directly relates to the requirements for IW indicator monitoring and this
will be adopted and implemented within the first 6 months so as to allow monitoring to proceed at the
national level during or immediately after the Inception Phase. This will provide measured and
verified date for the overall M&E plan which will confirm Project delivery and confirm successful
achievement of IW Indicator targets in Process and Stress Reduction.
E - 2

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
IW, BD AND POPS PROCESS, STRESS REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
Table E-2. Strategic Partnership Indicators

Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters measured
Target and Baseline3
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
Project Co-ordination and Management
Establishment of a Strategic
SPPSC established and functional Target: Within the first three
Progress reports (HPR) UNEP-MAP Regional
Partnership Project Steering
months of project implementation
Steering Committee
Committee (SPPSC) to engage all
Meeting Reports
key stakeholders involved in SAP-
SP Focal Point reports
MED and SAP-BIO implementation
Establishment of a Strategic
SPCG established and functional
Target: Within the first three
Progress reports (HPR) UNEP-MAP Regional
Partnership Coordination Group
months of project implementation
Steering Committee
Meeting Reports
Establishment of a Project
PMU established and functional
Target: Within the first month of
Inception report, HPR
UNEP-MAP Regional
Management Unit for the Regional
project implementation
reports
Component of the Strategic
Partnership
Identification and design of sub-
No of IF projects based on SAP
Target: All IF projects based on
Progress reports (HPR) UNEP-MAP and All countries
projects under the Investment Fund
priorities
SAP priorities
Steering Committee
WB
component reflect systematic
No of IF projects that further
Meeting Reports
interactions within the context of the activities of the RC
WB PPR reports
coordination mechanisms of the
Regional Project component
Replication/communication strategy
Regional replication strategies
No of regional strategies
Target: Min of 5 regional strategies HPR reports PRT
INFO-RAC and
Regional
designed and implemented for each
designed
for replication designed by year 5.
documents and reports WB
Investment Fund sub-project
No of projects replicated

3 More detailed baseline data is also available in Annexes F, H, I, M and N
E - 3

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters measured
Target and Baseline3
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
At least 20 new potential replicable
No of replicable projects
Target: 20 replicable projects by
APR, HPR, PIR reports
INFO-RAC Regional
projects identified, including their
developed and ready for
year 5
SPSC, SPCG Meeting
funding mechanisms.
implementation
reports
PRT documents and
reports; PRP
Assessment
documents; PRP final
documents.
Communication Strategy for the
Positive feedback from
Target: All relevant stakeholders
Leaflets, brochures,
INFO-RAC All
participating
Strategic Partnership developed,
stakeholders and
informed of project activities by
etc.
countries
improving access to, and sharing of,
national/international
year 2. Lessons learned
Event reports
information, results and lessons
organizations informed of SP
disseminated to all
Web site
learned with all key stakeholders
project activities and results.
national/international organizations Campaign reports
informed of the project activities,
High level of access to web-site
by year 5

and sharing of lessons learned
and requests for information
through IW:LEARN

Resource mobilization strategy/financing mechanism
Financial Networking mechanism
Partnerships established between Target: Within the first 2 years
Meeting reports;
MEDPOL (and
Regional
established linking international and
Public and private sector for SAP

Adoption by MAP of
UNEP-GPA)
regional financial institutions for NAP and NAP implementation;
Baseline: No current regional the guidelines; HPR
implementation and environmental

financing mechanism for SAP-MED and activity reports
investments
Guidelines for Public sector
and SAP-BIO implementation

investment planning and private

sector participation prepared
with Cooperation from private
and public sectors
Long term Sustainability of Activities Beyond the Lifetime of the SP
Long-term Barcelona Convention
No of stakeholders informed of
Target: Strategic framework
Reports of MAP
MAP and
Regional
and MAP based public/private
projects outcomes
established within MAP before year
MEDPOL
framework in place and operational
No of partnerships established
5
Recommendations
meeting BC defined objectives for
No of environmental initiatives

approved by the CoP
sustained LME management.
developed with private sector
Baseline: There is currently no co- of the Barcelona
ordinated framework to ensure Convention
region wide collaboration of
private/public sector
E - 4

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Tables E-3 to E-5: Regional Component Indicators
Table E-3. Regional Level Process Indicators

Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters measured
Target and Baseline4
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
Regional legislation drafted and presented for adoption to the CoP
Regional Action Plan on Coastal
Action Plan drafted finalized with
Target: By year 5
Adopted by CoP
UNESCO
Regional
Aquifers
involvement of all countries and

relevant stakeholders
Baseline: No regional plan exists
Regional plan for eco-
Regional Plan drafted finalized
Target: By year 5
Adopted by CoP
UNESCO
Regional
hydrogeological management, and
with involvement of all countries

land degradation mitigation and
and relevant stakeholders
Baseline: No regional plan exists
protection of priority coastal
wetlands
Regional Action Plan for IWRM
Regional Action Plan formulated
Target: By year 5
Regional Action Plan
GWP-MED Regional

through participatory

Reports of sub-regional

consultation with governments
Baseline: No common IWRM plan consultations
and stakeholders
or guidelines for Mediterranean. Proceedings of
Regional High-Level Conference
Will be based on MSSD and Euro- Regional Conference
organized
Mediterranean Partnership
Dissemination material
Regional Action Plan adopted
and provides framework for
concrete follow up action
Newly established and/strengthened transboundary waters institutions including:
Regional Coordinating unit for MPA
Institutional arrangements
Target: Within the first year
HPR reports
SPA-RAC and
Regional
management established and
agreed and in place.

WWF-MeDPO
methodologies for MPA creation
Regional Coordinating unit
Baseline: Furthers the work
agreed
functional and actively
undertaken by MEDPAN (2005-
coordinating and monitoring
2007)
project activities.

4 More detailed baseline data is also available in Annexes F, H, I, M and N
E - 5

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters measured
Target and Baseline4
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
Tools/guidelines for improved
3 management tools developed
Target: 3 tools demonstrated in 2
HPR and activity
SPA-RAC and
Regional
management of MPAs developed
and disseminated to managers,
MPA's (western and eastern
reports
WWF-MeDPO
Demonstrated in
and implemented
practitioners, relevant authorities Mediterranean) by year 5
A set of documents
2 MPAs (to be
and stakeholders

and management tools
defined)
Tools successfully applied in 2
Baseline: Limited management (3), available in three
MPA's; and their results widely
tools targeted for Mediterranean languages
disseminated
MPAs

MPA monitoring framework
Database established, including
Target: A monitoring scheme
Activity and
SPA-RAC and
Regional
developed and accepted for
integrated indicators for MPA;
developed for the network of MPAs demonstration,
WWF-MeDPO
implementation
guidance and methodology;
and implemented in at least one of
meetings and
The Rapid Assessment and
the countries involved in the
workshop reports;
Prioritization of Protected Areas
project by year 4
Feasibility study report;
Management method adapted to

Database;
MPAs
Baseline: No regional MPA
Training documents;
monitoring framework existing
Guidance and

methodology
document
Stakeholder participation:
NGO Involvement Plan finalized,
Positive feedback from
Target: All relevant NGOs/CBOs
Qualitative analysis on
MIO-ECSDE
All participating
published and all stakeholders
NGO/CBO's regarding
receive a copy of the Involvement
how effective NGO
and INFO-RAC
countries
receive a copy early in project
involvement in the project
Plan by year 3
involvement has been -
implementation

to be conducted at the
Baseline: Long history of
end of the project;
stakeholder involvement in
HPR reports; Activity
Mediterranean projects
reports

E - 6

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Table E-4. National Level Process Indicators

Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
National/sub-regional legal/policy documents drafted/adopted based on identified policy gaps (for pollution reduction, MPA management and creation, EAF, ICZM,
IWRM and management of aquifers and groundwater) including:
A single legal governance approach National legal and policy
Target: Min of 12 legal and policy
Project reports and
SPA-RAC and All participating
to support the establishment and documents drafted for all 12
documents by year 4
publications
WWF-MedPO
countries
function of MPA's throughout the countries for the management of
Mediterranean region, providing a existing and creation of new
Baseline: Inadequate6
framework for legislation
MPA's

development at national level
Ecosystem approach mainstreamed
Number of sub-regional and
Target: 4 sub-regional policy and
National policy
FAO/GFCM Sub-regional
and
into fisheries management policies
national policy documents for
management reforms drafted; 5
documents, regional
national
and activities
EAF
national policy and management
EAF action plans under
reforms drafted by year 4
GFCM (regional),

COPEMED, EastMed,
Baseline: Ecosystem approach is
AdriaMed and
currently not mainstreamed into
MedSudMed (sub-
fisheries management policies and
regional);
activities
National policy documents for SAP-
Number of review reports
Target: 10 national policy
Review reports on
MEDPOL Lebanon,
MED priorities: Management of

documents drafted and in the existing legal
Tunisia, Turkey,
phosphogypsum wastes (Lebanon
Number of new or revised policy
process of adoption by year 5.
instruments
Syria, Albania,
and Tunisia), tannery effluents
documents

Egypt and Libya
(Turkey), recycling of lubricating oil

Baseline: No national policy New/revised legal and
(Algeria) and lead batteries (Syria),
documents exist regarding these policy documents
PCB disposal (5 countries)
issues, which instead fall under the drafted and in the
general national environmental law. process of adoption.
Regarding lub-oil and lead
batteries, they fall under the Basel
Convention which all countries
have ratified, but again there are
no specific laws

5 Countries participating in project activities and demonstrations are given in Annex G, and are still to be confirmed
6 See Annex N for full baseline analysis
E - 7

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
Five countries with strengthened
No of revised legal, regulatory Target: Revised legal, regulatory
Review reports on
MEDPOL
Albania, Egypt,
legislative and regulatory
and administrative instruments
and administrative instruments
existing legal
CP/RAC
Lebanon, Libya,
frameworks for the management of

drafted and in the process of
instruments
Syria
POPs;
No of documents/guidelines on adoption by year 5

ESM standards for PCB

New/revised legal and
equipment
Baseline: All countries have ratified policy documents
the Stockholm Convention.
drafted and in the
However, specific legal and
process of adoption.
institution arrangements for PCB
management, handling,
monitoring, phase out and disposal
are inadequate or lacking
National legal and policy documents
No of national legal and policy Legal
and
policy
PAP-RAC
Montenegro,
drafted and in process of adoption
documents drafted and adopted
documents,
GWP-MED
Albania, Algeria
for ICZM in 4 selected countries with No of national and local
HPR reports
UNESCO
and Lebanon
specific focus on the protection of
institutions' staff dealing with

the Mediterranean Sea Basin from
ICZM and IWRM trained on
bio-diversity loss and pollution from
systemic inclusion of relevant
land-based sources
issues in national policy

framework for pollution reduction
and biodiversity protection;
No of newly adopted national
policy documents on ICZM and
IWRM in support of the
implementation of SAP MED and
SAP BIO;
Stakeholder participation:

Effective national inter-ministry
All countries have established
Target: Within the first 5 months
HPR
UNEP-MAP All
participating
coordination.
inter-ministry committees
Project Steering
countries
Committee Meeting
Reports
Focal Point reports
E - 8

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
Full stakeholder involvement in the No of stakeholders participating Target: By year 5
Review reports
MIO-ECSDE,
All participating
preparation and implementation of in project demonstration design
Project documentation UNEP-MAP
countries
all demonstrations
and implementation
Baseline: Stakeholder participation showing the extent of (and all co-

not always sufficient in past stakeholder
executing
Results disseminated to all projects due to inadequate participation in project agencies)
relevant stakeholders
planning
committees and

activities
GEF SGP projects address the No of GEF SGP aligned with SAP Target: By year 5
GEF SGP Monitoring MIO-ECSDE Morocco,
environmental concerns of the SAP and NAP priorities

and evaluation
Tunisia, Egypt,
MED and SAP BIO
No of documented case studies Baseline: GEF SGP has not included Project reports
Palestinian
from SPG projects identifying SAP priorities as part of their Case study reports
Authority,
lessons
criteria in the past
Lebanon, Syria,
Turkey and
Albania
Strengthened national institutions/application of new plans, tools, techniques and guidelines
ICZM NAPs drafted through a The attendance of national high- Target: By year 5
Meeting and
PAP/RAC All
countries
participatory approach and adopted level decision makers to the
conference reports;

for minimum of 2 countries
consultation meetings, workshop Baseline: Inadequate ICZM NAP for Demo projects
NAPs for 2

and conference on ICZM most countries7
progress reports;
countries
Strategy; Number of national
Stakeholders

ICZM Strategies endorsed by the
Interactive
Governments; Number of
participatory plan
National Action Plans (NAPs) for
(IPP);
Strategy implementation
Training courses
prepared; Number of ICZM Plans
materials and reports;
prepared in selected
Outline for national
demonstration sites; ICZM
ICZM strategies and
demonstration projects
NAPs;
implemented and results
ICARM Plan;
analyzed for their replication;
Stakeholders involvement in
demonstration areas

7 Full baseline analysis is given in Annex I
E - 9

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
ICZM Plans finalized for two areas
Final ICZM plans for two selected Target: By year 5
Meeting reports;
PAP/RAC
2 selected areas
areas; Joint meetings and
progress reports; ICZM
Montenegro and
harmonization meetings
Baseline: Inadequate8
Plan for a
Albania : Skadar
organized; Two national

transboundary demo
(Alb.: Shkodra)
workshops prepared and
area of high
lake - Bojana
organized; workshop reference
environmental
(Buna) river and
document prepared and
sensitivity; ICZM Plan
estuary)
disseminated.
for a wetland-marine
Algeria (the
area of high
Reghaia
biodiversity value
wetlands, lake

and coastal
area)
IWRM plans drafted for 2 countries
No
of
catalyzing
multi- Target: By year 5
Activity reports,
GWP-MED 2
countries
stakeholder workshops; No of
Meeting reports;
training courses
Baseline: Only a very few countries Training/Capacity

have completed their national building material;
No of IWRM plans elaborated
IWRM plans or their very close to IWRM Roadmaps or
and even attempt to gradually related documents-
move in the implementation phase.
Many countries are in the process
of developing their national IWRM
plans while a smaller group of
countries are still in the very initial
phase of preparation

8 Full baseline analysis is given in Annex I
E - 10

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
IRBM plan for 2 water bodies No of catalyzing multi- Target: IRBM plan for 2 water Activity reports,
GWP-MED,
Montenegro and
prepared in parallel with ICZM and stakeholder workshops;
bodies (aprox. 350 km2) finalized Meeting reports; IRBM UNESCO and Lebanon
Coastal Aquifer
No of training courses
by year 5
plans; Project reports; PAP/RAC

2 IRBM plans

Dissemination material
Baseline: Few adequate IRMB
plans.
Tools/guidelines for ICZM, IWRM No of institutions adopting new Target: Minimum of 24
Meeting and
GWP-MED,
All countries
and Aquifer management applied tools; No of trained professionals ICZM/IWRM related institutions to conference reports;
UNESCO and
including COED, SEA, the ICARM on new tools; The attendance of adopt and apply new
Demo projects
PAP/RAC
approach, coastal aquifer and land national high-level decision- tools/guidelines developed for progress reports;
management approaches developed makers at the meetings; COED ICZM, IWRM and Aquifer
Stakeholders
and implemented at demonstration prepared in number of countries; management
Interactive
sites, and eco-hydrogeology
CCA prepared in one of
participatory plan
applications for management and countries; ICZM approaches, Baseline: Inadequate9
(IPP);
protection of coastal wetlands.
tools and techniques

Training courses
demonstrated in selected

materials and reports;
countries;
2 sectoral COED
International
assessments;

Case study for harmonising national No of key stakeholders informed Target: All coastal zone managers Workshop report
PAP/RAC All
countries
institutional arrangements and of ICZM protocol
and 15 juridical practitioners Case study
legislation with ICZM Protocol. 15
informed about ICZM Protocol
juridical practitioners trained on

implications of national ratification of
Baseline: None
the Protocol

9 Detailed baseline data in Annex I
E - 11

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
Tools/guidelines for pollution
No of institutions adopting new Target: By year 5
Pilot projects reports;
MEDPOL,
All countries
reduction from land-based sources tools/techniques/guidelines;

Guidelines adopted;
WHO-MED
tools applied: ELV (and EQS), No of trained professionals;
Baseline: Tools/guidelines
Training materials;
guidelines for pollution reduction ( No of workshops and attendance introduced to countries that do not reports of the
phosphogypsum wastes, tannery
have appropriate tools/guidelines workshops of national
effluents, the recycling of lubricating
to assist in meeting SAP-MED and regional experts in
oil and lead batteries) guidelines for
targets
private and public
marine litter management and plans
sectors; Plans of
of action for permitting, compliance
action endorsed for
and inspection systems.
the uniform approach
to permit and
inspection; ELV and
EQS approved by
national authorities;
Five countries with strengthened No of personnel of electrical Target: By year 3
Training/workshop
MEDPOL
Albania, Egypt,
administrative capacity, including companies trained in appropriate
reports, training
CP/RAC
Lebanon, Libya,
chemicals management
disposal of PCB's from electrical Baseline: To be identified
material; ToRs
Syria
administration within the central companies
government

No of personnel trained on risk
assessment and precautionary
planning of phase out of
contaminated service equipment

Project management and
steering group established

E - 12

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
Target enterprises implement
6 demonstrations enterprises in 3 Target: By year 5
Activity and workshop
UNIDO and
4 countries
integrated approaches to
countries adopt EST;

reports; Training
CP/RAC
(Tunisia,
environmental management and No of staff trained in EST;
Baseline: Few industries use material;
Morocco,
national institutions have the Results disseminated to other
Environmentally Sound Technology Dissemination of
Lebanon, Egypt)
competence to assess environmental enterprises and industrial
(EST); Capacity exists but it is not results at and of
management in industry
associations (as well as to
coordinated; Lack of awareness project; Contact with
enterprises in the rest of the
industry on the benefits of EST; target enterprises to
region)
National legislation regarding ESTs, verify ISO
BETs, and BATs is scarce.
certification;

Communication/Revisit

the target enterprises
to check production
results and monitoring
figures
Tools/guidelines for the protection of No of institutions adopting new Target: Tools/guidelines applied in Countries' reports,
FAO-GFCM,
All countries
biodiversity including:
tools/techniques/guidelines;
a min. of 20 relevant institutions
local workshops
SPA-RAC and
tools/guidelines for the management No of trained professionals;

proceedings;
WWF
of MPA's, fisheries plans will be No of workshops and attendance Baseline: Institutional
Training sessions and
developed and implemented to
strengthening required for
material;
integrate EAF and biodiversity
appropriate MPA management and A set of documents
conservation in the Fisheries
adoption of EAF
and management
Research Institutes and

tools, available in
management organizations and

three languages
implementation of a methodology for

by-catch reduction.

Approximately 33 demonstration
No of demonstrations
Target: By year 5
HPR reports
All partners
All participating
projects resulting in direct
No of demonstrations replicated

Demonstration reports
countries
improvement of 15% of identified
No of hotspots directly improved
Baseline: 101 hot-spots identified
hotspots and indirect benefits to
in the TDA-MED
50% of all hot-spots (replication of
demonstrations, policy, institutional,
legal reforms and improved
integrated management)

E - 13

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Process Indicators/Activity
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action5
Sustainable

financing/investments
Financial Strategies for sustainable
Policy briefs;
Target: By year 2
Policy briefs; "tool kits" MEDPOL (and
All participating
financing of SAP-MED developed
Toolkits

and guidelines;
UNEP-GPA)
countries
Baseline: No financial strategies Guidelines; Training
defined for SAP-MED
documentation;
implementation except for within Proposals
countries sectoral national plans
implementing SAP

priorities with funding
mechanisms finalized
12 countries that receive support for Financial mechanisms
Target: By year 5
Trainings and training
SPA-RAC and All participating
strengthening PA systems to ensure investigated and developed for at
material (guidance and WWF-MedPO
countries
their long-term sustainability
least 3 MPAs;
Baseline:
methodological
Members of the network trained

documentation);
in MPAs business plan

A framework of
development;
business plan;
MPAs conservation financial
A study report,
mechanisms and the financial
technical
sustainability of the MPAs
recommendations and
network assessed;
guidance;
N. of trainings, n. of participants
Business plan and
to the trainings, assessments
feasibility study for
finalized, framework of Business
Tunisia;
Plan, guidance and methodology,
implementation of the method
Priority intervention and investment Assessment of 20 transboundary Target: By year 5
Activity reports,
GWP-MED 20
opportunities identified in
water bodies and concrete
Meeting reports; Local
transboundary
approximately 15 shared water interventions and investments

pre-feasibility
water bodies
bodies

assessments; Meetings
reports;
Methodology for selection,
A compendium containing lists of Target: By year 5
Compendium
PAP-RAC All
countries
implementation and sustainable funding regulations, programmes
Progress reports
financing of pilot ICZM projects and financial institutions in the Baseline: Majority of ICZM projects Stakeholders IPP
drafted and distributed
region relevant to environmental fail due to lack of sustainable
and ICZM projects widely financing
disseminated

E - 14

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Table E-5. Stress Reduction Indicators

Stress Reduction Indicators
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
ICZM, IWRM and Management of Aquifers
Aquifers and Land degradation
No of Management measures Target: Total 20,000 hectares
Project progress
UNESCO (in
Algeria,

implemented in demo's
reports;
collaboration
Morocco,
20,000 hectares of land directly adequate to address issues Sub-reg 1 N. African coast, Algeria, Demonstration
with PAP-RAC
Tunisia,
impacted by intervention for 6 countries of pollution reduction,
Morocco, Tunisia (sedimentary reports;
and GWP-MED)
Lebanon, Syria,
(coastal urban, coastal plains/agriculture, biodiversity conservation;
aquifers): coastal urban, coastal Project monitoring
Croatia and
and upper watersheds, to address LBS, No of institutions
plains, upper watersheds/aquifer and evaluation
Montenegro
coastal salinization, through coastal strengthened/implementing
recharge areas: 10,000 hectares
reports;
sedimentation and siltation, flooding, new tools/techniques;

wetland sedimentation)
Area of land under improved Sub-reg 2 Eastern Mediterranean
management
Coast: Lebanon, Syria (karst
aquifers): 6,000 hectares

Sub-reg 3 Eastern Adriatic Coast:
Croatia, Montenegro: 4,000
hectares

Baseline: 20,000 km2 (2,000,000
ha) = aprox. 1% of total
Aquifers and groundwater
Area of land under improved Target: 300 Hectares of wetland by Project progress
UNESCO (in
Tunisia and

management;
year 5
reports;
collaboration
Croatia
300 Hectares of wetland under proper No of institutions

Demonstration
with PAP-RAC
wetland management
strengthened/implementing

reports;
and GWP-MED
new tools/techniques
Project monitoring
and evaluation
reports;

ICZM/IWRM
Area of land under improved Target: Boka Kotorska Bay Project progress
PAP-RAC, GWP- Montenegro
3 demonstrations resulting in 45,000 management;
(Montenegro) - 150 km2, - Litani reports;
MED and
Lebanon
hectares of coastal zone managed No of institutions
River (Lebanon) - 200 km2
Demonstration
UNESCO
through application of ICZM and IWRM
strengthened/implementing
- Reghaia - 100 km2
reports;

new tools/techniques

Project monitoring
Baseline: 1.1 million km2
and evaluation
(110,000,000 hectares) = 0.04%
reports;

E - 15

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Stress Reduction Indicators
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
Pollution from land-based sources
Min. of 1,03 tones of cadmium (Cd) from Quantity of phosphogypsum Target: 50% reduction according +Industry register
MEDPOL Salaata,
North
phosphogypsum wastes avoided in slurry released into the sea
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Lebanon
Lebanon

+MAP reporting
Baseline: 2,06 tons/y of Cd.
system
Min. of 90,75 tones of mercury (Hg)
Quantity of phosphogypsum
Target: 50% reduction according
+Industry register
MEDPOL Sfax,
Tunisia
from phosphogypsum wastes avoided in
slurry released into the sea
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Lebanon

+MAP reporting
Baseline: 181,5 tons/y of mercury
system
Min. of 0,93 tones of lead (Pb) from
Quantity of phosphogypsum
Target: 50% reduction according
+Industry register
MEDPOL Sfax,
Tunisia
phosphogypsum wastes avoided in
slurry released into the sea
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Lebanon

+MAP reporting
Baseline: 1,85 tons/y of lead
system
Min. of 76,5 tones of Cr from tannery
Loads of Cr released
Target: 50% reduction according
+Industry register
MEDPOL Buyuk
effluents avoided in Turkey
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Menderes,

+MAP reporting
Izmir , Turkey
Baseline: 153 tons/y
system
Min. of 1755 tones of BOD from tannery
Loads of BOD released
Target: 50% reduction according
+Industry register
MEDPOL Buyuk
effluents avoided in Turkey
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Menderes,

+MAP reporting
Izmir , Turkey
Baseline:3510 tons/y
system
Min. of 525 tones of total nitrogen from
Loads of total nitrogen
Target: 50% reduction according
+Industry register
MEDPOL Buyuk
tannery effluents avoided in Turkey
released
to SAP in demonstration site
+National register
Menderes,

+MAP reporting
Izmir , Turkey
Baseline;1050 tons/y
system
Min. of 80.000 tones of lubricating oil
Quantity of Luboil collected
Target: 50% reduction or 80000
+ national register
MEDPOL Algeria.
recycled in Algeria
tons/y collected
+Number of new
National level
Baseline: 160.000 tons/y
collection companies
Min. of 150 tones of lead batteries
Number of tons of batteries
Target: 50% recycled
+ national register
MEDPOL Syria,
Tartous
recycled in Syria
recycled
Baseline: 300 tons/y
+Number of new
and Lattakia

collection companies
Governorates

E - 16

Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Stress Reduction Indicators
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
ESM of equipment, stocks and wastes containing or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries
870 tones of PCB's removed and
Tons and cost per ton (per
Target: 870 tons of PCBs at a cost
+ Number of
MEDPOL
Lebanon:
disposed in 5 countries
compound);
of 3.220 US$ per ton
authorizations
CP/RAC
national level

Albania:Vlora
Baseline: To be assessed fully
Egypt:
during inception period
Mediterranean
Lebanon: 42 tons (100%)
coast
Albania: 209 tons (13%)
Libya: to be
Egypt: 209tons
defined
Libya: 209tons
Syria: Coastal
Syria: 209tons (9%)
area

POPs phased-out from use
Tons and cost per ton (per
Target: To be identified during
MEDPOL
Albania, Egypt,
compound);
inception phase
CP/RAC
Lebanon,

Libya, Syria
Baseline: To be assessed during
inception phase
Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST-MED)
Water productivity at demonstration Water productivity at
Target: Reduction of 40% at all Demonstration
UNIDO and CP- 8
enterprises increased by 40%
demonstration enterprises
demonstration enterprises by year reports
RAC
demonstration
5
enterprises in
Baseline: To be identified
Tunisia,
Reduction of pollution loads at the Total Hg and Cd (in biota and Target: Aprox. 30% reduction in UNEP/MAP MEDPOL's UNIDO and CP- Morocco,
demonstration enterprises.
sediment); Nutrients,
BOD and 50% in heavy metals by monitoring
RAC
Lebanon, Egypt

dissolved oxygen,
year 5,
programme reports
chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton; Baseline: To be identified
and database10
BOD5, COD

Marine protected Areas and Sustainable fisheries
By catch of iconic and vulnerable species % by catch in the Target: Reduction of 75% in by Demonstration
FAO/GFCM Morocco
and
reduced by 75 %
demonstration areas
catch in the 2 demonstration areas reports
Turkey
(covering aprox. 2,000 ha)
Baseline: Overall discard rate in the
Mediterranean is 4.9%, but often is
as high as 50% for areas that are
trawled.
Unsustainable fishing practices reduced % reduction of fishing Target: 90% reduction by year 5. Demonstration
FAO/GFCM
Morocco,

10 For more information see http://195.97.36.231/medpol/
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Annex E

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Stress Reduction Indicators
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Verification
agency
Action
by a minimum of 90 % at regionally practices
Includes a SPAMIs, MPAs and one reports Tunisia,
Egypt,
prioritized sites in 7 countries covering
dolphin reserve.
Libya, Turkey,
30,000 ha.
Baseline: Destructive fishing
Croatia, Algeria
practices biggest threat to fisheries
and biodiversity for many countries
such as dynamite and poison
fishing
Area under protection to be increased by Area of MPA's
WDPA (September 2006) lists 287
Demonstration
SPA-RAC and
All countries
10%, from 9,732,600 hectares to
MPAs for the Mediterranean,
reports
WWF-MedPO
10,705,860 hectares
covering approx 982,000 hectares
2 MPAs (covering approx 12 100 No of management tools Target: By year 5
Demonstration
SPA-RAC and
Turkey and
hectares) with managed appropriately
developed and applied in Baseline: Management of MPA's
reports
WWF-MedPO
Algeria
demonstration areas
inadequate.

Table E-6. Environmental/Water resources Status Indicators

Environmental/Water resources
Parameters Measured
Target and Baseline
Means of
Responsible
Location of
Status Indicators
Verification
agency
Action
To be further developed during the

inception period of the project

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / February 2008
ANNEX F

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENT ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING DEMONSTRATION AND
RELEVANT SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Component 1: Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM,
IWRM and management of coastal aquifers......................................................................................2
Sub-Component 1.1: Management of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater ........................................................ 2
Sub-Component 1.2: Integrated Coastal Zone Management...................................................................29
Sub-Component 1.3: Integrated Water Resource Management........................................................................ 58
Component 2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants:
implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs .............................................................................81
Sub-component 2.1: Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control................................. 81
2.1a Industrial Pollution Pilot Projects ......................................................................................................... 81
2.1 b Permit, Inspections and Compliance Systems ..................................................................................... 86
Sub-component 2.2: Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST) ............................................... 87
Sub-component 2.3: Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes containing or
contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries................................... 111
Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAP BIO and related
NAPs...................................................................................................................................................128
Sub-component 3.1: Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of a Mediterranean
MPA Network ................................................................................................................................................ 128
3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through development of a Mediterranean MPA
network......................................................................................................................................................130
3.2 Sustainable Use of fisheries resources in the Mediterranean through ecosystem � based
management approaches .........................................................................................................................131
3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of a Mediterranean MPA
Network.........................................................................................................................................................132
Sub-Component 3.2. Promote the Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources in the Mediterranean through
Ecosystem-based Management Approaches................................................................................................... 149
Component 4: Project Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies, Management
and M&E ...........................................................................................................................................158
Sub-Component 4.1: Project Co-ordination, Management and M&E ........................................................ 158
4.1.1: Program Management Unit (PMU).......................................................................158
4.1.2: Strategic Partnership Project Steering Committee (SPSC) ......................................159
4.1.3: Strategic Partnership Coordination Group (SPCG).................................................160
Activity 4.1.4: Sustainable financing mechanism for the long term implementation of NAPs .................. 161
Activity 4.1.5: NGO mobilization .............................................................................................................. 165
Sub-component 4.2: Information and Communication Strategies.................................................................. 170
Sub-component 4.3: Replication Strategy ...................................................................................................... 171

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007

Component 1: Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs:
ICZM, IWRM and management of coastal aquifers

Sub-Component 1.1: Management of Coastal Aquifers and Groundwater
(GEF 1,770,000 $, Co-financing 4,973,000 $)

Implementing Agency

UNESCO/HP, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization/Hydrological
Programme

Background/Context/Rationale

In the Southern, Eastern and Adriatic Mediterranean basins the surface watercourses are limited and
the coastal aquifers dominate the discharges and contributions to the Mediterranean sub-basin water
balance and related water transport of Land Base Source (LBS) contaminants into the marine and
coastal waters. In this process the coastal aquifers control seawater intrusion and coastal salinization
and support coastal fresh- and brackish water ecosystems and habitats for a rich biodiversity. The
relatively high importance of coastal groundwater exchange with the coastal and marine water bodies
is due to the semi-arid and arid climate in the southern and eastern sections, and on the other hand to
the hydro-geological conditions and the predominance of karst aquifer systems along the entire
Mediterranean coast (Figure 2). As a result a major share of the freshwater inflows into the
Mediterranean Sea are in the form of groundwater discharges from large and dominantly non-
renewable regional aquifer systems in the south, and from karst and local coastal aquifers, vulnerable
to contamination and LBS transport into the coastal waters.

Land degradation, as a major concern along the Mediterranean coast, represents a principal source of
LBS pollution of the coastal and marine waters. Coastal land degradation and pollution loads
transported and deposited as coastal sedimentation represents a growing threat to coastal and marine
biodiversity. Land conservation therefore, especially in upper watersheds in the coastal foothills, offer
important opportunities to reduce LBS and silting up of coastal wetlands, and at the same time to
enhance water resources to address the principal problem of coastal water shortage and drying up and
loss of humid zones. The land linkage in integrated coastal land and water management approach
could produce important synergies in support of sustainable ICZM. International environmental
management, as provided under the Rio Conventions, CBD, CCC, CCD and other global instruments,
recognizes the needs and provides for opportunities to work towards a common focus and develop
synergies between the conventions in concrete projects at the national and local level where joint land
and groundwater management, as the key feature of the coastal aquifer sub-component, represents
significant opportunities to synergies between the Conventions (Figure 1). The approach under the
sub-component, for the implementation of regional plans of action is focused reduction of increasing
pollution and biodiversity loss from degradation of coastal land and water resources. This entails the
supplement of the TDA-MED with groundwater and land related issues, and the introduction of
sustainable coastal natural resources management, focused on land and groundwater resources
management for synergies under SAP-MED and SAP-BIO.

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007

Figure 1: Joint land and groundwater management; synergies for reduced risk

The coastal aquifer systems constitute the hydrological interface between the marine and the
terrestrial eco-systems with important environmental and social functions that are critical to
sustainable coastal zone development and reduced coastal aquifer and land degradation. In the densely
populated, rapidly developing and increasingly urbanized Mediterranean coastal zone, the coastal
aquifers, with large subsurface storage volumes, represent a generally available and secure water
supply. Water shortage, on immediate and longer term represents the common major concern along
the Mediterranean coast, and with over-use and pollution the coastal aquifers are increasingly
threatened by depletion and degradation driven from growing water demands, and impacts of climatic
change and coastal drought. The adverse consequences include land degradation as soil degradation
with coastal salinization and loss of land productivity and coastal wetlands and biodiversity. The need
is for improved water demand management with appropriate water and land resource enhancement
and rehabilitation with managed aquifer recharge and water re-use. There is the requirement to revert
current trends of coastal land degradation, with soil erosion, salinization and sedimentation that
contribute a substantial share of the growing flows of LBS contaminants transported into the sea.
Seawater pollution represents one of the MPPI's and transboundary issues in the TDA-Med, and is
addressed in the GPA and the LBS Protocol. Re-use of large and rapidly increasing volumes of urban
wastewater, currently being discharged into the sea, represents a significant additional source to
address the priority concern of coastal water shortage, and in the light of the current poor records and
the limited prospects for large investments in wastewater management an alternative supplementary
efficient approach with environmental and productivity benefits to reduce LBS pollution. In this
perspective the rational of the sub-category is built on synergies from integrated approaches with the
objective of sustainable coastal land and groundwater management, coastal land rehabilitation and
waste water re-use towards zero-discharge waste discharges from point and diffuse LBS and
mitigating coastal water shortage is a principal strategy under the development objectives for
sustainable ICZM.

The coastal aquifers support large numbers with many listed coastal wetlands as habitats for coastal
and marine biodiversity that include fresh and brackish water humid zones and coastal lagoons with
listed habitats and threatened transboundary sites related to Mediterranean coastal and marine
biodiversity that include internationally important landing sites for migrating birds. With depletion
and degradation of the coastal aquifers and land degradation and sedimentation, groundwater
dependent wetlands are drying up or degraded by salinization and sedimentation from accelerated
land degradation changing sea and freshwater exchange in brackish wetlands and lagoons with
consequent degradation and loss of coastal wetland ecosystems and biodiversity, wealth and well-
being of coastal populations, and decline in increasingly demanded ecological services including
climate and flood regulation and coastal water pollution reduction and denitrification. The trend for
sustainable wetland protection is towards cross sectoral and eco-system approaches, focused on action
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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
land and aquifer system management that consider the trade-offs between different and current and
future ecosystem services.

Immediate opportunities and benefits include important synergies between joint groundwater and land
management especially along the southern and eastern coasts through water watershed management,
and land conservation in the foothills to secure recharge of coastal aquifers and control sedimentation
and prevent seawater intrusion and coastal zone salinization. The land degradation and the coastal
sedimentation have a variety of adverse impacts on the coastal ecosystems including habitats and
ecological functions affecting fisheries reproduction, and water retention and purification including
nutrient cycling. The threats from the impacts of land degradation include coastal wetlands, where
different categories and specific wetlands are referred to in the reference wetlands mentioned in
Supplementary information A; Hydrological management of coastal wetlands. Among the threatened
coastal and marine habitats include generally present, and significantly transboundary sea grass
bottoms, and also coral reefs that are highly vulnerable to sedimentation as the result of coastal land
degradation and sedimentation. Other examples are coastal wetlands and brackish ponds and coastal
lagoons that are being affected by coastal land degradation. Further options to address and reduce
land related threats from non-sustainable practices, including irrigation and mono-culture in coastal
agriculture, include coastal soil erosion control, identification and measures to prevent and reduce the
flow of nutrient into the marine waters and growing coastal discharges of land-based source POPs and
PCBs with pesticides and other agro-chemicals, especially in the coastal zones located in karstic areas
with high vulnerability for pollution and contamination transport. An ultimate and cross-cutting
option is to strengthen the capacity in agricultural land use planning. The above threats and options
for action underline the importance to identify and address important OP-15, including coastal
sedimentation, salinization, reduced purification and nutrient cycling, and loss of coastal wetlands, as
well as OP-14 linkages with contamination transportation agents as sedimentation, infiltration and
storm runoff. In particular there is need to support and strengthen the capacity on land management
activities and to value conservation, sustainability and productivity benefits.

The activity on sustainable coastal management brings the focused and policy intervention on
improved land management and sustainable land use options for land and water resources. The issues,
with dry land degradation or desertification and degradation and salinization in the water scarce in the
southern Mediterranean semi-arid coastal zones aid, and coastal land and water salinization driving
accelerated coastal desertification are reflected in the SRAPs and to less extent the NAPs adopted by
in the Mediterranean coastal sub-regions (e.g. Union of Magreb States (UMA) and a majority of the
individual Mediterranean coastal states. The SRAPs offer the opportunity for coordination and
synergy under the UNCCD process. For policy and investment intervention and demonstrations of
sustainable land management, the focus is on coastal agriculture in particular coastal irrigation and
catch cropping and aquaculture for nutrient cycling

The coastal ground waters and land resources are critical to coastal zone and coastal basin
development. The aquifer resources cut across coastal zone development and, in sections with coastal
rivers, river basin systems and ICZM and IWRM planning systems with opportunity to introduce
application of groundwater parameters and enabling provisions under selected cases of joint ICZM
and IWRM planning for synergies from collaboration with the project partners, IWRM (GWP-MED)
and ICZM (PAP-RAC) under the project.

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007

Fig. 2 Hydro-geological structures and aquifers in the Mediterranean basin

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

Within the general objective to supplement and support the achievement of the targets
established by SAP MED and SAP BIO, the immediate objectives of the sub-category are to
establish:

� Improved knowledge on the status of coastal aquifers and coastal land systems and their
vulnerability and related risk,
� Scope, priorities and guidelines for regional action for integrated coastal aquifer and land
management, for reduced LBS pollution and eutrophication, enhanced coastal water security and
mitigation of coastal land degradation and salinization, for conservation of coastal ecosystems and
biodiversity
� Legal, institutional and policy reforms for coastal aquifer management.

The activities under the sub-category are organized under three technical assistance components. The
sub-category activities, with a total duration of 60 months, will be implemented over a total period of
4 years, coinciding with the first 4 years of the regional component project, with limited continuation
into the 5th year for with consolidation, dissemination and follow up of the sub-category outcomes.
The activities under the technical assistance components are supplemented with capacity and
awareness building support targeted towards action and implementation.

Collaboration with the project partners
The activities under the aquifer subcategory, will be coordinated with related activities executed by
other project partners, with legal, institutional and policy reforms exploring linkages with the regional
protocols and policy instruments under the Barcelona Convention, coordinated with and feeding into
related activities, in particular the ICZM and the IWRM components in collaboration with PAP/RAC
and GWP-MED.

The activity on implementation of eco-hydrogeology applications for management and protection of
coastal wetlands will be coordination with SPA/RAC on identification of coastal wetlands priorities
and synergies for SAP-BIO implementation.

The collaboration with the project partners will be focused on joint capacity building programs,
development of common planning parameters and enabling provisions and institutional arrangements,
and reflected in the scope and locations of groundwater demonstrations.

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Parallel GEF coastal groundwater projects
The coastal aquifer subcategory is linked to three current coastal groundwater GEF PDF-A projects,
introducing groundwater into coastal zone development in LME, and SIDS systems:

- GEF/IW-UNEP: Joint Management of Coastal Aquifer System of the Gulf of Guinea, within the
Guinea Current LME, for equitable management and use of the coastal aquifers system for sustainable
development and protection of biodiversity and natural resources in the terrestrial and marine sections
of the coastal zone.

GEF/IW-UNEP: Management of Risks to Sustainability of Coastal Aquifers in the Caribbean SIDS, to
develop methodologies and capacity to manage the risks to coastal aquifer systems in support of
sustainable SIDS development.

GEF/IW-UNDP: Integration of Groundwater Issues into the TDA and SAP Action Programme for the
Caspian Sea, to supplement the Caspian Environment Program (CEP) in an updated SAP for, (a)
integrated coastal groundwater management strategies into SAP (b) pilot response mitigation
strategies frames, (c) demonstration of groundwater management strategies agreed under the
TDA/SAP, and development of groundwater-related protocols to the Caspian Convention.

The project activities, 1.1.2.4 Sustainable coastal land management, and 1.1.2.5 Eco-hydrogeology
applications for management and protection of coastal wetlands, are closely linked to coastal aquifer
resources and both directed towards introduction and integration of cross-sectoral and ecosystem
approaches, building on established methodology for SLM and biodiversity preservation to address
two of the main concerns in the TDA-MED, as LBS coastal water pollution and eutrophication, and
degradation and loss of groundwater dependent coastal wetlands and ecosystems, from coastal land
degradation and sedimentation. Such integrated methodology will have global application in support
of sustainable ICZM and biodiversity preservation for replication and enhanced implementation
beyond the Mediterranean basin, under the above projects, and in other coastal and SIDS systems.

The land management activity, under OP-15 is introduced as a supplement under the TDA-MED to
establish and draw upon the linkages under the OP-15 on policy, and legal and institutions including
under the UNCCD and ICZM, with a priority attention to coastal land use, especially irrigated
agriculture and the environmental and sustainability threats to the Mediterranean LME caused by non-
sustainable land management and use practices. The immediate objective is to address negative
impacts of land degradation to secure functions and integrity of coastal and also marine ecosystems
through sustainable land management practices

1.1.1 Assessment of coastal aquifer risk and uncertainty and mapping of their vulnerability
(GEF 625,000 $, Co-financing 1,500,000 $)

The activity supports upfront assessment and dissemination of the main Mediterranean coastal aquifer
systems and knowledge mapping of the information base for identification of related risk and
uncertainty. Coastal aquifer risk and uncertainty are assessed based on commonly accepted and
emerging concepts on regional risk and environmental security in the coastal zone, including aquifer
vulnerability mapping, identification of seepage and submarine discharges into coastal and marine
waters, land degradation and sedimentation with related transportation of LBS contaminants, and land
and water salinization and coastal wetlands and sustainable socio-economic development and human
well being. The component provides for vulnerability mapping of coastal aquifers representative for
main aquifer categories in the sub-regions, in selected pilot countries in the Adriatic and the Southern
Mediterranean coasts. Drawing upon the risks and uncertainty assessment and the vulnerability
mapping, a coastal aquifer and land management supplement is developed and adopted as a
supplement to the TDA-MED.

1.1.1.1 Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to Mediterranean coastal aquifers
(GEF 125,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

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The activity (consultant study; national and regional workshops) includes two steps: the preparation
an updated inventory assessment of the coastal aquifer resources in the Mediterranean (see the
paragraph Additional Information) and the identification and concepts with assessment of main risks
and uncertainties, related to coastal aquifer and land systems and wetlands and to ICZM with related
transboundary issues (see the paragraph Additional Information).

The assessment will establish the significance of related social, economic and environmental
attributes, objectives and goals related to coastal aquifer risk (e.g. saline intrusion and coastal zone
salinization, coastal aquifer pollution and groundwater transport and discharges into coastal and
marine waters of LBS contamination, loss of coastal ecosystems and wetlands etc.) and assess the
causes with socio-economic drivers and pressures.

The assessment and adoption process includes:

(a) Review of the identified risk at national level and in the perspective of national attributes;
(b) Trade-off of country and alternative attributes; and
(c) Reconciliation of risks and uncertainties and aggregation of country diverting attributes into a
regional consensus towards a common approach and framework on shared the risk and
uncertainty.

1.1.1.2 Coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping: pilot project in one selected country
(GEF 400,000 $, Co-financing 400,000 $)

The coastal aquifers in the Mediterranean are subject to intensive exploitation in support of social and
economic growth of the increasingly urbanized, densely populated and economically important
coastal zone. This has resulted in increased groundwater and consequent land salinization, from salt-
water intrusion in the coastal aquifers with loss of water and land resources with adverse
environmental, social and economic impacts. The eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea and also the
Levantine sub-basin are characterized by the karst hydrogeology with high infiltration and
vulnerability, limited surface runoff, and high submarine groundwater discharges from karstic
aquifers and springs. In these systems, anthropogenic contamination of groundwater resources can
result in harmful impacts on the quality of the coastal environment and in transfer and seepage
discharge of LBS contaminants into the coastal waters and the sea. In the perspective of these threats,
Italian research teams have developed coordinated national programs to introduce and apply state-of-
the-art technologies and tools to land management, definition of relationships and the interface
between freshwater and seawater, the dynamics of salt water intrusion, with assessment and mapping
of the vulnerability of the coastal aquifers.

The vulnerability mapping activity, focused on defining the management efforts for quality protection
in the coastal aquifers, is based on assessed and mapped coastal aquifer vulnerability. The activity
draws upon the unique Italian experience and applied methodology for coastal area management
based on inventory, identification and mapping of aquifer vulnerability. A team of specialists from
Italian universities will develop GIS based aquifer vulnerability maps as tools to invent and monitor
the sources and the risks of LBS contamination of the coastal aquifers.

The objective of the activity is to transfer the above technology and knowledge to responsible
institutions and establish sustainable and capacity to for autonomous prevention of aquifer pollution
risks and degradation of the coastal and the marine environment, in the in countries Adriatic and the
Southern Mediterranean basins.

The activity, involves a pilot project in one selected country, in a pre-selected sub-region, with the
following outputs:

- Field assessment of coastal aquifers and the LBS pollution risks from groundwater flows to
the sea;
- Development of local awareness on sea water intrusion;
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- Preparation of computerized maps for selected areas of contamination sources, with
classification of the vulnerability for sea water intrusion and contamination of the coastal
ground waters;
- Establishment of a computerized management information system for management of the
aquifers in the coastal zone, including GIS systems, for risk prevention based on databases
and vulnerability maps.

1.1.1.3 Coastal aquifer supplement to TDA-MED: development of a coastal TDA supplement
(GEF 105,000 $, Co-financing 300,000 $)

The activity (national consultancy and one regional workshop) includes two steps based on the
outcome of the risk and uncertainty assessment and the vulnerability mapping, a coastal TDA
supplement to the substantial sections under major environmental concerns, legal and Institutional
analysis and environmental quality objectives is developed and adopted in a regional workshop as a
supplement to the TDA-MED.

1.1.2 Regional Action for Coastal Aquifer Management
(GEF 775,000 $, Co-financing 2,423,000 $)

The component aims at formulation and the development and initiated implementation in support of
the objectives under TDA-MED, SAP-MED and SAP BIO, of a regional plan for regional and
national actions of coastal groundwater and land management. The plan will identify priority issues
and steps to identify, manage and protect coastal aquifers and related land systems with reference to
the geographic, hydro-geological and environmental conditions of coastal ground waters, sustainable
land management, including socio-economic issues and policy and strategies on groundwater and land
management. The component will define integrated actions, including managed recharge and re-use
for zero-disposal of waste into the marine water body, and land management and eco-hydrogeology
applications for management and protection of coastal wetlands to control groundwater salinization
and pollution (see the paragraph Additional Information) and coastal degradation (see the paragraph
Additional Information), and consequent LBS transport through groundwater discharges and
sedimentation into coastal and marine waters.

Groundwater storage and flows, and transport and discharges of LBS coastal pollution are critical to
waters security and sustainable coastal zone and coastal basin development cutting across the ICZM
and IWRM planning systems. Groundwater and land parameters for joint ICZM and IWRM planning
at field level, in selected basins will be developed and applied in collaboration with the Sub-
component 1.3 (IWRM/GWP) and Sub-component 1.2 (ICZM/PAP-RAC) under the project1.

The approaches under the plan with up-to-date appropriate technology for regional action will be
demonstrated in replicable coastal groundwater demonstrations at three sites (located in and
representative for the eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia, Montenegro), North Africa (Tunisia) and the
Levantine coast (Egypt or Lebanon) with integrated systems for waste managed aquifer recharge,
agricultural waste water re-use and sustainable land management to mitigate coastal sedimentation
and related coastal pollution land where priority options and opportunities (see the paragraph
Additional Information), will be reviewed and selected for regional effectiveness and replicability and
planned for implementation. The actions identified under the regional action plan will be added to and
integrated as supplements under the SAP MED, the SAP BIO and the NAPs.

1.1.2.1 Development of a Regional Action Plan on Coastal Aquifers
(GEF 100,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

The regional action plan on coastal aquifer and land management will organized as a common
regional Mediterranean plan, with sub-regional plans for, (a) the Southern and Central basins, (b) the
Levantine and Aegean Sea basins, and (c) the Eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea basin. The plan will

1 Demonstrations proposed by PAP/RAC, and GWP-MED include the Litani river and the Boka Kotorska Bay,
respectively.
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define the actions to address aggregated coastal aquifer risk and uncertainty from adverse impacts as,
(a) aquifer depletion, sea water intrusion and coastal zone salinization; (b) LBS aquifer pollution and
contaminant transportation into coastal and marine water bodies, (c) coastal land degradation and
desertification. The action plan will provide an integrated instrument towards the project objectives
balancing social, economic and environmental attributes within the framework of actual, prospective
future impacts on the coastal aquifers, in consideration of socio-economic drivers and pressures in
particular agricultural water demands and use of agro-chemicals, trends of coastal urbanization,
industrial development and growth in sea side tourism with the resulting groundwater overuse and
pollution. The process of the plan development will include following steps:

(a) Preparation of draft sub-basin action plans including 3 sub-regional workshops and working
meetings;
(b) Reconciliation into a common regional action plan in a regional Mediterranean workshop.

The activity will build on country participation mainly through the national IHP Committees, and the
G-WADI network.

1.1.2.2 Integration of groundwater management in ICZM and IWRM planning systems
(GEF 100,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

Groundwater flows and storage, and transport and discharges LBS coastal pollution are critical to
coastal zone and coastal basin development and make part of ICZM and IWRM planning systems.
Groundwater parameters for joint ICZM and IWRM planning at field level developed and applied in
collaboration with IWRM and ICZM. The demonstrations will expose integrated management
approaches and the synergies with environmental, social and productivity benefits and include a
common Aquifer, IWRM and ICZM management demonstration jointly with GWP-MED and
PAP/RAC in a selected river basin and coastal zones.

1.1.2.3 Identification and planning of coastal groundwater demonstrations
(GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

The activity will review and identify replicable priorities and opportunities for the coastal aquifer and
land demonstrations including appropriate integrated management approaches for multi-
environmental and social benefits, and identify three (3) representative sites, for replicable integrated
groundwater demonstrations of methodology to address coastal pollution (see the paragraph
Additional Information), and other threats and issues related to the coastal aquifer and land
degradation, to demonstrate integrated approaches of zero-waste discharges into coastal waters,
measures to address depletion and degradation and salinization of coastal aquifer salinization and
eco-hydro-geological management and protection of coastal eco-systems and groundwater dependent
wetlands. The activity is described further in Supplementary Information B (Table 1).

The three integrated demonstrations (see the paragraph Additional Information), will be planned for
representative coastal areas in the three sub-regions (1) the North African coast (Tunisia), (2) the
Eastern Adriatic coast (Croatia and Montenegro); and (3) the Eastern Levantine coast (Lebanon or
Egypt). In the light of the social diversities between the sub-regions, and the differences in karstic and
sedimentary aquifer systems, the activity will be directed towards planning and pre-design, including
capacity building and training programs and exchange and replication mechanisms.

1.1.2.4 Sustainable coastal land management
(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 1,533,000 $)

To ensure a sustainable coastal natural resource base with water and land management the activity on
sustainable coastal land management is focused on land management objectives, with assessment of
impacts of land degradation and related threats from non-sustainable agricultural and other coastal
land use on the coastal and marine ecosystems priority issues, as loss of habitats and biodiversity as
well as land and water productivity. In the semi-arid coastal sections the activity aims at coordinate
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and establish linkages between the SAP-MED and SAP-BIO and the Sub- regional Action Programme
(SRAPs), notably for the Magreb and the Western Asia sub-regions, under the CCD process.

The SRAPs are directed towards two thematic network areas on (a) sustainable water resources
management; and (b) sustainable management of the vegetation cover, with the control of
deforestation, overgrazing, and non-sustainable agricultural land uses, as monoculture for food crop
production. The SRAPS address the transboundary coastal ecosystems, especially the coastal plains.

One focus area is sustaining the water resources and hydrogeological conditions and control
sedimentation of wetlands including groundwater recharge and flood control. This is essential to
sustain a wide range environmental and production services of wetlands and reduce nutrient
discharges and eutrophication. This includes nutrient recycling and conversion; filtering and trapping
with efficient opportunities related to irrigation and waste water re-use and managed aquifer recharge.
The activity will be coordinated with parallel activities under the component, especially eco-
hydrogeology and planning of integrated demonstrations for synergies and pressure-reduction benefits
in coastal dry lands, wetlands and fresh- and brackish water and marine ecosystems.

The activity provides for (a) an initial assessment of land degradation in the context of ICZM, and
control of LBS pollution of coastal and sea waters; (b) identification and definition of option for
action formulated in a regional guideline on coastal zone land management in the context of
transboundary issues and priorities defined in the TDA-MED; The land degradation issues will be
introduced as supplements under the TDA-MED with land management action under SAP-MED and
SAP-BIO; and supplements under the ICZM Protocol; (c) policy and legal/institutional development
of enabling capacity for coastal land management; (d) planning and initiation of three integrated
coastal land management demonstrations, integrated with the coastal aquifer demonstrations, at
selected coastal sites in each of at least the three Mediterranean sub-basins (North Africa, Eastern
Adriatic coast). The coastal sustainable land management activity is cross-cutting, related to OP15,
under the Mand Degradation Focal Area and foreseen to be financed entirely from co-financing
sources. The implementation of this activity under Sub-Component 1.1 therefore depends on and is
subject to the identification of the necessary funding from co-financing sources.

1.1.2.5 Implementation of eco-hydrogeology applications for management and protection of coastal
wetlands
(GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 240,000 $)

The activity supports the introduction and implementation of up-to-date technology for hydro-
geological management and protection of listed and other coastal wetlands along the Mediterranean
coast, as a strategic integrated option for action for conservation of the coastal aquifers and sensitive
groundwater dependent ecosystems and habitats for coastal and marine biodiversity, provided for
under the Ramsar Convention (i.e. in the Valencia Declaration 2002), in SAP BIO and in national
conservation policies. The activity, executed in cooperation with the Spanish Geological Survey
(IGME), builds on the experience from the recent comprehensive assessment, classification and
management intervention for protection and restoration of (13) coastal wetlands in Spain. The activity
involves four steps:

a. Hydro-geological pre-assessment of the Mediterranean coastal wetlands for groundwater
dependence, with identification of current and potential threats, and the scope for
hydrological management intervention;

b. Develop methodology and guidelines for hydro-geological management of coastal wetlands;
with wetland typology and classification for genetic origin, morphology, as i.e. bays, deltas or
coastal plains and fluvial activity and functions; assessment of hydro-geological conditions
including associations with and recharge from nearby aquifers and the degree of
interdependence with underlying and associated ground waters; related hydro-chemical
characteristics and possible contamination threats;

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c. Plan application of the methodology in representative selected priority Mediterranean coastal
wetlands;

d. Develop a plan for action for eco-hydro-geological management and protection of priority
coastal wetlands as supplement to SAP BIO (in coordination with SPA/RAC).

1.1.2.6 Coastal aquifer supplement to SAP MED, SAP BIO and NAPs
(GEF 175,000 $, Co-financing 250,000 $)

The activity, that includes synthesis and review study, sub-regional and regional workshops, will
consolidate the results of the Activities 1.1.2.1 � 1.1.2.5 and develop the coastal groundwater and land
management supplements to SAP MED, SAP BIO and NAPs.

1.1.3. Legal, institutional and policy reform for Coastal Aquifer Management
(GEF 370,000 $, Co-financing 400,000 $)

The activity supports a regional review and assessment of the existing policy frameworks with legal
and institutional mechanisms at regional and domestic level for the implementation of coastal aquifer
management and development. Policy gaps and requirements for policy, legal and institutional reform
for coastal aquifer management will be identified, assessed and considered for provisions under the
regional MED protocols (ICZM, LBS and Biodiversity protocols), or as an independent protocol on
coastal groundwater and land management, and in the policy instruments and supplementary
provisions to SAP MED, SAP BIO and NAPs (developed under Activity 1.1.2.6).

1.1.3.1 Policy/legal/institutional regional assessment for coastal aquifer management
(GEF 170,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

The activity includes assessment of existing water resources and environmental policy with legal and
institutional frames regarding coastal aquifer and groundwater and related environmental
management, and the capacity and current gaps to addressing related risk and uncertainties. (a) At the
domestic level in the project countries, and (b) in related international instruments, regional protocols
under the Barcelona Convention and in the regional strategic policy instruments. It involves two
sequential but partly parallel steps:

a. Assessment of existing legal and institutional frames regarding groundwater management in the
12 Mediterranean countries (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt,
Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey), related protocols (ICZM,
LBS and Biodiversity) under the Barcelona Convention and strategic policy instruments (SAP-
MED, SAP-BIO). Attention will be given to coordination and integration of the ICZM and
IWRM frameworks at regional and domestic level.
At the national level
- Review of current national water policy, including socio-economic and development
factors with agricultural and urban use;
- Assessment and review of current existing water laws (with GW provisions in such
laws), specific regulations on GW management, environmental laws and regulations,
and extract and analyse the principles and specific provisions regarding GW, and
regarding coastal aquifers if any, according to a common thematic scheme to be
elaborated and adopted for the analysis of the domestic provisions in the project
countries;
- Assessment of the institutions in charge of GW management and GW related
environmental management of their functions and responsibilities;
At the regional/bilateral level
- Assessment of international regional and bilateral agreements/MOU/conventions that
include management/protection provisions on groundwater and GW and GWD
systems (etc)
- Analysis of the specific provisions on GW, and on coastal aquifers if any;
- Assessment of regional and bilateral institutions.
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b. Building on the result from step a, assessment of the requirements and the provisions regarding
the coastal aquifers in international instruments, the Barcelona Convention, and related protocols
and regional policy instruments. Identify and conclude on issues, gaps and required action for
legal and policy reform at regional and national level.

1.1.3.2 Policy/legal/institutional reform, institutional development for coastal aquifer management
(GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

The activity, which includes national meetings and regional workshop, provides for development and
implementation of policy and legal and institutional reform with establishment of regional and sub-
regional consultation mechanisms for harmonized action on coastal aquifer management.

1.1.4 Spatial technology applications - cross cutting activity
(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 450,000 $)

Spatial observation technology is a recognized strategy, taking on an expanded role and becoming a
powerful tool for the implementation and monitoring of international environmental management
under global and regional environmental conventions. In relation to groundwater management and
monitoring ESA and UNESCO under the TIGER programme is developing applied spatial
observation and data collection methodology for selected pilot areas in the North Western Sahara and
the Iullemeden aquifer system. The advantages and cost-effectiveness of spatial remote sensing and
radar observation methodology in groundwater and coastal zone management is the capacity to cover
large, remote land, and sea, areas for benchmark surveys with enhanced data baselines and employ
series of satellite imageries for continuous monitoring and real-time observations for short term
interventions. This provides the opportunity to establish models and correlations for local and regional
aquifer systems and the interaction between terrestrial freshwater systems and the sea. Possible spatial
observations in the coastal zone include a wide range from coastal groundwater uses, aquifer
recharge, depletion and salinisation, impacts in the coastal zone and ecosystems of climatic change to
coastal and submarine groundwater discharges and resulting land based coastal water pollution and
eutrophication.

With this capacities the activity 1.1.4 Spatial technology applications is cross-cutting and supports the
parallel activities and provides for cost-effective monitoring under Sub-component 1.1, and also of
other aspects of ICZM addressed under the regional project.
The activity will be developed through spatial technology expertise, and series of satellite and other
imageries of the project areas.

Expected Results
The outcomes expected under the Sub-category are:

1.1.1. Improved knowledge on the status of coastal aquifers, their vulnerabilities and related
risks.

Risks and uncertainties on coastal aquifers, with linkages and impacts from and on coastal land, and
LBS pollution transportation to coastal and marine waters assessed and accepted.
Vulnerability of coastal aquifers implemented in selected countries and for representative and
applicable hydrogeological conditions and aquifer systems along the Mediterranean coast,
Coastal aquifer supplement to the TDA-MED developed and adopted,

1.1.2. Regional Actions for Coastal Aquifer Management;
o Regional action plan on coastal aquifer management developed and agreed,
including,
o Integrating coastal groundwater under ICZM and IWRM demonstrations;
o Identification and programs for groundwater demonstration projects,
o Sustainable coastal land management introduced and used as strategy for LBS
pollution reduction, land and water resources productivity enhancement, mitigation of
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coastal salinization and conservation of coastal and marine ecosystems wetlands,
within the scope of ICZM.
Introduction of sustainable coastal natural, land and water, resources management with:
- Strengthened capacity for improved sustainable land management planning,
- Strengthened policy, regulatory, and economic incentive framework for adoption of sustainable
practices for preservation of the structure and functional integrity of ecosystems, and improved
productivity of land, and
. Established linkages and coordinated action with global, regional and national action
plans under UNCCD.
o Hydrogeological management approaches of coastal wetlands introduced.
Classification and methodology for hydrogeological management of coastal wetlands
tested in selected wetlands, and adopted for region-wide implementation,
o Coastal aquifer options for action introduced and adopted as supplements under SAP
MED and SAP BIO and NAPs;

1.1.3. Legal, institutional and policy reforms for Coastal Aquifer Management.
o Policy/legal/institutional mechanisms for coastal aquifer management at regional and
domestic level assessed for gaps and strengthening.
o Consultation mechanism for integrated coastal aquifer management, addressing land
development and related threats to Mediterranean LME ecosystems, including
coastal, marine biodiversity and habitats, sustainable land and water productivity and
protection, developed and adopted at technical regional and domestic level.
o Establish linkages and operational provisions with other environmental instruments
including CCD, CBD, and CCC.

1.1.4 Spatial technology applications
o To support the parallel activities and provide for cost-effective monitoring under Sub-
component 1.1, and also of other aspects of ICZM addressed under the regional
project.

Risk and Sustainability
Project risks under the Sub-Component 1.1 and its implementation are related to political and policy,
socio-economic and institutional factors, with governance capacity and coordination and integration
constraints. The main risk is limited inclusiveness and country participation in the implementation of
the developed methodologies and approaches. Other risks relate to limited awareness and recognition
of groundwater as a critical natural resource, and attitudes and limited attention and capacity to
manage and protect groundwater resources resulting in uncontrolled extractions driven by growing
water demands, and degradation from salinization and quality degradation from surface and human-
induced pollution. Other risk is related to obstacles to integrated cross-sectoral and eco-system
approaches due to sector-based attitudes and interests in established water and land using sectors and
urban water and sanitation industries, such as agriculture and traditional and vested interest in water
supplies and waste water disposal. The risks are further impaired from social constraints and
reluctance to adjust domestic agricultural water use and food security policy. However with changing
national attitudes and policies and inter-regional initiatives including the European Neighbourhood
Policy, groundwater resources management and environmental protection are come at the focus as
priority strategy for sustainable regional and national development in particular in the economically
important and fast growing coastal zones, and coastal aquifer management has become a mainstream
issue expected to attract political attention and the commitment. In conclusion the political and policy,
institutional, and integration risks at regional and domestic level can be expected to be balanced by
the motivation and government commitment to the critical issues of water resource security and
coastal zone development.

Other risks, as well as institutional challenges under the project is the integration of a groundwater as
a fresh water resource administrated under water resources administrations, under regional or zone
based development institutions responsible for the coastal development and coastal water bodies. The
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issue is addressed under the activities under sub-category and coastal aquifers are reflected in the draft
MAP draft Protocol on the integrated management of Mediterranean coastal zones and the sectoral
integration is also under the Inter-ministerial Coordination Function provided under the regional
project to strengthen coordination of the implementation of SAP MED and SAP BIO at country level.
The risk of limited coordination between regional and country and replication of methodologies and
approaches is addressed through three homogeneous and manageable 4-country sub-regional groups.
The sustainability of the project outcome is secured through awareness and capacity building
programmes under the sub-category and the opportunities to link up and integrate the coastal aquifer
activities, in relation to immediate common and transboundary issues that include coastal water
shortage, land degradation and desertification and sea water pollution to the programs in parallel
water resources, regional development and inter-regional trade programs and ecological conservation
initiatives in the Mediterranean. A vision of zero-waste-discharge based on integrated groundwater
and land management and efficient re-use of growing flows of waste water from coastal urban areas
would represent a common driver for reduced common risk in the Mediterranean coastal zone.

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

Parallel GEF coastal groundwater projects

The coastal aquifer subcategory is linked to three current coastal groundwater GEF PDF-A
projects, introducing groundwater into coastal zone development in LME, and SIDS systems:

- GEF/IW-UNEP: Joint Management of Coastal Aquifer System of the Gulf of Guinea, within
the Guinea Current LME, for equitable management and use of the coastal aquifers system for
sustainable development and protection of biodiversity and natural resources in the terrestrial
and marine sections of the coastal zone.

- GEF/IW-UNEP: Management of Risks to Sustainability of Coastal Aquifers in the Caribbean
SIDS, to develop methodologies and capacity to manage the risks to coastal aquifer systems in
support of sustainable SIDS development.

- GEF/IW-UNDP: Integration of Groundwater Issues into the TDA and SAP Action
Programme for the Caspian Sea, to supplement the Caspian Environment Program (CEP) in
an updated SAP for, (a) integrated coastal groundwater management strategies into SAP (b)
pilot response mitigation strategies frames, (c) demonstration of groundwater management
strategies agreed under the TDA/SAP, and development of groundwater-related protocols to
the Caspian Convention.

- The project activities, Sustainable coastal land management, and Eco-hydrogeology
applications for management and protection of coastal wetlands, are closely linked to coastal
aquifer resources and both directed towards introduction and integration of cross-sectoral and
ecosystem approaches, building on established methodology for SLM and biodiversity
preservation to address two of the main concerns in the TDA-MED, as LBS coastal water
pollution and eutrophication, and degradation and loss of groundwater dependent coastal
wetlands and ecosystems, from coastal land degradation and sedimentation. Such integrated
methodology will have global application in support of sustainable ICZM and biodiversity
preservation for replication and enhanced implementation beyond the Mediterranean basin,
under the above projects, and in other coastal and SIDS systems.

Stakeholder involvement

Together with the regular contacts and coordination mechanisms under MED/MAP, and the entire
regional project, the sub-category, in particular, will involve the participation of the following groups
of stakeholders:
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- The governments of the (12) project countries, with the water resources-irrigation,
environmental and agricultural ministries/ authorities at national level,
- City- municipal and coastal development authorities,
- Groundwater users, including irrigation/water users associations, municipalities, industries and
tourism development groups, in public and private sectors,
- Sub-category implementation partners: IGRAC, IGME, INWEB, Technical University of Turin
with Italian University Team of Hydrogeologists.
- UNESCO, and UNESCO �ISARM and UNESCO/IHP partners: FAO, IAEA, ECE, ESCWA,
ESA,
- International institutions and environmental convention secretariats and networks (e.g. Ramsar
Secretariats, MED-WEB)
- International and regional water resources /groundwater professional organizations,
associations and networks; IHP international and regional networks/National IHP committees;
IAH; national water resources professional associations
- Regional and sub-regional institutions and UN Economic Commissions (ECE, ESCWA, ECA)
- Regional and national scientific and research centres, (e.g. CEDARE, OSS, ACSAD),
- UNESCO centres, and UNESCO Chairs, National Universities academic institutions,
- EU regional cooperative partnership initiatives and water programs (e.g. ENP, EUWI,
Petersburg and Athens process etc. ), with cooperating Mediterranean and European
Governments (i.e. Greece, Germany)
- Multi- and bilateral donors, and international and regional development banks

Table: Analysis of Stakeholders
Stakeholder
Problems/needs Expectations
Drawbacks Potentials Consequences
for
Groups
sub-category
National
Limited public
Coordinated
Firm Sectoral
Devoted and well
Involvement,
Governments
resources, focused on
and integrated
positions and
educated human
enabling capacity
groundwater,
immediate, social-
action.
barriers.
capacity
and support of
agricultural,
economic water
Improved data Limited

national officials
environmental demands necessities
collection and
resources,
Policy and
and expertise.
officials and
and equity; top-down
management.
incentives and structural

experts
non-integrated
Access to
motivation.
adjustment and
Priority to:

/coordinated, project
modern,

adaptation in the

and budget-driven,
appropriate
MEDA and
introduction and
national policy
affordable
Balkan countries
demonstration of
attributes and
technology
driven by Europe
modern, appropriate
development programs
(e.g. for re-use
and ENP
and affordable
(e.g. national food
and managed
technology.
security) .
aquifer

In appropriate
recharge)
Strengthen and
incentives and
regional exchange
uncontrolled
and harmonization
groundwater
of water resources/
development Limited
groundwater
inter-country
governance
consultation and
mechanism
exchange at sectoral
and professional level.

Groundwater
The groundwater use
Efficient low
Rural related
Increased

users:
sectors in the coastal
risk drought
poverty;
managed aquifer

zone including the
secure water
capital
recharge and re-
Farmers,
environmental uses, are supply and
scarcity;
use driven by:
Municipalities
exhausting and
production
Unbalanced

, Industries,
depleting the coastal
Water supply
water
water scarcity,
Sea side
water resources. As a
and sanitation
production
aquifer
Tourism
result and without
for socio-
and water
degradation and
entities
effective governance
economic
costs/prices
salinization,

and control and
development
with

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Stakeholder
Problems/needs Expectations
Drawbacks Potentials Consequences
for
Groups
sub-category
monitoring, extraction
inadequate
increasingly
of coastal
water pricing.
limited
groundwater's is
Traditional
availability and
rapidly growing, with
sewage
high water values
over-use and
treatment un
and costs to
consequent rapid
affordable
agriculture, large
depletion, salinization,
with the
city water
surface based
consequent of supplies,
groundwater pollution.
rapid
constraining
The immediate and
development
coastal urban and
long term problem is
of city-urban
tourism
the gaps in the regional
water supplies development;
cooperation to jointly
without
address these threats
sanitation.
common to the
Mediterranean coastal
economies. .
Regional, Sub
Limited regional
Establishment
Low level of
Expanding
The envisaged
regional
cooperation in the
of regional-
regional/sub-
regional and sub-
consultation
representatives MEDA and the Balkan
sub-regional
regional
regional
mechanisms need to
Countries
water and
policy and
cooperation and
be based on
environmental governance
functions in the
common regional
cooperation
interventions
MEDA and the
functions and
sectors
Balkan
assigned to and
hosted by regional
and sub-regional
institutions

Supplementary information

A. Hydro-geological management of coastal wetlands
B. Demonstrations of integrated coastal aquifer and land management approaches
C. Description of Demonstration areas

A. HYDROLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER DEPENDENT COASTAL
WETLANDS

1.- Introduction.

The Mediterranean Basin is rich in groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDE) with coastal and
terrestrial wetlands, of high ecological and socio-economic values. The wetlands, many of which are
protected areas, support habitats for rich and varied biodiversity and a wide range of ecological
functions. The GDE include coastal wetlands that range from onshore marshlands including a number
of landing sites for migrating birds, to brackish coastal marches, lagoons, and coastal sea grass
bottoms, and marine areas with submarine groundwater discharges that are related to marine fisheries.
The specific categories include coastal karst aquifers include highly specific and vulnerable GD
ecosystems and some threatened coastal wetlands represent UNESCO historic sites (e.g. the Ichkul
national park, Tunisia, linked to the sea with as Roman canal systems). Many of these wetlands are
however drying up, becoming salinised, and polluted are becoming increasingly groundwater
dependent and eutrophisized with consequent decline in the hydrogeological functioning, and loss in
ecological values. The main impacts that affect to these coastal ecosystems are: intensive groundwater
exploitation, waste water spilling, chanalizations, and urban areas. As a consequence of these impacts,
many of these wetlands have been modified and its current behavior have severely changed versus its
no-perturbed behavior under natural conditions. In order to manage these wetlands properly, it is
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needed to design an action strategy that allow to get with success to the best option for the wetland
conservation.

This action strategy is defined by a series of steps: To define the genetic classification of the wetland
as an essential base of work. This implies to define the geological sites and geological
characterization of the wetland as a basis to know the hydrological component of input and output
waters that define the hydrological budget of the system. This quantitative component has a relevant
importance in the current and future conservation strategy of the system. The analyses may be
completed with geochemical characterization of surface waters and groundwater's involved in the
wetland functioning. The following step would be to define the water uses in the area in order to
define the pressures and impacts that affect directly the quality and quantity of water that should fed
the system.

2. Genetical characterisation.

The hydrogeological component of the coastal wetland is essential in order to define the quantitative
volumes involved in the wetland conservation. The quality of waters involved in the system will
affect also the ecological conditions of the ecosystem. Both aspects may be studied through a
methodology applied by the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) to the Spanish Ramsar sites (IGME,
2003). The elements considered in this characterization are shown in figure 1. This figure shows the
following aspects:

a) Geological characterisation of the wetland according to its geographical location.
b) Groundwater-fed coastal wetland character. This aspect is determined according to the
permanence of water into the wetland and its hydrogeological functioning.
c) Hydrochemical characterisation of wetland water. This aspects defined the salinity of the
waters involved into the wetland functioning. The water salinity will be a condition for the
flora and fauna living in and surrounding the wetland. This characterisation is done according
to five ranges: fresh water, few mineralised (< 750 mg/l), fresh water relatively mineralised
(750-1,500 mg/l), brackish water (1,500-3,000 mg/l), saline water (3,000-35,000 mg/l) and
hypersaline water (>35,000 mg/l).
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Figure 1.- Geological- genetical classification of wetlands (IGME, 2003).

3.- Hydrogeological management of coastal wetlands.

Once the hydrogeological characterization has been done, the best way to manage the wetland is to
define the current status of the wetland and possible scenarios of management through
hydrogeological simulation. The results obtained will allow to choose priority scenarios with more
successful for wetland conservation according to the current pressures and impacts affecting the
system and future threats.

The following are examples of action for implementation and possible pilot studies and
demonstrations. These depend on and relate to the actual issues and conditions as illustrated from the
following from the investigations and management interventions on the coastal wetlands in Spain:

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- typical on-the-ground management interventions,
- Rehabilitation of coastal wetlands that have been drained (tidal marshes in the Cadiz Bay, Spain).
- Removal of tourist or industrial constructions: Salt marsh of Guardias Viejas, Almer�a).
- Silting of wetland-beds in wetlands that have been reclaimed into irrigation areas:
- Minerals extraction: Padul wetland (Granada, Spain).
- Alteration of hydrological regime as consequence of intensive groundwater pumping for
irrigation: Fuente de Piedra (M�laga, Spain).

- possible pilot coastal wetlands (representative for different wetland categories, such as
protected listed areas/wetlands with high ecological/economic/amenity (e.g. Parc
National IchKeul, Tunisia) and conservation values:
-
- Albufera de Valencia (Valencia, Spain). It is a Ramsar site wetland. High ecological value and
cultural and historical associated values to the region history. It is a groundwater-fed wetland with
high dependence of groundwater discharges.
- Cabo de Gata-N�jar (Spain): Biosphere Reserve (MaB Programme/UNESCO) and Ramsar site. It
is a low groundwater-fed wetland with magnesium chloride waters.
- Salinas de Santa Pola: Ramsar Site. It is a low groundwater-fed wetland with sodium chloride
waters.
- Salinas de la Mata-Torrevieja. Ramsar site. It is a low groundwater-fed wetland with sodium-
magnesium chloride waters.
- Marjal de Pego-Oliva: Ramsar site. It is a high groundwater-fed wetland with sodium chloride
waters.
- Aiguamolls del Emporda: Ramsar site. It is a high groundwater-fed wetland with sodium chloride
waters.
- Prat de Cabanes-Torreblanca: Ramsar site. It is a high groundwater-fed wetland with sodium
chloride waters.
- Ebro Delta: Ramsar site. It is a high groundwater-fed wetland with sodium chloride-sulphuried
waters. High ecological value and also cultural, scientific and economic value.
- Albufera de Adra. Ramsar site. It is a high groundwater-fed wetland with sodium chloride waters.

References
Geological Survey of Spain/Instituto Geol�gico y Minero de Espa�a (IGME) (2003).
Hydrogeological characterisation of the Spanish Ramsar sites.1 Map.

VULNERABILITY MAPPING ACTIVITY2 ASSOCIATED TO HYDROGEOLOGICAL
CHARACTERIZATION OF COASTAL WETLANDS.

The vulnerability mapping is frequently referred to vulnerability to pollution. This concept is
ordinary defined as susceptibility of an aquifer (its groundwater) to be polluted by human activities.
Some techniques associated to Geographical Information Systems have been developed (Adams and
Foster, 1992; Robins et al., 1994; Vrba and Zaporozec, 1994; H�tzl, 1996; Maxe and Johansson,
1998). Also different methods to do vulnerability mapping have been proposed: DRASTIC (Aller et
al., 1987), GOD (Foster, 1987); AVI (Van Stempvoort et al., 1992), SINTACS (Civita, 1994), ISIS
(Civita and De Ragibus, 1995), SEEPAGE (Navulur and Engel, 1997); REKA (Malik and Svasta,
1999).

These methods have been applied mainly in detritic aquifers. The cartography mapping to
pollution in karstic aquifers is less developed due to the heterogeneity of these kind of aquifers and its
hydrogeological complexity.

The main methods applied in vulnerability mapping to pollution may be classified according
to three basic categories (Vrba and Zaporozec, 1994): methods of simulation, statistical methods and

2 Vulnerability mapping for the eco-hydrogelogical objectives under the coastal wetlands activity will be
closely coordinated with and draw upon the result of the coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping activity, I/2.
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
index and overlapping. The last one, implies a qualitative determination of vulnerability and consist of
applying some criteria previously defined for each kind of vulnerability according to hydrogeological
characteristics.

Main methods of vulnerability mapping.-
1/ DRASTIC Method. (Aller et al., 1987). It has been applied mainly in USA, although also in other
places as Spain. It uses seven parameters: depth water, net recharge, media aquifer, soil media,
topography, impact of the vadose zone media, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Each parameter
has several intervals, some such as D and T with a high range of variation, meanwhile the weighing
factors vary between 1 and 5. This method differs five classes of vulnerability: very low, low, media,
high and very high.

2/ SINTACS Method. (Civita, 1994). This methods considers seven parameters: depth pf piezometric
level, efficient infiltration, effect of autodepuration of non saturated zone, type of layer,
hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer, hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, slope of
topographic surface.
This method is basically an adaptation of DRASTIC Method developed in order to be applied to
Mediterranean aquifers, with modifications made in all those aspects referred to punctuation and
weighting factors. This method establishes six kinds of vulnerability, the same of DRASTIC plus the
class of extreme vulnerability, that complicate the possible use of the resulting map.

3/ GOD Method. (Foster, 1987). This method use three variable to assess vulnerability: Groundwater
occurrence, overall aquifer class and depth to groundwater. The index obtained may varied between 0
and 1 and five classes of vulnerability are established.
4/ AVI Method. (Van Stempvoort et al., 1992). Its name responses to the initials: Aquifer
Vulnerability Index. This method uses just two variable establishing a numerical relation between
them. The used parameters are: width of the sedimentary layer and hydraulic conductivity. Whereas
the other cited methods define ranges, this method calculate the vulnerability index through a
mathematical expression.

5/ EPIK Method. (Doerfliger, 1996). It was developed to be applied to karstic aquifers. It uses four
parameters: epikarst, protection cover, infiltration condition and karst network development. The final
index EPIK, named protection factor is obtained through a mathematical expression. The punctuation
of each parameter varies between 1 and 4, meanwhile the weighting factors vary between 1 and 3.
Four vulnerability classes are established pending on the protection factor.

6/ COP Method. (V�as et al., 2002, 2006). This meted uses three parameters: Overlying layers, flow
Concentration and Precipitation. The 0 factor depends on the natural capacity of protection that the
aquifer has to pollution, due to the soil and lithology of non saturated zone. The factor C depends on
the surface conditions that control water flows towards zones of rapid infiltration. The index COP is
obtained through the product of these three parameters: C*O*P
The values obtained vary between o and 10. The values close to 0 means minimum protection (or
maximum vulnerability) and values close to 10 mean maxima protection (or minimum vulnerability)
of the aquifer to pollution.

References.-

Adams, B.; and Foster, S. (1992); Land surface zoning for groundwater protection. J. Int. Water
Environ. Management, 6 : 312-320.
Aller, L; Bennett, T.; Lehr, J. H.; Petty, R.; H.; and Hackett, G. (1987). DRASTIC: A standardised
system for evaluating groundwater pollution potential using hydrogeologic settings. US
Environmental Protection Agency, 622 pp.
Civita, M. (1994). Contamination vulnerability mapping. Theory and Practice. Pitagora, Bologna.
Civita, M.; and De Ragibus, C. (1995). Some methological experiences on contamination
vulnerability mapping of the aquifers. Quaderni Geol. Applicata, 3: 63-71.
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Doerfliger, N. (1996). Advances in karst groundwater protection strategy using artificial tracer test
analysis and multiattribute vulnerability mapping (EPIK method). Tesis Doctoral Univ. De Neuchatel,
308 pp.
Foster, S. (1987). Fundamental concepts in aquifer vulnerability, pollution risk and protection
strategy. In: Vulnerability of Soil and Groundwater to pollutants, W. Van Duijvenbooden and
H.G.Van Waegeningh (Eds). TNO Committee on hydrological research, 38: 69-86.
H�tzl, H. (1996). Scientific basis for karst groundwater protection: guidelines and regulations.
Jornadas sobre recursos h�dricos en Regiones k�rsticas, Vitoria, 147-157.
Maxe, L. and Johansson, O. (1998). Assessing groundwater vulnerability using travel time and
specific surface area as indicators. Hydrogeology Journal, 6: 441-449.
Malik, P. and Svasta, J. (1999). REKS: Alternative method of karst groundwater vulnerability
estimation. 29th Congress IAH, 79-87.
Navulur, K.C.S.; and Engel, B.A.; (1997). Predicting spatial distributions of vulnerability of Indiana
state aquifer systems to nitrate leaching using a SIG. Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Research Report, 11 pp.
Robins, N.; Adams, B.; Foster, S.; and Palmer, R. (1994). Groundwater vulnerability mapping: the
British perspective. Hydrog�ologie, 3: 35-42.
Van Stempvoort, D.; Ewert, L.; and Wassernaar, L. (1992). Aquifer Vulnerability Index (AVI): A GIS
compatible method for groundwater vulnerability mappinmg. Canadian Water Resources Journal, 18:
25-37.
V�as J.M.; Andreo, B.; Perles, M.J.; Carrasco, F.; Vadillo, I.; and Jim�nez, P. (2006). Proposed meted
for groundwater vulnerability mapping in carbonate (karstic) aquifers: the COP method. Application
in two pilot sites in Southern Spain. Hydrogeology Journal (accepted to be published).
Vrba, J.; and Zaporozec, A. (1994). Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability. International
Contributions to Hydrogeology, IAH, 16, Verlag Heinz Heise.

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B. Demonstrations of integrated coastal aquifer and land management approaches

Table 1. Demonstrations of integrated coastal aquifer and land management approaches

OBJECTIVES
BASELINE
DEMO ACTIVITIES

CROSS- BENEFITS related to:

Planning / capacity building of:
(1) Reduced LBS
(2) CWR
(3) SCML
(4) Wetlands,
ecosystems
(1) Reduced LBS
Individual national
Alternative re-use, zero-waste
Working towards zero-
Additional supply and
Additional water source
Support wetlands with
Bacteriological, BOD,
sectoral investments
discharge systems;:
waste discharge.
enhancement of CFWR
for land conservation and
permanent re-use
nutrients, salt
in WWT� Limited
Optimal (minimum) WWT
Introduce reuse directed
to meet regional
productive land use,
supplies: Control of
implementation low
systems / processes for reuse
WWT technology for
increasing demands.
afforestation and coastal
contamination and
efficiency, loss of
GW recharge, wetland support
zero-discharge,
Additional source for GW
riparian nutrient control
eutrophication
CFWR
etc.
affordability with
recharge for annual and
and catch cropping
Water quality standards
effective implementation
long term flow regulation,
Assess sea water quality and
of LBS reduction.
salinization control
coastal eutrophication benefits
Capacity on technology

Identification of replication
and cross-sectoral
potential and coastal sites
system management.
(2) CWR
Domestic GW
MAR, control salinization and sea Control GW transported
Enhanced CWR to
MAR and GW
Conservation of humidity
management and
water intrusion, Irrigation and
LBS from coastal
address critical coastal
management to address
and water quality in
development
other reuse systems, drought
agriculture,
water shortage and meet
coastal land degradation
GDEs
security, CC adaptation
increasing demands
and salinization
(3) SCML
Coastal erosion and
Watershed (foot hill)
Appropriate land use
Additional supplies; water
Sustainable coastal land
Reduced coastal
salinization and
management, GW recharge, land
and conservation for
harvesting and coastal
management; including
wetland sedimentation
inappropriate land
rehabilitation/ renovation,
riparian control of
aquifer recharge, MAR in
upper watershed, and
and salinization;
use resulting in land
sedimentation, salinization
sedimentation and
coastal foothills, irrigation
coastal plains for urban
sustainable land
and water resources
contamination and nutrition
related LBS pollution
areas etc
and agricultural uses
management and use
loss of productive
discharge control,

for wetland
natural resources,
Irrigation reuse - soil nutrition
conservation.
LBS pollution
systems management
(4) Wetlands,
Continued loss with
Classification, GW management,
Wetland capacity to
Conservation of
Reduced erosion, and
Sustainable
ecosystems
reclamation,
nutrient absorption ; on-the-
reduce sediment,
groundwater recharge
salinization, and
management of coastal
depletion, drying up
ground management
nutrient and other LBS
areas and landscape
desertification and sand
GWD wetlands and
and contamination of
intervention/action
pollutant flows to the sea greening for improved
dune intrusion by
ecosystems,;
wetlands; loss of
micro-climate
retention of humid zones
conservation of coastal
ecosystems, GW
and marine biodiversity;
recharge zones;
protected areas
CFWR: Coastal fresh water resources; SCML: Sustainable Coastal land management; WWT; wastewater treatment;
MAR: Managed Aquifer recharge; GDE: groundwater dependent ecosystem
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/February 2006
C. Description of Demonstration areas

Reghaia Project Demo Area

The Reghaia coastal area and basin consist of a Ramsar listed coastal wetland of regional importance
for biodiversity including as a migrating bird landing site, the Reghaia lake, a closed basin that is
adversely affected from municipal waste water pollution from the Reghaia Town at some 4 km distant
form the coast. The existing Reghaia sewage treatment plant is not functional and as a result
municipal waste is discharged into the lake and ultimately into the coastal waters. Moreover the lake
waters are heavily used for irrigation with the threat of depletion of the lake water body and the
coastal aquifer. At the same time and beyond the scale of this potential coastal SPA, at the wider scale
the Reghaia basin makes part of the larger Mitidja aquifer contiguous and interacting with the
Algerian coastline. The Mitidja aquifer basin is heavily used for agriculture municipal supplies and is
threatened by over-abstraction and pollution and subject to consequent coastal sea water intrusion and
salinization, and ultimately pollution of the coastal and waters.

In this situation the Algerian Government has recognized the importance of waste water reuse , where
the sewage discharges will amount to one billion Cu m in 2020, and initiated steps, with a pilot
project in the Reghaia Basin for Managed Artificial Recharge (MAR) of the coastal aquifers and
agricultural municipal waste water reuse in the Mitidja aquifer system.

UNESCO/IHP under the "Water Programme for Africa", supported by Italy is currently implementing
a technical assistance project on: "Integrated Basin Management System for agricultural Waste water
reuse (Syst�me Int�gr� de Gestion du Bassin pour la r�utilisation des Eaux us�es pour l'Agriculture).
The Reghaia Lake pilot basin project is focused on coordination of the participating domestic
ministries, local institutions and water users. The groundwater demonstration is focused on coastal
water quality management and will consider, draw upon, and incorporate the result listed below, of
the above project into the ICZM management planning systems:

- Improved knowledge base on the pollution sources and their impact on the surface and
groundwater quality;
- Integrated water quality and also quantity management planning in the Reghaia Lake basin
coastal aquifer system;
- Evaluation of management and technological options;
- Proposal of appropriate guidelines on municipal reuse in agriculture; including economic
evaluation and financial institutional arrangements;
- Roles and coordination frameworks for the concernes domestic institution sna sectors;

Transboundary demonstration area at Boka Kotorska (Montenegro)

General description of the coast

The Government of Montenegro undertook in the late 90s a process of assessing the current coastal
management situation in the country in order to ensure appropriate mid to long term planning for its
most rapidly developing narrow zone right on the coastline. The Montenegrin coast stretches over 90
km in a straight line, between Croatia and Albania. Entire length of the coast including small islands
is 300 km. The coast occupies a narrow land strip sharply separated from the rest of the country by a
high mountain range parallel to nearly the entire length of the shoreline.

The coastal region consists of 6 municipalities and their settlements. Three municipalities - Herceg
Novi (235 km2), Kotor (335 km2) and Tivat (46 km2) are settled in Boka Kotorska Bay. The Bay is a
rare fjord-like geomorphological feature (by shape but not morphogenesis).

Physical and ecological conditions

Mediterranean climate prevails in the Bay, characterised by long, hot and dry summers and relatively
mild and rainy winters. While the coast records very high quantity of precipitation, it experiences
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unfavourable seasonal oscillations. In addition, rain water penetrates quickly into the soil and is
evacuated by underground water karst networks. The water balance is therefore problematic since it is
when water is needed the most by vegetation and tourists, that it is least available. The coast is made
of large karst aquifer in which several ground water tables are found. However, the groundwater
regime is still not fully understood, especially for karst aquifers.

Boka Kotorska physical oceanographic conditions are typical of very low energy environments and
they vary within the different embayments. They depend upon exposure to wind and inflow from
surrounding surface and submarine freshwater outlets. Erosion processes are a widespread occurrence
along the coast, especially in areas of soft flysch rocks. These processes cause damage to productive
land and undermine various structures, such as agriculture terraces.

Due to rapid urbanisation and development of different industrial, commercial and tourist sites, beach
equilibrium conditions are disturbed. Coastline retreat is noticed in several beaches. Coastal erosion
affects especially flysch and sandy beaches.

Given still relatively contained development of Boka Kotorska, especially in its immediate hinterland,
the habitat and biodiversity of the area is of high ecological and landscape value. Ecosystems are
distributed in mosaics, especially in the coast hinterland: more than 120 species of plants, about 55
species of invertebrates, about 30 species of amphibians and reptiles, more than 220 species of birds,
and more than 37 species of mammals are registered.

Water resources offer multiple potential uses in the coastal region, such as drinking water supply and
thermo-mineral springs. The majority of consumption is for domestic use, tourism accounting for
slightly less than a quarter and industry twice as less as tourism. At present available quantities of
underground waters much exceed existing needs. This means that any long-term water supply strategy
will rely exclusively on underground waters. Nevertheless, good quality water supply to coastal
settlements remains a critical issue. Among limiting natural factors are salt intrusion in some springs
in the coastal karst zone and long distance from large springs to settlements. This is exacerbated by
poor quality drinking water supply networks. Kotor and Tivat are municipalities in Boka Kotorska
Bay that will have to look for new water resources despite some recent improvements in water supply.
A co-operation between Montenegro and Croatia regarding efficient water resources management in
the area is much needed.

Human uses and activities

As a result of rural migration for the north region of Montenegro to the central and coastal region,
population growth in coastal municipalities since 1991 has been 8% which is twice the national
population growth. Southern region of Montenegro, which includes coastal area, accounts for 31,5%
of the national GDP. The unemployment rate was 22% in 2004. Poverty remains a critical issue with
10,9 of population living in absolute material poverty (<3.50/d).

The most economically valuable agriculture land in Montenegro is in the coastal region and is
progressively lost to real-estate speculation. 1 ha of land on the coast is worth some 3 ha in any other
part of the country. Tourism-related agriculture may not be sufficient for maintaining production at a
year-round economically viable level.

The internal market for marine fish is rather shallow because of the low level of domestic
consumption (1 kg/pers/year). Some over 200 boats operate in Boka Kotorska up to 80m depth on the
open sea. Current status of fishery catches is unclear due to the lack of relevant fishery statistics over
the last 15 years despite the legal obligation to produce catch records. Illegal fishing is still a regular
practice. Marine fishing and mariculture are overlooked activities in the country despite significant
economic potential.

Industries in the area are few although quite diversified. The largest industry is shipbuilding, with two
shipyards in Bijela-Herceg Novi and Tivat. Ship-repair activities generate an export income of more
than 15 million $ per year. Boka Kotorska has a control role in the country's maritime economy, with
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
diversified activities in the ports of Kotor, Zelenika and Risan as well as in shipyards in Tivat and
Bijela. A major negative impact to maritime industry was the loss of country's complete commercial
fleet (40 ships). There is at present only one maritime company in Montenegro, Barska plovidba.

Tourism is the main economic activity in Montenegro, currently accounting for 14.8% of GDP.
Tourists are especially attracted to Boka Kotorska area because of its rich cultural heritage and unique
landscape. The area has some 20.000 beds for exclusive vacation, cultural and recreational tourism.
Beach tourism (bathing) is a dominant type of tourism. A strong international Blue Flag beaches
campaign is currently going on. Major international tourism investors are still waiting for a
consolidation of investment conditions.

Spatial and Urban Development

Spatial Plan of the Republic of Montenegro is the main reference document for urban and spatial
development, giving the framework orientation for development of the coastal region. The Coastal
Area Spatial Plan, soon to be adopted by the Parliament, provides key orientations for priority
development zones along the coast. Preliminary National Coastal Management Strategy: Diagnosis
prepared in 2005 took stock of coastal zone characteristics and potentials. The document recognised 7
coastal areas and produced relevant SWOT analysis. Boka Kotorska figures as separate coastal area,
divided in two sectors. Relevant stakes for the area have been identified.

The analysis for tourism development are done in Master plan for tourism development from 2001.
Being aware of the importance to harmonize defined measures and proposals with principles of
sustainability, its revision is initiated following UNWTO directions and will be finalized in 2007.

During the 1990s coastal management was given its most elaborated administrative and legal
framework: the Coastal Zone Act was adopted and the Coastal Zone Management Agency (Morsko
Dobro) was established in 1992. The coastal zone was given a legal delimitation and Morsko Dobro
was given control under the zone. The key mandate of the Agency is to "enlarge the protions of the
coast that can be used for different economic and other activities such as managed beaches for tourism
and new infrastructure". Morsko Dobro also monitors beach erosion since 2004 with the help of the
Centre for marine and coastal engineering "Adriatic", based in Kotor. The institutions collect data to
establish beach profiles to give evidence of sediment transport and evaluate beach erosion. However,
the management of the marine side of the coast is much neglected and overlooked.

Montenegro has not yet fulfilled its obligation to prepare a national Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan. In expecting this document to be done, SAP/BIO National reports provides main orientations for
coastal and marine biodiversity protection in facing with growing interest of foreign investitures for
real estates in coastal area in Montenegro what causes loosing of the valuable agriculture land and
biodiversity reach zones. There are no National Parks on the coast proper despite high biodiversity in
some coastal areas. Many areas of natural, cultural and landscape value still have to be legally
protected. Monitoring capacity on accidental or voluntary introduction of alien species and their
actual impact should be enhanced.

Boka Kotorska Bay endangered marine and coastal area

The Boka Kotorska Bay enters in the land at 15 nautical miles and it is directly linked with open
seawaters of South Adriatic. Boka Kotorska Bay is complex and is composed of external (Herceg
Novi Bay), middle (Tivat Bay) and internal (Risan-Morinj and Kotor-Dobrota Bay) part. External and
middle parts are linked with Kumbor neck, and middle and internal, with Verige neck, 340 m wide.

Internal part of the Bay is precipitous, with narrow coastal zone. External part of the Bay is lower,
with more lower ground (Tivat, Mrcevo and Grbalj field and valley Sutorina). There the coast is
wider, up to 10km. Precipitous mountain ranges of the internal part of with the highest quantity of the
precipitation in the Europe, Crkvine, with average year sediment sum of 4.623 mm. Thanks to the
mainly karst ground, permanent currents almost don't exist, so the atmospheric water, except of the
surface runoff, discharge by the underground way, cracked and compressed groundwater and springs
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on the sea bottom, among which is this Bay, mostly its internal part known. Fluvial-graphic regime
temporary significantly influence the decrease of water salinity in internal part of the bay. Except this
natural factor on the sea environment decisive influence have the human activities: communal waste
waters, shipyards, distribution of petroleum derivates.

Adriatic shipyard Bijela includes around 350 km2 of sea area. The length of the operative coast is
1.200 m. It has a possibility for ship repairing up to 120.000 t portability, like and servicing of the
ship engines, turbines, regulators etc. The shipyard has two tugboats of 450 KS and 250 KS and
necessary infrastructure: trafostation, aqueducts network, tank for used oil, storages, workshops etc.

The consumption of the water in the Shipyard is around 136.800 m3/year. During 2003. year in
technological procedure is produced the following quantity of the waste: 8.000 t (waste in the process
of rifling of old paint from the ships), 1.000 t of old iron, 5.000 t of oiled water from the ships, 200 t
of the mud from the ships, 150 t of grease waters. Oiled waters, mud and grease waters are disposed
into separator station PP "Hemosan" from Bar, from where is transported out of the country. Scrap
iron is sold. "Grit" from 13 treatment of ships is disposed on the local non-covered waste dump. It is
not a rare occasion that about remont of the ships, ballast waters, fuel and grease, oiled waters are
uncontrolled and non-allowed discharge into the sea. Other waste: gum, glass, paper, wood, concrete,
plastic, isolation material, is disposed on the local waste disposal.

"Grit" contents the large amount of heavy metals (Cr, Zn, B and other), than PAH. Ground on the
local disposal of the grit is because of that contaminated by the heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, B) and
PAH. By the emission from the Shipyard, is contaminated by the heavy metals, mineral oils and PAH,
the sub sea and the sea living world in the vicinity (sediment and shells). Shipyard occupy the main
part of the coast of the settlement Bijela.

Metal industry "Daido" is placed into industrial zone of Kotor in Grbalj field. The basic technological
process is the galvanic processing of the metal. The industry has ownself, bordered, temporary
disposal for the liquid and solid waste, from where is done its transfer. Consumption of the water is
around 12.000 m3/year. In its technological work produce the highly toxical waste. Galvanic mud
which production is 700 l for month, contents heavy metals Sn, Pb, Cu, Fe and resin. It is postponed
in the barrels, placed into ensured disposal. There is produced around 5.000 kg for month.

Degradation of sea water is evident in Boka Kotorska Bay, then near Shipyard in Bijela and Tivat. In
tourist season along the coast the changes of the sea water quality have been identified because of the
influence of the organic substances, nutrients and fecal bacteria from non-refined communal waste
waters, which are discharged directly in the sea. This is the most serious problem, and its solution is
primary priority on the coast. In coastal sea are evident alohton species, like alga Caulerpa racemosa,
Near Budva and in Boka Bay identified, for which removing some basic activities are undertaken
(Institute for marine biology from Kotor).

A key environmental issue on the coast remains construction of appropriate sea outfalls. Out of 75
major outfalls along the coast of Montenegro, only 10 have suitable length offshore. Elsewhere
sewage is discharged directly to the sea. This is especially the case in Boka Kotorska where the
bathing water quality has shifted in last several years from "very good" to "good". The long-term aim
is to provide all settlements along the Boka Kotorska Bay with piped sewerage by the year 2028 with
sewage treated and discharged into the sea in an environmentally acceptable way. Eutrophication is
evident in the inner bays of Boka Kotorska (phytoplankton bloom in Kotor and Risan Bays) while the
middle bay (Tivat City beach and Igalo-Topla in Herceg Novi) is under threat.

Master plan for drainage and refining of the waste water of Montenegro coast and municipality
Cetinje and Master plan for solid waste management in Montenegro set out the priority for waste
management at national level including the coastal area as the priority one in respect to tourism
development as the leading vector of national economy.

Both of these documents recognized the Boka Kotorska as the " very sensitive waters" where is
necessary to reduce the quantity of the nutrients influence. Because of such a sensitiveness of the
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
coastal water of the Boka Bay even the small settlements will be connected on the sewerage
network.

For the municipalities Kotor, Tivat and Budva are done the intermunicipality provisory sanitary
landfill on the locality Lovanja, in vicinity of the main traffic road Budva-Tivat and runway for the
airport Tivat. The landfill is built in 2004. year. Surrounding ground is protected with impermeable
ground and foil. Waste is filled into formed cells and comprised, and then covers with the ground. The
leak out is collected and then is lead away.

All these define this area as the one of special care where appropriate measures of sustainable
integrated management must be applied on. National Strategy on Sustainable Development and the
draft of National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management define this area as the high
sensitivity zone where urgent action is needed. This is specially important taking into account the fact
that medieval architecture and numerous monuments of cultural heritage have made Kotor an
UNESCO listed "World Natural and Historical Heritage Site". Old town of Kotor is at the list of
UNESCO World Culture Heritage since 1979. Such the unique town with extraordinary valuable Bay
in its surrounding does not belong only to national treasure but the entire Adriatic and Mediterranean.
This classified the Boka Kotorska area as the priority one in the framework of the Strategic
Partnership for Mediterranean large Marine ecosystem.

For the purpose of the pilot phase of the Project for integrated management of the Transboundary
demonstration area at Boka Kotorska, the following measures should be realized:

A) Preparation of the Management Plan for Tivatska Solila

Institutions devoted to management of existing and proposed protected areas on Coastal zone are
missing as well as separate Management plans for each of them. Protected Areas are poorly managed
without any Management Plan. Inventories for each particular Protected Area should be innovated
and completed.

Adequate model of Management Plan is missing for pilot Protected Area that can be replicated on
other sites. PE Coastal Zone Management Agency and other institutions is faced with the problem.

Tivat Saltpans is already recognized in SAP/BIO National report as the pilot site for introduction of
adequate Management Plan Model. This is valuable coastal wetland area placed in a very attractive
zone for tourism development. In such a situation local population rather decides for economic
valorization of this area then to save it out of building activities. The alternative plan must be offered
enough attractive to raise awareness of the local population on the importance of the protection of the
rare biodiversity of the Saltpans offering the possibilities for economic valorization of such a worth
biodiversity area at the same time. Although this is specific area with special and attractive
surrounding, some similar experience can be used on.

The experiences and results achieved in this area can be disseminated to all relevant stakeholders and
used in creation of the management plans for other locations at Montenegrin coast. As the results of
the pilot phase:

� A Feasibility study for protected area Tivatska Saltpans is prepared,
� A draft new management plan (in accordance with the IUCN recommendations) is prepared.
� The managers of protected area are developed and put in place.
� Training for managers of protected area and other stakeholders are realized.

B) Tourism development in the coastal region calls for significant changes in the space, thus creating
ever higher pressures on the coastline. The development of new tourism facilities creates the need for
the construction and remodelling of the coast in order to create more beach space. Together with
urbanisation, which apart from inevitable planned expansion of towns also involves a great deal of
unplanned (illegal) construction, the uncontrolled development of tourism and increase of beach areas
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are the key causes of coast devastation, disturbance of landscapes and the change of natural
characteristics which all threaten habitats, biodiversity and natural balance in general.

On the other hand, the natural coast is the most attractive environment for tourists. Preservation of its
features and appearance is therefore a precondition not only for the preservation of natural balance but
also for the long-term tourism development. The Tourism Master Plan for the coastal region
envisages 100,000 hotel beds and a total number of more than 200,000 beds in all the types of tourist
facilities by the year 2020. The spatial planning documents also envisage a significant increase of
tourist capacities, the increase of beach space and the development of nautical tourism facilities in the
area of morsko dobro. The adequate control of pressures from tourism development and urbanisation
is one of the main challenges in the process of implementing these plans.

Although the SPSPAMD will mitigate pressures from unplanned development in the area of morsko
dobro, provide for quality development of tourism and nautical facilities and to a large extent provide
for the protection of natural landscape and ecologically valuable areas, it is necessary to emphasise
that tourism development plans and spatial plans regulating the use of space and development
orientation of the coastal region have not yet been subjected to "sustainability tests", neither through
the carrying capacity assessments (i.e. the assessment of the capacity of an area to receive a certain
number of visitors) nor through strategic environmental assessment (SEA). The application of these
and similar mechanisms (including a good quality environmental impact assessment at the project
level) is a key priority in further development and implementation of planning documents and in
development decision making in the coastal region.

The revision of the Master plan for tourism development is under way in order to harmonize it with
the principles of sustainable development contained in UNWTO directions. In parallel with this
carrying capacity assessment is going to be realized for northern part of Montenegro under UNDP
coordination. Taking into account the growing pressure of the investments in south part of
Montenegro the similar activities should be realized in this region as the indicator of the capacities of
this area for sustainable development.

Boka Kotorska Bay which presents the national and world treasure is the most attractive area for
foreign investments. Because of that our responsibility to create its sustainable future is bigger. CC
assessment of this area should result with establishment of this instrument as the necessary one
in realization of all the future tourism activities.. In such a way direct contribution for sustainable
development of this area will be put in place.

C) Tourism, maritime activities and to a smaller extent agriculture and fishery, as well as extraction of
mineral raw materials (sand and stone; research of oil and natural gas reserves) comprise the main
economic activities in the coastal region. In the past, these activities led to a more or less
unsustainable exploitation of non-renewable natural resources of the coastal region (primarily of the
space and landscape values). Today we may say that to a large extent, the space on the coast as a
unique and specific value of Montenegro, has already been "used up" for diverse economic and other
human activities, since it has undergone a significant change of natural and landscape values.

An important source of pressures on resources and quality of marine and coastal environment are
unresolved issues of waste disposal and wastewater treatment, while other sources of pressures also
include ports and other maritime infrastructure, and to a lesser extent, fishery, mariculture, agriculture
and industry.

In order to monitor the state of the sea and the coastal zone, it is necessary to provide for
comprehensive, continuous and integral monitoring of oceanographic, physical, chemical, biological
and other parameters and to keep an integral database of the sea and the coastal zone.

For such a reason we propose to realize the integrated water management of Boka Kotorska Bay as
the important component of integrated management of this area. As the result of such a project should
be realized the following activities:

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� The water courses of Montenegro and Croatia impacts on integrated water management in
transboundary area; the coastal flows impact on the coastal sea waters; the human activities
impact on the coastal sea waters;
� Underground water impact on sea water quality is determined:
� Models for water supplying system are defined taking into account existing problems in this
transboundary area as well as the agreement of Montenegrin and Croatian authority to solve
these problems on the pleasure of both side:
� Models for waste water treatment as the precondition for sustainable tourism development of
the region is proposed;
� Comprehensive monitoring system of sea water quality as the precondition for high quality
tourism development is defined.
� All pollution sources and the level of pollution are identified:

The signing of the agreement on water management between Montenegro and Croatia is under
procedure. The steering body which will be formed for realization of the bilateral cooperation should
be in charge with realization of this demo project.

The coastal water resources and the fresh- saltwater interface and exchange in the Boka Kotorska Bay
area are dominated by large, and local karstic hydrogeologic systems that have their own biodiversity
and that are in part transboundary and make part of the water resources shared between Croatia and
Monte Negro. As a consequence, the drinking water supplies and the inflows, with LBS pollution and
nutrient inflows and the sensitive fresh-saltwater interface and balance in the aquifers and in the Bay
and local wetlands and ecosystems depend to a large extent on the dynamics and the management for
sustainable use of the karst coastal aquifers. Introduction and integration of coastal aquifer and
groundwater management and protection measures under ICZM represents a critical element to
sustain the Bay ecosystem, reflected in carrying capacity assessment and sustainable coastal
development planning instruments, related to the urban, agriculture and tourism development sectors.
With the dominant dependence on groundwater the management and protection of the coastal karts
aquifer is a principal strategy approach resource for the adaptation to Climatic Change to secure
domestic water supplies.

The coastal groundwater management and planning activities under the Boka Kotorska Bay
demonstration will address the following issues to be incorporated under the ICZM planning and also
support water use planning under the parallel IWRM activity. It will be based on a solid information
and assessment comprehensive coastal groundwater vulnerability mapping including intrinsic and
integrated groundwater risk and uncertainty and quantity and quality of the Boka Kotorska pilot area.
It will also draw from and benefit from the pilot area in Monte Negro for the groundwater activity on
hydrogeological management of coastal wetlands, base on the recent experience and technology used
in the coastal wetlands in Spain and on the sustainable land management activity including land use
and degradation with coastal nutrient accumulation, erosion and sedimentation. These factors,
together with legal and institutional provisions for groundwater management measures, including
groundwater use rights and pollution protection and restrictions, will be merged under a coastal
groundwater management plan as a sub-component of ICZM planning of the Boka Kotorska Bay area.

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Sub-Component 1.2: Integrated Coastal Zone Management
(GEF 950,000 $, Co-financing 2,164,700 $)

Implementing Agencies

UNEP-MAP Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC), Mediterranean
Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP), with support from Global Water
Partnership-Mediterranean (GWP-MED) and UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
International Hydrological Program (UNESCO/HP).

Background/Context/Rationale

The coastal zone is an area of interchange within and between physical, biological, social, cultural and
economic processes. It is composed of multiple interacting systems: maritime, terrestrial and riverine.
Changes, at any point in any part of the systems, can generate chain reactions far from their point of
origin and possibly in a totally different system whose environmental conditions will be subsequently
altered. Managing such complex systems requires an integrated approach capable of bringing together
the multiple, interwoven, overlapping interests of the coastal area in a co-ordinated and rational
manner, harnessing coastal resources for optimum social and economic benefit without prejudicing
the resource base itself and maintaining the ecological processes.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is such continuous, proactive and adaptive process of
resource management for sustainable development in coastal areas. It is a process of achieving goals
and objectives of sustainable development in coastal areas, within the constraints of physical, social
and economic conditions, and within the constraints of legal, financial and administrative systems and
institutions. It is not a substitute for sectoral planning, but focuses on the linkages between sectoral
activities to achieve more comprehensive goals.

As coastal resources are used simultaneously by different economic and social sectors, integrated
management can only be accomplished when all these uses, users and relationships are clearly known.
It is therefore far wider than static land-use planning, requiring an inter-disciplinary approach to the
management of dynamic processes in the terrestrial and marine environments. Such integrated
approach in managing coastal environment is in line with the GEF efforts to support integrated
approaches to natural resource management.

ICZM as concept and methodology to address complex coastal/marine management and protection
issues was developed in early 1960s in the US. Within the Mediterranean Region, integrated coastal
zone management was introduced by the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) / UNEP in mid 1980s as
a major response to tackling the growing development pressure witnessed in coastal areas. A series of
policy documents, recommendations, programmes and projects (such as Coastal Area Management
Programmes - CAMPs), tools and instruments have been developed and implemented.

The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development (MSSD) calls for action to move the
region towards sustainable development so as to strengthen peace, stability and prosperity, taking into
account its weaknesses and the threats it faces but also strengths and opportunities.

One of seven essential issues MSSD attempts to achieve progress on is "Promoting sustainable
management of the sea and the littoral and urgently stopping the degradation of coastal zones".

Progress on this issue calls for launching several pilot actions:
i.
Preventing and reducing pollution from ships and the risks of accidents;
ii.
Reducing pollution from land-based sources;
iii.
Promoting sustainable fisheries and aquaculture;
iv.
Protecting marine and coastal biodiversity; and
v.
Promoting more integrated development and management of coastal areas and prevention
of risks.

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Pilot action under (v) calls for the following:
- Adoption, by 2007, a Mediterranean protocol for integrated coastal zone management;
- Adoption, before 2012, of coastal zone laws by countries that do not have theme; the
promotion of specialised jurisdictions empowered to enforce respect; and the creation, by
2012, in countries that do not have them, of mechanisms and instruments for coastal
management;
- Promotion of integrated management approaches and projects in all Mediterranean countries,
involving local authorities, enterprises and NGOs;
- Defining geo-morphologically the coast area, assessing the vulnerability to natural and
technological risks, banning construction in high-risk areas and integrating risk-prevention
into urban development plans;
- Promotion of the role of islands as laboratories for coastal management (subsidiary and
innovation);
- Support at the Euro-Mediterranean level to capacity building for coastal management,
mobilising public opinion, and considering the establishment of a fund to enable private
sources and local communities to finance the conservation and sustainable management of the
Mediterranean coast.

Protocol on ICZM in the Mediterranean

The Working Group of experts for the drafting of the Protocol on ICZM in the Mediterranean (ICZM
Protocol) was established in November 2005 by the decision of the 14th Ordinary Meeting of the
Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols. By November 2007, the Working
Group is expected to present the final text, to be, hopefully, adopted by the Contracting Parties in
2007. Currently, the experts are continuing their work on reviewing and drafting the final version of
the Protocol. At the meeting in Loutraki, February 2007, the last third of the document will be
discussed and some articles from the previous chapters still pending the final wording.

The intention of the ICZM Protocol is to establish a common framework for the integrated
management of the Mediterranean coastal zone. The ICZM Component will investigate implications
of adopting and ratifying the regional protocol on national institutional arrangements, national
legislation and national coastal strategies, policies and plans. The Component will also contribute to
methodological and juridical capacity in eligible countries to harmonise the national ICZM legislation
with the Protocol.

The ICZM Strategy for the Mediterranean highlighted a set of strategic objectives, defining future
programme orientations. Namely, among its objectives, it stressed the need to:

- Promote the mainstreaming of coastal management activities and a significant change in level
of activities;
- Promote application of ICZM approaches at eco-regional level;
- Continue to identify and address emerging ICZM thematic priorities;
- Continue to develop ICZM methodology and best practices for the Mediterranean;
- Build capacity to implement existing laws and future ICZM protocol for the Mediterranean;
- Work at local level, e.g. making best use of CAMP projects and improve them.

As a result of the implementation of several CAMPs in the region, it appeared evident that the
Mediterranean region needed to have a binding ICZM Protocol. The ICZM Protocol would help in
strengthening regional and national policies, strategies and actions aiming at protection and
prevention of degradation of the coastal areas in the Northern Mediterranean countries and offer a
model of coastal development to the countries of the South.

In order to achieve objectives identified within the Strategy and to ensure successful development and
implementation of ICZM Protocol, ICZM component was included in the GEF Strategic Partnership
(SP) for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem. In order to provide the needed C/M specific
broader framework for on the ground implementation of two key MAP Strategic Action Programmes
(i.e., The Strategic Action Program to Address Pollution from Land-Based Activities - SAP MED,
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
and The Strategic Action Program for the Conservation of Mediterranean Marine and Coastal
Biological Diversity - SAP BIO),

The ICZM Project component within the GEF SP will strengthen the enforcement, assessment and
monitoring capabilities of the national and local institutions; and establish technical mechanisms for
supporting transboundary pollution prevention and abatement originating in the coastal areas of the
Mediterranean Sea. This is in line with the Environmental Quality Objectives (EQO's) identified in
the Mediterranean TDA, which broadly are: i) reducing the impacts of LBS of pollution on the
Mediterranean marine environment and human health; ii) reaching sustainable productivity from
fisheries; and iii) preserving the coastal and marine biodiversity (i.e. habitats, ecosystems, biological
taxa and genetic resources.

The ICZM component will ensure integration across focal areas (notably IW and BD), at the various
levels (basin, ecosystem, country, and region), assisting to the GEF role as catalyst and facilitator of
global environmental sustainability.

Objectives

The overall objective of the ICZM project component is to ensure sustainable management of
Mediterranean coastal zones, with particular reference to international waters and biodiversity. The
objective will be met by providing assistance to national governments of the Mediterranean countries
to manage their coastal resources in an integrated manner and in accordance with priority needs
identified by ICZM Protocol now in preparation

The main objectives of the ICZM Sub-Component are:

a) To facilitate strengthening of legal, institutional and policy framework for integrated coastal
zone management of the Mediterranean countries, with specific reference to water resources
management (WRM) and biodiversity (BD) protection and the action on adoption of the ICZM
Protocol;
b) To contribute several eligible countries in preparing national ICZM strategies and plans; and
c) To provide assistance to countries in introducing / strengthening the use of ICZM methodology,
practices and tools, notably through capacity building and implementation of replicable pilot /
demonstration actions, based on an interactive participatory and focused at IW and BD.

Such ICZM related initiatives, focused at objectives of GEF IW and BD focal areas, would contribute
to:

- Triggering countries' initiatives for adopting the regional ICZM Protocol and national ICAM
regulation, institutional and management frameworks well focussed at WRM and BD aspects;
- Improving capacity building at regional level and national/local levels, supported by broad
stakeholder participation, in order to ensure its proper implementation;
- Justifying resources allocation for developing ICZM Strategies and NAPs with particular
attention to WRM and BD aspects;
- Use of ICZM plans for solving WRM- and BD-related key problems identified in the ICZM
Protocol for the Mediterranean;
-
Demonstrate alternative management approaches, tools and techniques, such as Integrated
Coastal and River Basin Management, marine spatial planning, COED, SEA, CCA and
conflict resolution techniques.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

The objective of the ICZM component of the project is creation of a favourable environment for the
ICZM protocol, yet to be finalised. The ICZM component makes an integral part of Component I and
Component III, Sub-category 6 of the Project. The following is the envisaged set of ICZM-related
activities of the full size project.

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007

1.2.1 Support activities in preparation of National ICZM Strategies and National Action Plans
(GEF 565,000 $, Co-financing 1,251,200 $)

The aim of this activity is to address the specific needs identified in project countries related to lack of
national ICZM strategies and their implementation, at regional, national and local level. The project
countries will be supported in preparation of ICZM Strategies and National Action Plans (NAPs).
This project activity will promote comprehensive stakeholder participation through organisation of
workshops and extensive consultation process.

The activity is in line with broad objectives of the Components 2 and 3 of overall Project in order:

� To develop and implement policies and legislation aimed at addressing transboundary causes of
environmental degradation of the Mediterranean Sea, as established in the SAP MED and SAP
BIO;
� To develop adequate capacity in the countries for legal/institutional set up, reforms and
harmonisation of policies needed to reverse degradation trends and living resources depletion, by
following the priorities established by the SAP MED and SAP BIO;
� Fostering the regional action on the adoption of ICZM Protocol.

Under the activity METAP will assist interested countries in strengthening/developing national
coastal legislation with special emphasis on systematic inclusion of WRM and BD protection
concerns in the legislation. Also, METAP will conduct COED assessment in two selected countries.

The project will demonstrate that ICZM may be an efficient tool for co-ordinating various policy
actions towards sustainable management of coastal areas. The activity will promote adoption of new
ICZM legislation and better enforcement of the existing legislation. Capacity of national, sub-national
and local ICZM institutions will be improved.

1.2.1.1 Strengthening the role of ICZM as a policy framework for water resources management and
biodiversity protection on the regional level
(GEF 107,400 $, Co-financing 231,000 $)

Although none of the countries has full coastal management framework (legal, institutional, planning,
technical) in place, in each one of them some elements of the system could be found. However, the
coastal management practices still lack integration and sustainability. Furthermore, the integration
between marine and terrestrial domains is practically non-existent. This situation is coupled by the
overall predominance of the land use planning while, at the same time, coastal management is neither
widely known nor practised. Even when plans are developed, two root causes of their ineffectiveness
are present: the lack of respect for the institution of planning, and the lack of the implementation
instruments. There is a widespread lack of confidence in the institutions to govern equitably and
efficiently. Transboundary environmental problems, often present in the sub-region, are getting higher
on the political agenda but the non-existence of an effective management system, such as Integrated
Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM), is one of the root causes why the
transboundary environmental problems are still persistent. Even in cases when national legislation on
ICZM exists, the issues of water resources management and biodiversity protection were not given
adequate treatment within the overall ICZM framework.

This activity will include awareness raising and capacity building of national and local level
responsible on ICZM approach in support of water resources management and biodiversity protection.
An outline for preparation of ICZM strategy and NAP will be finalised in co-operation with national
authorities of all eligible countries. A regional workshop will be organised to discuss the outline and
to screen possible country candidates for preparation of ICZM NAPs. Experiences and results
achieved will be disseminated to all other participating countries.

Expected results: on-the-job training will provide relevant national and local institutions responsible
for coastal resources management with knowledge on how to take into account WRM and BD
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
protection issues into coastal planning process. An outline for preparation of ICZM strategy and NAP
will be finalised and discussed at a regional workshop. Joint activities with GWP-MED and UNESCO
within the ICZM demo projects will strengthen aquifer and IWRM components of the overall project.

PAP/RAC prepares, manages and executes the activity with technical support of MAP/UNEP,
MEDPOL, SPA/RAC, INFO/RAC, METAP, GWP-MED and UNESCO in designing training
materials and in disseminating and communicating the results of the activity.

1.2.1.2 Support to preparation of ICZM NAPs in four-selected countries
(GEF 193,000 $, Co-financing 302,000 $)

Many decision makers have not yet know ICZM benefits, although they do not shy away from them
when an initiative emerges, particularly if it is driven by the foreign donors. Unfortunately, the
implementation is the weak point. Today, ICZM practice varies from country to country. Some have
placed emphasis on the spatial planning, some have developed the regulatory and institutional
framework, some have prepared coastal plans, but in none of the countries a complete ICZM
framework is in place. ICZM NAPs could improve participation in the coastal resources' management
decision-making, increase level of internal financing of coastal management initiatives, prompt
coastal local administrative units to prepare and adopt coastal management plans, help introduce new
integrated coastal management tools and techniques and increase public awareness on the coastal
areas problems.

Within this activity four ICZM NAPs will be drafted and agreed upon and presented to national
authorities and other relevant stakeholders for adoption. National conferences on draft NAPs will
secure broad involvement of stakeholders in building a consensus on ICZM NAPs. Experience gained
will be distributed to other participating countries for information and replication. The activity will
build upon preceding activities, notably CAMPs implemented and other specific ones concerning
NAPs and ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean. Furthermore, an even regional distribution of
countries involved will be secured.

Results: Draft ICZM NAPs in three to four selected countries. National conferences on ICZM NAPs.
Interactive Participatory Process in consensus building on national ICZM NAPs.

PAP/RAC prepares, manages and executes the activity, GWP-MED and SPA/RAC provide technical
support on WRM and BD protection issues; INFO/RAC secures visibility and replicability of the
action. National and local NGOs will be involved in support of facilitating multi-stakeholder
meetings.

1.2.1.3 Harmonising national institutional arrangements and legislation with ICZM Protocol for the
Mediterranean
(GEF 51,000 $, Co-financing107,000 $)

Forthcoming adoption of ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean by the Contracting Parties (scheduled
for November 2007) will pose new challenges to and give ample opportunities for an efficient coastal
management of the region. The Protocol will represent an important outside push for strengthening of
coast-related legislation. Primarily, a need will arise for harmonising national institutional
arrangements and legislation with the Protocol.

This activity will strive to build capacity of eligible countries for a smooth adapting of national
coastal legislation with the ICZM Protocol. A case study will be prepared to show implications of
ratification of ICZM Protocol. The study will be presented at a workshop with the aim of exchanging
relevant experience among coastal zone managers as well as juridical practitioners.

Results: A case study on adapting national legislation to the provisions of the ICZM Protocol; 15
juridical practitioners trained on implications of national ratification of the Protocol.

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Identified responsible institutions: PAP/RAC will commission an international and a national expert
for preparation of the case study. WB will provide technical expertise to PAP/RAC. National
authorities of one eligible country and PAP/RAC will co-organise the workshop.

1.2.1.4 Developing/strengthening of coastal legislation in the Mediterranean
(GEF 86,500 $, Co-financing 336,600 $)

Lack of respect for law, as well as lack of specialised coastal laws, has greatly reduced the
effectiveness of environmental resources management in coastal areas of several Mediterranean
countries. The "regulatory split" between the coastal marine and terrestrial domains is evident, too.
While the land resources are being managed in a relatively integrated manner, mainly thanks to the
spatial planning laws that have been in place in most of the eligible countries, on the other, marine
side of the coastline, resource management has been and still is almost exclusively sectoral.

The purpose of this activity is to facilitate the development and strengthening of coastal legislation by
exchange of experience and best practices between Mediterranean countries. The assistance to
countries will build upon WB and UNEP experience in promoting Integrated Coastal Zone
Management as an essential approach and framework for all policies and interventions affecting
coasts. Again, special emphasis will be given to inclusion of water- and biodiversity-related aspects
into national ICZM legislation.

Results: Three to four selected countries assisted in developing/strengthening their coastal legislation.

METAP will prepare and manage the activity and PAP/RAC will assist METAP in providing state-of-
art analysis on ICZM legislation, institutions and policies in Mediterranean countries. SPA/RAC and
GWP-MED will provide specialised inputs related to inclusion of WRM and BD protection into
coastal legislation.

1.2.1.5 Use of Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) as an ICZM tool
(GEF 127,100 $, Co-financing 274,600 $)

Human activities located on the coast and in the adjacent river basins are having strong impact on the
state of the coastal terrestrial and marine environment. Biodiversity loss is rapidly emerging
phenomenon in the region. Although tourism is considered as a growth sector, the deteriorating
environmental situation is degrading its ability to act as a development generator. Unregulated, and
often haphazard and illegal, coastal linear urbanization is reducing the quality of coastal landscape as
well as the capacity of future generations to make use of the coast at the level enjoyed by the current
generation. Cost of coastal degradation, i.e. reduction of the capacity of national economies to
generate satisfactory income could be assessed as being relatively high, particularly in some, less
developed, countries of the region.

This activity will include capacity building and creation of network of experts, exchange of best
practices and undertaking pilot COED assessment in selected coastal areas. The activity will build
upon experience of METAP in assessing (sectoral) COED in countries of the Mediterranean and other
regions.

Results: COED assessments in two selected countries.

METAP will prepare and manage the activity and PAP/RAC will provide METAP with existing
national reports on ICZM and other information related to assessing the cost of environmental
degradation of Mediterranean coast.

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1.2.2 Application of ICZM approach, tools and techniques in demonstration areas
(GEF 385,000 $, Co-financing 913,500 $)

The ICZM objective of this component relates to implementation of demonstration projects for
effective management of coastal areas and identification and management of coastal habitats and
marine protected areas (MPAs). Furthermore, ICZM approach, tools and techniques will be
demonstrated in selected countries through preparation of ICZM plans.

In section C of Supplementary information to the project presents a set of criteria for selection of
demonstration sites under the project.
Section E presents Description of sites/areas in the region, which are proposed as demonstration
projects based on experience of PAP/RAC in its Coastal Area Management Programme and on
preliminary consultations with relevant national authorities and the Project partners.

Outcome. Two ICZM plans for selected demo areas with institutional systems in place aimed at their
implementation.

The following sub-activities of Activity 2. will be developed:

1.2.2.1 ICZM Plans to demonstrate ICZM approach, tools and techniques in selected areas
(GEF 345,000 $, Co-financing 657,500 $)

Coastal ICZM plans represent a step forward toward putting ICZM approach and strategies into
practice. They stimulate the integration of major stakeholders in the decision-making process through
an improved participation process. Coastal plans also help bringing the coastal issues at the top of
national/local political agenda and help shape the national/local approach to coastal area management.
ICZM plans also help increasing the number of coastal projects, many of them having a
demonstration character. It is probable that the national financing of ICZM plans and projects will
also increase, this being an indicator of the willingness to implement solutions proposed.

This activity will be developed through:

- Drafting ICZM Plans in two selected areas, one of them of transboundary nature, the other to
include coastal lake, wetlands and identification of MPA; both important for their WRM- and
BD-related features, including programme and tools for its implementation;
- Organisation of joint / harmonisation meetings to ensure consensus building and broad
stakeholder involvement in ICZM Plan preparation and implementation;
- Final presentation conferences to present draft ICZM plans;
- Finalising ICZM plans with implementation instruments included;
- Identification of priority investments in protection and rehabilitation of valuable coastal areas.

Final ICZM plans for two selected areas prepared, one of them notably to include identification and
establishment of a MPA. The plans will include the list of priority investments needed with short
prefeasibility outlines.

The activity will be developed through joint meetings, two national workshops, and a workshop
reference document.

1.2.2.2 Capacity building for effective implementation and sustainable financing of pilot ICZM
projects
(GEF 27,000 $, Co-financing 175,000 $)

Often is the case that important long-term ICZM interventions fail due to their unsustainable funding,
especially in developing countries. It is therefore important to conceive and plan these interventions
bearing in mind from the beginning all possible means of financing and inherent financial risks.
Inability to mobilise resources domestically is also troubling although some regional experience
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(South China Sea for example) prove that pilot projects can be entirely funded by the country
involved. Uninterrupted financing of project is just one of their sustainability aspects. Strong political
commitment at all levels is essential to the preparation and implementation of initiatives. Participation
of stakeholders and end-users from the design phase through project implementation should be
encouraged.

The sub-activity will contribute to capacity building of national officials to identify, select, implement
and seek sustainable funding of pilot ICZM projects. Information on potential national funding
sources, including national and international donors, development banks, etc. in the region will be
presented. Also, examples of promotional activities for demo projects, the most effective means of
gaining political support to the projects, good practices in yielding public support for ICZM
interventions and successful cases will be discussed.

Results: A workshop will be organised to present methodology for selection, implementation and
sustainable financing of pilot ICZM projects. A compendium will be distributed containing lists of
funding regulations, programmes and financial institutions in the region relevant to environmental and
ICZM projects.

Identified responsible institutions: PAP/RAC will prepare, manage and execute the activity. The
workshop will be co-organised with national authorities of an eligible country.

1.2.2.3 Co-ordination and harmonisation of ICZM component with other components' activities in
demo projects
(GEF 13,000 $, Co-financing81,000 $)

Establishing effective linkages among various Project components is crucial for its success. ICZM
component demo areas and relevant activities should be selected in concert with other implementing
institutions, primarily with GWP Med and UNESCO. And vice versa, ICZM should be used as an
overall framework for harmonising all sectoral interventions in demo projects prepared by other
implementing institutions, including ICZM methodological and programmatic aspects.

An international expert will be engaged by PAP/RAC to co-ordinate implementation of activities in
ICZM demo areas with other implementing institutions' activities, notably with activities on IWRM
and coastal aquifers. Participation of the expert at three harmonisation meetings is envisaged.

Results: Concerted activities of all implementing agencies in ICZM and other demo areas.
Harmonisation meetings organised.

Identified responsible institutions: PAP/RAC will prepare, manage and execute the activity. The
harmonisation meetings will be co-organised with national authorities of eligible countries.

Risks and sustainability

Risks. In the coastal areas of the Mediterranean there is a widespread need for effective water
resources management, biodiversity protection and coherent spatial planning. Unfortunately, in many
instances exclusive sectoral approach to achieving these issues exist, instead of a comprehensive
institutional, legal and management framework. ICZM brings this much needed inter-sectoral and
spatial perspective, supporting for example further screening of initiatives pointing to their overlaps,
gaps and potential conflict. However, at present in many countries ICZM institutional, legal and
management frameworks are incomplete and therefore have not fully demonstrated their expected
efficiency in addressing users conflicts and cumulative development and environmental impacts in
coastal areas. The risk is therefore that sectoral management will remain dominant form of coastal
resources utilization. However, ICZM activities of the project have been designed so as to improve
the situation and minimise this risk.

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A further risk might be limited willingness of national / sub-national / local authorities to participate
in the project, as well as use and share project results and findings. Namely, there is a risk that
instruments for the implementation of coastal strategies and plans will not be used and prevailing
negative coastal trends will continue. However, involvement of the appropriate governmental and
non-governmental stakeholders throughout the whole project, and the development of co-ordinating
mechanisms addressing sectoral concerns within the ICZM framework is designed to minimise this
risks.

Due to complexity of the project, there is a risk of ineffective co-ordination between the project
implementation unit, project-executing agencies, national and local authorities, GEF Focal Points,
IFIs, etc. Elaborated project implementation arrangements at the very start of the project and its
regular monitoring and evaluation should significantly limit this risk.

Inability of co-financiers to meet their commitments due to developments not anticipated at project
design stage is the major project risk from the financial point of view. In order to minimise this risk,
the project-executing agency will continuously monitor the co-financing, report to key project
stakeholders, identify likely problems in advance, and react as appropriate. Also, formal agreements
between responsible institutions and the agency prior to the beginning of project activities would limit
this risk.

Finally, level of risk associated with execution of ICZM component with the project is relatively low,
considering the great interest of the countries; institutions and organisations involved as well as the
existing expected interest at the international level. The inclusion of institutional strengthening and
ICZM capacity building elements within this project component reduces the overall project risk by
ensuring that the beneficiary countries will have at least a basic ability to prepare and implement the
Strategies and ICZM Plans identified and to strengthen their legal, institutional and policy framework
for ICZM.

Sustainability. Sustainability is integrated into each of the project Outcomes of the ICZM
component. All relevant Outcomes and Outputs are designed to ensure that the achievements under
the ICZM component will be sustained after the project completion. PAP/RAC will focus its activities
in strengthening national institutions and capacities in coastal management, as the most important
objective to ensure sustainability of the project interventions. Development of legal and institutional
actions, as well as strengthening operational potentials to work within an integrated vision among the
Mediterranean institutions, will facilitate development of effective ICZM tools and instruments and
will create favourable climate for civil participation.

Active participation of civil organisations in the project activities is a key element for the social
sustainability. The Public Participation Strategy of the Component focuses at building a bottom-up
pressure aiming to support effective project execution. The proposed Small Grants Programme would
initiate a large number of small, popular activities. This would contribute to sustainability by building
broad support for biodiversity conservation and demonstrating its usefulness.

Appropriate project implementation arrangements will also facilitate sustainability of the
interventions beyond the life span of the project. Forming a project-related co-ordination units
(committees) within the countries involved might enable the integration and involvement of the
different Ministries and governmental institutions.

Finally, with regard to the financial sustainability, it might be safely stated that there are substantial
funds in the region for sustainable development activities. The challenge is to channel a part of these
funds into ICZM promoting activities and to ensure they are well managed. This project component
addresses this twin challenge head on. Lack of finances for follow-up should not be an obstacle. The
high-levels of co-financing and baseline financing demonstrate this.

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), UNEP/MAP/MEDPOL, 2005, presents experts
opinion, based on best available data, on the state of the environment and priority problems in the
Mediterranean. The TDA provided the list of actions, which is designated to address the major
transboundary issues of interest of the GEF International Waters (IW) focal area. The TDA outcome
was use of Environmental Quality Objectives adopted in the SAP MED, SAP BIO and the FAO Code
of conduct for sustainable fisheries. This led to specific targets to be met within a desired time frame,
and specific interventions and actions that can be considered in the framework of National ICZM
Action Plans (NAPs).

Other UNEP/MAP projects have been taken into account when preparing ICZM based activities of
this project, like preparation of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development and
consensus building on future MAP ICZM Protocol.

In addition to the above mentioned, this project involves UNESCO, METAP, WWF MedPO, and
other significant partners to jointly contribute to a more sustainable management of Mediterranean
coastal areas, with specific reference to combating land-based pollution and biodiversity degradation
and loss.

Some of the active GEF and non-GEF funded projects in the Mediterranean include:

� SMAP III Integrated Coastal Zone Management plans of action (regional). Following the
launching of SMAP III in 2005, a Technical Assistance office was opened in Cairo and eight
projects have been selected for implementation. All projects aim to develop integrated coastal
zone management plans for specific regions in the Mediterranean countries (all projects will be
implemented in GEF eligible countries). Their total value is 7.60 million.

� Promoting Awareness and Enabling a Policy Framework for Environment and Development
Integration in the Mediterranean with focus on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (regional).
EC, UNEP/MAP, PAP/RAC, BP/RAC, METAP. The project started in 2005 with the overall
objective to improve the advocacy and awareness in policy making at national level in SMAP
beneficiary countries to engage them into the path towards the environmentally sustainable
development. Also, the project is intended to encourage and support harmonised co-operative
efforts at regional level for a common policy framework for ICZM. Total cost: 1.20 million.

� Spatial Planning in Coastal Zones - PlanCoast (regional). EC, PAP/RAC. The project will lead
the path towards the completely new spatial development instrument of Sea-Use-Planning for
maritime areas and enhance ICZM implementation by linking it with the process of statutory
spatial planning. The value of project activities to be implemented in the Adriatic region is
estimated at 0.48 million.

� MAP Coastal Area Management Programme (regional). UNEP, MAP, BP/RAC, SPA/RAC,
Info/RAC, PAP/RAC. Coastal Area Management Programme (CAMP) is oriented at
implementation of practical integrated management projects in selected Mediterranean coastal
areas, applying ICAM. A number of CAMP projects has been implemented in eligible countries,
from the standpoint of MED SP of relevance are in particular those implemented in Algeria and
Lebanon, both completed in 2005. In addition, CAMP projects are in preparation for Morocco
and Serbia and Montenegro.

� Regional Solid Waste Management Project in METAP Mashreq and Maghreb Countries
(regional). METAP, WB. The project was approved in 2002 and is being carried out in, Algeria,
Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Tunisia. The project addresses Solid
Waste Management (SWM) as one of the most serious environmental concerns, especially in the
Mashreq and Maghreb countries. The objective of the project is to promote the adoption of
sustainable integrated waste management practices in the METAP beneficiary countries. Total
cost: 6.00 M.

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� Capacity building for an early assessment system of drought in three countries of the south shore
of the Mediterranean Sea: Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia (regional). EC, LIFE05
TCY/TN/000150. The project was approved in 2006. The overall objective of the project is to
improve the capacities in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to deal with and adapt to drought periods.
To this end, the project will identify the regions that are most sensitive to drought and reinforce
capacities for regular monitoring in order to predict the level of risk of drought occurrence. Total
cost: 0.80 M.

� Lake Shkoder Integrated Ecosystem Management (Albania and Serbia and Montenegro). GEF,
IBRD, WB. The project is in the GEF pipeline. It is supposed to be carried out in Albania and
Serbia and Montenegro. The overall objective of the project is to assist the Governments of
Albania and Montenegro in achieving a more sustainable use of the natural resources of the Lake
Shkoder and its watershed. The global environmental objective of the project is to reduce
pollution and conserve the lake and its biodiversity as an internationally important nature habitat
for different flora and fauna species, especially for waterfowl birds. Total Cost: US$ 27.45 M.

� Integrated Water and Ecosystems Management Project (Albania). GEF, IBRD, WB. The project
was approved and implementation started in 2003. The main objective of the project is to assist
the Government of Albania in improving the management of uncontrolled wastewater discharging
into international waters, which is threatening the global significant ecosystems along the
coastline of Albania. Total Cost: US$ 12.58 M.

� Integrated Ecosystem Management of the Neretva and Trebisnjica River Basin (Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Croatia). GEF, IBRD, WB. The project will be implemented under Investment
Fund for the Mediterranean Sea LME Partnership. It is in the GEF pipeline and is supposed to be
carried out in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. The goal of the project would be to ensure an
effective and environmentally sound management of the transboundary Neretva River Basin. The
general project objective is to catalyse a more integrated approach to water resource management
in the Neretva River Basin in order to improve the integrity of the ecosystem. The global
environmental objective is to conserve the water and land resources, and biodiversity of a globally
important watershed. Total Cost: US$ 17.13 M.
� Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast through Greening
Coastal Development (Croatia). GEF, UNDP. PDF-B phase of the project completed. The full
project proposal aims at making development "greener" across a key area of the Croatian coastal
zone by creating an enabling environment. The project also seeks to change the behaviour of
economic actors within the area so that key mosaic of habitats and species are secured and they're
needs incorporated into economic development of the area. Total Cost: US$ 31.64 M.

� Plan of Action for an Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the area of Port Said (Egypt). EC,
NRD (Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione dell'Universit� degli Studi di Sassari, Italy).
Project was approved in 2006 and is being carried out in Egypt, Coastal zone of Port Said. Its aim
is to prepare an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan for the area and to create the basis for
its successive concrete implementation through an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and
with the direct involvement of the relevant stakeholders. Total Cost: 1.87 M.

� Integrated Management of Cedar Forests in Lebanon in Co-operation with other Mediterranean
Countries (Lebanon). GEF, UNEP. The project approved in 2003 will contribute to the
management of cedar forests and their protection from serious insect pests. The primary focus of
this project will be on determining the causes of appearance of Cephalcia tannourinensis in the
Tannourine-Hadath el-Jebbeh Cedars Forest and determining means to prevent its spread to other
countries in the region. Project Cost: US$ 1.21 M.

� Reducing conflicts of coastal natural resources use in the Nador area of Morocco (Morocco). EU,
EUCC. The project approved in 2006 is being carried out in the Morocco's province of Nador.
The overall goal of the project is to promote sustainable development in the coastal area of the
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
province of Nador through the establishment of an ICZM Plan with civil society participation.
Total cost: 0.73 M.

� The Fara'a and Jerash Integrated Watershed Management Project (Palestine and Jordan). EC,
SMAP. The project was approved in 2003. The overall project objective is to create sustainable
development conditions for the rural population in the Jordan River Basin. The watersheds have
the highest potential for agricultural development in the area. Total Budget: 4.95 M.

� Integrated Sustainable Land Management in the Eastern Region (Syria). GEF, UNDP. The
project is in the GEF pipeline. Its goal is to reduce and reverse the process of land degradation
and improve human livelihoods in the Eastern Region of Syria through ensuring co-ordination
and upscaling of land management activities. The project will focus on piloting and adapting
models for SLM, by reinforcing the enabling environment, and by mainstreaming SLM into the
wider economic development of the region. Total Cost: US$ 22.76 M.

� Gulf of Gabes Marine and Coastal Resources Protection Project (Tunisia). GEF, IBRD, WB. The
overall objective of the project, approved in 2005, is to contribute to the protection of important
Mediterranean and international biodiversity and promote economic development by sustainable
managing marine and coastal natural resources. Project Cost: US$ 9.81 M.

� Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management Project (Turkey). GEF. The project started in
2000 with the global objective to conserve the biological diversity and ecological integrity of
selected ecosystems in a sustainable manner. The ecosystems include forest, wetland, steppe and
alpine ecosystems that are representative of Turkey's four major bio geographical zones, which
include the Black Sea and Caucasian mountain region, the Central Anatolian plateau, and the
European and Mediterranean regions. Project Cost: US$ 11.54 M.

Supplementary information

A. Status of ICZM policy in the region
B. Status of ICZM Legislation, Institutions, Strategy and plans in GEF eligible countries of the
Region
C. Criteria for selection of demonstration sites under the project
D. Preliminary list of stakeholders
E. Description of selected demonstration areas/projects

A. Status of ICZM policy in the region

It should be noted that Integrated Coastal Planning and Management (the MAP initial title for ICZM)
has been identified from MAP inception in 1975 as one of its four basic components. PAP/RAC has
been entrusted with its introducing and development in practice of Mediterranean coastal states.
Gradually, ICZM methodologies and tools were developed and tested, primarily through the
implementation of CAMP projects and ICZM tools such as EIA, SEA, CCA, and marine spatial
planning. These actions were supported by various METAP, WB, and EC projects, all within their
respective institutional and programmatic framework.

The assessment of ICZM status and implementation has been widely elaborated in a number of
relevant recent documents (e.g. "Assessment of ICAM Initiatives in the Mediterranean: Experiences
from METAP and MAP (1988-1996)", "White Paper on Coastal Zone Management in the
Mediterranean", "Coastal Area Management Programmes: Improving the Implementation"). For the
need of this project, National ICZM overviews for eligible countries and sub-regional ICZM Policy
Briefs were prepared. The ICA Baseline and GEF Alternative analyses were prepared taking fully into
account the findings of these documents including ICZM related findings in SAP MED and SAP BIO,
as well as the results of the Expert Meeting on ICZM held in Split on 23-25 April 2006.

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Among barriers for further strengthening of ICZM as a framework and tool for water resources
management (WRM) and biodiversity (BD) protection the following might be mentioned:

� Poor enforcement of relevant laws and regulation;
� Inadequate legal framework and management structure in most countries;
� Still prevailing dominance of sectoral land use planning; and
� Low capacity for integration and application of ICZM methodology and tools, in particular related
to WRM and BD protection.

However, in all the countries important elements of integrated coastal zone management are already
established. Although none of them has a fully integrated coastal zone management framework (legal,
institutional, planning, technical) in place, in each one of them some elements of the system could be
found. The awareness of the need for a strengthened and better-focused ICZM, in this case on WRM
and BD protection, is proved by the fact that all Mediterranean countries support the forthcoming
ICZM Protocol of the Barcelona Convention. In addition, the civil sector emerging in all eligible
countries indicates a high interest and potential of wide public to play a role in integrated coastal zone
management.

The broad development/environmental goal of the ICZM project Sub-Component is to ensure
sustainable management of Mediterranean coastal zones, by providing assistance to national
governments of the Mediterranean countries to manage their coastal resources in an integrated
manner. The main objective of the ICZM project component is to facilitate strengthening of legal,
institutional and policy framework for integrated coastal zone management of the Mediterranean
countries, and build capacity for implementation of ICZM focused at WRM and BD protection. In this
way, the component would support the achievement of the targets established by SAP MED and SAP
BIO.

B. Status of ICZM Legislation, Institutions, Strategy and plans in GEF eligible countries of the
Region

Country
ICZM Body
ICZM Law
ICZM Strategy
ICZM Plans
Albania
No
No
National coastal plan
In preparation
(prepared in 1995,
adopted in 2002)
Algeria National
Coastal
Yes (2002)
No
CAMP SAP
Council proposed
Wetland
management
Bosnia and
No No
No
No
Herzegovina
Croatia
Office for the
Decree on the
No, but a special plan for No, only county
Adriatic (no decision
Protection of the
the Adriatic in
spatial plans with
making power)
Coastal Area
preparation
some sea use plans
(2004)
Egypt No
No
No
National
plan
in
preparation
Lebanon Proposed
Draft
prepared Yes,
waiting
endorsement
No
by parliament
Libya No
No
No
No
Morocco
Steering committee & In preparation
In preparation In
preparation
in
national agency
Nador
proposed
Serbia and
Yes, public
Yes In
preparation
No
Montenegro
institution with weak
legal mandate
Syria

National
plan
in
preparation
Tunisia APAL
(no
legal
No
No
No
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
mandate)
Turkey Committee since 1993 No, only shore law

but no coordination
to give boundaries
role

C. Criteria for selection of demonstration sites under the project

The selection of the Demonstration Projects will be guided inter alia by the following:

1. Conformity with GEF programme: Demonstration projects should address at least one of the
following GEF Operational Programs Focal Areas � Biodiversity or International Waters. Higher
relevance of interventions proposed under the projects for both focal areas would be an
advantage.

2. Conformity with MAP programme and programme of other regional institutions: Priority should
be given to projects which promote well advanced activities of existing regional institutions.
Notable example would be projects that demonstrate possible benefits of adopting an ICZM
Protocol for Mediterranean and / or advantages of use of ICZM tools and techniques.

3. Multi-faceted nature of projects: Projects should aim as far as possible at demonstrating how
ICZM may serve as a framework for integrating water resources management and/or biodiversity
issues into an overall planning system.

4. Global / regional / sub-regional / transboundary nature of projects: Projects should clearly
respond to the environmental benefits in the region and contribute to overall global
environmental benefits. In this respect Projects selected may have a sub-regional outlook or be of
a transboundary nature.

5. Hot spot targeting: Projects must target relevant hot spots identified by the countries. The
Strategic Overviews prepared for each country could serve as a starting point for identifying the
hot spots.

6. Sustainability: Projects, which demonstrate possibility for economic development and/or poverty
alleviation, would have an advantage in the selection process. Also, the Projects, which deliver
benefits beyond the life cycle of the interventions, would be preferred.

7. Favourable political environment: Clearly expressed willingness of national / local authorities to
support implementation of a demonstration project is a strong sign in favour of the project.

8. Acceptability by local population: Demonstration projects are meant to have an overall positive
effect on relevant local population. They could, however, negatively affect some society groups.
It is imperative that expected outcomes of a project be introduced to local population prior to its
implementation and their support to the project obtained.

9. Co-Financing: Only projects likely to attract adequate domestic funding and/or external support
shall be considered. Projects demonstrating strong co-financing shall be given priority.

10. Cost-effectiveness: For a given budgetary limit, demonstration projects should yield a set of
well-structured and tangible activities which contribute to success of an overall objective of the
intervention.

11. Replicability: Projects' principles should be replicable in other countries of the region. They
should promote sharing of experiences, enhancing regional co-operation and collective learning.

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12. Performance criteria: Projects should achieve measurable concrete preliminary results in a
designated time.

13. Capacity Building: Projects should be selected taking into account relevant national / local
capacities for their implementation. Capacity building should be an integral part of the planned
project activities.

14. Availability of data: Implementability of a demonstration project is positively related to existence
of relevant data and its availability.

15. Participatory approach: Project outcomes should demonstrate a direct causal connection between
increased participation and increased sustainability of proposed interventions. Projects should
yield strong ownership with all partners including the government, the private sector, civil
society including NGOs and the scientific community.

16. Maximisation of use of regional expertise: Projects should aim at maximising the utilisation of
national/local experts and institutions.

17. Geographical balance: Balance between GEF eligible countries in the region should be sought.

D. Preliminary list of stakeholders

ALBANIA

Public Institutions (Ministers)
� The Ministry of Agriculture and Food and its Directorates for Forestry and Fisheries
� The Ministry of Public Works, Land-use Planning and Tourism
� Ministry of environment, national environmental agency (NEA)
� Ministry of public economy and privatisation

Scientific Institutions (NEA) (1996)
� ISPU � The National Urban Planning Institute

ALGERIA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministers)
� Minist�re de l'Am�nagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement - MATE
� Minist�re de la P�che et des Ressources Halieutiques
� Minist�re des ressources eu eau
� Minist�re de l'agriculture et du d�veloppement rural
� Minist�re de la Sant�, de la Population et de la R�forme Hospitali�re
� Algerian Coastal Protection and Promotion (APPL)
� Office National de l'Assainissement - ONA
� National Water Agency (ADE)
� Conservatoire National du Littoral (CNL)
� Agence nationale d'am�nagement du (ANAT)
� Centre National d'Etudes et de Recherches Appliqu�es en Urbanisme (CNERU)
� Centre National des op�rations de surveillance et de sauvetage en mer
� Centre National des Technologies de Production plus Propre (CNTPP)
� National Centre for the Development of Biological Resources (CDRB)
� Office National pour la Statistique (ONS)

Regional and Local Level Institutions
� Wilaya assemblies
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Specialized Committee
� Le Conseil National de l'Am�nagement et de D�veloppement Durable du Territoire
� Conseil National de l'Eau
� Le Conseil National de l'Information G�ographique (CNIG)
� Comit� National des ONG alg�riennes pour la lutte contre la d�sertification (CNOA)

Scientific Institutions
� Ecole Nationale Polytechnique - D�partement G�nie de l'Environnement
� Institut des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Am�nagement du Littoral (ISMAL)
� Institut National de Sant� Publique (INSP)

Civil Society Organizations
� Mouvement �cologique Alg�rien (Algerian Ecological Movement)
� Association pour la Recherche sur le Climat et l'Environnement (ARCE)
� Association de r�flexion d'�changes et d'action pour l'environnement et le d�veloppement
(AREAED)
� Le Centre National d'Etudes et d'Analyses pour la Population et le D�veloppement (CENEAP)
� Societe algerienne pour le droit de l'environnement (SADE)
� United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Algeria
� Judicial expertise in international environmental rights and desertification

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Ministry of Foreign Affairs
� Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
� Federal Ministry of Physical Planning and Environment
� Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry
� Federal Ministry of Transport and Communications
� Federal Ministry of Health
� Ministry of town planning, housing-communal (municipal) services, civil engineering and
ecology RS
� Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry RS
� Ministry of industry and technology RS
� Ministry of Health and Social Protection RS

Regional and Local Level Institutions
� Cantonal Authorities
� Water Management Companies
� The Directorate for Water RS

Inter Regional Level Institutions
� Communal service department

Specialized Committee
� Committee for Management of Environment, not specialise for coastal zones

Civil Society Organizations
� Environmental Steering Committee of BIH
� Commission for co-ordination of water management issues
� Public Enterprise for "Watershed Area of Adriatic Sea Basin"
� Public Enterprise for "Watershed Area of the Sava river basins"
� Public Company for Water in the Adriatic
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CROATIA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� The Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction
� Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management
� Ministry of the Sea, Tourism, Transport and Development
� Ministry of the Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship
� Ministry of Culture
� Ministry of Health
� Ministry of the Interior
� Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration

Regional and Local Institutions
� Counties and municipal departments for land-use planning

Inter Regional Institutions
� Croatian Chamber of Commerce
� Croatian Waters
� Croatian Environment Agency
� State Institute for Nature Protection
� Central Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Croatia

Scientific institutions
� Rudjer Boskovic Institute
� Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries

Civil Society Organizations
� State Institute for Nature Protection
� UNDP � Croatia
� Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Fund
� Fund for Regional Development
� NGOs active in environmental protection and nature conservation in Croatia

EGYPT

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� The Cabinet of Ministers
� Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs
� The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
� Ministry of Tourism
� Ministry of Foreign Affairs
� Ministry of Agriculture and Land reclamation
� Egypt State information Service

Regional and Local Institutions
� Local departments of the Ministry of the Environment
� Regional branches of EEAA

Specialized Committee
� National Committee for ICZM

Scientific Institutions
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� Egyptian Academy of Scientific research and Technology
� National research Centre
� Agriculture Research Centre (under Ministry of Agriculture and Land reclamation)
� National water Research Centre (under Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation)
� Climate Change and Environmental Institute
� University of Alexandria
� American University in Cairo

Civil Society Orgai\nizations
� Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association
� CEDARE - Centre for Environment & Development for Arab Region and Europe

LEBANON

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Ministry of the Environment
� Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)
� Ministry of Tourism
� Ministry of Agriculture
� Ministry of Public works and Transport
� Higher Council for Urban Planning (HCUP)
� Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL).

Regional and Local Institutions
� Directorate General for Urban Planning (DGUP)

Scientific institutions
� American University of Beirut
� Balamand University
� National Council for Scientific Research (CNSR)
� Industrial Research Institute

Civil Society Orgai\nizations
� AFDC (Association for Forest Development and Conservation)
� UNDP- Lebanon Country Office.
� Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon

International Organizations
� Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
� ONU in Lebanon
� UNESCO in Lebanon
� United Nations Program for the development
� USAID in Lebanon
� Delegation of the European Union in Lebanon
� METAP, Unit of Planning and Programming (UPP).

LIBYA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)

� Ministry of Planning
� Ministry of Agriculture
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� Ministry of Transport
� Ministry of Defence
� Marine Research Agency
� Technical Centre for the Protection of the Environmental
� Environmental General Authority of Libya
� Marine biology Research Centre (MBRC), establishment in (1981)

MOROCCO

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Secretariat General du Gouvernement
� Ministere de'l Interieur et Communes
� Ministere de l'Amenagement du Territoire, de l'Eau et de l'Environnement
� Ministere des Affaires etrangeres et de la cooperation
� Ministere de l'Equipment et des Transports
� Minist�re de l'Agriculture, du D�veloppement Rurale et des P�ches Maritimes � MADRPM
� Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et For�ts et � la Lutte Contre la D�sertification
� Minist�re du Tourisme, de l'Artisanat et de l'Economie Sociale
� Ministere de la Sante Publique
� Centre Royal de T�l�dection Spaciale (CRTS)- Rabat

Regional and Local institutions
� Prefectorial or provincial assemblies
� Communal assemblies

Specialized Committee
� Conseil National de l'Environnement
� Conseil Sup�rieur pour la Sauvegarde et l'Exploitation du Patrimoine Halieutique
� Conseil Sup�rieur de l'Eau et du Climat
� Conseil Sup�rieur de l'Am�nagement du Territoire
� Commission nationale des �tudes d'impact sur l'environnement
� Commission du Littoral
� Comit� National de la Biodiversit�
� Comit� National des Zones Humides

Scientific Institutions
� Institut National des Recherches Halieutiques (INRH)- Casablanca
� Institut Scientifique � Rabat
� Institut National d'Am�nagement et d'Urbanisme (INAU)- Rabat
� Institut National de Statistiques et de l'Economie Appliqu�e - Rabat
� Institut Agronomique et V�t�rinaire Hassan II
� Institut Sup�rieur des P�ches Maritimes (ISPM)- Casablanca
� Facult� des Sciences de T�touan
� Universite Ibnou Zohr � Agadir

Civil Society organizations
� Fondation Mohammed VI pour la protection de l'environnement
� Societe Marocaine pour le Droit de l'Environnement (SOMADE)
� Forum Maghrebin pour l'Environnement et le D�veloppement
� The MED Forum (Forum of Mediterranean NGOs for Ecology and Sustainable Development)
� WWF MEDPO, Morocco Office
� Association AZIR pour la protection De l'environnement Al-Hoceima

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SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Ministry of environmental protection and urban planning
� Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water management
� Ministry of Maritime affairs and transportation

Regional and Local institutions
� Maritime Safety Department
� Port Authorities

Inter Regional Institutions
� Public institute Center for Ecotoxicologic Research
� Public Enterprise for Coastal zone management (Javno preduzee za upravljanje morskim dobrom
Crne Gore)

Specialized Committee
� National Council for Sustainable Development

Scientific Institutions
� Republic Hydrometeorologic Institute
� Republic Nature Protection Institute
� Republic Cultural Heritage Institute
� Institute for Marine Biology
� Regional Cultural heritage Institute

SYRIA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Prime Minister's Office
� Ministry of Environment
� Ministry of Local Administration
� Higher Council for Environmental Safety (HCES)
� General Commission for Environmental Affairs (GCEA)
� The Ministry of Irrigation

Regional and Local institutions
� Local level, General Environment Directorates

Specialized Committee
� Committee established under MoE (2003?) to consider the adoption of ISO 14000

Scientific Institutions
� Center of Environmental Researches
� Centre of Scientific Studies and Researches
� University of Damascus
� Scientific Environmental Researches Centre (SERC)
� Teshrin University

Civil Society organizations
� Syrian Environment Association
� Environment Protection & Sustainable Development
� Environment Protection Society
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� Syrian society for Wildlife Conservation
� Society of Coastal area for protection of health and environment
� Chamber of Tourism

TUNISIA

Public Istitutions
National level (Ministries)
� Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
� Minist�re de l'Equipement, de l'habitat et de l'Am�nagement du territoire
� Ministry of Tourism
� Ministry of Agriculture and hydraulic resources
� Ministry of Public Health

Regional and Local institutions
� Governorate assemblies
� Commune

Specialized Committee
� The National Sustainable Development Committee

Scientific Institutions
� Centre International des Technologies de l'Environnement de Tunis (CITET), under Ministry of
Environment and Sustainable Development
� Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de l'Oc�anographie et de la P�che (INSTOP)

Civil Society organizations
� Association Tunisienne pour la Protection de la Nature et de l'Environ (ATPNE; Friends of the
Earth Tunisia)
� Association Les Amis des Oiseaux
� Association nationale tunisienne de la protection de la faune sauvage
� APNEK Association pour la Protection de la Nature et de l'Environnement de Kairouan
� WWF MEDPO,
� Tunisia Project Office

TURKEY

Public Istitutions
� National level (Ministries)Prime Minister's Office
� State Planning Organisation
� Ministry of Environment and Forestry
� Ministry Public Works and Settlements
� Ministry of Culture and Tourism
� Agriculture and Rural Affairs
� Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources

Regional and Local institutions
� General Directorates for different sectors (hydraulics, water work, construction of harbours,
railways and airports, National Parks)
� Governing provinces and municipalities
� Authority for the Specially Protected Areas (Under Ministry of Environment and Forestry)
� Regional Development Agency (to be; proposed by the new law called Public Administration
Law)

Inter Regional Institutions
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� Regional Directorate for governmental hydraulic works

Specialized Committee
� National Committee for planning of Turkish coastal zones

Scientific Institutions
� Middle East Technical University (METU)
� Department of Civil Engineering
� Department of geological engineering, Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory
� University of Mugla

Civil Society organizations
� MEDCOAST
� Association for Preserving the Natural Life (DHKD )
� WWF-Turkey (Foundation for Preserving the Natural Life)
� Greenpeace Mediterranean Campaign Office
� Foundation for Preserving the Environmental and Cultural Values (�EK�L
� Foundation for Forestation and Combating with Erosion in Turkey and (TEMA
� Turkish Marine Environment Protection Association (TURMEPA)
� Turkish Marine Research Foundation (T�DAV)
� Underwater Research Association (SAD)
� Mediterranean Seal Research Group (AFAG)
� Bird Research Association (KAD)
� Foundation for Preserving Environment and Recycling of Package Wastes (�EVKO)
� Buday Association of Fostering the Ecological Life
� KORDON Association (Urban and Environmental Culture Association)
� Akyaka Lovers Association
� �evG�n - Diyarbakir Environment Volunteers Association
� Pamukkale Association for Search-Rescue & Natural Sports
� Istanbul Water Initiative
� Turkish Foundation for Preserving Environment and Green Development

E. Description of selected demonstration areas/projects

1. Transboundary demonstration area at Boka Kotorska (Montenegro)

General description of the coast

The Government of Montenegro undertook in the late 1990s a process of assessing the current coastal
management situation in the country in order to ensure appropriate mid- to long-term planning for its
most rapidly developing narrow zone right on the coastline. The Montenegrin coast stretches over 90
km in a straight line, between Croatia and Albania. Entire length of the coast including small islands
is 300 km. The coast occupies a narrow land strip sharply separated from the rest of the country by a
high mountain range parallel to nearly the entire length of the shoreline.

The coastal region consists of 6 municipalities and their settlements. Three municipalities - Herceg
Novi (235 km2), Kotor (335 km2) and Tivat (46 km2) are settled in Boka Kotorska Bay. The Bay is a
rare fjord-like geomorphological feature (by its shape but not by its morphogenesis).

Physical and ecological conditions

Mediterranean climate prevails in the Bay, characterised by long, hot and dry summers and relatively
mild and rainy winters. While the coast records very high quantity of precipitation, it experiences
unfavourable seasonal oscillations. In addition, rain water penetrates quickly into the soil and is
evacuated by underground water karst networks. The water balance is therefore problematic since it is
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when water is needed the most by vegetation and tourists, that it is least available. The coast is made
of large karst aquifer in which several ground water tables are found. However, the groundwater
regime is still not fully understood, especially for karst aquifers. Water resources offer multiple
potential uses in the coastal region, such as drinking water supply and thermal mineral springs. At
present available quantities of underground waters much exceed existing needs. This means that any
long-term water supply strategy should rely almost exclusively on underground waters. The majority
of consumption is for domestic use, tourism accounting for slightly less than a quarter of the total
consumption and industry twice less than tourism. Nevertheless, good quality water supply to coastal
settlements remains a critical issue. Among limiting natural factors are salt intrusion in some springs
in the coastal karst zone and long distance from large springs to settlements. This is exacerbated by
poor quality of drinking water supply networks. Kotor and Tivat are municipalities in Boka Kotorska
Bay that will have to look for new water resources despite some recent improvements in water supply.
A co-operation between Montenegro and Croatia regarding efficient water resources management in
the area is much needed.

Boka Kotorska physical oceanographic conditions are typical of a very low energy environments and
they vary within the different embayments. They depend upon their exposure to wind and the inflow
from surrounding surface and submarine freshwater outlets. Erosion processes are in a widespread
occurrence along the coast, especially in areas of soft flysch rocks. These processes cause damage to
productive land and undermine various structures, such as agriculture terraces.

Due to rapid urbanisation and development of different industrial, commercial and tourist sites, beach
equilibrium conditions are disturbed. Coastline retreat is noticed in several beaches. Coastal erosion
affects especially flysch and sandy beaches. Given still relatively contained development of Boka
Kotorska, especially in its immediate hinterland, the habitat and biodiversity of the area is of high
ecological and landscape value. Ecosystems are distributed in mosaics, especially in the hinterland:
more than 120 species of plants, about 55 species of invertebrates, about 30 species of amphibians and
reptiles, more than 220 species of birds, and more than 37 species of mammals have been registered.

Human uses and activities

As a result of rural migration from the north region of Montenegro to the central and coastal region,
population growth in coastal municipalities since 1991 has been 8% which is twice the national
population growth. Southern region of Montenegro, which includes its coastal area, accounts for
31,5% of the national GDP. The unemployment rate was 22% in 2004. Poverty remains a critical
issue with 10,9% of population living in absolute material poverty (<3.50/d).

The most economically valuable agriculture land in Montenegro is in the coastal region and is
progressively lost to real-estate speculation. 1 ha of land on the coast is worth some 3 ha in any other
part of the country. Tourism-related agriculture may not be sufficient for maintaining production at a
year-round economically viable level.

The internal market for marine fish is rather shallow because of the low level of domestic
consumption (1 kg/pers/year). Some 200 fishing boats operate in Boka Kotorska, catching fish up to
80m depth on the open sea. Current amounts of fishery catch is unclear due to the lack of relevant
fishery statistics over the last 15 years despite the legal obligation to produce catch records. Illegal
fishing is still a regular practice. Marine fishing and mariculture are overlooked potentials of the
country's economy despite their significant potential.

Industries in the area are few although quite diversified. The largest industry is shipbuilding, with two
shipyards in Bijela-Herceg Novi and Tivat. Ship-repair activities generate an export income of more
than 15 million $ yearly. Boka Kotorska has a central role in the country's maritime economy, with
diversified activities in the ports of Kotor, Zelenika and Risan as well as in shipyards in Tivat and
Bijela. A major negative impact to maritime industry has been the loss of country's complete
commercial fleet (40 ships) in previous decade. There is at present only one maritime company in
Montenegro, Barska plovidba.

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Tourism is the main economic activity in Montenegro, currently accounting for 14.8% of GDP.
Tourists are especially attracted to Boka Kotorska area because of its rich cultural heritage and unique
landscape. The area has some 20.000 beds for exclusive vacation, cultural and recreational tourism.
Beach tourism (bathing) is a dominant type of tourism. A strong international Blue Flag beaches
campaign is currently going on. Major international tourism investors are still waiting for a
consolidation of investment conditions.

Spatial and Urban Development

Spatial Plan of the Republic of Montenegro is the main reference document for urban and spatial
development, giving the framework for development of the coastal region. The Coastal Area Spatial
Plan, soon to be adopted by the Parliament, provides key orientations for priority development zones
along the coast. Preliminary National Coastal Management Strategy: Diagnosis prepared in 2005 took
stock of the coastal zone characteristics and potentials. The document recognised 7 coastal areas and
produced relevant SWOT analysis. Boka Kotorska figures in the document as a separate coastal area,
divided in two sectors. Relevant stakes for the area have been identified.

During the 1990s coastal management was given its most elaborated administrative and legal
framework: the Coastal Zone Act was adopted and the Coastal Zone Management Agency (Morsko
Dobro) was established in 1992. The coastal zone was given a legal delimitation and Morsko Dobro
was given control under the zone. The key mandate of the Agency is to enlarge the protions of the
coast that can be used for different economic and other activities such as managed beaches for
tourism and new infrastructure. Morsko Dobro also monitors beach erosion since 2004 with the help
of the Centre for marine and coastal engineering "Adriatic", based in Kotor. The institutions collect
data to establish beach profiles, to give evidence of sediment transport and to evaluate beach erosion.
The management of the marine side of the coast is much neglected and overlooked.

The analysis of tourism development potential has been prepared within Master plan for tourism
development of 2001. Being aware of the importance to harmonize defined measures and proposals
with principles of sustainability, its revision is initiated following UNWTO directions and will be
finalised in 2007.

Montenegro has not yet fulfilled its obligation to prepare a national Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plan. In expecting this document to be completed, SAP/BIO National report provides main guidelines
for coastal and marine biodiversity protection. Real estate development in the coastal area, mainly
financed by foreign investors, causes a loss of the valuable agriculture land and biodiversity reach
zones. There are no National Parks on the coast proper despite high biodiversity in some coastal areas.
Many areas of natural, cultural and landscape value still have to be legally protected. Monitoring
capacity on accidental or voluntary introduction of alien species and their actual impact should be
enhanced.

Boka Kotorska Bay - endangered marine and coastal area

The Boka Kotorska Bay enters into the land at 15 nautical miles and is directly linked with open
seawaters of South Adriatic. The Bay configuration is complex and is composed of external (Herceg
Novi Bay), middle (Tivat Bay) and internal (Risan-Morinj and Kotor-Dobrota Bay) part. External and
middle parts are linked with Kumbor neck, and middle and internal, with Verige neck, 340 m wide.

Internal part of the Bay is precipitous, with narrow coastal zone. External part of the Bay (Tivat,
Mrcevo and Grbalj field and valley Sutorina) is lower. Here the coastal strip is wider, up to 10 km.
Mountain ranges of the internal part (Crkvine locality) have the highest quantity of the precipitation in
the Europe with the average year sediment of 4.623 mm. Due to the predominant karst ground,
permanent currents almost do not exist: Therefore, the atmospheric water, except of the surface
runoff, are discharged through the underground. Fluvial regime significantly influences the decrease
of water salinity in internal part of the bay. Except for this natural factor human activities have a
decisive influence on the sea environment (communal waste waters, shipyards, distribution of
petroleum derivatives).
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"Adriatic shipyard" occupies the main part of the coast of the settlement Bijela including some 350
km2 of adjacent sea area. The length of the shipyard's operative coast is 1.200 m. The shipyard repairs
ships up to 120.000 t portability and maintains ship engines, turbines, etc. The shipyard has two
tugboats of 450 KS and 250 KS and some necessary infrastructure: trafostation, aquaducts network,
tank for used oil, storages, workshops etc. The shipyard's consumption of the water is around 136.800
m3/year. During 2003 the shipyard produced the following quantity of waste: 8.000 t of waste in the
process of rifling of old paint from the ships, 1.000 t of old iron, 5.000 t of oiled water from the ships,
200 t of the mud from the ships, 150 t of grease waters. Oiled waters, mud and grease waters are
disposed into separator station PP "Hemosan" in Bar and then transported out of the country. Scrap
iron is sold. Grit from treatment of ships is disposed on the local non-covered waste dump. Ballast
waters, fuel, grease and oiled waters are often discharge into the sea without control. Other types of
waste (gum, glass, paper, wood, concrete, plastic, isolation material) are disposed on the local
landfills. Emissions of the shipyard contaminated with heavy metals, mineral oils and PAH, have
significantly negative impact on the nearby marine environment.

Metal industry firm "Daido" is placed into industrial zone of the town of Kotor, in Grbalj field. The
firm has its own temporary disposal for liquid and solid waste. The basic technological process is
galvanic processing of the metal, with water consumption of some 1.000 m3/year. Residual of the
technological process is highly toxic waste. The quantity of galvanic mud is 700 l / month and it
contains heavy metals Sn, Pb, Cu, Fe and resin. The mud is disposed into barrels and then placed in
secured disposal site.

Degradation of sea water is evident in Boka Kotorska Bay, especially in vicinity of the Bijela
Shipyard and in Tivat. Changes of the sea water quality along the coast are evident during the tourist
season caused by the influence of organic substances, nutrients and fecal bacteria from untreated
municipal waste waters which are discharged directly in the sea. This is the most serious
environmental problem in the area and its solving is of the the highest priority. Some alochtonous
species have appeared lately in the coastal sea near Budva and in Boka Bay, like Caulerpa racemosa.
Some basic activities have been undertaken by Institute for marine biology from Kotor for removing
the algae.

A key environmental issue on the coast remains construction of appropriate sea outfalls. Out of 75
major outfalls along the coast of Montenegro only 10 have suitable offshore length. Elsewhere along
the coast sewage is discharged directly to the sea. This is especially the case in Boka Kotorska where
the bathing water quality has shifted in last several years from "very good" to "good". The long-term
aim is to provide all settlements along the Boka Kotorska Bay with piped sewerage by the year 2028,
with sewage treated and discharged into the sea in an environmentally acceptable way. Eutrophication
is evident in the inner bays of Boka Kotorska (phytoplankton bloom in Kotor and Risan Bays) while
the middle bay (Tivat City beach and Igalo-Topla in Herceg Novi) is under the threat.

Master plan for drainage and treatment of the waste water along the Montenegrin coast and in Cetinje
municipality as well as Master plan for solid waste management in Montenegro have set out the
priority actions for waste management at national level. Special emphasis in both master plans was
put on the coastal area as being the priority in respect to tourism development as the most probable
leading force of national economy. Both of these documents recognized the marine part of Boka
Kotorska as "very sensitive waters" with an urgent need to reduce the quantity of the nutrients.
Because of such a sensitivity of the coastal water even the small settlements are envisaged to be
connected with the sewerage network.

An inter-municipal provisory sanitary landfill has been built in 2004 in Lovanja area, in vicinity of the
Budva-Tivat main road and near the runway of the Tivat airport. The landfill serves three
municipalities - Kotor, Tivat and Budva. The landfill is protected with impermeable ground and foil.
Waste is filled into formed cells and comprised and then covered with the ground. The landfill leak
out is collected and then drained.

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The above mentioned facts call for specific and appropriate measures for sustainable and integrated
management of the Boka Kotorska coastal and marine area. National Strategy on Sustainable
Development and draft National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management define this area as
high sensitivity zone with urgent need for action. Another fact to take into account is cultural heritage
of the area - medieval architecture and numerous monuments have made Kotor a UNESCO listed
"World Natural and Historical Heritage Site". Old town of Kotor is at the list of UNESCO World
Culture Heritage since 1979. Such a unique combination of extraordinary cultural and natural values
of the Boka Kotorska bay is not only a national heritage, but it also represents the treasure of the
entire Adriatic and Mediterranean. This also classifies the Boka Kotorska area as a priority one in the
framework of the Strategic Partnership for Mediterranean large Marine ecosystem.

The Montenegro Government therefore proposes the following activities to be realised under the Boka
Kotorska demo project of ICZM Component of GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean
Large Marine Ecosystem:

A) ICZM Plan for Boka Kotorska

ICZM Plan will contribute to reconciliation of a number of conflicting and often incompatible
demand in the Boka Kotorska area, including:
� facilitating economic development;
� meeting the demands of the tourism and recreation industry;
� protecting areas of scenic, geological or ecological importance.

ICZM Plan would set an overall guiding framework for several sectoral plans which are discussed
further on.

B) Preparation of the Management Plan for Tivatska Solila

Institutional and management framework for protected areas in the coastal zone of Montenegro is
very week. Consequently, protected areas are poorly managed and relevant management plans do not
exist. Inventories for each particular protected area should be revised and completed. An adequate
model of the PA management plan is needed that can be replicated in other sites.

Tivat Saltpans is already recognized in SAP/BIO National report as the pilot site for introduction of
an adequate PA Management Plan model. This is valuable coastal wetland area placed in a zone very
attractive for tourism development. In such a situation local population is inclined to support
economic valorisation and development of the area instead of its conservation. An alternative plan
should be offered attractive enough to raise awareness of the local population on the importance of the
protection of the unique biodiversity of the Saltpans and offering at the same time possibilities for its
economic valorisation.

The experiences and results achieved in this area could be disseminated to all relevant stakeholders
and used in preparation of the management plans for other locations at Montenegrin coast. The results
of the activity would include:

� A feasibility study for Tivatska Saltpans protected area;
� A draft management plan (in accordance with the IUCN recommendations);
� On-the-job training of the managers of the protected area;
� Training of other stakeholders.

C) Carrying Capacity Assessment Study for Boka Kotorska Bay
Tourism development in the coastal region calls for significant changes in the coastal spatial patterns,
thus creating ever higher pressures on the coastline. The development of new tourism facilities in turn
creates additional demand for more bathing space. Together with urbanisation, which apart from
inevitable planned expansion of towns also involves a great deal of unplanned (illegal) construction,
the uncontrolled development of tourism and increase of beach areas are the key causes of coast
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devastation, disturbance of landscapes and the change of natural characteristics which all threaten
habitats, biodiversity and natural balance of the Bay.

The natural coast is the most attractive environment for tourists. Preservation of its features is
therefore a precondition not only for maintaining the area's natural balance but also for the long-term
tourism development itself. The Tourism Master Plan projects capacity of 100,000 hotel beds in the
coastal region and a total of more than 200,000 beds in all types of tourist facilities by the year 2020.
The spatial planning documents also envisage a significant increase of tourist capacities and increase
of bathing space � enlargement of the coastal area classified as beaches. Nautical tourism facilities
will also be developed in the area of public maritime domain. The adequate control of pressures from
tourism development and urbanisation is one of the main challenges in the process of implementing
these plans.

SPSPAMD is supposed to mitigate pressures from unplanned development in the public maritime
domain area, to provide for qualitative development of tourism and nautical facilities and to provide
for to a large extent the protection of natural landscape and ecologically valuable areas. However,
tourism development plans and spatial plans regulating the use of space and development orientation
of the coastal region have not yet been subjected to "sustainability tests" or carrying capacity
assessment exercises (i.e. the assessment of the capacity of an area to receive a certain number of
visitors) or strategic environmental assessment (SEA). The application of these and similar ICZM
mechanisms (including environmental impact assessments at the project level) is a key priority in
further development and implementation of planning documents and in development decision making
in the coastal region.

The revision of the Master plan for tourism development is under way in order to harmonize it with
the principles of sustainable development contained in UNWTO directions. In parallel with this
carrying capacity assessment is going to be prepared for northern part of Montenegro under UNDP
coordination. Taking into account the growing pressure of the investments in the southern part of
Montenegro similar activities should be realised in the coastal region.

Boka Kotorska Bay which presents the national and world treasure is the most attractive area for
foreign investments. Making its coast development sustainable is extremely challenging. A Carrying
Capacity Assessment for Tourism in Boka Kotorska would not only contribute to that goal but could
also contribute to use of CCA as a mandatory instrument in a decision-making process regarding all
future tourism activities on the coast.

D) Integrated water resources management and coastal aquifer management

Tourism, maritime activities and to a smaller extent agriculture, fishery and mineral extraction (sand
and stone exploitation; research of oil and natural gas reserves) represent main economic activities in
the coastal region. Exploitation of non-renewable natural resources of the coastal region (primarily of
the space and landscape values) in the past has been more or less unsustainable. The unique and
specific value of Montenegrin coastal space has already been "used up" for diverse economic and
other human activities, resulting in a significant change of natural and landscape values.

An important source of pressures on resources and quality of marine and coastal environment are
unresolved issues of waste disposal and wastewater treatment. Other sources of pressures include
ports' activities and impact of other maritime infrastructure and to a lesser extent fishery, mariculture,
agriculture and industry. In order to monitor the state of the sea and the coastal zone, it is necessary to
provide for comprehensive, continuous and integral monitoring of oceanographic, physical, chemical,
biological and other parameters and to keep an integral database of the sea and the coastal zone
features.

The coastal water resources and the fresh- saltwater interface and exchange in the Boka Kotorska Bay
area are dominated by large, and local karstic hydrogeologic systems that have their own biodiversity
and that are in part transboundary and make part of the water resources shared between Croatia and
Montenegro. As a consequence, the dynamics and the management for sustainable use of the karst
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coastal aquifers defines to a large extent: the drinking water supply and the inflows; LBS pollution
and nutrient inflows; sensitive fresh-saltwater interface; and balance in the aquifers in the Bay, local
wetlands and ecosystems. Introduction and integration of coastal aquifer and groundwater
management and protection measures under ICZM represents a critical element to sustain the Bay
ecosystem, reflected in carrying capacity assessment and sustainable coastal development planning
instruments, related to the urban, agriculture and tourism development sectors. With the dominant
dependence on groundwater the management and protection of the coastal karts aquifer is a principal
strategy approach for the adaptation to Climatic Change to secure domestic water supplies.

The coastal groundwater management and planning activities under the Boka Kotorska Bay demo
project will address the issues to be incorporated under the ICZM planning and also support water use
planning under the parallel IWRM activity. It will be based on a solid information and assessment
through a comprehensive coastal groundwater vulnerability mapping. The mapping will include
intrinsic and integrated groundwater risk and uncertainty and quantity and quality of the Boka
Kotorska demo area. It will also draw and benefit from the pilot area in Monte Negro for the
groundwater activity on hydrogeological management of coastal wetlands, based on the recent
experience and technology used in the coastal wetlands in Spain and on the sustainable land
management activity including land use and degradation with coastal nutrient accumulation, erosion
and sedimentation. These factors, together with legal and institutional provisions for groundwater
management measures, including groundwater use rights and pollution protection and restrictions,
will be merged under a coastal groundwater management plan as a sub-component of ICZM planning
of the Boka Kotorska Bay area.

Integrated water resources management of Boka Kotorska Bay is therefore an important component of
the overall integrated management of this area. IWRM component might include some of the
following activities:

� Investigation of impact of the water courses of Montenegro and Croatia on integrated water
management in transboundary area; investigation of impact of the coastal flows on the coastal
sea waters; investigation of the human activities impact on the coastal sea waters;
� Investigation of the underground water impact on sea water quality;
� Proposal for water supply management system taking into account existing problems in this
transboundary area as well as the agreement of Montenegrin and Croatian authority to solve
these problems in the mutual interest;
� Proposal for waste water treatment system as the precondition for sustainable tourism
development of the region;
� Proposal for comprehensive monitoring system of sea water quality as the precondition for
high quality tourism development;
� Identification of pollution sources and level of pollution.

The signing of the transboundary water management agreement between Montenegro and Croatia is
under procedure. The steering body in charge of the bilateral cooperation should also be in charge of
this activity of the Boka Kotorska demo project.

2. The Algerian demonstration area

"The Reghaia wetlands, lake and coastal area"

The recently implemented MAP CAMP "The Algiers Coastal Area Project" identified among others
the Reghaia area as one of high priorities for an ICZM pilot project to be implemented building on
CAMP findings and results. The major expected output is an ICZM plan for the area, to include
biodiversity protection, improvement of lake freshwater quality and identification of a MPA in the
coastal/marine zone to include the Agueli island. In-depth consultations were made with responsible
national and local authorities, the scientific community and NGOs, and an agreement in principle
reached on the essential lines of project formulation and implementation, once the needed conditions
are met.
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The Reghaia lake is located 30 km east of the city of Algiers, being a natural outlet of the Mitidja high
plains. The lake and the surrounding wetland area presently have the legal status of PA - National
Reserve. The area is under the administrative jurisdiction of the Reghaia and Heraoua municipalities.
The lake surface counts for 75 ha, surrounded with 416 ha of agricultural lands, 24 ha of forest and
uncultivated lands, and 10 ha of built areas.

The marine part counts for an aquatory of 863 ha, including the Agueli island of utmost biodiversity
importance, being the sanctuary and nesting area for migratory birds (including the Big Cormoran -
Phalacrocora carbo and the Goeland Laucophee - Larus cahinnans).

The coastal strip consists of sandy beaches and the system of dunes dividing the wetland area and the
coastline, the vegetation including Pancratium maritimum, Lotus Creticus, Amophila Arenaria,
Chamaerop Humilis, Tamarix Africana, Plantago Cronopus, etc.

The wetlands area counts for 206 bird species, out of which more than 100 waterfowls, 57 species
protected under the national legislation, 30 ones protected under intentional conventions and lists,
among them the most rare Marmaronetta angustrirostris, Porphyrio porphyrio, Anthya nyroca, and
Oxyra leucocephala. The area counts also for 21 mammal species, 3 of them listed in the CITES
Annexes, 1 in the IUCN Red list. In addition out of 3 protected reptile species 1 is on the CITEX
Annex list.

The entire coastal habitat is degrading and endangered, due to uncontrolled and increasing pollution
by urban and agricultural waste water and uncontrolled expansion of urban areas and tourism
facilities, needing urgent comprehensive integrated planning and rehabilitation programme. Actual
negative impacts and potential very serious threats are caused by the nearby Reghaia Industrial Zone
and communities of Reghaia and Heraoua. These impacts are characterised by (i) disappearance of
faunal biodiversity, (ii) loss and degradation of agricultural and forest areas, and (iii) pollution of
Reghaia lake, wetlands and aquifers.

The CAMP Algiers project outlines in general the needed pilot programme for the area, to include an
ICZM plan, wastewater treatment and control, controlled and sustainable fisheries and forestry, as
well as identification and establishment of a MPA to include the Agueli island.

The ICZM SP action intends to build on CAMP results, preparing an ICZM plan to be adopted by the
national and local authorities, identification and establishment of the Agueli MPA, and development
in parallel of the National ICZM strategy, to be adopted by the national authorities. Preliminary
approval and support has been provided by the responsible national representatives, with an adequate
co-financing in cash and kind to be expected, on the lines and approach applied for the CAMP Algiers
project.

The major stakeholders will be the national authorities responsible for environment protection,
fisheries, tourism, agriculture and forestry, as well as the local authorities and the two Municipalities.
In addition to PAP/RAC, as major partners from the SP side, SPA/RAC, UNESCO and GWP MED
will be included.

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Sub-Component 1.3: Integrated Water Resource Management
(GEF 500,000 $, co-financing 2,100,000 $)

Implementing Agency

Global Water Partnership � Mediterranean (GWP-MED) with support from Priority Actions
Programme (PAP/RAC) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
International Hydrological Program (UNESCO/HP)

Background/Context/Rationale

As of the 1990s, most countries started to realize that the `business as usual' scenario of dealing with
water management and water security issues was no longer suitable to cope with future challenges.
Following a series of international, regional and national fora, and particularly after the 2nd World
Water Forum (The Hague, 2000), there is consensus that IWRM is a means towards achieving
sustainable development and that it can contribute significantly towards achieving several of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 2000). Key concepts of an IWRM approach are presented in
Annex I.

At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg in 2002, the
international community took an important step towards more sustainable patterns of water
management by including, in the WSSD Plan of Implementation, a call for all countries to "develop
integrated water resource management (IWRM) and water efficiency plans by 2005, with support to
developing countries". The WSSD Plan of Implementation describes the actions leading to the
development of the integrated water resource management and water efficiency.

The Mediterranean region is among the most water-stressed areas of the world. Apart from varying
degrees of water scarcity, the Mediterranean countries face considerable water challenges. Many of
them still suffer from lack of effective operational strategies; fragmentation of responsibilities
between authorities; weak policy implementation; weak monitoring and assessment at the national
and local level; limited technical, management and enforcement capabilities to address water resource
issues; and financial constraints including lack of financial resources at affordable levels.

On a worldwide scale and in the Mediterranean region, many countries are currently in a stage of
institutional reform, orienting priorities and practices towards an IWRM approach. In the north of the
Mediterranean (EU Member States, EU Accession Countries and other Balkan countries), the EU
Water Framework Directive (WFD) provides the main policy frame for water management. In the
south and east of the Mediterranean, countries are taking steps towards IWRM. Until now (2005),
only a very few countries have completed their national IWRM plans or their very close to and even
attempt to gradually move in the implementation phase. Many countries are in the process of
developing their national IWRM plans while a smaller group of countries are still in the very initial
phase of preparation (see Supplementary information).

Regardless of the level of progress achieved until now it is important to encourage and assist, as
appropriate, all the countries of the region in their processes towards integrated management of water
resources. Addressing, in particular, environmental and biodiversity concerns in the process of IWRM
planning and implementation is of major importance for achieving sustainable development in the
countries of the Mediterranean.

It is recognized that there is no `one-solution-for-all' as regards sustainable water management at
national level; this is mostly due to country particularities, the large number of sectors involved and
the complexity of managing and balancing diverse needs and often competing interests. Nevertheless,
it is widely recognized that there is a wealth of valuable experiences to share at the regional, sub-
regional and national levels and ground for a needed common strategic planning.

The situation gets even more complex when it comes to effective management of shared water
resources, particularly since it often involves national sovereignties.
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Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

Within the general objective to supplement and support the achievement of the targets established by
SAP MED and SAP BIO, the immediate objective of Sub-Component 1.3 is to facilitate action to
promote IWRM planning at the national, transboundary and regional levels as a mean to reduce
pollution from land based sources into the Mediterranean.

To achieve this objective, Sub-Component 1.3 on IWRM will:

- Promote policy dialogue with stakeholder participation including the private sector and support
catalytic actions, at the national transboundary and regional levels, assisting countries to meet
water-related MDGs and WSSD targets with an emphasis on IWRM including related
environmental concerns.
- Support demonstration projects and capacity building at local, national and transboundary levels,
aiming amongst others in maintaining environmental flows and functioning of water related
coastal ecosystems and habitats/sensitive areas.
- Address biodiversity concerns and issues related to vulnerable habitats in national IWRM
planning processes through consultation and assessment.
- Identify investment needs related to IWRM, taking into account biodiversity and water quality
concerns.

Sub-Component 1.3 will implement activities for IWRM planning and application at the
transboundary, national and local Levels.

At the regional and national levels it is recognized that, by its very nature, introduction of IWRM is
highly context-specific and context-sensitive. The natural hydrological conditions provide the basis,
but equally important is the political, legal, institutional, socio-economic and cultural setting.
Therefore, the basic approach should account for the fact that the different countries are at various
stages in their economic, political and social development. Accordingly, effective promotion and
support of IWRM must take into account the local concerns and priorities and be based on national
and possibly sub-regional approaches.

Though there is no "one size fits all", it is recognized that commonly agreed principles and
operational guidelines will assist countries and their administrations for a common understanding and
for enhancing synergies with the stakeholders as well as the international community. Roadmaps for
IWRM planning and application are needed in countries that are lagging behind process while
targeted support could be provided in countries that are in a more advanced stage. Capacity building is
critical if targets are to be met while pilot actions at the catchment level can present tangible results
serving as demonstration of good practice. Activities at the national level will be implemented in
close cooperation with the Mediterranean Component of the European Union Water Initiative as well
as its Joint Process with the EU Water Framework Directive.

At the same time, many of the major rivers, lakes and aquifers in the region are shared between two or
more neighboring countries. Inadequate cooperation between the riparian countries may threaten the
effective IWRM planning and implementation at a river basin level risking also effectively addressing
environmental and biodiversity concerns downstream, at the coastal zone of the Mediterranean sea.
Furthermore, inadequate cooperation in the management of shared waters, in combination with
incidents of degradation of water quality and/or water scarcity increase the potential for international
conflicts thus posing a risk to stability and economic development in the region. Differences among
the countries sharing the resource in socio-economic conditions, laws and institutions, managerial
approaches as well as strong positions over issues such as historical rights, cultural values and
political persuasions often present a rather complex situation. There is an important need for
identification, design and application of solutions through which these shared water resources can
become a catalyst for cooperation instead of a source of conflict.

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Allowing these transboundary water resources to present an opportunity rather than a constraint to
development, has led countries and the international community to undertake a series of initiatives.
Among such initiative, the joint Petersburg Process Phase II / Athens Declaration Process support
actions for capacity building and local IWRM planning. The Process is supported by Germany,
Greece, GEF IW:LEARN, World Bank and other key partners in the region (UNECE,
UNESCO/INWEB, UNDP, etc) and the countries (particularly of Mediterranean Balkans) of the
region. Activities at the transboundary level will be implemented in close cooperation with the joint
Petersburg Process Phase II / Athens Declaration Process and its partners.

Activities at the national and local levels will be closely coordinated, where applicable, with the
activities of the GEF SPMM components on ICZM and Coastal Aquifers.

Main Outcome: Countries have increased capacity to manage their water resources effectively based
on IWRM principles, including response to environmental concerns.

Main Output: Progressive adoption of IWRM policies, implementation of IWRM practices in pilot
areas and building of capacity, including address of environmental challenges.

Activity 1.3.1. Develop Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources Management in the
Mediterranean
(GEF 80,000 $, Co-financing 480,000 $)

Water is a defined priority in regional policy frameworks like the Barcelona Convention and its
Mediterranean Commission for Sustainable Development (MSSD), the Euro-Mediterranean
Partnership etc. Moreover, action plans on a range of water issues have been prepared and agreed
under different formal and informal frameworks in the Mediterranean over the last 15 years. Among
key reference documents are the Turin Plan of Action on Local Water Management (Euro-
Mediterranean context, 1999), the recommendations of the Working Group on Water Demand
Management of the MSSD (1997, 2002), the Framework for Action for Water in the Mediterranean
developed through a multi-stakeholder consultative process by GWP (2000), etc. The IWRM concept
has been introduced and developed mainly over the last 5 years and particularly after WSSD (2002).
The Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development (MSSD, 2005) has a chapter on water
resources management and includes IWRM among its priorities. However, at the moment, in the
Mediterranean there is no commonly agreed set of guidelines or a plan of action for addressing
integrated management of water resources.
Based on international and regional experiences, an Action Plan for IWRM will be elaborated linking
key challenges faced by the Mediterranean countries with the needed priority interventions for
meeting water-related MDGs and WSSD Targets, including address of related environmental
challenges. The Action Plan will be elaborated as a common regional Mediterranean plan, recognizing
and addressing sub-regional challenges, including considerations for shared water resources.

The Action Plan will describe priority types of interventions like IWRM policy development and
planning; institutional strengthening and law enforcement; management measures; investments;
capacity building and training; education; etc. Recommendations for actions will be linked with
potential donors' priorities. The Action Plan will make reference to on-going and planned regional
and sub-regional initiatives undertaken by international organizations, agencies as well as countries.

The Action Plan will be discussed and agreed at a Regional Conference of high-level country
representatives. Representatives of key international and regional organizations and stakeholder
networks will participate as observers. The Conference will be properly invited and be hosted by a
Mediterranean country. Coordination with MAP/UNEP and the related GEF SP action planning
activities on ICZM and Aquifers will be secured.

Activity 1.3.2. Catalyze Action and Build Capacity on National IWRM Planning
(GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 940,000 $)

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IWRM planning contributes in the sustainable management of the resource by creating an operational
framework for building an enabling environment, establishing institutional roles, enhancing financing
strategies and applying management instruments. Countries that have not developed yet IWRM plans
or they are in need for revisiting their existing plans or strategies will be assisted through catalytic
actions and capacity building on national IWRM planning.

The activity will provide technical support through focused policy workshops and training courses for
the preparation of IWRM Roadmaps and elaboration of strategic parts of the full-scale IWRM plans.
Depending on specific country needs agreed with the governments of the countries where the project
will be implemented, activities will have a focus on:

- Policy instruments,
- Legal and regulatory frameworks,
- Mechanisms for consultation and participation,
- Role of management agencies (including river basin or hydrographic organizations),
- Mechanisms to achieve financial sustainability,
- Environmental issues in IWRM planning.

Moreover, the activity will enhance stakeholders' involvement by building their capacities in core
IWRM competencies such as participatory approaches, conflict resolution, fundraising, local action
planning and management.

Policy workshops and targeted training courses (the exact number is pending on conditions per
country) will be implemented in two (2) countries.

GWP-Med and UNEP UCC will prepare and manage the activity. National authorities will have a key
role in the project and a wide range of stakeholders will be involved. Co-ordination will be established
with PAP/RAC and UNESCO in the countries where activities will be implemented.

Activity 1.3.3. Develop IRBM plans in globally important river basin(s) and adjacent coastal
area
(GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 530,000 $)

Development plans and plans for the protection of the environment, in particular those concerning
enhancement of the use and protection of watersheds and their adjacent coastal areas should be
considered simultaneously. The protection of waters and the sea, either as an integral part of water
management or as part of integrated land-use management, should follow the principles of integrated
planning, development and management of environment and space. The interactive and functional
relationships between the coastal areas and river basin areas have been accentuated by the growth of
economic, urbanisation and tourism activities, changes within the infrastructure systems, and needs to
supply coastal settlements and tourist facilities with fresh water, energy and food among other
necessities.

The activity will build on the principles of UNEP-PAP/RAC "Conceptual Framework and Planning
Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management" and the experience on IWRM
planning developed by international organizations including GWP as well as related demonstration
projects implemented in the region. The activity will be supported with broad stakeholder
involvement through meetings and workshops organised.

Actions will also be developed in close cooperation with the MED-EUWI/WFD Joint Process,
coordinated by the European Commission, DG Environment. Within the Joint Process, non-EU Pilot
Basins are identified to play the role of front-runners for the implementation of the IWRM and WFD
principles and good practices. These may include testing of recommendations produced by the
Mediterranean Working Groups on Water Scarcity, Agriculture and Groundwater Management that
are active within the Joint Process.

The activity will include:
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- Joint drafting of Integrated River Basin Management Plan (IRBM);
- Organisation of national and local workshops to ensure broad stakeholder involvement in IRBM
Plan preparation and implementation;
- Finalising IRBM plan with implementation instruments included;
- Identification of priority investments in protection and rehabilitation of valuable coastal areas.

IRBM Plans will be prepared in two (2) selected area of importance for IWRM and biodiversity
protection, including programme and tools for its implementation. The plans will include the list of
priority investments needed with short pre-feasibility outlines. One related national workshop and a
number of local consultation meetings would be organised for each area. The activity will provide
opportunity to test on real cases and with an integrated approach ICZM and IWRM principles and
parameters, which have enough similarities but often present differences in the focus of approaches
and themes tackled.

GWP-Med and PAP/RAC will prepare and manage the activity. Details of involvement are to be
discussed with UNESCO and SPA/RAC. National institutions of selected countries will be engaged as
stakeholders and partners in the activity.

Activity 1.3.4. Prepare Short List of Transboundary Basins and Water Issues suitable for
interventions and the implementation of pilot projects
(GEF 20,000 $, Co-financing 150,000 $)

Building on work done in the region by GEF, World Bank and other organizations, an assessment will
provide a short list and analysis of shared water bodies in the region where concrete interventions and
strategic investment can be undertaken by international donors responding to priority local needs and
producing results of high visibility and replicability (e.g. improved governance and institutional
settings, local infrastructure, joint measures for biodiversity conservation, etc). The assessment will
contribute and benefit from the on-going work of the Petersburg Phase II / Athens Declaration
Process.

The assessment will cover approximately 15 transboundary water bodies (see Annex in
Supplementary Information paragraph for a "Possible format for a profile of a shared water body").

GWP-Med will prepare and manage the activity. Cooperation with PAP/RAC and UNESCO will be
secured and links will be made with related SP activities. Donor agencies will be consulted on the
process. The consultations foreseen to be organized within Activity 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 will provide
opportunity to consult with countries and stakeholders on the findings and to implement strategic
follow up actions including raising of political and approaching donor agencies. The activity may also
provide background for the development of the Project Investment Fund.

Demonstration Projects

1. Transboundary Montenegro-Albanian demonstration area

Skadar (Alb.: Shkodra) lake - Bojana (Buna) river and estuary

The "Skadar lake-Bojana" demonstration area is shared by Montenegro and Albania, the border line
dividing the lake, the border also going along a part of the Bojana river. The lake surface counts for
370 km sq., out of which 221 km sq. belong to Montenegro. The lake is predominantly shallow (4-7
m depth) with some deeper underwater springs (8-44 m depth). The influx of freshwater is provided
by 6 relatively short rivers, 3 in Montenegro and 3 in the Albanian area.

Bojana is the offspring river, 41 km long, out of which 24 km are the borderline, with a large estuary
in the lower Adriatic, nearby the coastal city of Ulcinj. In a distance of 1,3 Km from its spring, Bojana
is connected with Drin river through a man-made channel. Bojana receives water input from a very
complex hydrographical net which lies almost in the 1/5 of the Balkan peninsula in Albania,
Monenegro, Serbia / Kosovo, FYR Macedonia and Greece (Lakes Skadar, Ohrid and Prespa as well
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as Drin river). This hydrographical network determines the hydrologic regime of Skadar Lake, Bojuna
River and their tributaries in the catchment area and has an important impact on the morphology and
pressures in the Bojana delta.

The major economic activities in the area are industry, fisheries, tourism, sustainable agriculture and
maritime transport and harbour activities.

Both the lake and the river are rather strongly polluted, the major sources of pollution being: urban
and industrial untreated or only partially treated wastewaters; partly agriculture; and growing but
uncontrolled development of tourism facilities. High levels of eutrophication were monitored in the
Bojana estuary affecting the marine environment, biodiversity, also tourism, in particular the Ulcinj
Great Beach area. Valuable landscape and habitats are endangered and affected by uncontrolled or
poorly regulated changes in land-use. In 2003 the Regulatory Concept for the Ulcinj Great Beach area
has been adopted, including provisions for biodiversity protection and pollution abatement, with one
EIA prepared, but the implementation of the rehabilitation process still waiting comprehensive
planning and funding. Problems related to erosion and sedimentation are encountered in Bojana river
because of its connection with Drin particularly during high discharge periods.

The Skadar lake area is of particular biodiversity importance, included in the RAMSAR List. The
Montenegro part of the lake area has the status of a nature park, with regulation concerning controlled
and sustainable fishing, protection of forest areas, valuable habitats and nesting/migratory birds areas.
Nevertheless, the park does not include the Bojana River and its delta. Moreover, so far the Albanian
part has no protected status. As a consequence, fishing is uncontrolled and together with illegal
fishing in the Montenegro area resulting with serious depletion of fish stocks. The designation of a
Ramsar site in the greater area of the lake and the river are under discussion.

The lake is extremely rich in biodiversity; with total BD SA index of 0,8752, with biogenetic
resources of European importance, rich in relict species and endemic ones. The information on
biodiversity in the area is rather abundant. Inventories identify: 257 invertebrate species; 56 fish
species (out of which 14 autochthonous and 15 endemic); 51 species of amphibians and reptiles,
predominantly endemic; 271 bird species (90% migratory); 50 mammals species; 726 algal ones. The
forest areas are abundant with Salicetum albae, Quercus robur ssp scutariensis, degraded chestnut
and Turkey oak, Oriental hornbeam, most degraded.

The ICZM and IWRM SP demonstration action is envisaged as a joint Montenegro-Albanian one,
aiming at preparation of a joint comprehensive transboundary ICZM and IWRM planning document,
and initiatives for harmonisation of protection level and practices, to be liaised with actions
concerning the formulation and adoption of respective National Strategies and plans. The action will
build on results and experiences from preceding ICZM and IWRM activities at transboundary,
national and local levels, including experiences of implemented MAP CAMP projects, one of them
bordering the lake and the Bojana estuary area. Operational links will be secured with the on-going
GEF project (PDF-B phase) for the Skadar Lake Integrated Ecosystem Management.

The major stakeholders in each country will be the national authorities responsible for: nature
protection; water management; development and land use planning; fisheries; tourism; agriculture,
forestry; maritime transport; the Montenegro Public Agency for ICZM; scientific institutes; local
authorities and qualified NGOs. In addition to PAP/RAC and GWP-Med, the major SP partners will
be SPA/RAC and possibly UNESCO, to provide for respective professional support and guidance.

2. The Lebanese demonstration area

"The Litani (Qasmieh) river watershed"

Water resource management is one of key problems of natural resource management in Lebanon, due
first of all to non-uniformity in precipitation distribution. About 80% of total precipitation occur in 3-
months period when water, for irrigation in particular, is least needed. Secondly, difficulties in storing
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water are due to geological (karstic formation) and geomorphologic (narrow and steep valleys)
conditions in the coastal area.

The coastal rivers have relatively small catchment areas (averaging 200 km2), as well as small
running water length (less than 50 km). The main sources which replenish these rivers are rainfalls.
During the last thirty years, a dramatic decrease in the discharge of these rivers occurred and, in fact,
some are becoming dried except in the heavy wet seasons. The inner rivers are almost all shared rivers
with neighboring countries, but all are discharging from the Lebanese territory.

An important percentage of water supply in the Southern Lebanese coastal area is derived from
groundwater through wells or springs, the Sannine aquifer being the major aquifer, other minor ones
being the Eocene, the Quaternary, and the Kessrouane one. The ground water is exploited through a
large number of wells, out of which more than 200 functioning as public water supply wells. The
ground water aquifers are heavily exploited, inducing saltwater intrusion phenomena. The negative
discharge/recharge balance for the Sannine aquifer only has been calculated as between 64 and 127
Mm.cu/y.

The water supply infrastructure is old and inadequately maintained (loss in distribution network
exceeding 50%). Industrial and urban waste treatment is insufficient, resulting with surface and
groundwater pollution. Uncontrolled industrial and urban waste dumping and/or discharge in the
marine environment results with marine pollution and high negative impacts on marine biodiversity
and habitats.

The relevant legal framework is outdated and with gaps and overlapping of responsibilities. A re-
organisation of the water administration is underway while a shift towards a watershed management is
envisaged. Within on-going reforms, the past 21 water authorities were merged into 4 public water
establishments (Beirut and Mount Lebanon, North Lebanon, Bekaa, South Lebanon). An Investment
and Planning Programme supported by the EU is supporting the process. It is recognised that this is a
critical moment for Lebanon efforts for progressing with IWRM.

The Lebanese coastal area is rich in biodiversity of high national and international values.
Inventorying, although incomplete and with large gaps in knowledge, reports on hundreds of species
of phytoplankton, algae, lichens, mushrooms, phanerogames, zooplankton and benthos. In addition,
357 fish species are reported, 21 species of cephalopods, 4 species of turtles and 6 species of marine
mammals. All this richness of biodiversity is heavily affected by increasing pollution and degradation
of the respective habitats, as well as by over-fishing and unfriendly exploitation practices.

It should be noted that the recently implemented MAP CAMP "Lebanon" project, analysing the
overall situation in the Southern Lebanese coastal area elaborated an outline for the national one
strategy, including water resource management, biodiversity protection and integrated planning and
management. As high priority needs identified were: (i) preparation of ICZM NAP and Strategy, (ii)
introduction and applying on watershed based IRBM methodology and tools, and (iii) radical
improvement of waste management system and practices. In addition the project outputs provided a
solid base for respective further actions and projects to be implemented.

Explicitly, due to the natural characteristics and problems related with the pollution of the river basin
and adjacent marine area, the CAMP Final Report identified among top priorities the need for the
preparation of a detailed IWRM plan, to include also the adjacent marine area, integrating all relevant
economic and social aspects of the basin.3

Within the actions of LME MED SPA project, both the ICZM and IWRM components envisaged the
implementation of a demonstration watershed based integrated water resource management project, to

3 For in-depth information, refer to documents: "MAP CAMP Project: Lebanon, Final Integrated Report", MAP Technical
Series No. 160, UNEP/MAP, Athens 2005, and "MAP CAMP Project: Lebanon - Integrated Water resources management in
CAMP area with demonstrations in Damour, Sarafand and Naqoura Municipalities" - Final Report, PAP/RAC and Ministry
of Environment, Lebanon, Split-Antelias, 2003.
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be implemented in Lebanon, to build upon results and findings of the MAP CAMP "Lebanon" project.
Furthermore, among the SAP BIO activities to be implemented by SPA RAC, the action on the
establishment of the National Park for the nearby Lebanese Palm island provides the opportunity for a
cost efficient assistance related to biodiversity aspects relevant to the river basin. Finally, Litani river
basin was identified by the two SP components as a good demonstration site for an IWRM project.

The Litani River is the longest river originated and flowing entirely in Lebanon. It rises in the Bekaa
valley from karstic springs, in its lower sector receiving affluent of Ouadi Qasmieh, flowing in the
Mediterranean Sea north of the city of Tyre. The river has a catchment area of about 2500 km2. Its
average annual flow at the river mouth is 13 m.cu./sec, while the annual yield for 2001/2002 has been
evaluated at 63 Mm.cu./y; 96% of it during the December-April period. During the last decade a
sensible decrease of river water yield were reported, presumably due to over exploitation and perhaps
due to impacts of climate change.

The joint demonstration action will include the inputs related to integration of all components in a
joint ICZM and IWRM comprehensive plan, to involve all relevant national and local responsible and
stakeholders.

In addition, the ICZM component of the Lebanese action will include the preparation, final drafting
and submission for approval the draft version of the Lebanese National ICZM Strategy and plan,
already drafted and discussed as preliminary within the CAMP Lebanon project.

The major partners to implement this activity will be PAP/RAC and GWP MED in collaboration with
SPA/RAC and possibly UNESCO, while the final list of national counterparts and stakeholders will
be jointly finalised by the MED SP partners involved. This will include the national authorities
responsible for water and energy; environment; public works and transpost; agriculture; public health;
social affairs; the South Lebanon Water Establishment; the Litani River Authority; local communities;
user association; civil society organisation; research institutes, etc.

Actions will also be developed in close cooperation with the MED-EUWI/WFD Joint Process,
coordinated by the European Commission, DG Environment. Within the Joint Process, non-EU Pilot
Basins are identified to play the role of front runners for the implementation of the IWRM and WFD
principles and good practices. These may include testing of recommendations produced by the
Mediterranean Working Groups on Water Scarcity, Agriculture and Groundwater Management that
are active within the Joint Process.

Risk and Sustainability

Risks for the successful implementation of activities and related responses include:
Risk: Sectoral water resources management remains dominant and integration is limited or
fragmented at the level of projects.
Response: Over recent years and particularly after WSSD, countries have recognized the necessity of
IWRM and have committed to its promotion and application through the WSSD Plan of
Implementation. Support, implementation and monitoring mechanisms are developed in the majority
of the countries of the region and would act complementary to and, where possible, in synergy with
the activities described in the project.

Risk: Limited political will and commitment to action
Response: Engagement of responsible water authorities through inclusive coordination mechanisms
will assist for increased level of commitment. Particularly at the government level, pro-active
engagement of national authorities further to the agency where the GEF Focal Points seats (if and
where relevant) will assist towards this end. At the level of stakeholders' participation, the design of
activities foresees their active involvement form the outset.

Risk: Conflict situations and lack of political commitment to cooperate on transboundary water
resources management
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Response: Project actions are targeted to areas where some form of cooperation exists and willingness
for joint action has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, if such situations emerge, mitigation strategies
involve awareness creation and dialogue.

Risk: Inadequate implementation of activities
Response: Institutions involved in the implementation of activities have established capacities and
expertise to appropriately respond and deliver the objectives. Activities are demand driven proving
the interest by countries and stakeholders to cooperate.

Risk: Ineffective coordination due to the wide range of activities
Response: Project implementation arrangements and coordination mechanisms are an integral part of
the project design.

Risk: Inability to meet co-financing commitments
Response: Being a major financing risk for the smooth implementation of the project, the coordination
unit will pro-actively monitor the co-financing aiming to identify likely problems in advance, report to
committees established through the project as well as to competent agencies and respond as
appropriate.

Based on these, the level of project risk is considered reasonably limited, particularly since no heavy
investments are involved.

Through related activities, all components of the project are designed to ensure that achievements will
be sustained after completion. The project will develop operational links with major on-going
processes and initiatives providing opportunities for concrete follow up actions.

A significant proportion of the project activities are designed to strengthen national and local
capacities for IWRM. It is anticipated that the project activities will strengthen engagement of
government authorities and stakeholders and will enhance opportunities for follow up actions.
Therefore, a sustainability of components and activities can be expected beyond the life of the project.

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

The Sub-Component 1.3 will be linked and cooperate with on-going key processes and initiatives at
the regional and national levels, including:
- National Action Plans (NAPs),
- GEF initiatives and projects addressing IWRM issues at the regional, national and transboundary
levels,
- Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development (MCSD) and its Working Group on
water as well as its work for the implementation of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable
Development,
- Horizon 2020 Initiative to De-pollute the Mediterranean, launched by the European Commission
and supported by various partners,
- European Neighborhood Policy and its National Action Plans,
- Mediterranean Component of the EU Water Initiative (MED EUWI) and the Joint Process
between the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and MED EUWI. MED EUWI is led by Greece
and is supported also by the European Commission. The Joint Process is led by the European
Commission.
- African Water Facility (AWF). AWF is an Initiative of the Africa Ministers Council on Water
(AMCOW) and a major outcome of the effort of implementing the African Water Vision and
Framework for Action. The initiative supports water actions in Africa and is designed to mobilize
investment for the water sector. It is hosted by the African Development Bank Group on behalf of
the AMCOW.
- Petersburg Process Phase II / Athens Declaration Process on Transboundary Water Resources
Management, led by Germany, Greece, GEF IW:LEARN and World Bank.
- Mediterranean Technical and Assistance Programme (METAP) and its work on water quality,
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- On-going work and support of UNEP for achieving the `IWRM 2005 Target' in North Africa
countries, coordinated by UCC-Water.
- UN ESCWA, UN ECE, UN ECA, UNDP and their programmes on water resources management,
- UNESCO Regional Office in Cairo and its programme on water resources management,
- Arab Water Council and its work on IWRM planning and implementation,
- UNEP-GPA and its work on innovative financing for the environment,
- UNESCO and Sub-Category 4 on coastal aquifers,
- PAP/RAC and Sub-Category 6 on ICZM,
- CapNet and its network on capacity building for IWRM planning,
- GWPO and its Technical Advisory Committee (TAC).

Supplementary information

A. Concepts of the IWRM approach
B. Status of IWRM Plans in developing Mediterranean Countries
C. Description interventions to catalyze IWRM planning in selected countries
D. Criteria for demonstrations sites under the projects
E.Format for a basic profile of a shared water body
F. Note on MED EUWI Dialogues
G. World Summit on sustainable development plan of implementation (Paragraphs 25 & 26)

A. Concepts of the IWRM approach

IWRM approach4

IWRM is defined as a process that promotes the coordinated development and management of water,
land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. This approach
promotes more coordinated development and management of:
- land and water,
- surface water and groundwater,
- the river basin and its adjacent coastal and marine environment, and
- upstream and downstream interests.
IWRM is also about reforming human systems to enable people to obtain sustainable and equitable
benefits from those resources. For policy-making and planning, taking an IWRM approach requires
that:
- water development and management takes into account the various uses of water and the range of
people's water needs
- stakeholders are given a voice in water planning and management, with particular attention to
securing the involvement of women and the poor;
- policies and priorities consider water resources implications, including the two-way relationship
between macroeconomic policies and water development, management, and use;
- water-related decisions made at local and basin levels are along the lines of, or at least do not
conflict with, the achievement of broader national objectives; and
- water planning and strategies are incorporated into broader social, economic, and environmental
goals.

The "3 pillars"

An IWRM approach focuses on three basic pillars and explicitly aims at avoiding a fragmented
approach of water resources management by considering the following aspects:
1) an enabling environment of suitable policies, strategies and legislation for sustainable water
resources development and management
2) putting in place the institutional framework through which to put into practice the policies,
strategies and legislation

4 Policy Brief (TEC): Unlocking the door to social development and economic growth: how a more integrated approach to water can help.
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3) and setting up the management instruments required by these institutions to do their job.

The "three pillars" of Integrated Water Resources Management
Integration5

A fundamental aspect of IWRM is the integration of different sectoral views and interests in the
development and implementation of the IWRM framework. Integration should take place both
horizontally � i.e. across sectors, and vertically � i.e. across different tiers of authority. Integration
within the natural system concerns for instance the integration of land and water management, surface
and groundwater, upstream and downstream water related interests, recognizing the full hydrologic
cycle. Integration within the human system relates especially to cross-sectoral integration of policies
and strategies and participation of all relevant stakeholders in the decision-making processes.

To secure the co-ordination of water management efforts across water related sectors, and throughout
entire water basins, formal mechanisms and ways of co-operation and information exchange need to
be established. This should be done at the highest political level and established in all relevant levels
of water management. It is additionally essential that IWRM harmonize with and shows consistency
with government policies and national or sectoral development plans. Thus, it is important to be aware
of the links of IWRM with plans and processes at the national and sectoral level and take these into
account during the planning process.

IWRM and its relation to sub sectors6

IWRM � a "process"

IWRM is a long and systematic "process" where water is considered as a finite and vulnerable
resource for which policy should be expressed in a cross-sectoral process, which guarantee that
participation of representatives of sectors and stakeholder groups is provided for in the policy
processes. Water as a resource along with its management and development is unique to the social,
cultural, economic, geographical and historical reality/context of each country. This is why the IWRM
approach has to be contextualized to be effective. The required process leading towards Integrated
Water Resources Management is illustrated below in the Integrated Water Resources Management
process cycle.

5 Source figure: "IWRM & WE Plans by 2005" � Why, What and How?
6 Source figure: GWP (TAC) Background Papers No. 4, IWRM
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The Integrated Water Resources Management Cycle

IWRM & WE Strategies/Plans7

The IWRM and WE plans provide the context and prerequisite for safe water supplies for domestic
and other areas and basic sanitation for the population in order to guarantee sustainability. The IWRM
and WE plans should aspire to institutionalize long term changes that will improve decision-making
on a permanent basis. They should address specific objectives and goals for the national interest of the
people and the environment in a holistic way - looking at water as a resource and means that all uses
of water resources are considered together. Some countries have already initiated or been through the
kind of development required by WSSD and have engaged in IWRM planning processes during
several years, resulting in new national policies, strategies and laws for their water resources
development and management. A number of national institutions in the water sector in different
regions have taken holistic and integrated planning and management of water on board, making them
IWRM friendly. In other countries, the legislative framework and policy directives remain highly
sectoral and fragmented and many mandates and responsibilities are badly defined and/or duplicated.

Creating an IWRM strategy or plan8

Involvement from various sectors:
While a traditional water plan is usually designed and implemented exclusively by a water agency, an
IWRM strategy/plan requires input and buy-in from all sectors that impact and are impacted by water
development and management � for example, health, energy, tourism, industry, agriculture, and
environment.

Broad focus:
Whereas traditional water plans tend to be concerned exclusively with water supply and demand
issues, an IWRM strategy looks at water in relation to other ingredients needed to achieve larger
development goals.

Dynamic rather than static:

7 Source figure: "...Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005" � Why, What
and How? By Torkil J�nch-Clausen (2004).
8 Catalyzing Change: a Handbook for developing integrated water resources management and water efficiency

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Unlike a traditional water plan, an IWRM strategy/plan aims at laying down a framework for a
continuing and adaptive process of strategic and coordinated action.

Stakeholder participation:
Because it calls for change � and therefore buy-in-at multiple levels, IWRM strategy/plan
development calls for far broader and more extensive participation from stakeholders than a
traditional planning process.

B. Status of IWRM Plans in developing Mediterranean Countries

Albania has a Water Strategy (2004). Albania has signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement
with the EU (2006), is a Potential EU Candidate Country and gradually abides to principles and
conditions of the EU Water Framework Directive.

Algeria has a National Plan for Water (2005) and is preparing an Action Plan for implementing an
IWRM framework. The Action Plan is expected to be finalized in 2006.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has an outdated Water Management Master Plan (1994) and is in progress of
drafting a Water Protection Strategy. Bosnia and Herzegovina has started negotiations for
Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU (2005), is a Potential EU Candidate Country
and gradually abides to principles and conditions of the EU Water Framework Directive.

Croatia has a National Water Protection Plan (1999) and is preparing a Water Management Master
Plan. Croatia has signed the Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU (2005), is an EU
Candidate Country and gradually abides to principles and conditions of the EU Water Framework
Directive.

Egypt's National Water Resources Plan (NWRP, 2005) corresponds to an IWRM Plan. The NWRP is
a comprehensive plan developed over six years with stakeholder involvement. The implementation
framework is under preparation.

Jordan has a Water Strategy and Water Policy (2003) and a National Water Master Plan (2003) that
corresponds to an IWRM Plan.

Lebanon has a Work Plan 2000-2009 (for the Ministry of Energy and Water, 1999). The Work Plan
includes elements of an IWRM Plan, but it is focused on domestic water supply and is lagging behind
in implementation. A re-organisation of the water administration is underway while a shift towards a
watershed management is envisaged.

Libya has a National Strategy for Water Resources Management 2000-2025 (1999) which sets the
platform for the water policy. The legal framework includes an obligation to elaborate an IWRM
Action Plan/Strategy, but this has not yet adequately progressed.

Morocco has Master Plans of Integrated Water Resources Development for River Basins (PDAIRE)
and is preparing a National Water Plan to serve as an IWRM Plan. Completion is expected within
2006 and a national consultation process is in progress.

Montenegro shared to a large extent legislation and plans with Serbia. Updated information is not
available.

Palestinian Authority has a National Water Plan (2000) and an Integrated Water Management Plan
for West Bank and Gaza (2003) that corresponds to an IWRM Plan. Water regulation is under further
development.

Serbia has a Water Resources Master Plan (2002). Serbia has started negotiations for Stabilization
and Association Agreement with the EU (2005), is a Potential EU Candidate Country and gradually
abides to principles and conditions of the EU Water Framework Directive.
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Syria has a Water Sector Analysis (Ministry for Irrigation, 2000). There is no evidence of an existing
IWRM plan in place or in progress.

Tunisia has a long term Strategy for the Water Sector (2003) and is preparing an IWRM Plan and
expects completion within 2006.

Turkey has a number of laws and plans though there is no evidence of an IWRM plan in place.
Turkey is an EU Candidate Country and gradually abides to principles and conditions of the EU
Water Framework Directive.

C. Description interventions to catalyze IWRM planning in selected countries

Planning to introduce an IWRM approach to sustainable management and development of water
resources may take several forms. The most powerful reason is to address priority water problems
affecting society and this may result in focused action gradually progressing towards IWRM. More
commonly, the recognition that water problems are symptomatic of a deeper failure of water
management systems leads to long term planning with an agenda for more sustainable use of water
resources. The identification of water as a key factor in poverty reduction and sustainable
development also drives national planning on water.

An ultimum output of the process will be an IWRM plan, endorsed and implemented by government.
In the process the stakeholders and politicians will become more informed about water issues, the
importance and the benefits from addressing sustainable management and development of the water
resources. The plan may be more or less detailed depending upon the present situation in the country
but will identify longer term steps that will be required to continue along a path to sustainability,
social equity and efficiency of use.

There are ten (10) key elements identified for supporting the making the Plan:

FIGURE. THE CYCLE FOR DEVELOPING AND ADJUSTING AN IWRM PLAN
Initiation.
Government
commitment.
Team formed.
Vision/ policy
Commitment to
IWRM

Evaluation
Situation analysis
Assess progress,
Problems,
Revise plan
IWRM situation,
Work plan
Goals identified.

Awareness raising

Stakeholder
participation

Political commitment.

Implementation
Strategy choice
Legal, institutional,
Goals prioritised
management actions.
Strategy selected
Build capacity.

IWRM plan
Draft,
Stakeholder & political
approval.
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A. Initiation
1. Raise political will and awareness on IWRM, and build support for the required reform process.
2. Create/strengthen multi-stakeholder platforms for dialogue and knowledge exchange.
3. Prepare detailed work plans, and monitoring and evaluation procedures.

B. Vision/policy
4. Create a framework for broad stakeholder participation.
5. Prepare capacity building activities for implementing the reform process.

C. Situation analysis and strategy choice
6. Identify water resources management challenges and functions.
7. Identify management potential and constraints.
8. Ensure knowledge from past and ongoing activities is fully available as a resource.

D. IWRM plan
9. Prepare the Action Plan and Transition Strategy towards IWRM and ensure adoption at all political
levels.
10. Prepare detailed programme and funding strategies for the reform process.

Countries in the Mediterranean are at different stages of IWRM planning development and present a
variety of needs. Nevertheless, there are many commonalities per sub-region that favor replication of
interventions.

Based on the above steps / interventions, the SP project will implement demand-driven activities in 4
countries:
- In two (2) countries that are lagging behind the IWRM process (Libya and Syria present cases for
such interventions in levels A and B); and
- In two (2) countries that have already made progress, though in varying stages, and are in need for
assistance in selected parts of the process (Morocco that is advanced and runs a thematic consultation
and Lebanon that is in a stage of reforms present cases for such interventions in levels C and D).

D. Criteria for demonstrations sites under the projects

The selection of the Demonstration Projects will be guided inter alia by the following:

- Conformity with GEF programme: Demonstration projects should address at least one of the
following GEF Operational Programs Focal Areas � Biodiversity or International Waters. Higher
relevance of interventions proposed under the projects for both focal areas would be an advantage.

- Conformity with MAP programme and programme of other regional institutions: Priority should
be given to projects which promote well advanced activities of existing regional institutions.
Notable example would be projects that demonstrate possible benefits of adopting an ICZM
Protocol for Mediterranean and / or advantages of use of ICZM tools and techniques.

- Multi-faceted nature of projects: Projects should aim as far as possible at demonstrating how
ICZM may serve as a framework for integrating water resources management and/or biodiversity
issues into an overall planning system.

- Global / regional / sub-regional / transboundary nature of projects: Projects should clearly
respond to the environmental benefits in the region and contribute to overall global environmental
benefits. In this respect Projects selected may have a sub-regional outlook or be of a
transboundary nature.

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- Hot spot targeting: Projects must target relevant hot spots identified by the countries. The
Strategic Overviews prepared for each country could serve as a starting point for identifying the
hot spots.

- Sustainability: Projects, which demonstrate possibility for economic development and/or poverty
alleviation, would have an advantage in the selection process. Also, the Projects, which deliver
benefits beyond the life cycle of the interventions, would be preferred.

- Favourable political environment: Clearly expressed willingness of national / local authorities to
support implementation of a demonstration project is a strong sign in favour of the project.

- Acceptability by local population: Demonstration projects are meant to have an overall positive
effect on relevant local population. They could, however, negatively affect some society groups. It
is imperative that expected outcomes of a project be introduced to local population prior to its
implementation and their support to the project obtained.

- Co-Financing: Only projects likely to attract adequate domestic funding and/or external support
shall be considered. Projects demonstrating strong co-financing shall be given priority.

- Cost-effectiveness: For a given budgetary limit, demonstration projects should yield a set of well-
structured and tangible activities, which contribute to success of an overall objective of the
intervention.

- Replicability: Projects' principles should be replicable in other countries of the region. They
should promote sharing of experiences, enhancing regional co-operation and collective learning.
- Performance criteria: Projects should achieve measurable concrete preliminary results in a
designated time.

- Capacity Building: Projects should be selected taking into account relevant national / local
capacities for their implementation. Capacity building should be an integral part of the planned
project activities.

- Availability of data: Implementability of a demonstration project is positively related to existence
of relevant data and its availability.

- Participatory approach: Project outcomes should demonstrate a direct causal connection between
increased participation and increased sustainability of proposed interventions. Projects should
yield strong ownership with all partners including the government, the private sector, civil society
including NGOs and the scientific community.

- Maximisation of use of regional expertise: Projects should aim at maximising the utilisation of
national/local experts and institutions.

- Geographical balance: Balance between GEF eligible countries in the region should be sought.

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E.Format for a basic profile of a shared water body

0. NAME OF THE SHARED WATER BODY

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. Location
Provide information on (i) geographical boundaries, (ii) size and (iii) connection with other water
bodies

1.2. Major physical characteristics
Provide key information on (i) topography, (ii) geology, (iii) climate and (iv) land types

1.3. Major socio-economic characteristics
Provide basic information on (i) urban / rural areas, (ii) population, (iii) major economic activities and
(iv) cultural background

2. WATER RESOURCES

2.1. Hydrology
Provide information on (i) surface water, (ii) groundwater, (iii) water quality, (iv) variation in time
and space, (v) extreme events, (vi) trends though time, etc.

2.2. Human impacts on water resources
Provide information on (i) surface cover / non-point sources, (ii) pollutants /point sources (iii) dams
and diversions, (iv) agriculture / aquaculture, etc.

2.3. Data and information on water resources
Provide information on major assessments for the area and on existence of monitoring programmes.
Eventually, provide expert judgment on monitoring systems status (adequacy, accuracy, reliability ,
consistency, deficiencies).

3. USES, NEEDS and DEMANDS
Identify existing uses, needs and demands as relates to water (i) for people, (ii) for food, (iii) for
nature / ecosystems, (iv) for industry, (v) for energy, (vi) for other uses.

4. MANAGEMENT SETTING

4.1. International agreements / conventions and national legislation
List and provide information on existing formal international agreements / conventions as well as on
national legislation, including participating / enforcement institutes, principal focus themes (e.g. water
supply, pollution, environmental protection, navigation, hydropower, industrial uses, flood control,
fishing, etc), key regulatory provisions ((including allocation and rights), management provisions and
foreseen revision processes (if they exist). Provide similar information on informal agreements.
Eventually, provide expert judgment on their enforcement and compliance.

4.2. Institutions / Planning and decision making processes distribution of responsibilities
Provide information on established or foreseen institutional arrangements, planning and decision
making processes; indicate whether there is a master plan in place. Eventually, provide expert
judgement on the level of efficiency of the existing arrangements.

4.3. Finances
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Provide information on financial resources mobilized for running the management system (if exists),
including domestic capital, multilateral and donor aid, private capital, private-public partnership.
Eventually, provide expert judgement on (i) level of area's integration into current investment policies
and priorities �at all levels- and (ii) the scale of funding that would be required for a proper
functioning of a management scheme (based on related assessments, if they exist) and actions of
immediate priority.

4.4. Past and present major projects (including listing of donors' interest)
List and provide information on major past and current project, including title, main themes tackled,
major achievements, major obstacles, financial resources, lead organisation, key partners.

4.5. Stakeholders' Participation
List and provide information on the type and role of stakeholders (local, national and international)
with substantial involvement in the area's management as well as the mechanisms for their
participation (established or planned). Eventually, provide expert judgment on stakeholders'
capacities and level of actual participation, suitability and application of existing mechanisms.

4.6. Awareness / Communication
Assess the level of awareness about the need for management in the area under consideration by the
local population and authorities, the national authorities and the international community. Provide
information on past and current major awareness-raising projects. In case of established institutional
and management schemes, provide information on the existence of a communication strategy and
related actions.

5. CONCLUSIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. Critical problems and key challenges
Based on the above, prioritise critical problems (i) related to the resource, (ii) associated to uses,
needs and demands, (iii) related to institutional, management, financial bottlenecks. Identify key
challenges for enabling an effective management of the water body under consideration (e.g. shared
vision, sustained commitment, institutions, agreements and regulatory framework, broad based
partnerships) � link the latter with facts presented in Chapter 2,3 and 4.

5.2. Main achievements
Prioritise success actions undertaken and achievements accomplished (e.g. agreements ratified,
institutions established, monitoring systems in place, management activities undertaken, public
participation enhanced, awareness raised, capacity built) � link the latter with facts presented in
Chapter 4.

5.3. Donor's interest
Assess the overall ability to mobilize domestic and private capital and ODA for running the
management scheme and priority projects in the area. Recommend important players to be
approached.

5.4. Recommended priority actions
List priority actions (on the short, medium and long term) for progressing with institutional,
regulatory and management requirements. The latter could for example include specific
recommendations on establishment of cooperative processes, partnerships formation, awareness
activities, knowledge sharing and sound programmes of action.

For example programmes of action could entail river regulation, water harvesting and conservation,
watershed management and soil erosion control, wastewater treatment, pollution control and water
quality management, water use efficiency improvement, irrigated food production, environmental
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protection, fisheries development, hydropower generation, transport and navigation development, eco-
tourism development, etc.

6. MAIN REFERENCES, BACKGROUND DOCUMENTS, MAPS

F. Note on MED EUWI Dialogues

The Mediterranean Component of the EU Water Initiative

The Mediterranean Component of the EU Water Initiative (MED EUWI) aims:
- to assist design of better, demand driven and result oriented programmes,
- to facilitate better coordination of water programmes and projects, aiming at a more effective use
of existing funds, and the mobilization of new financial resources, where this is required, based on
an analysis of gaps, and,
- to enhance cooperation for the proper implementation of these programmes and projects, based on
peer review and strategic assessment.

MED EUWI, is giving particular emphasis to Mediterranean and South-eastern Europe priorities and
focuses on the following themes:
- Water supply and sanitation, with emphasis on the poorest part of the societies
- Integrated water resources management, with emphasis on management of transboundary water
bodies
- Water, food and environment interaction, with emphasis on fragile ecosystems
- Non-conventional water resources and
- Cross cutting issues such as transfer of technology, transfer of know how, capacity building and
training and education.
The following partner countries are involved in MED EUWI:
- In the Mediterranean � Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian
Authority, Syria, Turkey, Tunisia.
- In the South East Europe � Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
Therefore, the Component encompasses overall 18 countries.

MED EUWI aims to serve as a platform for promoting strategic partnerships between the EU and the
Mediterranean and South-Eastern European countries as well as between government, civil society
and the private sector. Non-EU donors and international organizations (including the UN family and
the IFIs) are also contributing to the component through the promotion of synergies and development
of activities at sub-regional level. GEF SP is envisaged as a strategic partner in the process. MED
EUWI is led by Greece that chairs a multi-stakeholder Working Group. MED EUWI Secretariat is
facilitated by the Global Water Partnership � Mediterranean (GWP-Med).

1. Content

Though progress has been made in the Mediterranean, many countries in the region still suffer from
lack of effective operational strategies; fragmentation of responsibilities between authorities; weak
policy implementation; weak monitoring and assessment at the national and local level; limited
technical, management and enforcement capabilities to address water resource issues; and financial
constraints and lack of financial resources at affordable levels.

It is vitally important that vision and planning in the water sector are based on a good understanding
of the costs of achieving the targets set and that are supported by feasible financing strategies that
would mobilise adequate resources where and when needed. It is evident that the cost of achieving the
water related MDGs/WSSD targets in the Mediterranean far exceeds current levels of financing.
Financing will not materialise without enabling legal and institutional reforms. National and local
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programs must be ambitious in order to focus attention on the scale of the problem and the urgent
need for action. At the same time, the overwhelming scale of the challenge should not induce apathy
and a mentality of subsidy dependence.

Though in some countries of the region there is advancement in preparing assessments of needs and
financial strategies for water-related MDGs/WSSD targets, in the majority of cases progress is slow.
MED EUWI aims to facilitate coordinated action and effective synergies between competent partners
at country and regional level, assisting in effectively mobilizing ODA, in order to meet WSS and
IWRM targets in the Mediterranean in the coming years.

To assist meeting the targets, MED EUWI aims to facilitate Country Dialogues
- to identify the priority actions to be undertaken,
- to assist in estimating the related costs and
- to facilitate reinforced EU donors' coordination, attracting new financial resources where needed.
MED EUWI Country Dialogues focus at national level on the following:
- Analysis of needs and gaps for achieving MDGs and WSSD targets at the country level,
- Identification of priority actions to achieve the targets
- Elaboration of financial assessment on cost for achieving targets and potential sources of finance
as well as enhancement of donors' coordination
- Elaboration, discussion and agreement among a multi-stakeholder forum on a roadmap for
achieving the targets at the country level

Through these, MED EUWI seeks to develop operational links and contribute, among others, to the
European Neighbourhood Policy, the Joint Process of the EU Water Framework Directive with MED
EUWI and the MEDA Water Programme.

2. Main Outputs

Main outputs foreseen through the Country Dialogues include:
- Output 1. Structured country dialogues processes implemented through national multi-stakeholder
workshops and bilateral consultations with key stakeholders.
- Output 2. Country status assessments, including key water policies and status of water reform,
basic country WSS and IWRM profile, governance and institutional capacities, gaps, emerging
deficiencies and bottlenecks, major on-going water programmes, mapping of stakeholders and
information on national investment and bilateral / multilateral water aid and identification of MED
EUWI intervention.
- Output 3. Estimates of the expenditure needed to achieve the MDG/WSSD targets for WSS and
IWRM and adequately maintain existing infrastructure
- Output 4 Estimates of already available finance and realistic forecasts of the future supply of
finance under different conditions (policy measures) and assessment of country readiness to meet
MDGs/WSSD targets for WSS and IWRM.
- Output 5. Financing strategies to meet MDGs/WSSD targets for WSS and IWRM, including
simulations of financial leverage effects of different policy measures and recommendations on
specific legal and institutional reforms needed to achieve the targets.
- Output 6. Country Roadmap to achieve MDGs / WSSD targets, including: targets and indicators,
types of interventions and national framework programmes, roles and responsibilities of different
stakeholders, modalities of coordination, monitoring and reporting system.

3. Main Tasks

To deliver Outputs, the following Tasks are foreseen:

Task 1. Organize Country Dialogues Processes

MED EUWI Country Dialogues will be organised in selected countries in the Mediterranean aiming
to:
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- identify gaps and emerging deficiencies in current national priorities and implementation process to
achieve MDGs/WSSD targets on WSS and IWRM,
- identify insufficiencies and bottlenecks in key prerequisites posed by donors for national
investments on the water sector,
- identify types of interventions and concrete national framework programmes to meet targets,
- elaborate, discuss and agree on a roadmap for achieving targets at country level,
- assist the establishment of a permanent platform for cooperation between key involved partners at
the national level including donor agencies.
The Country Dialogues involve water stakeholders including government authorities and agencies,
local authorities, water users associations, civil society, academia, the private sector as well as
international and national donors.

A set of criteria for selecting countries for detailed analysis and country dialogues may include
physical conditions, socio-economic status, state of water policies and infrastructure, current level of
water investment and aid, data availability, expression of interest and of willingness to cooperate by
the host country and to provide local support etc.
Country Dialogues involve the following main steps:
- Inaugural Workshop,
- Country visits for bilateral and multilateral consultations,
- Workshop to present and endorse the Roadmap (see Task 5),
- Follow up visits.
Country Inaugural Workshops will launch the Country Dialogues. The purpose of the Inaugural
Workshops would be to:
- inform on MED EUWI and the process of the Country Dialogue,
- elaborate on key actions taken in the country to meet water challenges,
- inform on achievements and orientation of bilateral and multilateral aid in the water sector in the
country,
- inform on priority EU processes like the European Neighbourhood Policy, the MEDA Water
Programme, the Joint Process of WFD/MED EUWI and their possible contribution to efforts to
achieve water targets,
- discuss a process for establishing a strategic collaboration among water stakeholders and with donor
agencies.

Country visits will be linked with data collection activities. Consultations would take place in bilateral
with government and key stakeholders as well as with small groups of stakeholders per theme or
linked with specific products.

Workshops to present, discuss and hopefully endorse the Roadmap and monitoring indicators will be
conducted at the end phase of Country Dialogues. The country's government will be expected to act
as convenor for the inaugural and final workshop and to ensure an anchorage of the process within
their national institutional structure. Effort will be made to promote and eventually establish a system
through which the multi-stakeholder fora would be repeated annually to monitor progress, review and
update the Roadmap.

Task 2. Country status assessment on WSS and IWRM

Status assessments will be conducted in the countries of the region where Dialogues will be
facilitated. Giving emphasis on issues pertaining to MDGs / WSSD Targets on WSS and IWRM, the
status assessments will present a country profile and an overview on:

- status of water sector reform, with an emphasis on WSS and IWRM,
- governance and institutional capacities,
- mechanisms of coordination (within government institutions, with stakeholders, with and within
donors)
- major on-going activities
- key financing mechanisms
- mapping of stakeholders
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- gaps and deficiencies on the above
- identification of possible EUWI intervention.

The reviews will be conducted in close collaboration with the EU Delegations in the MEDA countries
and the competent national authorities. The status assessments will provide background for Country
Dialogues (see Task 1).

Task 3. Detailed case studies on current expenditure and needed financing to meet MDG/WSSD
targets for WSS and IWRM

Collection, verification and analysis of data on existing financing for WSS and IWRM will be
undertaken in the countries where a Dialogue is taking place. Financing sources that would be
analysed include public budgets, public environmental and other special funds, user charges, private
sector investments, foreign grants, foreign debt, etc. This may include data consistency check and
expert judgements if some data is not available. It is expected that national authorities (ministries of
water, economy, finance, agriculture, public health, urban development, environment, etc. as well as
statistical agency) will assist providing available data on WSS and IWRM economic parameters, as
well as all available necessary socio-economic and financial data. Based on these, readiness of
country to meet MDG/WSSD targets for WSS and IWRM will be assessed.

Based on data collected, expenditure needs and financial deficits or surpluses to meet MDG/WSSD
targets will be calculated applying transparent and tested modelling tools developed by OECD. The
cost estimates would be divided by expenditure needs (O&M, capital investments, etc) and sector
(water supply, sanitation, IWRM)

Task 4. Financing strategies for achieving MDG/WSSD targets for IWRM and WSS

Based on results of Task 3, scenarios of achieving targets and bridging financial deficits will be
developed. Recommended policy measures and enabling legal and regulatory reforms to bridge gaps
will be specified including those which can increase efficiency of the use of available resources, and
those which could attract additional funds. Affordability analysis of alternative financing measures
will be also provided. Feasible package(s) of policy measures will be presented and discussed through
the Country Dialogue process.

Specific opportunities and targets for international partnerships in the selected MEDA countries to
promote these financing strategies will be identified. Potential roles of different national stakeholders
as well as the role of donors will be analysed. Quantitative estimates of the level of effort that would
be required from various stakeholders to make partnerships effective in reaching specified targets
would be conducted.

Task 5. Country Roadmap to achieve MDGs / WSSD targets on WSS and IWRM

A Roadmap by country to achieve the water related MDGs/WSSD targets will be elaborated based on
deliverables of Tasks 2, 3 and 4. The Roadmap should also assist in guiding further donor planning.
The Roadmap will describe:
- targets and indicators,
- identify roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders including donors,
- types of interventions to be undertaken and related national framework programmes to be
developed and
- modalities of a coordination, monitoring and reporting system.

Roadmaps should achieve as wide as possible ownership and buy-in national water policies.
Roadmaps will be discussed and agreed through the Country Dialogue process.

4. Duration

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Depending on data availability, political will, progress already achieved on MDGs/WSSD target,
stakeholders involvement available resources to support the progress, etc., the time needed for the
implementation of the steps described above could be from 8 to 14 months. Nevertheless, the process
of a National Dialogue goes beyond the finalization of studies and organisation of meetings foreseen
in this process. The National Dialogues should be able to provide a set of critical tools and assist in
establishing for a long-term process that will carry on, at the national level involving national and
international partners, until targets will be achieved.

G. World Summit on sustainable development plan of implementation (Paragraphs 25 & 26)

Para 25. Develop integrated water resources management and water efficiency plans by 2005, with
support to developing countries, through actions at all levels to:

(a) Develop and implement national/regional strategies, plans and programmes with regard to
integrated river basin, watershed and groundwater management, and introduce measures to improve
the efficiency of water infrastructure to reduce losses and increase recycling of water;

(b) Employ the full range of policy instruments, including regulation, monitoring, voluntary measures,
market and information-based tools, land-use management and cost recovery of water services,
without cost recovery objectives becoming a barrier to access to safe water by poor people, and adopt
an integrated water basin approach;

(c) Improve the efficient use of water resources and promote their allocation among competing uses in
a way that gives priority to the satisfaction of basic human needs and balances the requirement of
preserving or restoring ecosystems and their functions, in particular in fragile environments, with
human domestic, industrial and agriculture needs, including safeguarding drinking water quality;

(d) Develop programmes for mitigating the effects of extreme water-related events;

(e) Support the diffusion of technology and capacity-building for non-conventional water resources
and conservation technologies, to developing countries and regions facing water scarcity conditions or
subject to drought and desertification, through technical and financial support and capacity-building;

(f) Support, where appropriate, efforts and programmes for energy-efficient, sustainable and cost-
effective desalination of seawater, water recycling and water harvesting from coastal fogs in
developing countries, through such measures as technological, technical and financial assistance and
other modalities;

(g) Facilitate the establishment of public-private partnerships and other forms of partnership that give
priority to the needs of the poor, within stable and transparent national regulatory frameworks
provided by Governments, while respecting local conditions, involving all concerned stakeholders,
and monitoring the performance and improving accountability of public institutions and private
companies.

Para 26. Support developing countries and countries with economies in transition in their efforts to
monitor and assess the quantity and quality of water resources, including through the establishment
and/or further development of national monitoring networks and water resources databases and the
development of relevant national indicators.

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Component 2. Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants:
implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs

Sub-component 2.1: Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control
(GEF 950,000 $, Co-financing 1,086,000 $)

2.1a Industrial Pollution Pilot Projects
(GEF 774,000 $, Co-financing 910,000 $)

Implementing Agency
The UN Programme for the Assessment and the Control of Pollution in the Mediterranean Region
(MEDPOL)

Background/Context/Rationale

In the NAPs, the countries presented specific action to reduce pollution from designated sources, until
the year 2010. Actions included "hard" actions (example: construction of treatment plants) as well as
"soft" actions (example: improvement of legislation and institutional framework). However, many
countries acknowledged gaps and shortcomings on legal, institutional, financial and technical means
to successfully implement the NAPs.

In order to assist the countries in their effort to implement their NAPs, it is necessary to facilitate the
up grading of legal and institutional capacities, as well as to facilitate the horizontal know-how and
technology transfer in the Mediterranean region. Know-how could be transferred directly between
Government agencies or wholly within vertically integrated firms, but also through the coordination
of multiple organizations such as network of information service providers, business consultants and
financial firms. Although stakeholders play different roles, there is a need in the Mediterranean
Region for partnership among stakeholders to create successful transfers. Governments with the
assistance of MEDPOL can facilitate such partnerships.

Based on the analysis of the NAPs prepared by all Mediterranean Countries, specific activities are
proposed to improve the legislative and institutional framework in the Region, as well as to
implement actions which will protect the Mediterranean marine environment from land based
pollution sources.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

Mediterranean countries have already identified their priorities for action in their NDAs and have
proposed a number of specific actions in the NAPs. Based on these priorities, the following six
projects have been identified to prepare the ground for the proper implementation of the priorities
actions. It is expected that their implementation will provoke policy and institutional changes at local,
national and regional levels and will greatly improve the quality of the marine ecosystem of the
Mediterranean Sea.

2.1.1 Pilot Project on the management of Phosphogypsum produced from the phosphate
fertilizers production process
(GEF 120,000 $, Co-financing 140,000 $)

The Pilot Project on management of Phosphogypsum will be carried out in three eligible countries:
Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria, in according of specific actions in the NAPs.
Phosphogypsum is a by-product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, which is dumped into the sea
or/and deposited in stockpiles at the coastal zone. Once dumped into the marine environment,
Phosphogypsum deposits will alter the sediment structure at the vicinity of the dumping area leading
thus to a serious degradation of the benthic ecosystem. Also, because Phosphogypsum may contain
high concentrations of the toxic metal Cadmium (Cd), these deposits may have a toxic impact on the
marine biota.
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In2006, Tunisia , in the framework of the implementation of its NAPs to address LBS of pollution
launched a management project to reduce the quantity of phosphogypsum released into the marine
environment and consequently curb the input of its associated metals.

The objectives of the project is to facilitate the transfer of know how related to environmental
management of phosphogypsum from Tunisia to Syria and Lebanon in issues related to the
improvement of legislative and institutional framework to manage the disposal of phosphogypsum
slurry in Lebanon; the preparation and implementation of a management scheme for the
phospogypsum slurry in Lebanon; to trigger the cooperation with phosphate fertilizer companies and
relevant national authorities from Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria.

The expected results of the Project are: the improvement of legislative and institutional framework in
order to review of existing legal instruments, stakeholders mobilization, improvement of coordination
between responsible public authorities and private companies, and develop standards for safe
disposal; environmentally sound management of the Phosphogypsum slurry at Lebanon; guidelines
for the management of Phosphogypsum slurry; capacity building in Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria on
management of phosphogypsum slurry and relative problems of the phosphate fertilizer companies.

2.1.2 Pilot Project on Chromium and (BOD) control of tanneries effluent
(GEF 170,000 $, Co-financing 190,000 $)

The project on Chromium and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) control in tanneries will be
developed in Turkey, Albania, Algeria and Egypt in according with action on tanneries in their
respective NAPs.
Leather tanning is a widespread industrial activity in the Mediterranean region, which is often
practiced by small industrial units. Tannery effluents have high organic matter load and are
considered as a major source for Chromium (Cr) releases. In the most of the eligible countries, there
is a need to propose a legal, institutional and technical management scheme to control the effluent
quality of tanneries.

The specific objectives of the projects are: to improve the legislative and institutional framework for
the control of Cr and BOD releases from tanneries in Turkey; to prepare and to implement a pilot
project on Cr and BOD control in a group of medium size tanneries in Turkey; to prepare and to
implement Guidelines on Cr and BOD control in tannery's effluents with the collaboration of all
concerned countries (including Albania, Algeria, Egypt and Turkey).

The expected results will be:

- Protection of coastal marine ecosystem from eutrophication and Cr contamination in areas where
tanneries are operating
- Positive impact on coastal fisheries by improving the quality of the marine coastal ecosystem
- Protection of human health, which may be threatened from consumption of Cr-contaminated
seafood in coastal areas and possible reduction of healthcare cost for residents
- Increase of the recreational value of the coastal zone at the vicinity of tanneries
- Strengthening of the national monitoring and research capacity on eutrophication, Cr and other
heavy metals in the marine environment
- Strengthening of the national cooperation capacity between public authorities and private
companies for the protection of the coastal marine environment from industrial releases

2.1.3. Project on recycling and regeneration of lubricating oil
(GEF 150,000 $, Co-financing 160,000 $)

The Pilot Project on management of Recycling and regeneration of lub oil will be carried out in the
following eligible countries: Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria
and Palestinian Authority, in according of specific actions in the NAPs.

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Very few countries in the Mediterranean have an effective system for used lub-oil management, and
in their NAPs they include actions to deal with this specific problem. Needless to mention that in the
absence of effective management system, lub oil would reach the marine environment through the
urban sewer system. Therefore, a project on recycling and regeneration of lubricating oil will benefit
the Mediterranean region. The project will also take into consideration the important know-how of
Tunisia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, which have developed a very promising system for the management
of used lub-oil and oil filters.

The objectives are: to improve the legislative and institutional framework for the recycling and
regeneration of used lub oil in Algeria; to prepare and to implement a Pilot Project on organizing a
system for recycling and regeneration of lub oil in Algeria; to transfer the know-how and the expertise
of the Tunisian and Bosnia-Herzegovina authorities on the organization of the lub oil recycling and
regeneration system to Algeria and other concerned countries (Albania, Croatia, Egypt, Morocco,
Montenegro, Palestinian Authority and Syria).

The expected results:
- Protection of coastal marine ecosystem from lub oil releases at the vicinity of coastal cities and
industrial areas
- Positive impact on coastal fisheries by improving the quality of the marine coastal ecosystem
- Increase of the recreational value of the coastal zone at the vicinity of cities and industrial areas
- Strengthening of the national monitoring and research capacity on petroleum products in the
marine environment
- Strengthening of the national cooperation capacity between public authorities and lub oil
recycling private companies for the protection of the coastal marine environment.

2.1.1.4 Project on lead batteries recycling
(GEF 124,000 $, Co-financing 140,000 $)

The Pilot Project on management of Recycling of lead batteries will be carried out in the following
eligible countries: Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia,
Turkey and Palestinian Authority, in according of specific actions in the NAPs.
Most Mediterranean countries face environmental problems with used lead car batteries, which are
considered an important source of lead emissions from waste dumps and air deposition. Some
countries have already established recycling systems, while others propose such actions in their
NAPs. Lead batteries are considered as important source of lead (Pb) into the marine coastal
environment. Therefore a project is proposed for the environmental safe recycling of lead batteries.

The objectives are: to improve the legislative and institutional framework for the recycling pf lead
batteries in Syria; to prepare and implement a project on organizing a system for recycling lead
batteries in Syria; to transfer the gained know-how and the expertise on the lead batteries recycling to
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Palestinian Authority, Tunisia and
Turkey.

The expected results:
- Improvement of the legislative and institutional framework for the recycling of lead batteries
in Syria (review of existing legal instruments, stakeholders mobilization, improve of
coordination between responsible public authorities and private companies, develop standards
for lead batteries recycling)
- Initiation of a lead batteries recycling system in Syria
- Creation of a market for recycled Pb and creation of work positions for local people.

2.1.5 Assessment of the magnitude of riverine inputs of nutrients into the Mediterranean Sea
(GEF 90,000 $, Co-financing 130,000 $)

Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB), eutrophication process are the direct results of the enrichment of
marine ecosystem with nutrients , namely nitrogen and phosphorus , from land based sources and
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from diffuse sources. Rivers in the Mediterranean are considered as major diffuse sources of nutrients
into the sea.

Satellite imaging showed that eutrophication process is always associated with the river mouths such
as the Rhone, Po, Nile and other river in the Aegean Sea as well as high nutrients inputs from land
based sources.

Objectives: Collect quantitative information of the riverine inputs of water, sediments, nutrients a to
the Mediterranean Sea in a spatially and temporally explicit manner; establish a geographical scale of
inputs which should be distinguished at least at the scale of the major Mediterranean sub-basin
(Alboran, North-Western, South-Western, Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Ionian, Central, Aegean, North-
Levantine and South-Levantine seas; establish nutrients budgets associated to specific time periods
(e.g., decades) to which they correspond.

Expected outputs: Develop a database on Mediterranean rivers. This database has already been
started in the framework of the MAP project of MEDPOL and will be further enlarged; develop of
more sophisticated models for the prediction of riverine nutrient fluxes in relation with land use
practices and changes. This type of models might be adapted for certain large Mediterranean rivers
where the data coverage is good, both with respect to the water chemistry data and with respect to the
potential controlling factors (fertilizer use, population density etc)

2.1.6 Project on setting Emission Limit Values (ELV) in industrial effluents and Environmental
Quality Standards (EQS)
(GEF 120,000 $, Co-financing 150,000 $)

This Pilot Project will be carried out in most of the eligible countries. Many countries lack appropriate
ELV for their industrial effluents, as well as Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for the receiving
water bodies. In order to implement a control on industrial emissions, ELV and EQS should be
introduced in the legislation of all Mediterranean countries. To that purpose a horizontal project
including all GEF-eligible Mediterranean countries will be implemented to introduce ELV and EQS
in their legislation and to propose changes in their institutional framework.

The objectives are: to introduce ELV and EQS in the legislation of Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Tunisia and Turkey, for all substances
include in the SAP targets for the protection of the Mediterranean marine ecosystem; to propose
changes in the institutional framework of the GEF-eligible countries to ensure the proper use of the
ELV and EQS for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea.

The expected results:

- Protection of coastal marine ecosystem from industrial effluents and improvement of its
quality
- Positive impact on coastal fisheries, through improving the quality of the marine coastal
ecosystem, by removing stressful pollutants, which may affect negatively the survival and
reproduction of marine organisms
- Protection of human health, which may be threatened from consumption of contaminated
seafood in coastal areas and possible reduction of healthcare cost for residents
- Creation of a market for national consulting companies, which will ensure the industries'
compliance to ELV and EQS, and creation of work positions on national level
- Strengthening of the national monitoring and research capacity on industry-related pollutants
in the marine environment
- Strengthening of the national cooperation capacity between public authorities, industries and
private consulting companies for the protection of the coastal marine environment

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Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

The Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention adopted in 1997 a Strategic Action Plan (SAP)
for the Mediterranean Sea, as a follow-up of the signing the LBS protocol, aiming at reducing
pollution loads released into the Mediterranean Sea. Reduction targets have been set for different
categories of pollutants and each country prepared a National Diagnostic Analysis (NDA), a National
Baseline Budget (NBB) for the emission of SAP designated pollutants, as well as a National Action
Plan (NAP) to reduce emission of pollutants from LBS.

In the NDAs, all Mediterranean countries analysed the environmental characteristics of their coastal
areas and highlighted the major pollution threats, which could affect the quality of the marine
ecosystem. The legal and institutional framework of each country was also presented, along with
assessments on existing gaps. The NDAs were prepared with active participation of public and private
stakeholders, in an attempt to enhance public participation in the prioritisation of environmental issues
in each country. The final NDA Reports represent therefore, not only the countries' perception for the
environmental priorities in the coastal area, but also an initial assessment of capacity building needs
and priorities.

In the NBBs, a quantitative evaluation was made on measured or estimated pollutants' emissions from
LBS in all Mediterranean countries. These Reports gave for the first time a comparative regional
estimation on the loads of pollutants that are discharged into the Mediterranean Sea. This is very
important information, especially when planning pollutant's emissions reduction on a regional base,
because it is possible to assess the relative importance of emitted pollution on regional, national or
sectoral (industrial sector) level.

In the NAPs, the countries presented specific action to reduce pollution from designated sources, until
the year 2010. Actions included "hard" actions (example: construction of treatment plants) as well as
"soft" actions (example: improvement of legislation and institutional framework). However, many
countries acknowledged gaps and shortcomings on legal, institutional, financial and technical means
to successfully implement the NAPs.

In order to assist the countries in their effort to implement their NAPs, it is necessary to facilitate the
up grading of legal and institutional capacities, as well as to facilitate the horizontal know-how and
technology transfer in the Mediterranean region. Know-how could be transferred directly between
government agencies or wholly within vertically integrated firms, but also through the coordination of
multiple organizations such as network of information service providers, business consultants and
financial firms. Although stakeholders play different roles, there is a need in the Mediterranean region
for partnership among stakeholders to create successful transfers. Governments with the assistance of
MEDPOL can facilitate such partnerships.

Based on the analysis of the NAPs prepared by all Mediterranean countries, specific activities are
proposed to improve the legislative and institutional framework in the region, as well as to implement
actions which will protect the Mediterranean marine environment from land based pollution sources.

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Sub-component 2.1: Facilitation of policy and legislation reforms for pollution control

2.1 b Permit, Inspections and Compliance Systems
(GEF 176,000 $, Co-financing 176,000 $)

Implementing Agency:
The UN Programme for the Assessment and the Control of Pollution in the Mediterranean Region
(MEDPOL)

Background/Context/Rationale

The activities related to the preparation of the NAPs have shown a number of gaps in the
Mediterranean. One of these gaps is strictly linked with the compliance and enforcement of control
measures and, more precisely, the system, which will control measures for pollution reduction, and
compliance, i.e. the inspectorates.

Taking into account all the above, a review was made, based on existing data and information, of the
status of permit, inspection and compliance systems in all Mediterranean countries including policy
and legislative gaps. The review identified the basic subjects needing a more in depth study..

The implementation of the LBS Protocol priority actions and in particular of the SAP MED, include,
inter alia, the introduction of new environmental tools including appropriate implementation of
regulatory, economic and voluntary instruments, but it focuses on the reduction of certain pollutants
from industries and various facilities. Following this, and in line with the above-mentioned strategy
and taking into consideration the outcome of the above-mentioned review, the need to implement
capacity building activities so as to enhance the inspectorate system will also complement the activity.
Therefore, the major objective is to enhance and update the inspectorates in the following countries:
Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lebanon, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria and Turkey.

All concerned countries for the control of facilities including also industrial, have regular or non-
regular activities regarding inspections, which are usually based on complaints reported and on
specific needs. In addition, there is a considerable number of inspectors who although they possess
the scientific background, they are not trained to inspect several facilities and they operate based on
personal judgements. If action is to be taken, this could include the training of the inspectors and the
planning of inspection based on needs and in an organized manner. As a result, all the countries will
operate following the regulatory cycle that is well established widely accepted and followed by a
considerable number of countries including those of the EU.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

In order to strengthen the existing mechanism in the Mediterranean countries regarding environmental
inspection activities, there is a need to provide a number of activities. This set of activities would
include meetings among agencies responsible for permitting, inspections and enforcement in order to
set up the procedure, as it is indicated in the regulatory cycle. Following the first meeting, a training
workshop will be held in order to provide practical information on inspecting the most commonly
polluting and industrial facilities of the country. It will also serve as guidance for the uniformity of the
inspections.

Objectives: to strengthen the existing mechanism in the Mediterranean countries regarding
environmental inspection activities, there is a need to tackle the issue in an integrated manner. The set
of activities would include meetings among agencies responsible for permitting, inspections and
enforcement in order to set up the procedure, as it is indicated in the regulatory cycle, as well as a
training workshop.

An initial meeting will consider the existing legislation and will possibly set the objectives and policy
planning, along with the improvement of the system for permitting, compliance control and
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compliance promotion, which will result in the preparation of a plan of actions. During the meeting,
the responsible authorities will consider the issue of reporting using also indicators and they will set
up agreed indicators in the plan of action to be used for reporting and feedback. Furthermore, a
training workshop will be held in order to provide practical information on inspecting the most
commonly polluting and industrial facilities of the country. It will also serve as guidance for the
uniformity of the inspections. The training workshop will be held in the national language or in any
other language proposed by the country and will be based on the training material already prepared
for this specific purpose. It is expected that at least 30 inspectors will be trained to inspect several, yet
common, industrial facilities.

The training workshop, and the practical experience within one year time, will provide all the
information for an assessment and feedback for: (a) the operation of the whole system, (b) the
knowledge acquired and used by the inspectors and (c) an estimation if the targets set during the first
meeting were met or not. All above will be discussed during a final meeting, and solutions will be
proposed to all difficulties faced during the period under review and will be used for the formulation
of amendments to the existing legislation.

The expected results are:

� Formulation of plans of action for permitting, compliance and control
� Experts in national centre capable to coordinate and implement national inspection systems
� Enhanced inspectorate systems
� Proposals for amending the legislation for compliance with LBS Protocol in relation to inspection

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives
� The European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law
(IMPEL).
� NECEMA � Network of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement in the Magreb
� INECE � International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement

Sub-component 2.2: Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology (TEST)
(GEF 1,000,000 $, Co-financing 1,400,000 $)

Implementing Agencies:
United Nation Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and UN Regional Activity Centre for
Cleaner Production (CP/RAC)

Background/Context/Rationale
In April 2001, UNIDO launched the TEST programme on Transfer of Environmentally Sound
Technology (TEST), which aims at reducing the barriers perceived by enterprises to compliance with
environmental norms. The Programme, concentrates on building capacity in industrial service
institutions to undertake seven analytical assessments, which together identify the least costly option
for environmental compliance. The environmental management tools applied include: cleaner
production; environmental management systems and accounting; and environmentally sound
technology selection.
The TEST-MED component has been designed to address pollution from land-based activities of
priority industrial pollution hot spots that are identified in the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) as part of
the implementation of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). The component will primarily address
industrial hot spots generating and/or utilizing Persistent Toxic Compounds (PTS) that have severe
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transboundary effects on the marine environment and will serve as a demonstration component for the
introduction of an integrated approach (TEST approach) for the adoption of best available techniques
(BAT/EST), cleaner production and environmental management practices.

Pollution from land-based sources and activities has long been recognized as a major problem in the
marine environment. It has been estimated that approximately 80% of the total pollution of the
Mediterranean Sea is generated by land-based sources and activities. Under the framework of the
Barcelona convention, the responses of the Mediterranean countries to this problem was the adoption
of the Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land-Based
Sources (LBS Protocol), which came into force in 1983, and the launching of the MEDPOL
programme.

In the framework of the development of a Strategic Action Plan (SAP) for the Mediterranean Sea, as a
follow-up of the signing the LBS protocol, the MAP Secretariat was given the responsibility of
collecting, analysing and processing the data and information related to the "Identification of priority
pollution hot spots and sensitive areas in the Mediterranean basin. Some 101 priority hot spots were
identified as impacting public health, drinking water quality, recreation and other beneficial uses,
aquatic life (including biodiversity), as well as economy and welfare (including marine resources of
economic value) in the Mediterranean Countries.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

The UNIDO TEST-MED component will support national governments in effectively implementing
national strategies for reducing industrial discharges and in particular it will contribute to the
activities, as follows:
- To give priority to small and medium-size companies, favouring the creation of associations
in order to minimize waste generation;
- Reduce discharges and emission of pollutants as much as possible and in order to do so, to
promote the implementation of environmental audits and apply BEP and BAT in industrial
installations that are sources of pollutants.

In particular it will provide mechanism to meet the objectives and targets set by the SAP. Project
activities will include the promotion and introduction of environmental standards (such as ISO14000)
and environmental management tools within the industrial sector as well as the transfer of
Environmentally Sound Technology and their adaptation through partnership and twinning programs.
The effectiveness of the TEST integrated approach will be demonstrated at a number of pilot
enterprises9, which will be identified during the first stage of the project within the selected priority
hotspots in four Mediterranean countries (Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon and Egypt).

Objectives of the project

The objective of the TEST-MED component is to build national capacities in South Mediterranean
countries; to apply the UNIDO-TEST integrated approach to facilitate the transfer of Environmentally
Sound Technology (EST) that will improve the environmental performance and the productivity of
priority industrial pollution hot spots of the South Mediterranean region. The project will have a
demonstration component at pilot enterprises to be selected among the priority industrial sectors
(among others releasing significant amounts of PTS are tanneries and derivates, cement works,
metallurgy, agro-industries, organic and inorganic chemical industry) that are significantly
contributing to transboundary pollution by releasing particularly PTS into the Mediterranean basin.

The enhanced national capacities would then be made available through the dissemination of project
results to assist other enterprises of concern in the participating countries as well as in other South
Mediterranean countries.

9 The number of enterprises will vary from one country to another, depending on their size. However at a
minimum 4 enterprises will be selected in each country.
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UNIDO approach

The Mediterranean countries that have been considered for participating in the UNIDO/TEST-MED
project have been selected on the basis of three criteria.
� eligibility for technical cooperation and international assistance
� the presence of an established National Cleaner Production Centre or its equivalent
� a significant number of polluting industrial enterprises

The project strategy is based on UNIDO's substantial experience in implementing industrial
environmental projects and in particular the TEST programme in the Danube River Basin. Some of
the lessons learned from these projects that were relevant for developing the TEST-MED project
strategy are:

1. The successful, widespread transfer of environmentally sound technology is dependent upon
two factors. First, a technology's feasibility as well as its financial and environmental benefits
of the technology must be demonstrated in an enterprise in the country and that experience
must be accessible to other enterprises in the same country. Second, at least one institution
(which could be a project counterpart, a private enterprise research institution eRTC.) has to
market the new technology to other enterprises. Without an organized effort to disseminate
results, successful technological innovations usually remain confined to the demonstration
plants.

2. Technical cooperation projects that enhance capacity within an existing institution rather than
create a new institution, have a greater chance of being sustained. The UNIDO-UNEP CP
centers in the Mediterranean Region will be an excellent network for the successful diffusion
of EST in the Region. UNIDO strategy envisages that additional capacity in environmental
management tools besides CPA will be boosted in order to make these centers more effective.

3. Any successful effort that addresses the technological transformation of enterprises based on
EST also needs to take into account economic and social considerations. Failing to take into
account these two factors usually prevents the implementation of the transformation. In
particular, failure to deal with employees both in the design and implementation of the
technology transformation and the most likely negative effects on employment, will prevent
significant technology transformations.

The implementation strategy of the TEST-MED project is taking into account the above three points,
and it consists of three major stages. The first stage of the TEST-MED project consists of establishing
a TEST focal point (national counterpart) and network of partnership in each of the participating
countries participating in the project. The second stage is to use the TEST network established to
introduce and demonstrate the TEST integrated approach, at the selected number of enterprises in the
chosen countries. The third stage is to disseminate the results of the demonstration both within and
outside the chosen countries and initiate the TEST integrated approach in other enterprises in the
chosen countries as well as in the other countries that are signatories to the Barcelona Convention.
Figure 1 shows the TEST implementation strategy as well as the individual tools used at each stage of
implementation.

A TEST project is tailored to the unique conditions of the industrial sector as well as the institutional
framework of the country where it is implemented. Introduction of the TEST integrated approach at
the enterprise level is in the following sequence: first, the existing situation is improved by better
management of the existing processes, then the introduction of new technology or of end-of-pipe
solutions is considered. Finally, the lessons learned from each TEST project's implementation is
reflected in the respective company's business strategy.

It may be argued that optimizing existing processes is an unnecessary step that wastes valuable time
and financial resources if new, environmentally sound technology is to be installed. However, it must
be remembered that there is usually a significant time lapse between when technological assessments
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and financial appraisals are conducted and when the new technology is actually put in place and
operational. This time lapse can vary significantly from case to case and in some situations, it is worth
investing modest resources in the existing processes to improve their environmental performance,
until the final changes are installed and operational. By following this rationale, the money saved
from the implementation of low, or no-investment CP options can be used to help fund the more
expensive EST investments. Likewise, implementing the lower investment CP options may also
reduce pollutant loads to a level where smaller-scale end-of-pipe equipment can be installed, or
ideally, perhaps even avoided altogether. Companies should also remember that the transfer of skills
(on how to use the TEST tools) is part of the overall EST process and these skills are not bound
strictly to the specific technology being installed. It is critical that employees master the skills to use
these system tools if the technology is to operate to its desired capacity.

The TEST-MED component acts at three levels:
2
It addresses the need to enhance the existing expertise within a country with respect to industrial
environmental management skills, thereby enabling local institutions to offer enterprises an
integrated package of technical, managerial and strategic services best tailored to their needs;
3
It demonstrates the effectiveness of the integrated TEST approach at demonstration industrial
sites;
4
It supports the dissemination of the application of the TEST approach at the demonstration sites
at national and regional level.

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Fig. 1 � TEST project implementation strategy

Set-up of National Counterparts and Project Advisory Board
Stage I:
"Start-up of the
TEST Programme"
Selection of Demonstration Enterprises
Initial Review
P
h
CPA
EMS
a
Good Management
s
Practices and Process
e
Optimization
EMA
1
Good Management Practices Introduced
&
Environmental and Economic Benefits
P
ESTA
Stage II:
h
Techno-Economic
a
Assessment
Cleaner
"Introduction of the
s
Technology and
Pollution Control
EMS
TEST approach"
e
Technology
Implementation
Investment
Promotion
2
High Cost Environmentally Sound
Technologies Identified for Implementation
P
Project Evaluation and Strategic Reviews
h
a
Project Evaluation
s
e
Sustainable Enterprise
Strategy
3
Environmental and Social Considerations
Integrated Into the Business Strategy
Stage III:
Dissemination of Results and Experience
"Dissemination"

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The first stage of the TEST-MED project consists of the following activities:
(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 630,000 $)

1. Set up of national focal points (national advisory boards and national counterparts). The
National Project Advisory Board is a platform, which includes all the major country's
stakeholders (e.g. representatives from the Ministries of Industry, Environment MAP-
MEDPOL's and CP/RAC focal points, academia, industrial associations, chambers of
commerce and NGOs) that are relevant for the project, established to assure that the
implementation will focus on national/local priorities and that the results are properly
disseminated throughout the country. The National Project Advisory Boards will be set up in
each country at the start-up of the TEST-MED project including: national and local
authorities.

2. Introduction of the TEST integrated approach at national counterparts and set-up of the
information management system. The National TEST counterpart plays one of the most
important roles during the implementation of the project, being responsible for coordinating
the local activities and the work of the local experts. The National counterparts will be an
operating entity within a UNIDO/UNEP National Cleaner Production Center, (Morocco,
Lebanon, Tunisia and Egypt), or their equivalent. All of these centers in fact have a track
record in providing cleaner production services (in-plant demonstrations, training,
information and policy advice) to industry. However final selection of the most suitable
national counterparts will be done by UNIDO on the basis of the results of the initial
assessment of country conditions10. Once the national counterparts are finally selected a team
leader/national coordinator of the TEST project, and the core team of experts will be
appointed in each country, an information management system will be set up that would
enable local team to access relevant database on case studies and international standards. The
national counterparts will be then introduced to the UNIDO TEST integrated approach
through ad hoc training seminars.

3. Identification and selection of demonstration enterprises and preparation of initial review at
demonstration enterprises including market and financial viability and initial environmental
review. A number of demonstration enterprises11, will be identified within the selected
priority hotspots of Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon and Egypt in close cooperation with the MAP
coordinating unit in Athens and will serve as a pilot to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
TEST integrated approach. A core principle of the TEST approach is that it will only work if
enterprise participation in the project is voluntary; importance is therefore given to
"marketing" the TEST-MED component through on-site visits and seminars. Enterprises are
selected on the basis of a multi-criteria approach. The selection criteria will be developed by
consensus amongst UNIDO and its partners within the TEST project advisory Board. The
main criteria for selection must include, but are not limited to, enterprises that are:
- Located within, and `contributing' to, priority pollution hot spots
- Financially viable
- Interested in participating in the project and committed to environmental
improvements.

One of the main selection criteria for enterprises is the viability pre-assessment, which
determines if the enterprise has the potential to remain in business for more than five years
given its market position and costs of production. Company environmental aspects and legal

10 This initial assessment will take part at the start-up of the project activities with the aim to confirm the
suitability of the preliminary identified TEST counterparts (NCPCs) and in order to assess the existing skills
and the training needs of local staff.
11 The number of enterprises will vary from one country to another according to private sector conditions.
However at a minimum 3 enterprises will be selected in each country.
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gaps will be also identified in order to define the focus areas of each TEST tools to be
introduced (EMS, CPA, ESTA, EMA, SES). At the end of the initial review demonstration
enterprises are finally selected. The work-plan of activities of the TEST approach will be
finalized for each demonstration enterprise and the local counterpart will have signed letters
of commitment/contracts the with selected enterprises to start-up demonstration activities.

The second Stage (GEF 853,000 $, Co-financing 253,000 $) of the TEST-MED project occurs when
the demonstration enterprises are chosen and the initial reviews are completed and it consists of
applying the integrated TEST approach at the selected demonstration enterprises through the
following activities:
1. Implementation of Cleaner Production Assessment (CPA) at demonstration enterprises;
2. Introduction of EMS principles and design of EMS at demonstration enterprises;
3. Introduction of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) practices and design of EMA
systems at demonstration enterprises;
4. Preparation of EST investment project for the demonstration enterprises;
5. Investment promotion of identified EST projects;
6. Introduction of basic principles for preparation of enterprise sustainable strategies (SES).

The introduction of the TEST approach at enterprise level will be done in three phases:
1. The first phase aims at improving the operation of the existing processes and technology by
introducing and integrating three different `soft' and complementary environmental
management tools into the company's daily operations: Cleaner Production Assessment
(CPA), Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and Environmental Management
accounting (EMA). The TEST approach includes a methodology that introduces the tools
simultaneously and in an integrated fashion to take advantage of the synergies this creates.
Although they can still be quite effective when implemented independently, this streamlining
of data flows simplifies the work required and increases the overall effectiveness of the tools
by generating more results that are positive. However, depending on the specific situation of
the company, a step-by-step implementation may be the best option.

The Cleaner Production Assessment will be initiated focusing on those priority aspects
identified during the initial review (completed at the end of stage I), which revealed to a have
a potential in terms of economical savings. In parallel each enterprise will introduce elements
of Environmental Management System (EMS) for its operations as most of the preparatory
work for setting up the system will have to be integrated with the CP assessment. Only after
the Cleaner Production Assessment is completed enterprise moves on to the introduction of an
Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) system on a pilot level, for internal
organizational calculation and decision-making, CPA, EMA and EMS are environmental
management tools that are mutually beneficial and combining their introduction will result in
a substantive long-term improvement of the company's environmental performance and its
competitiveness. National experts will be trained in how to integrate CPA with EMS and
EMA and will initiate the in plant CPA assessment at the selected enterprises providing
training of employees and the necessary assistance during the identification and selection of
cleaner production measures. National experts will also be trained on how to design EMS and
EMA systems and will be assisting the demonstration enterprises in implementing those
management systems on a pilot scale.

At the end of this phase, good management practices will have been identified and
implemented and processes optimized. The results of this phase will generate the first tangible
environmental and economic benefits that the company achieves from the project.12 This is
very important, since it allows the demonstration enterprises to see results, quite quickly and
can give them the added impetus and enthusiasm to go on to the next phase.

12 CP/EST measures identified in this phase that require a higher capital investment are forwarded to Phase II
for further investigation.
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2. The second phase starts with an Environmentally Sound Technology Assessment (ESTA). At
the end of the CPA module, the company will have collected a large amount of information
about its production processes and on opportunities for improvements, some of which will
require little-to-no finances to implement and others that will require some capital investment.
Traditional CP projects assume that companies will perform a technology assessment using
their own resources. This has normally resulted in very general pre-feasibility studies of
investments needs. In addition, these projects usually do not provide any assistance with
respect to evaluating or choosing end-of-pipe solutions; these are often still needed (although
to a lesser degree) in order to meet specific environmental standards, regardless of the
improvements achieved implementing the CP recommendations. The ESTA module
continues where the CPA ends, to broaden the scope to include both large cleaner technology
investments (technology change) and end-of-pipe solutions. ESTA modules can build on
information supplied from the CPA and EMA modules generated during phase I of the stage
II. Practical experience shows that separating CP assessments and EST assessments into two
steps has very positive results. This approach demonstrates the importance of providing
sufficient resources for the financial appraisal of large investments to address both issues in
an integrated way. The scope of the second phase is to identify the higher capital investment
requirements for environmentally sound technologies (EST) - cleaner technologies and end-
of-pipe solutions. The ESTA module primarily consists of technical and economic
evaluations of potential EST investment projects, which take into account long-term
environmental savings and benefits. To do this, computational tools are used and the
following activities are undertaken:
- Preparation of a pre-feasibility study;
- Preliminary identification of possible suppliers;
- Preliminary identification of affordable sources of capital for the technology
investment.

National experts will be trained in the UNIDO COMFAR software for investment appraisal,
and each national counterpart will be provided with software package and license. Sectorial
international experts will assist national experts during the technical assessment that will
identify potential combinations of advanced process and pollution control technologies that
would bring plants into compliance with major environmental norms and at the same time
contribute to the extent possible to improved productivity.
Once the pre-feasibility studies will be completed for the identified EST solutions, possible
sources of cheap capital at country level will be identified (including bilateral credit lines as
well as put forward to multilateral funding groups, World Bank, ADB, GEF and EU). A
portfolio of investment project proposals will be prepared for promotion within the existing
UNIDO Network of Investment Promotion Offices (IPOs) and units (IPUs) in the
Mediterranean countries that will help to explore and identify opportunities for direct foreign
investment in the identified EST projects.

3. The third phase aims at ensuring the continued use of the test approach at the pilot facilities.
For the approach to be continued, the experience must be reflected in a facility's strategic
level (e.g. business plan development), which should in turn also lead to new insights and
desired changes in the enterprise's values and strategies. The sustainable enterprise strategy
(SES) is the module, in the integrated TEST, aimed at accomplishing this integration of
environmental and social dimensions into the enterprise's culture. In principle, the objective
of the SES module is two-fold: 1. To integrate the TEST approach into the enterprise's
strategies (business and functional) and formalize its principles within these strategies. 2. To
provide a platform from which to evaluate and communicate the enterprise's performance, as
it relates to processes and products, to the stakeholders (shareholders, employees, local
authorities, civil society, customers, etc.) and establish a baseline from which to initiate and
build ongoing dialogue. This will provide valuable feedback on company values and strategy.

This phase of the component builds on:
- Project indicators, which should be selected to best reflect the results of TEST
approach implementation at each enterprise
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- An effective management system, which will ensure continued measurement and
evaluation of enterprise performance against the selected project indicators, and
- Relaying the experience that was gained on how to bridge the gaps between the old
and new values, goals and strategies; how the experience was integrated into their
business; and how any related challenges were overcome.

During this phase, the performance indicators set up at project's start and during the project's
implementation should be measured, evaluated and the results analyzed, interpreted and reflected
upon.

Project evaluation and reflection can be done both internally and externally. Reporting plays a role in
both. In order to gain from TEST's real-life learning experience, the reporting cannot be just a one-
way or one-time transfer of information. It has to be followed by dialogue and further reflection. This
stage presents an opportunity to improve the company's relationship with the stakeholders and to
learn more of their expectations. It is also an opportunity to educate the stakeholders about the
experience and lessons learned, which may in turn alter their opinions and expectations. All this is
crucial to further improve company performance.

The third stage (GEF 147,000 $, Co-financing 67,500 $) of the TEST-MED is related to the
Dissemination of the results of the projects.
Consists of the following activities:
- Preparation of national publications on the application of the TEST approach at the
demonstration enterprises;
- Organization of national seminars in each country;
- Organization of introductory seminars on TEST approach at other enterprises in each country;
Organization of a Regional workshop to present the results of the TEST-MED component to
other countries of the Mediterranean Region;
- Initiation of networking activities between the TEST counterparts and other
institutions/national experts from the Mediterranean Region.

This third phase will facilitate and will improve the sharing and the dissemination of information on
industrial best environmental practises for national and local governments, environmental
management practitioners, NGOs and other stakeholders. Furthermore, a newly educated and
motivated cadre of professionals from developing countries will engage in networking to promote the
outcomes of trainings and hands on experience to extend the lessons learned from the project to other
national experts from the Mediterranean Region.

This component will be carried out with the support of INFO/RAC's Replication and Communication
Strategy.

The TEST-Med Projects will select approximately 15 demonstration enterprises in the selected South
Mediterranean countries: Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon and Egypt. In order to address Transboundary
issues the project will concentrate its actions in demonstration enterprises that are significantly
contributing to the discharge of Persistent Toxic Compounds (PTS) in the Mediterranean basin. The
main industrial sectors that are contributing to the "hot spots" Transboundary pollution (among others
releasing significant amounts of PTS) are tanneries and derivatives, cement works, metallurgy, agro-
industries, and organic and inorganic chemical industry.

Five of the eligible South Mediterranean countries, in which the MEDPOL Programme identified
industrial hot spots significantly contributing to pollution of the Mediterranean Sea have an
established National Cleaner Production Center or its equivalent (Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt
and Croatia). Croatia has already participated in the UNIDO-TEST project in the Danube River Basin,
thus national capacities in the UNIDO-TEST integrated approach have been already created. Priority
was given to the remaining three countries (Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt).
Justification.

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Risk and Sustainability

The Sub-Component faces the risks identified below. Those will generally be manageable.

There is the risk that due to limited enforcement of the environmental norms, there may not be
sufficient incentives for enterprises to participate on a voluntary base in the TEST-MED component.
However this risk is acceptable because countries that signed the Euro-Med Partnership Agreement,
in order to access to the EU markets will have to increase the efficiency of their production. This will
be an additional incentive for companies to implement environmentally sound technology that allows
for higher productivity and better environmental performances at the same time.

There is the risk that some of the participating enterprises may drop out of the TEST-MED project,
diminishing the number of plant demonstrations undertaken during the project. To minimize the
probability of occurrence of this risk UNIDO and the national counterparts will: i) apply sound
selection procedures to select demonstration facilities based on the project criteria, ii) will sign letter
of commitments and contracts with the enterprises to assure their engagement, iii) will maintain a
continuous dialogue with the enterprises about their concerns and iv) will provide all the necessary
technical assistance during implementation of project activities.
The EST options (combined process and pollution control technologies) identified for some of the
demonstration plants may be too costly. If implemented by some enterprises, they could no longer be
profitable operations. This risk is acceptable because based on the UNIDO experience of applying the
TEST approach in the enterprises of the Danube river basin investments in EST are often profitable
on the medium-long term. Additionally there is considerable evidence that the costs for compliance
with environmental regulations are not excessive.

Financing may not be available for the enterprises to implement the identified EST option. This risk is
also acceptable both because there are a number of programmes providing financial support for
environmental investments and the enterprises themselves must begin to address environmental
problems with their own resources if they are to stay in operation.

As a result of training courses provided by international experts, hands on experience will be gained
working with international experts during the introduction of the TEST approach and its tools at the
demonstration enterprises, while capacity will be built in networks of national institutions. One of the
key aspects of the TEST-MED component is that existing national institutions dealing with industrial
environmental management will be used to convey the acquired know-how at country level. Technical
cooperation projects like TEST-MED that enhance capacity within an existing institution rather than
create a new institution have a greater chance of being sustained.

The technical assistance provided to help the participating countries to enhance their capacity and to
strengthen their institutions, through better education, training, and dissemination of best practices in
industrial environmental management, will improve the chances of a long-term sustainable
performance of the industrial sector. Sustainability of the TEST-MED project will be assured by two
mechanisms:

(a) by building stronger national institutions able to provide integrated environmental services that
will be made available to the remaining enterprises in the participating countries and in the
Mediterranean Region.

(b) by developing the demand at enterprise level through peer pressure. The successful results that
will be achieved through the introduction of the TEST approach in the selected industrial sites
will serve as demonstration for other industries, thus generate demand for environmental services.

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

The Component provides an important link to the overall MEDPOL program to improve the
Mediterranean environment. The activities described in this project will complement the efforts of
national governments by providing them with relevant inputs on how to implement EST solutions

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needed to reach selected SAP objectives and targets as well as with a broad range of management
experiences and instruments.

The selected industrial priority hotspots generating and utilizing Persistent Toxic Compounds (PTS)
in 4 Mediterranean Countries: Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon and Egypt. However the remaining South
Mediterranean Countries that would be eligible for technical assistance will be involved in the
dissemination of project results.

Five of the eligible South Mediterranean countries, in which the MED POL Programme identified
industrial hot spots significantly contributing to pollution of the Mediterranean Sea have an
established National Cleaner Production Center or its equivalent (Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt
and Croatia). Croatia has already participated in the UNIDO-TEST project in the Danube River Basin,
thus national capacities in the UNIDO-TEST integrated approach have been already created. Priority
was given to the remaining four countries (Tunisia, Morocco, Lebanon, Egypt).

With concern to industrial hot spots discharges and their impact on the Mediterranean, it has to be
mentioned that the selected four countries are responsible of respectively 63% and 66% of the total
BOD and COD loads arising from mixed and industrial hot spots of the Mediterranean countries that
are eligible for technical cooperation13. Additionally the hot spots of the four selected countries have a
significant number of chemical, petrochemical, textile, cement industries that are also highly
contributing to PTS discharges thus primary contributing to Transboundary pollution issues of the
Mediterranean Basin.

Supplementary information

A. Results of the TEST project in the Danube river basin
B. Main pollution loads in the Mediterranean Basin (Table)
C. Confirmation letter of the Italian Co-Financing to the TEST-MED project

A. Results of the TEST project in the Danube River Basin

Overview

In April 2001 within the framework of the UNDP-GEF "Pollution Reduction Programme for the
Danube River Basin", UNIDO started the implementation of the TEST project in five Danubian
countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia) with the aim to effectively demonstrate
that it is possible enhance the environmental performance of industrial hot spots of concern and still
maintain, or even enhance their competitive position.

The main programme objective was to build capacity of the national counterparts in the five Danubian
countries, to apply the TEST integrated approach for industrial environmental management developed
by UNIDO so that they will, in turn, pass on the acquired expertise to assist enterprises and
institutions in their own countries and throughout the Danube River Basin.

The project's national partners (counterparts) were the National Cleaner Production Centres (NCPCs)
of Croatia, Hungary, and Slovakia (members of the UNIDO/UNEP network of NCPCs), the Institute
for Industrial Ecology (ECOIND) in Romania, and the Technical University of Sofia in Bulgaria.
The UNIDO-TEST project in the Danube River basin targeted 17 hot spots of industrial pollution,
from various industrial sectors (chemical, food, machinery, textile, pulp and paper). The list of
enterprises is provided in table 1.

Table 1 � List of enterprises participating in the TEST project

13 This calculation has been made on the basis of the data provided in table 1 in annex I of this project
document � source: UNEP/WHO: Identification of Priority Pollution Hot Spots and Sensitive Areas in the
Mediterranean. MAP Technical Reports Series No.124. UNEP, Athens, 1999

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007

Country
Selected Enterprise
Industrial Sector
1 Agr
Croatia
oproteinka Meat
Rendering
2
Gavrilovic d.o.o.
Integrated meat processing
3
Herbos
Pesticides- Atrazine plant
4
IPK Tvornica Secera Osijek
Sugar
5
Romania
ASTRA Romana
Petrochemical - refinery
6
Rulmentul
Machinery � bearing production
7
Chimcomplex
Intermediate Chemicals -Isopropyl-amine
8
SOME
Pulp and paper
9
Slovakia
AssiDoman Sturov
Pulp and paper
10
Zos Trnava
Machinery - repair railway wagons
11
Hungary
Gunter � Tata Kft.
Machinery � Heat exchanger manufacturing
12
Indukcios es Vedogazos
Steel heat treatment
13
VIDEOTON Audio Company
Electronic products, plastic and wood processing
14
Nitrokemia 2000
Intermediates Chemicals
15 Yuta
Bulgaria
JSC
Textile
16
Slavianka JSC
Fish processing
17
Zaharni Zavodi AD
Sugar - Alchool production
The TEST project's primary financial supporter was GEF, with some participation from UNIDO and
other donors (the Hungarian and Czech Governments). However, apart from the direct financial
contributions to project activities, significant co-financing was provided by the 17 participating
enterprises in terms of cash and in-kind. Figure 1 provides a breakdown of the total TEST project
financial contributions, including the total co-financing provided by the 17 Danubian companies
(labor cost estimated by the total number of man days of labor force involved in TEST-related
activities, including training, multiplied by the average daily salary).

Fig. 1 � TEST project in the Danube river basin: financial contributions
Czech Government
47,000
40,000
Hungarian Government
150,000
UNIDO
1,000,000
GEF
307,658
Enterprise Co-financing
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
Cash contribution [USD]
In-kind contribution [USD ] (Training, local travels and lodging of national experts)
Estimated cost for employees participation in TEST project activities [USD]

Results of the project

Through the project the participating industrial polluters have been introduced to the TEST
integrated approach having the opportunity to learn how to use environmentally sound technologies
to reach continuous improvement of their economic and environmental profiles.
Tangible results were achieved, both in terms of increased productivity and in terms of improved
environmental performance. The threats identified in the business environment, often perceived by the
companies as survival threats connected with environmental compliance issues and production costs
were reduced and new opportunities were identified.

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Increased productivity was achieved through the implementation of identified CP/EST measures,
leading to a reduction of specific production inputs costs (increase of profit margins), increased
production capacity, better control of production costs related to process inefficiencies and better
labour conditions. In many of the participating companies, the identified measures also resulted in
improved quality of the final product.

Better management of environmental aspects was achieved through introduction of EMS elements. By
December 2003 4 enterprises obtained ISO 14001 certification, while the remaining companies
have adopted the main EMS procedures, prepared an environmental policy and an environmental
management programme. In 9 of the 17 enterprises the EMS was fully integrated into the existing
quality management system (QMS). Furthermore, as a direct result of the EMS component of the
TEST projects, several organizational changes occurred in the environmental function of the
companies such as the creation of an environmental department or the increase of its staff,
appointment of the environmental manager.

EMA principles were also introduced in the participating companies to increase cost transparency by
allocating environmental costs to production steps and products. Environmental costs were calculated
and pulled out of the overheads accounts, new environmental accounts were created within the
accounting department for environmental expenditures and internal procedures were put in place to
monitor the environmental costs of the company on a periodic basis and for allocation to product
costs.

Other less tangible benefits, like improved relationships with stakeholders leading to the projection of
a better image towards local authorities and customers were also achieved. This was especially true in
those companies that introduced a full EMS and obtained the ISO 14001 certification.

Both the tangible and less tangible benefits contributed to strengthen the position of the enterprises
and their competitive advantages, thus reducing the existing barriers to access to both local and
foreign markets (especially the EU market).

Figure 2 summarizes the total number of CP/EST measures that were identified vs. the number that
were implemented. The end of the project, comprising good-housekeeping measures (type A) and low
cost measures with short payback periods (type B) implemented a total of 230 CP measures. The total
investment entered into by the 17 enterprises to implement the 109 type B measures was
approximately 1.7 MUSD, while the total estimated financial savings were approximately 1.3 MUSD
per year.

Fig. 2 �total number of measures identified vs. those implemented at the 17 enterprises.
300
260
224
250
200
128
141
150
109
Identified measures
100
Implemented measures
38
50
0
Type A
Type B
Type C
(EST)
A number of CP/EST measures requiring high investment (type C) were also identified at each
company. These investments include both new cleaner technologies (requiring large investments) and

F - 102

Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
some end-of-pipe technology. These measures were evaluated technically and financially within the
scope of the TEST project and approved (by the top management) for implementation. Table 2
provides a summary of the investments required, the related financial benefits, the value of the related
financial indicators (IRR, NPV), and the expected implementation for each company. The total
investments required for the 17 enterprises are approximately 47 MUSD.

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Table 2: EST investments at the 17 enterprises

Total
Total Yearly
Financial Indicators
Expected Date of
Country
Enterprise
Investments
Savings [USD]
(IRR, NPV, PBP )
Implementation
[USD]
Croatia
Agroproteinka
7,500,000
1,500,000
IRR: 33%
April 2007
Gavrilovic d.o.o.
3,500,000
440,000
IRR: 26%
September 2006
Herbos
800,000
0 (end-of-pipe)
-
Mid-2006
IPK Tvornica Secera
Osijek
800,000
400,000
IRR: 110%
September 2004
Romania
Astra Romana
1% reduction of
NPV: 319 - 943. Eur
3,162,000
2004/2007
product cost
IRR: 10.45-11.2%
Rulmentul
NPV: 2.4 Mill Eur
400,000
2,500,000
2003
IRR: 1002%
Chimcomplex
NPV: positive after 4 yrs.
270,000
220,000
Under negotiation
IRR: positive after 6 yrs.
Somes
NPV: Mil . Eur: 3.3-4.4
11,500,000
1,370,000
2004 - 2006
IRR: 14-18%
Slovakia
AssiDoman Sturov
NPV: 0.228 - 4.725 Mil .
4,050,000
2,293,000
EUR IRR: 38.42% -
2005
60.85%
Zos Trnava
75,000 only for
NPV: 40 - 626 kUSD
7,167,500
penalties, 4 times
2009
IRR: 4% - 17%
increased production
Hungary
Gunter � Tata Kft.
898,828
0 (end-of-pipe)
-
2007
Indukcios es
Vedogazos
18,560
0 (end-of-pipe)
PBP: 6.8 yrs.
2004
VIDEOTON Audio
Company
35,783
0 (end-of-pipe)
-
2007
Nitrokemia 2000
PBP: 1.54 yrs.
265,500
171,817
2006
NPV: 206,749 USD
Bulgaria
Yuta JSC
min. PBP: 4 yrs.
2,500,000
Not available
2003-2005
max. PBP: 5.3 yrs.
Slavianka JSC
Not available
2005
min. PBP: 3.5 yrs. Max.
4,700,000
350,000
2004-2005
Zaharni Zavodi AD
PBP: > 5 yrs.
47,568,171
5,361,817
TOTAL

The environmental benefits were significant in terms of reduced consumption of natural resources
(including fresh water consumption and energy), reduced wastewater discharges and pollution loads14
into the Danube River and its tributaries, as well as reduction of waste generation and air emissions15.
Figure 3 provides a summary of the reductions in specific water consumption at each TEST enterprise
after implementation of the identified CP/EST measures. As of the end of 2003, the range of reduction
varied between 2 and 89 percent of the initial value, leading to an impressive total reduction in
wastewater discharges, into the Danube River basin, of 4,590,104 m3/year. It is expected additional
reductions in wastewater discharges, after full implementation of the large EST investments, would be
7,862,563 m3/year.

14 Pollution loads in the wastewaters were reduced in most of the companies, including COD, BOD, oily
products, TSS, heavy metals, toxic chemicals (e.g. PCE), herbicides (Atrazine) and nutrients.
15 Significant reductions were achieved in terms of VOC and H2S emissions as well as CO2.

F - 104

Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Fig 3: specific water consumption at the enterprises at project start, in December 2003 and after
implementation of large EST investments
Total reduction of wastewater discharge in the Danube river basin achieved by 2003: 4,590,104 m3/year
Expected additional reduction of wastewater discharge after implementation of EST: 7,862,563 m3/year
100
90
80
70
60
50
[%] 40
30
20
10
0
a
o.
es
ink
o.
bos
ana
plex
m
rov
nava
zos
000
di AD
ote
ic d.
Her
a Osijek
com
So
s Tr
oga
ia 2
ropr
an Stu
tra Rom
m
Zo
Ag
ecer
Chi
trokem
ni Zavo
Gavrilov
As
es Ved
ca S
siDom
Ni
har
As
cios
Za
orni
Induk
IPK Tv
Specific water consumption at project start
Specific water consumption achieved by 2003 after implementation of CP type A and B measures
Expected water specific consumption after implementation of type C (EST) measures

Additional information on the results of the TEST project (at each enterprise) can be found in the
UNIDO-TEST publications "Increasing productivity and environmental performance: an integrated
approach �Know-how and experience from the UNIDO-TEST project in the Danube river Basin" and
in the national publications, available from UNIDO upon request.

Besides the tangible economic and environmental benefits achieved at the 17 pilot enterprises, other
important results need to be mentioned, especially in relation to capacity building and awareness
raising, both at the national counterpart level and at the level of the participating enterprises. A total
number of 90 trainees from the national counterparts and more then 600 from the 17 enterprises were
trained in the TEST approach and its tools for approximately 2000 man/days of training.

In terms of the capacity built in the national counterpart institutions, it should be mentioned that one
of the major benefits of the TEST programme for them, was besides the training, the hands-on
experience they gained in new environmental management tools (such as EMA or EMS). The TEST
programme presented a great opportunity to reinforce the skills of the national counterparts and the
possibility of expanding the range of technical services they could offer to local enterprises.

The capacity built at the enterprise level and the increased awareness among the employees and
mangers led to the following improvements:
- Empowerment and reorganization of the environmental function within the company
- Improved internal communication between top managers/middle management and employees
- Improved external communication with local authorities and the ability to communicate the
environmental performance of the company to all its stakeholders
- Environmental considerations taken into account during investment decision making
processes (increased bargaining power of the environmental function)
- Adoption and continued use of CPA, EMS, EMA as evidenced by the fact that several
companies replicated the use of these tools in other production units, at their own expense
(using the skills developed during the TEST project).

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
- Integration of environmental considerations at the level of individual companies' business
strategies Lessons learned

One of the major challenges implementing the TEST programme in the Danube River basin was the
identification and selection of demonstration enterprises. Finding industrial hot spots was not difficult,
given the previous UNDP project, but being in a hot spot was not a sufficient reason to be considered
for the project.

The challenge was to identify good pilot sites that would participate effectively in the project and that
were financially viable. Only financially viable companies will undertake the necessary investment
and upgrades in EST and will really be interested in having a long-term sustainable strategy. One of
the major principles of a TEST project is that involvement as demonstration enterprise is voluntary.
Therefore, as enterprises in the Danube River basin had to be convinced that they would achieve
significant benefits (economical in the first place and environmental) from their participation in the
project, marketing the programme was a crucial activity for its successful start-up. Considerable effort
was required, since it was particularly important to find enterprises with a strong commitment to
avoid the possibility that they would withdraw during project.

The identification of the correct drivers existing in the business environment was very important, not
only during the first stage when the project was being marketed and pilot sites were being selected,
but also during the overall implementation of the programme, to maintain the commitment of the
managers. For instance, the possibility of achieving potential savings through the introduction of CP
measures was difficult to explain to managers (although they were convinced by the end of Phase I of
the second stage). This resistance was mainly due to the fact the costs in this part of the world, for
utilities and many raw materials, are low as are wastewater and solid waste disposal fees and
penalties.

Low stakeholders interest in a companies' environmental performance, low awareness of stakeholder
interests at the companies and limited external motivating factors to improve the environmental
performance of the companies, represented serious impediments to persuading companies to
participate in the programme. What the project implementation showed was that usually economic
drivers16 are much stronger than environmental ones and it is these economic drivers that are pushing
companies to improve the efficiency of their operations and to acquire EMS certification.

Even though their participation was mostly subsidized by funds from the programme itself the
demonstration enterprises were required to make a small (token) financial contribution. This proved to
be an effective strategy to strengthen their commitment and active participation in the project.

The results achieved by each of the 17 enterprises varied because of a number of different factors such
as level of commitment of the top management, company's position on the market and internal
communication issues. The net result was that some enterprises were more successful in
implementing soft management tools (CPA, EMS, EMA), while others achieved significant results in
the implementation of new EST. However in all cases the utilization of an integrated approach
(TEST) that introduces the tools simultaneously and in an integrated fashion has generated significant
synergies. Streamlining of data flows simplified the work required and increased the overall
effectiveness of the tools by generating more results.

It should be noted that none of the selected enterprises withdrew from the project and even though
there were different levels of success in each of the enterprises, all of them achieved measurable
results by implementing the integrated TEST approach. The primary reason for this is because the
project was able to confirm one of the basic theses of the TEST approach, namely that improving
environmental performance does not have to be at the expense of competitiveness. The most
financially feasible measures, both organizational and technical, were identified and partially

16 The pre-accession process to the European Union undertaken by many countries in the Central and Eastern
Europe has created a very favourable condition for the development of economic drivers in the direction of a
more sustainable industrial development.

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
implemented to bring the enterprises into compliance with the environmental norms of the Danube
River Protection Convention and the EU's IPPC Directive, while also accommodating their need to
remain competitive.

B. Main pollution loads in the Mediterranean Basin (Table)

(source: UNEP/WHO: Identification of Priority Pollution Hot Spots and Sensitive Areas in the
Mediterranean. MAP Technical Reports Series No.124. UNEP, Athens, 1999)

Country
Hot Spot
Source of
Population
BOD
COD
Total-N Total-P
TSS
pollution17
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
Albania
Durres
D
120,000 2,864 - 477 96 4,300
Albania
Vlore
D
110,000 2,628 - 438 88 3,942
Albania
Vlore (PVC
I
- - - - - -
Factory)
Algeria
Oran Ville
I
1,230,000 26,937 44,895 6,734 2,693 40,405
Algeria
Rouiba
M
120,000 2,628 4,380 657 262 3,942
Algeria
Ghazaouet
M
120,000 2,628 4,380 657 262 3,942
Algeria
Alger
M
1,957,334 42,865 71,442 10,716 4,286 64,298
Algeria
Mostaganem
M
631,000 13,818
23,031 3,454 1,381 20,728
Algeria
Bejaia
M
859,000 18,812
31,353 4,703 1,881 28,218
Algeria
Annaba
M
890,000 19,491
32,485 4,872 1,949 29,236
Algeria
Skikda
M
747,000 16,359
27,265 4,089 1,635 24,538
Bosnia and Neum
D
- - - - - -
Herzegovina
Croatia
Kastela Bay +
M
See Split
5,006
11,095
594
129
8,481
indust. zone
Croatia
Split
M
350000+ 1,643 3,286 411 115 1,232
Croatia
Sibenik
M
60000+ 201 410 89 20 240
Croatia
Zadar + indust.
M
85000+ 1,056 3,940 154 26 1,410
Zone
Croatia
Pula
M
63979+ 329 513 - 4 259
Croatia
Rijeka + Kvarner
M
- 32
121
-
-
25
Bay
Croatia
Bakar (ex
I
- - - - - -
Cokery)
Croatia
Dubrovnik
D
50000+ 160 310 79 19 139
Cyprus
Limassol
M
130,000 1,181 2,185 39 15 336
Egypt
El-Manzala
M
-
-
-
-
-
-
Egypt
Abu-Qir Bay
M
-
91,701
575,490
4,966
8,248
120,035
Egypt
El-Mex Bay
M
-
219,498 175,654
2,081
2,628
286,645
Egypt
Alexandria
D
4,000,000
1,632
-
1,520
2,266
8,831
France
Marseille
D
900,000 13,700
24,800 4,700 300 3,100
France
Gardanne
I
- - - - -
31,600
France
Toulon
D
310,000 1,300 5,000 1,500 150 1,000
France
Cannes
D
144,000 1,900 3,800 600 150 1,000
France
Frejus
D
175,000 650 1,700 400 40 400
Greece
Thermaikos Gulf
M
297
1,043
-
15
142
Greece
Inner Saronic
M
3,345,000 59,386 118,735 -
-
42,815
Gulf
Greece
Patraikos Gulf
M
155,180 127 473 110 29 110
Greece
Pagasitikos Gulf
M
77,907 657
1,095 - -
-

17 I = industrial; D = Domestic ; M= mixed

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Country
Hot Spot
Source of
Population
BOD
COD
Total-N Total-P
TSS
pollution17
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
Greece
Heraklio Gulf
M
117,167 84 141 - - 29
Greece
Elefsis Bay
I
- 61
446
-
-
70
Greece
NW Saronic Gulf
I
- 22
22
-
- 5
Greece
Larymna Bay
I
-
- 7,516 - - 2,505
Greece
Nea Karvali Bay
I
-
295 739 625 126 -
Israel
Haifa Bay
M
- 5,300
20,000
11,055
1,272
7,200
Israel
Naharaiya
D
37,500 2,900
6,200 122 86 2,250
Israel
Akko
D
46,000 2,000
4,400 330 53 2,200
Israel
Gush Dan
M
1,100,000 - - 2,900
1,200
44,000
Israel
Ashdod
I
- 2,630
12,150
600
7 258
Italy
Porto Marghera
M
309,422 9,988
39,953
3,746 2,497 19,977
(VE)
Italy
Genova
M
678,771 15,796
63,184 5,923 3,949 31,592
Italy
Augusta-Melilli-
M
57,311 1,808
7,232 678 452 3,616
Priolo
Italy
Brindisi
M
95,383 2,077
8,308 779 519 4,154
Italy
Gela
M
72,535 2,144
8,578 804 536 4,289
Italy
La Spezia
M
101,422 3,949
15,796
1,450 940 7,346
Italy
Milazzo
M
31,541 616
2,464
231 154 1,232
Italy
Golfo di Napoli
M
1,540,814 16,251 65,005 6,094 4,063 32,502
Italy
Ravenna
I
135,844 6,363
25,453
2,386 1,591 12,727
Italy
Taranto
M
232,334 2,484 9,937 932 621 4,968
Italy
Rosignano Solvay
I
30,021 187 747 70 47 373
(Marritimo)
Italy
Bari-Barletta
D
1,200,000 7,707 30,827 2,890 1,927 15,413
(Global)
Italy
Livorno
I
167,512 2,698
10,792
1,012 674 5,396
Italy
Manfredonia
M
58,318 1,272
5,087 477 318 2,543
Italy
Ancona-Falc
I
131,390 2,990
11,959
1,121 747 5,979
Lebanon
Gt Beirut Area
M
-
29,235
-
-
-
14
Lebanon
Jounieh
M
200,000
4,280
-
-
-
80
Lebanon
Saida-Ghaziye
M
205,000
5,134
-
-
-
293
Lebanon
Tripoli
M
353,000
7,446
-
-
-
-
Lebanon
Batroun Selaata
M
51,000
1077+
-
-
-
-
Libya
Zanzur
I
- - - - - -
Libya
Tripoli
D
1,200,000 3,100 4,650 740
-
4,300
Libya
Benghazi
D
750,000 2 2,100
306 - 1,226
Libya
Zawwia
D
- - - - - -
Libya
Tobruk
D
- - - - - -
Malta
Weid Ghammieq
M
270,085 10,250 16,021 135,415 12,447 124,538
Malta
Cumnija
M
59,224 2,412 3,599 1,914 1,495 14,240
Malta
Ras il-Hobz
M
25,957 1,273 3,318 1,777 2,233 28,165
Morocco
Tangier
M
526,215
9,401
22,076
928
150
9,651
Morocco
Tetouan
M
367,349
6,861
15,304
723
114
7,143
Morocco
Nador
M
246,113
1,888
4,435
83
100
1,433
Slovenia
Koper (incl.
M
46,221 485
5,111 76 8 250
Rizana River)
Slovenia
Izola
M
13,770 1,092 - 90 21 414
Slovenia
Delamaris
I
(See Izola)

Slovenia
Piran Submarine
D
17,000 125 290 23 26 116
Outfall
Spain
Barcelona
M
4,680,000
- - - - -
Spain
Tarragona
M
110,000
- - - - -

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Annex F
UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / April 2007
Country
Hot Spot
Source of
Population
BOD
COD
Total-N Total-P
TSS
pollution17
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
t/yr
Spain
Valencia
M
2,143,000
- - - - -
Spain
Cartagena
D
168,000
- - - - -
Spain
Algeciras
D
85,000 - - - - -
Syria
Tartous
M
319,152 18.5+ - 73.5+ 34.3+ -
Syria
Lattakia
M
746,851
530
- - - 168
Syria
Banias
M
142,564 163 316 -
-
-
Syria
Jableh
M
166,779
542
- - - 225
Tunisia
Gabes
M
150,000
1,732
-
320
724
4,860
Tunisia
Lake of Tunis
I
400,000
2,243
4,384
300
26
1,210
Tunisia
Lake of Bizerte
I
250,000
2,687
-
476
118
2,329
Tunisia
Sfax-South
I
395,277
843
1,900
100
40
345
Turkey
Icel area
M
897,813 19,659
32,768 4,916 1,967 29,491
Turkey
Antalya area
D
707,209 15,487
25,812 3,872 1,549 23,232
Turkey
Adana area
M
1,198,285 26,242 43,737 6,561 2,624 39,333
Turkey
Antakya area
D
434,084 9,504
15,842
2,376 950 14,258
Turkey
Bodrum area
D
65,061 1,424
2,373 356 142 2,136

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C. Confirmation letter of the Italian Co-Financing to the TEST-MED project

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Sub-component 2.3: Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes
containing or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean
countries

(GEF 2,450,000 $, Co-financing 3,280,000 $)
Implementing Agencies:
The Programme for the Assessment and the Control of Pollution in the Mediterranean Region
(MEDPOL)
The Regional Activity Center for Cleaner Production (CP/RAC)

Background/Context/Rationale

Background

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including PCBs are chemicals that remain intact in the
environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty
tissue of living organisms and are toxic to humans and wildlife. Recognizing the dangers of POPs,
countries began in the 1980s to limit their production, use and release, first individually, then on a
regional basis.

In the frame of the Strategic Action Plan (SAP) to address Land Based pollution sources, adopted in
1997 under Art. 15 of the LBS Protocol to the Barcelona Convention, POPs including PCBs are
covered by the list of substances that have to be eliminated from effluent and emissions flows
discharged directly or indirectly into the Mediterranean Sea according to a well defined timeframe
ending in 2025. Problems related to POPs have been identified in the National Diagnostic Analysis
(NDAs) of most Mediterranean countries, mainly related to pesticides and PCBs. As a result,
Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention prepared and endorsed in 2005 specific National
Action Plans (NAPs) in which they describe the specific interventions planned to be implemented to
reduce pollution inputs according to the targets and deadlines of the SAP. The pollution reductions
refer to a baseline budget of emissions and releases that was prepared country by country in relation to
the year 2003. Reduction and elimination of PCBs is included in the NAPs that were prepared.

At the same time, all Parties to the Stockholm Convention have the obligation, under the provision of
Article 7 of the Convention, to prepare National Implementation Plans (NIPs) setting out how they
will implement the obligations under the Convention. The Convention obliges Parties to transmit
these plans to the Conference of the Parties within two years of the entry into force of the Convention
for that Party. Developing countries and countries with economies in transition are eligible to support
from the financial mechanism of the Convention for the development of their national plans. In this
context, the GEF has approved grants for enabling activities in Albania, Algeria, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco, Serbia & Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. Egypt,
Lebanon, Albania and Morocco have transmitted their NIPs to the Secretariat for the Conference of
the Parties. NIP development is well advanced in all the other states. Several states have already
commenced the preparation of projects to implement the priorities set out in their NIPs. Morocco,
Tunisia and Algeria are participating with other francophone West African Parties to the Stockholm
Convention in the GEF-funded project `Demonstration of a Regional Approach to Environmentally
Sound Management of PCB liquid wastes and transformers and capacitors containing PCBs18.
Project development work under a PDF-B grant will commence in Autumn 2006. Morocco is also
involved in a UNDP-GEF Project recently approved for the establishment of waste disposal capacity
for PCBs. Similarly, Algeria is being assisted by the IBRD to develop a project that aims to use
environmentally sound practices to manage and dispose of PCBs stocked and in use in equipment
throughout Algeria; as well as to develop a sound legislative and regulatory framework for POPs and
hazardous wastes management and build capacity for its implementation and enforcement.

18 GEFSEC project ID 2770, implemented jointly by UNEP and the Secretariat of the Basel Convention and
executed by the Basel Convention Regional Centre in Dakar, Senegal

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Considering the international context and the similar obligations and activities, this project is
considered a milestone in the process of reducing and eliminating PCBs as it will facilitate the
implementation of NAPs and NIPs in the targeted countries (Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya and
Syria). It will enable the national authorities to acquire capacity and capability to manage the stocks of
oils and equipment contaminated by PCBs through an effective demonstration project.

In 1996, the IFCS concluded that available information was sufficient to demonstrate the need for
international action, including the preparation of a global, legally-binding instrument, to reduce the
risks to human health and the environment arising from releases of an initial list of 12 POPs.
Intergovernmental negotiations culminated in the adoption of the Convention text and its opening for
signature at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries held in Stockholm in May, 2001. The Stockholm
Convention entered into force in May 2004, and now (August 2006) has 128 Parties.

Of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin, the European Community is a Party to the Stockholm
Convention as are Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia, Algeria, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Croatia, Israel, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Only Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya
and Syria are targeted by this project since they ratified the Stockholm Convention and have not so far
joined any regional project unlike Morocco and Tunisia.

PCBs management is an issue of concern for most Mediterranean countries and relative actions have
been included in their respective SAP/ NAPs and NIPs. Priority actions are likely to focus on the
introduction of legal and regulatory frameworks requiring environmentally sound management,
agreeing and implementing phase-out programmes for PCB equipment, disposing of PCB oils and
contaminated oils and equipment, identifying and restoring land contaminated by PCBs.

As a result of the preparation of NDAs and NAPs, country-based assessments and action planning, all
Mediterranean countries have identified PCB equipment that continues in service; stockpiles of PCBs-
containing electrical equipment; and quantities of discarded equipment and quantities of oil that
consist of or are contaminated by PCBs. In the NIPs, national electric companies are identified as the
principal holders of this equipment; stocks and waste and so represent the initial focus for work to
eliminate PCBs.

Assessment of PCB in the Mediterranean region

According to the assessment report on PTS in the Mediterranean region prepared in 2002 in the
framework of UNEP Chemicals, PCB containing equipment has been largely used. Total PCB
production in some of the European countries (France, Italy and Spain) was in the range of 300,000
tonnes, for the period 1954-84. There is a lack of quantitative information concerning the amount and
status of remaining stocks of PCB containing equipment. Most of the PCB destruction capacity of the
Region is located in France. PCB emissions show a decreasing trend with time in the EMEP countries
of the Region. Some hot spots have arisen from the stockage of electrical equipment containing PCBs
oils and the destruction of electrical and military equipment during regional conflicts, such as the
Balkans and the Israel-Lebanon wars.

A recent environmental assessment entitled "ASSESSMENT OF THE MEDITERRANEAN
SEDIMENTS CONTAMINATION BY PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS" published by
Albaiges et al (to be published) concluded that the contamination in the Mediterranean Sea by PCBs,
using sediment concentrations as environmental indicators, demonstrated both noticeable trends and
gaps of knowledge. However, in spite of this, the analysis conducted with the available data seems to
indicate that chemical contamination of sediments by PCBs in the Mediterranean is more a local
problem, associated with urban/industrial and riverine discharges, as well as coastal enclosures
(harbours and lagoons) than a widespread issue across the region. In this respect, a number of areas of
concern, particularly along the Northern coast, have been identified. In this context, though regional
assessment are being rare, the transboundary movement of PCBs throughout the region and at global
level via food chain and wet deposition should be highly considered. Furthermore, the analysis of the
temporal variation of concentrations indicates a steady input of PCBs in the Mediterranean Sea and
the need for an improved management of their potential sources.

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The Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) concludes that a general low toxicity risk for the benthos
community by PCbs contamination is expected outside the continental shelf of the Mediterranean.
However, some areas of concern were identified in the vicinity of certain industrial locations and in
the mouths of major rivers, spotting the need of further ecotoxicological research in these zones in a
detailed ERA.

Moreover, few long-term temporal trend monitoring in fish (Mullus barbatus), mussels and seabird
eggs (Audouin gull) has been carried out in the Northern Mediterranean. . Results also suggest that
atmospheric concentrations of PCBs have remained approximately constant during the past decade
due to practically constant inputs.

PC B s in M ullus barbatus
500
400
.
w 300
w.
/g 200
ng
100
ref.
ref.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10
stations

PC B s in Audouin's gull eggs

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MEDPOL assessment

In 2001 MEDPOL, in the framework of MAP-GEF project entitled "Determination of priority actions
for the further elaboration and implementation of the Strategic Action Programme for the
Mediterranean Sea" prepared an inventory of PCBs in the region.

A number of statements could be drawn from the inventory:

� For many Mediterranean countries no detailed information exists on the releases of PCBs and
nine pesticides from point sources (industry and urban centres). This could be the result of the
lack of monitoring programmes.

� Due to the fact that most of the PCBs have been banned in the majority of the countries of the
region, their main sources consist of stockpiles due to import and, more importantly, of the
compounds present in the main environmental vectors and reservoirs due to previous chronic
usage and accidental spills.

� PCB-containing equipment has been largely used in the region.

� The first regulation on PCBs applied by the EEC is dated 1976, when their use was restricted
to closed circuits; the second one, in 1985, when the use of PCB as a raw material or chemical
intermediate was banned. Finally, in 1987, PCB was totally banned for use in new closed
circuits.

� In spite of the legislation in force, there are still large amounts of PCB in use. This is because
in many countries there are exemptions for devices in use for a long period. Moreover, there
are stockpiled amounts waiting to be eliminated.

� There is general agreement that the disposal of equipment with PCB containing oils is the
main source of PCBs in the region. PCB production and use has been linked to economic
development before the use of the substance was banned. Hence, the main stockpiles of PCB
equipment will reside in the northern parts of the region, where appropriate management of
the PCB wastes has not been fully implemented.

� There is no uniform information regarding the statistics on actual uses and stocks of PCB's
for the countries of the region.

State of the art of the implementation of ESM of PCBs in the targeted countries

Albania

Albania ratified the Stockholm Convention on 4 October 2004 and submitted its NIP on 12 February
2007. The NIP addresses PCBs. In order to respect its commitments vis-a- vis PCBs, Albania
proposes the following management options in the 2007-2020 time frame:

1. To elaborate and implement regulation regarding to management, handling, monitoring, phase out
and disposal of oil and equipments contaminated with PCBs;
2. To elaborate and implement internal KESH guideline on transformer management, handling and
phase out;
3. To train the employees responsible for transformer handling and maintenance;
4. Establish laboratory capacity for analysis of PCBs in transformer oils;
5. Implement awareness raising activities for the concerned public;
6. Gradual rehabilitation of the PCBs contaminated sites;
7. Disposal of mineral oil contaminated by PCBs;
8. Design and put in place a national PCBs monitoring program.

The NIP mentions the following conclusions:

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o Low quantity of PCBs oil transformers;
o Most part of them are mineral oil transformers;
o About 5, 3 % of all tested transformers and 6 % of distribution transformers are suspected to be
PCBs contaminated;
o Number of transformers manufactured before 1990: 6000 units
o Average weight of distribution transformers (150 of them are substations
transformers and 5 850 are electric cabins transformers): 1.5 tons

o Number of transformers suspected to be contaminated: about 320
o Total weight of transformers: 1 100 tons
o Total weight of dielectric: 300 tons
o Total weight of drained transformers: 800 tons

It is estimated that the cost of the implementation of PCBs management options is worth
2.559.350 US$

Egypt

Egypt ratified Stockholm Convention on 2 may 2003 and submitted its NIP on 16 March 2006. In
order to respect its commitments vis-a-vis PCBs, Egypt developed the following activities as part of
its NIP:
a. Disposal of PCBs

b. Checking transformers manufactured during the period 1955-1977 estimated to contain almost
20,490 kg of oil of PCBs, for the purpose of disposal as well as the number of condensers,
manufactured before 1970, which contain PCBs oils.
c. Disposal of equipment polluted with PCBs
d. Disposing of the 3,666 condensers and 26 transformers, that were manufactured during the period
from 1955-1977
e. Completing the PCB Inventory (contaminated areas, old loads, including the volume of
contaminated soil) at the regional and local levels.
f. Resolving the issue of waste containing PCBs in a comprehensive manner with the goal of
establishing a collection system and ensuring safe disposal until an acceptable method of liquidation
becomes available.

According to the NIP of Egypt, data received from the Ministry of Electricity and Energy, indicates
that no PCBs exist in Egypt so far. However, the results of the preliminary inventory show that the
condensers and transformers manufactured during the period from 1955 to 1977 could possibly
contain PCBs as shown in the following table.

Type Description
Number
3666
Condensers
Big condensers manufactured in 1970 with a
capacity of 2.5 F / 275 V and 300 F/ 400 V that
may contain PCBs. It is estimated (MEDPOL
expert) that, in average, each of the condensers
contains 20 kg of contaminated oil. Thus the total
amount of PCbs contaminated oil is expected to be
74000 kg
26
Transformers Big transformers manufactured during the period
form 1955 to 1977 that totally contain 20490 Kg. of
oil that possibly contains PCBs.

Accordingly the total amount of PCBs contaminated oil is around 94490 kg or 94.5 tons.

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Lebanon

Lebanon ratified the Stockholm Convention on 3 January 2003 and submitted its NIP on 17 May
2006. In order to respect its commitments vis-a vis PCBs, Lebanon developed the following activities
as part of its NIP:

_ -
Prepare a comprehensive Inventory of PCBs
- Develop a plan to phase out PCBs transformers
- Develop and implement a plan for the disposal of PCBs oils and equipments
- Develop and implement an awareness and information programme
- Develop and implement a stakeholders involvement plan

The preliminary inventory indicated that PCBs is present in oils and equipments as follows:

Two old electricity power plants have PCB equipment (estimate of total OIL = 42tons)

Distribution: 16,000 distribution transformers of which many containing PCBs, gradually being
phased out. Investigation is needed for 13 tons of PCBs oil, which were imported in 2002.

The Bauchrieh repair shop (EDL) revealed that 14 out of 84 samples proved to contains >>50ppm of
PCBs

Libya

Libya ratified the Stockholm Convention on 14 June 2005 and it is expected to submit its NIP on 12
September 2007. No comprehensive national inventory of PCBs has been so far prepared. In 2005
Libya inventoried 2255 tons including of PCBs contaminated oil and equipment only for the
western part of the Libya. The inventory were conducted in the following sites:

1 Ber Alganam
2 Tarhuna
3 Al sdada
4 Al Harsha
5 Abukammas

Libya is willing to develop its inventory with the assistance of international organizations.

Syria

Syria ratified the Stockholm Convention 0n 5 August 2005 and it is expected to finalize its NIP by 3
November 2007. An Action Plan is expected to include:
- Public awareness
- Development of a national laboratory for PCBs analysis
- Confinement and disposal of contaminated oils and equipments
- Capacity building programme
- Development of national regulations
- Implementation of a pilot project in a hot spot where 2500 transformers are contaminated.

The total number of the transformer containing PCBs is 1724 and the total quantity of the oil
contaminated by PCBs is 1384.25 tons
The total number of transformers (19,604) and the total quantity of the oil (2,990 kg) need verification
(national inventory of PCBs �Syria 2005)

Project rationale

This proposal seeks to build on priorities established in the NAPs and the NIPs, and on existing
initiatives in some Mediterranean states, to provide a first, harmonized initiative on PCBs that meets

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the obligations of the Stockholm and Barcelona Conventions and is compatible with requirements
under the Basel Convention to which all the Mediterranean states are Party.

There is a need to continue and enhance work begun during national implementation planning and to
implement regulatory and institutional frameworks to ensure the introduction and sustainability of
environmentally sound management of equipment that contains or is contaminated by PCBs
throughout its `life-cycle'.

The project will address the following:
1) Detailed inventory, national registration and labeling schemes to ensure that equipment containing,
or contaminated by, PCBs can be identified and tracked throughout its `life-cycle';

2) Improved maintenance, servicing and storage operations in order to provide differentiated and
environmentally sound treatment and handling of equipment containing, or contaminated by, PCBs;

3) Plans for the phase-out of in-service equipment containing, or are contaminated by, PCBs that meet
target dates set in the Stockholm Convention or more stringent national legislation or regional
agreements;

4) Disposal operations for equipment already out-of-service and discarded equipment and other
wastes containing, or contaminated by, PCBs.
�
Programmes of awareness raising and capacity building in sound management principles
and requirements for technical staff handling PCB equipment and oils; their managers and
industry decision makers; holders of PCB containing and contaminated equipment outside
of the national electrical company, including Government; and members of the Public
vulnerable to PCB risks;
�
Assessment of sites contaminated by PCBs

5) The development objective or goal of the proposal is to reduce risks to human health and the
environment from releases of PCBs.

The purpose of this project are
- to introduce environmentally sound management (ESM) to all stages of the `life-cycle' of
electrical equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs.
- assisting national authorities and owners in developing a sound policy for the ESM of PCBs
based on principles of ESM, taking into account the provisions of the SC and the BC.
- creating conditions for a sound decision making process with respect to the
demonstration/disposal activities.
- pave the road for the implementation of NIPs through a on-the-job training on PCBs
contaminated oil and equipment disposal process.

Objectives/Outputs

The outputs of the project are:
1. Institutional and legal frameworks for implementation of ESM of PCBs;
2. Improved maintenance, servicing and storage operations;
3. Phase-out plans for equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs;
4. Disposal of obsolete equipment in demonstration projects carried out according to Stockholm
convention guidelines to ensure environmental safeguards;
5. Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment;
6. Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs equipment;
7. National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal programmes.

The project will ensure the environmentally safe disposal of the following quantities of PCBs
contaminated oils and equipments:

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The total quantity which would be disposed, considering that the cost of disposal of 1 kg is 3.21 $, as
for 13 November 2007, is 877.742 kg or 870 tons*. The breakdown of the cost at the level of the
targeted countries is as follows:

Lebanon 42 tons for an amount of 133,980 $
Syria 209 tons for an amount of 666,550 $
Libya 209 tons for an amount of 666,550 $
Egypt 209 tons for an amount of 666,550 $
Albania 209 tons for an amount of 666,550 $

The total of 870 tons is calculated for a disposal rate of 3.19 $ per ton. This total of 2.8 M US$ for
disposal (GEF and cash Co-financing) includes the activities as described below under 2.3.2 and also
the training for the personnel representing the national authority, private sectors and stakeholders
during the overall disposal process under activity 2.3.5

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

NB The Sub-Component 2.3 "Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes
containing or contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries"
will be carried out jointly by MEDPOL and CP/RAC.
The Activities (2.3.1, 2.3.2 and 2.3.5) described below will be carried out only by MEDPOL

Activity 2.3.1 Legislative and institutional framework for implementation of ESM of PCBs
(GEF 500,000 $, Co-financing 450,000 $)

This component will review existing institutional, legal, regulatory and administrative frameworks
and technical norms and standards, recommending, as necessary, revised arrangements meeting
national, regional and international requirements. Wherever possible, these arrangements will be
harmonized on a regional basis to strengthen cooperation and joint working. The component will
build close coordination between public regulatory authorities and entities holding or handling
equipment containing or contaminated with PCBs in order to secure PCBs and prevent their
environmental release.

- Review and improve existing legal, regulatory and administrative instruments;
- Agree on technical standards for reporting, analysis and labeling;
- Develop or upgrade reporting and registration schemes and national databases;
- Agree on ESM standards for PCB equipment in use and in storage awaiting disposal;
- Develop and agree on norms and standards for the assessment and environmentally sound
remediation of sites contaminated by PCBs.

Activity 2.3.2 Demonstration projects to improve the management programme of PCBs and facilitate
the implementation of NIPs and SAP-MED
(GEF 1,350,000 $, Co-financing 750,000 $)

The projects will be developed through the implementation of three different activities based on the
Stockholm Convention guidelines (PCB Transformers and Capacitors From Management to
Reclassification and Disposal (2002) and Basel Convention Guidelines.

2.3.2.1 Improve maintenance, servicing and storage operations
This activity will review existing maintenance, servicing and storage facilities available in
participating states. Improvements will be proposed to be considered by the relevant national
authority and stakeholders in selected pilot demonstration projects. Consultation with owners will be
undertaken to develop plans for improvements or revised arrangements compatible with
environmentally sound practices.

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Activity:
� Select sites and establish pilot facilities demonstrating environmentally sound handling and
treatment of PCBs equipment.

2.3.2.2 Phase-out plans for equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs

This activity will be carried out with national electrical company officials to review or develop phase-
out plans for equipment containing or contaminated with PCBs, to ensure that they meet the target
dates set in the Stockholm Convention or more stringent national or regional agreements. The activity
will use criteria set out in the Stockholm Convention as well as available risk management
approaches, such as that provided as guidance by the Secretariat of the Basel Convention, to
undertake risk-based assessments of in-service equipment containing or contaminated by PCBs. This
work will also define likely costs associated with PCB phase out and identify incremental costs over
and above normal capital replacement costs. Phase-out planning will then be extended to customers of
the national electrical company to ensure that quantities of PCBs held by them can also be secured
and disposed properly. Activities will include:

� Conducting risk-based assessment of in-service equipment containing or contaminated by
PCBs;
� Developing precautionary phase-out plans that manage risks from equipment compatible with
national regulations and with international convention requirements
� Defining costs and incremental costs associated with the phase out plan

2.3.2.3 Disposal of obsolete equipment
This subcomponent will provide detailed inventories of obsolete equipment already off-line and
awaiting disposal in order to provide specifications for environmentally sound disposal operations.
The component will use existing guidance, such as that prepared by the Secretariat of the Basel
Convention, to examine cost-effective disposal alternatives and contract, via open tender procedures,
appropriate measures at selected demonstration sites. Cost-effectiveness evaluation will consider, in
particular, opportunities to undertake all or part of operations on a national or sub-regional basis in
order to build sustainable capacity and retain value from potentially recyclable metal components,
minimizing international disposal costs.

Activities will include:
1.
Assessment according to Basel and Stockholm conventions relevant guidelines
1a
Assessment of PCBs transformers
1b
Assessment of capacitors containing PCB

2.
Request of proposal from final disposal company (ies) of PCBs, (issuing net weight of
PCBs, PCB contamination)
3.
Request for proposal from shipping company (ies).
4.
Request for proposal to ensure the road transport to disposal sites.
5.
Preparing the application file according the Regulation 259/93 "Transfrontier shipments
of waste in EU and between EU and OECD or their countries and according to Basel
Convention (notification process).
6.
Setting plan to remove the contaminated units.
7.
Providing to the export country all necessary equipment and packaging, material (pumps,
drums UN Labels etc...)
8.
Getting the import license from import country (30-45 days after to the application date).
9.
Performing the emptying of transformers, confinement, labeling and marking of PCBs
packs.
10.
Getting empty ISO sea containers in demonstration sites, loading the sea container and
labeling of packages and containers.
11.
Notifying the movement of load to the import authorities as well as the treatment
facility.
12.
Shipping of containers.

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13.
Road transportation to the facility of PCB final disposal.
14.
The final disposal company treats all PCBs and after, issues a certificate of disposal.

Any demonstrations within the project (e.g. servicing, maintenance, storage and disposal operations)
would be required to meet appropriate local and international environmental standards and
incorporate suitable safeguards. The project will take advice on these from local and international
authorities (for example follow country procedures on Environmental Impact Assessment) and also
seek advice from other similar GEF supported projects. Suitable conditions, specifications and
safeguards will be incorporated in any commercial tendering exercises. International transboundary
movements of PCB wastes as part of disposal operations will be required to be compliant with
relevant international rules, standards and guidelines for such hazardous wastes.

2.3.3 Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs equipment
(GEF 100,000 $, Co-financing 600,000 $)

This activity will provide more general rising of awareness of the need for, and principles of, the
environmentally sound management of PCBs equipment. Target audiences will be public and private
sector actors likely to be engaged in policy and capital investment decision making � particularly in
sectors outside of the electrical utility, where electrical equipment is not `core business'; the waste
and recycling sector; as well as civil society, particularly those likely to be vulnerable to PCB risks.

Activities will include:
- Developing communications strategies and materials appropriate to target audience groups;
- Promoting awareness and involvement in phase-out and disposal of PCBs equipment amongst
key target groups

This activity will fund public awareness tasks on: (1) governmental bodies involved in PCB
management; (2) PCB generators companies; (3) PCB waste management and transport companies
(including metal scrappers); (4) PCB treatment companies; (5) Municipalities close to PCB sites; (6)
Local communities close to PCB sites; (7) society as a whole, etc.

The public awareness to be undertaken will include:

1. National PCB Websites. Development of multilingual public awareness and project
information websites to facilitate the main concepts and key messages to the different
stakeholders and target audiences (government, power companies, waste management
companies, local communities, society as a whole, etc.) (One similar website in each country
independent or as part of the National Ministry of Environment website).

2. Video. A PCB awareness video production of about 3-5-minute duration to be distributed to
target audiences.

3. Brochures. 10,000 brochures for raising awareness on POPs and PCBs (About 2,000
brochures in each target country).

2.3.4 Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment
(GEF 300,000 $, Co-financing 980,000 $)

This activity will provide technical training and capacity building in the environmentally sound
management of PCBs to the personnel directly engaged in the management of electrical equipment
that might contain or be contaminated with PCBs. In the first instance, this component will
concentrate on personnel of national electrical companies and the public regulatory authorities but
will be extended during the project to include waste and metal recyclers engaged in the reclamation,
recycling and disposal of PCBs equipment, and customers of the national electrical company, to
ensure that quantities of PCBs held by them can also be properly managed.

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Guidance for the implementation of this component has already been developed by the Secretariat of
the Basel Convention.
Activities will include:
- Providing training opportunities for maintenance and servicing personnel in best-practices for
environmentally sound maintenance and servicing;
- Providing training in risk assessment and precautionary planning for the phase-out of in-
service equipment containing or contaminated with PCBs;
- Providing training in the management of disposal operations.
- Preparation of a monitoring system for the management and disposal of POPs operations in
Arabic countries.

It is planned to implement the following sub-activities:

1. PCB capacity building team. This team will be in charge of the management and
implementation of the capacity building activities of the PCB Project. This team is composed
by the CPRAC with the collaboration of the SBC (Secretariat of the Basel Convention) and
BCRC-Cairo (Basel Convention Regional Center-Cairo). This budget item will cover some
necessary administrative-technical support, equipment, accessories, travel, etc. for this overall
management.

2. Establishment of an international and national expert group on capacity building. Ten (10)
International and National consultants will be engaged for project implementation. These
consultants consist of one (1) International Chief Technical Advisor (CTA), (1) Assistant for
the Chief Technical Advisor (ACTA), five (5) National Technical Advisors (NAT) (one in
each country), three (3) International technical /policy experts.

a. The Chief Technical Advisor (CTA, international) or Project Manager will provide
overall technical direction and guidance for the project activities. He/she will:
i. Transfer international experience to this project;
ii. Manage the capacity building activities and provide technical support on
policy development, institutional strengthening, monitoring and evaluation,
and development of a follow-on program to share experiences from this
project on building capacity issues, and
iii. Coordinate with the other components of the PCB project.
1. The CTA will be engaged for 125 days during the building capacity
activities to provide professional consultation for all project
activities.

b. The Assistant for the Chief Technical Advisor (ACTA, international) will provide
overall administrative assistance to the CTA for the project activities. He/she will:
i. Help manage the capacity building activities, and
ii. Help coordinate with the other components of the PCB project.
1. The ATAA will be engaged for 150 days during the building capacity
activities to provide professional consultation for all project
activities.

c. Five (5) National Technical Advisors (NTA) will (one in each target country):
i. Assist the CTA in the overall technical management of this project;
ii. Identify key stakeholders and target audiences in each country;
iii. Coordinate all project activities in each country;
iv. Provide technical support to all local consulting firms / consultants and
engineering companies, and
v. Provide technical comments on the scheduling and implementation of all
project activities.

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1. Each NTA will be engaged for 35 days during the building capacity
activities to provide professional consultation for all project activities
in the implementing country.

d. Technical / Policv Experts, consisting of three (3) professionals that will contribute to
this project in the areas of:
i. PCB institutional/policy framework;
ii. PCB generation, waste management, transport, treatment and disposal
(power, waste management, metal scrappers and transport companies);
iii. PCB environmental monitoring, risk assessment and site investigation-
remediation;
1. Each expert will be engaged for 30 days during the building capacity
activities to provide professional consultation and training for all
project activities.

3. Inception Workshop for the Project. A two-day Inception Workshop will be held in each
target country (Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, and Syria) for about 100 participants from
the different stakeholders involved such as governmental bodies, power companies, waste
management companies, transport companies, consulting firms, academia, local communities,
NGOs, other participating international agencies, etc. (one workshop in each country).

4. Target Country Training. These training programs will be held in each target country. These
training programs will be directed to the key stakeholders in each target country which
include at least: (i) PCB management institutions (governmental bodies and municipalities);
(ii) Power companies and other industries; (iii) PCB monitoring institutions; and (iv)
Companies in charge of PCB cleanup, collection, transportation and treatment (final
disposal), etc. The specific training programs planned for these stakeholders are:

a. One (1) Training Course on Institutional / Policy framework for PCB management (to
include the entire PCB identification, legal framework to final disposal process)
training for governmental staff. Participants: participants from governmental staff at
the provincial, city and county levels. Training materials: These materials - to be
provided by the Technical Experts - will cover environmental sound management
principles. Training courses: 4-day course (in each target country).
b. Three (3) Training Courses on PCB management (from PCB identification to waste
management, transport, site monitoring-clean up and final disposal-elimination):
Participants: participants from power companies and enterprises having PCB
equipment, waste management and transport companies (oil management companies,
metal scrappers, etc.), site monitoring-clean up personnel and final disposal-
elimination companies. Training materials: These materials - to be provided by the
Technical Experts - will cover sound management practices for PCB equipment that
are in use or stored. Training courses: 4-day courses (in each target country).

2.3.5 National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal programmes
GEF 200,000 $, Co-financing 500,000 $)

This activity will conduct on-the -job training for the personnel representing the national authority,
private sectors and stakeholders during the overall disposal process. This strategy would facilitate the
replicability and ensure the sustainability of the disposal activities at national level. National experts
and technicians from selected national PCBs hot spots will be effectively involved in the overall
disposal process. Review meetings will be organize to ensure the transfer of the know how of the
disposal process and facilitate the replicability of the process beyond the demonstration sites.

Expected outcomes

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� Legislative, regulatory and institutional frameworks for the environmentally sound
management of PCBs of participating countries improved and compatible with national,
regional and international obligations and targets;
� Maintenance and servicing of equipment containing or contaminated with PCBs managed by
national electricity companies in an environmentally sound manner with reduced
environmental releases;
� National electricity companies implementing risk-based phase-out plans for in-service
equipment containing or contaminated with PCBs; other entities using equipment containing
or contaminated with PCBs developing risk-based phase-out plans;
� Cost-effective disposal of out-of-service equipment and PCBs contaminated oils
demonstrated at selected sites; replication facilitated through capacity building;
� Technical capacity for the environmentally sound life-cycle management of equipment
containing or contaminated with PCBs enhanced in all participating countries;
� Awareness of risks to human and environmental health from PCBs risen amongst key
decision makers and vulnerable groups
� Monitoring system for the management and disposal of PCBs as a model to be used to
monitor, in general, the management and disposal of POPs.

Strategy for Implementation

The overall management of the project will be incurred to MEDPOL with the cooperation of CP/RAC
and BCRC- Egypt making use of their in kind contributions. The co-executing agencies will not
charge any overheads for undertaking activities.

The GEF and the in cash contributions of the partners will be used to cover the cost of the disposal,
training and awareness activities.

As for the local management of the disposal activities will be under the financial technical and
administrative responsibility of the national authority and the stakeholders in the framework of the in
kind contribution of the participating countries.

National electrical companies in cooperation with national environmental authorities, MED POL and
CP/RAC Cleaner Production Center, will implement demonstration projects.

Since the targeted countries are at different levels of preparation and implementation of NIPs in the
framework of Stockholm Convention, the activities included in the demonstration projects will be
launched according to different country schedules, i.e. in parallel or after appropriate capacity
building or preparatory activities. The demonstration projects will be for Egypt an in important step
forward in the implementation of NIP and a contribution for the preparation of the ground for the
preparation of a realistic implementation of NIP in Albania, Syria and Libya. As for Lebanon, the
World Bank will launch in 2008 a project aiming at building the national capacity in management of
PCBs, complete the national inventory and disposal of 25 tons out of the already inventoried 42 tons
of PCBs contaminated oils. Taking into consideration this fact, the current project will continue to
target 42 tons of PCBs contaminated oils and equipments, 17 tons the rest of 42 tons inventoried in
addition to 25 tons which will be inventoried in the framework of the worls bank project, in addition
to building the national capacity in ESM of PCBs.

Moreover, considering that the cleaner production dimension in the demonstration projects is crucial,
MED POL will work closely with CP/RAC which is the Regional Activity Centre of MAP related to
the application of cleaner production. The Center, that possesses long-dated direct working experience
with the industrial sector on capacity building, will be responsible for the organization of the project's
capacity building programmes as well as the awareness programmes targeting the relevant public and
the private sectors.

The Basel Convention Regional Center (BCRC) for the Arabic region, based in Egypt, will be
assisting CP/RAC in the implementation of the capacity building programmes and will develop a

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Monitoring system for the management and disposal of PCBs as a model to be used to monitor, in
general, the management and disposal of POPs.

The management and disposal of PCBs in demonstration sites will comprise 5 steps:
-Pre implementation review of the status of the sites vis-a-vis the characteristics and quantity
of contaminated oils and equipments

-Preparation of the necessary authorizations and shipments and contacts with disposal
companies
- Confinement of the targeted quantities

- Shipment of containers

-Disposal outside the targeted countries (in EU countries).

The activities will be directly carried out by the selected electrical companies with the attentive
supervision of MED POL through international experts who will monitor and follow up their
implementation and report to MED POL on achievements and bottlenecks.

The plan for implementation will be differentiated according to the level of preparedness of NIPs.
The activities included in the current proposal comprise:

- Review of regulatory and institutional set ups (activity 1): it will start in all targeted countries in the
first year.

-Demonstration projects and related capacity building programme (activity 2 and 5): it targets the
relevant personnel in the demonstration project site and future potential sites. It will start in ALL
targeted countries to prepare 5 inceptions reports in the first year. On the basis of the inception
information, a fine tuning of the project implementation will be carried out with the contribution and
consultation of the national authorities and partners.
Thus, the inception reports will be of utmost importance to the effective and successful
implementation of the disposal process to reach the project outputs and targets. MEDPOL with the
assistance of international experts will pay great attention to the credibility of the information and data
, their consistency and comprehensiveness.

-Capacity building programme (activity 3 and 4) is targeting the general staff of electrical companies,
public and private industries, stakeholders and civil society. It will start in all targeted countries in the
first year and will be accomplished throughout the project life. It might be finalized before the end of
the project. In addition, a monitoring system for the management and disposal of PCBs as a model to
be used to monitor, in general, the management and disposal of POPs will be developed throughout
the capacity building programme. This activity is in line with the programme of action of BCRC-
Egypt which was adopted by the Arabic states parties to Basel Convention.

Risk and Sustainability

The sustainability prospects of the project's technical and policy objectives are excellent. MED POL
will ensure through its biannual programme of activities the follow up and the development of
additional programmes to address the issues of phasing out PCBs from the region in the framework of
the LBS Protocol. In addition MED POL is currently coordinating with the European Union the
implementation of the EU initiative to depollute the Mediterranean by 2020 in the framework of EU
neighborhood policy which, on the medium and long-term, will directly contribute to the achievement
of the project's objectives.

At national level, once NIPs are finalized and approved, GEF eligible Mediterranean Countries, on the
basis of the achievements of the present project, would have more chance to access to national and
international funds to ensure the phase out process.

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The Sustainable finance mechanism for the long-term implementation of NAPs which is proposed as
a major activity in the framework of the Strategic Partnership will help bring strategic financial
planning and management into the NAP project cycle and overcome the present difficulties of
implementation.

The capacities of governments and institutions of the targeted countries will be enhanced through
training workshops and the exchange of knowledge and skills thus providing a framework of
knowledge and expertise to promote further initiatives in favor of ESM of PCBs and implementation
of NIPs.

Active participation of civil society in project activities is a key element towards sustainability. The
Public Participation Strategy of this component focuses on building a firm foundation for effective
intervention in the region.

Stakeholder involvement

Preparatory activities will include a stakeholder analysis to ensure all necessary stakeholder
involvement in the project. Relevant ministries, local administrations, private sector and stakeholders
will be engaged in project activities through a participatory approach developed for the overall
partnership project.

The participatory approach would be extended to cover regional stakeholders, which have already
gained experiences in the matter.

The participation of civil society organizations (with a focus on national and regional NGO networks)
is expected to be a key element in achieving greater awareness of the processes and results of the
project, greater acceptance and ownership of the processes and their products, increased quality of the
outputs (policy documents, project results, products and outcomes), strengthened stakeholder
participation and partnership in the implementation of the project and increased potential for the
replication of the partnership and activities.

Baseline without GEF intervention

A peer review of the NAPs and NIPs of the targeted countries shows that the action plans described
are, by far, over their regulatory, institutional and technical capacities and the capabilities.

Without GEF's financial support, the region would probably witness the current practice of long-term
storage of PCBs contaminated oils and equipments without any environmental protection and
inappropriate disposal of contaminated metals and oils.

Postponing the establishment of an harmonized management plan for the treatment of contaminated
equipment increases the risks of new environmental contamination and of human exposure. PCBs still
in use in electrical equipment are at risk of release through fires in electrical equipment; those off-line
can release PCBs through leaks and spills. Stocks that are not well protected can be accessed by
people wishing to utilize the oils; cases have been documented in various countries of PCB-
contaminated oils being used as an "industrial hand cleaner" and for cooking. Repeated exposure to
even small quantities of PCBs can cause damage to the liver and neurological and immune systems.

Inadequate handling of PCBs can also lead to emissions of other toxic substances, including dioxins
and furans, that are POPs regulated under the Stockholm Convention.

Even if the use and manufacture of POPs is banned, the existence of these types of sources results in
continuous releases of contaminants.

Finally, without the contribution that the project will provide, releases of PCBs and its by products
into the environment and specially the Mediterranean Sea will continue, taking also into consideration

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that used oil including oil containing PCBs reach the Mediterranean Sea through the sewage network
system and wet deposition.

The baseline cost of the project was estimated as 2.200.000 US $ which is equivalent to 88.000 US$
per year /per country over the whole life of the project (5years). This baseline represents the minimum
cost of:
- Confinement process which aims at the reduction of the exposure to PCBs contaminated oils
and equipments.
- Storage of equipment in old mines
- Emptying the PCBs liquid for reuse and metal recycling.
- Immobilization in concrete structure.

These practices, in the absence of ESM plan for PCBs, are very common to most of the Mediterranean
Countries and their cost of 88.000$/year was estimated on the basis of on going national programmes
of activities to reduce the exposure of human to hazardous waste. As a result of the preparation of
NIPs countries have to completely review their policy and strategy for the management and disposal
of PCBs in order to meet their commitments in the framework of Stockholm Convention. Therefore,
the project will pave the road for the proper implementation of the NIPs and reduce the health and
environment impacts of non-environmental and unsustainable practices.

Institutional coordination and support

Core commitments and linkages

All Participating Countries are Parties to the Barcelona Convention and are actively engaged in the
implementation of the LBS Protocol, the SAP and the NAPs.

All participating countries are Parties to the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary
movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal.

All participating countries and the European Commission are Parties to the Stockholm Convention.

The replication strategy adopted in the frame of the overall regional project will ensure the
replicability to other GEF eligible Mediterranean countries.

The Barcelona Convention/Mediterranean Action Plan Secretariat-MED POL, responsible for the
coordination and follow up of the implementation of the LBS Protocol, the SAP and the NAPs, will
execute the project. The appropriate management of POPs is one of the important issues of the SAP to
which countries are committed. Management of POPs is also included as a priority action in many
NAPs prepared and endorsed by the countries. MED POL is in charge of the follow up to the
implementation of the SAP and the NAPs and CP/RAC is also involved as to the management of
hazardous wastes. The execution of this component by MED POL in cooperation with CP/RAC will
therefore facilitate the implementation of the countries' commitments under the Barcelona
Convention and, indirectly, the Stockholm Convention.

The Secretariat is committed through its biannual programme of activities adopted by the CPs
meeting to provide assistance to Mediterranean countries to implement the legal instruments, which
are in force or expected to be in force very soon. The Barcelona Convention with its amendments
entered into force in 2004. 13 Mediterranean Countries have already ratified the LBS Protocol. The
implementation of the project falls under the framework of the implementation of this Protocol and its
SAP to address Land Based Sources of Pollution.

UNEP is committed to assist its developing country Member States in regard to the Stockholm
Convention and to the other chemicals and wastes agreements. It provides support to and houses the
secretariats for the Barcelona, Stockholm, Rotterdam and Basel Convention as well for SAICM. A
technical branch of the UNEP's Division of Trade, Industry and Economics dedicated to addressing
the sound management of chemicals globally supports the last three secretariats.

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UNEP is also one the GEF implementing agencies fully engaged in work to support OP14 of the GEF.
The GEF has approved Enabling Activities proposals submitted by UNEP for 58 countries, including
the pilot project of work in 12 countries. In addition, proposals for Brazil and the Russian Federation
that have opted to undertake NIP development via the GEF full project cycle have been approved.

UNEP is also implementing or developing a range of demonstration and capacity building projects
geared to support Convention implementation. Many of these are regional or global initiatives that
take up common problems of implementation or take advantage of regional working to ensure cost-
effective actions and enhanced and harmonized take-up and replication potential. This proposal
follows this regional approach and takes advantage of existing and well-established structures under
the MAP.

UNEP has committed considerable effort to build its assistance programme for POPs. This
commitment is based on a clear understanding that these activities are compatible with UNEP's
mandate and corporate strategy and assist towards the Millennium Development Goals.

Continuous consultation and coordination between implementing agencies is foreseen in the
framework of the overall partnership project.

Monitoring and Evaluation Programme

Monitoring and evaluation will be achieved through a process based on the performance indicators
identified for each of the sub components.

Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the activities described under the component and
subcomponents will be ensured by a two-step combined procedure.

First, the MED POL reporting obligations to the CPs in which MED POL should prepare half yearly
report to be presented to the bureau meeting of Barcelona Convention in addition to the progress
report which will be prepared every two years for revision, evaluation by MED POL Focal Points and
approval by the meeting of the CPs.

Secondly, MED POL will establish an individual performance evaluation for each of the activities
outlined in the project. It will be based on individual questionnaire, which will be distributed to the
participants to training courses, workshops and manager of activities at the end of the implementation
of each of the activity. Statistical analysis of data and information which will be provided by the
questionnaires would facilitate the monitoring and evaluation process and would provide consistent
and reliable information for on the spot tuning to increase the prospect of success of the
implementation of the project.

Moreover monitoring will be achieved through the overall reporting and monitoring systems which
will be established throughout the project management and according to procedures and requirements
of the GEF.

Reduction of releases will be monitored through the regular updating of the National Baseline Budget
of emissions and releases, included in the MED POL work programme.

Finally, monitoring and evaluation will be achieved at national level through MED POL and CP/RAC
focal points and their regional experts. They will provide oversight of the implementation of the
activities and will review and approve the reports on the implementation of activities before their
submission to MED POL and CP/RAC Secretariats.

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Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAP BIO and
related NAPs

Sub-component 3.1: Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through
Development of a Mediterranean MPA Network

Implementing Agencies:
- United Nation Environment Program - the Mediterranean Action Plan, UNEP-MAP
- Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas, RAC-SPA
- Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO in collaboration with the Secretariat of General
Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), World Wildlife Fund (WWF)-MEDPO - the
Mediterranean Programme Office

Background/Context/Rationale

The 1995 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the
Mediterranean (the `Barcelona Convention') combats pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. A
consequence of the Barcelona Convention has been the development of two Strategic Action
Programs (SAPs):

- The Strategic Action Program to Address Pollution from Land-Based Activities (SAP MED) �
adopted by the Contracting Parties in 1997, related to the Protocol on the Protection of the
Mediterranean against Pollution from Land-Based Sources Sea; and

- The Strategic Action Program for the Conservation of Mediterranean Marine and Coastal
Biological Diversity (SAP BIO) � adopted in 2003, related to the Protocol concerning Specially
Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPA Protocol).

In particular SAP BIO has provided a mechanism for the Barcelona Convention for the national,
transboundary and regional level conservation of the Mediterranean marine and coastal biodiversity,
identifying a series of priorities. Despite the successful preparation of SAP BIO, including the
preparation of some 63 National Action Plans (NAPs) in 13 countries19, little has been subsequently
implemented at national or regional level. This, together with the experience of the SAP preparation
and other related interventions, provides important lessons learned for this project which is designed
to assist the country partners implement the prioritised elements of the SAP BIO through the
provision of a series of enabling activities at national, sub-regional and regional levels. The main
lessons learned include:

� Ecosystem-based management of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use requires a
transboundary approach that frequently ranks lower than immediate national priorities. This
reduces the political will and funding commitment to what are considered long-term and more
defuse actions, irrespective of the global and lasting benefits they might bring.

� An overall Mediterranean-wide regional approach may only be achieved through focusing on
homogenous sub-regional areas with similar natural and cultural values. However
inequalities in capacity are not so important in area selection, as this presents opportunities for
capacity-building from within regional sub-units rather than imposing this from outside;

19 In alphabetical order: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia
and Turkey. The Palestinian Authority will also participate in this new project.

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� In order to be effective, project demonstration activities need to targeted at definable recipient
communities within or adjacent to MPA boundaries and buffer zones where there is a higher
chance of success and potential replicability.

� The SAP BIO `provisions for follow-up' identify the importance of establishing national focal
points for the key implementation themes (e.g. (i) critical area conservation and (ii)
sustainable use), together with clear responsibilities for both project level and thematic
monitoring and evaluation. The preparation of `National Investment Portfolios' is recognised
as a clear precursor for effective country-level support to the project and this is being
facilitated by RAC/SPA over 2006/2007.

The overall development objective of this project is to `maintain the long-term function of the
Mediterranean LME through the use of an ecologically-coherent network of protected areas
combined with the sustainable use of renewable marine resources' (see Logical Framework Analysis
in Annex B). This will effectively expand the current MEDPAN MPA management `network' to
include the rest of the Mediterranean in a process that will provide a spatial management tool to
prioritise biodiversity conservation and ensure maintenance and enhancement of environmental goods
and services, which are essential objectives of integrated coastal and ocean management (ICOM)20.

Priority action will depend upon a number of short-term measures that will be developed and
disseminated through replicable demonstration activities in representative areas of the Mediterranean.
Longer-term sustainability will be ensured through (i) a series of targeted capacity-building and
enabling activities that will focus on both national and sub-regional levels to improve capacity for
policy development and its subsequent transfer into recurrent management, as well as (ii) ensuring the
financial and legislative support that underpins their implementation.

To satisfy the overall development objective, the project has two components that are designed to
complement the twin thrust of the GEF Biodiversity Focus Area OP2 Program objectives:

Biodiversity Sub-Component 3.1: Conservation of coastal and marine diversity through
development of a Mediterranean MPA Network.
Biodiversity Sub-Component 3.2: Promote the sustainable use of fisheries resources in the
Mediterranean through ecosystem-based management approaches.

The major expected results expected from the implementation of these two components include:
� The strengthening of the effective conservation of regionally important coastal and marine
biodiversity through the creation of an ecologically coherent MPA network in the
Mediterranean region; and
� Increasing the ability of coastal nations to utilise coastal and high seas resources through the
adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the application of targeted
interventions to reduce bycatch and other unsustainable fishing practices.

In achieving these results, it is expected that the project will also result in:
� Implementation of the actions prioritised by the SAP BIO project.
� Existing and proposed MPAs will coalesce to form part of a coherent network that exists at
both institutional and ecological levels.
� Greater representation of the Mediterranean's vulnerable and critical coastal and marine
habitats brought under statutory protection.
� Tools and capacity for the management of recognised Mediterranean coastal and marine bio-
diversity sites improved.
� Mainstreaming of the ecosystem approach into national and sub-regional fisheries
management policies and activities.

20 Planning of individual MPAs should be participatory and integrated within broader spatial management and economic and social
development frameworks to ensure their sustainability and promote creation of functionally-connected networks of MPAs. IUCN Principle
6 (Ehler et al, 2004).

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� Bycatch of iconic and vulnerable species reduced through improved fishing practises and
awareness.
� Unsustainable fishing practises reduced or eliminated in regionally prioritised sites.
� The permanent coordination, monitoring, evaluation and support mechanisms for regional
marine biodiversity conservation.
� Innovative approaches to the funding of regionally important existing and future marine
biodiversity conservation initiatives in place.
� A robust and practical legislative governance structure that supports the ecosystem approach
to conservation and sustainable use in the Mediterranean.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through development of a Mediterranean
MPA network
(GEF 42,500 $, Co-financing 13,874,100 $)

The SAP BIO identified, through development of the NAPs, a series of problems that are of regional
relevance:

- Management of marine conservation in Mediterranean countries is a matter for the state, with
no or poor participation by the local and sub-national administrations.
- Insufficient legal system, lack of adequate legislation
- Confusion of competency, or fragmentation of responsibility (leading to problems of
implementation of the existing laws)
- Lack of coordination between administrations, competencies overlap
- Interference with other human activities occurring in the coastal zone, mainly tourism
- Low or no participation of stakeholders and other agents in the decision-making process
- Poor effort to improve public awareness on marine conservation issues
- Lack of effective enforcement measures in some cases
- Lack of effective scientific monitoring
- Lack of sufficient economic resources to achieve the protection measures, so that a number of
MPAs receive only nominal management and protection ("paper MPAs")
- Problems of mismanagement and deterioration caused by the limited experience of the people
administrating the MPAs
- Lack of effective conservation measures to protect particular species (monk seal, sea turtles,
cetaceans, etc.) and/or communities (e.g. seagrass meadows)
- Need to set up a network of MPAs, and therefore define of goals, mechanisms and
management organization for such a network
- Need for integrated coastal zone planning and management.

Other identifiable general problems that affect the selection, installation, management and evaluation
of Mediterranean MPAs are the following:

- The need to clearly establish the specific goals of each MPA
- Lack of scientific basis for the selection (location, habitats included, depth range, etc.) and
design (size, shape, number, proportion of total surface protected, etc.) of MPAs
- Need for appropriate monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of MPAs, based on sound
sampling designs (e.g. BACIPS, beyond-BACI...)
- Lack of empirical evidence for potentially complex effects of MPAs, e.g. spillover, indirect
effect on ecosystems ("cascade" effects), effects on larval replenishment of commercially
and/or ecologically important species, genetic effects, socio-economic results, etc.
- Need to ascertain the relationship of MPAs with other management tools.

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Within SAP BIO, the setting up of protected areas offshore (including the high seas) to protect pelagic
ecosystem and sensitive species and important yet partially unknown benthic areas such as the "white
coral community", seamounts and submarine canyons were acknowledged to be a priority.

3.2 Sustainable Use of fisheries resources in the Mediterranean through ecosystem � based
management approaches
(GEF 757,500$, Co-financing 2,157,500 $)

Fishing in the Mediterranean typically involves high numbers of small-scale coastal vessels using
trawls, seine, long-line and banned drift nets. Fishing on the high seas targets a more restricted
number of resources, particularly straddling and often highly migratory stocks such as tunas and
swordfish. Two key issues are attached to fisheries, these being (i) direct over-exploitation of
commercial species and (ii) indirect ecosystem effects of fishing.

The direct effects of over-fishing on the target species: the increasing demand for seafood products
from Europe in particular has resulted in over-fishing of a number of key commercial species. Many
fish species are overexploited (Anguilla anguilla, Epinephelus marginatus, Sciaena umbra, Thunnus
thynnus, Xiphius gladius, etc.). Those also regularly cited are the cartilaginous fishes, particularly
sharks due to their low fecundity and longevity as well as invertebrates species such as sponges, red
coral (Corallium rubrum) and some crustacean species (such as Homarus gammarus, Palinurus
elephas). However the task for target stock management is considered to be a key baseline activity
and is thus not considered as a priority for this project. The only exception to this is where species are
considered particularly vulnerable or represent ecological keystone species as considered by the CBD
or the SPA Protocol.

Indirect effects of fishing: fishing can impact both target and non-target species through:

- Incidental capture (by-catch), discarding, of ghost fishing by lost gear, etc;
- Increased effort on less valuable resources at lower trophic levels, due to a decrease in the
abundance of valuable species higher in the food chain;
- Cascade effects on the trophic structure of the marine ecosystem by the harvesting of top
predators, either pelagic (tuna, etc.) or demersal (groupers, sea bass, etc.) species; and
- Habitat disturbance or destruction (with special emphasis on particular habitats, such as
Posidonia oceanica meadows and ma�rl beds).

The project's overall development objective is to `maintain the long-term function of the
Mediterranean LME through the use of an ecologically-coherent network of protected areas
combined with the sustainable use of renewable marine resources'. This will effectively expand the
current MEDPAN MPA management `network' to include the rest of the Mediterranean in a process
that will provide a spatial management tool to prioritise biodiversity conservation and ensure
maintenance and enhancement of environmental goods and services, which are essential objectives of
integrated coastal and ocean management (ICOM).

Priority action will depend upon a number of short-term measures that will be developed and
disseminated through replicable demonstration activities in representative areas of the Mediterranean.
Longer-term sustainability will be ensured through (i) a series of targeted capacity-building and
enabling activities that will focus on both national and sub-regional levels to improve capacity for
policy development its subsequent transfer into recurrent management, as well as (ii) ensuring the
financial and legislative support that underpins their implementation.

As In order to address these two broad problem areas, the component 2 is to be divided into two Sub-
Components that are coherent with the GEF Operational Policy OP#2:

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Sub-Component 3.1: Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of a
Mediterranean MPA Network
(GEF 42,500$, Co-financing 13,874,100 $)

3.1.1: Establishment of coordination mechanism for regional MPA management
3.1.2: Identification and planning of new MPAs to extend the regional network and enhance its
ecological representiveness
3.1.3: Improved management of marine protected areas
3.1.4: Establishment of a regional MPA network monitoring capacity
3.1.5: Ensure the financial sustainability of regional and national MPA networks
3.1.6: Improve the legal governance frameworks of marine protected areas

Sub-Component 3.2: Promote the Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources in the Mediterranean
through Ecosystem-based Management Approaches
(GEF 757,500 $, Co-financing 2,157,500 $)

3.2.1: Establishment of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management at regional and sub-
regional levels
3.2.2: Reduction of bycatch of regionally important species at a fleet level
3.2.3: Identification and addressing of unsustainable fishing practices at regionally representative
MPA sites

3.1 Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through Development of a Mediterranean
MPA Network

The objective of the component is to strengthen the conservation of regionally important coastal and
marine biodiversity through the creation of an ecologically coherent MPA network in the
Mediterranean region. Building upon the existing MedPAN network, a functional network of MPAs,
with an active participation of all the categories of stakeholders, established in the 13 Mediterranean
GEF eligible countries. (Box 1)

What
is
a
network
of
MPAs
BOX
1
A "network of MPAs is a grouping of protected areas that are linked, either physically through the movement
of organisms and/or water or through common management institutions and personnel"
An MPA network is a group of MPAs that, when consider collectively:
Fulfil ecological aims more effectively and comprehensively than individual MPAs can achieve on their own;
Provides for the effective protection of large-scale ecological processes and patterns and;
Effectively enhances the management effects and the social and economic benefits over a broader area.
Why there is a need for a network of MPAs in the Mediterranean
A network of MPAs in the Mediterranean may participate in developing the regional economy and protecting
the landscape and biological diversity, but under the following conditions:
- to be representative of the full range of diversity, landscapes, species and habitats;
- to be designed so that the natural processes are respected and the ecosystems services are ensured in the long
term;
- to be large enough to ensure the long term preservation of the landscapes, species and habitats;
- to be sustainability managed with proper institutional, financial and technical means at the MPAs level.
Existing networks of MPAs in the Mediterranean
In 1990, the Mediterranean Technical Assistance Programme (METAP) of the World Bank funded the creation
of the first Mediterranean Protected Areas Network (MEDPAN). MEDPAN was conceived as a network aimed
at promoting the implementation of major priority conservation activities on the ground (marine protected
areas), the exchange of experiences among the managers of marine protected areas, and the development of
management tools.
The MedPAN network operated from 1990 to 1996, with one thematic seminar and four publications each year
focusing on the following themes:

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- Analysis, assessment and monitoring of the natural resources at each site; - Public awareness and education;
- Frequentation management; - Development of methodological standards for data exchanges;
- Evaluation of the economic impact of the protected areas.
The lack of human and financial resources has left the network in a dormant state since 1996, but its value was
reaffirmed by the United Nations in the spring of 1999, via the Regional Activity Center for Specially Protected
Areas (RAC/SPA), based in Tunis.
The Port Cros National Park applied for a new statute for MedPAN in 1999, making MedPAN into a "Loi 1901
association" (recognized non-profit organization under French law) whose administrative offices are in the Port
Cros National Park buildings. The RAC/SPA provides secretarial services for the association, and the executive
responsibilities of the network are filled by the Port Cros National Park and the Federation of French Regional
Natural Parks.
The statutes of the new association clearly state the vocation of the MedPAN network:
- Enhance the contacts and experience exchanges among the managers of coastal and marine protected areas;
- Assist in the training of managers
- Make the know-how acquired by each manager available to other managers, with the vision of sustainable
development
- Develop and support concrete actions for the planning, management and public awareness of a protected area
or a group of protected areas
- Enhance the development of coastal and marine MPA's, depending on the skills of each MPA.
In 2001 the Port Cros National Park proposed that the WWF-France Ocean and Coasts Mission take on
establishing and raising funds for the MedPAN network.
In 2005, thanks to grant of the EU INTERREG IIIC programme (which funds transboundary cooperation
programmes), MEDPAN was reactivated by WWF-France to ensure its original strategic mandate. WWF-
France has taken over the Secretariat of MEDPAN, previously provided by the Parc National de Port Cros,
France.
As an EU INTERREG Project, though, MEDPAN is currently able to finance activities exclusively in countries
of the European Union: managers and practitioners of marine protected areas from non-EU countries are
formally excluded from the project.
The revived MEDPAN network, albeit extremely active and successful, is therefore falling short of one of its
key mandates: that is to ensure the exchange of knowledge, know-how and good practices on marine protected
areas, both for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management, among those areas that are more advanced
towards those in greater need for capacity building and training.
The necessity for a network of managers and practitioners from the non-EU countries has been reaffirmed
within the current MEDPAN network. Moreover, the opportunity for expanding the network of managers to the
south and east Mediterranean is also integrated in the perspective of creating a global network of marine
protected areas, evoked in the Convention on Biodiversity (1992) and formally reaffirmed in the Action Plan of
the Earth Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg (2002), as well as in the SAP BIO whose
implementation is the main objective of the GEF Strategic Partnership project.
The GEF Strategic Partnership project offers thus the unique opportunity to expand the MEDPAN network to
include the south and east Mediterranean MPAs, to enhance their establishment and improve their management.
Structure and rational of the sub components
Each sub-component is made up of sections that include activities compatible to the overall project timeframe.
The activities identified cover a wide scope of MPAs management issues related to methodological, technical
and financial aspects, which make them particularly relevant for the improvement of MPAs network in the
region. Emphasis has been laid on training, exchange and regional tools, which appear to be the most essential
and useful activities to be performed by the three years of duration of the project. It has also been taken into
account the limited human capacity available in each country and the limited time that the managers can allocate
to such activities.
As the incorporation of innovative methods for the management of MPAs at local level is of high value for all
the MPAs in the region, the project encompasses a number of demonstration projects at local level, which have
strong regional interest and are easily replicable in other countries of the Mediterranean region (see INFO RAC
"Replication strategy"). It is also important to note that common replication, communication and dissemination
methodologies will be developed for the entire biodiversity component through Component IV: (Project
Management and Coordination).
So far, the following criteria have been applied, as much as possible, in order to select a preliminary list of
adequate MPAs, at the country level, to enhance the regional benefit of the activities:
- Regional: SPAMI status of the MPA; transboundary benefit; sub-regional equilibrium; historical heritage
interest;
- National: SAP BIO and NAPs priorities, willingness expressed in implementing them; local national and local
interest and context (absence of conflict, low risks, synergies with NGO and other organization activities);
absence of previous GEF support to the MPA (considering only the marine part);

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- Ecological: Scientific interest; biogeographical complementarities to the region; ecological representativeness;
- Replicability in other MPAs: demonstration value for other countries, sub-regions and regions.

Activity 3.1.1: Establishment of coordination mechanism for regional MPA management
(GEF 0 $, Cofinancing 938,000 $)

The Regional coordination of MPAs within the Mediterranean LME continues to operate through a
resourced and functional unit.

The coordination mechanism coordinates all the activities of the Sub-Component, including joint
inception, mid-term, Advisory Committee meetings and final coordination and evaluation activities:
overall goal of the project is met through adequate cross-component coordination and linkages.

3.1.1.1 Inception activities and final results dissemination

This activity aims at ensuring the coordination, the dissemination of results and the replication
mechanism of the network. It will encompass two meetings: an inception meeting will be organised at
the beginning of the project (it will involve all projects' participants, about 40 people, over 3 days); a
final regional conference will be organised at the end of the project, in one of the 13 Mediterranean
countries involved in the project, in order to present the results of the activities (80-100 participants
including-decision makers, MPA managers, scientists, NGOs, stakeholders) over 3 days + 1 field day.

3.1.1.2 Development of communication and information tools supporting the Mediterranean MPA
network and activities follows up Advisory Committee meetings

To strengthen the MPAs network in the 13 GEF eligible countries, to make it better known and to
develop exchanges between the relevant stakeholders in the region: a communication plan will be
designed to support the networking of MPAs, a mix of communication and information tools will then
be developed, and may include the creation of a new website or strengthening of an existing website,
including an Extranet, the edition of an electronic newsletter on MPA management, the development
of a MPA document database or clearing house mechanism, the publication of the Directory of
Mediterranean MPAs and Management Contacts. The role of the website will be especially
emphasized. A Webmaster will be hired. These documents will be designed to meet the needs of the
various stakeholder categories (politicians, wide public, scientists and researchers, tourists, fishermen
and other users) and will be easily accessible.
The development of the MPA network receives proper advice and inputs by the Parties to the
Barcelona Convention and relevant international institutions within the region. Two meetings of the
Advisory Committee will be implemented each year and a meeting of the National Correspondents
will follow one of them.

This activity has synergies and linkages with MedWet, IUCN/WCPA, Conservatoire du Littoral, Tour
du Valat, Plan Bleu, Ramsar Convention, Emerald Network/Council of Europe, ACCOBAMS,

3.1.1.3 Development of long-term management arrangements

A feasibility study will be contracted to an external consultant to characterize and evaluate the
different options available to strengthen the institutional and financial durability of the network. This
study will contribute to identify potential partners and include a roadmap to implement the
conclusions and a 5-year business plan (and action plan). Two meetings involving a representative of
each country are organized during the inception meeting and the final meeting. A minimum
coordination unit in charge of starts the implementation of the 5-year business plan (and action plan).

The feasibility study will be completed by the end of year 1. The roadmap to implement the
conclusions / best option of the study will be implemented in year 2 and 3. 5-year business plan (and
action plan) for the network is developed in year 3. At the end of year 3, a minimum coordination
arrangement is up and running and the business plan (and action plan) are under implementation.

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Activity 3.1.2: Identification and planning of new MPAs to extend the regional network and
enhance its ecological representiveness
(GEF 42,500 $, Cofinancing 3,022,500 $)

It enhanced representation of Mediterranean vulnerable and critical habitats brought under statutory
protection and integrated within a broader Mediterranean MPAs network.
In order to identify and plan new MPAs the following activities will be carried out:

3.1.2.1 Establishment of priority activities needed to create MPAs: the actual needs and demands of
countries concerning the creation of MPAs taken into account and a precise set of activities
to be implemented in each country agreed and planned.

A rapid preliminary assessment is needed in order to elaborate an Implementation Strategy, in which
priority activities and actions to be developed are to be decided, in agreement with national policies.
International consultant(s) will visit each of the 8 considered countries to:
- Examine, at a preliminary stage, the present national situation to create new MPAs
(starting from NAPs and National Reports within SAP BIO), regarding:
- Institutional and stakeholder / partnership aspects
- Environmental available knowledge
- Financial potentiality
- Visit to each of 8 eligible countries by international consultant(s team), to survey (based
on interviews to institutions, and local technical workshops) national demands and needs
- Elaborate together with national officers a needs diagnosis for each of the countries

3.1.2.2 Identification of stakeholder groups and potential partnerships

A technical expertise is to be developed to identify Users Groups (organised stakeholders), at the
national and sub-national level, likely to participate in integrated management schemes (e.g.
Fishermen Brotherhoods, Diver Associations, Tourism Associations, Agricultural Organizations,
etc.); to identify possible partnership at the international and national level, to provide an adequate
institutional framework to the participatory mechanisms

3.1.2.3 Characterization of priority marine sites suitable to become MPAs: valuation of marine
areas, in order to select the best areas to become MPA taking into account fisheries
communities.
Technical assistance by international consulting teams, in collaboration with local teams, will be in
charge of achieving environmental studies, whose overall objective is to provide criteria to selecting a
marine site to become a MPA with regard to other less significant ones, at the same time that
achieving on-job training of the local participants (activity linked with activities to increase technical
capacity). The following actions (translated into reports) are proposed:

A. Ecological survey
- Reviewing and summarizing (at national or sub-national level) the existing biophysical and
ecological (benthic habitats, fish and invertebrates, ecological processes important for conservation
purposes, main threats and impacts to biodiversity) information in the area.
- Ecological study (at national or sub-national level) to fill gaps in environmental knowledge-
establishing a preliminary description of marine areas; for all important aspects, this study will
provide:
- Large-scale (low resolution), GIS-based mapping;
- Ecological sectoring of national (or sub-national) marine areas, in function of agreed,
international criteria.

The Standard Data-entry Form for national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest (SDF),
prepared by RAC/SPA and adopted by the Contracting Parties in June 2000, will be used

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systematically for data recording, using the reference list of marine habitats, also prepared by
RAC/SPA.

B. Small scale fishery survey

- Reviewing and summarizing (at national or sub-national level) the existing information on
small-scale fisheries in the area (fleet and boat characteristics, spatial and temporal
distribution of fishing effort- main characteristics of fishing grounds by gear/m�tier,
historical fishing statistics, characteristics of marine resources, onboard sampling,
marketing structure and mechanisms, etc.)
- Fishery study (at national or sub-national level) to fill gaps in fisheries knowledge -
establishing a preliminary description of small scale fishery, by assessing in the field all
(or part of) the aspects above.

C. Advice to MPA-site selection

From the above information, a report will be produced on the (prioritised) list of sites worthy of being
protected at the national (or sub-national) level, and their main environmental characteristics (in a
standardised form), including size, taking into account:

- Previously stated MPA objectives and goals (including economic, social, cultural, and/or
practical considerations, as well as political judgements);
- Linkage with existing or planned conservation policies;
- Emphasizing the international or national significance for being designed �or potentially
included because of reaching relevant criteria, in a list of important zones (SPAMIs etc.);
- Emphasizing the possible influence of events located outside the proposed MPA (e.g.
land-based pollution activities) but which might affect the MPA;
- Their adequacy to belong to a regional MPA network, based on clear and concise
inclusion criteria

3.1.2.4 Ecological quantification of new demonstration MPAs ecosystems and fisheries: inception,
planning, zoning and development (management, monitoring and evaluation) of newly
created MPAs within three beneficiary countries to be based on sound scientific knowledge.

Technical assistance by international consulting teams, in collaboration with local teams, will be in
charge of achieving environmental studies, whose objective is to quantitatively survey the marine site
used as demonstration area to become a MPA, as well as surrounding areas, while providing on-job
training to the local teams to rise their capacity for their autonomous national future actions (activity
linked with activities to increase technical capacity). The following actions (translated into reports)
are proposed:

Ecological study (in three demonstration areas) to fill gaps in environmental knowledge - establishing
a quantitative description of the marine area to be protected, as well as surrounding areas, by
assessing:
- Shoreline geomorphology and land use (by boat-paths along the coast)
- Bathymetry (echo-sounder survey)
- Main seafloor substrate types (underwater aquaplane, skin-diving and SCUBA visual
survey)
- Inventory and spatial distribution of benthic habitats (aquaplane surveys, semi-
quantitative sampling by underwater visual transects and digital photographic
quadrats); special attention will be driven to particularly valuable habitats
- Quantitative survey of fish assemblages (underwater visual census on transects)
- Potentiality of zones for supporting ecological processes important for conservation
purposes (potential value for spawning, recruitment, nursery, habitat for important
species, etc.), based on available knowledge

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- Inventory of main sources of threats and impacts
- Fine-scale (high resolution), GIS-based mapping of main geomorphologic features,
substrates, benthic habitats, potentially important areas, and main threats
- Design of indicators for ecological monitoring actions
Fishery study (in three demonstration areas) to fill gaps in fisheries knowledge- establishing a
preliminary description of small-scale fishery in the area, by assessing in the field all (or part of) the
following aspects:
- Fleet and boat characteristics (by field surveys using questionnaires �directly to
fishermen, or in brotherhoods, administrations, etc.)
- Spatial and temporal distribution of fishing effort � main characteristics of fishing
grounds (by field surveys as above)
- Analysis of historical fishing statistics (if available)
- Characteristics of marine resources (by onboard sampling and/or landing data)
- Marketing structure and mechanisms (by field surveys as above)
- Design of indicators for fisheries monitoring actions.
The activity could have possible synergies with COPEMED, ADRIAMED, EASTMED,
MEDSUDMED, MEDFISIS.

3.1.2.5 Identification of stakeholder participation mechanism: target countries provided with the
means to plan participation mechanisms as a desirable part of MPA-creation process.
(GEF 0 $, Cofinancing 160,000 $)

A technical expertise is to be developed in the 3 MPA-sites to:
- Identify stakeholders (individuals and organised groups) to participate in the MPA-
creation process; Survey needs and demands from stakeholders; Propose participatory
mechanisms tailored to each new-MPA demonstration area, considering:
- Balancing power between partners (stakeholder groups and relevant authorities)
- Balancing vertical linkages (top-down vs. bottom-up) in a nested approach
- Establishing management structures to frame partnership

3.1.2.6 New fisheries-based MPAs in international waters (High Seas): Enhanced collaboration of
riparian countries for the creation of up to 3 SPAMIs in international waters
(GEF 42,500 $, Co-financing 42,500 $) � Implemented by FAO

From the existing Fisheries Restricted Areas (FRA), created by the GFCM, develop the procedures to
convert them in MPA. So far GFCM has determined three of such areas in international waters where
the use of towed gears is forbidden.
Legal framework to create SPAMIs in high seas already exists. International consultants will facilitate
the collaboration between experts and international and national institutions of neighboring countries
to meet, discuss and eventually propose one or more among these three areas as SPAMI.

3.1.2.7 MPA creation guidelines and teaching packages: practical methodologies to create
sustainable MPAs available to managers and practitioners

A considerable number of documents have been already produced worldwide to assist MPA managers
and practitioners to favouring, assessing, creating, zoning, planning, evaluating and monitoring
MPAs. Nevertheless, it is not the case when approaching the Mediterranean specificity, and even
more if we consider existing language obstacles. Capacity building to create new MPAs in the
Mediterranean region is to be reached by publishing detailed, practical monographs on relevant topics,
authored by well-identified persons and/or teams in the Mediterranean context, through the following
actions:

- Review on existing bibliography at the international and Mediterranean level, dealing
with MPA issues

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- Regional publications are to be produced, and translated into English, French and Arabic,
in topics not covered by international / Mediterranean literature, such as: handbook for the
management of Mediterranean MPAs; formative kits on MPAs as tools for fisheries
management; guidelines for regional coordination � transboundary MPA systems;
guidelines to installing material: new systems for enforcement (e.g. satellite tracking,
webcams, etc.); buoys; panels and warns; informative leaflets; etc.); guidelines to
organising volunteers staff.

A bibliographic review will be performed during the first 6 months of the project. During the whole
duration of the project, 5-10 methodological monographs will be edited and published � and translated
to English, French and Arabic (mainly online), by selected well-recognised authors

Activity 3.1.3: Improved management of marine protected areas
(GEF 0 $, Cofinancing 4,263,000 $)

In order to establish a functional exchange network of MPAs in the 13 GEF eligible countries, by
engaging managers, practitioners, relevant authorities and stakeholders in the MPAs management
process, providing them with the knowledge and tools to effectively manage the protected areas and
connecting them with MPAs managers and practitioners of the MPAs in European Union countries.
Through the following detailed activities:

3.1.3.1 Thematic exchange workshops for MPA managers and other stakeholders of existing MPAs:
managers, practitioners and relevant authorities of existing MPAs in the Mediterranean
enabled to exchanges experiences and good practices on MPA fisheries management and
fishermen and participation of other stakeholders in the management of the MPA.

The two workshops (3 days, 20 participants) are intended to enable exchange of experience among
managers of existing MPAs with the final objective to help managers to enhance the participation of
stakeholders in the management of the MPA. The topics where this exchange could be most beneficial
include MPA fisheries management and fishermen, MPA tourism activities management and tourism
operators, local decision makers and local population. These workshops will take place on the site of
experienced Mediterranean MPAs where stakeholders are successfully involved in the management of
the MPA and include field visits. A facilitator will help deliver the expected outcome. The
organization of the thematic workshop will be done in close cooperation with the managers of MPAs
of EU countries.

3.1.3.2 Exchange workshops on MPAs relevance and management addressed to managers,
practitioners and relevant authorities of new MPAs: managers, practitioners and relevant
authorities of existing MPAs in the Mediterranean enabled to exchanges experiences and
good practices on key MPA establishment management.

A way to facilitate the acquisition of these knowledge and skills to new-MPA managers and
practitioners is through the organisation of exchanges activities at the regional level, to take advantage
of the existing experience in already well-functioning MPAs in the Mediterranean. Also, a regional
training course is proposed to introduce MPA practitioners to the use of this important management
tool. Further to that, another training course will address the important issue of fisheries management
and MPAs. The following actions are proposed:

- Two Training visits in existing MPAs: organising visits of management staff and
managers of newly created MPAs (3 people from each ongoing MPA, 20 people, 1 week)
to already existing and well-managed MPAs, to knowing in situ challenges, problems and
solutions in specific case studies
- Staff exchanges (1-2 people from each ongoing MPA or other new MPAs, 1 week )among
newly created MPAs at the sub-regional level to share common experiences and
challenges

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- One regional training course (20 people, 2 weeks), to be celebrated in one of the eligible
countries, to introduce MPA managers and practitioners from selected countries on MPA
selection, creation and management issues
- One regional training course (20 people, 2 weeks) to specialise managers on fisheries
conservation aspects of MPAs management

3.1.3.3 Training sessions for MPA managers, practitioners and relevant authorities of existing
MPAs.

This activity will start with an assessment (6 month from the beginning) of training needs among
MPAs participating in the regional component. On this basis, two training sessions will be organised,
if possible at the same time as the thematic exchange workshops. Depending on the training needs
assessment, the topics will possibly include: Participatory planning and joint management;
Negotiation and conflict resolution; Organization of surveillance; Fisheries management; and Eco-
tourism development management.

They will be organized in the premises of one of the participant MPAs, include a field visit to the
MPA and be subcontracted to professional training organizations. Training based on demonstration
projects provided by participants or from other Mediterranean MPAs would be favoured.

3.1.3.4 On-job-training for manager, practitioners and relevant authorities in identified
demonstration areas, on planning, management and ecological aspects of MPAs.

The following actions are proposed:

Organising local workshops (with MPA staff, stakeholders, and external advisors) on planning and
zoning the MPA to reach the intended specific objectives and goals, to launch: legal establishment of
boundaries; zoning (including defining no-take areas); detailed site planning (by zones); regulation of
activities (by sectors of activity�professional fishing, recreational fishing, diving, tourism, education,
etc.); day-to-day management (including monitoring and sustainability economic aspects);
mechanisms to review and revise management.

Technical assistance: starting from existing experience in well-working MPAs around the
Mediterranean, and from the results of the above workshop, giving advice to new MPA staff to:
- Define and develop objectives and goals specific to the selected area to become a MPA
- Properly zoning the MPA, following the steps below: initial information gathering and
preparation; public participation and/or consultation - prior to the preparation of a plan
(see local workshop, action 2 below); preparation of a draft plan; public participation
and/or consultation � review of draft plan; finalisation of the zoning plan

3.1.3.5 Development of management tools: 3 basic tools developed or adapted to the Mediterranean
context, and translated into English, French and Arabic.
(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 335,500 $)

Specific management tools (two tools in year 2 and one tool in year 3) may be necessary to address
specific needs of MPA managers. This activity will contribute to publish management tools on topics
of interest for MPA managers. The needs for new methodological documents or the translation and/or
the adaptation of existing ones assessed. The completion of these methodological documents will be
subcontracted

3.1.3.6 Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the Kas-Kekova SPA, Turkey
(twining programme): guidelines and specific zoning for the management of recreational
activities in the Kas-Kekova SPA.

Framework
The Kekova SPA lies in southwest Turkey, in the Antalya province, and is located between the
coastal cities of Antalya and Fethiye. Starting from Uluburun located east of the town of Ka and

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extending to the plains of Demre, it covers a coastal and marine area of 26,000 ha, comprising many
islands. The area has an outstanding archaeological value as it was within the borders of the Lycian
civilisation which settled around south-west Turkey in 100 BC before it fell under the control of the
Roman Empire around 300 AC. Typical Lycian tombs, some located in the sea and the remnants of a
sunken city gives the area an historical value out of the common. Besides its status of SPA
established under the jurisdiction of the Authority for Specially Protected Areas, established under the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the area is protected by First Degree Archaeological SIT and
First Degree Natural SIT status established under the newly merged Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Part of the first comprehensive marine survey was carried out in Turkey by WWF-Turkey along a 300
km coastline. The islands and rocks off the coast of Kas and located west of the Kekova SPA were
identified as a marine area of extreme richness. Kas is a village known to be one of the most
important centres of diving in Turkey. Consultations, both at the governmental and community level,
led WWF Turkey to propose the extension of the Kas area to the Kekova SPA, to APSA. The
Authority sent the extension application to 13 different government entity having jurisdiction over the
marine realm. Approvals were received from all parties. The application is currently waiting for the
Council of Ministers' official approval.
The development of a management plan for Kas-Kekova SPA, including mechanisms to insure its
financial sustainability is a priority of APSA. A management plan, developed through a participatory
process involving all stakeholder groups, will contribute to the development of the local economy and
to the conservation of the landscape and biological diversity of this MPA.
This demonstration project has a special regional interest as it addresses one of the most common
issues of MPAs in the Mediterranean: the use of an MPA by scuba divers and other tourists. The
project aims to build a partnership among the diving clubs and assist them in developing diving
guidelines through a participatory process. The partnership between the diving clubs will be
strengthened through a protocol and the establishment of a "Responsible Diver" flag and logo, which
will be displayed by all the participating clubs. Once the partnership is established the clubs will
develop together the diving guidelines. These guidelines will initiate a management process for the
utilization of the area by divers, and will include the design of diving sites, species lists and
installation/development of a buoy system. Similar guidelines will be developed to provide a
management scheme for daily-tour boats, yachts and artisanal fishermen. A zoning map proposing the
limited use of some areas to specific recreational activities will be developed to safeguard some areas.
The project will be supported by a socio-economic analyze highlighting the comparative value of
diving in the overall tourism activities of the village. The result will be used to highlight the value of
diving for the overall economy and will be used to sensitize the local people for the conservation of
the unique marine habitats and biodiversity of the diving sites.
A financial mechanism supported by local stakeholders, involved in various tourism activities, will be
developed to ensure the sustainability of the project and create the resources needed for its
monitoring.

WWF Turkey is committed to assist the Authority for Protecting Special Areas (APSA) established
under the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry, in developing the management plan of the
newly extended area (Kas component) of the Kas-Kekova SPA. As the main users of this area are
currently scuba divers, major focus will be given to the management of diving activities. The
demonstration project is therefore conceived to develop, through participatory process, guidelines and
protocols for scuba divers, which will become a component of the overall management plan of the
Kas-Kekova SPA. Similar guidelines will be developed for other recreational activities (e.g.
recreational boats, yachting, daily-tour boats, artisanal fishing etc.) undertaken in the area. The
development of diving and recreational use guidelines will be done with the technical assistance of the
managers of other MPAs in EU countries, such as the management teams of the Medas Island
National Park in Spain and of the Port-Cros National Park in France (twining programme).
Specifically the activities planned are:

- Marine baseline biodiversity assessment of the area
- A socio-economic analysis of overall tourism's relationship with diving activities in the
area

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- Development of protocols among the diving clubs for the creation of a "Responsible
Diver" flag and logo
- Development of guidelines for scuba diving activities (the design of underwater trails,
species lists and establishment of a buoy system) defining the utilization of the area by
clubs
- Development of guidelines for other recreational activities, such as recreational boats,
yachting, and daily-tour boats
- Development of a zoning map highlighting the different areas open, partly restricted and
strictly restricted to recreational activities

3.1.3.7 Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the Banc des Kabyles, Algeria
(twining programme): concerted guidelines for the management of artisanal and recreational
fisheries activities in the Banc de Kabyles MPA.

Framework
The marine reserve of the Banc des Kabyles is situated inside the Taza National Park, approximately at 3.4
miles from the nearest coast, and located under national jurisdiction. This MPA include both a land and a marine
area. Covering a surface of about 600 ha, the Banc des Kabyles is an underwater mountain hosting all
underwater natural habitats, which gives it a primordial scientific interest. Its seascape and biological diversity
are outstanding and especially attractive for tourism activities, diving in particular � it has been said that a
diving observer feels as though s/he is in a vast aquarium, and essential for fisheries. The Banc des Kabyles is
indeed a spawning ground for fish, a nursery for most of them and a refuge area for breeders.
The Banc des Kabyles is included in the List of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Interest (SPAMI
List). This list, established under the 1995 Protocol Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas and
Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean, includes sites which 'are of importance for conserving the
components of biological diversity in the Mediterranean; contain ecosystems specific to the Mediterranean area
or the habitats of endangered species; are of special interest at the scientific, aesthetic, cultural or educational
levels'.
The Banc des Kabyles is still in good condition and not placed under major risks of pollution. The area's
management problems are linked to fishing, commercial as well as sport fishing and, though this MPA is still
spectacular, the seascape and biological richness have lost part of their magical character and interest, as shown
by evident signs of local impoverishment.
According to the local authorities (Ministry of Planning and Environment/National Littoral Committee), a
conservation approach would consist in the future, in diversifying the role of the Banc des Kabyles, making a
wiser use of its outstanding seascape and biological qualities by developing tourism in a sustainable way and
avoiding the detrimental effects of mass tourism and unsustainable fisheries exploitation.
This MPA will benefit from the development of a concerted management plan with the local community of
users (specifically, the artisanal fishermen) and from the exchange program (twining programme) with the
management team of one (or more than one) of the MPAs of the European Union countries.

The twining programme encompasses the following activities:
- To identify an MPA of a EU country (such as Port Cros National Park) whose
management team has knowledge and expertise on fisheries management, participatory
process and development of management plans for MPAs and is willing to twining with
the Banc des Kabyles SPAMI
- To establish the contact between such a management team and the relevant authority and
management team/technicians of the Banc des Kabyles SPAMI
- To organize meetings between the two teams
- To assist the relevant authorities/management team and technicians in developing
guidelines for the management of fisheries activities in the MPA, by facilitating the
exchange of knowledge and technical assistance with the management team and
technicians of the selected EU MPA and the organization of workshops with local
communities of fishermen.

Activity 3.1.4: Establishment of a regional MPA network monitoring capacity

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(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 1,671,600 $)

A monitoring scheme developed for the network of MPAs and implemented in at least one of the
countries involved in the project, through:

3.1.4.1 Feasibility and creation of a Mediterranean MPAs' monitoring observatory: a clear
framework to implement a Mediterranean MPA database, including a set of integrated
indicators.
A feasibility study to develop a Mediterranean MPA observatory will be implemented.
- Look for and develop partnerships with organizations in a position to provide data and/or
analysis and potential users (NGOs, decision makers, national and regional
organizations...). The opportunity of partnerships with existing databases will be
assessed;
- Organize a discussion between technical partners interested and users so as to define
objectives and content of the observatory as well as the contributions and responsibilities
of each partner, the potential structure and the functioning. This discussion may take place
through a workshop with partners;
- Define and create the framework and the operational structure of the observatory, and
program of work with partners.
The observatory will aim at:
- Identifying and qualifying changes of MPAs through inventories, monitoring and
evaluation programs. This should help to detail the location, surface and main other
characteristics of each MPA, analyse the evolution of these parameters to show local and
regional trends, evaluate the conservation status of MPAs and establish appropriate
conservation priorities, identify missing information in terms of knowledge of the status
of each MPA and on their resources;
- To sensitise decision-makers, users and the public on the importance, functions and eco-
systemic and socio-economic values among others, by disseminating the results through
the MedPAN network tools (Website, newsletter);
- To promote the development, the adoption and the integration of MPAs policies in sector
policies to foster a more integrated approach of MPA management.
- The database structure of the observatory will be created.

3.1.4.2 Training MPA managers on site monitoring and evaluation: framework of monitoring &
evaluation plan, indicators, guidance and methodology

An important step in a wise MPA management consists for the managers in elaborating a monitoring
and evaluation programme to: a) assess the status of the key values (biodiversity and socio-economic
aspects) of the MPA; and b) determine whether management is having its intended impact and is
effective.

The activity will consist of organizing one regional seminar (3 days, 12 participants) for technical
MPA staff, on the methodology to be used in the elaboration and/or improvement of a MPA
monitoring & evaluation plan. Technical exercise will be done during the meetings, to enable the
participants in progressing to the elaboration and/or the update and improvement of a monitoring &
evaluation plan as part of their MPA management plan, including the selection of a set of indicators.

3.1.4.3 Rapid assessment of the effectiveness of MPA management at sub-regional level: the Rapid
Assessment and Prioritisation of Protected Areas Management method adapted to MPAs

This activity (one seminar, 3 days, 12 participants) will provide a sub-regional overview of the
effectiveness of MPA management, threats, vulnerabilities and degradation. It provides protected
areas agencies with follow-up recommendations, and is an important first step in assessing and
improving MPA management. It will be based on the RAPPAM (Rapid Assessment and Prioritisation

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of Protected Areas Management) method. This method is designed for broad-level comparisons
among protected areas? This methodology has been developed specifically for forest-protected areas
and adapted to dry lands and wetlands. However to date, it has not been applied specifically to marine
protected area systems, although it has been applied to some protected areas that include marine
ecosystems. This activity will permit to adapt the method to the MPAs together with an ad hoc group
of MPA managers and be replicable in a large number of them, in different contexts; from the
Mediterranean region and anywhere else in other enclosed seas.

3.1.4.4 Demonstration Project: A monitoring system for the network of MPAs in Croatia: a
monitoring and evaluation system for the Croatian MPAs network to improve their
effectiveness. Set of indicators to monitor the MPAs tendencies in the country.

The activities proposed are the following:
- A baseline assessment of ecological and socio-economic characteristics and of the threats
based on existing literature;
- The definition of the objectives and the scope of a monitoring system for all Croatian
MPAs and the selection of a series of appropriate, simple and cost-effective indicators.
These will be developed through a series of workshops involving MPA management and
relevant national institutions. The workshops will be facilitated by experts in the field of
monitoring, both international and national, as well as managers of MPAs of other
Mediterranean countries that could bring their experience on the matter. The indicators
chosen will be selected so that the monitoring process may continue easily after the end of
the project.
- The development of a simple centralised database where the indicators can be stored and
enable a global vision at nation level over the concerned MPAs.

The project will be consistent with:
- The National Action Plan on biodiversity conservation as a part of integral coastal zone
management planning which includes the compiling of relevant data on MPAs and marine
MPAs;
- Croatian National Monitoring Program � Project Adriatic
- Eastern Adriatic Marine Ecological Network � UNDP Project submitted to the EU
Programme on Environment in Developing Countries, Programme on Tropical Forests and
other Forests in Developing Countries.

Building up of the national ecological network as a part of the Pan-European ecological network and
the Natura 2000 network ongoing activities.

Activity 3.1.5: Ensure the financial sustainability of regional and national MPA networks
(GEF 0 $, Co-financing 3,134,000 $)

In order to secure the financial durability of Mediterranean MPAs through the strengthening of MPAs
managers' capacity and skills on financial and institutional issues related to MPA management, the
following activities will be carried out:

3.1.5.1 Financial analysis for the establishment of new MPAs: financial sustainability of new MPAs
to be created with a better understanding of fund-raising approaches and opportunities.

A technical expertise is to be developed to: Identify financial needs and opportunities to create a new
MPA; Analyse existing financial tools to allow sustaining newly created MPAs; Planning alternative
(or complementary) financial mechanisms to support new MPAs. It is one-year activity by national
consultants and/or external advisors to perform the proposed action.

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3.1.5.2 Training of the MPA managers and practitioners in the elaboration of a MPA Business Plan:
PA managers trained in elaborating a business plan. This activity will contribute to
harmonize and facilitate a common approach for fund raising at the regional level, and to
strengthen networking activities.

A first step in a wise MPA management consists for the managers of elaborating a business plan,
which will give them an accurate view of their internal situation. A business plan is essential to
determine the capacity and amount of money needed to run MPAs and to set priorities for income and
expenditure. Such a plan contributes to makes presentation of need more appealing to investors and
donors and can help to entice cooperation and partnerships with the private sector. The activity will
consist of organizing one regional seminar (3 days, 12 participants) for administrative and financial
clerks, on the methodology to be used in the elaboration and/or improvement of a MPA business plan.
Technical exercise will be done during the meetings, to enable the participants in progressing to the
elaboration and/or the update and improvement of a business plan as part of their MPA management
plan.

3.1.5.3 Assessment of the MPAs global environment from a financial point of view: recommendations
aimed at securing the current and future financial situation of the Mediterranean MPAs.

A study (6-12 month) is carried out to assess the financing mechanisms for MPAs in the concerned
countries and the options available to improve them. It includes an analysis of all the existing
financing sources for MPAs (either domestic budgets or international sources), legislation and
institutional frameworks providing for the development of additional funding (such as entrance fees,
service concessions, green taxes, environmental subsidies, and Environmental Funds), international
development assistance Agencies strategies, priorities and willingness to support MPAs and capacity
building activities, and non-conventional tools such as market-based sources and collaborative
management agreements. It will also include assessing all forces, external (local political
commitment, NGO support, economic stability, good opportunities, etc.) and internal (MPA
institutions, staff skills and capacities, budget adequacy to investments and operational activities,
leadership, etc.). The interest and the possibility of regional financing mechanism are also assessed.
Support to countries is given to develop new financing mechanism. Regional financing mechanism is
developed if the conclusions are positive.

3.1.5.4 Training of MPA managers in the conservation finance mechanisms: increase MPA
management capacity in funding issues. Proven tools and mechanisms adopted to secure the
financial status of MPAs in the region by creating a common regional approach.

In general, especially in developing and/or new countries, the utilization of finance mechanisms and
tools is not very well known from MPAs managers. This is not an easy subject and the lack of
technical expertise is often perceived as a bottleneck in this matter. However, Parties to the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and others Conventions, are required to provide financial
support to implement their national biodiversity strategies and action plans and the lack of funding
often poses major threats to conservation success. It is the case in the Mediterranean region, where to
"scale-up" the use of long-term conservation finance MPAs mechanisms is of particular importance.
One training seminar (3 days, 12 participants) will be organized for MPAs managers, in order to make
them more sensitive to the crucial necessity of developing various and alternative ways of funding,
including national governments, international donor agencies, market-based and private sources, and
to improve drastically their skills in this particular and very technical field.

Demonstration projects and very concrete and simple successful examples will be used to give the
MPAs managers an overview of the available categories of tools (trust funds, tourist fees, fiscal
instruments, foundations, bio prospecting, and biodiversity enterprise funds,).

Recommendations and guidance will be provided to enable them to select the most appropriate tools
and mechanisms, in the context where they are, and to implement these mechanisms, in order to

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sustain the financial resources of the MPAS they manage. This activity will be performed in close
cooperation with experts in the line developed by CFA.

3.1.5.5 Demonstration Project: demonstrate long-term financial mechanisms for MPAs, Tunisia:
relevant MPA conservation finance mechanism(s) identified. Implementation of at least one
mechanism started. Strengthening of the protection of marine habitats of outstanding
biological and landscape interests in the region through availability of long-term financing.

Framework
The Agency for the Protection and Management of Coastal Areas (APAL) has the competence for the creation
and management of marine protected areas in Tunisia. The creation and management of MPAs is currently
mainly financed through projects, whether financed at national or international level. This activity aims at
securing long-term financing for the core activities of MPA management of the Agency.

Business Planning Approach will be adopted. This implies the following actions:
- Defining the financial needs of existing and projected MPAs (business plans) in Tunisia
- Identification and presentation of the conservation finance options to the concerned
national authorities
- Two-level coarse screening of the options and identify those that are most likely to be
viable (Screen for "elimination" criteria, Screen for goods and services connected to
"customers")
- To conduct feasibility studies (financial, administrative, social, environmental, etc.) for
one or more mechanisms identified
- To establish and implement one or more mechanisms determined to be priorities

3.1.5.6 Demonstration Project on financial sustainability mechanisms for at least three new MPAs in
different areas. Financial sustainability of the specific MPA projects to be strengthened by
planning financial issues based on the actual national (or sub-national) as well as local
situation and MPA staff trained in financial and management objectives.

A technical expertise is to be developed to:
- Identifying potential source of financial incomes to create and launch a new MPA:
International sources; National, sub-national and local sources; Private sector; NGOs;
People groups; Market-based incomes (fees, etc.)
- Establishing a Financial Plan based on the information above, to establish: Foreseen costs
(establishment, administration, employment, monitoring, enforcement, indirect, etc.);
Sustainability in the long term
- A training course to MPA staff in financial issues, to be held in situ.

3.1.5.7 Pilot Project in Libya: to assist the relevant authorities in making an environmental and
economic case for a system of C&MPAs in Libya.

Libya is Party to most of the relevant international conventions and agreements related to the
conservation of marine resources. Among others, in July 2001, Libya ratified the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD). Libya has also participated in the drafting of the SAP BIO of the SPA
Protocol (Barcelona, 1995). During the 13th Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Barcelona
Convention (Catania, November 2003), Libya stated that the western and eastern regions of Libya are
priority for the second stage of implementation of the SAP BIO. Moreover, Libya's National Report,
elaborated within the SAP BIO, identified the following major problems in the designation,
establishment and management of new marine and coastal protected areas: lack of the basic
information required to design, implement and maintain MPAs, lack of capacity on how to design
MPAs, no capacity to run monitoring and evaluation systems and perform economic evaluations. The
Report underlines the lack of a legal framework, as well as policies and conservation tools, to
designate and manage the MPAs as key factors hampering the establishment of new MPAs.
Nevertheless, under the SAP BIO, Libya has committed to develop and implement the following
National Action Plans (NAPs):

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National Action Plan on proposed new marine and coastal protected areas and national parks,
which aims at proposing a legal framework to enhance MPAs establishment, running pilot tests of
policies and actions in pre-selected areas and selecting new sites.
National Action Plan for the conservation of marine turtles and their habitats, which aims at
developing and enforcing ad hoc regulations, establishing a national management, research and
monitoring program, establishing marine turtle protected areas, promoting education and capacity
building, conducting public awareness and information programs as well as strengthening regional
and international cooperation.

In 1998, WWF MedPO has placed the coast of the western and eastern regions of Libya among the
"last 10 paradises" in the Mediterranean21. However, these areas may easily join the ranks of the lost
paradises without proper protective measures as urban sprawling, unregulated industrial, agricultural
and mass tourism development and intensive fishing activities pose mounting threats on these fragile
marine and coastal ecosystems. In July 2004, EGA and the Marine Biology Research Centre (MBRC)
of Tajura (Libya), together with WWF MedPO, carried out the first rapid biodiversity assessment of
the coastal area of the eastern region of Libya22. The survey revealed not only that long stretches of
this coast are granted with outstanding biodiversity and unique environmental values (including
nesting ground and feeding habitats of important endangered marine species, such as sea turtles and
monk seals), but that they are still almost pristine and undisturbed. This is a unique situation in the
context of the Mediterranean basin. However, the complete lack of solid waste management systems
and waste water treatment plants, the mounting urban sprawling, the uncontrolled extraction of sand
from the beaches for construction purposes, the intensive fishing activities (bottom trawling, use of
explosives, etc.) and the development of mass tourism are undermining the quality of the coastal
waters and shores. Urgent action is therefore needed to establish a representative system of coastal
and marine protected areas.

In September 2005, EGA, MBRC and WWF MedPO co-organized a National Conference on "Marine
Protected Areas and Sustainable Human Development in the Eastern Region of Libya" to present the
findings of the rapid biodiversity assessment. All relevant local authorities, international
organizations, such as UNEP/MAP, RAC/SPA, IUCN, UNDP, and several Governmental Aid
Agencies attended the Conference. The Conference convenors recommended the Libyan authorities to
give follow up to the international commitments and to the national plans for the conservation of
biodiversity by launching an initiative for the creation of a system of Marine and Costal Protected
Areas along the coast of Libya, in a context of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), to
function as the basis for the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable development of fisheries and
tourism and rural development. Following the National Conference, in early 2006, EGA, UNEP MAP
RAC/SPA, IUCN MED and WWF MedPO signed a Memorandum of Cooperation aimed at
supporting Libya in undertaking several actions relative to biodiversity conservation. Within the
context of such a MoC, a biannual work plan will be established by the Parties. The agreed work plan
for 2006-2007 focused on the following activities: i) launching the process for creating two marine
and coastal protected areas; ii) strengthening the legal framework for environment preservation in
Libya ; iii) compiling an inventory of marine sites of conservation interest and elaborating a
programme for establishing a national network of marine and coastal protected areas - criteria for site
identification; iv) the development of a national strategy on waste management ; v) the promotion of
sustainable tourism.

In November 2006, the Environmental General Authority, the General People's Committee of
Tourism, the Libyan Tourism Development Authority � TDA organized, in cooperation with WWF
MedPO, IUCN Med, RAC/CP and with the support of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tripoli, the first
workshop on sustainable tourism. Some 60 international and national participants representing
government agencies, NGOs, scientists, business, international organisations and research institutions
active in conservation, tourism and development shared good practice initiatives from many countries,
identifying the necessary steps for implementing an effective sustainable tourism strategy and action

21 WWF The Mediterranean Marine Gap Analysis (www.panda.org/mediterranean).
22 WWF/EGA/NBRC (2004) The Marine and coastal resources assessment of the Eastern Region of Libya
Background study for the preparation of a Conservation Plan. Environmental General Authority of Libya, National
Biology Research Centre of Libya and WWF Mediterranean Programme Office, Rome-Italy.

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plan. Practical measures for protecting the rich biodiversity of Libya, including the protection of areas
of special importance were also discussed. Tourism management in coastal and marine protected
areas was a main focus of the workshop, as these areas are expected to experience the highest level of
structural development. With the Libyan landscape featuring a high diversity from desert
environments to coastlines, it could be a major asset for a tourism development that would benefit
local communities and conservation aims, as many experts highlighted. The workshop generated
specific recommendations addressing inter-agency and inter-sectoral cooperation, institutional
capacity building, planning and implementation processes, and public awareness needs.

This demonstration project stems from the above mentioned recommendations and several meetings
with the Director and staff of relevant Libyan authorities. The objective is to provide EGA with a
strong (economic and ecological) argument in favour of the establishment of a system of coastal and
marine protected areas along the Libyan coasts.

Activities

A marine and coastal biodiversity assessment:

Organize an initial meeting (EGA, NBRC and other scientists and WWF experts) to discuss
objectives and current availability of data, and elaborate a plan for fieldwork
Compile available existing data to be used in producing a map of the communities and
habitats of the Libyan coast
Field assessment to be conducted by the team during an intensive 1.5-month field trip. This
trip will involve data collection using standard underwater survey techniques using SCUBA
diving
Develop a GIS database with biological information and a MPA-sitting model run to
recommend options for the location of MPAs
Elaborate a report and a map of the system of MPAs, including areas suitable for low-impact
tourism development

Economic costs and benefits of the identified system of MPAs;

Economic value of identified low-impact sustainable tourism activities:

Identify low-impact, sustainable tourism activities that should be encouraged in the identified
sensitive areas and their vicinity
Engage tourism development companies to prepare examples and layouts of alternative
tourism developments and to estimate the demand they could capture
Estimating economic cost and benefits of such tourism development based in the previous
steps plus current experiences from other areas in the Mediterranean and elsewhere
Elaborate final report on the cost & benefit analysis.

The project will provide EGA and NBRC with the baseline information needed to make a strong
argument in support to the establishment of a national system of MPAs and the development of
sustainable tourism to the benefit of both the MPAs system (financial sustainability) and the local
communities.
This project will deliver map of the major ecological communities and habitats of the Libyan coast,
focusing on near shore emerged habitats and underwater habitats to 30 m depth. Spatial database on
abundance and diversity of major groups of species on the shallow marine ecosystems of the Libyan
coast. A Geographic Information System (GIS) database of marine and coastal ecosystems. A
portfolio of options for a network of MPAs that include the ecologically most valuable areas, to
inform EGA officials for decision making. A report on the estimated economic costs and benefits of
the identified system of MPAs. A report on the estimated economic value of the low-impact,
sustainable tourism development.

Activity 3.1.6: Improve the legal governance frameworks of marine protected areas

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(GEF 0 $, Cofinancing 845,000 $)

In order to provide a single legal governance approach to support the establishment and function of
marine protected areas throughout the Mediterranean region that is coherent with regional resolutions
and agreements, and in order to provide a framework for legislation development at national level.

3.1.6.1 Analysing existing national (or sub-national) and site-specific (local) laws and rules to
protect marine habitats, species and areas � identifying existing gaps in legislation and level
of compliance and proposing updates of legislation to fill in identified gaps: national
authorities will have information and elements to launch the needed legislative reforms to
effectively creating new MPAs.

In those countries where this gap analysis and updating appears to be necessary, in order to launch the
process of MPA creation, a technical assistance is to be performed, covering the following aspects:
Analysing existing national (or sub-national) and site-specific (local) laws and rules to protect marine
habitats, species and areas � identifying existing gaps in legislation and level of compliance;
Proposing updates of legislation to fill in identified gaps.

3.1.6.2 Analysing existing national (or sub-national) conservation and/or fisheries policies in which
including MPA systems; clarifying competencies at national (and sub-national) level
regarding the management of littoral areas; establishing the institutional framework for
managing marine areas at the national and sub-national level, and their capabilities (in terms
of budget and opportunities); proposing coordination mechanisms among sectors at the
national level (within an ICZM scheme) to ensure appropriate management of ongoing
MPAs: the institutional situation at national level clarified and assessed; national authorities
receive clues to reforming institutional arrangements and coordination mechanisms in order
to facilitate the MPA creation process.

A technical assistance, to be performed by a national team (with external advise where needed), is
proposed to:
- Analysing existing national (or sub-national) conservation and/or fisheries policies in
which, including MPA systems;
- Clarifying competencies at national (and sub-national) level regarding the management of
littoral areas;
- Establishing the institutional framework for managing marine areas at the national and
sub-national level, and their capabilities (in terms of budget and opportunities);
- Proposing coordination mechanisms among sectors at the national level (within an ICZM
scheme) to ensure appropriate management of ongoing MPAs.

3.1.6.3 Training to support governance of MPAs in the region more effective; training sessions will
also facilitate exchange of data and experience between the MPAs managers and national
stakeholders: enhancement of the experience and skills among the MPA managers and
national points; identification of major gaps in national legislations, recommendations and
"guidance" to fill them.

Training is given a particular importance to make the management of the MPAS in the region more
effective; training sessions will also facilitate exchange of data and experience between the MPAs
managers and national stakeholders. The use of law for protecting sea is a complicated matter due
partly to the fact that species and natural habitats belong to nobody in the high sea and that
international treaties became more and more numerous in the near past. However these legal
instruments have direct effects in the internal law and must be implemented as appropriate at national
level. The activity will encompass one (1) training session on the subject of the implementation of the
international and European law at national level, in relation to the management of MPAs. It will
gather 25 participants, half of them MPAs managers and half national focal points implicated in the
MPAs at national level. The session will be organized year 1 of the project and it will benefit from the
conclusions of the ongoing study ordered by RAC SPA, on the legal needs to strengthen the

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management of existing MPAs. The key legal and policy instruments will be presented to the
participants with clear indications on their effects on the management of MPAs, at national and at site
levels. Representatives from the relevant Conventions and treaties will be invited to intervene at the
sessions; 1-2 legal experts from the region will facilitate the discussions. This seminar will (1)
facilitate for each country the appraisal of the situation, (2) open a discussion on the main gaps and
weaknesses, (3) conclude on recommendations to be assessed and further developed. This activity will
contribute to ensure that the measures adopted within the framework of world and regional
conventions to which the Mediterranean countries are Parties, are fully and well incorporated in
national MPAs legislation.

3.1.6.4 User's guide intended to the MPAs managers, will be published in three languages (English,
French and Arabic), on the "Legal aspects of MPAs in the Mediterranean region: improved
sharing and dissemination of information on best governance practices in the region, a better
regional networking efficiency. Updated legislation to conserve biodiversity and landscape
through the MPAs' network. Reinforcement of human resources and skills in administrative
management of MPAs. Improvement of management methods.

Based on the results obtained from the conclusions of the study mentioned above, a user's guide
intended to the MPAs managers, will be published in three languages (English, French and Arabic),
on the "Legal aspects of MPAs in the Mediterranean region". This very basic guide will make the
managers sensitive to the international treaties on protection of the landscape and biological diversity
in the region, as well as concerning the main uses and socio-economic activities of significant effects
on the MPAs (fisheries, use of natural resources, tourism, diving, hunting). This guide will also be
available on the website of MedPAN.

Sub-Component 3.2. Promote the Sustainable Use of Fisheries Resources in the
Mediterranean through Ecosystem-based Management Approaches
(GEF 757,500 $, Cofinancing 2,157,500 $)

The objective of the Sub-Component is to increase the ability of coastal nations to utilise coastal and
high seas resources through the adoption of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management and the
application of targeted interventions to reduce bycatch and other unsustainable fishing practices.

There are three issues of special relevance regarding organization of fisheries research and management: 1) the
harmonization of national fisheries policies with regional and international obligations as it concerns the
ecosystem impact of fishing, 2) the degree of integration (=coherence) of biodiversity conservation policies and
fisheries management policies, affecting policy and decision-making structures, and 3) the degree of effective
stakeholder involvement in conservation initiatives related to fishing. These are critical to governance of marine
biodiversity conservation, related as they are with the integration of policies, whether horizontally, as in the
second case, or vertically as in the first and third ones.
Current research and management structures could be major shortcomings in the integration into national
legislation of regional international obligations relative to reduce the impact of fisheries on marine biodiversity
and ecosystems. To propose corrective measures for the performance of national research and management
structures to deliver on the reduction of the impact of fisheries on marine biodiversity and ecosystems, with
especial relevance to the structural and functional features of national fisheries and environmental agencies and
the integration of fisheries management and environmental protection policies.
Non-compliance with current fisheries regulations is a major and widespread problem in the region. This is a
high level issue underlying many of the problems related to the impact of fishing on biodiversity and critical
habitats. Its root causes range from general over fishing and insufficient means for enforcement, to education
deficits. Existing legislation is in any case incomplete to ensure the protection of biodiversity and critical
habitats. However, it is clear that better legislation alone, without ensuring compliance, will not be an effective
deterrent. A multilevel approach to the problem is therefore required. This strategy focuses on improving
legislation and compliance-related issues; education being both relevant here, and a major issue, it is specifically
addressed by sub component 2.3.2. It must be admitted too that lack of compliance is a general problem in
conventional fisheries management, rather than specific to the environmental dimension of fishing. To update
legislation and develop mechanisms to ensure its implementation and enforcement in order to protect marine
biodiversity and critical habitats from fishing.

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This strategy is intimately linked to the conclusions drawn up from the other strategies under other Component 2
activities. If the current strategy is to be implemented effectively, joint working groups addressing this and the
other strategies should be created, so that it deals with a specific agenda of relevant problems. These joint
working groups should be mandated to identify as well any shortcomings in compliance, enforcement and
legislation, preventing the successful implementation of the different strategies. Proposed solutions (including
more efficient monitoring, control and surveillance; MCS) should take stakeholders' interests into account and
must be designed so as to maximize their active involvement.

Activity 3.2.1: Establishment of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management at regional
and sub-regional levels
(GEF 179,700 $, Co-financing 979,700 $)

In order to assist the countries to improve the capacity building and research, management,
governance and legislation for ecosystem approach to fisheries, the following activities will be carried
out:

3.2.1.1 Identify regional needs and priorities for mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into
fisheries research and management in four countries (Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia, Montenegro):
practical directions to enhance the full development of EAF-based research supporting the
implementation of policies to address the impact of fisheries on marine biodiversity and
ecosystems

Consultations with national relevant stakeholders knowlegeable of fisheries assessment and
management will be organized to share their information, experiences and views about Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries (EAF) achivements and needs. These stakeholders include selected focal
officials from fisheries, environmental and science national agencies, as well as national scientists and
key international experts on EAF. Coverage of biodiversity protection issues by the main national
fisheries research programs, as well as integration of environmental protection into management
measures in force will be analyzed and major gaps will be identified.

3.2.1.2 Implement biodiversity conservation and ecosystem approach into fisheries research and
management in four countries (Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia, Montenegro): integration of
ecosystem and environmental considerations in effective fisheries management policy.

Develop approaches and toolkits for replication at national level. FRIs will be assisted to define
relevant research needs, approaches and capacity-building needs. Also establish principle of cross-
sectoral coordination with Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and wider environmental
management.

3.2.1.3 Development of legal and management reforms to ensure the long-term limitation of fishing
impacts on biodiversity and marine ecosystems in four countries (Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia,
Montenegro): Overall fishing impacts on biodiversity and marine ecosystems are greatly
reduced over the long-term.

Rapid appraisal compliance analyses will be carried out based on a set of few straightforward
indicators, relevant to the effect of fishing on biodiversity and marine ecosystems at the pan-
Mediterranean level. These will include, at least and as appropriate, a) the incidence of illegal
trawling on Posidonia beds or on restricted coastal areas, b) the incidence of illegal driftnet fishing
(large scale and/or targeting large pelagic fish), c) the incidence of illegal fishing practices like
dynamite and poison fishing, and d) the incidence of by-catch on protected cetaceans and sea turtles
(plus any other compliance indicator, as deemed necessary).

Standard root causes analyses will be developed at a national basis to address the ultimate factors
leading to non-compliance scenarios identified.

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Determine the real shortcomings in legislation at a national level to ensure the conservation of marine
biodiversity and habitat integrity related to fishing. Legislation needs will be related to both the
improvement (reform) of existing legislation and any identified gaps in national legislation, and will
be established accounting for (and tailored to) externalities affecting compliance To this end,
accompanying measures entailing compensatory measures or incentives to enhance stakeholder
compliance will be duly considered as appropriate.

Determine the real shortcomings in monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) at a national level to
ensure compliance with legislation limiting the harmful effects of fishing on biodiversity and marine
ecosystems.

Activity 3.2.2: Reduction of bycatch of regionally important species at a fleet level
(GEF 512,300 $, Co-financing 1,012,300 $)

In order to reduce the levels the by-catch mortality inflicted by fishing fleets on populations of
particularly vulnerable species of fish and invertebrates and on marine mammals (including cetaceans
and the monk seal), turtles and sea birds.

Fisheries are a major threat for protected and endangered species in the Mediterranean. Currently the goals of
the organizations and ministries dealing with fisheries are the assessment and management of fishing resources,
usually employing the so-known TROM (target resource-orientated management) approach. Recent
developments raise the necessity to generalize this approach to the exploited ecosystem, consequently the EAF
(ecosystem approach to fisheries), also known as EBM (ecosystem based management), is being developed and
implemented in some very particular areas of the world.
Although some attempts to apply various EAF issues to the Mediterranean (particularly by GFCM), the situation
is far from being satisfactory. Furthermore, the mandate of GFCM regards fishing resources, not non-target
species,
The direct commercial exploitation of especially vulnerable fish species (such as chondrichthyans in general,
dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus or eel Anguilla anguilla), causes important conservation problems, as
reported in many of the SAP BIO national documents and stressed by IUCN. This is true of other vulnerable
species taken as by-catch such as non-target cartilaginous fish, sea horses Hippocampus spp., certain gobies of
genus Pomatochistus, etc. According to the information available, cartilaginous fish deserve priority protection
from the effects of both direct fisheries and by-catch. Whilst regional protection under Barcelona Convention
has been achieved for the basking shark (Cethorhinus maximus), great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)
and giant devil Ray (Mobula mobular), IUCN highlights particular concern for sawfishes (Pristis spp; critically
endangered status), sand tiger sharks (Carcharias taurus and Odontaspis ferox; critically endangered status) and
gray skate (Dipturus batis; endangered status). The effect of fisheries on eel, dusky grouper and sea horses
(listed in annexes II and III of SPA Protocol of Barcelona Convention; the two latter taxons listed in IUCN Red
List as well) is also of particular concern.
Vulnerable invertebrates are also subject to commercial exploitation throughout the Mediterranean, as are red
coral, some sponges and the endangered mollusks noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) and sea date Lithophaga
lithophaga, the two latter being already protected under the SPA Protocol of Barcelona Convention (several
endangered sponge species are also enlisted in Annex II). In some cases the very survival of individual
populations of these species may be at stake. Given that the survival of individual populations is in many cases
intimately linked to the conservation of associated critical or vulnerable habitats, the different strategies or
Components should be closely interwoven.
Vulnerable, non-target species of cetaceans, turtles and seabirds are victims of unselective fishing practices
involving a large array of different fishing gears in the Mediterranean. Marine mammals, sea turtles and seabirds
are not harvested commercially in the Mediterranean. Although direct fishing effects (by-catch mortality) are
the immediate factors affecting populations of vulnerable non-target species, it is also true that indirect effects,
particularly those related to changes in trophic availability, also influence the chances of survival of some
groups and species.It is important to mention that fishing effects on cetaceans, sea turtles and sea birds are
relevant issues at the pan-Mediterranean level. This is not the case, however, for the monk-seal, for which the
fishing-related impacts on its population are a real issue only for Turkey given its restricted current distribution
in the Mediterranean.
This component fully addresses the integration of biodiversity conservation and fisheries management policies.

3.2.2.1 Risk assessment to prioritise regional threats to vulnerable fish and fisheries interactions with
iconic vertebrate species in five countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, priority
will be given to the 3 countries involved in 3.2.2.2): to assess the scale and drivers for the

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bycatch on vulnerable species (sharks, certain invertebrates, cetaceans, monk seals, sea
turtles and seabird populations). 1 or 2 fishing metiers per country to be identified and
targeted.

Hot spots regarding the impact of fishing on chondrichtyans, dusky grouper, sea horses, eel, red coral,
sponges and noble pen shell and bycatch on cetacean, monk seal, sea turtle and sea bird populations
are identified in all concerned countries.

To identify threats on vulnerable fish and invertebrate populations impacted by commercial fisheries
(target fisheries and by-catch) in the Mediterranean, including the identification of geographically
defined priority fisheries critically affecting particular stocks/populations. Priority groups/species are:
chondrichthyans (with basking shark, great white shark, giant devil ray, sawfishes, sand tiger sharks
and grey skate as particular cases), dusky grouper, sea horses, eel, red coral, vulnerable and
endangered sponges and the bivalve noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis).

Basic information will be obtained from a field survey to be developed along selected countries'
coastal areas concentrating the bulk of accumulated evidences of fishing impacts (considering both
target fisheries and by-catch) on the above mentioned species. Quantitative incidence of target
fisheries and by-catch and seasonality and geographical location of critical fishing grounds will be
obtained through a 1-year survey based on information regularly supplied by the fishing sector,
through agreements with fishermen organizations and selected fishermen, supplemented with regular
field monitoring. Specific questionnaires will be distributed among fishermen. Supplementary
information on the status of populations of the selected species from available studies and monitoring
programs will also be analyzed.

To assess the level of risk on cetacean, monk seal, sea turtle and sea bird populations related to the
identified fishing impacts and prioritize the most unsustainable situations (=hot spots), deserving the
implementation of immediate remedial action.

The significance of each by-catch situation i will be analysed with respect to the viability of impacted
populations; this analysis will be based on information obtained at the national level. Prioritization of
the different impacting scenarios at national level will be done according to 1) the total estimated
annual by-catch, 2) the information available on the size of the impacted population, 3) the protection
status of the impacted species both at national level and internationally (IUCN Red List, Barcelona
Convention), 4) the biological vulnerability of the impacted species.

3.2.2.2 Develop and implement demonstrable solutions to bycatch mitigation for protected /
endangered species of fish and invertebrates and for iconic vertebrate species in two
countries (Morocco, Algeria and Turkey): by-catch mortality on sharks, marine mammals,
sea turtles and sea birds is significantly reduced.

Site-based demonstration projects covering priority fisheries identified through Activity 3.2.2.1
relevant for Priority groups/species are: chondrichthyans (with basking shark, great white shark, giant
devil ray, sawfishes, sand tiger sharks and grey skate as particular cases), dusky grouper, sea horses,
eel, red coral, vulnerable and endangered sponges and the bivalve noble pen shell (Pinna nobilis) will
be designed and implemented. Spatial and temporal fishing restrictions in critical areas will be
particularly considered.

To design and implement a site-based demonstration projects on by-catch mortality mitigation on
cetacean, monk seal, sea turtle and sea bird populations.

The demonstration project will be implemented through an adaptive approach with a full responsible
involvement of concerned stakeholders, including compensatory measures for affected fishermen if
necessary.

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Activity 3.2.3: Identification and addressing of unsustainable fishing practices at regionally
representative MPA sites
(GEF 65,500 $, Co-financing 165,500 $)

In order to eliminate harmful fishing practices still existing in some areas of the Mediterranean and to
raise fishing stakeholders' awareness on the harmful effects of fishing on biodiversity and ecosystems
and enhance their capacity to participate in environmental protection activities.

Many SAP BIO National Reports rank some particularly destructive or harmful fishing practices (the
eradication of which is the subject of general international consensus) among the most relevant threats to
biodiversity in their national waters. The clearest examples are dynamite and poison fishing, commonly thought
to be limited to certain tropical developing countries, but reportedly occurring in Algeria, Croatia, Morocco, and
Turkey (dynamite fishing) and Albania, Lebanon, Libya and Syria (both dynamite and poison fishing). The use
of dynamite in small scale `artisanal' fisheries has a deleterious effect on both biodiversity at large and the
integrity of rocky habitats, and has even been reported to damage the hearing abilities of cetaceans. Another
harmful practice is the destruction of rocky habitats and benthic communities by the extraction of the sea date
(in some cases, involving the use of pneumatic drills). This practice is forbidden in parts of the region (EU
countries) and the species (Lithophaga lithophaga) is protected under the Bern and Barcelona Conventions as
well as listed in Appendix II of CITES; this issue is relevant for, at least, Albania and Croatia. Similarly, the use
of the `Saint Andrew Cross' fishing gear to harvest red coral is an issue at least in Morocco.
A further problem is the use of illegal driftnets, with scientific studies reporting them as inflicting strong by-
catch mortality on vulnerable groups such as marine mammals, turtles, birds and sharks in the region. This
fishing practice is totally banned in large pelagic fisheries in the Mediterranean by legally binding
Recommendation 03-04 of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) and
Resolution GFCM/2005/3 (A) of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean.
All these fishing practices are already banned in most Mediterranean waters, and even under international
legislation. Their continued use is clearly related to the lack of compliance and enforcement.
Promoting stakeholder commitment to sustainable, environmentally friendly fishing practices through education
(focused on increasing awareness and enhancing capacity and participation) is a major crosscutting issue
proposed in several national SAP BIO documents to address very different problems related to biodiversity
conservation. This Component should be closely linked to the previous ones dealing with more specific
problems; educational shortcomings hindering the successful implementation of the different strategies should
become the specific contents of region-specific education programmes.
Apart from specific education contents, this strategy should deal with educational approaches tailored to the
shared social and cultural features of fishing stakeholders (especially fishermen) in the Mediterranean. A critical
and socially and culturally sensitive analysis of the effectiveness of previous attempts to engage stakeholders in
good practices in the field of fisheries is essential.
Stakeholder involvement in fisheries-related `good practices' is not only an issue of environmental protection
but also an element of conventional rational fisheries management. Deficits in awareness and capacity extend to
wider aspects of relevance to target-resources fisheries management too.

3.2.3.1 Identification of significant fishing impacts in areas of particular vulnerability in five
countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria). The impact of towed gears on critical
bottom habitats, forbidden fishing practices and protected species significant by-catch
identified and mitigation approaches develolped with the support of stakeholders.
Hot spots regarding the impact of towed gears on critical bottom habitats, forbidden fishing practices
and protected species significant by-catch are identified.

Gathering information from different sources will be used to develop a Geographic Information
System addressed to locate hot spots o fishing impacts for further management issues.
The sources of information will be: (i) Knowledge of stakeholders (including scientists and
fishermen), (ii) Surveys. In two selected countries.

Risk and Sustainability

Risks

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The long-term durability of regional scale MPA network programmes depends on the political
willingness of participating countries to cooperate and to continue activity programmes and
approaches after the life of the GEF intervention.

The situation will be appraised regarding three aspects:

Financial aspects: The overall management of the biodiversity activities will be assumed by
WWF MedPO, (which is part of WWF International), as well as by RAC/SPA and FAO/GFCM.
These organizations have the capacity and the skills to manage project activities in order to
reduce risk to the donors. Their internal systems of finance management, budget control and
accountability are fully transparent and have shown a high professionalism over the years.
Institutional aspects: WWF MedPO RAC/SPA and FAO/GFCM are committed in the activities
embedded in SAP-BIO and regularly cooperate with the Mediterranean countries, the three have
a solid institutional core which guarantees a high standard of administrative organization.

Technical aspects: The links between the three institutions and the national partners in this project are
very close and have a long history of mutual cooperation. Moreover, RAC/SPA and WWF-MedPO
show a high level of expertise in PA management at international level, the former at Mediterranean
scale, which is the focus of this component, the latter also elsewhere in the world. The activities
proposed will certainly take benefit of the scientific and technical experience of the WWF network,
the RAC/SPA and FAO roster of international consultants and partner scientific institutions. Lastly,
this project help to enlarge the existing cooperation between the same partners, on the subject of
MPAs, as well as with the other international organizations working in the field of MPA management
in the Mediterranean region;

Moreover, each participating country has developed a legal and institutional framework for nature
conservation and is Parties to various international conventions (See Section 1.2) to protect
biodiversity, sea sources, international waters and wetlands, among others. Their commitments are
reflected in national policies and legal arrangements.

The MPA activities will focus on developing capacity at the regional level from which other ongoing
activities can be launched and will nurture existing frameworks. It will also concentrate on the
development of sustainable financing mechanisms, economic instruments, and the possible creation of
innovative financing tools to help achieve sustainability of the MPAs financial needs in the selected
countries and consequently keep the level of the risks as low as possible.

The success of the application of the ecosystem approach to fisheries strongly relies on the real
political willingness of national governments to perform an internal critical assessment of the efficacy
of national management structures (both dealing with fisheries and environment protection) in the
limitation of the impact of fisheries on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. This includes the always-
sensible issue of internal coordination among different governmental structures. The major risk is
clearly political reluctance to such a genuine internal assessment. The same applies to the effective
involvement of stakeholders, a major risk being a poor interest of national governments on sharing
policy and management responsibilities with civil society.

The actual level of compliance with fisheries regulations and the identification of major shortcomings
in monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) mechanisms are also key aspects to the success of the
activities.

The effective involvement of fishermen is essential to the success of bycatch reduction, including for
the initial identification of the priority metiers requiring immediate remedial action. A successful
stakeholder engagement approach is critical. The adequate design of mitigatory and diversification
measures for affected fishermen are also a crucial element. Besides, the fishing performance (with
respect to target fish species) of technically improved fishing gears to reduce by-catch of vulnerable
species will also be key to the success of the approach.

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For the effective reduction of harmful fishing practises, the full engagement of fishermen is essential.
This is key to identify main hot spots regarding the use of particularly harmful fishing practices and
also to understand the main socioeconomic elements necessary to implement a successful remedial
intervention (phase out plans, etc.). The success of phase out policies will depend on the adequate use
of MCS mechanisms, at least during the initial implementation phase of the strategy, and on the
adequacy of phase out plans from the point of view of the socioeconomic reality of the target coastal
communities (i.e. including livelihood diversification measures for an interim transitional period as
necessary).

The approach developed for the identification of priority areas is critical for the successful
development of this action. In this sense, the involvement and full cooperation of stakeholders
(fishermen) and the adoption of a rapid appraisal approach (adapted to a data-poor situation) for the
cartography of hot spots regarding the impact of towed gears on critical habitats is particularly crucial.
The latter is particularly important to ensure a cost-effective and practical low risk approach.

Furthermore, GEF financing for the full sized project will facilitate to reach a "critical mass",
facilitating the engagement of countries and other donors to contribute to the implementation of
priority SAP BIO activities, which had not been yet financed after the adoption of that SAP back in
2003.

A strong indicator of the regional commitment is also based on the contribution of the other regional
programs and initiatives to the MPAs promotion (MedMPA, MedWet, IUCN Mediterranean
programmes, etc). Contacts and exchange have been taken with most of them during the preparatory
phase and synergies have been sought so as to avoid duplications and to optimize the results.

In conclusion, the level of risk of this GEF-initiated program and activities related to it's ending after
the life of the project is also seen as low.

Sustainability
Sustainability of MPAs networking will be enhanced by a progressive transfer of project leadership,
overall project management and outcome production directly to the MedPan coordination unit which
will be designed to exist and running at the end of the project with wide stakeholders' participation.
Stakeholder participation has been recognized as an integral part of the project preparatory phase and
will continue to be emphasized during the development phase of it. Most of the activities will need the
close participation of the managers and other stakeholders committed directly or indirectly in the
MPAs management. In addition, the following comments can be made:

- A substantial proportion of the proposed project activities on MPAs are designed to raise national
and local capacities for MPA management.

- It is anticipated that the project activities will strengthen the influence of the involved ministries
and hence encourage great opportunities to increase budgets and the concern of the departments in
the future. So, it can be reasonably expected from the project, a sustainability of activities and
components beyond the life of it.

- Each of the participating countries has developed a legal and institutional framework for nature
conservation, and is signatory of international conventions to protect biodiversity, international
waters and wetlands, among others. These international commitments are reflected in national
policies and legal arrangements. All have adopted the SAP BIO programme.

- The Project falls under the broad policy guidance of the Barcelona Convention through the MAP.
It coordinates its objectives and activities with the mandated institutions in place (e.g. the
Ministries of Environment).

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- Subcomponent 1.1 is focused specifically on setting up a regional MPA coordination and
facilitation centre that is self sufficient once the project inputs cease.
- The project activities will not try to substitute the national and local capacities, but to identify
these opportunities and mobilise these capacities towards the achievement of the project
objectives. A substantial proportion of the proposed project activities themselves are designed to
raise national and local capacities for MPA management. It is anticipated that the project activities
will strengthen the influence of the involved ministries and hence encourage substantial
opportunities to increase budgets and the concerned departments in the future.

With regard to fisheries, sustainability of improvement in governance at a national level will always
depend on political willingness, as it concerns high-level political issues such as internal coordination
among agencies. However, once the resulting legal and managerial reforms envisaged in this strategy
are adopted they will likely last in the long-term.

The socioeconomic sustainability of by-catch reduction plans in the hot spots will be crucial for the
long-term sustainability of the project, as it will be the degree of environmental awareness of
fishermen and the firm commitment of the national authorities (including the adequate
implementation of MCS actions as appropriate) to avoid the return of the undesirable impacts. The
legal protection status of many of the species covered by this strategy and the international
requirement (under FAO IPOA-SHARKS) to develop national action plans to protect sharks will no
doubt contribute to keep the commitment of national government to the sustainability of this strategy.

The sustainability of the strategy to address harmful fishing practises relies on the adequate
completion of phase out plans, especially vis-�-vis the consolidation of alternative income sources, as
well as on the degree of engagement of stakeholders in the process. At a higher level, it depends on
the political willingness of national governments to comply with international legislation; the
consolidation and strengthening of GFCM and Barcelona Convention will no doubt contribute
reinforcing this commitment.

Sustainability of improvements in governance at national level will always depend on political
willingness, as it concerns high-level political issues such as internal coordination among agencies.

Regarding financial sustainability, although the annual financing needs for MPAs in the 13 selected
countries have been estimated at around USD 300 million, the existing allocations cover around 20-30
million a year, roughly 10-15 million from national budgets and other 9-15 million from international
donations (see details in Annex C). However this situation may seem weak, ODA Agencies may be
particularly interested in matching more long-term, programmatic and networking proposals as SAP
BIO, particularly when highlighting the ecosystem services and linking to sustainable development
and poverty alleviation targets on coastal zones. On their side, market-related sources are also a major
opportunity in this region, with over 120 million annual visitors to its coastal areas, being
coastal/marine PAs a highly valuated asset; most particularly the recreational diving is showing
successful self-financing examples from Egypt and from southern EU countries.

A substantial proportion of the expected co-financing by governments is derived from the existing
staff and recurrent budgets of the involved ministries, mainly the Ministries of Environment, and
other governmental departments. All in all, the chances for matching this Project needs and for
sustainable financing must be considered high given the total GEF Full Project contribution for MPAs
is much less than what the 13 beneficiary countries are already spending through their recurrent
allocations to protected areas. The main funding opportunities are national budgets from the
Ministries of Environment in the beneficiary countries. National governments may tap on their
national Environmental Funds.

On the other hand, each country can produce proposals to either the Governmental biodiversity
foundations in France (Conservatoire du Littoral), Italy (Federparchi) and Spain (Fundaci�n
Biodiversidad) or to the ODA Agencies traditionally supporting the biodiversity conservation in the
Mediterranean (France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the EU).

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Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

There are already a wide number of activities at both national and regional levels to promote the
conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal biodiversity. These include, in no particular
order, the following initiatives:

EC Natura 2000: European ecological network composed of sites hosting (i) natural habitat types
listed in Annex I of the Habitats Directive and (ii) the species listed in Annex II. This is currently
limited to coastal sites but is expected to be expanded offshore in the near future.
Emerald Network: a de facto extension of Natura 2000 to non-Community eastern Mediterranean
counties, designs `areas of special conservation interest' (ASCIs) and was launched by the Council of
Europe as part of its work under the Bern Convention.

EuroParc: is the umbrella organisation of Europe's protected areas. It unites national parks, regional
parks, nature parks and biosphere reserves in 38 countries, with the common aim of protecting
Europe's unique variety of wildlife, habitats and landscapes.

Pan-European Ecological Network: PEEN essentially links core Natura 2000 and Emerald Network
areas physically through the restoration or preservation of corridors.

Network of Managers of Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean: MedPan is an EU
Programme Interreg programme (2005�2007) co-ordinated by WWF-France. It brings together 23
partners from 11 countries around the shores of the Mediterranean, of which 14 partners are European
(from France, Italy, Greece, Malta, Slovenia, and Spain) and 9 partners from non-European countries
(Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Croatia, and Turkey) to manage more than 20 marine protected areas and
are working towards the creation of several new sites. The basic aim of the network is to facilitate
exchange between Mediterranean marine protected areas in order to improve the efficiency of the
management of these areas.

Fisheries management is also essentially a recurrent baseline activity. At national level, fisheries
administrations seek to manage their fisheries through basic single stock management, effort control
and technical measures with varying degrees of enforcement. Fisheries research echoes this, with a
focus on the basic biological parameters of key commercial stocks, but rarely widens this to the
ecosystem level. On a regional basis, the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
(GFCM) seeks to (i) promote the development, conservation and management of living marine
resources, (ii) formulate conservation measures, (iii) and encourages training cooperative projects.
The GFCM regularly organises workshops and working groups within four sub-committees on (i)
stock assessment, (ii) ecology and environment, (iii) socio-economics and (iv) statistics. There is no
direct budget for scientific research by the GFCM coordinates and facilitates work conducted by
research the institutes belonging to member states, who will allocate their won funds to programmes
of mutual interest. Within the Mediterranean, various sub-fisheries management projects have been
implemented with FAO technical support, including COPEMED (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia23),
EastMed (Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Israel), AdriaMed (Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia &
Montenegro, Slovenia) and MedSudMed (Libya, Tunisia). Activities being carried out through these
organisations are typically aimed at improving fisheries statistics (catch, effort & landings), some
biological investigations and capacity-building efforts at national and sub-regional levels.
It is important to note that whilst standard catch/effort and biological investigations are recurrent
activities being undertaken by the coastal nations, they rarely include the wider ecosystem approach to
fisheries management. Having formulated the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, FAO is a
global leader in the development of the ecosystem-approach to fisheries management and � together
with its sub-regional projects and partnership arrangements - is ideally placed to provide technical and
institutional assistance to the project. GFCM will provide a coordination mechanism of these
activities, which will largely be implemented through the activities of the sub-regional fisheries
projects with co-funding from GEF.

23 Non-eligible countries excluded from listing

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Component 4: Project Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies,
Management and M&E

Sub-Component 4.1: Project Co-ordination, Management and M&E
(GEF 2,851,000 $, Co-financing 2,540,000 $)

This sub-component includes activities related to the SP project coordination and management, M&E
activities and the involvement of stakeholders in project activities and demonstrations. It will establish
effective project implementation and coordination at both regional and national levels to ensure that
the projected outputs are delivered and the overall objectives achieved. It will also include
mechanisms and activities designed to:

� facilitate and foster synergies between the two components of the project and ensure that the
Strategic Partnership as a whole is implemented in parallel;
� ensure country ownership of partnership processes;
� ensure policy reforms in participating countries, through the use of existing and well
established Barcelona Convention and MAP structures and mechanisms;
� ensure that a resource mobilization strategy/financing mechanism is developed;
� ensure effective monitoring and evaluation throughout the lifespan of the project; and
� make use of Information/Communication and Replication Strategies as well as Knowledge
Management products to influence policy changes in participating countries.

Three basic management and coordination structures will be created for the duration of the project: a
Project Management Unit (PMU), a Strategic Partnership Project Steering Committee (SPSC), and a
Coordination Group (SPCG). All three structures have specific responsibilities and tasks within the
project with important linkages between them. A brief, but more specific, description of the activities
in this sub-component is provided in the following sub-sections.

4.1.1: Program Management Unit (PMU)
(GEF 1,281,000 $, Co-financing 626,000 $)

A Program Management Unit (PMU) will be established and personnel will be recruited by
UNEP/MAP as defined in the Implementation Arrangements (see below). The PMU will comprise
a Project Manager, a Mediterranean marine and Coastal expert who will dedicate part of his/her time
to assist the Project Manager and one financial assistant.

Activities of the PMU will include the following:

�
to closely follow the implementation of project activities, handle day-to-day project issues
and requirements, coordinate them and ensure a high degree of transnational and inter-
institutional collaboration (international and regional organizations and donors).
�
to organize of SPSC, SPCG and interagency meetings, and any other ad-hoc meetings that
may be required,
�
to finalize project and meeting reports i.e. annual project reports, half-yearly progress reports
and expense reports. It will also assist the GEF Independent Office of Evaluation in preparing
the mid-term and final evaluations of the project. The PMU will report to the other three
management and co-ordination structures set up within the project, namely the SPSC, and the
CG;
�
to ensure that through the numerous M&E related activities (see Annex E for full details) an
adaptive management approach is adopted to the implementation of the project.
F
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�
the development of environmental status indicators, in collaboration with all executing and
co-executing agencies, reflecting SAP targets and agreements, which will be identified at the
beginning of the project along with specific arrangements for their long-term monitoring
during and beyond the lifespan of the project (with the support of MAP).

The lifetime of the PMU will extend for a period of six months beyond project life to enable
finalization and closure of all outstanding issues, including financial matters under the various MOUs.

4.1.2: Strategic Partnership Project Steering Committee (SPSC)
(GEF 275,000 $, Co-financing 35,000 $)

The Strategic Partnership Project Steering Committee (SPSC) will act as the main policy body
overseeing project execution and will meet annually. The SPSC will comprise SP national focal
points from all GEF-eligible countries, representatives of the implementing agencies (UNEP and the
WB), representatives of the executing agency (UNEP/MAP), the GEF Secretariat, FAO and UNIDO,
the co-executing agencies (FAO/GFCM, UNESCO, MEDPOL, METAP, SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC,
INFO/RAC, CP-RAC, WWF, MIO-ECSDE) and the EU, the Project Manager, the President of the
Bureau of Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention, major donors (France, Italy, Spain) and
one NGO representing a network of NGOs in the Mediterranean. The SPSC will be co-chaired by the
President of the Bureau of the Barcelona Convention and the Coordinator of UNEP/MAP.

The presence of SP Focal Points from the participating countries will ensure continuous ownership
and national level support. The SP Focal Points will be identified by the respective governments and
will bring to the SPSC the perspectives of each country and views of the GEF and MAP Focal Points
respectively.24

The participation of the EU in the SC is important because it will represent the non GEF-eligible
Mediterranean countries while ensuring links and coordination with existing EU initiatives such as the
"2020 Initiative for de-polluting the Mediterranean" adopted in the framework of the Euro-
Mediterranean Partnership.

The presence in the SPSC of the President of the Barcelona Convention Contracting Parties and the
UNEP/MAP Coordinator will ensure that both the Barcelona Convention and MAP are at the heart of
the Strategic Partnership. It will also ensure that Contracting Parties are the beneficiaries of all the
activities in the same way that these Contracting Parties have benefited from previous GEF initiatives
in the area.

Specific functions of the Project Steering Committee will include:

� Review of the recommendations of the Investment Fund Advancement Report, including
project ideas identified by the World Bank and the Coordination Group (see below) and the
review of the status of Investment Fund Demonstration Projects that will include results
indicators and the status of replication activities at national level.
� Annual reviews of status reports submitted by each partner to the regional project and the
summary status report of the regional project prepared by the PMU. The latter will focus
specifically on progress in achieving: replication at the regional level; the use of targets and
indicators; satisfactory overall coordination of activities in the Mediterranean region; and
measures adopted in response to previous recommendations of the SPSC.

The SPSC will be responsible for the periodic review of the partnership project's performance,
assisted by an independent evaluator (TOR to be defined) who will carry out an annual assessment of

24 During the present PDF-B Phase of the project, letters have been sent to all GEF Operational Focal Points
asking them to appoint national Focal Points for the SP. A complete list of SP focal points for all participating
countries is now available.
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progress in the Strategic Partnership and report to the SPSC. The SPSC is responsible for endorsing
any changes to the work plan or budget that are deemed necessary and is also responsible for ensuring
that the Strategic Partnership remains on target with respect to projected outputs.

While UNEP and the WB will be fully accountable to the GEF for all project activities and related
matters, the Strategic Partnership will require a strong coordination mechanism. This will be
engendered through the SPSC.

4.1.3: Strategic Partnership Coordination Group (SPCG)
(GEF 210,000 $, Co-financing 530,000 $)

The Coordination Group will be responsible for the overall coordination of the Strategic Partnership,
in particular ensuring effective exchanges and synergy between the regional component and the
investment fund. Its membership will comprise:

� The MAP Coordinator (chair);
� Representatives of the GEF Secretariat (IW and POPs );
� The Project Manager of the regional project of the SP;
� Representatives from the FAO and UNIDO
� A representative of INFO/RAC responsible for the Replication and Communication
Strategy
� A representative of the UNEP/GEF Coordination Office;
� World Bank-GEF Regional Coordinators (ECA and MENA); and
� World Bank Task Managers.

In addition to the World Bank Task Managers responsible for Fund projects, project personnel and
representatives of participating countries, external experts and co-executing agency representatives
will be invited to attend meetings depending on the matters under consideration.

The Coordination Group will monitor the linkages between the two components, so that potential
synergies can be exploited. It will also ensure that consistency with agreed rules, targets, and
indicators is achieved. It will oversee the design and implementation of replication strategies and
provide advice on the IF pipeline.

One of the main tasks of the CG will be the review of ideas and opportunities for projects under the
IF. Exchanges on project ideas will occur informally among agencies, particularly the World Bank
and UNEP MAP. The results of these exchanges will then be consolidated and the recommendations
presented annually to the CG by the World Bank, including priorities based on replication potential
and the eligibility criteria established for the IF. The CG will discuss, and make its recommendations
regarding IF pre-pipeline and project concepts. Such recommendations, as well as the minutes of
exchanges at partnership level, will be attached as a mandatory annex to the proposal (concept)
submitted to the GEF for approval together with the WB response.

Another key role of the CG will be the review of the regional replication strategies of IF projects and
the monitoring of the basin-wide replication activities. In this context, the CG will be particularly
supported by INFO-RAC25, the partner responsible for the design and organization of regional
replication activities. INFO-RAC will prepare, in consultation with the World Bank, reports on
replication to be presented to CG meetings. The CG will be expected to provide relevant feedback and
guidance.

25 INFO-RAC will be responsible, among others, for the design and implementation of the Partnership website,
in collaboration with IW LEARN's tools and web based resources relating to IW Strategic Partnerships (Black
Sea, African Fisheries, East Asian Seas Pollution , and the Mediterranean, see also below Sub-component 4.2)
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In addition, the CG will review, and approve for submission to the SC, the following advancement
reports:

�
Advancement Reports of the Investment Fund and the status report of demonstration projects
under implementation;
�
Status reports submitted by each partner in the regional project; and
�
Annual Project (APR) and Half-yearly progress reports (HPR) of the regional project.

The CG will meet at least once a year at the MAP office in Athens, preferably in conjunction with
regular MAP meetings of the parties but in advance of annual SPSC meetings. The CG will maintain
regular communication via teleconference, and meet on an ad-hoc basis wherever required.

Strong co-ordination between the two components of the Strategic Partnership is essential to the
success of the Partnership, and has been noted to be inadequate in previous partnerships. Therefore to
ensure the WB involvement in the partnership, a budget is allocated to the WB for personnel and
expenses for their participation in SPSC, SPCG and M&E activities and in particular their
contribution to the Replication and Communication Strategy of the SP26

Activity 4.1.4: Sustainable financing mechanism for the long term implementation of
NAPs
(GEF 400,000 $, Co-financing 230,000 $)

Implementing Agencies:

The Programme for the Assessment and the Control of Pollution in the Mediterranean Region
(MED POL) of UNEP/MAP and the UN Environmental Programme/Mediterranean Action
Plan (UNEP/MAP) with support from Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (UNEP-GPA), METAP and World Bank

Background/Context/Rationale

The implementation of the NAPs is the main vehicle for the reduction of pollution from land-based
sources in the countries of the Mediterranean as set by the targets of the SAP. Following the
preparation and the formal endorsement of the NAPs by the national authorities, the task is now to
confront the challenge of implementation through which to achieve concrete, and hopefully lasting,
results on the ground. Attention must now be directed towards the establishment and strengthening of
the framework necessary to support the implementation of the NAPs. Central in this framework is the
issue of environmental finance.

Although the need for financial resources and the importance of including an Investment Portfolio
have been stressed to various degrees in the NAPs, the creation of the supporting institutional and
legislative conditions to facilitate and realize the flow of the required amount and type of finance most
suitable for the actions envisaged by the NAPs remains a major and specialized challenge within the
whole process of ensuring the reduction of the land based sources of sea pollution in the
Mediterranean.

The protection of the marine environment from pollution from land based sources entails complex
objectives and combined actions. These objectives cannot be achieved with conventional assumptions
that investment resources will be made available to match the estimated costs at current or even
increased availability of finance. In order to match the financial needs detailed investment planning is
needed to show the particular nature, duration and operational characteristics of the environmental
asset, infrastructure or intervention called for to reduce pollution over the next 20 or so years.
Particular type of finance is required according not only to the type, size and risk of environmental

26 See the budget for further details
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investment considered but also to the administrative, legal and social context within which the
investment will be undertaken, operated and utilized.

In short, environmental finance is a mixture of finance corresponding to the diversity and timeframe
of environmental problems and the institutional structure responsible for their prevention,
management, and solution and monitoring.

A straightforward interpretation of the NAPs prepared reveals several issues of concern from the
environmental finance point of view. Primary among them is the sheer size of the implied financial
requirement presented as needs corresponding to the problems at hand. There is very little prospect
that such amounts will be forthcoming. As stressed in the MED POL Guidelines used by the countries
for the preparation of the NAPs, the pollution reduction interventions were to be identified within the
context of a wider national development plan. There are however some cases where the NAPs present
a listing of financing needs which has been done outside the context of a sound strategic financial
strategy. Whenever this occurs, this approach combined with the enormous amount of reported
financing needs is in fact a recipe for inaction and a course towards the continuation of pollution to
the detriment of national and regional sea and marine resources. This approach is unsuitable as an
implementation vision and has to change.

In the few cases when Inter-Ministry Committees were not established, the observed separation of the
financial needs presented in the SAP and the NAPs and the hard reality of the implementation process
is the fact that the preparation of the NAPs reflected the work of specialists within the responsible
Environmental Departments or Ministries, or within specific units in those agencies. Collaboration
with, and exposure to, Finance or Economic Ministries necessary to tackle implementation related
issues was not always achieved. In some cases, the concentration of the NAPs on the `science' of
pollution overshadowed the equally important concern for the `economics' of tackling pollution.

The effective implementation of the NAPs assumes the full integration of both tracks such that would
highlight more sharply the priorities for action and the adjustment of the reported financing needs in
terms of financial demand and financial supply considerations. While finance experts do not always
grasp the environmental pollution risks, equally environmental experts may not by themselves
appreciate the process of activating financial resources tailored to the needs of what they describe.

The role of MAP as part of the UN System with strong and active links with all countries of the
region has a comparative advantage in networking, as part of its mandate, on behalf of the countries
with International Lending Institutions and other financing sources whose orientation or programme
outreach might otherwise exclude or limit access to particular countries, national economic ministries
or nationally prioritised environmental investments. MAP with its established legitimacy as a centre
for the environment in the Mediterranean and ease of communication and access to all stakeholders in
the region can give added value to the effort required for the mobilization of financial resources over
and above the already on-going programmes.

Description of activities

The enabling policy framework for sustainable environmental finance, focusing on capacity
strengthening and knowledge transfer necessary to support the activities of countries towards the
implementation of SAP and NAPs, should be put in place and operate within the following
programme activities:

� Over the life of the project: Recruit one mid-level staff at MAP to serve as resource person
and networking focal point for NAPs' finance. The staff would compile and maintain data on
funding sources and also compile data from the World Bank, UNIDO, METAP and other co-
executing agencies and other sources that s/he would identify. The staff would also be
responsible for the preparation of policy briefs and guidelines described below. MAP will
develop capacity to support SAP implementation post-project, thus helping to ensure the
long-term sustainability of the program.
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� Over the life of the project: Highlight NAP priorities in ongoing country dialogue with
Ministries of Finance, encourage inclusion of selected NAP actions in national development
plans and Country Assistance Strategies (CASes) or Poverty Reduction Strategy Programs
(PRSPs).
� During the first 2 � years: Through the preparation of policy briefs and guidelines for public
sector investments and privates sector participation, review existing financial resources and
programmes currently in use from official budgets, committed donor funds, sub-regional
assistance funds, etc., identify and quantify possibilities for increased financing from existing
tax sources or charges related to the environment, identify and quantify possibilities for
transferring funds from other programmes or from projects delayed or redesigned, identify
and quantify possibilities of forthcoming reductions in subsidies which may release funds for
the NAP.
� During the first 2 � years: Select 3 NAPs, one each from an advanced, medium and low
capacity country (criteria for selection will include countries/projects not covered by other
international financing mechanisms) for prioritization of interventions based on a "do-ability"
assessment done in cooperation w/the key national counterparts and stakeholders. Develop a
prioritization matrix to evaluate the following factors for each NAP: SAP relevance,
transboundary aspects as relates to TDA; cost; environmental impact; health impact; urgency;
cost-benefit assessment; "do-ability" factors; replication potential; availability of financing
(including partial and in-kind co-financing); etc. Do-ability includes ease of implementation
� aspects such as capacity, political/stakeholder support, and institutional, legal and technical
feasibility. Based on prioritization, assist each country to secure financing for
implementation of the top-ranked project. (
� During the second 2 � years: Focussing on evaluating lessons learned, convene 2-3 national
and regional workshops to increase countries' capacity to prepare financial strategies.

Objective

To ensure strategic financial planning and management within the NAPs execution cycle and
overcome the present difficulties of implementation.
Expected results:
- Collation and diffusion of information on available and currently used financial practices
diffused in all countries
- Collation and diffusion of information on private sector environmental investments and
interface with public sector
- Existing trends in environmental expenditures, sources and investment methods (domestic
funds) assessed
- Key problems identified and reform actions proposed
- Increased capacity of country environmental finance experts/officers
- Current sources of international and regional environmental finance assessed
- Sustainable financing mechanism/ platform established in the region
- Priority interventions of selected NAPs identified and assistance to secure their financing
provided to countries

Expected results:
- Collation and diffusion of information on available and currently used financial practices
diffused in all countries
- Collation and diffusion of information on private sector environmental investments and
interface with public sector
- Existing trends in environmental expenditures, sources and investment methods (domestic
funds) assessed
- Key problems identified and reform actions proposed
- Increased capacity of country environmental finance experts/officers
- Current sources of international and regional environmental finance assessed
- Sustainable financing mechanism/ platform established in the region
- Priority interventions of selected NAPs identified and assistance to secure their financing
provided to countries
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Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

Almost all NAPs addressed the issue of the financial aspects. Many countries consider the availability
of financial tools to cover the cost of NAPs as very critical to the overall process of the
implementation of NAPs. The implementation of this project component will necessary link with
other regional and international initiatives having the same objectives such as the EC Horizon 2020
initiative and the related involvement of EIB.

4.1.5: Long term Sustainability of Activities Beyond the Lifetime of the SP.

It is important that the activities initiated and undertaken by the SP will live on after the end of the 5
year period of the GEF intervention. The institutional framework for such a target, is obviously the
Mediterranean Action Plan and the Barcelona Convention. It is proposed that the Steering Committee
and the Co-ordination Group of the SP, in close co-operation with MAP and the Barcelona
Convention system, will set up the basis of a framework that will ensure the continuation and
sustainability of the SP activities in the years to come. To that end, MAP will bring together all
partners/donors/countries working in the Mediterranean, and ensure that there is a common vision and
direction of efforts in present and future projects.

Note: This activity has no budget allocation since it will be executed within activities 4.1.2, 4.1.3. and
4.1.4.

4.1.6 Inter-agency meetings
(GEF 0 $, co-financing 35,000 $)

The project involves a large number of co-executing agencies and in order to effectively co-ordinate
their activities and demonstrations there is a need to communicate on a regular basis. In additional to
regular emails and conference calls, all the co-executing agencies (UNESCO, GWP-MED, METAP,
MIO-ECSDE, WWF, GFCM, SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC, INFO/RAC and CP/RAC) and representatives
from GEF and UNEP/DGEF, FAO, UNIDO, MAP and the Project manager will meet annually, most
likely in conjunction with the Steering Committee meeting to discuss all technical issues related to
project activities and demonstrations, linkages with the IF, replication and communication and M&E.
The purpose of these technical meetings is to maximize interagency collaboration and to prepare
consolidated information regarding the RC to assist the work of the Co-ordination Group and present
to the Steering Committee.

4.1.7: Mid-Term Stocktaking Meeting
(GEF 0 $, co-financing 71,000 $)

A mid-term stocktaking meeting will take place in the second or third year of implementation. of It
will be convened a few months prior to a Barcelona Convention COP. Participants will include: all
Steering Committee members; representatives of the Executing Agencies, co-financing agencies and
appropriate GEF focal areas; and the managers of all Investment Fund projects both ongoing and in
preparation. The GEF Independent Office of Evaluation will also participate and present the
independent mid-term evaluation of the project. The Regional Project and the Investment Fund will
prepare and submit a consolidated progress report, describing the results achieved in the context of
established indicators, and containing recommendations for any mid term project revisions. This
meeting will provide an opportunity to bring project progress to the attention of the Barcelona
Convention COP.

4.1.8: Monitoring, Evaluation, Auditing and Reporting
(GEF 275,000 $, co-financing 73,000 $)
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As described earlier the Strategic Partnership consists of the Regional Component and the Investment
Fund. Both components will be monitored and evaluated throughout project implementation. The
M&E Plan for the RC is described in the current document under `Monitoring Evaluation and
dissemination' and details of all indicators, reports and budgets are given in Annex E. Environmental
status indicators will be identified at the beginning of the project which reflect SAP targets and
agreements. The targets related to these indicators will most likely be achieved beyond the life-span
of the project and therefore will require specific arrangements for their long-term monitoring. MAP
will be responsible for the long-term monitoring of these indicators which will be developed by the
PMU with the executing/co-executing agencies and will be presented and reviewed by the Steering
Committee during the Inception Meeting. The M&E plan for the IF is described in a separate Project
Brief submitted by the WB. The Project Management will be responsible for the monitoring and
evaluation of the overall outcomes/outputs for the combined IF and RC, the Strategic Partnership.
The outcomes/outputs and indicators for the SP are presented in the Log-frame Matrix (Annex B1)
details of the monitoring of indicators and reporting are given in Annex E.

4.1.9: Country Support Programme (SPCSP)
(GEF 260,000 $, co-financing 390,000 $)

Full country participation and ownership is crucial to the success of the SP. The participation of
country representatives in the SPSC is essential but not, in itself, sufficient.

To further increase support to participating countries and enhance country ownership, the PMU will
develop a Country Support Programme (SPCSP) along the lines of the GEF Country Support
Program to Focal Points (CSP). Limited funds will be available to strengthen the capacity of the SP
focal points to carry out their mandates for the support of SP activities effectively in their respective
countries. One of the major and most important tasks of the country representatives (SP Focal Points)
will be the establishment and functioning of inter-ministerial committees.

An amount of up to US$ 4,000 will be provided annually to each country for the purposes of the
SPCSP for the total duration of the Strategic Partnership (i.e., up to US$ 20,000 in total).

Memoranda of agreement between UNEP/MAP and each country will be prepared and signed to
facilitate the transfer of funds to an appropriate national agency.

SP Focal Points will submit to the SPSC for approval an annual workplan outlining activities to be
undertaken. At the end of each year, the SP Focal Points will submit an annual expenditure report and
an annual progress report together with the workplan for the following year.

Activity 4.1.10: NGO mobilization
(GEF 150,000 $, co-financing 550,000 $)

Implementing Agency

- The Mediterranean Information Office for Environment Culture and Sustainable Development,
MIO-ECSDE
- Non Governmental Organizations, NGOs
- Community Based Organizations CBOs

Background/Context/Rationale

The key role of civil society involvement in building successful projects has been acknowledged and
documented in many countries and contexts around the globe. NGO and CBO involvement in GEF
regional projects (e.g. on pollution reduction measures, awareness raising, education, training,
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management and monitoring) has increased over time and has in the past few years evolved and
grown more versatile. Meanwhile, both SAP MED and SAP BIO clearly identify access to
information, public awareness and public participation as essential components for the sustainable
development of the region and for the reversal of current environmental degradation trends and
therefore as key elements for the achievement of their targets. The governments participating in the
SAPs have also committed themselves to promoting meaningful citizen participation.

The activities foreseen within this project component are expected to significantly contribute to the
overall transparency of the implementation of the SAPs and to the enhancement of the level of
commitment of civil society and of other stakeholders, while promoting effective public access to
environmental information and public participation in environmental decision making in the
Mediterranean region. The participation of civil society organisations (with focus on NGO networks)
in the "Strategic Partnership" is expected to be a key element in achieving a higher awareness level of
the processes and results of the project; higher acceptance and ownership of the processes and their
products; increased quality of the outputs (policy documents, projects, products, etc.); strengthened
stakeholder participation and partnership building in the implementation of the project; increased
possibilities of the replication of the partnership and its results.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

Within the scope of contributing to the achievement of the targets established by SAP MED and SAP
BIO, this component aims for: the effective involvement of Civil Society in the "Strategic
Partnership" through the enhanced NGO role in the decision making, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation.

The activities will:
o
Ensure effective NGO involvement in the project itself on the basis of the NGO Involvement
Plan (final draft version attached in annex)
o
Feed into and complement the Communication Strategy designed by INFO/RAC with NGO
specific elements, deliverables, etc.
o
Propose NGO/CBO related modalities that may eventually contribute to the effective
implementation of the NAPs and achieve the targets of the SAP-MED and SAP-BIO.

The NGO Involvement Plan will contribute to achieving the above objectives by way of:
1.
identifying obstacles and challenges for public participation in the region
2.
identifying potential NGO involvement in the various components and sub-categories of the
project;
3.
indicating specific types of NGO involvement in the implementation of the project and
existing expertise of specific NGOs;
4.
presenting guidelines for mobilizing this involvement and mechanisms for consultation,
coordination, monitoring and evaluation;
5.
ensuring the necessary coordination and synergy with the GEF SGP;
6.
indicating how resources can be mobilised through NGO actions within the project.

Outcome 1: Facilitated NGO and CBO participation in all processes of the "Strategic
Partnership" components through awareness building among the NGO networks and the
public, information sharing, joint decision making, and monitoring and evaluation.

Output 1.1 Increased awareness of stakeholders and the public on the objectives and components of
the "Strategic Partnership."
- Support each project component to develop and implement NGO and Public Involvement
Plans
- Use existing NGO, Journalism and other Networks effectively
- Coordinate effectively with INFO/RAC

Output 1.2 NGOs and CBOs share their insights and on the ground experience in the consultative and
decision making bodies of the "Strategic Partnership."
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- Support the components in implementing the related methodologies and guidelines in the
"NGO Involvement Plan"

Output 1.3 NGOs and CBOs participate in the decision making processes within the "Strategic
Partnership" components.
- Support the components in implementing the related guidelines in the "NGO Involvement
Plan"

Output 1.4 NGOs and CBOs are involved in monitoring and evaluation processes of the "Strategic
Partnership."
- Support the components in implementing the related guidelines in the "NGO Involvement
Plan"

Outcome 2: Enhanced role of NGOs and CBOs in the region through participation in the
implementation of the SAPs and NAPs

Output 2.1 NGOs and CBOs are appropriately informed on SAP and NAP implementations, are
actively involved and contribute their opinions, concerns and expertise.
- Facilitation of access to related information as well as exchange of experiences among
NGOs and CBOs of the region,
- Strengthening NGO and CBO capacity needs and promotion of the measures needed to
enhance their involvement in the SAP and NAP implementation,
- Networking

Output 2.2 Small Grant Projects address the environmental concerns of the SAP MED and SAP BIO
in Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Albania.
- Make strategic contacts with the SGP National Coordinators so that project proposals of
NGOs and CBOs aligned with the objectives of the "Strategic Partnership" are forwarded
for National Steering Committee (NSC) decision.
- Follow progress of these GEF SGP grantees through the SGP Monitoring and Evaluation
System.
- Facilitate a network of these SGP grantees and integrate this network into the wider
Mediterranean network.
- Document case studies from projects identifying lessons.

Outcome 3: NGO and CBO involvement in the region strengthened through capacities
development, lessons learnt, and best practice knowledge products.

Output 3.1 Knowledge products for enhanced role and involvement of NGOs and CBOs in the region.
Output 3.2 Knowledge products including lessons learnt and best practices based on the
implementation of the SP

Risk and Sustainability

The component ensures carefully planned NGO and CBO awareness, involvement and capacity
building programmes horizontally linked through all components and sub-categories, aiming to
achieve the overall objective of the project while taking into consideration other on-going regional
initiatives in the Mediterranean (EMP, ENP, Horizon 2020, MSSD, other GEF and WB projects
running in MENA and SEE countries, etc.). Knowledge products, lessons learnt and best practices
generated by the project component will be widely disseminated to inform local, national and
international sustainable water management actors and policies and larger development processes.

The project component has been designed and will be implemented in synergy and close partnership
with the other Strategic Partners, key leading regional and national environmental NGOs in the
region. Inclusive efforts will be complemented by substantial outreach toward the wider NGO and
CBO community, as well as with other stakeholders. MIO-ECSDE's strong working relationships
and collaborative processes with environmental officials and other stakeholders throughout the
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Mediterranean region combined with a close relationship with the GEF SGP modality will help to
ensure that the progress achieved through the project is sustained over the long-term.

There is a risk that NGO and CBO involvement measures developed by the project may encounter
political or other obstacles in some countries that may eventually affect implementation. Many
Mediterranean countries face significant challenges in developing the legal, institutional and practical
infrastructures needed for effective public access to environmental information and public
participation in environmental decision making. In addition, differences between the Mediterranean
countries' laws, institutional arrangements, and political and social realities may increase the
challenges of developing common approaches to public involvement. The project component will
work to minimize these risks, which are identified and analysed in the NGO Involvement Plan, by
carefully considering from the outset the unique circumstances of each country, and the differences
between them.

Linkages with other programmes and initiatives

- All the activities are linked with the all Partners project activities, particularly with INFO/RAC
- MIO-ECSDE NGO network, other relevant regional and sub-regional networks and international
organizations, national and local NGOs and CBOs
- Networks of journalists working on environmental issues (e.g. COMJES)
- Other stakeholder networks (e.g. Mediterranean Parliamentarians � COMPSUD)
- MCSD
- On-going EuroMed processes (EuroMed NG Platform, RMSU, etc.)
- On-going ENP processes (e.g. National Actional Plans, Regional Med Strategy, Horizon 2020,
etc.), EU and GEF SEE processes
- UNEP/MAP activities
- National authorities/focal points related to NAPs implementation
- GEF SGP NCs, NSCs
- SGPMED grantees.

Monitoring and Evaluation

The NGO Involvement Plan provides guidelines and mechanisms on how each project component
should monitor and measure the effectiveness of NGO involvement throughout the implementation of
the component. At the end of each phase of the project components and also mid-way and at the end
of the "Strategic Partnership", a qualitative analysis will be conducted on how effective NGO
involvement has been, based on how each project component has been strengthened by NGO
participation and on how the project component has contributed to the progressive strengthening of
the role of civil society in the region. The inclusion of cost assessment parameters of efficient public
participation in the various components of the project will be a very useful and innovative exercise as
well. The related to the SP SGP implementation will follow the M&E process of GEF SGP and also
"the impact assessment guidelines".

Once the project is concluded a "manual of good participation practices" including a review of all the
different techniques and methodologies used for providing information and preparing public
participation plans and consensus-building procedures and a brief summary of the obtained results
will be produced in various Mediterranean languages, and widely disseminated. The manual will be a
case study for other regional transboundary projects in the region and worldwide.

Key performance indicators for evaluating the component's outcomes

For outcome 1: Facilitated NGO and CBO participation in all processes of the "Strategic Partnership"
components through awareness building among the NGO networks and the public, information
sharing, joint decision making, and monitoring and evaluation:

1. NGOs and CBOs have participated in at least two stakeholder consultation meetings in each
component by the end of the "Strategic Partnership."
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2. NGOs have one or more members in advisory bodies of the "Strategic Partnership"
components.
3. The managing/decision-making bodies of the "Strategic Partnership" have at least one or
more NGO seats from year 1 of the "Strategic Partnership".
4. NGOs and CBOs have been involved in at least one monitoring and evaluation activities in
each component by the end of the "Strategic Partnership".

For outcome 2: Enhanced role of NGOs and CBOs in the region through participation in the
implementation of the SAPs and NAPs:

1. NGOs and CBOs are involved in monitoring and control activities of NAP implementation in
all countries.
2. Networking activities are fully developed by end of year 3.
3. GEF SGP NSCs in 7 countries have approved NGO and CBO projects in each country
conforming to the SP objectives in every year of the project's duration.
4. Some of the above small grants projects have been visited by MIO-ECSDE or SP partners
during their implementation and access to the monitoring reports has been attained.
5. All of related SGP grantees have become part of the Mediterranean wide network and have
had interchanges with other networks by the end of year 4.

For outcome 3: NGO and CBO involvement in the region strengthened through capacities
development, lessons learnt, and best practice knowledge products:

1. The final NGO involvement plan has been published in paper and electronically and all
stakeholders have received a copy 6 months into the "Strategic Partnership."
2. A "Manual of Good Participation Practices" will be published, based on experiences and
overall participatory mechanisms adopted by different components of the "Strategic
Partnership" and related to the SP GEF SGPs and distributed to 800 stakeholders as well as
the Global SGP network by the end of the "Strategic Partnership."
3. At least 2 thematic lessons learnt and best practices publications have been produced in paper
and electronic format and distributed to 500 NGOs and CBOs as well as the Global SGP
network by the end of the "Strategic Partnership."

Supplementary information

The NGO Involvement Plan as Annex H
The NGO Involvement Plan will contribute to achieving the above objectives by way of:
- Identifying obstacles and challenges for public participation in the region
- Identifying potential NGO involvement in the various components and sub-categories of the
project;
- Indicating specific types of NGO involvement in the implementation of the project and existing
expertise of specific NGOs;
- Presenting guidelines for mobilizing this involvement and mechanisms for consultation,
coordination, monitoring and evaluation;
- Executing a Strategic Guidance Paper for the SGPMED;
- Indicating how resources can be mobilised though NGO actions within the project.

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Sub-component 4.2: Information and Communication Strategies
(GEF 530,000 $, co-financing 1,231,000 $)

Implementing Agency
United Nations Information Regional Center, INFO/RAC

Background/Context/Rationale

Pressure exerted by the public opinion on governments and institutional stakeholders, as well as on
the business/private sector, represents a considerable added value to achieve a full implementation of
international and national legislation and to obtain new and more sustainable rules in the economic
development.

Therefore, in order to make the Med. LME Partnership and its deliveries better understood, more
widely known and, above all, closer to specific audiences, such as high level decision-makers,
particular attention will be devoted to the use and adaptation to the specific context of modern IC
approaches, in line with the recent recommendations issued by the World Summit on Information
Society.

Together with the work to be carried out with the traditional media, a new approach to reach a wider
public and to enhance communication among LME Partners (Intranet) will be implemented through
the use of the most advanced ICT techniques, such as web sites, portals, and all other existing
electronic information systems. INFO/RAC is in a particularly comfortable position to design and
implement such a component of the project communication strategy, as it could benefit of its present
central role in the development of a platform (named InfoMAP) for the use and promotion through the
internet of the UNEP-MAP information archives and datasets. To this end, a collaboration and
exchange of experience is also foreseen with the GEF IW-LEARN team. Main objectives will be to
design and conceive the LME Partnership presence on internet making it compatible and in line with
IW-LEARN specifics and to participate to main IW-LEARN events (such as the IW Biannual
Conference).

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

The information and communication (IC) activities of the Regional Component of the Strategic
Partnership will include:

� Establishment of an IC mechanism within the Partnership itself to ensure comprehensive and
continuously-updated information exchange among partners regarding project activities; and
� Setting up an IC mechanism to the outside world to publicize the partnership and disseminate
information on project progress and results.

Considering the complex nature of the Mediterranean Sea, the actions foreseen within this strategy
will have to be executed at the regional, national and local levels as appropriate. The following
activities are proposed for implementation, noting that some of them are designed on an initial `pilot
basis' as a vehicle for fully assessing their efficacy and impact.

Activity 4.2.1. Design and preparation of IC campaigns, information materials (brochures, leaflets)
(GEF 120,000 $, Co-financing 350,000 $)

Production of an Intranet/Internet site and on-line magazine to create a shared vision and disseminate
the partnership's progress and lessons learned. An internet site has been developed during the PDF-B
phase of the project, and is in English, French, Italian and Arabic. Formal consultations have already
taken place with IW-LEARN to ensure that the further development of the internet/intranet site will
be according to IW LEARN criteria. Within this activity, further collaboration and exchanges of
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experience will be established with the GEF IW-LEARN team so that compatibility with IW-LEARN
practice is achieved and that benefit is taken of IW-LEARN events (such as the IW Biannual
Conference).

Activity 4.2.2: Design, production and updating of on line LMA Magazine.
(GEF 110,000 $, Co-financing 210,000 $)

Activity 4.2.3: Participation to selected national and international environmental events to present
project information to governments, institutions and the media on national and international scales
(GEF 130,000 $, Co-financing 311,000 $)

Activity 4.2.4: Planning of an ad hoc audiovisual campaign for wide media dissemination.
(GEF 170,000 $, Co-financing 360,000 $)

Results
o Designed and implemented information and communications strategy;
o Information collected, analyzed, shared and disseminated through the Internet/intranet;
o Printed material on project activities disseminated to the general pubic;
o Participation to a number of public events;
o Completion of an IC advertising campaign and preparation of information material;

Sub-component 4.3: Replication Strategy
(GEF 1,090,000 $, Co-financing 2,191,400 $)

Implementing Agency

United Nations Information Regional Center, INFO/RAC

Background/Context/Rationale

The Mediterranean region presents a substantial under-performance and negative track record for
replication initiatives. This is not only due to technical problems per se but also to inadequate project
management and monitoring capacities, given the constraints imposed by variations in local
conditions, resources and capabilities.

In addition, the complex challenges associated with creating and maintaining working partnerships �
essential for project success � cannot be under-stated.
Within the context of UNEP/MAP (UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan) and the countries of the
Mediterranean region, it is clear that for the thirty years of the Barcelona Convention, "partnerships"
at many levels have been ad-hoc and rather weak or informal affairs. This has caused loss of common
focus and momentum, resource dilution, redundancy of activities, duplication, inefficiency and a
general lack of cooperation between key stakeholders. Where cooperation does exist, it is rather
localised, transient and on a project-by-project rather than long term, regional and/or on an
institutional basis. Clearly, this situation is detrimental to the long-term environmental goals and
overall development agenda of the Mediterranean.

This suggests the need for a more innovative approach, specifically tailored to the characteristics of
the region and aimed at enhancing the average standard replication potential, therefore increasing the
chances of success.

So, differently from past projects where replicability has been addressed as separate element in the
project elaboration, the objective of this component is to develop and support as integral part of the
project, a specific replication strategy for:
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�
The successful demonstrations run under the Regional Projects (RPs)
�
The lessons learnt and results achieved under the RPs
�
The LME Strategic Partnership itself

This strategy will require a high level of flexibility and adaptation to the different LME project
components, in particular with respect to the replication mechanisms to be adequately refined and
contextualised when used for other initiatives, other countries, other areas/sites.
While maintaining the necessary focus on the technical aspects of environmental project replication,
the strategy will build on three main pillars:
�
Improved communication and awareness building amongst key partners and stakeholders and
the wider community;
�
Improved information management at many levels;
�
Set up and evolving formal working (multi-sector) partnerships.

These pillars will be progressively built through the set of activities described below. Such activities
have been designed taking into account the lessons learned by UNEP/MAP from the implementation
of environment protection activities in the Mediterranean as well as elements of the evaluation and
monitoring processes of several other GEF projects.

Description of activities, including demonstration and pilot projects

Given the complexity and the wide spectrum of the components of this Mediterranean LME project, a
number of different phases and activities have been designed in order to proactively and timely scope,
enhance and materialize the replication potential of the project.

4.3.1 Guiding the replication process

4.3.1.1 Creation of a Med-LME Project Replication Team (PRT) and operations
(GEF 80,000 $, Co-financing 160,000 $)

A Project Replication Team (PRT) will be set up and its main tasks will consist of:
� Ensuring that every RP developed under the LME Partnership has a valid replication component
(or strategy) integrated into the project from initial stage of concept design;
� Contribute to, facilitate, coordinate and guide the replication process in all its development stages,
including specific measures of progress, risk assessment and expected impacts; thereby allowing
feedback and project adjustments as and when required.
The proposed team would have to be multidisciplinary and able to maximise the benefits of the wider
LME Partnership. This means that the level of commitment of the members of the PRT should be
high and that a pool of experts in all disciplines required should be identified and involved according
to the needs.
In this respect, representatives of key regional entities with different specialisations, ranging from
pollution reduction to biodiversity conservation will be involved. For operational reasons, the core
team is expected to be composed of:
- One PRT Coordinator (INFO/RAC)
- One Expert on pollution reduction issues/monitoring (MEDPOL);
- One Expert on marine biodiversity conservation (SPA/RAC, WWF MedPO);
- One Expert in project development and socio-economic aspects (WB-METAP);
- One Expert in multi-sector partnership building; integrated information and communication
management (INFO/RAC).
The role and modus operandi of the PRT will be specified in the terms of reference (TORs), which
will be compiled at project start. It is suggested that the PRT meets regularly - at least 2 times a year -
to fine tune, agree, coordinate and evaluate the replication actions, but also to be ready for
contributing when required to ensure its support to the design and implementation phases of the RPs.
Once a year, the PRT is expected to actively participate to the Annual Replication Meeting (ARM), to
be conducted in parallel to the Steering Committee Meetings, as planned under Phase 3 below.

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4.3.2 Collecting information

4.3.2.1 Developing an ICT Platform, data collection, database, monitoring and updating
(GEF 450,000 $, Co-financing 610,000 $)

Following up the principles and guidelines outlined by IW LEARN, a practical baseline methodology
will be developed by the PRT to effectively collate, record and manage information in a common web
based "platform" (web portal).
INFO/RAC is developing at present a similar system for UNEP/MAP named InfoMAP. The
opportunity to work in parallel for a similar system for the Med. LME will offer greater chances for
increasing synergies maximize quality, completion and integration of information and avoid
duplications.
The ICT platform will cover information related to activities carried out under the regional component
of the project.
The type and level of information collected will be extremely varied and range from spatial/GIS
datasets related to the replication context of each demonstration, to legal and policy reform promotion
strategies, financing modalities, training and dissemination programs and techniques, etc. For
replication purposes, other elements of the project(s) will be considered, including but not limited to:
- Project operational and financial management;
- Project nature, type, geographical area and size;
- Overall design and structure;
- Financing and support mechanisms;
- Sustainability strategy;
- Actors/stakeholders and sectors involved;
- Management approach;
- Governance structure.

Particular attention will be dedicated to acquire information on successful partnership modalities, as
there is growing evidence and practical experience that development initiatives/projects are far more
likely to succeed over the long term if they are complemented and supported by sustainable working
partnerships between multiple sectors such as the public sector, civil society (including NGOs) and
business.
The ICT platform managing all relevant information/data will be properly organised and have
different "search" modalities (by sector, country, technology..). It will be linked to project and sub-
project websites, and will be managed in a shared Intranet Website/Web Portal environment ensuring
easy consultation among members of the Mediterranean LME Partnership as well as other external
users. In this respect, different types of accesses can be envisaged and agreed on.
This platform will facilitate the constant exchange and flow of information among the different
partners, will serve as permanent forum for sharing opinions and ideas, and strengthen the project
monitoring & evaluation process by giving it near `real time' rather than `snap-shot'/periodic
information.

4.3.3 Information analysis, sharing and dissemination
(GEF 335,000 $, Co-financing 810,000 $)

To accommodate the different nature of the two components of the partnership, an intense awareness
and results dissemination action will be carried out using the three main mechanisms described below.

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DATABASE(S) INFORMATION

REPLICATION SCORING

N

TIO
A
ANNUAL REPLICATION

MEETINGS
DIN

OR

-

CO

T
PRPS- POTENTIAL

PR
REPLICATION

Awareness and results
PROJECTS

dissemination campaign
Activity 2.

4.3.3.1 Information analysis, selection of PMAs and dissemination
(GEF 135,000 $, Co-financing 170,000 $)

The information collected on the RPs will be taken out of its original/`local' context and placed into
the macro-scale Mediterranean "arena" to identify possible matching replication sites. This detailed
and systematic exercise would be carried out by the PRT, making use of its internal expertise, and
wider knowledge networks.
Further advice, on more remote and/or less documented matching areas could be obtained from
national level experts with more detailed insights. Desktop analysis of existing data on biodiversity
and pollution assessments at a Mediterranean scale is readily available from LME Partners (SPA/RAC
and WWF MedPO, MEDPOL), and could be applied by the PRT, in addition to site visits/assessments
whenever necessary. Typically but not exhaustively, the main issues to consider are:
- Technical identification of Potential Matching Areas (PMAs), including characteristics at the
physical, geographical, environmental and socio-economical levels.

Then, for each PMA:
- Identification and evaluation of political (decision making), governance and socio-economic
context;
- Evaluation/assessment of existing/potential funding sources, possibilities for fundraising and
financial sustainability. Special focus on the private sector and any available resources;
- Identification of local and national stakeholders, special focus on local and national government
authorities and NGOs with proven, action-oriented track records;
- Assessment of information management, communication capacities and public awareness;
- Final evaluation and selection of PMAs; identification and outline of Potential Replication
Projects (PRPs);
- Organization of ad-hoc Replication meetings to share information and coordinate
resources/commitments among LME Partners and invited participants, including the results of the
selection process. Also, to explore the formal partnership building process.
Again, selected data and key findings from this phase should be properly organised and made widely
available via the Intranet resource site for facilitating information flows, cross-sectoral dialogue,
consensus building, and used for/cross-checked on the occasion of the Annual Replication
Workshops.

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4.3.3.2 Organization of two Replication meetings (ARMs)
(GEF 60,000 $, Co-financing 195,000 $)

Two Replication Meetings (RMs) will be held tentatively on the second and fourth year of the project
execution. The meetings are planned in conjunction with the Project Steering Committee meetings
and will involve all the NPCs, members of the PRT and relevant partners as opportune.
To ensure maximum involvement and active participation, countries/projects will be expected to come
to each Annual Replication Meeting with a comprehensive presentation on:
- Main challenges of each project,
- Actions taken and approaches used to meet mentioned challenges,
- Results/impacts of the actions and lessons learnt.
This exercise will provide a basis for group discussions and help focusing on issues common, and of
interest, to more countries/projects. Over the years, it will allow a progressive identification of lessons
learnt and results achieved. A questionnaire may be used in parallel by the PRT to address specific
topics and collect specific information, which wouldn't otherwise be touched. Each workshop will
close with an agreed set of issues/lessons/results.
The second Replication Meeting is expected to start with the presentation of the lessons/results agreed
at the previous meeting, mark progress and verify if the successful actions/approaches/methodologies
have been replicated in other countries/ areas, or, in the case of shortfalls, if remedial actions have
been taken.

4.3.3.3 Design and implementation of dissemination mechanism and partnership building
(GEF 80,000 $, Co-financing 200,000 $)

The achievement of open access to, and sharing of, essential information, as well as
presentation/dissemination of key data in the form of multilingual and multimedia communication
campaigns dealing with priority policy issues and adapted to particular target audiences, will require
the following tasks to be undertaken:
� Enhancement of the dialogue and cooperation among the key actors through the creation of a
permanent reference Mediterranean network that includes representatives of national ministries of
the environment and institutes and associations involved in information dissemination and
environmental communication in Mediterranean countries; and
� The setting of priorities and customization of the key content of the most important project
activities to make them more appealing, interesting and understandable to selected audiences;
� Provision of user-friendly access of the public to all unrestricted documentation, data and
products prepared within the framework of the project;
� Identification and assessment of existing and successful media/public information campaigns and
strategies having an environmental focus and operating at a local or regional level with the
purpose of determining the potential to introduce key SP project messages into these campaigns.

This includes sustained rather than sporadic IC efforts, using partnerships where burdens, risks and
benefits are carefully defined and shared amongst partners. A weighty support could come from the
InfoMAP infrastructure, using a base server and a dedicated web portal.

4.3.3.4 Organization of a regional conference
(GEF 60,000 $, Co-financing 245,000 $)

A regional conference will be convened during the life of the project. The conference will focus on
partnership as an indispensable requisite for successful project implementation. Establishing
sustainable partnerships and effective communication/awareness-building across sectors are inter-
related tasks and essential components for replication project success, especially in the complex
cultural, political and social conditions found in the Mediterranean region.
INFO/RAC, given its recognised capacity for partnership building in the region, will serve as main
broker for partnership promotion. The Partnership Building Accreditation Scheme (PBAS) will be
used as a tool for adding value to the Strategic Partnership. PBAS was developed by the Overseas
Development Institute (ODI) and the International Business Leaders Forum (IBLF) in the UK in close
cooperation with partners such as UNDP, DFID (UK), the UN Staff College and the World Bank
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Group. It is an internationally-recognized programme designed to bring professionalism and integrity
to the building and brokering of multi-sector partnerships for sustainable development.

INFO/RAC
The Partnering Process
Sustain and/or
scale-up the
outcomes

3. Identify potential
partners
4. Map the range of
resources and
2. Identify the design
competencies available to
parameters of initiative
deliver the design parameters
1. Identify the partnership
Partnership Exploration
vision and shared outcomes
5. Identify the strategic interests of
`Broker'
the partners that need to be satisfied
INFO/RAC
Partnership
Partnership Building
Maintenance
9. Review partnership
6. Negotiate the Partnering
performance
Agreement
8. Implement and
7. Build capacity
Monitor commitments
to implement
Institutionalise,
modify or terminate
the partnership

Diagram: The Partnership Process � INFO/RAC (Rome) has developed the required skills and technical
capacity to act as a "broker" and facilitator of multi-sector working partnerships that support sustainable
development in the Mediterranean

4.3.4 Replication potential assessment

4.3.4.1 Design and implementation of a Replication Scoring System
(GEF 150,000 $, Co-financing 237,500 $)

This innovative approach could be used by both LME Partners and national or international
donors/investors interested in replicating RPs in other areas. Following an analysis of data/outputs
collected on RPs and PRPs, a specific methodology could be developed by the PRT to objectively
evaluate and score the PRPs identified. The scoring system (using actual or weighted values for key
indicators) would therefore, provide an overall evaluation for the likelihood of successful replication
of the project in an alternate site/context. With experience and numerous field applications, the
scoring system could be fine-tuned to facilitate comparative studies and provide an objective value to
the weakest and strongest aspects of the PRPs. A complete list of PRPs scored with the system would
be compiled by the PRT and compared against actual replication successes or otherwise.
Scoring Systems can also be adapted to simplify and communicate complex (environmental)
information or issues to the general public e.g. a beach quality index. The value for public outreach
and awareness building should not be overlooked if carefully and thoughtfully communicated through
the mass media. This is one of many communication tools, which could help establish a "favourable
climate" for effectively implementing PRPs � with wider public knowledge and informed consent and
participation.

4.3.5 Catalysing implementation
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4.3.5.1 "On site" facilitation and capacity development for replication purposes
(GEF 75,000 $, Co-financing 373,900 $)

At this stage, PRPs should be in quite advanced stages of development both in terms of conceptual
design and stakeholder commitments (especially donor and government interest). The PRT should be
supported by the collective contributions of LME Partners and gradually assume a more coordinating
and monitoring role in the replication process.

Considering the knowledge, previous-experience and data acquired on the PRPs, the main actions for
on-site replication to be taken are:
- Promote the establishment of Local/National Project Replication Groups (LPRGs) to act as an
interface and reference point for the PRT and LME Partners. Major tasks of this collaboration
would be:
- Promoting the establishment of Local/National Project Replication Groups (LPRGs) to act as
interfaces and reference points by 1) supporting the elaboration of the specific ToRs, 2) providing
initial inputs to the development of an adaptation strategy to use the RPs approach and lessons-
learned from similar sites/projects in order to adapt to local realities;
- Promoting the exchange of experience on successful RPs through the use and consultation of the
database and other channels as opportune;
- Promote the use of PBSA scheme for setting up working partnerships and cooperation among key
stakeholders and interested parties at project level; and
- Support projects with the initial elaboration of procedures for promoting public information and
participation

Results

� Project replication strategy designed and implemented
� Replication potential assessments for demonstration and pilot projects completed with scoring to
indicate their potential for replication; and
� Potential replication projects (PRPs) identified by 2008.
� Stakeholder participation assured on various scales from local and regional and from public to
private sectors.

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ANNEX G

COUNTRY PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT ACTIVITIES, DEMONSTRATIONS AND
PILOT PROJECTS

Component/Sub-Component/Activity
Participating Country(ies) and
Sites
Component 1: Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM, IWRM
and management of coastal aquifer
Sub-component 1.1: Management of Coastal Aquifers and groundwater
1.1.1: Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to Mediterranean

coastal aquifers
-
1.1.1.1. Assessment of risk and uncertainty related to
Overall region assessment
Mediterranean coastal aquifers
-
1.1.1.2. Coastal aquifer vulnerability mapping
Tunisia, Algeria, Montenegro: Boka
Kotorska Bay
-
1.1.1.3. Coastal aquifer supplement to TDA-MED
All countries
1.1.2: Regional Actions for Coastal Aquifer Management

-
1.1.2.1. Development of a Regional Action Plan on Coastal
All countries
Aquifers
-
1.1.2.2. Integration of groundwater management in ICZM and
Montenegro: Boka Kotorska Bay
IWRM planning systems
Algeria: Reghaia
-
1.1.2.3. Identification and planning of coastal groundwater
Tunisia, Croatia
demonstrations
-
1.1.2.4. Sustainable Coastal Land Management
2 target countries
-
1.1.2.5. Implementation of eco-hydrogeology applications for
Tunisia, Croatia
management and protection of coastal wetlands
-
1.1.2.6. Coastal aquifer supplements to SAP MED, SAP BIO
All countries
and NAPs
1.1.3: Legislative, institutional and policy reforms for Coastal

Aquifer Management.
-
1.1.3.1. Policy/legal/institutional regional assessment for
Croatia, Tunisia
coastal aquifer management
-
1.1.3.2. Policy/legal/institutional reform, institutional
Croatia, Tunisia
development for coastal aquifer management
1.1.4: Spatial application � Cross cutting activity
All countries
Sub-component 1.2: Integrated Coastal Zone Management
1.2.1. Support activities in preparation of National ICZM Strategies

and National Action Plans
-
1.2.1.1. Strengthening the role of ICZM as a policy framework All countries
for water resources management and biodiversity protection at the
regional level
-
1.2.1.2. Support to preparation of ICZM NAPs
Montenegro, Algeria, + 1 country 1
-
1.2.1.3. Harmonising national institutional arrangements and
All countries and one case study in
legislation with ICZM Protocol for the Mediterranean
Croatia
-
1.2.1.4. Developing/strengthening of coastal legislation
Montenegro, Algeria + 1 country 2
-
1.2.1.5. Use of Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) as Montenegro, Algeria
an ICZM tool
1.2.2. Application of ICZM approach, tools and techniques in

demonstration areas

1 To be identified by METAP
2 To be identified by METAP
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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
Component/Sub-Component/Activity
Participating Country(ies) and
Sites
-
1.2.2.1. ICZM Plans to demonstrate ICZM approach, tools and Montenegro (Boka Kotorska Bay)
techniques in selected areas
Algeria (the Reghaia wetlands, lake
and coastal area)
-
1.2.2.2. Capacity building for effective implementation and
All countries
sustainable financing of pilot ICZM projects
-
1.2.2.3. Co-ordination and harmonisation of ICZM component All countries participating in demo's
with other components' activities in demo projects
Montenegro, Algeria
Sub-component 1.3: Integrated Water Resource Management
1.3.1. Develop Action Plan for Integrated Water Resources
All countries
Management in the Mediterranean
1.3.3. Catalyze Action and Build Capacity on National IWRM
Libya, Lebanon
Planning
1.3.3. Develop IRBM in globally important river basin(s) and
Montenegro/Albania: Buna river
adjacent coastal area
(Drin river system)
Montenegro : Boka Kotorska Bay
Lebanon (the Lithani (Qasmieh) river
watershed)
1.3.4. Prepare short-list of transboundary river basins and water
All countries
issues suitable for interventions and the implementation of pilot
projects
Component 2: Pollution from land based activities, including Peristen Organic Pollutants:
Implementation of SAP-MED
Sub-Component: 2.1. Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED
2.1.1. Pilot project on the management of phosphogypsum wastes
Lebanon, Tunisia and Syria
from phosphate fertilizer production
2.1.2. Pilot project on chromium, nutrients and BOD control in
Albania, Algeria, Egypt and Turkey
tanneries
2.1.3. Pilot project on recycling and regeneration of used lubricating
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Egypt,
oils
Lebanon, Morocco, Montenegro,
Syria and Palestinian Authority
2.1.4. Pilot project on recycling of lead batteries
Albania, Algeria, Croatia, Egypt,
Libya, Lebanon, Morocco,
Montenegro, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey
and Palestinian Authority
2.1.5. Assessment of the magnitude of riverine inputs of nutrients
All countries
into the Mediterranean sea
2.1.6. Project on setting Emission Limit Values (ELV) in industrial
All countries
effluents and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS)
2.1.7. to 2.1.9. Permit, Inspection and Compliance Systems
Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Croatia, Lebanon, Morocco,
Montenegro, Syria and Turkey
Sub-Component 2.2. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology
Start-up of the project and capacity building
Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt
Introduction of the TEST integrated approach at the demonstration

enterprises
Dissemination of the results of the project
Sub-Component 2.3. Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes containing or
contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries
2.3.1.Legislative and institutional framework for implementation of
Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya,
ESM of PCBs
Syria
2.3.2 Demonstration projects to improve the management
Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya,
programme of PCBs and facilitate the implementation of NIPs and
Syria
MED-SAP
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Annex G

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
Component/Sub-Component/Activity
Participating Country(ies) and
Sites
2.3.3 Awareness of importance of ESM of PCBs equipment
Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya,
Syria
2.3.4 Technical capacity for ESM of PCBs equipment
Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya,
Syria
2.4.5 National capacity to implement PCBs phase-out and disposal Albania, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya,
programmes
Syria
Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
Sub-component 3.1: Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through the Development of a
Mediterranean MPA Network
3.1.1. Establishment of coordination mechanism for regional MPA
All countries
management
3.1.2. Identification and planning of new MPAs to extend the
All countries
regional network and enhance its ecological representiveness.
-
Priority needs to be addressed for MPA creation
Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Croatia, Libya, Morocco,
Montenegro, Syria, Turkey,
Palestinian authority
-
Launch MPA creation project in three countries.
Albania, Libya, Morocco
-
Existing biophysical and ecological information necessary for
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Morocco
the proper choice of new MPAs at country level furnished
-
A study filling important gaps in ecological knowledge of
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Morocco
marine ecosystems in the area
-
Existing information on small-scale fisheries in the area
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Morocco
addressed to the proper choice of new MPAs at country level
furnished
-
Fishery study in relation to MPAs (at national or sub-national
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Morocco
level) to fill gaps in fisheries knowledge, establishing a preliminary
description of small-scale fisheries in areas deserving protection
-
Prioritized list of sites worthy of being protected at the
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Morocco
national (or sub-national) level based on the four previous outputs
-
On-the-job trained local personnel in three countries on
Montenegro (Bojana transboundary
ecological quantification of MPA ecosystems and related fisheries
estuary -Lake Skadar area),
Croatia (Losinj Dolphin reserve
area),
Albania (Karaburuni)
-
Ecological studies and GIS-based maps produced for three
Montenegro (Bojana transboundary
demonstration areas
estuary-Lake Skadar area),
Croatia (Losinj Dolphin reserve area)
Albania (Karaburuni)
-
Current restricted fisheries areas developed into SPAMIs with
3 High Seas areas and neighbouring
full stakeholder support
Project countries (Egypt, Palestine,
Lebanon, Albania)
-
Local stakeholder participation mechanisms and consensus
Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Libya
achieved in relation to new MPA creation
-
Activity 3.1.3. Improved management of marine protected

areas:
-
Thematic exchange workshops for MPA managers and other
All countries
stakeholders for existing MPAs
-
Exchange workshops on MPA management addressed to
At minimum: Montenegro, Bosnia &
managers, practitioners and relevant authorities of new MPAs
Herzegovina, Croatia, Albania, Syria,
Libya, Morocco
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Annex G

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
Component/Sub-Component/Activity
Participating Country(ies) and
Sites
-
On-job-training for managers, practitioners and relevant
Montenegro (Bojana transboundary
authorities in demonstration of new MPA areas
estuary-Lake Skadar area),
Croatia (Losinj Dolphin reserve
area),
Albania (Karaburuni)
Libya (Farwa coastal lagoon and
Gara Island
-
Development of management tools: three basic tools
All countries
developed or adapted to the Mediterranean context and translated
into English, French and Arabic
-
�Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the
Turkey (Kas-Kekova SPA)
Kas-Kekova SPA, Turkey (twining programme)
-
�Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the
Algeria (Banc des Kabyles)
Banc des Kabyles, Algeria (twining programme)
3.1.4. Establishment of a regional MPA network monitoring

capacity:
-
Feasibility and creation of a Mediterranean MPAs' monitoring All countries
observatory
-
Rapid assessment of the effectiveness of MPA management at
All countries
sub-regional level
-
Demonstration project regarding a monitoring and evaluation
Croatia
system for the Croatian MPAs network
3.1.5. Ensure the financial sustainability of regional and national

MPA networks
-
Financial analysis for the establishment of new MPAs
All countries
-
Training of the MPA managers and practitioners on the
All countries
elaboration of MPA Business Plan;
-
Assessment of the MPAs global environment from a financial
All countries
point of view
-
Training of MPA managers in the conservation finance
All countries
mechanism
-
Demonstration project on long-term financial mechanism for
Tunisia
MPAs in Tunisia
-
Demonstration project on financial sustainability mechanism
Montenegro (Bojana transboundary
for at least three new MPAs in different areas
estuary-Lake Skadar area)
Croatia (Losinj Dolphin reserve area)
Albania (Karaburuni)
-
Demonstration project in making an environmental and
economic case for a system of C&MPAs in Libya
Libya

3.1.6: Improve the legal governance frameworks of marine protected
areas:
-
Analysing existing national (or sub-national) and site-specific
All countries
(local) laws and rules to protect marine habitats, species and areas
-
Proposing updates of legislation to fill identified gaps: national All countries
authorities will have information and elements to launch the
needed legislative reforms for creating new MPAs
-
Analysing existing national (or sub-national) conservation
All countries
and/or fisheries policies that take account of MPAs
-
Training to support governance of MPAs
All countries
-
User's guide for MPAs managers
All countries
Sub-component 3.2: Promote the sustainable use of fisheries resources through the application of
ecosystem-based management approaches
3.2.1: Establishment of the ecosystem approach to fisheries

management at regional and sub-regional levels
-
3.2.1.1. Identify regional needs and priorities for
Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia, Montenegro
mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into fisheries research and
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Annex G

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
Component/Sub-Component/Activity
Participating Country(ies) and
Sites
management
-
3.2.1.2. Implement biodiversity conservation and the
Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia, Montenegro
ecosystem approach into fisheries research and management
-
3.2.1.3. Development of legal and management reforms to
Tunisia, Turkey, Croatia, Montenegro
ensure the long-term limitation of fishing impacts on biodiversity
and marine ecosystems
3.2.2: Reduction of by-catch of regionally important species at a fleet
level
-
3.2.2.1. Risk assessment to prioritise regional threats to
Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey,
vulnerable fish and fisheries interactions with iconic vertebrate
Algeria
species
-
3.2.2.2. Develop and implement demonstrable solutions to by-
Morocco, Algeria, Turkey
catch mitigation for protected/endangered species of fish and

invertebrates and for iconic vertebrate species:
3.2.3: Identifying and addressing unsustainable fishing practices at

regionally representative MPA sites
-
3.2.3.1. Identification of significant fishing impacts in areas of
Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Turkey,
particular vulnerability.
Algeria
Component 4: Project Co-ordination, Replication and Communication Strategies, Management and
M&E
Sub-Component 4.1 Project Co-ordination, Management and M&E
All countries
Sub-Component 4.2 Information and Communication strategies
All countries
Sub-Component 4.3. Replication Strategy
All countries

DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVITIES TO BE UNDERTAKEN IN PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES
(COMPONENTS 1, 2 AND 3)

Palestinian
Authority
Albania
Turkey
Algeria
Tunisia
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Syria
Croatia
Serbia and
Monte Negro
Egypt
Morocco
Lebanon
Libya

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Annex G

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
Pilot/Demonstration Projects

No of
Pilot/Demonstration
Pilot/Demonstration Project
Demon.
Sites
Component 1: Promotion of integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPs and NAPs: ICZM,
IWRM and management of coastal aquifer.
Sub- component 1.1: Management of Coastal Aquifers and
- Montenegro: Boka
4
groundwater
Kotorska Bay;3
Activity 1.1.2: Regional Actions for Coastal Aquifer Management
- Montenegro/Albania:
Sub- component 1.2: Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Buna river;4
Activity 1.2.2. Application of ICZM approach, tools and
-
Algeria: the Reghaia
techniques in demonstration areas
wetlands, lake and coastal
Sub- component 1.3: Integrated Water Resource Management
area;5
Activity 3.3.1. Support for IWRM Planning at the National and
-
Lebanon: The Lithani
Local Levels
(Qasmieh) river watershed6
Component 2: Pollution from land based activities, including Persistent Organic Pollutants:
implementation of SAP MED and related NAPs
Sub-Component: 2.1. Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED
2.1.1. Pilot project on the management of phosphogypsum wastes
Lebanon 1
from phosphate fertilizer production
2.1.2. Pilot project on chromium, nutrients and BOD control in
Turkey 1
tanneries
2.1.3. Pilot project on recycling and regeneration of used
Algeria 1
lubricating oils
2.1.4. Pilot project on recycling of lead batteries
Syria
1
Sub-Component 2.2. Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology
Start-up of the project and capacity building
Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt7 8
Introduction of the TEST integrated approach at the demonstration
enterprises
Dissemination of the results of the project
Sub-Component 2.3. Environmentally Sound Management of equipment, stocks and wastes containing or
contaminated by PCBs in national electricity companies of Mediterranean countries
Demonstration projects to improve the management programme of
Albania, Egypt, Libya and
5
PCBs and facilitate the implementation of NIPs and MED-SAP
Syria
Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: Implementation of SAP BIO and related NAPs
Sub-component 3.1: Conservation of Coastal and Marine Diversity through the Development of a
Mediterranean MPA Network
3.1.3. Improved management of marine protected areas:

-
�Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the
Kas-Kekova SPA, Turkey
1
Kas-Kekova SPA, Turkey (twining programme)
-
�Demonstration Project: Concerted management plan for the
Banc des Kabyles, Algeria
1
Banc des Kabyles, Algeria (twining programme):
-
Activity 3.1.4. Establishment of a regional MPA network

monitoring capacity:
-
Demonstration project regarding a monitoring and evaluation Croatia 1
system for the Croatian MPAs network
3.1.5. Ensure the financial sustainability of regional and national

MPA networks
-
Demonstration project on long term financial mechanism for
Tunisia 1
MPAs in Tunisia;

3 To be implemented by UNESCO, PAP/RAC and contribution of GWP-Med
4 To be implemented by GWP-Med and contribution of PAP/RAC
5 To be implemented by UNESCO, PAP/RAC and contribution of GWP-Med
6 To be implemented by GWP-Med
7 Under the assumption that 2 demonstration enterprises will be selected per country
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Annex G

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / November 2007
-
Demonstration Project on financial sustainability mechanism -
Bojana transboundary
3
for at least three new MPAs in different areas
estuary-Lake Skadar area
(Montenegro),
-
Losinj Dolphin reserve
area (Croatia),
-
Karaburuni (Albania)
-
Demonstration Project in Libya in making an environmental Libya 1
and economic case for a system of C&MPAs

Sub-component 3.2: Promote the sustainable use of fisheries resources through the application of ecosystem-
based management approaches
3.2.2.2. Develop and implement demonstrable solutions to by-catch Morocco, Algeria, Turkey
3
mitigation for protected/endangered species of fish and

invertebrates and for iconic vertebrate species:

TOTAL OF PILOT/DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
32

Distribution of Pilot/Demonstration Projects (Components 1, 2 and 3)

Palestinian
Authority
Turkey
Albania
Tunisia
Algeria
Syria
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Montenegro
Croatia
Morocco
Egypt
Libya
Lebanon

G - 7

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/December 2007
ANNEX H
DRAFT NGO INVOLVEMENT PLAN1

PREFACE

The main objective of the "GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine
Ecosystem � Regional Component: Implementation of agreed actions for the protection of the
environmental resources of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal areas" is to foster the
implementation of the two Mediterranean Strategic Action Programs:
- The Strategic Action Program to Address Pollution from Land-Based Activities (SAP MED);
and
- The Strategic Action Program for the Conservation of Mediterranean Marine and Coastal
Biological Diversity (SAP BIO);
and to also prepare the ground for the future implementation of the Integrated Coastal Management
(ICZM) Protocol (under development). The two Strategic Action Programs are aimed at: (i) reducing
land-based sources of marine pollution (SAP-MED) and (ii) protecting the biodiversity and living
resources of the Mediterranean, as well as their habitats (SAP-BIO). Together the three instruments
will help countries toward achieving the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) and the targets of
the World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD Plan of Implementation).

It was decided at the PDF-B2 development phase of this project to include the NGO community of the
Mediterranean as a full partner/stakeholder in the Strategic Partnership, through MIO-ECSDE, the
Federation of Mediterranean NGOs working on environment and sustainable development3. This
NGO Involvement Plan is one of the tasks undertaken and aims to design and ensure the effective
NGO involvement in the implementation of the project. It should be considered as a "work in
progress" since it will be up-dated on a regular basis depending on lessons learned, new NGO partners
identified and developments in the implementation of the project.

Twelve (12) Mediterranean countries are included in the geographical scope of the project: Albania,
Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Serbia and Montenegro,
Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.

Throughout this document the term NGO (Non-governmental organisation) refers to civil society
organisations (CSOs) in a wider sense, including community based organisations (CBOs). The
general characteristics are that they are local, national or international organisations that are non-profit
and have a non binding affiliation to any government, political party or religious group. They may
receive funding from a government structure, etc. without however their policies being dependent on
it. Academic institutions are not included as such although in many cases strong links may exist.

Civil society participation will strengthen the project but the project will also contribute to the
enhancement of the role of civil society in the Mediterranean region.

1 Drafted by MIO-ECSDE, Febuary 2007
2 The purpose of the PDF-B is to fully design the activities, timeframe and budget for the implementation of the Regional
Component under the Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem � Regional Component under the
agreed actions for the protection of the environmental resources of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal areas.
3 The Mediterranean Information Office for Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development (MIO-ECSDE) is a
Federation of 102 NGOs working on environment and sustainable development, acting as a technical and political platform
for the intervention of NGOs in the Mediterranean scene.
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Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

1.
The GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem

The countries of the Mediterranean Sea basin4 face a variety of shared environmental problems that
are transboundary in nature. Key to the success in addressing transboundary problems is the joint
political commitment of all countries in the basin. To this effect, the GEF Operational Strategy
recognizes that a series of international water projects may be needed over time to: a) build the
capacity of countries to work together; b) jointly understand and set priorities based on the
environmental status of their water body; c) identify actions and develop political commitment to
address the top priority transboundary problems, and then d) implement the agreed policy, legal and
institutional reforms and investments needed to address them.

With the support of the GEF, UNEP, UNEP/MAP, and FFEM, and consistent with the GEF
Operational Strategy, the Mediterranean countries have collaborated within the context of the
Barcelona Convention to revise the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis5 prepared in 1997, and have
agreed on the following major transboundary environmental concerns for the basin:

� Decline of biodiversity due to over-fishing, conversion and degradation of critical habitats,
introduction of alien species, pollution in the form of excess nutrients, toxic waste, including
oil, solid waste and litter, and use of non-selective fishery gears;
� Decline in fisheries due to over-fishing, use of harmful fishing practices, loss of shallow-
water habitats for some life stages of critical fisheries, adverse water quality from rivers,
coastal aquifers, sewage discharges, dredging, and non-point discharges;
� Decline in seawater quality due to inadequate sewage treatment, lack of best practices in
agricultural use of fertilizers and pesticides, inadequate controls on atmospheric emissions of
heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants from European industrial sources, inadequate
source controls and discharge control for industries along the sea, and increases in shipping
traffic across the Mediterranean with consequent increase in accidental and purposeful
discharge of harmful pollutants;
� Human health risks due to ingestion of seafood, ingestion of water while swimming, contact
with contaminated seafood products, and contact with seawater contaminated with pathogens
or viral agents;
� Loss of groundwater dependent coastal ecosystems due to the contamination, salinization and
over-exploitation of coastal aquifers.

The Mediterranean countries have worked together to set priorities related to these transboundary
problems and have jointly agreed on what interventions are needed to address such priorities through
two Strategic Action Programs (SAPs):

� The Strategic Action Program to Address Pollution from Land-Based Activities (SAP MED);
and
� The Strategic Action Program for the Conservation of Mediterranean Marine and Coastal
Biological Diversity (SAP BIO).

The two SAPs are now ready for implementation, consistent with the GEF Operational Program 9 in
the International Waters focal area, and a third instrument, the ICZM Protocol to the Barcelona
Convention, is currently under development. As a result of the implementation of several Coastal

4 Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta,
Monaco, Morocco, Serbia and Monte Negro, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey, are riparian countries. SAPs have
been endorsed by all riparian countries and the EU. All countries except Cyprus, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Malta,
Monaco, Slovenia and Spain are eligible for GEF support.
5 The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) is a scientifically based assessment of the environmental conditions of an
internationally shared water-body, which identifies major problems, their causes, possible solutions, and discriminates
between those issues requiring international action (transboundary), and those of an exclusively national nature.
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Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007
Areas Management Projects (CAMPs) in the region, it appeared evident that the Mediterranean region
needed to have a binding Protocol to halt the process of degradation of the coastal areas in the
Northern countries and to suggest an approach for coastal development to the countries of the South.
The Contracting Parties therefore decided to ask the UNEP/MAP Secretariat to initiate the process of
formulating a Protocol on ICZM and a draft text was submitted to the 14th Meeting of the Contracting
Parties to the Barcelona Convemtion in November 2005. Furthermore, National Action Plans (NAPs)
have been prepared for the implementation of the targets of the SAPs.

BOX 1.1: Agenda 21, Chapter 23

"Critical to the effective implementation of the objectives, policies and mechanisms agreed to by governments
in all programme areas of Agenda 21 will be the commitment and genuine involvement of all social groups. One
of the fundamental prerequisites for the achievement of sustainable development is broad public participation in
decision making. Furthermore ... the need for new forms of participation has emerged."

In order to accelerate on the ground implementation of the SAPs, and assist with the early
implementation of the ICZM Protocol, a collective effort for the protection of the environmental
resources of the Mediterranean, the Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine
Ecosystem (implemented by UNEP and the World Bank and executed by UNEP/MAP) was proposed
to all the countries of the Mediterranean and to all international cooperation Agencies, IFIs and
bilateral and multi-lateral donors. The Partnership � which builds upon the model and lessons learnt
from the GEF Black Sea/Danube Partnership � is a basin-wide multi-stakeholder collaboration with
the main objective to assist basin countries in implementing reforms and investments in key sectors
that address transboundary pollution reduction, biodiversity decline, habitat degradation and living
resources protection priorities identified in the two SAPs. The Partnership serves as a catalyst in
leveraging policy/legal/institutional reforms as well as additional investments for reversing
degradation of this damaged large marine ecosystem and its contributing freshwater basins, habitats
and coastal aquifers.

The Strategic Partnership consists of the two individual components, which fit together to assist the
countries in a collaborative manner according to each agency's comparative advantage:

� Regional Component: Implementation of agreed actions for the protection of the
environmental resources of the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal areas (UNEP)
� Investment Fund for the Mediterranean Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Partnership (World
Bank).

The main objective of the Partnership is to foster the implementation of the two Strategic Action
Programs, and prepare the ground for the future implementation of the ICZM Protocol. Together the
three instruments will help countries toward achieving the MDGs and WSSD targets.

The Strategic Partnership entered its PDF-B phase in late 2005, and the final Project Brief is due for
submission to the GEF Council in 2007. The Full Scale Project activities are due to start in late 2007
to 2012.

The project activities will be carried out in the following GEF eligible countries: Morocco Algeria,
Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Syria, Turkey, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia and
Monte Negro. Palestinian Authority also participates.

The partners of the project are the following:
GEF, UNEP, World Bank, UNEP/MAP, MEDPOL, WHO/MEDPOL, UNEP Regional Seas,
UNEP/GPA, WB-METAP, UNIDO, UNESCO, FAO/GFCM, GEF-SGP WWF, REMPEC,
PAP/RAC, SPA/RAC, CP/RAC, MIO-ECSDE, GWP-MED, INFO/RAC and the Italian Ministry for
the Environment and Territory.

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Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007
The activities of the Regional Project and the projects under the Investment Fund will be endorsed
and reviewed by the Steering Committee, which will consist of the following:

� National Focal Points appointed by the participating governments;

� Implementing Agencies (UNEP and WB);

� Executing agencies (UNEP/MAP);

� The President of the Bureau of the Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention; and

� All principal partners.

The Regional Component of the Strategic Partnership consists of the following components6:

Component I:
Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED and SAP BIO;
Component II: Replication Strategies. SAP MED and SAP BIO;
Component III: Technical Assistance:

� Sub-Category 1. Implementation of the SAP MED and related NAPs (pollution reduction
strategies);

� Sub-Category 2. Implementation of the SAP BIO and related NAPs (biodiversity protection
strategies);

� Sub-Category 3. Implementation of the SAP BIO related to the conservation and sustainable
management of vulnerable or endangered fish and invertebrates, including
IUCN/CITES lists, and sustainable related fisheries (living resources strategies);

� Sub-Category 4. Regional Strategies to manage and protect coastal aquifers;

� Sub-Category 5. Regional Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM);

� Sub-Category 6. Regional Integrated Coastal Management;
Component IV: Information & Communication Strategy; and
Component V: NGO mobilisation

Fig. 1.1 Structure of the Strategic Partnership
Strategic Partnership
Investment Fund
Regional Project
Investment projects,
Reforms,
demonstrations
capacity building
Co-ordinating Group
Replication mechanisms
and Steering Commitee
Component I. Facilitation of policy and
legislative reforms for SAP MED and
SAP BIO
Sub - Projects
Component II. Replication Strategies.
SAP MED and SAP BIO
Component III. Technical Assistance
Component IV: Information &
Component V: NGO mobilization and
smal grants programme
Implementation of
SAP/MED and SAP/BIO
In participating countries

6 It should be noted that since the preparation of the NGO Involvement Plan, the component titles and many
activities have been revised.
H - 4

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

2.
The objectives and expectations of the NGO Involvement Plan

Among other activities within the GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine
Ecosystem, one component will strengthen public awareness (with particular focus on NGO
networks) and support public participation in the implementation of the project. More specifically, it
will:

o Ensure effective NGO involvement in the project itself on the basis of this NGO Involvement
Plan.
o Feed into and complement the Communication Strategy designed by INFO/RAC with NGO
specific elements, deliverables, etc.
o Make the necessary links with the GEF SGP (Small Grants Programme) in the Mediterranean
so that grantee NGOs/CBOs effectively demonstrate implementation pilot actions and
contribute to the NAPs and achieve the targets of the SAP-MED and SAP-BIO.

The expected outcomes of this project component are:
� Facilitated access for NGOs and the general public to relevant to the project information and
increased Mediterranean-level stakeholder awareness;
� Enhanced multi-stakeholder participation in the implementation of the NAPs and
strengthened SAPs;
� Mobilisation of NGOs/CBOs and their active involvement in the project at all levels;

This NGO Involvement Plan aims to contribute to achieving the above objectives by way of:

1. identifying obstacles and challenges for public participation in the region
2. identifying potential NGO involvement in the various components and sub-categories of the
project;
3. indicating specific types of NGO involvement in the implementation of the project and
existing expertise of specific NGOs;
4. presenting guidelines for mobilizing this involvement and mechanisms for consultation,
coordination, monitoring and evaluation;
5. coordinating appropriately with the GEF SGP implemented in the Mediterranean;
6. indicating how resources can potentially be mobilised though NGO actions within the project.

H - 5

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

3.
Obstacles and challenges to NGO involvement

The obstacles that need to be overcome in order to achieve sufficient NGO involvement in the GEF
Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem are directly related to the basic
root problems delaying progress in public participation in the Mediterranean. These are:
- lack of recognition of legitimacy of the role of NGOs
- absence of processes for social discourse and consensus reflecting the lack of a deeper
understanding of governance and the importance of partnerships
- distance between verbal declarations or even genuine good intentions and practical
commitments of government bodies/officials. This is partly due to weak infrastructures, weak
interagency coordination, ineffective organisation and lack of means including lack of
resources to properly organise and implement participatory processes
- slow rates of changes in human behaviour and attitude
- low adoption rates of innovative action
- strong vested interests (political, financial, ...)
- insufficiently specialised journalism
- country specific issues (totalitarian regimes, etc.)

MIO-ECSDE has studied the "evolution curve" of public participation in the Mediterranean (see fig.
3.1), which was also presented to the MCSD (Rome, 1-3 July 1999). It represents in a very general
way the mode of progress in the evolution of participatory processes in the Mediterranean and the
phase in which most of the Mediterranean countries are. The vertical axis depicts the steps in the
evolving process as explained in the legend.

It is obvious that while countries and CSOs have to be facilitated to overcome the initial obstacles and
climb upwards on the curve, the bulk of the Mediterranean countries, NGOs and CSOs in general,
need to focus on steps 9 on.

BOX 3.1: The evolution of public participation

In general, �participation� could be viewed as an evolving process. This process starts from passive provision
of information, followed by exchange of information upon request; raising of public awareness through media
and meetings; education on conservation issues gradually developing into education about the root problems
and sustainability; access to justice and credit by individual citizens, civil groups and NGOs for environmental
purposes and institutionalised full partnership with governments and other socioeconomic partners in a new era
of shared responsibility and �governance�. This is a long and difficult road, experienced in most
Mediterranean countries as an �uprising curve�, very closely linked with the widening and deepening of
democratisation, education and sensitisation of the wider public on issues of environment, development and
culture.

The Mediterranean Multi-Stakeholder Forum on "The Protection of the Mediterranean Sea from
Land-Based Pollution: Prospects and Partnerships" identified that in order to enable civil society to
undertake an active role in the implementation of the NAPs, a certain number of measures need to be
taken on behalf of national public authorities to facilitate their involvement. These include:

a) general measures establishing an institutional framework for public participation and involvement
as a prerequisite for the adoption of

b) specific measures focused on the implementation of NAPs.

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Fig. 3.1: SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PROGRESS OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN
THE MEDITERRANEAN

level of participation

Level of Participation:

0. No participatory practices at all.
1. Passive provision of unsystematic, arbitrarily selected information on environmental issues passed by the authorities to the public.
Passive, uncoordinated environmental education projects developed ad hoc.
2. Acceptance of need for information flow on environmental issues by the authorities.
3. Participation of NGOs to information campaigns on conservation and restoration issues.
4. �Active� information: responding to requests by the public. Various means for access to selected information held by the authorities on
environment and development issues.
5. Financial support to joint information campaigns and selected NGO projects. Introduction of environmental education projects in selected
schools or groups. Systematic large-scale awareness campaigns.
6. Consultations and ad hoc dialogue between citizens groups, NGOs, local authorities and the State without secured follow-up.
Environmental education in curricula and/or coordinated networks and programmes.
7. Facilitation and advocacy by the authorities for access of independent civil groups and NGOs to international funds for projects or their
operation, with no strings attached.
8. Facilitation mechanisms for participation of the public in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) processes.
9. Active participation of the public through transparent mechanisms in drafting �sustainability charters�/Local Agenda 21, etc.
10. Full access of the public to the environmental and development information base of the State.
11. Participation of groups in the monitoring of implementation and management of sustainability plans.
12. Institutionalisation of 7.
13. Financing of projects and plans for �independent assessments� (counter-assessments) or counter-EIAs for controversial projects.
14. Institutionalisation of 10.
15. Access of public groups to justice including cases of liability and compensations for environmental damages.
16. Access of public groups to supporting funds and credit for operation and projects by national and international sources with no strings
attached.
17. Full partnership in a balanced governance with full support to NGOs, local authorities and the public for a participation on equal footing.

These two categories are linked by a dynamic relationship (see BOX 3.2). If these measures are not in
place then public participation in the implementation of the SAPs will be very limited.
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BOX 3.2: Measures supporting public participation in the implementation of the NAPs

a) General measures to create or enhance the necessary framework for public participation and
involvement
The establishment of an adequate institutional, legal and operational framework constitutes a prerequisite for the
effective achievement of public information, consultation and participation. It encompasses the following
measures:
the adoption of relevant legislation and translation of international legal instruments into national law
(e.g. the Aarhus Convention, the EU Directive on public participation � NB: it is noteworthy that for a
number of other EU Directives such as the Directive on Environmental Impact Assessments, the Water
Framework Directive, the IPPC Directive, etc. the provisions for public involvement are integral part of
their implementation);
the implementation of the recommendations made by the Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable
Development (MCSD) as well as the implementation of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable
Development (MSSD), which was adopted by the Contracting Parties in Slovenia (November 2005);
the increased transparency in public administration and increased accessibility to public documents
(legal and technical) relevant to the protection of the environment and public health.

b) Specific measures focused on the NAPs implementation
Specific measures for enhanced stakeholder involvement in the NAP implementation process should be adapted
to the realities of the country and the needs of each stakeholder group and may cover a wide array, such as
notably:
the detailed presentation of NAPs at national level to all national stakeholders;
the elaboration of a "Road Map" with specific steps, milestones and dates for civil society
participation;
easy and non-restricted access of all stakeholders to NAP related documents and tools through various
adequate communication channels;
regular reporting of progress made in the NAP implementation to major interest groups;
effective involvement in decision-making processes through adequate feedback mechanisms (organisation
of consultations, integration of comments and recommendations in the planning of activities, etc.);
financial support to projects of NGO groups, which undertake important activities on behalf of public
authorities;
the elaboration of capacity building programmes schemes and technical support in order to enhance
stakeholders' expertise and performance in the relevant fields;
the development of adequate economic instruments (i.e. eco-taxes) favoring all types of stakeholders, in
particular local authorities and the private sector acting locally;
the simplification of bureaucratic procedures in order to facilitate stakeholder collaboration;
the promotion of environmental management tools (e.g. EMAS) and of cleaner technologies
instruments and techniques.

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4.
Potential NGO involvement in the various components and sub-categories of the project

The participation of civil society organisations in the GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean
Large Marine Ecosystem will be a key element in achieving:

o increased quality of the outputs (policy documents, projects, products, etc.)
o higher awareness level of the processes and results of the project,
o higher acceptance and ownership of the processes and their products
o strengthened stakeholder participation and partnership building
o increased possibilities of the replication of the partnership and its results

The activities foreseen within the various components and sub-components for the implementation of
the objectives of the GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem are
listed in table I.1 (annex I). In this table the activities in which NGOs can and should play a role are
also indicated (either as a stakeholder or in an advisory/consultative role).

BOX 4.1: Civil society participation GEF projects

Civil society involvement in GEF projects has increased over time and has grown to complement the growth in
their project portfolio. Most projects have subcontracted services to CSOs, while others involve them in
providing project services; implementation; consultancy; technical support; awareness raising; research and
assessment; management of parts of the project, etc. However, over the past few years civil society involvement
in these projects has evolved and grown more versatile to include the following roles (without being limited to
these):
� Project execution
� Managerial/contractual role (either as an Implementing agency sub-contracted by a government Executing
Agency to manage the project (civil society partner), or as a smaller scale sub-contract for specific services)
� Policy/advisory role in projects (e.g. representation on Steering committees etc., participation in project
supported institutions, trust boards etc.)
� Co-financier/Partner (where a CSO is providing in-kind or cash contribution to a project, or undertaking
important baseline activities of relevance to a project)
� Stakeholder (where a CSO due to its presence on the ground, relationship with local communities etc.,
participates as a stakeholder in the project design and implementation process)
� Small grants components for NGOs and CBOs within larger GEF projects (NTEAP, Niger River Basin
Project, etc.)

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5.
Specific types of NGO involvement in the implementation of the project

Environmental NGOs (along with all other major groups) had long been viewed by others as
environmental fanatics or enthusiasts and by themselves as "watch dogs" of environmental
performance. Nowadays, after long periods of close collaboration and often confrontation at various
levels, they are recognised as legitimate partners essential in achieving sustainable development by
contributing analysis, expertise and commitment from the inception and policy dialogue phase to the
implementation phase at different operational or administrative levels (regionally, nationally and
locally). The GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem was designed
to ensure the active participation of a wide range of stakeholders (including NGOs) in its various
components.

Indicative types of actions that NGOs can undertake in the framework of the project are:

o Development and implementation of public awareness campaigns on transboundary water
issues
o Development and implementation of campaigns and demonstration actions such as beach
clean-ups, recycling programmes, etc.
o Development of scheduled volunteer collaboration groups to reinforce activities
implementation
o Participation in management bodies of marine parks, coastal and marine protected areas
(MPAs)
o Participation in processes defining selection criteria, programming, indicators, etc. of
demonstration sites/projects, etc.
o Testing the feasibility and efficiency of innovative technologies and their applications
o Contributing to the introduction, pilot use and evaluation of innovative financial instruments
o Demonstrating practical ways of overcoming obstacles and barriers in adopting best practices
o Some specific actions could be entrusted, at least partly, to NGOs, particularly where such
competence and expertise has been proven in previous cases
o NGOs can be the organisers and/or audiences/beneficiaries of several actions referred to as
capacity building
o Involvement in non-formal and informal education activities
o Facilitating multi-stakeholder activities and events (round table discussions, engaging the
public and private sector, etc.).
o In some cases an NGO can function as broker/mediator/facilitator among different
stakeholders and government agencies
o Improve and broaden networks and coalitions
o Preparation and production of thematic publications, brochures, leaflets, etc.
o Providing the public with simplified translations of difficult to understand policy and legal
documents, terminology, etc.
o Formulating and conducting surveys, questionnaires, interviews, etc.
o Conducting/participating in monitoring and evaluation processes (independently or otherwise)
o Disseminating results through their networks and channels

In annex II a matrix (table II.1) depicts some proposed types of NGO involvement in the various
components and sub-components of the GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large
Marine Ecosystem. The matrix can be further developed at a later stage.

In annex III, Table III.1 indicatively displays the capacities and expertise of regional
Mediterranean NGOs. It is a draft table that will need to be enriched.
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6.
Guidelines for mobilizing NGO involvement and mechanisms for consultation,
coordination, monitoring and evaluation

The main phases for progressively more active public participation are:

1.
informing the affected, interested and/or competent groups
2.
listening to their opinions (with or without addressing and responding to these opinions)
3.
involving civil society and the public in a dialogue (on the design, decision-making,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation phases)

Obviously in each case many intermediate variations could be developed to a certain extent depending
on the technique to be employed, the target groups and the specific issue in question.

Some relevant techniques to achieve the above steps are summarised below:

Table 6.1: METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES7 FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Techniques particularly
� Printed materials (brochures, displays and exhibits, direct mail)
suitable for informing
� Using existing media (newspapers, news conferences, newspaper inserts, radio
1
the public
and TV, interactive TV, advertising)

� Formal Public Information Sessions (Targeted briefings)
� Informal Public Information (�open house�, site visits, �door to
door� at home, �Field� Information Offices)

Techniques particularly
� Surveys (interviews with key people, formal surveys, polls and questionnaires,
suitable for listening to
workbooks)
2
opinions of the public
� Large meetings (public meetings, public discussions, public hearings,
conferences, �Samoan Circle�)

Techniques suitable for
� Small meetings (public seminars, focus groups)
direct participation of
� Advisory groups (e.g. task forces, �Blue Ribbon� Committees, Working Parties,
3
the public (stakeholders)
citizens' panels)

� Problem solving techniques (e.g. brainstorming, simulation games, �Charette�,
�Planning Cells�)
� Consensus building techniques (e.g. �Delphi process�, unassisted Negotiation,
Mediation, Assisted Negotiation, MIO-ECSDE/SUDECIR process, arbitration,
consensus conferences).

Most of the above mentioned steps should be followed at national or even local levels where the
actual projects will take place. It is advisable however that serious efforts be invested for these steps
to be followed at regional level as well.

The Mediterranean Multi-Stakeholder Forum on "The Protection of the Mediterranean Sea from
Land-Based Pollution: Prospects and Partnerships", organised by UNEP/MAP and MIO-ECSDE with
the support of GEF (10-11 October 2005) confirmed recently that public participation is of crucial
importance for the successful implementation of the National Action Plans (NAPs) throughout the
Mediterranean basin and that the recommendations made by civil society representatives present
at the Forum should seriously be taken into account in the next steps of the NAP process. These
recommendations addressed both regional and national levels and included among others, the
following:

the setting up of a regional open-ended collaboration platform, which would contribute to the
effective implementation of the National Action Plans (NAPs), as part of the SAPs, and which

7 details on each technique will be provided as an annex to the finalized NGO Involvement Plan

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would ensure: the easy access to information of all stakeholders through various adequate
communication channels (including a clearing-house mechanism for information), the regular
briefing of stakeholders on the progress made in the NAP implementation at national level, the
provision of financial support to interest groups undertaking major projects on behalf of public
authorities but also in order to help them develop their capacities (MIO-ECSDE, with the support
of UNEP/MAP, will be responsible for promoting public participation and facilitating the
involvement of all related stakeholders from the civil society in the Platform);
the establishment of adequate legal/ institutional frameworks, whenever necessary, facilitating
the active involvement of civil society, especially NGOs (at national level);
the designation in each country of a small group of stakeholders around the MED POL
National Coordinators for the preparation of national presentations and information campaigns
on NAPs;
the elaboration of draft programmes/mechanisms for public participation taking into account
the guidelines elaborated by MED POL (at national level);
the use of existing consultation mechanisms and participation fora for the promotion of NAPs,
as available (at national level);
the introduction of NAPs to all stakeholders at the national or sub-national levels;
the involvement of stakeholders in the long-term implementation of NAPs through effective
feedback mechanisms (i.e. organisation of consultations, integration of comments and
recommendations in the planning of activities, etc.);
the involvement of the civil society in monitoring and control activities or processes (at
national level);
the use of legal and economic instruments (i.e. subsidies, eco-taxes, tax abatements), including
support for the use of cleaner technologies, to facilitate the implementation of NAPs by the
private economic sector (at national level);

In view of the above and in order to facilitate the NGO and the general public access to project
activities it is appropriate for each project component to prepare, in consultation with Component VI
of the project, "public participation plans". These would provide for each component:
�
where, how and when (at what stage) NGOs could be involved
�
parameters for monitoring and evaluating:
(b) how the project component has been strengthened by NGO participation
(c) how it has contributed to the progressive strengthening of the role of civil society.

The public participation plans can be structured using the following tools:

1. All project components should be guided by a list of the proper actions/steps/considerations to
take in order to ensure effective public participation in the project component. An indicative
such checklist is shown in table 6.2.

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Table 6.2: CHECK-LIST FOR PREPARING EFFECTIVE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION �
CONSULTATION PROCESSES

Identification of the NGOs/CSOs (same applies for other stakeholders as well)
check
�
Who has competence?

�
Who will be directly affected by the policies, plans, programmes, projects?

�
Who will have to apply them?

�
Who will be indirectly affected or may believe that they will be affected?

�
Who could influence better other stakeholders and the public in favor or against the decisions?

�
Identify the main potential impacts the decisions may have for various NGOs (and other stakeholders) at
different levels
�
Identify the potential main barriers in the communication (historical, educational background, knowledge of
issues, familiarisation with procedures, democratic traditions)
�
Identify the eventual areas of conflict

Preparation of meetings
�
Is the language � vocabulary of the presentation of the background document appropriate?

�
Is information provided early enough to allow NGOs (and other stakeholders) to study it and react?

�
Are the available resources used in a fair way, in order to provide opportunities to NGOs who wished to
participate to do so?
�
Is suitably qualified staff involved in preparing the process?

�
Is the time and place of the consultation meeting(s) suitable?

�
Is the type of consultation technique (e.g. round table) suitable?

�
Are the functions and persons who will act as chair and rapporteur (coordinator � facilitator) of the meeting
the most appropriate?
�
Do you have provisions for some form of amusement?

Consideration of the inputs - securing the follow-up
�
Is there a report of the meeting indicating the agreed points?

�
Have inputs (opinions, criticism, comments and suggestions) of public and other stakeholders been
recorded?
�
Have they been analyzed, taken into account and reflected in the input?

�
Have participants of the meeting(s) been informed of the outcome and how their contribution was
considered?
�
Has the process resulted in a consensus?

�
Is there a follow-up process foreseen and agreed (e.g. a Steering Committee, a Comit� de Suivi, etc.)?

2. Each project component should be guided by its own NGO Involvement Matrix identifying:

� the type of NGO involvement in the component: one common type or many (differentiated)
� when each type of involvement should take place and for how long (duration)
� which NGOs should be involved and for what purpose
� what are the means or incentives for securing this involvement

The matrix should be linked to a set of indicators (as quantitative as possible) appropriately defined in
order to monitor and measure the effectiveness of NGO involvement throughout the implementation
of the component. Some basic indicators (related to "consideration of the inputs" in table 6.2) are:

� number of systematic meetings for the project
� number of participants in meetings
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� level/phase of involvement
� level of agreement and consensus
� level of commitment of the Authorities
� level of commitment of NGOs and 3rd partners (other stakeholders)
� follow-up mechanisms established
� outreach and visibility

Such a matrix could be as shown in table 6.3, where information would be tabled for the whole of the
planned NGO involvement in the various steps of the component (only one example is presented in
the table):

Table 6.3: INDICATIVE NGO INVOLVEMENT MATRIX
Appropriate
Measures of
Component X
indicators of
cost
Steps
1 2
3
4
...

success
effectiveness
(on a timescale):
�
number
- Did the RT

of participants
mobilise
Appropriate time for +

�
level of addition
NGO involvement
agreement and sources for the
Appropriate type of roundtable

consensus
project?
NGO involvement
(RT)
�
outreach - Were
investment
Appropriate NGOs
A, B, C,

and visibility
schemes
to be involved
....
�
level of decreased as a
......

commitment of result?

3rd partners
- Were win-

�
follow-
win scenaria

up
established?

�
.....
.....

3. At the end of each phase of the project component and once the Strategic Partnership has been
completed, a brief qualitative analysis should be conducted on how effective NGO involvement has
been, based on 1 and 2 and responding to the two questions mentioned already above and again
herewith:
- how has the project component been strengthened by NGO participation? and
- how has the project component contributed to the progressive strengthening of the role of
civil society?

The introduction of cost assessment parameters of efficient public participation in the various
components of the project would be a very useful and innovative exercise as well (see table 6.3 matrix
above).

4. At the regional level, once the project is concluded, an initiative significantly promoting the
participatory character of the UNEP/GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine
Ecosystem would be the production, in all Mediterranean languages, and the dissemination of a
"manual of good participation practices" including a review of all the different techniques and
methodologies used for providing information and preparing public participation plans and consensus-
building procedures and a brief summary of the obtained results. This can be used also as a case study
for other regional transboundary projects in the region and worldwide.

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7. Linking
the
Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem with the
GEF Small Grants Programme (SGP)

GEF SGP8, a decentralized and country-driven mechanism to support national NGOs and CBOs,
seeks to achieve global environmental benefits through local initiatives. GEF SGP's starting point in
terms of global environmental benefits is to ensure that each project concept/proposal submitted to
GEF SGP fits the GEF criteria.

UNEP-MAP and MIO-ECSDE will coordinate with the GEF SGP modality in order to ensure that a
certain number of projects mainstreaming the objectives of the "Strategic Partnership" are prepared
and accepted. The GEF SGP criteria will be further refined and articulated in a strategic guidance
document. This guidance will be targeted mainly for SGP NCs, NSCs and grant proponents. Each
proposal would have to clearly articulate how project objectives and activities are aligned with the
"Strategic Partnership".

The grantees will be networked and also be part of the larger Mediterranean network of the
component and SP.

The following GEF participating SGP countries are eligible for IW projects in the Mediterranean:
Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey and Albania.

8 a corporate programme of GEF, implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on
behalf of the three GEF implementing agencies, and executed by the United Nations Office for Project Services
(UNOPS)
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8.
Resource mobilisation through NGO involvement in the project

NGO involvement in the GEF Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem
may contribute to mobilising sources of funding to match the GEF and WB contributions to the
project. This co-financing will be both in cash and in-kind contributions.

Mediterranean NGO networks and many national CSOs are well trained in attracting and managing
funding from various non-GEF related sources such as:
� other UN agencies
� the European Community
� national and local governments
� international and national public and private foundations
� the private sector including enterprises (multinational and national) and
� scientific and academic institutions (to a certain extent)

This will partially be achieved through synergies and complementarity with other on-going projects in
the region (e.g. the 2020 Horizon initiative). Each participating NGO partner will be expected to
commit itself to mobilising matching resources. In-kind contributions must not be undermined and
should be fully reported and well documented.
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Table I.1: INDICATIVE NGO INVOLVEMENT IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FULL SCALE PROJECT
(see also table II.1 - Annex II): Basic types of NGO involvement in the various components of the project)

: as a stakeholder
: in an advisory/consultative role

Component Activity

Component I: Facilitation of policy � Implementation of a country by country capacity building plan for municipal and industrial pollution reduction

and legislative reforms for SAP
MED and SAP BIO
� Implementation of a country by country capacity building plan to improve the permit, inspection and compliance

systems for pollution discharges

� Application of the differentiated approach for pollution reduction

� Implementation of a monitoring programme of the pollution reduction measures taken during the project's duration
based on the critical review and analysis of the present monitoring programme done at the PDF-B phase

� Strengthening and assisting the existing MPAs, especially with regard to monitoring management effectiveness to
measure impacts.

� Strengthening the network of priority marine and coastal protected areas identified by countries and improvement of
existing MPAs: contribute to achieving at Mediterranean scale the WSSD targets concerning the establishment by
2012 of Marine Protected Areas, consistent with international law and based on scientific information, representative
networks and time/area closures for the protection of nursery grounds and periods, as well as proper coastal land use.

Address the priority actions identified, inter alia, in the ICZM protocol; the preparation and implementation of

national ICZM strategies and plans

Component II: Replication
Support the implementation of a framework replication strategy, to be prepared by the PDF-B, to ensure the replication of
Strategies for SAP MED and SAP successful demonstrations, and the broader dissemination of the lessons learnt and results achieved under the Investment

BIO
Fund and the overall Strategic Partnership.

Component III, Sub-Category 1A: Application of an action plan and awareness campaigns for stakeholders involved in the implementation of the MED POL

Implementation of the SAP MED Guidelines for the reduction of marine litter pollution

and related NAPs (pollution

reduction strategies): Marine Litter

Component III, Sub-Category 1B:
Activity 1: Start-up of the project and capacity building:

Implementation of the SAP MED
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and related NAPs (pollution � (i)Set up national focal points (national advisory boards and national counterparts),

reduction strategies) Transfer of
Environmentally Sound Technology

(TEST) in the Mediterranean region
� ii) introduction of the TEST integrated approach at national counterparts,

� iii) set-up of the information management system,

�

iv) identification and selection of demonstration enterprises,

� v) preparation of initial review at demonstration enterprises including market and financial viability and initial
environmental review

Activity 2: Introduction of the TEST integrated approach at the demonstration enterprises:

� i) Implementation of Cleaner Production Assessment (CPA) at demonstration enterprises;

� ii) Introduction of Environmental Management Systems (EMS) principles and design elements of the EMS at
demonstration enterprises;

� iii) Introduction of Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) practices and elements of EMA at demonstration
enterprises;

� iv) identification of EST investment project for the demonstration enterprises;

� v) investment promotion of identified EST investment projects;

� vi) consolidation of the results of the application of the TEST approach into enterprise sustainable strategy (SES).

Activity 3: Dissemination of the results of the project:

� i) Preparation of national publications on the application of the TEST approach at the demonstration enterprises;

� ii) organization of national seminars in each country;

� iii) organization of introductory seminars on TEST approach at other enterprises in each country;

� iv) organization of a Regional workshop to present the results of the TEST-MED project to other countries of the
Mediterranean Region;

� v) initiation of networking activities between the TEST-MED counterparts and other institutions/national experts from
other Mediterranean countries

Component III, Sub-Category 1C:
Implementation of a financial action plan/mechanism (developed at BPF-B phase) to support sustainable financing for the
Implementation of the SAP MED
implementation of the SAP MED and the NAPs

and related NAPs (pollution
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reduction strategies): Sustainable
financing mechanism for the
SAP/MED implementation

Component III, Sub-Category 2:
�
Implement inventorying, mapping and monitoring programmes on the effectiveness of marine and coastal protected
Implementation of the SAP BIO and
areas: to contribute to achieving the WSSD targets concerning the establishment (initially intended by 2004) of a
related NAPs (biodiversity protection
regular process under the United Nations for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine

strategies)
environment, including socio-economic aspects, both current and foreseeable, building on existing regional

assessments.

�
Assessing and mitigating the impact of threats to biodiversity, especially in the existing MPAs: to contribute to
achieving the WSSD targets concerning significant reduction by 2010 in the current rate of loss of biological

diversity.

�
Improve understanding of Med. Coastal and marine sensitive habitats and filling in gaps in biodiversity: to improve
the scientific understanding and assessment of marine and coastal ecosystems and MPAs.
�
Capacity-building, stakeholders involvement and awareness raising: to strengthen cooperation and coordination of
all stakeholders, increase stakeholders participation in conservation initiatives and increase awareness raising on
marine and coastal biodiversity conservation and MPAs.

Component III, Sub-Category 3:
�
Assisting the countries to implement fisheries and living resources reforms and programs to meet GFCM, ICCAT,
Implementation of the SAP BIO
SAP BIO and WSSD 2010/2015 sustainable fisheries targets.
related to the conservation and �
Improving coordination between fisheries bodies and environmental commissions and institutions.

sustainable management of
�
Improvement of legislation, compliance and enforcement with respect to the conservation of marine biodiversity
vulnerable or endangered fish and
and habitat integrity related to fishing.

invertebrates, including
�
Developing the strategy for the conservation and sustainable management of vulnerable or endangered fish and
IUCN/CITES lists, and sustainable

invertebrates (IUCN/CITES lists), including sustainable related fisheries.

related fisheries (living resources �
Improving single-species and multi-species selectivity of gear and fishing practices, addressing the problems of
strategies)

multi-species catch, discards and ghost-fishing.
�

Assisting the countries to develop and implement the Mediterranean Strategy to reduce fishing-related mortality of
marine mammals, turtles and sea birds

�
Assisting the countries to develop and implement the Mediterranean Strategy to reduce the impact of trawling and
other towed gear on critical habitats. Increasing the number of marine fishery reserves.

�
Assisting the countries to develop and implement the Mediterranean Strategy to eliminate particularly harmful
fishing practices (dynamite, chemicals, etc.).
�
Developing new fisheries management techniques (fishing rights, economic incentives) and refine "traditional"
fishery management and control measures. Assisting the countries to control recreational fishing activities.

�
Improving governance of marine biodiversity and ecosystems conservation, with special relevance to fisheries.
Enhancing the environmental education of stakeholders and their commitment to responsible fishing practices
�
Assisting the countries to improve fishing statistics. Producing a new guide on Mediterranean species identification
for fishery purposes.

�
Assisting the countries to implement the International and national Action Plans (FAO IPOAs and NPOAs)

Component III, Sub-Category 4: Identification and development of regional, national and sub-national actions and pilot demonstrations aimed at reversing
Regional Strategies to manage and aquifer related degradation trends, such as:
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protect coastal aquifers.
�
the growing salinization of coastal aquifers;

�
the contamination due to polluted sub-marine aquifer discharges (e.g.: karst systems);

�
the loss of ground-water dependent coastal ecosystems and wetlands.

Activities will also be developed to introduce the systematic assessment of aquifer vulnerability along the Mediterranean
coastal regions, so that priorities maybe addressed in the revised SAP.

Component III, Sub-Category 5:
�
Through this component the Project will link with ongoing initiatives including the Mediterranean Component of
Regional Integrated Water Resources
the EU Water Initiative and its Joint Process with the EU Water Framework Directive, the NAPs process,
Management (IWRM)
Petersberg Phase II /Athens Declaration Process on Shared Waters, etc. Linkages will be facilitated with the GPA
on Land Based Sources of Pollution as well as METAP. Coordination and operational links will be facilitated with
Sub-Category 4 on Regional Strategies to Manage and Protect Coastal Aquifers, with Sub-Category 6 on Integrated
Coastal Management Strategies, and with transboundary basin management projects implemented under the
Investment Fund (e.g.: Neretva, Drin, etc.).

�
Promote policy dialogue, institutional reforms, legal and regulatory coordination and private sector participation in
water resource management at the regional, transboundary and national levels, aiming to assist in meeting MDGs
and WSSD water-related targets.

�
Address biodiversity concerns and issues related to vulnerable habitats such as wetlands as well as water quality
concerns taking into account the ongoing work of METAP, in national IWRM planning processes through
consultation and assessment.
�
Support demonstration projects, capacity building and ad hoc training at regional, transboundary and national
levels, aiming amongst others at reducing the release of contaminants, both point and non-point sources, and at
maintaining environmental flows and functioning of water related coastal ecosystems and habitats/sensitive areas.

�
Identify investment needs related to integrated water resource management, taking into account biodiversity and
water quality concerns, and assisting countries to prepare pre-feasibility studies and investment proposals which
could be considered by the Investment Fund.

Component III, Sub-Category 6:
�
Technical activities: to support the individual countries to develop and implement necessary ICZM policy and
Regional Integrated Coastal

implementation tools at national level, including Cost of Environmental degradation (COED), Strategic
Management
Environmental Assessments (SEA), legal instruments at national and sub-national level and Marine Spatial

Planning

�
Contribution of ICZM to coastal and marine bio-diversity conservation, aquifer protection, water resources and
river basin management, through demonstration projects

�
Investments: linkage to the Investment Fund component of the Partnership, by identifying potential investment
opportunities for the protection and restoration of valuable coastal areas and assist the countries in the development
of pre-feasibility studies and project proposals.

Component IV: Overall

Coordination and Monitoring

Arrangements for the Strategic
Partnership

Component V: Information & Development and support of a communication Strategy. Use of the best available communication tools and media to
Communication Strategy
enhance and increase the impact on general public, interest groups, decision makers, national and regional stakeholders as

required by project objectives.

H - 20

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

Component VI: NGO mobilization
� Ensure effective NGO involvement in the full-size project on the basis of the NGO Involvement Plan including the

Mediterranean Partnership GEF SGP Strategic Guidance Paper prepared by the PDF-B project.
� Feed into and complement the Communication Strategy designed by INFO/RAC with NGO specific elements,
deliverables, etc.

� Provide, among others, the networking, monitoring and knowledge management components (as identified) to NGOs
and CBOs, also to the related to the SP grantees of the GEF SGP, in order to effectively contribute to the achievement
of the targets of the SAP-MED and SAP-BIO and implement the NAPs.

H - 21

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

Table II.1: MATRIX OF BASIC TYPES OF NGO INVOLVEMENT IN THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT

I II
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV V VI
Project Components
Sub-Category 1
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-
Sub-

Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
Category 6

NGO Activities

A
B
C
Development and implementation of
+/
+/
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+ +

awareness campaigns
Capacity building
(*)
(*)
+
+// (*) / (*)
+
+
+
(*)
+// (*)
+//(*) +

Non-formal and informal education

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+/

+ +

activities
Preparation and production of thematic

+
+
+//
+//
+
+
+

+/

+ +
publications
Participation in management bodies
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
Facilitating multi-stakeholder processes
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+ +
Development and implementation of

+/
+
+/

+
+
+
+
+

+ +
activity campaigns

Demonstration projects

+/
+
+/

+
+
+

+

+ +
Monitoring and evaluation

+/
+/
+
+
+/
+
+
+

+
+/
+ +
Dissemination of results
+
+
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + +

+
as a stakeholder/leader
(*)
also as a beneficiary

as a partner (not leader)
/
and/or

for targeted actions (mostly to other NGOs)
SGPMED eligible

activities

Project components and strategic partners:

Component I
- Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED and SAP BIO - (MEDPOL, PAP/RAC, REMPEC, RAC/SPA)
Component II
- Replication Strategies SAP MED and SAP BIO - (INFO/RAC)
Component III
- Technical Assistance
-
Sub-Category
1A. Implementation of the SAP MED and related NAPs (pollution reduction strategies): Marine Litter - (MEDPOL, UNEP/RS)

-
Sub-Category
1B. Implementation of the SAP MED and related NAPs (pollution reduction strategies). Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology in the Mediterranean region �
(UNIDO, CP/RAC)
H - 22

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007

-
Sub-Category
1C. Implementation of the SAP MED and related NAPs (pollution reduction strategies): Sustainable financing mechanism for the SAP/MED (MEDPOL, UNEP GPA and
UNIDO)
-
Sub-Category
2. Implementation of the SAP BIO and related NAPs (biodiversity protection strategies) � (SPA/RAC, WWF MEDPO)
-
Sub-Category
3. Implementation of the SAP BIO related to the conservation and sustainable management of vulnerable or endangered fish and invertebrates, including IUCN/CITES lists,
and sustainable related fisheries (living resources strategies) - (FAO/GFCM, SPA/RAC)
-
Sub-Category
4. Regional Strategies to manage and protect coastal aquifers - (UNESCO)
-
Sub-Category
5. Regional Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) � (GWP-Med)
-
Sub-Category
6. Regional Integrated Coastal Management � (PAP/RAC, METAP)
Component IV
- Overall Coordination and Monitoring Arrangements for the Strategic Partnership
Component V
- Information & Communication Strategy � (INFO/RAC)
Component VI
- NGO mobilization � (MIO-ECSDE
H - 23

Annex H

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/March 2007
Table III.1: CAPACITIES AND EXPERTISE OF REGIONAL MEDITERRANEAN NGOs

Organisation
Areas of expertise related to the `Strategic Partnership"

Association Internationale For�ts
- Management of woodlands, national, regional and local parks
Mediterran�enes (AIFM)
and nature reserves
www.aifm.org
- Related awareness raising, networking and capacity building
Arab NGO Network for Environment and - Awareness raising, outreach, visibility and mobilisation in the
Development (RAED)
Mediterranean Arab countries
www.aoye.org
- Water
- Waste
- Urban environment
Enda Maghreb
- Agriculture and rural development
www.enda.org.ma
- Natural resources management
- Urban environment
- Waste
- Poverty
- Capacity building
EUCC Mediterranean Centre
- ICZM
European Environmental Bureau (EEB)
- Agriculture
www.eeb.org
- Biodiversity
- Transparency and public participation
- Waste
- Water
- Urban environment
- Capacity building
Friends of the Earth MedNet (FoE Mednet)
- Water especially transboundary issues
www.foeeurope.org/mednet/
- Agriculture and rural development
- Tourism
- Awareness raising, outreach, visibility and mobilisation
Greenpeace
- Marine reserves
www.greenpeace.org/mediterranean
- Fisheries
- Pollution
Mediterranean Association to Save the Sea - Habitats conservation
Turtles (MEDASSET)
- Biodiversity
www.medasset.org
- ICZM
- Tourism
- Awareness and education
- Waste
Mediterranean Information Office for - Networking, stakeholder participation and involvement,
Environment, Culture and Sustainable
promoting partnerships
Development (MIO-ECSDE)
- Capacity building
www.mio-ecsde.org
- Water
- Waste
- Tourism
- Education
Mediterranean Marine Bird Association - Conservation of coastal ecosystems
(MEDMARAVIS)
- Avifauna protection
- ICZM
WWF Mediterranean Programme Office - Biodiversity
(WWF MEDPO)
- Forests
- Marine protection
- Freshwater
- Tourism
- Capacity building

H - 24

Annex I

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
ANNEX I

ICZM Policy Brief and Country Reports1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Policy Brief: Eastern Adriatic Sub-Region ............................................................................................. 2
Policy Brief Overview: Maghreb, Mashrek & Turkey............................................................................ 7
Strategic overview: Albania .................................................................................................................. 12
Strategic overview: Algeria................................................................................................................... 31
Strategic overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina........................................................................................ 48
Strategic overview: Croatia ................................................................................................................... 56
Strategic overview: Egypt ..................................................................................................................... 68
Strategic overview: Lebanon................................................................................................................. 87
Strategic overview: Libya ................................................................................................................... 105
Strategic overview: Montenegro ......................................................................................................... 117
Strategic overview: Morocco .............................................................................................................. 134
Strategic overview: Syria .................................................................................................................... 152
Strategic overview: Tunisia................................................................................................................. 167
Strategic overview:Turkey .................................................................................................................. 184
Strategic overview: Palestinian Authority........................................................................................... 195

1 PAP-RAC, April 2006
I - 1

Annex I

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Policy Brief: Eastern Adriatic Sub-Region

April 2006

1. Executive
Summary

Countries of the eastern Adriatic subregion are still suffering from the recent political upheaval, which
has had a profound effect on their development prospects. They are still lagging behind many
neighbouring countries in spite of the emerging prospect for accession to the EU. Lack of respect for
law as well as lack of adequate management instruments has greatly reduced the effectiveness of
environmental resources management across the board and in particular in their coastal areas.
However, in all the countries some rudimentary form of coastal management is taking place. Although
none of the countries has full coastal management framework (legal, institutional, planning, technical)
in place, in each one of them some elements of the system could be found. This could be an advantage
for an exchange of experiences, normally if effective cooperation mechanisms will be established.

It is clear that "GEF alternative" is the only viable option particularly if it would be coupled with the
strong support of the countries to the forthcoming Mediterranean ICZM Protocol. Even if the road to
that protocol will be a long and bumpy one, a timely anticipation of its provisions in the Adriatic
subregion could be an advantage that it badly needs. The proposed activities and outcomes in the GEF
project fall within the legal, institutional, technical, financial, and capacity building domains. There
are some risks involved, but it is expected that bringing coastal areas high on the political agenda,
primarily by understanding that they are the most valuable asset in all the countries, will be more than
enough to reduce eventual negative impacts of those risks.

2.
POLICY BRIEF BACKGROUND

Drafting of this Policy Brief was preceded by the preparation of the Strategic Overviews for four
countries of the Adriatic sub-region: Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and
Albania. The Adriatic sub-region context is characterized by a relatively homogenous situation:

�
Political context. All GEF eligible countries are undergoing the process of transition,
which is at different stage in every country. They are low to middle-income countries, all of which
have experienced periods of grave political unrest after the democratization process started in the
early nineties. All are EU aspiring countries, albeit in different stages of negotiation with EU. All
the countries have acceded to the number of international environmental conventions, the most
important one being the Barcelona Convention.

�
Natural resources context. Except Croatia, countries possess a relatively short coast.
However, in all cases it is considered as a resource of the prime importance. All countries are
abundant with freshwater. Several large rivers are influencing natural process in coastal areas,
increasing their biodiversity value, and providing necessary sediments largely affecting the
dynamics of the coastline. Coastal areas influenced by the river basins are relatively large. Rivers
are bringing a lot of pollution originating inland.

�
Coastal pressures. There are a relatively large number of environmental hot spots.
They are usually larger urban areas without necessary treatment facilities. No capital city is located
on the coast, but all countries have strong secondary cities located there. However, all of these
cities are lagging behind the capitals in terms of their socio-economic development. Coastal areas
are being deindustrialized, which has resulted in a certain level of depollution but, overall, the
pollution level has even increased because of the growing urbanization, which was not followed by
the adequate construction of infrastructure. In addition to expansion of urban centres, the linear
urbanization trend is present in all countries. Tourism is considered as the major development generator.
I - 2

Annex I

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
�
Management and planning context. Land use planning is dominant, while coastal
planning system barely exists. Respect for the legislation enforcement is at a low level. All
countries support the forthcoming ICZM Protocol of the Barcelona Convention. Institutions for
Integrated Coastal Management are in their infancy. Civil sector is emerging with a potential to
play higher role in coastal management.

In the Strategic Overviews the current environmental situation in coastal areas of the countries and the
status of the implementation of ICZM was described. The overviews identified the coastal priority
issues and proposed a set of policy recommendations for each country.

At the expert meeting held in Split on 25-26 April 2006, the strategic overviews were presented and
the country representatives discussed and agreed upon the situation as presented in the overviews. The
eastern Adriatic countries' representatives stressed that the most pressing needs were:
- To adopt the relevant coastal legislation, even in countries where it already exists;
- To establish the appropriate ICZM institutions with stronger decision-making power;
- To set up an information system that will keep track of all the activities in their coastal areas;
and
- To build the appropriate capacity for ICZM.

3.
CORE COASTAL ISSUES IN THE ADRIATIC SUB-REGION

Human activities located on the coast and in the adjacent river basins are having strong impact on the
state of the coastal terrestrial and marine environment. Biodiversity loss is rapidly emerging
phenomenon in the sub-region. Although tourism is considered as a growth sector, the deteriorating
environmental situation is degrading its ability to act as a development generator. Unregulated, and
often haphazard and illegal, coastal linear urbanization is reducing the quality of coastal landscape as
well as the capacity of future generations to make use of the coast at the level enjoyed by the current
generation. Cost of coastal degradation, i.e reduction of the capacity of national economies to generate
satisfactory income, although not being calculated in this subregion, could be assessed as being
relatively high, particularly in some, less developed, countries of the sub-region.

Root causes

Root causes of the coastal degradation have largely been already identified throughout the sub-region.
The desire for quick economic profits has too often gone against the need for the rational use of
coastal resources. This trend was further influenced by the fact that all of the countries started from a
relatively low economic base, while the need for quick development was high on the political agenda.
The realization of that objective has too often gone at the expense of high environmental degradation.
Additionally, this process was coupled by the lack of adequate financial resources to pay for the
minimally necessary environmental infrastructure.

There is a lack of planning and management integration across the board. The "regulatory split"
between the coastal marine and terrestrial domains is too evident. While the land resources are being
managed in a relatively integrated manner, mainly thanks to the spatial planning laws that has been in
place in all the countries of the subregion, on the other, marine side of the coastline, resource
management has been and still is almost exclusively sectoral. Furthermore, the integration between
marine and terrestrial domains is practically non-existent. This situation is coupled by the overall
predominance of the land use planning while, at the same time, coastal management is not widely
known as well as practiced. Even when plans are developed, two root causes of their ineffectiveness
are present: the lack of respect for the institution of planning, and the lack of the implementation
instruments.

There is a widespread lack of confidence in the institutions to govern equitably and efficiently. This
distrust has resulted in the population taking their destiny in their own hands. The widespread
phenomenon of illegal construction is the result of the latter, but also of the other abovementioned root
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
causes. Transboundary environmental problems, often present in the sub-region, are getting higher on
the political agenda but the non-existence of an effective management system, such as Integrated
Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM), is one of the root causes why the transboundary
environmental problems are still persistent.

Policy implications

The integrated coastal management initiatives, aimed at reducing the negative impacts on the eastern
Adriatic coastal areas, emerged relatively early. One could say that in Croatia they started almost 40
years ago, while in the rest of the region ICZM became a better-known practice in early 90s. However,
many decision makers have not yet know its benefits, although they do not shy away from then when
an initiative emerges, particularly if it is driven by the foreign donors. Unfortunately, the
implementation is the weak point. Today, ICZM practice varies from the country to country. Some
have placed emphasis on the spatial planning, some have developed the regulatory and institutional
framework, some have prepared coastal plans, but in none of the countries a complete framework is in
place. However, all the countries strongly support the preparation of the Mediterranean ICZM
Protocol, which is proposing a comprehensive ICZM mechanism at the country level. It is expected
that with the Protocol's adoption and entering into force, the countries' efforts to introduce an efficient
ICZM mechanism will be strengthened.

Country
ICZM Institution
ICZM
ICZM Strategy
ICZM plans
ICZM
Legislation
Projects
Croatia
Office for the
Decree on the
No, but a special No, only county Yes
Adriatic (no
Protection of the
plan for the
spatial plans
decision making
Coastal Area
Adriatic in
with some sea
power)
(2004)
preparation
use plans
Bosnia and
No No
No
No
No
Herzegovina
Serbia and
Yes, public
Yes In
preparation
No No
Montenegro
institution with
weak legal mandate
Albania No
No
National
coastal
In preparation
Yes
plan (prepared in
1995, adopted in
2002)

4. POLICY
OPTIONS

Non � GEF alternative

This alternative is developed also with the assumption that ICZM Protocol will not be adopted and/or
ratified, i.e. enter in force so soon. Since direct coastal legislation will not be adopted and/or
improved, most of the future environmental legislation will only marginally dealwith the coastal areas'
issues. Without the ICZM Protocol, there will be no outside push for new coast-related legislation. The
same applies to ICZM institutions, which will not be organized if no initiative will push it from
abroad. ICZM will remain as largely unknown tool, while its benefits will not be made better known
to the decision makers.

The coastal development will mainly be driven by unregulated tourism development and, more or less
rampant, real estate market which will be perceived by the local population as the only viable source
of income. The environmental situation will not improve and will, therefore, hinder opportunities for
the endogenous development based on the exploitation of tourist potential of the sub-region. Coastal
planning and management will remain in the domain of spatial physical planning. It will remain fairly
ineffective because the instruments will not exist to facilitate the implementation of coastal spatial
plans. Illegal construction will remain the prevailing physical phenomenon in the subregion.

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Population growth will be modest, with major urban areas in the subregion growing at the expense of
smaller settlements. The latter will largely become secondary residences for the richer national and
international clientele. International financial institutions will remain active, because these countries
will still be considered as better loan-takers than the remaining countries in the region. This will bring
benefits and improvements, but with a danger that the effects will be short term, due to the lack of
effective management system in place that would secure longer term sustainability of these
investments.

GEF alternative

Integrated Coastal Zone Management will be promoted and decision makers will start perceiving it as
a viable alternative. Better coastal governance may bring coastal issues towards the top of the political
priority lists. The decision-makers will also be prompted by, inter alia, ICZM Protocol (hopefully to
be adopted and ratified) and EU ICZM and other related initiatives to propose, adopt and implement
coastal legislation and establish coastal management institutions. Coastal biodiversity protection may
improve particularly if linked with ICZM.

It may be widely understood that implementation instruments, such as economic and spatial planning
instruments as well as improved information systems, are the crucial elements of an effective ICZM
system. Capacity building will improve, partly stimulated by the international donors' initiatives, but
also prompted by the internal demand. Local authorities will see a potential in ICZM and will establish
the relevant local offices. Financing of the necessary environmental infrastructure will increase, partly
as the result of the improved coastal management systems in place, which will guarantee better
efficiency of investments. National and local coastal strategies and plans will be prepared. These will
largely stimulate the integration of major stakeholders in the decision-making process through an
improved participation process. Coastal strategies will also help bringing the coastal issues at the top
of national political agenda and will help shape the national approach to coastal area management.

The numbr of coastal projects, many of them having a demonstration character, will increase. It is
probable that the national financing of these projects will also increase, this being an indicator of the
willingness to implement solutions proposed by these projects. The overall environmental situation
will improve, which will increase the chances for sustainable development of the countries in the sub-
region. More elaborated monitoring systems will be set in place.

Tourism will still be the major development generator, but based on the carrying capacity analysis as
well as environmental assessment, it will be much more sustainable than today and respectful of the
environmental considerations. Ultimately, its quality will increase, thus bringing larger benefits to the
local population. The economic importance of other coastal economic activities might also increase,
but with a greater respect for the environment. With the improved coastal governance it is expected
that the opportunities for coastal resource use conflicts will be greatly reduced.

Proposed activities and expected outcomes

The proposed list of activities considers that the GEF alternative will be implemented in the subregion.
To a certain extent, it is based on the fact that the ICZM Protocol might enter in force, which means
that countries will have to adjust their legislation with this regional legal document. The following
activities are proposed:

- adoption of new or improved coastal legislation, regulation and accompanying instruments
that will facilitate the enforcement of coastal legislative framework;
- building the institutional framework for ICZM at national and subnational (regional) levels;
institutions should have sufficient decision-making and legal enforcing power to make them
critical elements of an efficient coastal management system; creation of intersectoral bodies
aimed at integration of sectoral interests in coastal areas of the subregion;
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
- improvement in financing coastal management initiatives, particularly through implementation
of coastal demonstration projects;
- capacity building for ICZM including university courses at undergraduate and graduate levels,
as well as short courses aimed at permanent education of professional staff in planning and
management institutions;
- introduction of new tools and techniques for ICZM, such as coastal and marine GIS, marine
spatial planning, MPA management, SEA, calculation of the cost of environmental
degradation, cost-benefit analysis, conflict resolution techniques; and
- improvement of information collection and dissemination aimed at awareness rising on coastal
problems in all strata of the civil society.

The proposed activities are designed to contribute to the sustainable management of the Adriatic
coastal areas, in particular by improving the coastal water quality and increasing biodiversity
protection and conservation. They are also designed to jump-start the ICZM Protocol adoption and its
entering into force. The activities are expected to:

- entice countries to adopt ICZM legislation and create appropriate institutional
frameworks;
- create critical mass of ICZM professionals in the sub-region which would bring the
coastal areas problems and the need for their sustainable development to the top of the
politicians' agenda;
- improve participation in the coastal resources' management decision-making;
- increase level of internal financing of coastal management initiatives;
- stimulate adoption of national and regional coastal strategies and prompt coastal local
administrative units to prepare and adopt coastal management plans;
- help introduce new integrated coastal management tools and techniques; and
- increase public awareness on the coastal areas problems.

Risk assumptions

The proposed measures might not achieve the desired effect if the following risks will be present:

- lack of vision on the use of coastal resources as well as the lack of consensus on the value of
coastal areas for the countries' development;
- economic situation will not allow larger utilization of internal financial resources;
- renewal of the political instability in the region;
- instruments for the implementation of coastal strategies and plans will not be used and
prevailing negative coastal trends will continue;
- sectoral management will remain dominant form of coastal resources utilization, etc;

5. POLICY
RECOMMENDATIONS

Main area for change in the Adriatic subregion countries is to improve the integration of sectoral
interests in the coastal resources management. All efforts will have to be employed to bring together
various sectors such as water and waste management, fisheries, coastal transportation and
infrastructure, spatial planning and biodiversity protection being exercised throughout marine and
terrestrial parts of the coastal area. The practical steps to be implemented are the following:
- review and analyse the current policies, strategies, action plans and projects in all relevant
coastal sectors;
- identify conflicts and overlaps in their implementation, as well as constraints for their better
integration in a comprehensive coastal management framework;
- identify opportunities for the improvement of financial means and technical capabilities for
integrated coastal management; and
- propose management framework that will optimally utilize countries' potential for an effective
integrated coastal management system.
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Annex I

UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Policy Brief Overview: Maghreb, Mashrek & Turkey

April 2006
Executive Summary

Water quality, biodiversity protection and coherent spatial planning, including transboundary, are
widespread issues in the coastal areas of Maghreb, Mashrek and Turkey. Their problems and solutions
are also highly interconnected. Unfortunately, in many instances these are addressed on a sectoral
basis and usually not in a comprehensive institutional, legal and management framework. ICAM
brings this much-needed inter-sectoral and spatial perspective, supporting for example further
screening of initiatives pointing to their overlaps, gaps and potential conflict. However, at present in
many countries ICAM institutional, legal and management frameworks are incomplete and therefore
have not fully demonstrate their expected efficiency in addressing users conflicts and cumulative
development and environmental impacts in coastal areas. The present proposal aims at implementing
ICAM plans and programs to improve the management of water quality, biodiversity protection and
spatial planning in coastal areas.

I. WORKING BASIS FOR THE POLICY BRIEF

This policy brief is part of the preparation of PDF B ICZM sub-component. For its drafting, a series of
program documents were consulted (GEF, SAPMED and SAP BIO), and National Overviews were
prepared which served as a basis for further discussions during an expert meeting.

Within program documents, key elements of relevance to the PDF B were identified and helped
articulate ideas in the Policy Brief. For example, priority actions listed in SAP BIO bearing a planning
and spatial component (e.g. elaboration of zoning for fisheries and aquaculture) were taken into
account by demonstrating the positive role ICZM can play in addressing these issues.

The National Overviews were prepared for Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia,
and Turkey. They provide a summary of key information (urban and spatial planning, tourism,
environmental hazards, natural and cultural heritage, information and communication, participation) in
relation to the present ICZM institutional, legal and management contexts in these countries. They
conclude on a set of high priority issues to be tackled in order to increase the efficiency in dealing with
ICZM practice, including for transboundary issues.

During a 2-day expert meeting, these National Overviews were presented in a synoptic way. They
served as a basis for further identifying the most relevant needs in ICZM shared by these countries.
The most pressing needs highlighted were to establish appropriate information databases and provide
easy access to them, to strengthen capacity of local governments to undertake ICZM projects, to treat
solid and liquid wastes, to support the development of sustainable coastal tourism, in particular as a
contributor to the rehabilitation of natural and cultural heritage. The need to improve national ICZM
frameworks stayed very clearly at the top of the agenda for all countries.

II. CONTEXT AND IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM

Core issue

All around the Mediterranean, land and water-based activities are impacting coastal areas, especially
marine and freshwater quality and biodiversity. Loss of amenity values, increase in environmental
degradation costs unaccounted for, growing user conflicts, planning deadlocks, are among the most
common resulting negative impacts experienced by all countries.

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Root causes

After over 30 years in international environmental and socio-economic investigations in
Mediterranean coastal regions, root causes are by now well identified: from lack of financial capacity
for building appropriate water treatment infrastructures to unregulated and uncontrolled marine
resources and spatial uses. More significantly, disconnected sectoral approaches most often steer
policymaking and planning, oblivious to their side and cumulative effects and their spatial
inconsistency.

However, many coastal problems are interlinked, both in terms of cause to effects but also spatially.
For example, ddecline of seawater quality leads to eutrophication, decline of fisheries, human health
problems from consuming fish or contacting polluted waters. Sea quality is also a major transboundary
issue since pollutants released in hot spots can travel long distances in rivers and current. To be
addressed in an efficient manner, an integrated and spatial approach to water quality and biodiversity
issues is required.

Policy implications

In this context, coastal management initiatives aim at reducing these related impacts by introducing
coordination, coherence and synergies between coastal stakeholders, their policies, strategies and
action plans. Coastal management makes thus use of a combination in institutional, legal and
management instruments, mechanisms and resources.
At present, around the Mediterranean such coastal management frameworks vary greatly from country
to country. None provides the comprehensive set of mechanisms and tools recommended in the ICAM
Protocol currently under preparation. Varying levels of awarenesss on the significance and relevance
of a comprehensive ICAM approach explain this situation as well as diversity in national political
choices in relation to coastal development priorities.

Country
ICZM Body
ICZM Law
ICZM Strategy
ICZM Plans
Algeria
Naitonal Coastal Council Yes (2002)
No
CAMP SAP
proposed
Wetland
management
Egypt No
No
No
National
plan
in
preparation
Lebanon Proposed
Draft
prepared Yes, waiting
No
endorsement by
parliament
Lybia No
No
No
No
Morocco Steering committee & In preparation
In preparation
In preparation in
national agency proposed
Nador
Syria

National Plan in
preparation
Tunisia APAL
(no
legal
mandate)
No
No
No
Turkey
Committee since 1993 but No, only shore law

no coordination role
to give boundaries

III. POLICY OPTION(S)

Expected developments and trends without ICAM Protocol and strategic partnership

In the Maghreb, Maskrek and Turkey, all necessary laws in relation to water and waste management,
biodiversity protection and spatial planning are in place. However, decrees are often not prepared
and/or enacted. In addition coordination mechanisms and structures are not establish to help
anticipating and screening potential institutional, legal and management problems that may arise from
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the implementation of existing regulations and management decision. Lack of stakeholder awareness,
insufficient scientific knowledge and monitoring, as well as inadequate implementation of
international treaties and agreements are further drawbacks.

There are usually many sectoral initiatives undertaken with the help of international funds. In water
quality and waste management, funding is often the main constraint due to the importance of
investments required for building needed infrastructures. In biodiversity protection initiatives are often
of a demonstration nature and disconnected from each others. They would however benefit from
further prior consultation to avoid duplication of efforts in areas where bilateral funding is often
limited. As a result project impacts are short-term and limited to the immediate area where activities
took place.

GEF alternatives

In this perspective, coastal management can help overcoming such institutional overlaps and legal
gaps. It allows for prior screening of sectoral initiatives seeking complementarities in objectives,
activities and related human and financial means. It depends on co-implementation of operational
mechanisms to delivery sectoral policies, strategies and plans, where and when conflicts exist or are
anticipated to occur. It takes into account in this perspective their spatial consequences.
Many uses in coastal areas are in need of introducing biodiversity protection in their daily practice, in
particular to avoid their cumulative effects. Indeed impacts from fisheries, tourism and agriculture can
add up in a given coastal area both in their catchment area and their marine waters.

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Overview of the existing legal, institutional and management context in the coastal region of Maghreb, Mashrek and Turkey
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Some countries have coastal zone management laws
Decrees of Coastal laws are often slow to be prepared and few actually enacted
All countries with sectoral laws, strategies and plans (water and waste management, biodiversity Sectoral laws are not enforced and compliancy not monitored
protection)

Institutional
Institutional

Designation of national level ICAM coordination body remains a politically sensitive issue
All countries are considering the most appropriate combination for steering coastal management Institutions opearte on a very sectoral basis and communicate little
at national level

Management
Management

Once demonstration projects are over, identified follow-up activities often fail to be
Some countries have national coastal management strategies and/or plans
implemented
Most countries were or are internationally supported to develop and implement coastal
management demonstration projects (MPA, pollution control)

THREATS
OPPORTUNITIES
Legal
Legal

Lack of committed legal improvements towards facilitating coastal management until the
The ICAM Protocol provides a comprehensive and generic framework for consistent coastal law ICAM Protocol is adopted
making throughout the Mediterranean

Institutional
Institutional

Lack of coordination and co-development between MAP activity centres towards helping
The MAP centres and programmes provide opportunities for initiating, developing and countries establishing coherent and operational ICAM frameworks for fulfilment of
supporting ICAM projects within national institutions towards fulfilling their international international obligations (SPA, LBS and future ICAM Protocols)
obligations (SPA, LBS and future ICAM Protocols)

Management
Management

Standard methodologies for developping and managing MPAs and river basins are availalble
Countries meet financial and human resources obstacles towards building capacity for

MPA and IWRM

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Coastal management approaches can help qualitfy such cumulative impacts and propose integrated
solutions to at least reduce their importance. This will help make conservation more profitable,
establish more biodiversity-friendly fisheries/mariculture, tourism and agriculture. Several activities
are conducive to such expectations including assessing market incentives, establishing zoning plans,
using conflict resolution techniques, introducing eco and traditional practices.
The Maghreb, Mashrek regions and Turkey provide appropriate pilot areas for testing "best ICAM
package" for sustainable governance in coastal zones

Expected outcome

The present proposal is taking the opportunity of the ICAM Protocol being currently drafted to
introduce ICAM strategic thinking within sectoral policy and action plan making. Proposed activities
are designed to facilitate jump-starting ICAM Protocol adoption on the basis of water quality,
biodiversity protection and marine spatial planning demonstration initiatives. Such initiatives linking
sectoral issue solving through ICAM will
Trigger countries for adopting ICAM regulation, institutional and management frameworks
Require capacity building at regional level and local levels, including for participation, to
ensure proper implementation
Justify resources allocation for developing ICZM NAPs
Use ICAM plans for solving key problems identified in the Protocol,
Demonstrate alternative management approaches such as integrated water management or
establishing MPAs taking into account production landscapes,
Support the use of a wide range of management tools and techniques such as COED, SEA,
CCA, conflict resolution technique,

Risks assumptions

Improvement in management for efficient water quality and biodiversity protection practices assumes
national decision-makers will adhere to the vision that sectoral policies, strategies and activities in
coastal areas must consider each other's spatial and cumulative impacts. In addition, it is anticipated
that political and administrative conditions will be in place to facilitate the establishment of
coordination mechanisms and transparency at the stage of project and program design.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Main area for change

Countries need to identify and adopt the most appropriate coastal management framework in relation
to solving, in an integrated manner, water and waste management, biodiversity protection and spatial
planning issues in their coastal areas.

Practical steps

Review their current policy, strategy and action plans in relation to water and waste
management, biodiversity protection and spatial planning
Identify clearly overlaps and conflict between them in terms of their implementation
Identify areas for synergy in terms of human and financial resources
Propose a comprehensive management framework on the basis of ICAM principles and tools
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Strategic overview: Albania
April 2006
1. INTRODUCTION

2
Albania is situated on the western edge of the Balkan Peninsula. With 28,748 km , Albania is one of
the smallest countries in Europe. Since the Second World War, Albanian economic policy,
performance and development have been erratic and dependent on the political situation. The impact
of the centralized economic system on the environment became apparent with the beginning of
Albania's transition period. Even though Albania was facing other severe problems, environmental
concerns were taken seriously and the Committee for Environmental Protection was established
(1991) and new environmental legislation was enacted (including the 1993 Law on Environmental
Protection). The political problems and economic difficulties around the country diverted the
Government's attention to other, more pressing, issues than the environment. Recently, however, the
environment has again become one of the Government's priorities. In 1998 the Committee for
Environmental Protection became the National Environmental Agency and placing it under the
Council of Ministers strengthened its position. This laid the seeds for the Ministry of Environment into
which the Agency was transformed in September 2001. The role of the NGOs has increased steadily
over the years, although environmental awareness among the general public and the business
community is low and NGOs do not yet have an impact on the public and political life of the country.

2.
PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2.1.
Boundaries of the coastal area

Albania's coast is about 420 km long. Its exclusive economic zone covers about 12,000 km2. The
coast can be divided into two parts: the northern, Adriatic coast, and the southern, Ionian coast. They
have very different geomorphologic features. The Ionian coast, which runs southeast for 170 km from
Cape Karabauruni to Stillo Island on the Greek border, is hilly, mostly steep mountains plunging into
the sea, except for the Butrinti wetland in the south. This coastal zone has spectacular cliffs, grottoes,
caves, hillsides, harbours, bays and some of the country's most intact natural areas. The Adriatic coast,
with a total length of about 250 km, is a low-lying alluvial plain 4 to 50 km wide. It comprises a series
of small deltas and lagoons, which are formed by nine rivers: Buna, Drini, Mati, Ishmi, Erzeni, Dar�i,
Shkumbini, Semani and Vjose. Some of the deltas are still active and their shoreline shows dynamic
changes in the vicinity of the river mouths. In the case of the Dar�i River, however, the old delta is
undergoing severe erosion at the river mouth as the sediment input to the coast has almost completely
ceased.
The low coast is interrupted at a number of locations by hills at a right angle to the coast forming
capes. These divide the coast into a number of closed physiographic units of varying sizes. This
diverse and dynamic land-sea interface has been a corridor of intense interaction between natural
systems and human activities for centuries. The rich diversity of coastal habitats and geomorphologic
features has been providing an irreplaceable natural resource base for people since the Illyrian tribes
first settled there over 3000 years ago. The alluvial plains and wetland areas of the northern coast have
been considerably altered to support human settlement and activities, while the rugged character of the
southern coast has so far prevented intensive urbanization.
Road access to most of the southern coast has long been undeveloped, with narrow, winding and
intermittently unpaved roads at right angles to the shore. The former regime restricted boat access to
most of the southern coast. The national road that runs parallel to the coastline has recently been
upgraded and new segments are being constructed. There are only two harbours along the southern
coastline: Sarand�, the larger one, near the Greek island of Corfu, and Porto Palermo, a small military
port half way up the southern coast, now expanded for tourism. The northern coast benefits from the
main traffic axis of Albania, consisting of a coastal road and railroad, which connects the northern and
central regions. There are two harbours: Shengjin and Durr�s, the latter being Albania's most
important, and one international airport.

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2.2. Population
dynamics

According to the preliminary results of the 2001 census, some 30 per cent of the total population lives
in the coastal area, i.e. in the area that administratively belongs to the districts that have the coastline
as one of their boundaries. However, another survey shows that about 97 per cent of the total
population lives within 100 km from the coastline. Table below gives a more detailed overview of the
development of the coastal population during the past decade. The population in the coastal districts
has grown unevenly, but the general rule is that the northern districts have gained, while the most
dynamic development occurred in coastal cities such as Durr�s, Vlor� and Sarand� in the south.

District
1994
2001
La�
57,700
n.a.
Lezh�
69,822
68,218
Velipoja Commune
7,708
n.a.
Durr�s
157,132 *
182,988
Kanja
87,166 *
78,415
Lushnj�
132,195 *
144,351
Fier
203,517 *
200,154
Mallakastra
41,545 *
39,881
Vlor�
174,897 *
147,267
Himara Commune
9,119
n.a.
Sarand�
49,908
35,235
*1989

Table: Coastal population, 1994 and 2001

2.3. Urban
development

Coastal urban development is driven by internal migration, exacerbated by the events in Kosovo,
which drove many people from the north of the country to the coastal regions, especially the narrow
coastal strip. Today, 41 per cent of the total population lives in towns. In 1994, in the coastal area, it
was estimated to be around 39%. It is reasonable to expect that this figure is now at least equal or very
close to the national average.

Although the biggest cities are located inland (Tirana and Shkod�r), the population of coastal cities,
particularly Durr�s, Vlor� and Sarand�, has increased over the past decade. Urbanization is speeded up
by land privatization, as rural dwellers move from primarily mountainous and hilly areas to the coastal
areas with better job opportunities and better living conditions. For instance, the coastal cities offer
jobs in manufacturing, commerce and tourism.

The currently fast urbanization process is certainly having adverse effects on the natural resources and
the environment around the main cities (squatter settlements), because in most cases it is not
accompanied by planned housing development or the construction of appropriate infrastructure and
services. As a consequence of the as yet undefined landownership, there is the growing phenomenon
of illegal land possession and construction of houses, particularly in and around the big cities. There
are illegally built houses even in public parks. The most severe problems of urbanization could be
summarized as follows: haphazard and unregulated whose consequences include loss of land, natural
resources and valuable landscapes; inadequate urbanization, including sprawl development, and
speculative and illegal building; lack of infrastructure and poor sanitation standards; degradation of the
traditional ambience of the cities and villages along the coast by new developments that frequently
ignore traditional urban/architectural patterns; destruction of natural landscapes by careless
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introduction of the aesthetically inappropriate developments; and sprawl development along the coast,
as opposed to compact settlements, which wastes valuable coastal land and resources.

Land ownership along the coastal strip is still disputed with the government, and is proving to be a
critical constraint to development. The unresolved issues of restitution and compensation are
particularly problematic along the Vlora - Saranda coastline and have prevented the process of
implementation of the Law 9235, dated 29.7.2004, On Restitution and Compensation of Property.

2.4. Tourism

Tourism in Albania has a relatively high potential, but until now the Albanian coast has not been an
important destination for international tourists. It is still largely undeveloped with a small number of
hotels, while the bars and restaurants are mainly located in cities, catering largely for the inhabitants,
not for international tourists. Future trends will definitely change the structure of tourism. Today, 80
per cent of tourists are Albanians. Potential holiday destinations, especially along the coasts in the
central and southern areas with beautiful landscapes and natural environment, will attract investors.
Some modest capacities already exist in the area between Durr�s and Kavaj�. A number of hotels were
built in Durr�s, mainly by Albanian investors. However, some of the most attractive shores have
already been spoiled by the development of human activities and settlements (Golemi beach) or are
heavily polluted (Durr�s beach). Coastal development is also characterized by the construction of
secondary homes. Foreign investors, too, are becoming more active.

In the south, in the area of Ksamili, a large number of illegally constructed buildings are hampering
the area's potential for sound tourism development. Since it is expected that pressure from tourism
will grow (generated by domestic, as well as by international investors), it is of the utmost importance
that both local and national authorities make all possible efforts to safeguard the environmental
potential of the coastal area to secure the environmentally sound development of tourism and so
guarantee long-term sustainability and the socio-economic security of the coastal population.

2.5.
Exploitation of natural resources

The central and northern coastal regions remain the country's most important agricultural areas. The
coastal area has been strongly affected by migration flows, the main observed trends being
urbanization within the districts (movement of the rural population to major urban centres) and the
movement of people from other districts towards urban centres and coastal agricultural areas. Today
about 58 per cent of the population lives on the coast. Before 1990, coastal agriculture was a big
environment-related issue, with large wetlands being drained to provide land for agriculture. This
policy had several negative consequences. First, valuable wetlands disappeared, reducing the
biodiversity potential of the coastal area. Second, the reclaimed agricultural land was not as productive
as expected because of the high salinization of the soil. Finally, complete new villages of high-rise
flats were built for agricultural workers who were brought from elsewhere. Since this form of
agriculture was not very productive, it soon ran into difficulty, creating a number of social, economic
and environmental problems in the coastal region.

The water supply is constantly growing, but it cannot keep pace with rising demand, which is the
result of improved living standards, the increased use of electrical equipment, improved sanitary
conditions and sewerage systems. In urban areas about 80 per cent of the population has access to
piped water. In the coastal area this figure is slightly higher than in the rest of the country (about 88-90
per cent). During the day running water is available in urban areas on an average only for two to three
hours. Water use efficiency is low (about 50 per cent of Tirana's water is lost in the city's supply
network). Conflicts over the use of water are likely, especially in the Durr�s-Vlor� region. The water
supply is already woefully inadequate, and the irrigation system is damaged and neglected, while
agricultural development will require more water. Tourism is a great water consumer, requiring good-
quality water.
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Vlora Regional Administration ranks oil spills from passing ships amongst its major concerns. The
proximity of the ship routes to the shore and unfavorable current patterns that transport pollution to
shores of the southern region add to the problem.
The greatest current threat to biodiversity in the coastal area is associated with the rapid development
of housing, infrastructure, and tourism capacity in this area, and the lack of any significant effort to
avoid the most sensitive environments.
2.6.
Environmental and spatial impacts

For any form of development, the provision of environmental infrastructure and services is vital.
Unfortunately, except for harbours, railways and electric power plants, this has been completely
neglected. Industrial and urban liquid and solid waste is discharged without any treatment, and there
are critical shortages in the water supply. Generally there are no appropriate solid waste management
systems anywhere in Albania. Only 50-70 % of the waste collected in the cities is disposed of at
designated landfills, which are usually simple dumpsites. Large-scale construction work in some areas,
especially in Saranda, and the illegal dumping of the construction waste, has created additional
pressure on environment. Waste is sometimes dumped along the shoreline, and when it is not
removed, he degraded coastline is affected for a considerable time.

Industrial pollution has decreased rapidly since collapse of the former socialist economy, and closing
of the majority of polluting industries. However, threats are still present, both from the abandoned
former industrial sites and from newly planned plants. Porto Romano is considered one of the most
contaminated locations in the Balkans, and suffers from soil and groundwater contamination caused by
former chemical plant. Fortunately, further to the south there was practically no industry during the
socialist era. The area therefore has the advantage of a comparatively unaffected natural environment.

Wastewater treatment is not available. Four major coastal cities with a resident population of 254,000
people, which significantly increases during the summer, are connected to a sewerage network, but the
wastewater is discharged untreated directly into the sea. Thousands of cubic metres of untreated
wastewater are discharged daily from the coastal cities into the sea. While the urban coastal areas are
provided with sewerage systems, the suburban areas, which have recently become overpopulated as a
result of uncontrolled migration, have almost no sewerage system. Similarly, the urbanized areas in
the coastal zone, and particularly the newly built areas close to the beach, do not have any sewerage
system in place, only septic tanks or simply sewage collectors. The existing sewerage systems are
frequently damaged by the interruptions caused by the construction of new connections (often illegal)
and overlooked, because new additions exceed their capacity. Only Vlora and Saranda have any kind
of sewerage network, and whilst the coverage of both networks being improved neither has 100%
coverage. Only Vlora has any kind of treatment facility, however a collector sewer and a longer sea
outfall recently constructed in Saranda have improved seawater quality in the harbor. Elsewhere,
wastewater is put into the ground, into valleys or rivers that discharge to the sea, or is discharged
directly into the sea. There is no systematic monitoring of the seawater quality on the beaches.
However, areas with inadequate underwater outfalls are well known to the local population and are
avoided.

Resource extraction is another area where policies are unsatisfactory and exploitation could be
considered unsustainable. Coastal forests are being cleared indiscriminately to clear land for coastal
development, particularly in Lal�zit Bay and Golemi Beach. The deforestation is causing soil erosion
in the coastal zone. Many new legal quarries have been opened in the area (especially around Saranda)
as result of the market demand for the construction material. There is a significant number of illegal
quarries too. At the same time, there is no evidence of attempts to reuse excavated material,
consequently it is dumped indiscriminately as construction waste, including on the shoreline and in the
sea, causing additional pressure on the environment and landscape.

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Coastal erosion is a great problem in the northern and central coastal regions (the Adriatic coast), and
in particular north of the city of Durr�s. Sediment discharges from rivers are relatively large, which
explains the very dynamic nature of the deltaic development of the coast, resulting in the rapid
development of new coastal features, such as spits and lagoons. This also explains the significant
coastal erosion, which has been observed in recent decades as sediment input to the coast has declined
due to several anthropogenic developments inland, including dam construction. There are four main
causes of coastal erosion: (a) the reduction in sediment input, mainly that brought by rivers, into the
coastal zone; (b) the reduction in the amount of sand in the coastal zone due to anthropogenic
activities (sand extraction from the beaches and bottom of the sea although this is prohibited by law);
(c) the changing location of river mouths in deltaic systems, as a result of natural causes or
anthropogenic effects; and (d) the alteration of the usual pattern of coastal currents and the associated
sediment transport along and across the shoreline, due to man-made structures built along the coast.

In 1997 the UNEP/MAP identified priority pollution "hot spots" and sensitive areas in all
Mediterranean countries as part of the Strategic Action Programme in the Mediterranean, financed by
the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Albania identified eight priority pollution "hot spots", four of
them directly linked to waste-water discharges from cities Domestic pollution is dominant in the cities
of Durr�s and Vlor�, and in the Mati, Semani and Shkumbini rivers. In the Drini river the pollution is
mixed, originating from both domestic and industrial sources. Industrial pollution is dominant in two
areas where the former PVC factory in Vlor� and the former chemical factory in Durr�s are located.
These industrial sites are very close to the coast, and there is still evidence of continuing pollution,
although the factories were closed some time ago. For instance, large deposits of hexavalent chromium
compounds in Durr�s pose a threat to the nearby Porto Romano area, while large amounts of mercury
were found in Vlor� Bay. Apparently, some of these compounds are leaking into the nearby sea In
addition, three highly polluted but environmentally sensitive areas have been identified in Albania:
Kuna-Vaini lagoons with domestic and industrial pollution; Karavasta lagoon with domestic pollution;
and Narta lagoon with mixed pollution caused by agriculture and water extraction. The Durr�s area is
the biggest "hot spot" on the Albanian coast, and is the most obvious example of what might happen if
non-sustainable coastal development takes place. The city itself is a concentration of environmental
problems, because of the near-total lack of environmental services. In addition, the nearby areas of
Golemi Beach (south of Durr�s), and Lal�zit Bay and Porto Romano (north of Durr�s) should be
singled out as sites with a high development potential which, due to the flawed implementation of
industrial (Porto Romano) or tourism (Lal�zit Bay) policies, may disappear very soon.

3.
Leal and Institutional arrangements

There is no direct legislation for coastal management and no specific law on coastal management. The
most powerful piece of legislation regulating development in the coastal area is the Law on City
Planning (1993, amended in 1998). It provides an entire hierarchy of planning interventions, many of
which could be very useful if applied in the coastal area. This Law, however, does not define coastal
strips, coastal zones or coastal areas and, consequently, does not provide management guidelines for
them. Unfortunately, the technical capacity to apply this Law fully is not available. Other laws that
indirectly touch upon coastal areas are:

- The Law on Environmental Protection (1993, amended in 1998),
- The Law on the Development of Tourism Priority Zones (1993),
- The Law on Fishing and Fish Farming (1995),
- The Law on Water Resources (1996), and
- The Law on Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Regulation (1996).

Among the by-laws and regulations relevant to coastal development, the most important is the one that
regulates the preparation of environmental impact assessments. It is now compulsory for most
projects, including almost all construction in the coastal zone, to assess the environmental impact.
There are two problems at the moment. First, there is a lack of qualified EIA experts, who are
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recruited on the consultancy market, which is still undeveloped. Second, although the Ministry of
Environment, which is responsible for evaluating EIAs, has established a special department for their
review, it cannot fully cope because it also lacks expertise and manpower.

The lack of physical plans or their inappropriate quality is considered to be the major obstacles to
sustainable coastal development. Physical plans for major investments and the National Institute is
preparing developments for Physical Planning, but the local governments are also making some plans.
According to the new Law on the Organization and Functioning of the Local Government, the local
level prepares and approves local plans. The Ministry of Public Works, Transportation and
Telecommunications (MPWTT) coordinates the local government and the National Institute to ensure
compatibility among plans. There are two major problems: (i) the preparation of spatial plans is
lagging behind the pace of construction; and (ii) the preparation and implementation of the
infrastructure master plans is slower than the preparation of the physical plans for the same areas. This
situation has led to illegal construction and to the inadequate provision of infrastructure, particularly
where tourism development is planned.

Albania is gradually signing and ratifying international conventions. Two that are closely related to
coastal zone management are the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of Mediterranean Sea
against Pollution (Albania acceded in 1990), and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International
Importance (acceded in 1995). Albania has benefited from both conventions. Karavasta - Divjaka
lagoon has been designated a Ramsar site, while a number of programmes developed under the
Barcelona Convention have also had their impact (Coastal Areas Management Programme,
Mediterranean Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme, Strategic Action Programme). Albania
has been rather slow in ratifying some of the protocols to the Barcelona Convention.

The institutional structure for coastal zone management is based, in practice, on the capacities of only
two ministries: the Ministry of Environment and the MPWTT. An important feature of the Ministry of
Environment is the existence of 12 Regional Environmental Agencies, which implement the
environmental strategy, follow and implement preparatory procedures for environmental permits, and
check compliance with the Law on Environmental Protection.

Especially important is the National Council for Territorial Adjustment (NCTA). It is made up of the
Prime Minister and representatives of the Ministry of Environment and the MPWTT, whose
Department of Urban Planning and Urban Development acts as the Council's secretariat. All requests
to the Council (studies and master plans; smaller plans go directly to local authorities for approval) go
first to that Department. This gives the MPWTT a real advantage when decisions are taken. The
Council has a powerful role, because it arbitrates when there are no plans or when larger projects
contradict the plans and a compromise has to be found. Very often the Council's decisions go against
the planning proposals.

There is no department in either ministry dealing specifically with coastal management. The NCTA
deals only with spatial planning issues and not with the wider issues of coastal management. In the
Ministry of Environment, relations between the departments seem harmonious, but employees are
overworked and do not have enough power. The Regional Environmental Agencies often feel
powerless when requested to act decisively, because they are understaffed, and there is no integration
and coordination of work between the Ministry of Environment's Regional Agencies and those of
other ministries (forestry, water, public works, for example). They also feel frustrated because
decisions delegated to the regional level are often taken without consultation with the regional offices.

4.
Policies and strategies

Among crosscutting strategies and policies of national importance, the following could be mentioned:
- National Strategy for Social and Economic Development (NSSED);
- National Plan for the Approximation of the Legislation and SAA Implementation; and
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP).
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A number of international coastal zone management programmes were launched, financially supported
by the World Bank, EBRD, UNEP and the European Union (EU).

In May 1990, the government of Albania signed the Barcelona Convention and its four related
protocols. Upon signing these documents, a number of activities were launched within the framework
of the Albanian programme of participation in the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). In 1992 a draft
agreement for the CAMP was co-signed by the Albanian Government and MAP at the end of 1992.
The Ramsar Convention on protection of the habitats of migratory birds and the ECE Convention on
the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes have also been signed
and ratified.

In 1994-1995 the World Bank financed, through the Mediterranean Environmental Technical
Assistance Programme, the preparation of the coastal zone management plans for northern (from the
border with Montenegro to Durr�s) and southern (from the Karaburuni Peninsula to the Greek border)
coastal regions. These plans were methodologically complementary with the UNEP/MAP Coastal
Area Management Programme (CAMP), which concentrated on the central coastal region between
Durr�s and Vlor� (1993-1996).

The major objective of these programmes was to integrate biodiversity protection, tourism
development and institutional strengthening. All three coastal plans made a thorough analysis of the
situation and gave valuable proposals for future development. But, above all, they were an opportunity
for national experts to increase their expertise using some of the best international knowledge. Two
obstacles stood in the way of the successful implementation of these projects: first, they did not
involve as many stakeholders as they could have done (several NGOs, ministries and scientific
institutions were not actively involved in the preparation of the plans). Later, it appeared that those
that were not very much part of the process but which had great influence in the decision-making
process, such as MPWTT, had shown some resistance to implementing the plans; and second, the
optimistic mood of the mid-1990s was suddenly crushed by the events in 1997, and that had very
negative consequences for the coastal area's development, because many initiatives were interrupted
or stopped, and no major international interest in tourism investment has been shown since then. The
Government Decree finally adopted these three coastal management plans in 2002 as the Coastal Zone
Management Plan.

Parallel with the coastal zone management initiatives, EBRD was active in promoting the development
of tourism, particularly of the private sector. It financed the preparation of Albania's first tourism
strategy in 1992. It was to be followed by a detailed tourism study for the southern coastal region.
Unfortunately, this initiative was also interrupted by the 1997 events. Now, the German Development
Fund (GTZ) has prepared a new tourism strategy and EU has financed, through Phare, a number of
projects focusing on biodiversity and wetland protection in the coastal area.

The then Ministry of Territory Adjustment and Tourism (since 2005, MPWTT, with tourism being
moved over to the Minsitry of Culture) presented in 2002 the "Tourism Development Strategy in
Albania". This strategy was the first concerted effort by the country to bring forth a concrete plan and
objectives for the development of the nascent tourism sector. The main macro-economic objectives of
the long-term tourism strategy of the tourism sector development are to:

- generate jobs and income,
- accelerate economic and social development throughout the country,
- improve living conditions in Albania,
- initiate economic activities,
- create a positive image of the country internationally as a tourism destination,
- increase the revenue of foreign currency and tax income for the government, and
- develop sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism.

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Among the most relevant aspects of this strategy are:
- Pre-conditions for Tourism Development;
- Policy statement and vision for 2012, with market related objectives, and strategic directions for
the long-term tourism strategy;
- Alignment of the Tourism Sector among ministries and central institutions, local government,
private sector operators and tourism industry associations and other related NGOs;
- Objectives, tourism products, distribution, communication, source markets and target markets
for Sun and Beach Tourism, Special Interest Tourism, and Urban Tourism/Business and
Congress Tourism in the framework of strategies for the tourism products.
- Development directions for the institutions in the tourism area, for education and training, and
for legislation and regulations in the frame of the institutional support, and
- Tourism development strategy implementation and the Action Plan for the period 2003-2006

Strategy and Action Plan for the Development of the Albanian Tourism Sector Based on Cultural and
Environmental Tourism, finalized in December 2005, was based on the 1993 Tourism Law and the
directions and structure established by the 2002 Strategy. The objective of the strategy is to establish a
clear direction for a national tourism strategy oriented toward nature and culture-based tourism. It
provides an operational and action-oriented strategy for establishing Albania in international tourism
markets.

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was adopted in 2000. The Strategy proposes a
network of 25 marine and coastal protected areas. Thirteen are lagoons, wetlands and estuaries, with a
total area of 36,550 hectares. The remaining 12 are exquisite landscapes, with a total area of 64,300
hectares. Karavasta and Narta lagoons are coastal wetlands with a high biodiversity value, but only
Karavasta has been designated as a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention. Albania is the country
with the highest biodiversity loss in Europe, and coastal and marine sites are among the most
endangered. The Strategy proposes a very ambitious programme but actual protection is lagging
behind, and a number of wetlands in the coastal zone are still being used as sinks for wastewater.
Similarly, the coastal zone management plans that were mentioned above paid special attention to
biodiversity protection and management, although at the time of their preparation Albania had not
signed the international Convention on Biological Diversity nor adopted its National Biodiversity
Strategy. However, these plans defined a number of environmentally sensitive areas and provided
management guidelines for their protection and development.

5. Instruments

Albania adopted its first EIA law (No.8990) on 23 January 2003. The law prescribes: 1) two-tier EIA
system (consisted of preliminary and detailed EIA) for projects; 2) SEA for strategies and action plans
in key sectors (energy, mining, industry, transport, agriculture, forestry, on natural resources and
mining properties management and on waste management) and for variety of national and regional
plans for territorial adjustment (of urban and rural centres, industrial areas, coastal areas, tourism
areas, protected areas and highly polluted and damaged sensitive areas).
Each state body or natural/legal person that submits a proposal for strategies and action plans in key
sectors and for national and regional plans for territorial adjustment that require SEA has to: a)
compile SEA Report, and b) ask for its evaluation by the Minister of the Environment prior to its
adoption by relevant bodies. Comments by the Minister on the environmental assessment are given
through environmental declaration, which needs to be published. The procedure also includes: a)
Consultations with relevant authorities, and b) Public Debate among representatives of the ministry
which licenses the proposal, bodies for territorial adjustment and tourism, local government bodies,
specialised institutions, interested persons, environmental NGOs and the proponent.
The SEA regime is being applied for slightly over 18 months and the actual practice reflects a very
early stage of development of this system. The following key challenges were observed during the
mission:
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- Elaboration of SEA Reports (and use of their recommendations) has not yet become an
integral part of the planning processes that are subject to SEA. The main causes are that: a) the
actual structure of the SEA procedure neglects notification and scoping; b) SEA requirements
are not included in the ToRs for the respective planning processes even when these are
conducted by the key planning bodies.
- SEA reports produced so far are of insufficient quality, thus setting misleading precedents for
future practice.

Economic instruments that might affect development in the coastal area are still rare. Nevertheless,
they will certainly play an important role in raising public awareness of environmental values. Some
funds have already been found (EU and the World Bank), but more are needed. Two environmental
funds have been established: the first with earmarked money from the municipal waste charges, and
the other with income generated by the State-owned forests and pastures. Ten different ministries and
institutions are in charge of monitoring air, water and soil pollution, environmental radioactivity,
transboundary pollution, biodiversity, soil erosion, and pollution caused by industrial and urban waste.
The monitoring network has, however, proved unable to meet the requirements for the implementation
of modern economic instruments. It is to be strengthened in the years to come in line with the
monitoring strategy envisaged by the NEAP. The information collection system relies on three
sources: the local administration; the Regional Environmental Agencies; and the regional and local
offices of the different ministries and specialized State institutions. The UNEP/MAP Mediterranean
Pollution Monitoring and Research Programme have extensively supported the monitoring
programme.

6.
Coastal practice (Projects, initiatives)

In early nineties several important projects were implemented in Albania that have set the stage for
ICAM, namely:

- Coastal Area Management Programme (CAMP) "The Albanian Coastal Region", UNEP-MAP
and Ministry of Environment, Albania, 1992 � 1995, for the Region of Durres-Vlore - Central
Albanian Coastal Region. The work on the development and implementation of the CAMP for
Albania has been an extremely useful exercise because it improved considerably the
capabilities of Albanian institutions responsible for various aspects of coastal areas
management. Institutions, which were involved, are now largely capable of continuing the
work on their own and to apply their know-how in other regions of Albania. The capacity
building component of the CAMP for Albania constituted an important and extremely useful
part of the programme. In addition to the training courses, much attention was accorded to
individual on-the-job training. Within the framework of each individual activity, a number of
recommendations were made. Whenever possible, these recommendations should be
implemented through the follow-up activities. The report of the plan is one of the outputs of
Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas of the Durr�si-Vlora Region initiated
through "Coastal Areas Management Programme" (CAMP) for Albania. A certain number of
issues actually triggered the launching of the process of coastal zone management in Albania.
The most important overall goals of the CZM Plan are the following: to preserve ecological
integrity; to renew or rehabilitate damaged resources; to ensure that natural resources are
equitable between generations; to encourage complementarity rather than competitive
activities; to preserve and promote social equity and introduce the participatory approach; and
to provide a mechanism for capacity building and planning. This programme is expected to
provide the following benefits: improvement of the state of the environment; incorporation of
environmental considerations into planning activities and the decision-making process;
enhancement of the local capacities in resolving various development and environmental
problems; transfer of knowledge from relevant international organisations to national and
local institutions; and creating conditions for responding to some accidental situations.
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- Albania Coastal Zone Management Plan, PAP/RAC, Dobbin Milus Int., Ministry of
Environment, Albania, 1994 � 1996, North and South Regions of Albania's coastal zone from
Montenegro border to Cape Rodonit, Karaburuni Peninsula to Greek border. Partially owing
to the very good CAMP results, PAP and its associates Dobin Milus International (DMI) were
entrusted by the World Bank to prepare an overall Coastal Zone Management Plan for the
remaining two Albania's coastal regions - the North and the South Regions. The major goals
of this Plan were to contribute to the biodiversity protection, tourism development and
institutional capacity building. This report is part of an overall Coastal Zone Management
Action Plan for the northern and southern parts of Albania's coastal zone. This project and this
report focus only on the coastal area, which without doubt represents one of the most valuable
assets of Albania from the points of view of development and environment. The most
important overall goal of the CZM Plan is to preserve ecological integrity through establishing
ecologically sustainable limits for resource use. The strategic objectives of the Plan are: to
promote conservation of Albania's biodiversity, cultural heritage and coastal and marine-
related tourism and ecotourism industry; to enhance employment creation opportunities and
institutional capacity; and to recommend a series of investment projects that will help "kick-
start" the coastal economy in an incremental way.

Major new trust for ICAM came in 2004 with a renewed interest of the World Bank to support the
ICAM activities in Albania. First, the study "Southern Coastal Region: Priority Assessment Study and
SEA as a Tool in Coastal Management in Albania" has been commissioned by WB/METAP and
PAP/RAC who has also provided a financial support to the preparation of the Study and organised its
execution. The study is aimed at supporting the Integrated Coastal Zone Development and Cleanup
Program (ICZMCP) in general, and the Spatial Development Study and Plan of the Albanian Southern
Coast and the related SEA process in particular. The assessment was meant to carry out the following
main tasks:

- to investigate, identify, map, and analyse the changes in the state of the Southern Albanian
Coast that have occurred since 1995,
- to identify and analyse the environmental threats as a result of the present coastal development
and the constraints these threats pose for future high quality sustainable tourism,
- to recommend specific measures that will need to be considered by the proposed Territorial
Development Study and Plan of the Albanian Southern Coast,
- to recommend the most appropriate methodology and the ways and means of integration of
SEA into ICZMCP planning process.

The ICZMCP is designed to be implemented over 7 years. The total program is expected to cost
US$54.3 million. Phase 1 (from Sep-2005 to Aug-2009) will concentrate on the operational strategies,
normative and institutional capacity strengthening, basic environmental infrastructure and
rehabilitation as well as remediation works in Porto Romano. Phase 2 (Jan-2009 to Aug-2012) will
build upon the initial results of Phase 1 via support to the developed initiatives and specific
investments. The overall objective of the ICZMCP is to protect the Albanian coastal ecosystems,
resources and cultural assets and promote their sustainable development and management. The
Program objective will be achieved through: (i) establishing an integrated coastal zone management
(ICZM) institutional and policy framework; (ii) strengthening the broader regulatory and enforcement
capacity at the central, regional and local levels for protection of coastal and marine natural resources;
(iii) increasing access to basic services associated with improvement of the quality of life and
attractiveness of the coastal areas; and (iv) implementing sub-projects aiming at promoting sustainable
tourism sector development.
As one of its objectives, the ICZMCP aims to establish an integrated coastal zone management
approach to reduce coastal degradation. It will do this by:
- strengthening existing policies and regulations, planning and institutional capacity at the
central regional and local levels;
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- initiating municipal and commune investments to enhance Albania's coastal and cultural
resources and encourage community-support for sustainable coastal management;
- implementing priority investments in line with ongoing land-use planning efforts to support
sustainable tourism development in the southern coastal zone;
- containing soil and groundwater contamination in Porto Romano hot-spot.

However, three physical investments have already been identified for implementation during
ICZMCP:
- Southern Coastal Solid Waste Management � comprising construction of a landfill to serve the
Municipality of Saranda and surrounding villages and implementation of a construction of
demolition waste (CDW) pilot project.
- Saranda gateway � comprising the development of the Port of Saranda into a gateway of the
southern coastal zone, primarily by developing a dedicated passenger and vehicle ferryboat
terminal.
- Porto Romano Hot Spot Clean-up � comprising clean-up and containment of hazardous
chemicals and contaminated materials at a disused factory at Porto Romano, Durr�s, and a
chemical store at nearby Bishti i Palles.
The ICZMCP will also support the formulation of a protected areas management plan for Butrint
National Park to ensure sustainability of natural resources and biodiversity conservation. This
management plan may identify the need for new zoning and increased enforcement of existing laws
within the protected areas.
As part of the ICZMCP, the Integrated Coastal Development Study and Plan � ICD Study and Plan
covering the area Orikumi to the border with Greece is being currently prepared. It will focus on the
following:
- support to policy development, regulatory framework and capacity building for sustainable
coastal management;
- regional investments for improved development, land-use planning and implementation; and
- improved environmental conditions and regional infrastructure for attracting private
investments in sustainable tourism.

Furthermore, the main purpose of the project is to:
- take stock of the existing situation and identify the sensitive and robust areas of the territory
and their development potential;
- ensure sustainable development of the coastal municipalities both from the environmental and
economic perspectives through reasonable use of resources and preservation of what is left
unspoiled, looking into the regeneration potential of the ecosystem;
- reconcile conflicting interests for preserving and revealing the uniqueness of the Southern
Coastal Region;
- propose a strategy, policies and a programmatic plan of the planned area; and
- provide the basis for the implementation of GIS as an effective tool for development
monitoring and management control.
Other important projects and studies that are of relevance for ICAM in Albania are:
- Albania Integrated Coastal Area Management: Nautical Tourism Development Planning
Study. J.A. Sciortino. 2004
- Pre-Feasibility Study and Solid Waste Management Plan in Albania. Solid Waste Consultancy
B.V. 2005
- Wastewater Management and Integrated Planning for Albania's Coastal Zone Study: Draft
Final Report. Dr. Daniel Gunaratnam. 2005

UNEP/MAP/PAP have implemented a pilot project on economic instruments within a framework of
the GEF SAP. The overall goal of the pilot project "Sewage and tourist eco-charges for the protection
of the Albanian Ionian Coast" is to protect the Ionian coast of Albania from the untreated sewage
water discharges. This project is in line with the national priorities in the field of environment and
tourism, general efforts for EU legislation approximation, as well as with the principle of sustainable
development. It is also in line with the measures undertaken by the government of Albania for the
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
construction of the sewage collector and treatment plant in Vlora, an investment made by the PHARE
Programme, which has been taken in consideration during the preparation of the proposal.

In order to secure the long-term and normal operation of the sewage collector and treatment plant
(which will be finalised by the end of 2003), sustainable financial sources are needed.

The project will study the socio-economic situation in the Vlora region, the payment ability of the
local population, enterprises, different stakeholders, tourists, etc. in order to assess the possibility of
sustainable recovery (either partially or totally) of the operative and maintenance costs of the sewage
collector and treatment plant. This will be realised by implementing certain earmarked eco-charges
(collected by the municipality) based on the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and the Beneficiary Pays
Principle (BPP). The rest will be subsidised by the state budget.

Some of the main project activities include: preparation of the Diagnostic Analysis for Vlora;
publication in Albanian of the leaflet on environmental economic instruments, which will be addressed
to all decision-makers directly or indirectly involved in environment protection; completion of the
project website with the Albanian data; public awareness activities with regard to economic
instruments; a training workshop on economic instruments; organisation of inter-ministerial meetings,
preparation/amendment of certain laws and/or by-laws; etc.

Monitoring results of that part of the Ionian Sea before and after the application of the charges will be
an effective way of raising awareness and drawing attention of both the government and the public to
the effectiveness of economic instruments as contemporary and successful instruments for
environmental protection. Experience gained through this study can be replicated later on in other
regions of the Ionian and Adriatic coast of Albania.
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
List of Environmental Projects, financed by foreign donors after 2000 only for coastal zone (ALBANIA)

No Environment
/
Project Project goals/ components
Project/Stat
Project Total Amount
Type of
Name
us
(in mil of euros)
Financing
(Planned,
(Investment
ongoing)
TA)
1.
Institutional Strengthening
Environment Ministry is
Started on
250,020 USD
WB
and Environment
cooperating with the World Bank
2003
Improvement (hot spot of
for the preparation of a project
ongoing
Porto-Romano in Durres)
proposal for the evaluation of the
environmental, social, economic,
healthy risks for the hot spot of
Porto �Romano in Durres and to
give modest technical assistance
for the institutional strengthening
of the Environment Ministry in the
field of the dangerous waste
management. Upon the decision of
the Council of the Ministers is
approved the grant of this project.
2.
Preparation of Karavasta
For the conservation of
2004-2005
25,000 USD
GEF/WB
Lagoon: Conservation &
environmental, historic, tourist, etc
Sustainable Management
values of Karavasta Lagoon,
Project
Ministry of Environment in
cooperation with the World Bank
undertaken the preparation of a
project for the Conservation and
Sustainable Management of this
zone.
3.
Integrated Ecosystem
Regional project between Republic
2005-2006
175,000 USD
GEF/WB
management of Lake Shkoder
of Albania and Republic of Monte
Negro.
To control pollution and improve
Biodiversity conservation of Lake
Shkoder.
4.
Conservation of Wetlands and
To have a sustainable management November
1,751 milion USD by GEF GEF/UNDP
Coastal Ecosystems in the
and the preservation of the biologic 1999 - 2006
and 150 000 USD by
MEDWET 3
Mediterranean Region
diversity in the coastal zone of 6
ongoing
Albanian Government
Mediterranean countries through
the compilation of a suitable legal
framework, institutions and
capacities building, exchange of
experience, the undertaking of
concrete actions, etc. The project is
being implemented in the Narta
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
zone. Project components are:
I.Zone diagnostication
II. Evaluation of the GAP-s in the
environmental legislative and
regulatory frame
III. Directions of consciousness
IV. Monitoring programmes
After the work suspension for more
than one year period because of
the oil drilling � research activity of
the INANAFTAPLIN company, in
May 2003 the project restarted its
activity.

5.
Preparation of the project
It is signed an agreement between
Till the end of
25,000 USD
GEF /UNDP
"Butrint National Park
Albanian Government and World
2004
Biodiversity and Global
Bank for the grant for this project.
ongoing
Heritage Conservation"
The grant is made for the purpose
of financing the preparation of the
project. Project will be managed by
the Environment Ministry in
cooperation with Ministry of Culture
, Youth and Sports. There is
prepared a draft-decision for this
project.
6.
Implementation of the project

2005-2007
940,000 USD
GEF /UNDP
"Butrint National Park
Biodiversity and Global
Heritage Conservation"
7.
Environmental Rehabilitation
Under this project Ministry of the
2003-2005
300,000USD
UNEP/MAP
of the Vlora hot spot.
Environment has signed an
ongoing
agreement with the Coordination

Unit of the Mediterranean Action
Plan of United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP/MAP). Ministry of
Environment has selected the
project consultant according to the
Albanian public procurement
procedures and has signed the
contract with the donator and the
winning company. The study to be
performed under this consultancy
has this four objectives:
1. the evaluation of the
existing environmental
situation in the hot spot
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
and the quantification of
the main land-based
sources of pollution
including the former
abandoned PVC Vlora
Plant and municipal solid
waste open dumpsite.
2. Development of
environmental
remediation plan for the
former PVC Vlora plant
according to the priorities
based upon human health
and safety and/or
environmental protection.
3. Preparation of a long term
investment plan for
enhanced municipal solid
waste management .
Identification of priority
investments and preparation of
relevant feasibility studies for both
environmental remediation and
solid waste components.
8.
Legislation and environmental
Between other things, starting at
2004 � 2007
2,500,000 Euro
CARDS
planning.
regional level the REAP will take a
ongoing
National 2002
(One of the project
river basin approach and cover the
component is: Local and
area of the Drini river basin in the
Regional Environmental Action regions of Lezha and Shkoder. It
Plan for Lezha, Golem,
will focus on the concerns of
Karpen.)
regional, sub-regional government
and other stakeholders, and how
land use decisions and activities at
sub regional level affect
neighbouring District especially
those downstream. The REAP will
propose solutions to environment
at river basin level.
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
7. Needs
for
ICZM

Albania's coastal area is still its biggest development asset. In spite of intensive, albeit rather
haphazard, development during the past decade, there are still pristine coastal sites that offer great
potential, particularly for the development of tourism (Velipoja-Viluni Lagoon, Lal�zit Bay,
Karaburuni Peninsula, Butrinti Lake). Significantly, all of these sites are relatively far from the major
urban centres, although close enough to be affected by them in the future.
Pressures on the coastal area are extremely high. Rapid urban coastal development; tendencies towards
short term profit against long-term conservation of coastal resources; recent events that have forced
the hinterland population, particularly from the mountainous regions, to migrate towards the coast and
to find new livelihoods, very often at the expense of the coastal environment; compensation schemes
for land that could have absorbed large tracts of the valuable coastal land; the non-existence of coastal
plans and very little or no respect for them even when they do exist; the legacy of the former regime's
lack of respect for the environment resulting in the location of polluting industries in the most
attractive coastal areas; a general lack of human and financial resources for coastal management and
law enforcement, are only some of the problems that the Albanian authorities are facing today and
which allow very little optimism about the future of the coastal region.
The starting point for the future of the Albanian coast must be a consensus on the strategy for
sustainable coastal development, and for integrated coastal management as a major tool to achieve this
objective. It is fair to say that quite a large amount of work has been done in recent years, and that it
would not require too much effort to create that strategy. The major bottleneck will be reaching the
political consensus that such a strategy is needed and, even more so, forcing the major stakeholders to
commit themselves to implementing such a strategy. There are several other obstacles that stand in the
way of the creation and implementation of a strategy for sustainable coastal development, such as:
- The poor respect for enforcement authorities, resulting in a low level of law enforcement. The
responsible authorities are too badly equipped to be effective. They lack the manpower,
political support and technical means to ensure respect for law enforcement.
- The lack of coordination and integration among institutions and authorities responsible for
coastal management. They often compete among themselves and have different agendas with
respect to coastal development.
- Coastal zone management is still not widely known, except in some institutional "pockets".
There is little knowledge on its benefits, methods, tools and techniques, and on the procedures
and stakeholders that need to be involved. Local action in coastal management is almost non-
existent. This obstacle is hindering the implementation of a "bottom-up" approach to coastal
management.
- Illegal housing along the coast is widespread. In some locations this will really create an
obstacle to balanced development, because no authority will dare, despite some encouraging
initiatives to destroy illegal buildings in major Albanian cities, demolish illegal houses on a
large scale. But while illegal buildings are still there, the prospects for better development will
be hindered, because they consume large portions of the most valuable coastal land.
- There is a benevolent attitude towards haphazard tourism development and unsustainable
resource exploitation. The rationale is that these activities create jobs and help ease hardships
in an unbearable social situation. This is certainly a short-sighted approach that could backfire.
- There is no developed monitoring system and a general lack of reliable data on marine and
terrestrial ecosystems, as well as on pollution and other environmental problems.
- Public awareness on coastal environmental problems is generally very low.
- The use of economic instruments is underdeveloped.

The 1995 CZM Plan (adopted in 2002) analysed in detail coastal resources and formulated objectives
for their sustainable use, which were elaborated to the level of action plans and investment packages.
However, it did not develop any scenarios of the Southern Coast future. The scale of the migration
processes as well as the development pressures were underestimated. The capacity of the Albanian
Government to control and direct these processes was overestimated. This is why the CZM Plan
proposed a correct development vision and sustainable development objectives, but was overly
optimistic with regard to the wider context and its impact on the future development.
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The situation developed in a way, which did not allow for the implementation of many of its
proposals. Thus for example, the socio-cultural environment of Albania, in particular after '97, was
suffering from a post-crisis situation, including a widespread lawlessness and corruption, a lack of
respect for institutions and a lack of community spirit, which all together made the co-operation
between the authorities and the private interests difficult. A part of this "lack of rule of law" situation
is reflected in large-scale illegal building along the coast where road accessibility allowed it. Although
the impact of the CZM Plan on the ground was very limited, its development objectives were
technically right and they built a nice image of some future state of the Southern Coast. Many of the
interventions in the wider coastal planning and management context were proposed in the CZM Plan
as well, but they were perhaps not emphasised enough. As a result they were simply overseen or not
understood due to their complexity and sophistication compared to the realistic human, institutional
and financial capacities in Albania at the time.

Given the scale of uncontrolled and illegal building along the coast, as well as the present
ineffectiveness in dealing with this issue, the following urgent measures are recommended in the 2004
Study "Southern Coastal Region: Priority Assessment Study and SEA as a Tool in Coastal Management in
Albania" to be considered:

- Proclamation of the coastal belt of 500m (alternatively 300m) as protected coastal area (PCA)
of particular significance and interest for the State.
- Immediate measures to improve effectiveness of construction police with particular emphasis
on PCA.
- Any construction of residential or tourist buildings within PCA can take place only after the
adoption of a detailed regulatory plan approved by the relevant body.
- Construction of residential or tourist buildings within PCA can take place only after the open
public spaces including the road/street corridors with communal infrastructure and green areas
are subdivided (legally established parcels) according to the approved detailed regulatory plan.
- Within the residential and tourist development land uses outside urban areas no residential
development or development of tourist accommodation facilities should be allowed in a 100m
coastal belt.
- Measures to limit or stop real estate development (mostly secondary homes) within the tourist
development zones.
- Given the importance and special State protection granted to PCA, illegal building within
PCA should be proclaimed as criminal act.

Two important land-use planning recommendations, of particular importance for the implementation
of coastal plans and policies, have been identified:

- Introduction of effective land policies for settlements - key aim is timely provision of serviced
land and public spaces within settlements in which costs recovery through participation of
private capital is crucial. This is one of the key prerequisites for the on-the-ground functioning
of the land-use planning system.
- Some sort of betterment levy (tax) on land owners and developers in coastal area who benefit
from an increase in land value because of a planning decision (and not because of any effort of
the landowner). This may be one of the few realistic sources to finance high environmental
quality standards and nature protection.

Analysing the present tourism practices and aspirations, the following recommendations may be
given:

- Most of the regional development actors consider tourism the key economic sector in the
future of Southern Coast. Given the sensitivity and fluctuations of the tourism sector, the role
of tourism in the regional economy should be carefully considered in order to avoid it
becoming the over-dominant regional economic sector.
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
- A slower growth with larger share of local tourism investment providing better integration and
greater returns to the local communities (as opposed to dominantly international tourism
development which brings high rate of profit leakage).
- Tourism development should not impose too high price on the nature and coastal resources �
tourism development, as well as transportation planning, should take care of the protected
areas (including those proposed for protection) and fragile scenic landscapes.
- Need to curb real estate development on the locations attractive for tourism development -
increased mobility and rise of purchasing power induced a strong demand for property
acquisition in the coastal area. These properties are in most cases secondary residencies,
which do not provide the needed new jobs or income.

All of the above recommendations were further developed in the Integrated Coastal Development
Study and Plan � ICD Study and Plan that is currently being prepared.

The MedWetCoast projet that is being carried out by GEF/UNDP has a series of recommendations on
how to build the principles of Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) in the Albanian legal and
institutional system in a well organised and integrated manner, namely:

- One major element to be implemented is the incorporation of ICAM principles in "sectoral"
laws which refer to the country as a whole (e.g. the Forestry Law, the Fishery Law, etc.), but
also to develop and adopt specific regulations and by-laws which will refer to the coastal zone
alone, as well as to different parts of the coastal systems (land and sea) and different activity
sectors (fishing, agriculture, tourism, oil and gas explorations, nature conservation, etc.).
- A National Coastal Zone Management Plan must be approved (done in 2002), which will
serve as a regulatory tool for the future development of the coastal zone, in an attempt to
balance the economical development with the need to provide greater environmental
protection. This document must be approved by the Council of Ministers, and it should serve
as a major framework of economical development of such an important area of the country,
keeping always in consideration the
- The preparation and adoption of the following regulations and legal techniques and tools are
recommended:
To establish the requirements, standards and procedures for the Environmental Impact
Assessment to ensure the protection of bio-diversity and sustainable development in
the coastal zone (the new drafting of a law on licensing requirements can include such
a requirement);
To adopt the nature and bio-diversity conservation and management regulations
related to the protection of coastal and marine ecosystems, and to establish specially
protected areas on the basis of IUCN qualification (here, specific details related to the
coastal area must be included);
To re-define and improve the regulations referring to the zones of exclusion (the
coastal setback line) and to define the public ownership rights and restrictions in
relation to such a zone. Registration at the Registry of Immovable Properties of such
restrictions imposed by law is very important;
To re-asses the policy of land compensation of former owners in the narrow coastal
belt � zones of exclusion and potentially protected areas;
To adopt special rules and procedures (more stringent!!) regulating construction
activities along the coastline;
To adopt the regulations related to the use of chemicals in agriculture and irrigation
systems, and to establish standards for the water quality;
To establish the sea water emission standards;
To establish other general standards for emissions of substances which might have a
negative impact on the environment;
To establish the regulations for toxic and hazardous waste management and
particularly those related to the harbour and off-shore activities.
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To establish close co-ordination (based on the new law on the responsibilities of local
government authorities) with local government authorities dealing with waste
management and waste treatment, and not only waste removal.
More developed experiences from the neighbouring countries should be emulated, but
due attention must be paid to the need to adopt foreign laws to the Albanian reality.

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Strategic overview: Algeria

April 2006

I. INTRODUCTION

About 43% of the population lives within 50km of the coast, which experiences the highest national
density. About 50% of industries are concentrated in 3 locations (Oran, Alger and Annaba). Pollution
of water, air and ground water are common issues in and around urban and industrial areas.
Uncontrolled urban development takes place at the expense of agriculture land and green areas.
Coastal erosion is widespread. Overexploitation of some marine resources as well as loss of natural
resources is significant. Institutional setups are being reorganised between ministries in matters
relating to water management, pollution abatement and solid waste disposal, towards more integrated
and cost-efficient practices. Many administrations remain however under-staffed and financial
resources are lacking both at national and local level. Environmentla awareness is still low among
citizens.
Most of the trend data gathered for this Strategic Overview is based on the detailed reports produced
by the CAMP project and therefore may not fully reflect the diversity in coastal management settings
throughout Algeria.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundary of the coastal area

The Algerian coastline stretches over 1200 km of highly varied physical and natural features and
resources. Large coastal plains and plateaux (M�tidja, slopes of the sahel), alternate with higher relief
and slopes. Wider openings towards the sea provided space for all main cities and ports to be
established. Many beaches occur at the mouth of large oueds La Macta, Chelif, Mazafran, Issers,
Souman, and Seybousse) . A main marine physical characteristic is the narrowness of its continental
shelf.

Urban and spatial planning

On the basis of the Coastal Zone Law (art. 7), limits of sensitive and built areas were physically set
and materialised on a consensus basis by intersectoral commissions at the scale of Wilayas.
Boundaries were adopted on land and at sea by decree for each Wilaya. According to this, the coastal
area includes 400,000ha and its inland boundary ranges from 2.5 to 23km.
Implementation of the law remains difficult due to very high pressure to develop and exploit the coast
in the vicinity of built-up areas. In the CAMP area, about 54% of the coastal is already built and
Algiers alone gathers 50% of the population. Most of the non-building area defined by the Coastal
Zone law (behind a 300m setback line) is actually occupied.
The cadastre is being reviewed to help the drafting of a typology of coastal areas, on a basis of which
land property strategies will be defined as well as integrated coastal management plans. This initiative
involves national consultancy companies, the Mapping and Remote Sensing Institute. Demonstration
activities will be implemented in three areas (East, Centre, and West).
At present coastal municipalities have limited technical and management resources and lack of
finances and limited consultation between them is not conducive to spatially coherent planning. The
METAP assessment study on the cost of environmental degradation (2005) indicated that to stop such
costs from increasing a strict enforcement of land use planning is paramount. It should be combined
with measures to reduce water pollution, air pollution and pollution due to poor waste management.
On the basis of the CAMP diagnosis 3 coastal spatial plans were drafted for Oran, Algiers and
Annaba.
The city of Algiers is the only to have established a Coastal Protection and Promotion Agency. Its
mandate is to:
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Participate, in collaboration with relevant entities in the Wilaya, in coastal protection and
development
Monitor the implementation of coastal protection regulations
Provide the Wilaya with information and documents in relation to environmental
infringements
Provide technical assistance to Wilayas in relation to the management of he summer season
Organise fishing port security and berths management in El Djamila, Tamenfoust and Algiers
ports
Participate in environmental protection awareness-building campaigns
Monitor marine water quality for Algiers
Overall, only a major slowing down in the coastal squeeze process and a more balanced spreading of
urban development would prevent current trends to continue. For example, three more million
inhabitants are expected by 2025 and 1 million should be reorganised on the upper plateaus.

Tourism

Recreational tourism on beaches is a major activity, especially in and nearby important urban areas.
Many beaches are over-populated and poor water quality results in their closing.

Exploitation of natural resources

Water is used first for irrigation, then for domestic supply and industry. It is becoming a rare resource
not the least due to the drought affecting Algeria over the last few years. Leakages are also responsible
for important losses (estimates of 40%). Groundwater is impacted by excessive exploitation. Water
consumption is very high and large volumes wasted due to a low pricing per m3. In Bordl El Kiffan,
water usage amounting to 1,500m3/day is obtained from desalinisation which cost is about four times
the price of ground water.

Fishing is a well-developed activity-taking place in the bays of Ghazaouet, Beni Saf, Arzew,
Mosthghanem, Bou Ismail, Zemmouri, Annaba, and El Kala. Offshore and deep-sea fishing (for
shrimps, demersal fish and squids) are characteristic of Algerian fisheries. Seine fishing is also
practiced and there is a large fleet of traditional boats operating on rocky bottoms (fish, crabs, and
octopus). Diminishing sizes and quantity have been observed that reflect probably stock dynamics but
overexploitation and environmental pollution cannot be excluded as contributing factors. Indeed
degradation of Posidonia meadows in relation to pollution discharged from oueds can explain such
reduced productivity.
Urbanisation is encroaching on agriculture land. For example in the municipality of Reghaia (METAP
study), from 30 to 60 ha have been lost each year since 2003. In the entire pilot area nearly 1,800ha
have been converted to other uses between 1987 and 1997.
Coastal beach and dune sands are illegally and massively collected in many areas such as in Bou
Ismail (Tipaza) or Zemmouri (Boumerdes).

Environmental hazards

Pollution

Seven pollution hot spots were identified (Urban and industrial waste) in 2002 by a MEDPOL project:
Alger, Annaba, Oran, Skikda, Bejaia, Mostaganem, Ghazaouet. They are close to large urban areas or
industrial ports. Levels of all contaminants are above norms: heavy metals, oil, nitrogen, phosphorus,
and organic matter, PCB in sediments.

Water quality is in most cases below international health standards in urban areas. Only about 8% of
sewage waters were treated in the CAMP area in 2005. Lack of finances to maintain and build
adequate sanitation facilities is a major cause. Water pollution (oueds and coastal lakes) is impeding
the recreational use of beaches (in 2003 35% of beaches were closed to bathing in the CAMP area).
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Pollution is also generating smell inconveniences especially in summer. This loss to pollution is
estimated to be as high as 2.5% of GDP (METAP COED study, 2005).
Landfill leaching, septic tanks and oil pollution are responsible for severe ground water pollution,
especially in the Algiers area. Salinisation is an additional cause for unusable groundwater. Solid
waste management is lagging behind due to administrative hurdles, lack of control and information,
non-compliance to existing regulations, non-optimal use of existing municipal dumping sites. About
65% of solid wastes are collected in the CAMP area with significant room for improvement. For
example industrial wastes are disposed of without adequate monitoring by lack of specialised
enterprises. Wastes from the building sector are hardly recycled.

Natural hazards

Coastal erosion has been a widespread phenomenon for many years: nearly 80% of the total shoreline
is affected by it. Rate of erosion has been accelerating since the 80s. It is a significant constraint to the
management of beach amenities, especially nearby urban areas where demand is high. Illegal sand
extraction is accelerating when not triggering this phenomenon.
Earthquakes also affect coastal areas and destructive tsunamis are still live in memories (1365 in
Algiers flooding the lower part of the city). Major earthquakes have occurred recently in Chenoua
(1989) and Boumerdes (2003). The impacts of such events are likely to get worst in the future due to
the present rate of urban growth in the area.
Flooding is another recurring hazard which power and effects are amplified by human activities,
especially clearing of forests on slopes.

Natural and cultural heritage

There are many natural sites of national and international interest, among which:

- Taza Park (Jijel Wilaya)
- Rachgoune Island (Ain Temouchent Wilaya)
- Coastal marine area of El Kala National Park (El Tarf Wilaya)
- Gouraya National Park (B�jaia Wilaya)
- Mount Chenoua (Tipaza wilaya)
- R�ghaia wetland (Algiers Wilaya)
- Zemmouri El Bahri coastal dunes and forest (Boumerd�s wilaya)
- Cap de Garde marine reserve (Annaba Wilaya)
- Habibas Island nature marine reserve (Oran Wilaya)
-
The Habibas Islands marine nature reserve was established by decree in 2004, and proposed as a
SPAMI. It is managed by the Coastal National Commission and is under the jurisdiction of the MATE.
Two other areas are proposed as marine nature reserves in Chenouah and Boutenah Island and one on
the landside in Reghaia Lake, which is a Ramsar site. A National Park is planned for the Chenoua area
and an extension to the Chea National Park.

Knowledge on the status of marine biodiversity varies from area to area but in Algiers the situation is
critical while in other such as Bou Ismail marine habitats seem to be in good conditions.

Due to the reduction of their surfaces by urbanisation and reclamation, wetlands habitat cannot
provide their cleansing and flood control functions and their ecological balance is jeopardized. For
example, Lake Reghaia acts as sediment and pollutant trap to such a level that poor water quality has
completely depleted fish populations and associated fish-eating birds. It still hosts a nesting bird
population which includes IUCN listed Duck species. Habitat destruction also occurs in forest areas
cleared for urbanisation. Up to 67ha of dune areas were lost between 1987 and 2001 to urbanisation in
the METAP pilot area.

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If current pressure levels on marine resources were to continue, by 2025 20 to 50% of habitats of
ecological interest could disappear.

IN terms of cultural heritage, almost all of the 500 listed national cultural monuments are concentrated
in the Algiers and Tipaza coastal wilayas. Two of those are World Heritage sites.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

Much of the legal framework of relevance to coastal management is relatively new and was developed
since 2000.
There Law on coastal protection and valorisation (2002) adopts 3 principles: (1) development
within the framework of the national spatial planning and environmental protection policy, (2)
coordination between stakeholders (State, municipalities, environmental NGOs) according to
sustainable development, prevention and precautionary principles, and (3) sparing of spatial resources
and environmentally-friendly development and promotion of coastal activities.

The law gives a definition of the coastal area in terms of economic, environmental, landscape and
heritage criteria: it covers all islands and coastal zones with a minimum extent of 800m inland. A
setback line of 300m applies to the entire coastline, forbids any new establishment of industry (art.
15), new building of roads parallel to the coast (art. 4). A minimum distance of 5 km is to be kept
between adjacent built-up areas and any extension of built-up areas beyond 3 km if forbidden (art. 12).
The law establishes the National Coastal Commission, Coastal Coordination Councils for sensitive
areas, a trust fund to support implementation of protection measures, and contingency plans.

Law on Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (2003): it specifies the legal
regime for protected areas and makes prescriptions in relation to the protection of the sea.

Law on Spatial Planning and Development (2001: provides spatial planning orientations, it
establishes the National Coastal Master Plan which prescriptions must be translated into Spatial Plans
of Wilayas.
Other relevant regulation in relation to spatial and urban planning is:

Law on land property (1990)
Law on physical and urban planning (1990)
Decree on the elaboration of and adoption of the Master Plan for Physical and Urban Planning
Decree on the elaboration and adoption of land use plans (1991)

Several regulations deal with tourism and recreation, including in coastal areas:

Law on tourism expansion zones and sites (2003): tourism development is to take place in
agreement with existing coastal protection regulations; its national tourism master plan
includes protection of natural sites and outstanding landscapes.
Law on tourism use and lease of beaches (2003): provides guidelines, regulations and
sanctions in relation to the physical planning of beach areas and regulations applying to
activities and up to 100m from the shoreline; a decree was enacted in 2004 in relation to
leasing conditions for beaches open to bathing.
Law on camping (2001), regulation for the establishment and exploitation of camping;
camping are forbidden near the coast to prevent environmental damages

Finally several legislations address the issue of pollution and waste:
Law on the management, control and disposal of wastes (2001)
Decree regulating industrial sewage (1993):
Decree on EIA (1990)
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Decree on regulating classified facilities (1998)

Algeria is party to the following international agreements:
Barcelona Convention ratified in 2004
SPA Protocol
Convention on Biological Diversity
World Heritage Convention
Algiers Convention
CITES Convention

Institutional framework

There is a wide range of administrative levels and institutions with a stake in coastal management in
Algeria. The most relevant offices are those of the Ministry of Spatial Planning and Environment
(MATE): Head office for urban environmental policy, head office for industrial environmental policy,
head office for the conservation of biological diversity, natural areas, and landscapes, head office for
communication, awareness-building, and environmental education.

A lack of operational capacity is reported, partly due to overlaps in prerogatives such as in relation to
environmental protection, prevention and enlisting.
Other national institutional stakeholders are:

The National Agency for Wastes
The Ministry of Fishing and Marine Living Resources
The Ministry of Water Resources
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Health
Several committees and commissions are also operational:

National Coastal Commission: its mandate covers all coastal areas as defined in art. 7 of the
coastal zone Law; its structure consists in a head office and 14 decentralised offices in
Wilayas, its role is to keep a watch, support, safeguard and maintain outstanding coastal land
and marine areas; make an ecological inventory and assessment of uses and threats; it publish
a report on the state of the coast every 2 years, promotes awareness-building and information,
National Council for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development (2001)
National Observatory for the Environment and Sustainable Development (2002)
National Water Council
Inter-ministerial Committee to follow up on SAP MED activities

Several line agencies operate:
National Observatory for the Environment and Sustainable Development
National Coastal Heritage Trust (Conservatoire du Littoral)
National Spatial Planning Agency
National Centre for Marine Rescue

At local level services from Wilayas are involved such as:
Head Offices for tourism
Head Offices for Environment
Head Offices for Hydraulic Engineering
Some like Algiers host an Agency for coastal protection and promotion

Finally, research institutes support also coastal activities:
National Centre for Urban Studies and Research
Institute for Marine Sciences and Coastal Management
Ecole Nationale Polytechnique � Department of Environmental Engineering
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Applied instruments

EIA
Several funds exist to support environmental protection:

National Fund for the Environment and Depollution
National Fund for the protection of the coast and coastal areas
National Fund for the development of fishing and Aquaculture

Policies & strategies
National Strategy for Sustainable Development
Strategy for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity (assessment of
knowledge on biodiversity and priority options for conservation and sustainable use)
National Strategy on Climatic Changes
National Strategy against Poverty and Exclusion
National Policy for Forestry and Nature Conservation (including management of wetlands)
National Policy and Programme for Disasters Reduction
National Environmental Report (2000)
National Environmental and Sustainable Development Action Plan (2002)

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

Coastal management and Planning

CAMP Algeria (2001 � 2005)� from Chenoua to Cap Djinet, produced a Strategic Action Programme
with 19 objectives addressing control of urban sprawl and land use, integrated water management and
sanitation, management and disposal of solid wastes, protection of sensitive natural areas,
strengthening of capacities. The project concluded on conditions for a successful follow-up, including
in terms of governance, financing, monitoring. The project also made recommendations for the
Reghaia area on the basis of the results of the pilot project, including the establishment of a nature
reserve in parallel with improved tourism facilities.

A GIS project is being setup as part of the Coastal Plan in Oran with the support of the TDE/RAC
centre.

Pollution

A national contingency plan against accidental marine pollution is being prepared (Tel Bahr
Plan).
With the help of MEDPOL, a National Programme for the assessment and the control of pollution was
drafted. It covers monitoring of bathing water quality and industrial sewage compliance, level and
evolution of contaminants in water, sediments and organisms, in hot spots and the coastal region. The
Gulf of Ghazaouet is a pilot zone for a pre-investment study.
MEDPOL also funded a national diagnosis identifying sources of contamination, established the level
of marine pollution, state of habitats degradation and level of threats to marine biodiversity. An
assessment of pollutant and contaminants by type of sewage,

Environmental management

METAP supported the drafting of a national operational strategy for ICZM (2004) and an assessment
on the cost of environmental degradation on a pilot area (Oueds El Harrach and El Reghaia). The area
is representative of environmental pressures at national level (uncontrolled urban sprawl, under-sized
sewage system, high marine pollution with impact on human health and biodiversity). The study
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underlines the priority for improving waste water treatment and the protection of water resources,
followed by protection and conservation of green spaces and beach areas as well proper
implementation of existing legislation by increasing resources and capacities of key organisations.
Cooperation between the different authorities involved at all levels is a pre-requisite.
Nature Protected areas

A pilot project to test ICZM is applied to wetland area in Reghaia Lake
The French Conservatoire du Littoral is supporting the establishment of the National Coastal Council.

The Government has included in its triennial economic programme several project of relevance to
coastal protection and conservation in 8 coastal wilayas: El-Tarf, Tizi-Ouzou, Tipaza, Oran, B�jaia,
Mostaganem, Jijel and Alger
With the support of the FFEM two pilot sites (Habibas Islands, and Mont Chenoua / Anse de Kouali)
will help demonstrate new participative approaches for ICZM based on consensus-building. Already
some rehabilitation work was achieved.
Under LIFE funding, the Zemmouri dune site was partly rehabilitated.
As part of SMAP III, the following initiatives are on-going:

Algerian Coast Management through Integration and Sustainability by the Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientale di Ravenna (CIRSA):
ICZM approach to sensitive wetlands: El Kala/Moulouya (Alger/Maroc), Fondation
Sansouire:

Several training sessions were organised in Algeria and France for staff from the MATE, Wilayas and
NGOs on ICZM concepts and tools, management of natural areas

V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

Urban and spatial planning

Finalisation and adoption of the National Spatial Planning Master Plan
Enact application decrees for the Coastal Zone Law via a recognised and mandated inter-
ministerial committee
Enact application decrees for the Law on Physical and urban planning
Existing regulations and spatial plans must be enforced by e.g. an "environmental police"
which is to be established
Ensure proper application, control and monitoring of land use plans for sandy areas (dunes
and beaches) in compliance with regulations in the Coastal Zone law
Support inter-sectoral consultation for physical planning and implementation of measures

Pollution

Exhaustive and updated assessment of water quality and pollution sources
Treatment of sewage water is a priority
Some industries should be displaced away from the coast
Strengthened capacity of municipalities to manage solid wastes
Strengthen capacity of Wilaya to monitor and control industrial sewage
Set up a monitoring network for bathing water quality and erosion

Exploitation of natural resources

Provide more finances to the Integrated Water Resources Management Fund, especially to
develop better irrigated agriculture (using treated sewage waters) and sanitation facilities and
establish water management bodies by catchment
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Develop a programme for alternative source of sand as a building material in parallel to the
enforcement of existing regulations on sand extraction

Natural and cultural Heritage

Establish an institutional mechanism for the management of protected areas
Extension of protected areas: wetlands from Reghaia to Aguelli Island

Information, communication and participation

Provide training to technical staff in relation to environmental issues in coastal and marine
areas
Increase awareness on soft dune management methods
Increase awareness building of citizens in relation to water preservation and solid waste
disposal
Improve quality of environmental data, capacity for monitoring and communication

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Table 40: Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Algeria
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Public Enterprise
Institute

The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast n Algeria

Legislation
Land
Marine

S
Law on coastal
LAW
protection and
valorisation (2002)

Law on Environmental

Protection and
Sustainable
Development (2003):

Law on Spatial Planning

and Development

Law on land property
(1990)

Law on physical and

urban planning (1990)

Law on tourism

expansion zones and
sites (2003)

Law on the management,

control and disposal of
wastes (2001)

Law on tourism use and

lease of beaches (2003)

Decree on the elaboration

of and adoption of the
Master Plan for Physical
D
ECREES
and Urban Planning

Decree on EIA (1990)

Decree on the elaboration

and adoption of land use
plans (1991)

O

R
EGU
LATI

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Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Algeria (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

based pollution
sources
Specially protected

areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in Algeria
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones
Yes
Yes

Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee
Yes, National Coastal Commission
No

Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination
No
No

Status of land ownership

Yes, being revised

Regulation of public access to the coast

Yes, coastal law

Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal

buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:

Fisheries
Mariculture
Ports & shipping
Control of pollution: Waste water quality

Bathing water quality
Management of water resources

Management of solid wastes

Control of recreational activities

Yes

Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value

Sanctions regimes

Collection of data

Information & communication

Public participation

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Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture
Extension by reclamation of wetlands
Fisheries
Some stocks overfished but some areas still not exploited
Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
Lack of enforcement of existing planning regulation
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage
Beginning of management plans for marine protected areas
protection,
and

management
A priority issue
Water
t
s

pollution

Impac
Inefficient use of existing facilities
Wastes
Application decrees for law on solid waste are insufficient

Biodiversity,
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

Stakeholders,
No data
interactions,

& conflicts
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nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa

Plannin
Governance

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Management

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal
Institutional

Management
Institutional

Management

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
9.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Table 55: List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified in Table 53 (continued)

THEME
STAKES
Stakeholders,
interaction, &

conflicts

Legal

ce
gement and
framework

governan

Planning, mana
Governance

Cross-cutting issues

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Strategic overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina

April 2006

1. INTRODUCTION

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a complex state consisting of two entities, the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. It has a land area of 51,209 km2. Few rivers, notably the Neretva
(218 km), flow towards the Adriatic Sea. The terrain in Bosnia and Herzegovina is mostly highland
with the average height of 150 m above sea-level. The climate is moderate continental and in a smaller
part also Mediterranean. Forests and forestlands cover about 50% of the territory, while the total
agricultural land covers 2.5 million hectares or 0.7 hectares per capita. With its high average annual
precipitation (1250 l/m2 compared with the European average of 1000 l/m2) Bosnia and Herzegovina
possesses significant water resources. According to the 1991 census, Bosnia and Herzegovina had a
population of 4.4 million inhabitants and a GDP per capita of about 2,500 USD, placing BiH among
medium-developed countries. The most recent estimates show that the population has decreased to 3.5
million inhabitants as a result of the consequences of war and that the GDP has fallen to the
substantially lower figure of about 1200 USD per capita.

2.
PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2.1.
Boundaries of the coastal area
Bosnia and Herzegovina has about 25 km long coasts on the Adriatic Sea. It includes the Klek
Peninsula, Neum-Klek Bay, Neum-Klek coastal waters and coastal waters of the Mali Ston Channel.
Neum Municipality is natural port and it is the only Adriatic's seaside municipality of Bosnia-
Herzegovina. It covers 225.5 square kilometers and is located 210 kilometers southern from Sarajevo.
Neum bay is about 6 km long, 1.2 km wide and has an area of 8 square km. It is situated in the Neum-
Klek bay under limestone hills Osoj and Prisoj.

However, the coastal region is far larger than the adjacent coastal area. It has to include the
surrounding catchment area in the mainly karst region and that is why it could be treated as
homogenous karstic region. Even inland parts of the catchment areas of the rivers that gravitate to
Adriatic Sea basin should be treated in similar manner as coastal zone itself. The uncontrolled
management of water and environment in this region that spreads on about 25% of the territory of
Bosnia and Herzegovina, has great influence on Mediterranean area.
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2.2. Population
dynamics

With the total of 4,377,033 inhabitants in 1991, the population density was 85.5 inhabitants/km2.
However, the current population figures vary significantly depending on the source. According to
Bosnia and Herzegovina's Agency for Statistics, the permanent population in 2001 stood at 3,798,000.
According to the Blue Plan, the population of the coastal region was 226,000 in 2000, expected to
grow to 246,000 in 2025 (growth rate of 0.3%, equal to the national average). The population density
is somewhat smaller than the national average (51 against 78 in 2000) but the difference is expected to
be reduced by 2025 (57 against 74).

2.3. Urban
development

The coastal area has one settlement � Neum. It is a natural port and a direct outlet of Bosnia and
Herzegovina to the sea. Neum Municipality covers an area of 225 km2. It is part of the Herzegovina-
Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Neum Municipality had about 4,300
inhabitants in 1991, while the city itself had around 2,500 inhabitants. From 1991 to 1998, the
population level was stable, but still less than in 1971 (4,800 inhabitants). In the wider coastal region,
particularly within the catchment area of Neretva, Trebisnjica and Cetina rivers, the urban situation is
more diverse. The major city is Mostar with 110,000 inhabitants, Livno with 42,000, Konjic with
31,500, Siroki Brijeg with 29,170, Capljina with 28,800, Ljubuski with 27,540, Trebinje with 25,000,
Posusje with 17,456, Grude 15,500, Citluk and Meugorje with 15,000, Bilea with 11,200, (all in
2001) etc. The critical issue here is that all these settlements are producing large quantities of
wastewater, which is being discharged in the adjacent rivers without adequate treatment and, thus,
having negative impact on the coastal waters in Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring Croatia.

2.4. Tourism

Before the war Bosnia and Herzegovina had a diversified economic structure. Industrial production
(43 %), agriculture and forestry (18 %) and mining (14%) were important and produced the main part
of the GDP. Tourism was also well developed. Yugoslavia's military industries were heavily
concentrated there, and the defense industry, producing about 40% of Yugoslavia's armaments, was a
significant part of the economy.

The city of Neum has a good potential for tourism development. It is well located, somewhere in the
middle between Split and Dubrovnik, 60 km from Medjugorje and 75 km from Mostar, with a diverse
hinterland with plenty of tourist attractions. However, due to the fact that it belonged to one of the
former Yugoslav republics, a sizeable amount of money generated in that republic was invested in the
tourist capacities of Neum. At present it offers 3,500 beds, out of which 2,000 are in four hotels.
Before the war, Neum had 600,000 overnight stays with 5,000 beds, while in 2001 the
abovementioned number of beds has generated about 200,000 stays. The capacity for urban tourism in
Neum is practically fully utilized, while the remaining coastal area still offers some tourism
development potential.

2.5.
Exploitation of natural resources

Intensive urban development of the Mediterranean region in B&H was the result of the economic
growth during the seventies. Agriculture activities and fishing, as well as aquaculture, were not planed
nor controlled and monitored, hence their impact on environment is unknown. Infrastructure facilities
and tourist settlements that were constructed had usually negative impact and have degraded natural
resources. Especially high negative impact was of the illegal construction of various structures,
houses, etc., and discharges of wastewater, vegetation burning, cutting of woods, etc. Industrial
facilities for food production, metal and especially aluminum industry were placed in the Neretva
catchment area. Industrial wastewater was discharged directly into the Neretva River without any
treatment. Most of the population as well as economic activities are highly concentrated in and around
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major urban centres, resulting highly cumulative negative environmental impacts. Because of the
karstic nature of the area, most of the pollution ends up in the Adriatic Sea.

2.6.
Environmental and spatial impacts

Neum, the only direct outlet of B&H to the Adriatic Sea, has inadequate wastewater treatment (only
mechanical treatment). Although the number of inhabitants is low, it increases in the summer two to
three times and thus, causes significant seawater pollution impact, especially during three to four
season's months. The specific configuration of the coastal area (double bay: Neum Klek Bay and Mali
Ston Bay) and geological characteristics of Neum Klek area, request high level of coastal area
protection and particularly protection of seawater for recreation and tourist purposes. In these two bays
there is also a number of large shell nurseries, directly affected by pollution. In the very vicinity of the
water intake for regional water supply system, which supplies Neum Municipality and two other
settlements, a dumpsite is located presenting a serious water polluting risk.

Infrastructure objects, permanent and tourist settlements built in urban and suburban zones present a
considerable urban degradation. New hotels that are in good harmony with the surrounding
environment are a rarity. Regardless of the protection measures employed, some protected areas are
surrounded by illegal housing and other forms of environmental degradation (illegal quarries, illegal
dumping sites etc.). The forest fires in summer months are a considerable problem resulting in the
reduction of the forest areas and forest habitats.

The current environmental concerns are mainly associated with the waste disposal practices and low
territorial coverage of the sanitation services. Only the town of Neum has partial sewerage network.
The current municipal wastewater service is covering only 45% of the population. Septic tanks and
latrines of the dubious quality are commonly used in the remaining part of the area. The potential of
the ground infiltration into the sea is relatively high. The solid waste produced in the region os poorly
managed. The number of unregulated and unsanitary open dumping sites is relatively large. Although
the total solid waste generated is less than 30 m3 per day (150 m3 during the summer), the current
waste disposal practices generate negative impacts on health and on natural resources. Leachate
generated by waste dumps threatens the ground and surface water resources and affects the seawater
quality.

In the wider region the exploitation of the Neretva River Basin stands out as the most important issue
because it affects the wider Adriatic area in the transboundary context, as well as the coastal waters of
the Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Neretva River (220 km), the largest river in the Eastern Adriatic
watershed, is an international waterway shared by Bosnia Herzegovina (BiH) and Croatia. Within
BiH it has additional transboundary characteristics as it is shared by two entities - the Federation of
Bosnia Herzegovina (FBiH) and the Rebuplika of Srpska (RS) � each with its own government and
body of law. The Trebisjnica River (99 km) and its basin are located entirely in the RS but are
hydraulically linked to the Neretva River. Taken together, these two rivers comprise the Adriatic
watershed of BiH. Although covering only 24.3% of BiH territory (10,000 km2), the Neretva and
Trebisjnica River Basins (NTRB) are relatively rich in water resources draining 63% of all surface
water flows in BiH (the rest draining to the Danube/Black Sea). The NTRB ecosystems include
wetlands of international significance. The lower course of the Neretva River from Mostar (FBiH) to
the river's mouth (Croatia) contains the largest and most valuable remnants of the Mediterranean
wetlands in the Eastern Adriatic coast and is one of the few areas of this kind remaining in Europe.
On the Croatian part of the delta, 1700 hectares are protected in five distinct reserves. The NTRB are
considered to be of great cultural/historic importance with ruins dating back to the 4th century B.C.

The NTRB play an important part in the economies of both countries and in the livelihoods of over
300,000 people (approximately 35,000 in Croatia, 40,000 in the Trebisjnica RB, the rest in FBiH
primarily in the lower Neretva water course where the basins' largest city, Mostar, is located). The
rivers are used by the population for transport, gravel and sand extraction, recreation, fisheries, fishing
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and abstraction for drinking water, irrigation and energy. There are several multi-purpose reservoirs in
each basin primarily for hydropower operations but also providing for flood protection, water supply
of industry and irrigation, and provision of minimum biological flows. There are five hydropower
plants (HPP) on the Neretva River with four more under consideration; and one HPP on the
Trebisjnica River). The natural beauty and cultural heritage of the NTRB support some local tourism
but the potential is largely untapped. The problem is that poor management of water resources in
NTRB is resulting in degradation, in terms of quality and quantity, to the resource itself as well as to
the basins' ecosystems, particularly wetlands. The environment, as a special water-using sector, is
generally ignored resulting in deterioration of the ecosystems. The cumulative negative impacts of
these pressures include a loss of habitat and biodiversity; land degradation and reduced agricultural
productivity; sedimentation and erosion leading to reduced efficiency of reservoir operations;
salinization; and salt-water intrusion. It is important to stress that most of settlements in the NTRB,
especially the small ones, do not have a sewerage systems. Some settlements are not connected to the
public sewerage system and their problem of wastewaters is solved by septic tanks construction. It is
very usual that utility companies perform an empting of those septic tanks which content are being
taken into the sewerage systems of the bigger settlements. NTRB is mostly contaminated with
domestic and industrial wastewaters, which do not content significant amount of toxic materials.
Those are mostly fecal and technological waters. Domestic wastewaters are contaminated with organic
pollutants, azoth and phosphate compounds and fecal bacteriae. They have low concentration of heavy
metals and high amount of detergents. Industrial waters contain mostly organic pollutants.

Major urban centres in the Mediterranean region of B&H

3.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The environmental legislative sector in B&H is governed by a complexities of the political structure of
the country. The former Yugoslavia issued a number of legislative documents that deal with natural
resource management and the environment. Even today there are over 70 such legislative acts that are
still valid in both entities. There are no laws or other regulations on the environment at the State level.
However, the Council of Ministers has charged the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
with coordinating the drafting of an environmental protection bill. There is agreement with the
Environment Ministries of both entities and the Government of Brcko District that they will take part
in drafting the law, as will independent expert and non-governmental organizations. For the interim
period, the Annex 2 to the new State Constitution stipulates that all laws that were in force in Bosnia
and Herzegovina when the Constitution came into effect and that are not inconsistent with it may
remain in force. For the period 1996-2002, before new legislation was passed, this was important for
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the environment because it confirmed the standing in both entities of the Law on Physical Planning
passed in September 1987 (Official Gazette SR BIH 9/87). This Law was general and covered all
major components of the environment. It dealt with the overall issues of urban planning, physical
planning, the environment and building.

Separate laws on the environment and environmental media were drafted after 1998 for each of the
entities, with financial support from the EU Community Assistance, Reconstruction, Development and
Stabilisation Programme (CARDS). Considerable effort was made to harmonize them in order to
avoid future difficulties with implementation. Both packages of laws have been discussed and
approved by the Inter-Entity Steering Committee for the Environment. The contents of these laws are
not identical, but are very similar and there are no differences as far as technical issues and goals are
concerned. That is important to prevent unfair competition, but also for Bosnia and Herzegovina's
possible accession to the EU. These laws are on: Environmental Protection; Air Protection; Water
Protection; Waste Management; Nature Protection; and Environmental Fund.

The comprehensive framework law for integrated coastal management is not available in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. There are several laws applying to the coastal zones: Law on: the territorial sea (1987),
elements of the water regime (1974), land-use planning (1974- 1987), water (1998), fishing (1989),
meteorological activities (1976), Decrees on coastal waters (1980) and water categories (1967),
Development plan (1981- 2000), and Programme for the protection of the environment (1990).

Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the process of drafting the Law on inland and maritime sailing. This law
would regulate conditions of navigation safety on inland and maritime navigations routes belonging to
B&H territory, where international and interstate navigation regime are applied, basic legal issues
related to ship and boats, navigation accidents, captaincy and inspection supervision, regulation of
ports, the protection of sea pollution from boats. This Law will set conditions of navigation routes in
inland waters as well as routes on coastal sea, regulate transportation of passengers and things,
rescuing persons, ships and things from those ships, actions in cases of shipwreck, liability of ship
owner and ship operator, liability for death of persons, damaging things and environment pollution
from the ships, as well as liability in cases of oil outpouring which is transported as cargo.
The institutional arrangements for environmental management in B&H are, again, quite complex. The
major institutions are the following:
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs: its main functions and tasks relating environment are signing of
international multilateral and bilateral agreements and contracts, and carrying out procedures
for their ratifications.
- Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations: coordinating activities and harmonizing
plans of entity authorities and institutions on international plan, in the following sectors of
agriculture, energy, environmental protection, development and utilization of natural
resources and tourism.
- Environmental Steering Committee of B&H: inter-entity body that coordinates the work
related to the environment between the two entities. It is involved in the following tasks:
international contracts and programs related to the environmental issue, cooperation with
Republic of Croatia and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the field of environment,
harmonization (between two Entities) of existing and future environmental legislations,
regulations, environmental action programs, monitoring, standards and information systems;
harmonization (between two Entities) of plans for urgent situations; coordination (between
two Entities) of all environmental activities to provide that B&H join European Union, as a
member country.
- Commission for coordination of water management issues between two entities deals with the
following issues: international contracts in the field of water management, international water
paths, international water management projects, cooperation with Republic of Croatia and
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on the water related issues, harmonization of present and
future regulations from the water management field, harmonization (between two Entities)
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and monitoring of water quality standards, harmonization (between two Entities) of solid
waste disposal programs � protection of water resources, etc.

In the Federation of B&H, the environmental management institutions are the Ministry of Physical
Planning and Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Management and Forestry. The
former comprises the Environment Sector. It has three departments: the Department of Ecology and
Environmental Impact Assessment, the Department of Biodiversity and Natural Ecosystems
Conservation, and the Department of Protection of Air, Water, Soil and of Waste +Management. It has
a total staff of nine, including the Assistant Minister and the Heads of the three departments. In
addition to the two above-mentioned ministries, many other authorities in the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina deal with environmental issues indirectly, as prescribed by law. The Federation is
divided into ten cantons with 84 municipalities. According to chapter III of its Constitution, the
Federation and the cantons are jointly responsible for the "policy of environmental protection" and for
the "use of natural resources" (art. 2). These responsibilities, according to article 3, may be exercised
jointly or separately, or by the canton as coordinated by the Federation. Each canton has its own
constitution and government. The cantons' environmental authorities are their ministries of civil
engineering, physical planning and environmental protection and their ministries of agriculture, water
management and forestry.

In Republika Srpska, the relevant institutions are the Ministry of Physical Planning, Civil Engineering
and Ecology, and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management. The Ecology Sector
of the former is made up of seven people, including the Assistant Minister. Administration is more
centralized in this entity, which has no cantons, although there is a local administration in the entity's
65 municipalities. In Republika Srpska, some other ministries and independent administrative offices
and institutions also have environmental responsibilities. The entity is responsible, with the
municipalities, for ensuring environmental protection in accordance with the law. It is also supposed to
meet the specific environmental protection needs of its citizens in accordance with article 102.5 of its
Constitution. Here, too, the lack of a regulatory framework that specifies the functions of the various
bodies with environmental responsibilities creates the potential for overlap and duplication.

There is no specific institutional arrangement for ICAM neither in B&H as a whole, nor in its entities.
Cantons or municipalities.

4.
POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

Although neither the State nor the entities have an environmental policy, some important programmes
for environmental action have been prepared and adopted in recent years.

The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was the first document specifically oriented to
environmental problems. The eight priorities identified in NEAP are: water resource management and
waste-water treatment; sustainable development in rural areas; environmental management
(information system, integral planning and education); protection of biological and landscape
diversity; waste and waste management; economy and sustainable development; public health; and
demining. About 450 projects have already been initiated under NEAP and 50-60 of them have been
selected and are under preparation.

Based on the analysis of the current situation in all fields of environmental protection it was
determined that the area of water resources and wastewater represents the first priority of the NEAP.
Pollution prevention and prevention of irrational and uncontrolled use of water represents a necessary
measure for protection of water which is one of the most important resources of B&H. In addressing
these problems NEAP proposes: establishment of the catchment areas management, realization of
long-term water supply projects, construction and reconstruction of the wastewater treatment plants
and sewerage systems, rehabilitation of flood protection systems to the required safety level, and use
of water for irrigation and production of electricity.
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Much attention has recently been given to the finalization and approval of the Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper or Mid-term Development Strategy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2004-2007), which
was adopted on 5 February 2004. The Paper gives a broad overview of the national economic and
social situation in all sectors, including the environment and water. The priorities of the environment
sector identified in the Paper, including in its Action Plan, generally follow those set out in NEAP.
The Paper is considered by the Environment Ministries in both entities as the environmental strategy
paper and the expectation is that it will play this role for a certain time.

The Council of Ministers has adopted an initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic
Relations to draft a strategy for environmental protection and sustainable development. This has also
received the support of the National Steering Committee for Environment and Sustainable
Development.

No specific coastal policies have been prepared so far in B&H. That is not a surprise considering the
short length of its coast. However, the documents that could consider as indirectly coastal, are the
following:

- Spatial Plan of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the year 2000.
- Planning activities where treated within Regional Plan of South Adriatic Area through the
General Plan for former SR B&H (1981-2000).
- The Neum Municipality Area Plan was prepared during eighties as the first planning
documentation referring to the whole municipal territory. As result of pre �war non-regular
functioning of the governmental bodies as well as the same situation after the war, Neum
Municipality Area Plan has never been adopted.

5. INSTRUMENTS

An EIA system has yet to be put into place in BiH. A new set of environmental laws, including the
Framework Law on Environmental Protection, which has provisions addressing EIA procedures, was
adopted by the National Assembly of Republika Srpska on July 25, 2002 and entered into force after
being published in the Official Gazette of RS, 53/02. The Framework Law on Environmental
Protection in Federation BiH was adopted in March 2003 but it has not been published yet in the
Official Gazette. Although the Framework Law on Environmental Protection in RS has been put in
force, it is still not fully operative due to the lack of necessary by-laws. Therefore, in this transition
period, the already existing licensing procedure (urban permits, construction permits and water
management permits) is still considered an indirect method for assessing the impact that undertakings
and activities may have on the environment. The existing licensing practice and associated problems
show that, after adoption of the new law, all participants in the licensing process (developers, officials,
as well as some expert institutions involved in the preparation of EIS) will require capacity-building
programmes to increase their knowledge on the subject matter. This includes preparation of the EIA
guidelines that will serve each stakeholder (including relevant government ministries and departments,
project developers, the general public, consultants, NGOs and others) as a basic reference that will
simplify the EIA procedure and make it easier to understand and follow.

Some of economic instruments used for environment protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina include
the charges, taxes and fines. The following charges and taxes are recommended and applied: user
charges (for the use of natural resources and public utility services), discharge charges (for discharging
pollutants into environment) and special product taxes when consumption of the product has a
detrimental impact on the environment (oil derivations, tobacco products, etc.). According to the Law
on water, water charges are classified as general water charges and special water management charges
(water utilisation, water protection, extraction of material from water streams, water regime changes,
and flood protection). Currently, only special water charges are implemented. There are also water
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user fees, which include both rates for sewage and water supply (based on a metered water supply).
Municipal solid waste charges usually differ for households and industry � prices for industry are
often 2-3 times higher than for households. Rates are different from region to region; some
municipalities use a uniform price for a household, while others set their prices per m2 of the
household. The collecting percentage is low and it cannot cover the cost of treating the waste. The
deposit refund system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is applied only for glass (beer bottles), although
even in that area cans mostly replaced bottles. The percentage of products returned may be around
70%. Introduction of tax differentiation for lead/lead-free gasoline was intended to stimulate purchase
of cars, which use lead-free gasoline, and thus contribute to improvement of state of the environment.

6.
COASTAL PRACTICE (PROJECTS, INITIATIVES)

LIFE TC financed in late 90ties the project for the establishment of the Mediterranean Action Plan's
office in B&H. It assembled the major coastal stakeholders who have supported the initiative. The task
of the office was supposed to be coordination of all MAP activities, including those on ICAM, in the
country.

Under the Global Environment Facility the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) from 1999 to 2005 has
undertaken a number of activities aimed at the implementation of the LBS Protocol. A review of
issues related to this objective has been undertaken, and the National Diagnostic Analysis (NDA) and
National Action Plan (NAP) were drafted in January 2000. According to the results and analysis of
NDA and Baseline Scenario, the main environmental issues in the Neum coastal area weer to build the
Municipal solid wastes in Neum (unsanitary landfill) and Communal wastewater in Neum (partially
constructed sewage system).

A biodiversity strategy and a nature protection strategy are planned. There is no policy for water
management and water protection. Some strategic documents prepared in the former Yugoslavia such
as the Water Management Master Plan (published in 1994) are still followed in both entities. There are
also some local initiatives to develop local environmental action plans (LEAPs) in both entities.

7.
NEEDS FOR ICZM

Development of the ICAM process in B&H has not started yet. The main reasons for such situation
could be summarised as follows: complicated political situation, practically no existing legal
framework and sector laws on environment, lack of adequate relevant institutions and human
resources at all political levels in B&H. However, when it starts it may have to differ from other
countries because its coastal area is so short and the level of human activities are not extraordinary.
But, the greater attention will have to be given to the larger coastal region with river basins of the three
rivers in the Adriatic Catchment Area: Neretva, Trebisnjica and Cetina. The major environmental
issues will have to be managed jointly with Croatia, where three catchment areas are located as well.

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Strategic overview: Croatia

April 2006

1. INTRODUCTION

The Republic of Croatia belongs to the central European, Adriatic-Mediterranean and Panonian-
Danubian group of countries. It covers the land area of 56,610 km�, 31,067 km� of coastal sea, The
surface area of the Adriatic watershed is 22,134 km�.

The coastal area belongs to the country's most valuable economic and natural assets. It is here that
dynamic and interrelated natural processes take place activated by the interaction between the sea and
the mainland, including development pressures and possible related negative impacts that have or may
have undesirable impacts on ecological systems. The Adriatic Sea, which cuts deeply into the
European continent, has always represented an important link between the Middle East and the
Western Europe.

Two factors characterise the national development process in Croatia: the transition to a market-
oriented economy and the process to EU accession. Following the war in the early 1990s and the
break- up of the socialist economy, the overarching goal of the Government of Croatia has been, and
continues to be, sustained economic growth. This is being achieved through a series of market-
oriented reforms and soft and hard infrastructure investments.

2.
PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2.1.
Boundaries of the coastal area

The total length of the coastline is 5,835 km (13% of the Mediterranean coastlines), of which 1,777
km belong to the coast of the mainland, and 4,058 km to the island coasts, which makes the Croatian
coast the most indented in the Mediterranean. The principal natural feature is the hilly karstic base.
The mountainous coastal belt often keeps the dominant influence of the sea within just several
kilometres inland. There are 718 small and big islands, 389 cliffs, and 78 reefs.

2.2. Population
dynamics

In the past decade, there has been a visible migration flow from the inland areas towards the coast.
Today, in the belt reaching 5 km from the coastline inland (11,452 km2 or 20% of the national
territory) live 1.1 million inhabitants (26% of the national population, but less than 1% of the
Mediterranean coastal population). The major reason for this is the location of various economic and
the resulting economic growth in the area, which offers a better future to the newcomers. In fact, the
favourable climate, abundant natural and historic assets, high accessibility, irrigated and fertile soil
attract activities, which are in turn leading to important changes in the land-use patterns.

2.3. Urban
development

Major towns in the coastal area of Croatia are: Split, Rijeka, Pula, Zadar, Sibenik, Ploce and
Dubrovnik. Among the ten largest cities in Croatia, 5 are located in the coastal area. Only a relatively
modest portion of the Croatian coast is at present occupied by urbanisation, which is considered to be
the major driving force behind the coastal development processes (837 km� or 14.3% of the total
length). According to the "Report on the State of the Space" from 2003, the adopted physical plans of
coastal local administrative units (municipalities and communes) envisage occupation of another 716
km�. Thus, in the next 10-20 years (the time span of a generation) almost the same length of the
coastline will be developed as has been done by all the generations that have inhabited the Croatian
coast so far.
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The physical configuration of the Croatian coast makes reasonable the assumption that only about
50% of the Croatian coast is accessible, i.e. that construction is possible within reasonable expense
limits. Following that reasoning, it can be expected that, soon, about 50% of the Croatian coast will be
taken by urbanisation. The present and future urbanisation will be less of the illegal one (which at
present, unlike in some previous periods, is also an easily resolved phenomenon) than the legally
approved construction, which is, obviously, much harder to control. A situation that can currently still
be kept under control could easily turn into an absolutely unsustainable development pattern,
characterised with a linear coastal urbanization that endangers, among other things, coastal
biodiversity (usually located in the narrow strip on both sides of the coastline). The coastal
urbanisation, in majority of cases, is not accompanied by adequate water treatment facilities, which is
a significant contributor to the pollution of coastal waters.

With the urbanisation rate of 61%, the population density is around 100 inhabitants per km2, which is
above the Mediterranean average. In this area there are 1,262 settlements.

Ten largest towns in Croatia
Number of inhabitants
(according to 1991 Census)
Zagreb
867 717
Split*
200 459
Rijeka*
167 964
Osijek
129 792
Zadar*
80 355
Karlovac
70 950
Pula*
62 690
Sisak
60 884
Slavonski Brod
58 531
Sibenik*
55 842

*coastal city

2.4. Tourism

Tourism is increasingly becoming one of the most important sectors of the Croatian coastal economy,
whose development largely depends on good coastal environmental conditions. The coastal
environment, in turn, is threatened by point and non-point sources of pollution. The tourism
development concept is in a transitional phase, changing from a dominant "mass" tourism model, to a
more sophisticated one, which would give priority to quality over quantity. Unfortunately, the current
process of tourism development is not equally distributed over the entire Adriatic coast but is still
largely location centred, meaning that, in some areas, a considerable development has taken place in
recent years (Istria, some islands, Dubrovnik), while in most other areas a more haphazard tourism
growth has materialised, which is much more difficult to control. Unfortunately, the latter type of
situation prevails in the four counties that are covered by this project. As a result, there is a
considerable and irrational consumption of space, increased pollution, low visual quality of the
objects, diminishing income and, finally, little or no concern for the environmental and biodiversity
protection and conservation.

2.5.
Exploitation of natural resources

The country's very long coastline with good natural conditions provides a suitable environment for
fisheries, but the Croatian part of the Adriatic is poor in fish compared to some other parts of the
Mediterranean. Every year 240 000 tonnes of fish and other sea products are caught in the Adriatic
Sea. Annual fish consumption in Croatia is estimated at 7 kg/capita. From 1990 to 1994 there was a
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considerable increase in fishing. For instance, the number of the trawls increased by 34 per cent, drift
nets by 33 per cent, but at the same time the catch drastically decreased. This is typical of overfished
areas. There is a decrease in the average size and weight of the fish, some species are depleted, etc.
Because of fishing practices, overfishing and pollution, fishing and fish processing declined by almost
60 per cent in 1989- 1995. The damage to fish hatcheries may be due to shoreline erosion.

Aquaculture has increased in recent years and has negatively affected marine ecosystems. In the
Adriatic Sea, the majority of cultured marine fish species are grown in cages. Current production of
shellfish is only about 4.500 MT. Fish farming in floating cages include mainly sea bass and sea
bream, producing only about 2.700 MT/year based on fry stock. Shellfish aquaculture development
has a huge potential in the Adriatic region, both ecologically and economically. In 1995, 25 fish farms
were registered on the Croatian coast, of which 17 were on the islands and 8 on shore. Together with
watersoluble waste, solid particles composed of uneaten feed stock and fish excrement cause pollution
in both inland aquatic and marine ecosystems.

Agriculture at land in the coastal region and the rural population are decreasing: in 1991, 8.56 per cent
of Croatia's total population was in rural areas, and in the seven coastal counties it was 3.42 per cent.
In 1996, agricultural land covered approximately 55 per cent of the total surface area of the 7 coastal
counties, with several areas with high potential agricultural productivity (Ravni Kotari, Neretva river
delta). The trend reflected in the decrease in the agricultural population and in the surface of cultivated
land in the coastal region is further exacerbated by the re-orientation of the landowners to tourism. The
use of agricultural land in the vicinity of the urban centres has, to a large extent, been changed to meet
the needs of secondary or tertiary activities, or turned into secondary home settlements.

Biological and landscape diversity is very high. Thus, for example, the ichtyofauna of the Adriatic
rivers is among the highest in Europe (out of the 64 fish species, 40 are Mediterranean endemic
species, while 11 exist only in Croatia). Coastal biodiversity is under threat. Out of 407 Adriatic fish
species, 64 are endangered with fisheries activity.

2.6.
Environmental and spatial impacts

The process of de-industrialisation of the Croatian economy is clearly visible from 1987. The volume
of the total industrial production diminished constantly between 1987 and 1995, in 1996 there was
slight progress in production. The contribution of the industrial sector to the GNP has diminished to
approximately 25% in the last few years. At the same time the number of people working in the
industrial sector decreased rapidly. The positive side of the de-industrialisation is the elimination of
polluting technologies near the coast and the possibility of creating new economic activities that are
not endangering the coastal environment. Today, the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County is the most
industrialised coastal province, followed by Split-Dalmatia and Istria. The main industrial plants are
found around the cities of Rijeka and Split. The main impact of coastal-and marine-based industries is
wastewater discharge without prior treatment. Another impact is inadequate disposal of solid waste in
porous karstic terrain which could contaminate ground water which is used for drinking purposes.

Inhabitants and urban areas are the major source of loads of the catchment area of the eastern part of
the Adriatic Sea by organic substances, total nitrogen and phosphorus. The coastal area of this region
is more densely populated than the hinterland and the major part of the load (61 per cent) lands in the
sea as a result of the inadequate direct wastewater discharge. The share of tourism in the total load is
the greatest in the catchment area of the western coast of Istria (some 15 per cent). This source is
characterized by pollution caused in a short period of time during summer months by direct
wastewater discharge into the sea. Agricultural activities which are the major source of water pollution
by nitrogen (28 per cent of the total load) and cattle breeding as a major source of water pollution by
phosphorus (41 per cent of the total load) have developed in the hinterland (central Istria, Gorski kotar,
Lika, Ravni kotari, the Neretva catchment area). The load coming from these activities is brought into
the sea by fresh waters. The main contribution to the load of the sea by total nitrogen (80 per cent)
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comes from the rivers and ground waters; they contribute less to the organic substance (55 per cent)
and the total phosphorus load (36 per cent). The main contributor is the Neretva River.

Maritime transport is an additional source of marine pollution due to possible accidents (especially in
relation to petroleum transport) and to improper disposal of ballast and bilge waters and solid wastes.
Two major port cities are Rijeka and Split, followed by Pula, Zadar, Sibenik and Ploce. Coastal trade
and navigation have been very much developed, in particular among the Italian, Slovenian and
Croatian parts. This is why the consideration of navigable waterways in the Adriatic and their control
is becoming very important.

Degradation of the coastal belt, especially noticeable in major urban centres, is a consequence of the
non-existence of corresponding physical plans, speculative illegal construction, inadequate
institutional structure and instruments for implementation of plans, including the lack of a political
will to improve the state. Residential developments on the coast are growing in parallel with the
population. The spread of residential areas onto prime land is common. Densification in the form of
high-rises, which offers an easy solution, puts a severe strain on the modest infrastructure, especially
water and sewage networks, of the coastal cities. There is, also, another type of residential
development which deserves special attention: secondary residences and summer homes. Secondary
housing, which was very limited, until the 1970s, has since increased enormously and continues to
grow.

Despite numerous strategic documents islands still lack concrete measures to improve the state and
activities that would not focus on short-term economic profits at the expense of a long-term
conservation of insular environment. The Island Development Act that is in force cannot be enforced
due to the shortage of funds.

The state of the Croatian coastal sea can be deemed comparatively well. However, great problems
exist in the so-called "hot spots" (areas with the concentration of environmental problems, mainly in
the vicinity of the large urban agglomerations, in the enclosed bays, near big industrial complexes and
harbours, etc.). Several years ago, the Croatian authorities have identified, within the GEF project
"Strategic Action Programme to address pollution from land based activities (SAP MED)", eight such
spots where the concentration of ecological problems has been exceptionally high (Pula, Rijeka,
Bakar, Zadar, Sibenik, Kastela Bay, Ploce, and Dubrovnik).

In the last two seasons the County of Istria recorded the highest number of beaches with good bathing
quality sea. In 2004 the percentage of beaches with high quality sea (5.42%) is higher as compared to
2003. In the County of Primorje-Gorski Kotar, testing of sea water quality performed in the area of
Crikvenica, Rijeka and Opatija in early May revealed that test results of 26 beaches exceeded the limit
values prescribed in the Regulation. In the County of Lika-Senj sea water is prevalently of high
quality. All samples taken over the past two years met the Regulation standards.The good sea water
quality in this county is due to the lack of urbanisation and industry, as well as to the hydro-
geomorphological structure of this area. In the County of Zadar, growth in the number of beaches with
high quality sea was observed in 2004 (from 11.11% in 2003 to 47.95% in 2004). Also in this county
all samples met the Regulation standards. In the County of Sibenik-Knin testing of sea water sanitary
quality at the beginning of 2004 bathing season indicated high quality sea water. However, as the
tourist season went on, the results of the analyses deteriorated. Such a situation may be attributed to
the insufficiently developed municipal infrastructure as well as to the high tourist inflow during the
season.At the end of the tourist season this county had 98.68% of beaches with good bathing quality
sea and not one single beach with high quality sea. In the County of Split-Dalmatia, in 2003 as
compared to 2004 there were more beaches with high quality sea. In 2004 99.23% of beaches were
registered with good bathing quality sea.

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3.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The legal and regulatory framework for the Croatian coastal area is scattered across the number of
different regulatory systems and regimes. The most characteristic feature is the fairly clear split in
powers regarding management of land and sea. The regulatory system that governs land areas and
land-based activities is characterised by powers vested mainly in the regional and local authorities. In
spite of the comprehensive planning system embedded in the Law on Spatial Planning, the influence
of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction (MEPPPC) was,
until recently, rather limited. This situation has changed when the Decree on the Protection of Coastal
Area was adopted was adopted by the Government in September 2004. It has helped the MEPPPC to
temporarily renew its dominating role in managing coastal physical development.

The regulatory system that governs sea areas is characterised by a sectoral approach - harbours, fishery
and mariculture, navigation, energy, etc. - and by powers vested in national State authorities (sectoral
directorates and public companies managing particular resource sectors). There is almost no co-
ordination or attempts at integration of activities and legislation among these two regulatory systems.
This in spite of the fact that these instruments exist and that some of them are being already used in
Croatia, albeit for different purposes, and not for one stated above (EIA, planning, public
participation).
NATIONAL
MC/SINP: national parks, protected areas
MSTTD: harbours, ballast waters, fishing �
MSTTD: islands development, tourism development,
ecological zone, sea transport
transport, infrastructure
MAFWM: fisheries, mariculture
MEPPPC/SPI: national spatial planning
MAPPC/OSC: beaches, monitoring
MEPPPC: environmental protection
CEA: marine environmental indicators
CEA: spatial indicators
ME: energy infrastructure
MAFWM: water management
REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL/LOCAL
CC: county spatial planning, building permits
CC: mineral extraction licenses
RCA: cultural monuments
MC/LC: municipal/local spatial planning
Sea
Land
Regulatory "split" in Croatia's coastal zone
(MC/SINP:Ministry of Culture/State Institute for Nature Protection; MSTTD: Ministry of the Sea, Tourism,
Transport and Development; MAFWM:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management;
MEPPPC:Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction; MEPPPC/SPI: Ministry of
Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction/State Planning Institute; MEPPPC/OSC: Ministry
of Environmental Protection, Physical Planning and Construction/Office for the Sea and Coasts; ME: Ministry of
the Economy; CEA: Croatian Environment Agency; RCA: Regional Conservation Authority; CC: County
Council; MC/LC: Municipal Council/Local Council)

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The most important laws for protection of the coastal land areas are the Spatial Planning Law and the
Nature Protection Law. The Planning law does not, however, requires separate coastal zone planning
and management, although it is implicit that coastal protection considerations should be integrated into
regional, municipal and local planning. Unfortunately, the recent practice in fulfilling even this meagre
requirement is not encouraging. Coastal zone planning as a specific task is barely discernible in many
of those plans. Only recently, county spatial plans have recognised the coastal zone as a specific area.
It is true that there are special sections in the plans that deal with coastal zones, but more in a formal
manner and without much effort to employ the ICZM methodological approach. Only the Zadar
County Planning authority has prepared an introductory study to introduce ICZM carrying out the
suitability analysis to assess the potential locations for mariculture.

From the very beginning, the Office has been conceived, in terms of permanently employed staff, as a
relatively small unit. Until the year 2000, it has always had between 6 and 8 employees. Then in 2000,
due to some restructuring in the new Ministry, and because of its differently perceived role, the
Office's staff has been reduced to 5 employees (4 technical persons and a secretary). This situation has
remained until today. However, it is important to say that, although the personnel have been reduced,
the respective tasks have remained practically unchanged. The Office is responsible for the following:
(i) to coordinate monitoring of the quality of the sea; (ii) to propose measures to improve the state of
coastal areas and coastal waters; (iii) to prepare assessments and propose programmes to eliminate the
effects of the marine and coastal pollution; and (iv) to participate in the implementation of the MAP
programme in Croatia. The Office is currently positioned at the lowest level in the MEPPPC
hierarchy, and that certainly defines the institutional powers that are allocated to it. It has no
administrative function and has no power to intervene in the case of serious environmental disruption.
Its role could be considered as predominantly advisory one.

The financial basis for ICZM in Croatia is very weak, almost non-existent. The national Government
allocates no specific resources for it, as well as the MEPPPC. Some small amounts are provided by the
international organisations, but this is far from satisfactory. It is well-established fact that some
financial resources are needed to lift the ICZM initiatives off the ground. The authorities should
provide these resources as they find the interest in pursuing these initiatives. On the other hand, the
central government (less), and county and local authorities (more) secure significant financial
resources for spatial planning, namely for the preparation of the spatial plans, but not necessarily for
their implementation.

The Central Government is responsible for the overall policy framework. In Croatia, there are no
special organizational or legal forms of integrated management of coastal areas. Specific tasks for
coastal resources protection and development are performed within the State organizations and
sectoral and other institutions. The only component of the national administration that deals with
ICZM is a tiny Office for the Protection of the Sea and Coast, located in Rijeka. Its activities are
exclusively focused on the coastal (marine and terrestrial) area. The law of 22 December 2003, which
defines the organisation of the Ministry, mentions the protection of the sea, i.e. the marine, but not of
the terrestrial part of the coastal area, as one of the MEPPPC's tasks, and which implicitly falls within
the Office's scope of activities because there is no other unit in the Ministry that deals with similar
issues. Among other activities that might fall within its scope of activities are the following: general
environmental policy as an instrument for achieving sustainable development; the implementation of
the cadastre of polluters (monitoring), including the land-based polluters of the sea; implementation of
the information system on the environmental protection; and international relations in the
environmental protection. However, these are the general activities that do not explain much about the
actual work that the Unit is performing.

With regard to economic activity in the coastal region, the following ministries and State organizations
are important:

- Ministry of Environment, Physical Planning, and Construction monitors the processes
going on in physical planning and implementation of plans, as well as urban planning
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and building inspections, and protects various segments of the environment and
oversees and coordinates monitoring.. It has established an information system for the
environment programme designed to support decision-making in environmental
regulation and protection. Priority was given to the protection of sea and surface
water, consistent with the fact that the most extensive parts of environmental
legislation are dedicated to water protection.
- State Water Directorate develops law and regulations, controls quality standards and
pollution levels. It has been set up with its four divisions in accordance with the Water
Law. Its prime responsibility is directing the longterm development of water
resources, managing water resources, and supervising the implementation of the
provisions of the Water Law and related regulati Chapter 9: Management of Marine
Resources and Pollution Directorate is responsible for controlling marine pollution
from land-based activities.
- Water Agency, Hrvatske Vode monitors water quality and collects water payments.
- Ministry of Development,, Tourism, Maritime Affairs, Transport and
Communications and Reconstruction prepares and manages the State development
programmes and restoration processes. It performs, among other things, tasks related
to the management of Croatian marine territorial waters.
- Ministry of Culture's Directorate for the Protection of Cultural Heritage is active in
research, categorization and protection measures. It has departments in Rijeka, Zadar
and Sibenik, and is also in charge of the town conservation institutions in Dubrovnik
and Spilt. Within their mandates, other ministries are also active in the coastal region:
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Directorate for Fishery),
- Ministry of the Economy (comprises two important sectors : energy production and
ship building),
- State Hydrometeorological Institute,
- State Hydrographic Institute in Split,
- Institute for Oceanography and Fisheries in Split,
- Centre for Marine Research in Rovinj, and various public enterprises operating within
the sectors of waters, forests, roads, etc.
- There are also specialized agencies that are set up as public companies, such as the
Croatian Hazardous Waste Management Agency (APO), Agency for the Protection of
the Environment (AZO), the Waste Management and Environmental Protection
Agency, the Energy Research and Environmental Protection Institute (ECONERG).

4.
POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

Land-Use Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (1997), is the fundamental document for land-use
planning, which unifies sectoral strategies and programmes, synthesises them, and thus represents the
only document that tackles all aspects of land use. It defines the Croatian Adriatic region as a
physically large unit of preserved biosphere and special values. Among the large number of directives
it gives, the following are important for the coastal region:

- the obligation to use the land rationally, to stop the urban spreading to the most
valuable coastal stretches, to carefully select locations for marinas, to assess the
carrying capacity of the environment,
- the need to transform the economy in order to harmonise it with the specific features
of the coastal environment, topreserve the value of the agricultural land, and to
rehabilitate traditional activities,
- the increase of the areas of protected nature from 7.5% to 15% of the total surface area
of the country, where a large portion belongs to the coastal region.

National Action Plan (NAP) is a plan for mitigation of pollutant emission consistent with the Strategic
Action Programme for the Reduction of Pollution of the Mediterranean from Land-Based Sources
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(SAP MED), which is prepared by the contracting parties to the Barcelona Convention, including the
Republic of Croatia. The Guidelines for preparation of NAP are contained in SAP and pertaining
documents. NAP is prepared on the basis of the earlier developed documents: National Diagnostic
Analysis (NDA), 2003 Baseline Budget for the Republic of Croatia - Coastal Area (BB), Sectoral
Plans for different types of pollutants (SPs) and Economic Instruments for Protection of Sea against
Pollution from the Land-based Sources in the Republic of Croatia - Current Status and Possible
Solutions (EI). All documents (NDA, BB, SP, EI and NAP) were prepared within the UNEP GEF SAP
MED Project that gave them full financial support. The Inter-ministerial Commission was convened to
follow up preparation of these documents, and it was available for consultations during all the stages
of the documentation preparation. NAP primarily focused on determining proposals for the
environmental protection priority actions for the coastal area of the Republic of Croatia. Performance
of these actions shall result in achieving the basic SAP objectives. It is underscored that NAP was
prepared on the basis of the national environmental protection plans currently in effect in the Republic
of Croatia, which were used to establish the basic concepts in this document. The summary of the
most important plans is given in a separate section herein. In addition to the national environmental
protection plans, the information on the Croatian legal and institutions framework is briefly described
herein as particularly important.

The Contingency Plan for Accidental Marine Pollution with the aim to protect the Adriatic against
pollution and fulfil obligations arising from the national and international regulations. The plan
determines measures to reduce environmental damage caused by accidental pollution such as the
spillage of oil and oil mixtures, the discharge of harmful and hazardous substances and unexpected
natural phenomena. The plan also sets basic structural, administrative and technical preconditions for
taking measures in order to shorten the time of response and thus reduce the possible impacts on the
environment.
issue.
Prompted by negative trends in spatial use of coastal area, the central government has recently
undertaken several actions that might result in improved coastal resources management. The recently
adopted Decree on the Protection of Coastal Area for the first time defines, in geographic terms, what
is the coastal area (1000 m landwards and 300 m seawards), and what activities will be given priority
with respect to coastline location (especially those that require coastal location). Unfortunately, there
is no reference to such defined coastal area in the further text of the decree. It almost exclusively
relates to the terrestrial part of the coastal area and deals with the problems encountered there as well
as provides measures to mitigate them. There is only a mention that when deciding on the location of
the coastal activities preference would be given to the coast dependent ones.

5. INSTRUMENTS

Traditionally, physical plans were the most powerful tool of coastal area management in Croatia.
Although their implementation did not always succeed in achieving the planning goals, and sometimes
those goals were not in the function of optimal protection and development of coastal areas, the
physical plans have the greatest merit for the fact that large parts of the coastal region have remained
well preserved.

Land-use reports for the coastal counties are prepared at regular intervals, always pointing at the
problem of illegal housing and suggesting measures for its solution. However, those measures are not
always applied, and when so, not consequently. One of the reasons for such situation lies in the fact
that a radical solution would cause serious social problems, especially in urban agglomerations. On the
other hand, the coastal administration does not always apply efficient rehabilitation measures that
would enable the inclusion of the illegal housing into the physical plans, giving the possibility of
legalising the houses.

The protection of the coastal belt is regulated by instruments at several levels. First, there is the
protection of the public marine property (a 6 m wide strip) where strict limitations are applied and
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which is entirely treated as state property. Building is allowed only exceptionally. Public marine
property can only be used on the basis of a concession granted for a limited period of time.

Integration of the environmental component into sectoral policies is still not widespread. Thus, for
example, even if Croatia is a tourist country, its tourism strategy still doesn't include the definition of
areas for more of less intensive tourism building. Accordingly, there is no policy of economic
stimulation of tourism building in some zones aimed at improving tourism activities in hitherto
undeveloped areas.

The use of economic instruments in the development of coastal areas has been rather limited. Mostly,
the traditional instruments are used, such as fees and charges for certain resources. The use of
sophisticated instruments is still in its infancy.

According to the most recent amendments to the EIA Guidebook, before the developer applies with a
study to MEPPC, they need to prove that the proposed project is in accordance with relevant physical
plans. This novel amendment has put the whole procedure one step backward bearing in mind that the
development of physical plans does not set detailed requirements for environmental assessments, and
that physical plans are rather general in nature threatening that EIA might become only a pro forma
tool for obtaining a location permit.

SEA of physical plans are already carried out in Croatia under Article 34 of the Environmental
Protection Act, which requires MEPPPC consent to such plans prior to their passing. There are no
detailed provisions, however, and the assessment is rarely carried out in the same depth as is required
for projects under the EIA Guidebook. Meanwhile, Article 33 requires environmental factors to be
taken into account in drawing up the plan of any level (town, municipality, county, state). It is planned
to include SEA as an amendment to the EIA Rule Book and also to the Environmental Protection Act,
probably in a form that operates more through cooperation and advice than rigid requirements. The
Proposal of amendments to the Environmental Protection Act (April, 2002) in Art. 33(a and b)
introduces SEA as the only legal framework at the moment in Croatia for SEA procedure and it sets a
basis for its implementation in Croatia's legal system.

6.
COASTAL PRACTICE (PROJECTS, INITIATIVES)

In 1997 the project of a "Systematic Research into the Adriatic Sea as a Basis of the Sustainable
Development of the Republic of Croatia" was launched, serving for a continuous monitoring of the
state in the marine environment. The project results should form the basis of the coastal and insular
zone management, or rather improvement of Croatian regulations in the field of the protection of
marine environment and their harmonization with international regulations. Through this project
Croatia has joined the regional co-operation in the protection of the Adriatic, because the
implementation of the Adriatic Protection Strategy is only possible in co-operation with the
neighbouring countries in the Adriatic.

The programmes that address the issues in the coastal area of Croatia include:

- Sewage treatment investment programme in Trogir-Ka�tela and Solin-Split;
- Environment Management Plan for the Cres-Lo�inj Archipelago;
- Sustainable Development plan and investment programme for
- National park Krka and the River Krka, in the framework of the Mediterranean
Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (METAP PHASE III);
- Water management programmes for the coastal region which integrate land-based
activities;
- Master Plan for the Adriatic will be prepared within the work of the trilateral
Commission between Croatia, Italy and Slovenia. The first phase of the Master Plan
will produce information system (ASEMP).
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The GEF/UNDP is preparing the project Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the
Dalmatian Coast Through Greening Coastal Development (Coast). The psroject goals are to ensure
that the development path of the Croatian coast is environmentally friendly, with the conservation of
landscape and biological diversity central to that development path. The project area covers four
Dalmatian counties: Dubrovnik-Neretva, Split-Dalmatia, Sibenik-Knin and Zadar county. The project
area is rich with biological and landscape diversity, identified as of national, Mediterranean and global
values, under severe threat, would the development path be uncontrolled and/or biodiversity (BD) and
landscape (LD) unfriendly.

UNEP, ina ssociation with PAP/RAC, has financed the inovative project on integrated coastal arean
and river basin management (ICARM) for the Cetina River. The general objectives of this study are as
follows:
- To apply the principles of the "Conceptual Framework and Planning Guidelines for
Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management" to issues concerning the
Cetina basin and its adjacent coastal area;
- To investigate their interrelations (functional, socio-economic, natural, and others), as
well as to clarify and quantify them;
- To provide support to the local administrative units and Split-Dalmatia county in the
preparation of the integrated river basin and coastal area management strategy; and
- To develop the respective planning and managerial instruments in order to facilitate
decision-making which is crucial to both the management and protection of the Cetina
basin and it's associated coastal area.

Specific objectives were:
- To identify the major problems relating to the development of the Cetina basin and to
establish and prioritise the means to their solution;
- To identify the basic conflicts in the Cetina basin and its associated coastal area, and
to define their resolutions;
- To propose an institutional framework that would meet the need for the establishment
of a long-term basin management system; and
- To create the preconditions for the achievement of regional and international
cooperation in relation to management of the Cetina basin.

The preliminary activities for the Spatial Plan for the Area of Special Interest, covering the entire
Croatian coastal area, have started. The plan is conceived as a strategic document that will guide future
actions and provide directions for the preparation of the county and local coastal spatial plans. It is
questionable, however, whether such a large area could be covered by a spatial plan. There is
awareness of this problem and it will be dealt with along the way.

7.
NEEDS FOR ICZM

Within the COAST project, some of the major issues in ICAM in croatia are identified as follows:

- The regulatory "split". The sectoral interests in the coastal area of Croatia seem to be so
strong as to create a lack of sectoral policy integration. The institutional rigidity, coupled
with bureaucratic inertia is overly present in all the levels of the administration. The
opposition to changes is coupled with the lack of incentives to involve institutions in
integrated management. Very often, the opposition caused by the strong economic interests
stay behind the lack of sectoral integration. The economic interests are often coupled with
the strong property interests opposed to regulatory integration. This situation is also made
worse by the difficulty in defining coastal area in legal terms.
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- Weak institutional arrangement for ICZM. The lack of understanding ICZM and a
corresponding lack of political will to start the ICZM process on a larger scale in Croatia are
the main barriers to better institutional arrangement.
- Mistrust in the institutions. There is lack of transparency when resource management
decisions are being made. Certainly, the instruments such as planning, EIA or SEA, and
public participation mechanism could help, but most of them have not yet been in wide use.
Also, the public does not have full confidence and does not trust the results when these
instruments are being used. Public participation is at a very low level.
- Lack of integration between land and sea areas. There is a lack of understanding and
consensus among the decision makers, planners, coastal managers and scientists that there
should be integration between sea and land areas.
- Inadequate financing. It is evident that decision makers do not have a clear idea what
ICZM is and what benefits it could bring. On the other hand, there is no bottom-up pressure
to employ ICZM as a management framework for coastal resources management, especially
the biodiversity. Very often, ICZM is confused with spatial and physical planning, which
certainly doesn't bring the need for ICZM to the attention of the decision-makers, and they
think that spatial planning alone (if needed!) is enough to solve the coastal development
problems. There is inadequate technical base (not enough well qualified planners), as well as
low level of the information exchange, which would bring the emergence of ICZM as a
viable management alternative. Finally, there is a constant lack of financial resources in the
local administration's budgets, as well as the persistent culture that looks for outside financial
help to solve the coastal problems (national and/or international), as if it is not an issue of
prime importance for the coastal local communities.
- Lack of sustainable development vision for the coast. There is no national strategy for the
coastal area. Spatial strategy for Croatia (1998) is considering coastal area as a space with
special characteristics, but only from the spatial point of view. There is no integration of
environmental component in the spatial vision. The concept of sustainable coastal
development is not elaborated.
- Lack of sectoral integration. The national spatial strategy and county spatial plans lack
sectoral integration, which is the essence of ICZM. This is the evidence of the existence of
the management barrier that the coastline constitutes between the dominantly land-oriented
competencies that rest mainly with the county and local/municipal authorities and embodied
in the Spatial planning Law, and primarily sea-oriented competencies that rest with the
various sector authorities according to specific sectoral laws dealing with specific resource
issues (fisheries, harbours, navigation). However, some land-based sectoral departments
(water, forests, electricity, heritage, agriculture) have also failed to be, on one hand,
integrated in the spatial plan while, on the other, have not shown too much inclination by
themselves to be integrated. Lack of horizontal integration is well known among Croatian
sectoral institutions and authorities. Plans are prepared sectorally, with little or no
consultation with other sectors. Sometimes, as it is well known within MEPPPC, the
departments within the same ministry do not communicate. In addition, national goals
related to coastal (land and marine) areas are not always integrated with the county and local
ones, which is the consequence of the limited scope of the Spatial Planning Act in relation to
the sea.
- Insufficient vertical integration. A certain level of vertical integration among competent
authorities at all administrative levels in spatial planning is achieved. It is well known that
plans at various administrative levels have to be coordinated and that there must be no
conflict between objectives, strategies and land uses. However, this applies almost
exclusively to spatial planning in the land part. The similar could be applied to the sectoral
plans as well. Unfortunately, low level of cross-sectoral vertical integration has been
achieved.
- Inadequate integration of environmental/biodiversity considerations in decision
making. Decision makers seldom consider environmental, and in particular biodiversity,
considerations. There is a widespread concern that environmental/biodiversity considerations
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are an impediment to development. There is a lack of adequate information relayed to
decision makers on the cost and benefits of such considerations. Finally, there is lack of
understanding that environmental/biodiversity conservation and protection could be
considered as developmental assets, and that they could be beneficial and profitable for the
coastal economic stakeholders.
- Inadequate technical capacity for ICZM. Educational system for spatial planning, as the
closest discipline to ICZM, is not adequately considering ICZM in their curricula, if at all.
Today, some "non-core" ICZM university departments, such as political sciences, geography
and economics, are "producing" experts better suited for ICZM than the departments of
architecture and planning. Biology and marine sciences departments are too technical and
specialised in their knowledge to be adequately evaluated here. System of training courses
for ICZM is not developed, and many experts are not aware if its existence and/or need at all.
Finally, there is a low interest among specialists for ICZM. This may have been prompted by
the lack of cooperation between the coastal/biodiversity scientists and planners/managers.
The communication between them has never really been established.
- Inadequate level of public participation. Public participation in ICZM and awareness
raising programmes for ICZM are poorly developed. Public participation is only formally
applied and there is no real intention to make it an indispensable part of the planning and/or
ICZM process. Biodiversity issues are not especially being put forward in debates on coastal
issues in Croatia.

Integrated Coastal Area Management has to be more actively promoted in Croatia. By establishing
the ICZM system, the enabling environment for mainstreaming biodiversity into coastal policy and
management framework will be created. This will certainly contribute to the better coastal
biodiversity protection and conservation. However, this project does not have the power to create the
change by itself. It should be considered only as one of the vehicles that could generate change in the
Croatian coastal area. The actions recommended are to be considered only as constituent parts of the
wider process of change. The actions are proposed only at a national level. They emanate from the
Global, European and Mediterranean experiences. The following strategic groups of activities are
recommended:

- definition of the national policy framework for the coast,
- adoption of specific coastal legislation;
- institutional arrangement for ICZM;
- application of the modern planning and management tools;
- increase of the level of national financing to stimulate coastal management;
- increasing the involvement of the public;
- capacity building for coastal management; and
- exchange of information.

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Strategic overview: Egypt

April 2006

I. INTRODUCTION

The total coastline stretches for about 3,000 km along the Mediterranean and Red Seas, including the
Suez and Aqaba gulfs and coastal lagoons. Half the population lives in the coastal region. The densely
populated cities are Alexandria (c. 4 million) and Port Said (0.5 million), wile in the central delta, the
population is more widely scattered. Population density varies from 400 to 1200 persons/km2.
The Mediterranean coastal zone is of great economic and environmental significance. It combines
localities of intensive socio-economic activities and urbanized areas and pressure on coastal resources
is also very high. About 40% of industries are located in the coastal region. The enormous urban
population (many migrant workers) and adjacent agricultural areas, all contribute to the pollution load
reaching coastal waters.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal zone

The coastal zone is defined by law: it extends to a maximum 30km inland in desert areas unless this
distance is blocked by any topography; in the Delta depression the area includes the +3m contour line.

Urban and spatial planning

Urban population is expected to reach about 60% by 2030. Alexandria and Cairo concentrate 40% of
it. Urban development along the coast is strictly linear, being confined to a narrow strip of land rarely
exceeding few hundred meters in width between the coastal highway and the coastline. At present, the
coastal area is urbanized from Alexandria to Mersa Matruh, and some coastal resort areas have been
developed along the Delta coast. In north Sinai, coastal resorts have been constructed west of El Arish
during the past three decades. The most important new urban centre along the Mediterranean coast of
the Nile Delta is the New Damietta port city. The city was built around the new port facility and has
since become an urban extension of the neighbouring Damietta and Ras El Bar cities. The new
industrial city of New Borg El Arab was established also west of Alexandria. The westward expansion
of Alexandria has resulted in the complete urbanization of the coastal land westward to El Agami to
Sidi Krir.

Resort construction on the Egyptian Mediterranean coast destroyed the natural landscape as for most
stone ridges running parallel to the coast were removed to provide land for different tourist
installations. The natural vegetation and native plantations (olive and figs) grown in the depressions
between the ridges were also removed. In addition, quarrying activities have been so extensive that
most of the coastal limestone ridges have disappeared

Many of the resorts from Alexandria westwards to Mersa Matruh caused major shoreline modification
to enhance the quality of their beaches. Dredging of artificial lakes with inlets to the sea has been
carried out to build intricate system of channels, lakes and islands.

Infrastructure developments of urban areas however are not complete, except for major cities like
Alexandria and Port Said. Many such development (roads, infilling, blocking of streams) have
impacted on the coastal flood streams.

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Tourism

Tourism is one of the main activities in the coastal regions, especially beach related development and
recreation. It is the biggest generator of foreign exchange just behind overseas remittance by
Egyptians, the Suez Canal Toll, as well as oil exports. Hurghada and Sharm El-Sheikh alone have a
significant national economic impact. Most of these developments were unplanned, adopting large-
scale development and limited to enclaves, i.e. not integrated. This has been typical of tourism
development between Alexandria and El Alamein. Large resorts are often targeting lower quality
levels secondary residences. This induces rapid congestions of beaches.

Demand for nautical facilities is growing and 50,000 berths are planned by 2017. More than a million
tourists (70% foreign) visited protected areas. However, marine tourism is still poorly regulated.

Maritime transport

Due to the Suez Canal, Egypt has specific constraints in relation to maritime transport management
and safety. For example free navigation is permitted for ships carrying hazardous wastes for the
purpose of recycling, reuse of final disposal according to the provisions of the Basel Convention.
There is also an important traffic for oil.

Exploitation of natural resources

Water availability is key to economic development in Egypt; hence the large water management
projects and infrastructures developed, including the High Dam. Surface water from the Nile River
accounts for 96% of renewable water and Lake Nasser is the main reservoir. Closing the gap between
water availability and growing demand from all sectors is a major challenge. For example, tourism
resorts require high freshwater volumes and desalination is becoming widespread as an alternative
source of water.

Egypt has one of the oldest agriculture systems in the world. The agriculture sector represents nearly
20% of GDP and 40% of labour. Between 1980 and 2000, surface increased from 5.8 millions acres to
7.95 millions. Fertile land in the Delta and Nile valley are exposed to salinisation, urban
encroachment, soil and water resource pollution, sand engulfment at the rim of the western desert
(16% of the old valley are covered), coastal erosion in relation to sediment supply depletion in the
Rosetta and Damietta branches. Excessive use of fertilisers, inappropriate cropping and irrigation
systems are other causes for agricultural damages to soil fertility and productivity. Grazing lands are
also impacted, first by harsh climatic conditions (droughts and floods) but also by overgrazing.
Agriculture also reclaimed vast wetland areas, with impacts for example on migratory birds and wider
effects on biodiversity. The policy is now to urgently reclaim desert lands. Large water supply project
were accomplished: El Salam Canal in the Sinai and the Toushki in the South and Western desert.
Fish is a traditional and important component of the Egyptian diet. The total fish catch in 1999 was
172,400 tons of which 90,000 came from the Mediterranean and the remaining from the Red Sea. The
Red Sea is characterised by its great variety in fish due to its high biodiversity. Illegal fishing is a
prominent issue and water pollution has resulted in a decrease in Sardines and is threatening resources
in coastal brackish lakes (Lake Manzala near Port Said).

The coastal region produces about 85% of gas and oil and it is increasing every year. Several
specialised ports operate in relation to this production: Al Ain Sokna terminal on the Red Sea and Sidi
Krir terminal on the Mediterranean shore.

The Red Sea coastal zone possesses a huge reserve of minerals including phosphates, metals (zinc,
iron) and semi-precious stones.

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Environmental hazards

Pollution

About 8 billion m3y-1 of pollutants, are discharged directly (town sewage) or indirectly (Nile, irrigation
and drainage canals, and coastal lagoon - Maryut, Idku, Burullus and Manzala). There are five hot
spots: El Manzala, Abu-Qir Bay, El-Me Bay, Alexandria and Damietta. Three of the hot spots are
within Alexandria and its border with Beheira Governorate; the last two are within Port Said
Governorate. Most sanitation pollution is seasonal, related to summer surges in population or resulting
from northwest winds that drive pollutants to the borders such as in Rafah and El Arish. Chemical and
bacteriological pollution is however low in the Red Sea.

The most severe impact by industry is air pollution, followed by working environment pollution
problems and effluent pollution. For example mining produces leakages with impacts on the seabed,
especially during loading at ports in the Red Sea.

Maritime transport in the eastern Mediterranean, including oil tankers (25% of world oil transport),
commercial ships and passenger ships, affect the coast to a large extent. The entire beaches are
frequently polluted by oil lumps, litter and plastic debris; even in the very far remote areas of the coast
where there are no activities.

Marine eutrophication is mainly an inshore problem that affects lagoons, harbours, estuaries and
coastal areas adjacent to river mouths. Along the Mediterranean coast, three areas show distinctly
higher levels of eutrophication parameters. The first is around Alexandria, the second is Abu Qir, and
the third is from new Damietta to Port Said. The three areas are characterized by the existence of
discharge of domestic sewage and agricultural runoff from the River Nile, the coastal lakes and its
related drainage system.

Solid wastes

Solid waste pollution, especially due to massive accumulations, is a major national problem. Solid
wastes are produced in majority by cleaning of drains and canals, agriculture, and municipalities. Solid
waste management of summer resorts is not adequate in many places: collection and transportation is
not well conducted, and disposal results in major environmental problems within the coastal zone. In
the city of Alexandria, however, a new, highly effective management system has been developed: a
sanitary landfill was established and will be completed by recycling.

Coastal erosion

Large parts of the Nile Delta suffer from severe coastal erosion, although adequate protection and
mitigation measures have been considered. This is mostly a result of the High Dam, which has cut
massive sedimentary delivery to the coast. But climate change is also having an impact testified by
more frequent flooding, damages to port and city infrastructures.

Natural and cultural heritage

The coastal and marine environment in Egypt is demonstrates varied habitats with lagoons, coral reefs,
dunes, wetlands, rocky shores. The marine area hosts rare species such as dugong. Construction of
tourism and nautical facilities, land reclamation, housing, and industrial development, anchoring, all
induce habitat losses especially, mangrove forests and coral reefs as well loss of endangered species
such as sea turtles. Curio collection and trading is also widespread, particularly in Hurgada and
Safaga. However, there are no clear statistics to quantity rate of biodiversity loss.

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There are currently 24 protected areas in Egypt of which 5 are on the Mediterranean coast (Zaranik,
Ahrash, Al Omayed, Ashtum El Gamil, and Burulus) and 3 along the Gulf of Aqaba (Ras Mohammad,
Abu Galum, Nabq). Ras Mohammad was the first declared protected area in Egypt (1983). Five more
protected areas are planned: 3 on the Mediterranean coastline (El Saloum, El Shuwaila, and Ras El
Hekma) and 2 in the Gulf of Suez (Malahet Ras Shukeir and the Red Sea). Protected areas in the Gulf
of Aqaba include combined marine and land parts and consists in mangrove and coral reefs. Along the
Mediterranean wetlands are protected for their birds and help local fishing communities in their
development via ecotourism.

Drainage of parts of the northern Delta lakes and wetlands for cultivation, urban expansion, or
industrial development has been a major ecologic problem affecting all the lakes to different extents.
Drying and clearing of large tracks of wetlands and marshes have resulted in reducing the sizes of
most of these lakes considerably. Lake Maryut has been reduced to a mere 25% of its original size.
The original area of Lake Manzala was 1710 km2, was reduced to 14002 km by 1970 to 1200 km2 in
1980

Information and communication

Centre for Environment & Development for Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) which developed
the first virtual training course on ICAM, in Arabic (developed together with PAP/RAC and RMSU)

Participation

Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

The Environmental law N� 4 (1994) deals with general rules, definitions, authorities concerned with
environment protection, administration and responsibilities of the Environment Affairs Agency, the
environmental protection fund and incentive systems. It delineates requirements for land protection,
and management of hazardous substances and wastes, protection of air, protection of water including
control of oil spills, pollution caused by harmful substances, wastewater and garbage, and covers sea
pollution from land-based sources; it states requirements for issuing internationally recognized
certifications, and details administrative and judicial procedures, penalties including fines, detention,
suspension of license, and confiscation of properties.

The actual implementation remains difficult due to lack of political will and limited human and
financial resources. Redundancy of authorities assigned with executing environmental legislation and
lack of coordination between them is a major cause.

Other major relevant laws are:

Law 116/1983 controls the use of land for non-agricultural purposes. Construction permits
beyond urban and rural boundaries of existing settlements are prohibited, and the use of the
Nile silt in production of red bricks is forbidden.

Law 48/1982 addresses the protection of the Nile and related fresh waterways from pollution.
It specifies water quality of fresh water bodies receiving industrial effluents, limitations of
treated industrial effluents discharged to fresh water, quality of drainage water mixed with
fresh water bodies, and quality of sewage and industrial effluent discharge to drains and
brackish water bodies. Some standards for effluent are not consistent with standards of the
receiving water bodies, standards are also impractical and difficult to enforce.

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Law 38/1967 and its amendment 31/1976, deals with municipal solid wastes. The law
regulates collection and disposal. Local councils are responsible for issuing licenses for
garbage collection and municipalities are responsible for management of solid wastes. No
specific rules were delineated for handling hospital and other hazardous wastes.

Law 3/1983 deals with planning of urban settlements. It specifies requirements for urban and
rural planning, zoning, industrial parks, renovation of urban areas, land acquisition for public
projects, and penalties.

Law 145/1988 delineates authorities and responsibilities of local government units (city,
district, and village councils); functions and authorities of the local popular councils. The law
defines means of local financing including fees on commercial activities, crops, entertainment
and hotels, profits of community projects.

Law 102/1982 designates natural reserves and related conservation measures. The law
established a Protectorate Fund for managing funds, donations and aid allocated for
nature protection.

Law 117/1983 defines criteria for designation of historical structures, protection of antiquities
and regulation of excavation in historical sites.

Law N�48 (1982) on River Nile and watercourse protection from pollution.

Law 24/1983 concerning protection of marine life and regulation of fisheries.

International Conventions

African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Algiers, 1968)
Biodiversity (Rio, 1992)
Climate Change,
Desertification,
Barcelona (1976)
Protocol of the Mediterranean Special Protection Zones (1982)
Protection of Natural and Cultural World Heritage (UNESCO, 1972)
Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)
Regional Convention on Protecting the Environment of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
(PERGSA, 1982)
Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution,
Wetlands (Ramsar, 1971)
Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal
(1993)
Egypt has also signed, but not yet ratified, the Kyoto Protocol.

Institutional framework

The following ministries have a stake in coastal areas:

Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Construction and New Communities (environmental regulations in new
cities and communities);
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Ministry of Health (monitoring water and wastewater management systems, water
supplies and air quality, licensing food establishments, and inspection of food
hygiene, and handling of hazardous substances and work environment);
Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources (control of pollution sources and
monitoring water quality in the Nile, and regulating the reuse of drainage water);
Ministry of Industry (regulation of industrial emissions, and setting requirements for
waste minimization and conservation of production inputs);
Ministry of Agriculture (conservation of agricultural land, licensing agro- chemicals
and fishing regulations);
Ministry of Local Administration (issuing rules and regulations for protection of the
environment at the city, district and village levels, operation of cleansing facilities and
licensing building construction);
Ministry of Interior (enforcement of environmental regulations and policing of
waterways, vehicle emission regulation);
Ministry of Tourism (licensing tourist establishments and regulating use of beaches
and Nile cruisers);
Ministry of Petroleum (environmental regulations for drilling, refining, transportation
and distribution of petroleum products);

Several line agencies operate in the coastal region:

Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA)
Egyptian Archeological Authority (designation of historic sites, protection of
antiquities and regulating excavation);
Sanitary drainage Companies (responsible for regulating discharges to public sewers);
General Organization for Urban Planning (designation of locations for public parks,
community services and environmental concerns in planning settlements);
General Organization for Industrialization (licensing new industrial establishments
and setting criteria for cleaner production);
Seaport authorities (protection of ports from ship and land�based pollution); and

The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) which is the central institution involved in
environmental protection and co-ordination. It operates under the Ministry of Environment and has
multi-functions mandates, including the coordination with concerned agencies and ministries to
prepare the National ICZM "Plan for the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea coasts". The Agency has
initiated the coordination of ICZM planning by establishing by decrees (1994, 1997, and 2002) the
National Committee for ICZM (NCICZM). The committee draws-up a consistent policy and strategy
for future development, and resolves conflicts between users' interests. The NCICZM comprises top
rank representatives of all concerned ministries (inter-ministerial), NGOs and major stakeholders. Its
assignments are as follows:

� To coordinate all coastal activities between competent authorities towards ICZM, through the
drafting, setting and approval of general guidelines for all activities, including EIA.
� To ensure that all land use plans and development activities in the coastal area take into
account contingency arrangements.
� To harmonize between proposed development activity and carrying capacity of the ecosystem
for a sustainable use of available resources.
� To ensure efficient commitments to Regional and International conventions concerning the
protection of the marine environment and coastal areas.
� To approve programmes and plans aimed at restoring and rehabilitating coastal ecosystem
� To coordinate and specify mandates for different authorities in the coastal area.
� To approve national arrangements and contingency plans related to the protection of the
environment in coastal areas.
� To review and evaluate all major projects in the coastal zone, particularly conflict ones.
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� To review any future activities or projects relevant to the ICZM

Along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, there are eight coastal governorates. These are from west to
east Matruh, Alexandria, Behaira, Kafr El-Sheikh, Damietta, Daqahliya, Port Said, and North Sinai.
Public Councils are democratically elected institutions entrusted with the preparation of local
development plans, monitoring budgets and achievements of local government. They are responsible
for public projects such as housing, sanitation, and cleansing.

Local environmental protection and natural resources conservation have so far been hampered by lack
of fiscal resources, scarcity of specialized expertise to tackle environmental problems, and ambiguity
and overlapping of environment related functions among local bodies and central government agencies
operating at the local levels. To overcome these obstacles, the environmental law has instituted EEAA
branches at the governorates level. The branches report to both the governors and EEAA. Their
responsibilities include:

Proposing programs for protection of local natural reserves;
Monitoring environmental phenomena and marine species in natural reserves;
Administrating and coordinating environmental activities;
Executing public environmental awareness programs;
Presenting periodic reports to EEAA on the state of local environment.

Research institutes

Egyptian Academy of Scientific research and Technology, National research Centre
Agriculture Research Centre (under Ministry of Agriculture and Land reclamation):
Management and conservation of agricultural land, wildlife and biological resources,
Preventing soil stripping and protecting land form degradation
National water Research Centre (under Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation):
Protecting water resources, Regulating and controlling sources of water pollution
Setting water quality standards and discharge limits
Climate Change and Environmental Institute
University of Alexandria
American University in Cairo

Applied instruments

EIA: The legal basis for EIA is established by Law No 4 (1994), the Law on Protection of the
Environment; it is implemented through its Executive Regulations, issued by Prime
Ministerial Decree No. 338 of 1995 (came into full force in 1998). The law states that the
environmental impact of certain establishments or projects must be evaluated before any
construction works are initiated or a license is issued by the competent administrative
authority or licensing authority. In 2004, 1.7% and 0.02% of EIA projects processed were
related to tourism and ports respectively.
SEA
GIS: The use of the geographical information system to construct a special system for the
solid wastes (agricultural- industrial) was applied on: agricultural wastes- industrial- garbage-
health care- construction and demolishing wastes- sewage purification wastes. Moreover, the
role of coordination between the various groups to solve the problems of these kinds of waste
was assured.
Decisions Support Systems (DSS):
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) is used to certify industries. The ISO 14000
procedure was introduced in 1998 and by 2003 the number of certified industries has seen a
tenfold increase.

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Policies & strategies

An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy is developed by the EEAA
In 1992 Egypt prepared and adopted its First National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) and the
second NEAP was drafted in 2002. The NEAP includes programmes and projects that address several
environmental issues including the management of national marine coastal zones. Main objectives
include establishing a dynamic process for national comprehensive coastal zoning, and achieving
sustainable use of marine and coastal resources through a combination of scientific research,
appropriate quotas and regulations, active monitoring and enforcement, and pilot projects allowing use
of certain resources by local citizens.

There is a Solid Wastes Management National Strategy (200) declined for 5 governorates including
Damietta drafted as part of the UK-funded Environmental Assessment and Management Program.
A Sustainable Tourism Strategy is to be developed as part of government-sponsored Sustainable
Tourism project. As part of CAMP, a sustainable tourism development option was proposed for
Fukah-Matrouh.

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan were adopted in 1997. The Strategy is
incorporated in the National Plan of the Ministry of Planning as a basis for the sustainable
development of natural resources. The strategy is translated in 5-year implementation plans.

Egypt prepared a National Oil Spill Contingency Plan within an overall National Environmental
Disaster Management Plan. The Mediterranean part of this plan was prepared in cooperation with
REMPEC. The plan covers ports, harbours, and waters within the exclusive economic zone. On land,
it includes the foreshore and adjacent land affected by an oil spill.

The Environmental Information and Monitoring Program (EIMP) of the EEAA is implementing a
comprehensive program for monitoring water quality in the Mediterranean coastal water (Coastal
Water Monitoring Program, CWMP). This programme includes monitoring of Water Quality
parameters, and levels of contaminants in sediments along the entire Mediterranean coastline.

There is a National Water Policy (Horizon 2017) partially implemented over the last few years
targeting optimum utilisation of resources, preservation of quality, development of additional water
resources in cooperation with countries from the Nile basin.

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

Urban, spatial and integrated planning

As part of the SMAPIII initiative the following projects are funded:

ALAMIM Alexandria Lake Mariout Integrated Management (Egypt), with the help of Entitat
metropolitana de serveis hidraulics i tractament de residus (Barcelona, Spain
Plan of Action for an Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the area of Port Said (Egypt)
with the help of Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione dell'- Universit� degli Studi di
Sassari (NRD-UNISS) (Italy):

Pollution

The government developed an "Eco-friendly Industrial Cities Rehabilitation Programme", to create a
suitable environment for industry in new industrial cities and to limit emission pollution. The program
started in 1998 in five cities including along the coast in Borg EL Arab and in 200 in New Damietta.
The Ministry of Water and Rural Irrigation developed a sustainable management scheme for coastal
waters implemented through an integrated plan for managing and protecting coastal waters.
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The Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs, with unep/map (2005), produced the National Action
Plan for the Reduction of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from Land Based Sources

USAID funded the Egyptian Environmental Policy Programme (EEPP) which technical support
helped activate an integrated hazardous wastes management system (strategy, waste list, guiding
document for classification and transport process and methods, best practices, capacity building).

GEF is funding a five-year demonstration wetland project at Lake Manzala. The executing agency of
this project is the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency EEAA. The main objective of the project is
to reduce the discharge of pollutants from Lake Manzala into the Mediterranean Sea. This is
accomplished by reducing the pollution load reaching the lake via agricultural drains through a series
of constructed wetlands.

There is an integrated coastal water quality-monitoring program supported by GPA/LBS & MEDPOL
which established monitoring stations. Another similar project is managed by the EEAA supported by
Egyptian research institutes and DANIDA, which monitored for 4 years the Mediterranean and Red
Seas.
There is also National Monitoring Programme run by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
for assessing Surface and groundwater quality in the Nile, Lake Nasser, main canals and drains.

Natural and cultural heritage

Egypt also collaborates to activities in the framework of the Regional Convention for the Conservation
of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Environment. Egypt donated a site for establishing the Mutual
Assistance Centre.

A marine pollution prevention centre is established in Sham El-Sheikh, equipped with state-of-the-art
control technologies. It covers the areas of Ras Mohammed and Nabq Governorates. The centre
handled the Falsh Air accident and related oil pollution in 2004.

MedWetCoast financed management plans for three coastal protected areas along the Mediterranean in
Zaranik, Lake Burulus and Omayed.

USAID funded partly the Red Sea environmental Policy Program to support protection of marine
biome and protected areas. This initiative was continued with the support of EU-Life funds in 2005.
USAID and TDA, are supporting the Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative (RSSTI)

Tourism

As part of the CAMP project in Fuka-Matrouh (1990-1992) a carrying capacity assessment was
undertaken. The area is a major emigration area from the Delta region and one of the most attractive
tourism coastal region for the Mediterranean in Egypt, both in terms of natural and cultural heritage.

V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

Urban and spatial planning

Integrating all policies related to coastal and marine management into national plans
Establish a comprehensive zoning system to designate intended uses of coastal areas and to
identify protected areas and public parks
Establish programs to restore habitats impacted by tourism or other development activities

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Environmental hazards

Pollution

Municipal Sewage management is the most pressing issue for the three administrative regions
of Alexandria, Beheira and Port Said. Discharged pollutants loads and the resultant BOD are
above the permissible levels. Since the SAP targets cannot be met by the year 2005 as
planned; therefore, immediate action is needed.
Industrial development: pollution effluent including heavy metals, nutrients and suspended
solids, is another pressing issue affecting the three administrative regions; wastewater
treatment plants are needed especially for hot spots (by 2010). Investments are also needed in
cleaning systems for air and liquid wastes. Industries have to immediately establish their waste
treatment facilities if non existent.
Urban Solid Waste According to the SAP targets until the year 2005, all cities with population
> 100,000 should apply a solid wastes management system. In the case of the three
administrative regions new sanitary landfills for the main cities solid waste must be built.
Updating of legislation applying to the protection of water courses
Make sure that location and design of sea outfalls meet the appropriate environmental quality
criteria
Develop and implement effective control of the dredging and filling of coastal and marine
areas for urban and industrial development, port construction, as well as maintenance and
dredging of navigation channels

Tourism

Enforce the use of EIA for all tourism development coastal projects
Further develop the network of protected areas as a cornerstone of ecotourism
Regulating scuba diving and other water sports according to the carrying capacity of coral reef
systems,
Provide adequate infrastructures and human resources to protected areas

Exploitation of natural resources

Establish an institutional body responsible for the management of coastal lake resources and
issue fishing permits
Develop a rational use of aquaculture
As part of the Master for combating desertification, halt or minimise in the north coastal belt,
factors active in the marginal land of the area such as rangeland and cultivated rainfed areas;
develop GIS database of all uses in the area

Natural and cultural heritage

Establish sustainable development along the shore of Ras Mohammad Protected area
Pursue rehabilitation of mangroves
Encouraging pilot projects for sustainable use of natural resources that have social and
economic returns

Information and communication

Establish a biodiversity data and information system
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Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Egypt
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Public Enterprise
Institute

The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Legislation
Land
Marine

LAWS

D
E
CR

O

R
EGU
LATI

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Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Egypt (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

based pollution
sources
Specially protected

areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in Egypt
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones

Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee

Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination

Status of land ownership

Regulation of public access to the coast

Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal

buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:

Fisheries
Mariculture
Ports & shipping
Control of pollution: Waste water quality

Bathing water quality
Management of water resources

Management of solid wastes

Control of recreational activities

Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value

Sanctions regimes

Collection of data

Information & communication

Public participation

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Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis in Egypt

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &

H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage

protection,
and

management

Water
t
s

pollution

Impac

Wastes

Biodiversity,

habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

Stakeholders,

interactions,

& conflicts
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nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa

Plannin
Governance

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal
Institutional
Institutional
Management

Management

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal
Institutional

Management
Institutional

Management

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
10.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Strategic overview: Lebanon

April 2006

I. INTRODUCTION

Nearly 55% o f the population lives on the coast. It is the richest and most sensitive part of the
country. Indeed, industrial, commercial and urban activities are concentrated on the water's edge.
Within a 500m bandwidth urban areas occupy 40%, agriculture 41% and natural areas 19%.

As a result, Lebanon faces several key coastal management challenges for which both institutional and
legal frameworks require adjusting and strengthening. Coastal pollution and uncontrolled urban
development are most urgent to tackle. Unique to Lebanon are very large dumping sites right in the
heart and on the shore of the largest cities (Beirut, Tripoli) impacting nearby recreation areas and
marine resources. Due to the scarcity of plains along the coast, uncontrolled development is enhancing
its negative impact on rare agriculture and natural areas.

Many international initiatives have been started over the last decade to address these issues. There is
evidence of positive effects as testified by changing attitudes at the level of government,
municipalities and citizens. Several recommendations and results produced have been percolating
through the planning and decision-making practice.

A full comprehensive ICAM framework needs to be adopted and implemented on the basis of the
ICAM law and strategy proposed at the outset of the CAMP project.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal zone

The coast of Lebanon is about 120km long. With 8% of the total land surface, available coastal space
is narrow except to both its north and south borders where coastal plains are found.

Urban and spatial planning

The necessary role of coastal municipalities in local development is being gradually acknowledged.
However local financial capacity is very limited and highly dependent upon power balance within
central government.
Many industrial facilities have no permits or are located in unclassified industrial zones.

Tourism

Tourism is a very segmented sector and coastal tourism is very concentrated in the Beirut area,
organised in small, medium and large summer resorts regardless of the status of bathing water quality.
Privatisation of beaches for large complexes (beaches are public properties by law) and encroachment
on the maritime public domain by marinas are major issues.

Alternative sources of tourism on the coast are still limited such as visits to the Palm Islands and Sour
Beach reserves. Foreign tourists mostly visit cultural and historical resorts. There is an increasing
demand for recreation on natural beaches such as along the rocky shores south of Batroun and the
sandy beaches of Jbeil, Jiyeh, Rmalyleh and Sour.

Exploitation of natural resources

Coastal water resources face constraints of natural, technical and legal nature. Rainfall is
concentrated over a 3-month period when water is least needed especially for irrigation. Storage of
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water is made difficult due to karstic reservoirs and narrow steep valleys. Surface water management
is a major challenge. Old and inadequately maintained water supply facilities contribute to high losses
(up to 50%). Skilled staff is not readily available and monitoring activities almost inexistent. Water
pricing is still based on lump sums and not commensurate to actual consumption. Water management
entities are established according to administrative boundaries and not watershed limits. There is
limited coordination among the water sector stakeholders and water planning is almost inexistent.

The largest agricultural plains are those to the south between Ghazieh and Naqoura, in Akkar, and in
the Abu Ali Valley. Due to the absence of a clear national policy to guide domestic agricultural
production, agricultural plots (citrus, bananas and vegetables) are steadily replaced by industrial and
urban areas south of Beirut.

The fishery sector occupies about 4,000 fishermen organised in 38 cooperatives spread between the
ports of Tripoli, Byblos, Jounieh, Beirut, Saida, Sarafand, Tyre and Naqoura. There are among the
poorest communities in the country (less than 100$US per month). The fishing sector faces the
following challenges: marine resources overexploitation, lack of harbour facilities and hygienic
conditions for fish transport and storage (as a result local fish markets are closing), lack of
diversification, no social security. Lebanese eat for 75 million $US per year while only 7 million US$
are caught locally. Most of fish is imported from Gulf countries, Morocco and Turkey. Off-shore sport
fishing has become popular over the last decade.

Environmental hazards

Pollution

Wastewater treatment plants are insufficient. All sewage sea outfalls in Beirut for example are located
near beaches (Carlton Hotel, Ramlek el Baydah, Ras Beirut, Ain Mraieseh area). They have the
highest sewage generation rate in the country.

Industries are a major source of marine and water source pollution. The most polluting include tanning
and dressing of leather, production of gas products, manufacture of fertiliser and cement. There are at
least five pollution hot spots: Chekka (asbestos and cement discharged into the sea), Selaata
(phosphates and sulphates into the sea by fertiliser plant), Zouk Mosbek � Zouk Mkayel (various
chemicals), Dora industrial area (petroleum storage, tanning), Shoueifate, Ain Anoub and Bchamoun
industrial areas (waster water via the Ghadir stream), and Gazieh coast and Nahr Saitaniq (tanning,
soap factories).

Large developments were built using sand extracted from beaches.

Solid wastes, industrial, domestic or otherwise are dumped directly into the sea. The Beirut dumping
sites have been a serious health case for many years and are about to be resolved with the technical
support of METAP. The same occurs in Tripoli and its seafront dumpsite where solid waste impact
nearby beaches and as far as the Palm Islands, not to mention leakages into marine water. Solid wastes
are also dumped directly on Akkar coastal plain.

According to METAP assessment (2004), the costs of environmental degradation in Lebanon are
estimated at 2.8 - 4.0% of GDP (an average US$ 565 millions per year), of which 1.0-1.2 % account
for inadequate potable water, sanitation and hygiene, 0.7-1.3% for air pollution, 0.6-0.75% for coastal
degradation, and degradation of land resources and wildlife for 0.5-0.7%. Of total damage costs, about
62% is from damage to health and quality of life and 38% from natural resource degradation. The
most affected coastal areas are the beaches of Beirut and Jounieh

These results however underestimate the total damage costs from environmental degradation, since no
costs estimate is provided (lack of data) for degradation associated with industrial, hazardous and
hospital wastes, and losses of most forest cover, biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
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Natural and cultural Heritage

The largest natural areas are situated between Amioun and Jounieh to the north and between Tyre
and Naqoura to the south. Natural woodland vegetation is restricted due to overgrazing, charcoal
production and urbanisation. It is now restricted to few coastal areas, including the slopes close to the
Kalb, Damour and Awali rivers.

There are at least 12 sensitive areas in the coastal zone due to their ecological and landscape value:
Akkar beach and dunes, Akkar agricultural plain, Ras El-Cheqaa, Amsheet-Jbeil coastal area, Nahr
Ibrahim Valley, Nahr El-Kalb Valley and river mouth, Damour agricultural plain, Rmeileh beach,
Tyre beach, Iskandarouna and Naqoura. There are very few coastal protected areas limited to Tyre
Beach Reserve (south) and the Palm Islands (north). River basins such as Damour River, Awali River
and AL-Kalb are declared as areas under protection (by Decree).

The marine area of Lebanon is relatively rich in fauna and flora: 4 species of turtles and 6 marine
mammals. Marine habitats are threatened by invasive species (Stypopodium zonale), marinas and
large tourism complexes untreated waste water discharge, agricultural effluent.

Cultural heritage in the coastal areas consists mainly in large urban centres with a long settlement
history: Beirut, Sidon and Tyre (still inhabited) or stand-alone mounds characterised by their
outstanding topographical nature such as tells of Sarafand, Jiyye, Tell al-Burak and tell al-Maashuq.
Late Roman olive oil complexes are also typical of the coastal region as well as traditional town and
village cores, vernacular architecture, cultural landscapes, and historic battlefields. . Another major
part of the coastal cultural heritage includes traditional customs and beliefs as well as crafts, folklore
and oral history. Critical issues are: limited knowledge about the nature and extent of the cultural
resources in the coastal area, lack of statutory and physical protection to classify and register national
monuments, and lack of conservation and maintenance programmes for almost all the known sites and
resources.

Information and communication

Information sharing is a national concern and data in relation to public and private projects alike are
hard to obtain. When available there are outdated or simple estimates of future projections and/or
scenarios. The need for a coastal environment and development databases is paramount.

Municipalities have for long been reluctant to collaborate with central government and international
entities. There is weak cooperation and communication between local communities and their local
authorities (operating on a volunteer basis).

Participation

Decentralised and participatory mechanisms are still new to most local communities. There is an
increasing trend to involve young and women in community development. This is dependent on the
density of NGOs in a given area.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

The current legal framework is rather old and significantly obsolete. Lack of control and enforcement
is widespread, as well as delays in implementing proper urban planning.

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There is no clear definition of the coastal area boundaries. There is however, a law of on coastal
development (24/ 06/ 1966); treats in particular planning and urbanisation of the coastal zones
(decrees dated 24/ 06/ 1966, 26/ 05/ 1972, 17/ 04/ 1973);
A proposal is made in the draft ICZM law produced as part of the CAMP Lebanon project. The
Ministry of Environment is in charge of submitting it to the Council of Ministers for approval.

There are numerous gaps and overlaps in water management related legislation, especially in relation
to the allocation of responsibilities.
There is a Decree-law of 10/06/1925 on public maritime domain
Law of 24/ 09/ 1962 for industrial zones (decrees of 02/ 03/ 1996)

Ratified conventions

Barcelona Convention (1976) and its related Protocols: Dumping Protocol (without
amendments), Emergency Protocol, LBS protocol (without amendments), SPA Protocol;
Convention on Biological Diversity;
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification;
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
(Ramsar);
Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL);
Basel Convention;
Paris Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage;
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic pollutants

Signed Conventions

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental
Modification Techniques
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas

Institutional framework

There is no institution or a single ministry that would be specifically in charge of managing the coast.
Coastal management forms an integral part of the functions attributed to several ministries: Ministry of
the Environment, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Public works and
Transport (Directorate General for Urban Planning (DGUP). DGUP'S mandate is to develop
regulations and orchestrate urban planning. It defines urban master plan and issues building permits
for municipalities that do not have a municipal council or an engineering department (this includes
most of the municipalities in Lebanon except Beirut, Tripoli, Federation of Municipalities of Jbail,
Keserouan and Mten).
Other institutions are the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) and Higher Council for
Urban Planning (HCUP). The CDR is a public institution established in 1977. It is directly linked to
the Council of Ministers. The CDR is responsible for the planning and programming of
reconstruction/rehabilitation projects in all sectors and across Lebanon. It is also mandated to develop
a master plan for urban planning. Almost 85% of all funds earmarked for reconstruction transit
through the CDR. It may replace any public institution to implement projects as deemed necessary.
The HCUP is presided by the DGUP and consists of the Director Generals of select ministries (Interior
and Municipalities, Housing, Transports, Public work, Justice and Environment), representatives from
several institutions (CDR), and urban planning specialists. It makes recommendations on urban
planning projects and regulations, and large-scale development projects.
Mouhafazats (or Governorates), could be considered as interregional services, but they are not in
charge of managing the coast.
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There are Water Services whose initial number (24) has been reduced to 4, and correspond to
Mouhafazats (or Governorates). These Services are: Service of Water of Mount Lebanon, Service of
Water of B�kaa, Service of the South Lebanon and Nabatyieh, Service of Water of Beirut.
The Municipalities and Municipal Federations have many responsibilities (all that concern physical
development in their territorial limits). They implement urban projects; follow up on cleanliness and
public health issues, water works, public transport and tax collection. They may also request from the
DGUP the definition of urban master plans. Municipalities are also responsible for receiving
applications for construction permits and issue permits

Among research institutes

American University of Beirut
Balamand University
National Council for Scientific Research (CNSR)
Industrial Research Institute

Applied instruments

EIA: a Legal text addressing Environmental Impact assessment was officially proposed to the Council
of Ministers for approval; it is not adopted yet. A Unit of Planning and Programming (UPP) within the
MoE has initiated a program for establishing a comprehensive EIA system.

SEA: There is an ongoing project at the Ministry of environment Strategic Environmental Assessment
& Land Use Planning in supported by the EC-Life Third Countries. It started in 2003 for 3 years and
was extended until June 2006. It aims to integrate environmental considerations into policies, plans
and programs at the national level in order to alleviate major problems facing the national sustainable
development agenda. It consists in legal, capacity building, and institutional strengthening
components.

ISO: In 1999, 81 Lebanese companies had obtained the ISO 9000 certificate (Quality Management),
while four companies have also obtained the ISO 14000 certificate (Environmental Management).
Policies & strategies

Within CAMP Lebanon, a national Strategy for Integrated Coastal Area Management was
prepared and to be submitted to the Council of Ministers
METAP/WB/MoE, produced an Environment Report (SoER) and a Strategy Framework for
environmental development

The following plans are to be completed (as of mid 2005):
National Action Plan for the Reduction of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea From Land
Based Sources, Draft Report (2005)
National Wastewater Management Plan
National Plan for Municipal Solid Wastes Management in Coastal Areas

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

Multi-sectoral

The CAMP project (2002 � 2005) generated a series of reports and activities, which for some have
already been followed by implementation:
Inputs from the land-use management activity were used by the DGUP to prepare their
document on the implementation of regional and local master plans
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A dossier on Agoura's cultural heritage was submitted to the 100 Monument Fund
Oceana Project, off-shoot of the CAMP Lebanon initiative, supported by the municipality of
Damour and a private firm which consists in soft beach constructions for tourist and sale of
local products
Sarafand municipality will prepare its development programme on the basis of CAMP outputs
and recommendations.

As part of CAMP, several training courses: Carrying Capacity Assessment for the development of the
tourism sector, ICAM approaches and building a coastal management strategy
Based on CAMP results, USAID funded in 2003 a project to promote ecotourism in the Damour
municipality and the Daour River basin.

Institutional capacity building

An Investment Planning Program Environment (MSC-IPP Environment) was supported by the EU
(2002-2004) to enhance environmental investments and create the legal, administrative and physical
conditions for effective MoE intervention.

Technical Assistance to Reinforce Governance in Environmental Tasks (TARGET), is EC funded
(2003-2006) to sstrengthen the structure of the MoE to be able to cope with and efficiently deal with
tasks leading to environmental sustainability, to build staff management capabilities, to apply modern
management and effective leadership practices as well as enhance the capacity of the Ministry in
mobilizing resources and establishing new partnerships; to provide the necessary tools and
applications to improve the performance of MOE functions efficiently.

Project entitled "Stable Institutional Structure for Protected Areas Management (SISPAM)" is
supported by the EC Life Third Countries programme (2004-2007). It aims to suggest and implement
Stable Institutional structure for biodiversity conservation in Lebanon and sustainable management of
Protected Areas; more specifically is aims to adopt an appropriate institutional structure for Protected
Areas Management in Lebanon, to suggest and implement a detailed action plan for PA management,
to appraise available resources and capacity requirements, to agree on a sustainable funding structure.

Project "Strengthening the Environmental Legislation Development and Application System in
Lebanon (SELDAS)", is supported by the UNESCO-Cousteau Ecotechnie Chair at the University of
Balamand, funded by the European Commission Life Third Countries Program (2003-2005), aiming
to strengthen the capacities of the institutions dealing with environmental legislation development and
application and trigger environmental law education

Urban and spatial planning

A national Spatial Planning Master Plan was prepared in 2002 for the CDR.
The Unit of Planning & Programming (1999-2002) managed a 3-phase initiative funded by the EC-
Life (through METAP for phases one and two, Swiss Trust Fund through METAP for phase 3). It
aims to establish an Environmental Impact Assessment System in Lebanon and an EIA Unit at the
MoE. The Unit will assist in the review and amendment of the legislation related to the duties and
organization of the Ministry of Environment as well as in recruiting new staff; it will plan and
program new projects at the Ministry and launch the Hazardous Waste Program at the Ministry.

Environment

The National Environmental Action Plan is being prepared with the help of UNDP.
There is a project on Building Capacity for Sustainable Hunting of Migratory Birds in the
Mediterranean countries of North Africa and the Middle East (application in Tunisia and Lebanon):
An initiative on "Alleviating Barriers for Quarries Rehabilitation in Lebanon", is funded by EC- Life
third countries and the ministry of Environment (2005-2008) to alleviate the legal, institutional,
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technical and financial barriers that hinder the process of quarries rehabilitation in Lebanon and purge
the environmental and socio-economical impacts caused by quarries

Tourism

The Ren� Mouawad Foundation funded in 2004 an ecotourism project for Damour village and beach
MEDA via SAMP III is financing a project (2005 � 2007) at the University of Balamand entitled
"Integrated Management of East Mediterranean Coastlines"

Natural and cultural heritage

A MedWetCoast project (2002-2006) is still on going, supported by FFEM.

A Biodiversity Enabling Activity Project, was funded by GEF (1997-1998) to elaborate a "National
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)" and the Country Report to the Conference of Parties
(COP) to fulfill articles 6 and 26 of the Convention on Biological Diversity

A Biodiversity Planning Support Programme, was supported by GEF/UNDP (2000-2001) to
strengthen the capacity of parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to prepare and implement
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

A Protected Areas Project was supported by GEF (1996-2000), aiming to set action plans for the
management of protected areas to conserve biological diversity. More precisely it targeted (1) the
management of three natural protected areas in Lebanon: Palm Islands, Horsh Ehden, & Al- Shouf
Cedar natural reserves; (2) Safeguarding biological diversity & attaining its sustainability, (3)
Building human capacities in the management of natural reserves both between public & non-
governmental sectors; (4) Enhancing public awareness about importance of natural reserves.

The Society for the Protection of Nature in Lebanon was in charge of the Environment Information
Center (EIC), a project funded initially by UNDP-LIFE programme in 1995.

Pollution

A Lebanese Cleaner Production Center was financed by EU and UNIDO (2002- 2005) to improve
capacity of the centre to advice SMEs SMEs, and to facilitate the transfer to cleaner processes, thus
contributing to the sustainable and continuous application of CP by industry in Lebanon.

An Implementation of Hazardous Waste Program was funded by METAP (2001), to help prepare a
complete study about management of Hazardous Wastes in Lebanon on the basis of a review of
studies and statistics and the formulation of a work plan and proposing a decree

Information and communication

The Lebanese Environment & Development Observatory (LEDO) was funded by the EC-LIFE
program (1999-2000) to help collect & disseminate more information on the state of the Environment
& environmental degradation in Lebanon; to provide decision makers with necessary data.
A Sustainable Development Networking Programme was supported by UNDP (1996), to facilitate
and disseminate sustainable development related information, provide capacity building, and enhance
communication between different stakeholders.

A European Commission � LIFE Third Countries by UNDP-MoE, (2000), developed the Lebanese
Environment and Development Observatory (LEDO) - a project whose general objective was to
provide proper information and better understanding of the state of environment and development in
Lebanon
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V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

On the basis of the most recent sources the following recommendations are made:

Legal measures

Promulgate the ICAM law
Regulate use of pesticides and irrigation water
Enact regulatory and legal texts to protect and preserve agricultural and natural sensitive areas,
including beaches, headlands, bays, plains, river mouths, etc.; in particular protect Naqoura
coast and bay as national natural heritage
Enforce existing fishing regulations

Institutional framework

Build administrative capacity in delivering ICAM
Maintain linkage between the MoE and CAMP area local communities
Increase MoE' capacity to follow-up on the implementation of CAMP recommendations
Establish a national Coastal Zone Management Centre
Extend CAMP to a phase II to cover coastal towns in the north

Planning and land-use management, by MoE in collaboration with DGUP

Provide continuous assistance to CAMP municipalities in their use of sustainable indicators
for planning purposes
MoE to monitor the design of municipal master plans for land-use management before
adoption by DGUP
Adopt the newly proposed bidding document for land-use management
Enact decisions to fully protect and preserve coastal agricultural plains against construction
Enact decisions to fully protect and preserve areas and landscapes of natural, historical and
archaeological significance from any type of construction
Organise further informative workshops at municipalities and inter-municipal levels on
importance of urban master plans as a means for coastal resources conservation
Design and disseminate a booklet on sustainable practices of land-use management based on
CAMP outputs

Tourism

Promote the sustainable tourism concept via studies in four coastal towns
Carry out specialised training courses in coastal communities with specific sustainable tourism
assets
Encourage NGO funding for sustainable ecotourism development

Exploitation of natural resources

Ensure conservation of fishing resources via legal enforcement, increasing fishermen's
ecological awareness, upgrading fishing gear and facilities, improving their social status
Draft an integrated river basin management master plan for the Damour River
Provide training in wise practices in agriculture for farmers in the coastal plains

Environmental hazards

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Establish adequate waste water treatment plants
Establish adequate solid waste management mechanisms and procedures
Undertake a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative survey of the Damour, Litani,Nahr,
Al-Kahb and Al-Awali Rivers
Upgrading of primary treatment plant in Saida (by 2010)
Funding Sour coastal municipal dumpsite rehabilitation (by 2009)
Rehabilitation of Saida coastal dumpsite and securing location and funds for second landfill
(by 2010
Reduction of leachate from Bourj hammoud dumpsite (by 2010)
Reduce waste littering along the coast of Beirut
Closure of all sea outfalls in Beirut and Tripoli
Closure of seafront dumpsite in Tripoli
Include in COED in depth assessment of impacts of environmental quality on tourism and
recreation, the cost of land resources degradation (agriculture, quarries, forests)

Cultural Heritage, by MoE in collaboration with Directorate of Antiquities

Seek funding to print and disseminate the booklet "Cultural Heritage and Sustainable
Development"
Protect and seek funding to rehabilitate the nominated site Oumm Al-Amad
Convert the Damour silk factory into a national silk museum
Protect and rehabilitate the remaining coastal heritage sites

Natural Heritage

Link conservation to economic development by preserving areas of comparative advantage,
from a natural, agricultural, landscape, cultural and/or ecological point view.
Increase capacity in taking into account socio-economic aspects of conservation projects
Inform and empower municipalities to increase their revenues by conservation of coastal
resources
Declare the Damour Beach and River mouth as well as the Naqoura Coast and Beach areas of
special importance at the national and international level

Information and communication

Make public the use of CAMP databases
Increase awareness on the need for setting up municipal databases and digital mapping
facilities for land use maps

Participation

Introduce Local Agenda 21 in municipalities based on CAMP experience
Empower and assist municipalities in drafting development plans taking into account
sustainable and rational use of coastal resources
Make local communities participate in development plans and programmes
Develop inter-municipal environment and development project

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Table 40: Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Lebanon

Ministry
Units Line Agency Public Enterprise Institute
Ministry of the Environment

Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR)

Ministry of Tourism

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Public works and Transport,

Directorate General for Urban Planning (DGUP)

Table 47 : The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast in Lebanon

Legislation
Land
Marine

Maritime fishing law

LAWS

Decree N�5591 (1994) on

responsibilities and duties
of MoE
D
ECREES

Many regulations on
Species: Sea turtles, sponges
restrictions on fishing
Gear: explosives, poison

R
EGULAT
IONS

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Table 50: Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Lebanon (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

based pollution
sources
Specially protected

areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in Lebanon
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones
Yes
No, draft law

Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee
No

Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination
No
No
No
Status of land ownership

Regulation of public access to the coast

Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal

buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:

Fisheries
Mariculture
Ports & shipping
Control of pollution: Waste water quality

Bathing water quality
Management of water resources

Management of solid wastes

Control of recreational activities

Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value

Sanctions regimes

Collection of data

Information & communication

Public participation

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Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &

H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage

protection,
and

management

Water
t
s

pollution

Impac

Wastes

Biodiversity,

habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

Stakeholders,

interactions,

& conflicts
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nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa

Plannin
Governance

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Management

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Management

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
11.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified (continued)

THEME
STAKES
Stakeholders,
interaction, &

conflicts

Legal

ce
gement and
framework

governan

Planning, mana
Governance

Cross-cutting issues

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Strategic overview: Libya

April 2006
I. INTRODUCTION

Lybia's coastal areas remain rather free of any significant development: apart from the areas around
towns and industrial centers, most of the Libyan coast is still protected from deterioration and remains
very wild

Information on coastal management in Lybia remains hard to come by. The data presented in this
strategic overview is based on a single source of information (WWF, 2004) which focused on
assessing conditions in the Eastern region and potential for establishing marine protected areas. As a
result information in this profile does not cover in details topics such as urban and spatial planning.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal region

Libya has a 1,970 km coastline in the southern-most part of the Mediterranean basin. Three-quarters of
the coast is low-lying and corresponds to the maritime fringe of the Libyan desert; the rest is
mountainous, on the slopes of the Jebel Akhdar region, in the North eastern part of the Country.
Human density and tourism on the Libyan coastal fringe is low.

Urban and spatial planning

The Eastern region is likely to experience mass tourism development in the near future.

Exploitation of natural resources

Libya is the greatest producer and exporter of crude oil in the Mediterranean Sea (1,29 million bbl/d).
Limited areas of petroleum products impacts have been observed. Local points of consistent crude oil
spills stuck on the rocks, are present only in few zones, but several cases of diffused traces of crude oil
and petroleum products have been surveyed on beaches.

In terms of coasgtal fishing, activities are impacting on sensitive ecosystems, such as Posidonia beds
and commercial exploitation of one of the last extensive formations of Corallium rubrum is still
unregulated.

Environmental hazards

The coastal environment of the Eastern Region at the moment is not seriously in danger. Local
pollution is associated with the larger cities of the region (Banghazi and Darnah) and major industrial
sites. Untreated solid wastes are dispersed along the coastline underlining a chronic lack of waste
management system, particularly near the major urban settlements. Untreated waste discharges in the
sea are the major land-borne pollution concern in the area.

Despite no serious oil contamination, cases have been observed between Al Dressia (Tulmaythah) and
Darnah, with the exception of limited deposits of hydrocarbons on rocks and on beaches observed in
other areas. The development of the petroleum industry in Libya and the presence of various
refineries, terminals and other installations, constitute a serious potential hazard to the environment.

The situations and sources of water pollution have been observed mainly in the urban and suburban
areas. Urban wastewater drains and open air solid wastes disposal, located close to the shoreline or
river beds are widespread.
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Solid waste disposal is perhaps the most important impact observed in the Easten Region. Urban
garbage is widespread along the coast, increasing close to urban and suburban areas. This situation
causes deterioration of the environment, both by release of pollutants in ground water and seawater
and from an aesthetic point of view.

Natural and cultural heritage

The Eastern Region of Libya was listed among the 10 "last paradises" of the whole Mediterranean.
However, protected areas account for less than 0.5% and 0.1% of the total surface. Two sites of
special environmental interest in the area have been identified and should be considered priorities for
protection:

1.
Al Dressia (Tulmaythah) - Qasi ad Disah
2.
Darnah - Sidi Awn

Both areas are granted with particularly outstanding marine and coastal biodiversity and
sea/landscapes in need of urgent conservation actions. The unique conservation status of such coastal
stretches justifies further study.

The central area of the coast, from Qasi ad Disah to Al Haniya to Darnah, provides excellent
opportunities to develop sustainable tourism initiatives connected to the protected areas and the
archeological sites, and - with the necessary precautions - aquaculture.

Coastal areas between Al Dressia (Tulmaythah), Qasi ad Disah, Sidi Awn, Wadi el Hamassah and Ra's
at Tin are particularly underexploited and rich in environmental resources, which can be easily
protected with little impact on the livelihood of local communities.

Information and communication

There is a lack of scientific data on marine and coastal biodiversity, little knowledge on existing and
potential threats to biodiversity, limited technical expertise in the field of MPAs establishment and
management.
Environmental awareness among local communities is low.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

No data on national legislation

Libya has ratified the Barcelona Regional and Bilateral Agreement with states bordering the
Mediterranean in August 2004 and the OPRC Convention (International Convention on Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990

Institutional framework

No data

There is an Environmental General Authority but information on its activties is either in Arabic
language or not available.

There is a National Marine Biology Laboratory dealng with fish biology, phytoplancton and algae,
chemistry and marine pollution, aquaculture,
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Policies & strategies

Libya has developed three National Action Plans within the framework of the Strategic Action
Programme for the Conservation of Marine and Coastal Biodiversity in the Mediterranean (SAP BIO)
of the Barcelona Convention:

National Action Plan for the Conservation of marine and coastal birds
National Action Plan on proposed new marine and coastal protected areas and national parks
National Action Plan for the Conservation of marine turtles and their habitats

In the National Action Plan on MPAs, the Libyan government recognizes that its coast has valuable
sites in urgent need of protection, and considers the coastal lagoons and bays of Ain El-Gazalah Bay,
Bumbah Bay, Ain Ziana lagoon, Farwa and the river mouths (Wadi) of Wadi Al-Hamsah, Wadi Al-
Khabtah, Wadi Ka'am, and the Tawrurgha spring and salt marshes of the Eastern Region as priority
areas for conservation.

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

The Eastern Region of Libya has been identified as a priority for the second stage of the Action Plan
on Marine Protected Areas of the Strategic Action Programme for the Conservation of Biological
Diversity (SAP BIO) in the Mediterranean Region. In the "National Action Plan on proposed new
marine and coastal protected areas and national parks" of SAP BIO, Libya has committed to develop a
national legal framework to enhance the establishment of new MPAs and promote their sustainable
management.

V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

In terms of environmental protection and management of coastal and marine areas, the following
measres are recommanded:

Development and implementation of ad hoc conservation measures, specifically the
establishment of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), built-in into a broader
Integrated Coastal Area Management Plan (ICAM) for the region.
An in-depth analysis of the social, biophysical, institutional and organizational characteristics
of the area (baseline data) highlighting the problems and causes for concern in the coastal
area, to facilitate an understanding of the relationships between key factors and prioritize
management issues properly;
Strengthening of public awareness of environmental issues and the need to take action;
Strengthening of local capacity in the fields of land planning, waste management (solid urban
and sewer waste) and environmental monitoring through international cooperation programs
in specific fields of action;
Identification of priorities and goals for local communities to better orient the planning
process.
International cooperation to help local experts and institutions in the planning, design and
management of new MPAs and the establishment of an integrated coastal area management
framework
Development of an integrated national programme for waste management
Restoration of abandoned landfill sites
Construction of new landfills
Extended recycling programme
Construction of composting plant
Implementation of innovative techniques for the collection, treatment and disposal of waste
Coastal zone cleaning, with emphasis on tourist sites
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Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Montenegro
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Public Enterprise
Institute

Table 47 : The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Legislation
Land
Marine

LAWS

D
E
CR

O

R
EGU
LATI

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Table 50: Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Montenegro (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

based pollution
sources
Specially protected

areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture

Fisheries
Unsustainable fishing activities on sensitive ecosystems, such as Posidonia beds,
Unregulated commercial exploitation of one of the last extensive formations of Corallium rubrum
Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy
Future Uncontrolled mas s tourism in Eastern Region
Tourism

Spatial &
Future Urban sprawl in Eastern region
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage

protection,
and

management
Unregulated solid waste disposal, untreated sewage discharges, crude oil and petroleum derivates spills represent the major threats to the marine and coastal
Water
ecosystems of this area
t
s
pollution
Crude Oil and petroleum derivates spill

Impac
Solid wastes in open dumping sites
Wastes

Biodiversity,

habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

Stakeholders,

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interactions,

& conflicts

nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa

Plannin
Governance

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Management

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Management

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified in Table 53

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
12.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Considerable weight should be given to the cleaning of coastal areas and swimming sites
Water

pollution

Considerable weight should be given to the cleaning of coastal areas and swimming sites
Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified in Table 53 (continued)

THEME
STAKES
Stakeholders,
interaction, &

conflicts

Legal

ce
gement and
framework

governan

Planning, mana
Governance

Cross-cutting issues

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Strategic overview: Montenegro

April 2006
I. INTRODUCTION

Serbia and Montenegro combines characteristics of a country in socio-economic and institutional
transition in addition to emerging from nearly complete 10-year international isolation. A major
consequence is an overall weak human resources capacity both in terms of staff availability and range
and level of professional competences. The country is therefore presently undergoing large and rather
rapid institutional and legal re-adjustments in relation to its international obligations, including MAP,
and standards, especially the EU Acquis Communautaire. As a result any assessment of the current
situation in relation to the capacity and delivery of ICZM activities is likely to evolve significantly
over a short period of time. An additional variable in the overall changing landscape of governance in
the country lies in the coming referendum on Independence to take place on 21 May 2006. While not
likely to affect activities at operational level, political decisions in relation to international
commitments are at present for many on stand by.

As Montenegro is establishing its new institutional, legal and governance system, opportunities occur
for channelling international financial and capacity-building support in an efficient coordinated way.
The ICZM approach provides for a powerful and operational framework suitable to the needs of the
coastal region at this threshold development period.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Tourism has always been and remains today the main economic activity for the coastal region. The
coast of Montenegro was for long an attractive destination for Eastern European tourists during the
70s and 80s. Development remained however relatively limited which contributed to the preservation
of a striking coastal natural and cultural landscape. During the isolation period of the 90s uncontrolled
development took place, in particular illegal building of residences, with significant related impacts
today in several landmark areas such as Boka Kotorska. For example, "ponta sa mandracima" or small
harbours are a unique system of the traditional coastal architectural setup, built in local mason stone.
While such structures provide primarily shelter for small boats, the local population also uses them in
the summer season as sunbathing platforms. A tendency to build more such structures to provide more
accommodation space for bathers is noticeable all around Boka Kotorska. This contributes to the
artificialisation of the narrow contact zone at the sea water's edge and impacts on the most productive
area of the Boka Kotorska shores.

Maritime transport related services have also always been a trademark for coastal Montenegro with
a long tradition of seafaring concentrated in Boka Kotorska and in Bar: former Yugoslavia owed a
significant merchant fleet, exported many of its sailors worldwide and provided shipbuilding and
repair facilities. Most of the merchant fleet was sold during the 90s while shipyard activities declined.
In addition, the port of Bar, a major gateway for Serbia, never actually fully reached its full
development capacity since its establishment. Today major re-organisation and re-orienting is taking
place in the maritime industry, the government is building again a new, if modest, merchant vessel
fleet and is seeking investments opportunities for the Port of Bar. Tourism remains however the key
coastal development priority for the government, to which maritime activities must positively
contribute, in particular for nautical tourism.

Land transport impacts in relation to these developments appear still today overlooked, in particular
in relation to road traffic growth projections. Indeed, traffic congestion and related air pollution in and
between main cities are already an issue, especially during the vacation season. A new tunnel linking
Podgorica and Bar was inaugurated in 2005. While it has reduced travel time by nearly half it does not
solve the remaining connection constraints of other nearest coastal cities with the hinterland, i.e.
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Budva and Kotor (a third lane on the Podgorica � Budva road is built for short sections; the Tivat
Airport to Kotor road tunnel is being repaired). Potential for improving the coastal parallel main road
remains limited due to constraining physical features (steep and narrow coastal slopes). Alternatives
for improved collective transport (road and rail) and short-sea shipping have not yet been fully
assessed in an integrated manner. A recent major train accident on the Podgorica � Belgrade railway
line further underscored the urgency in improving drastically this service.

Exploitation of natural resources remains limited. The fishing fleet is nearly inexistant and current
knowledge on exploitable marine resources is still inaccurate. Agriculture has been on a dwindling
curve for many years maintained today at a mere subsistence level. Opportunities for development are
however identified both in the fishing sector, including aquaculture in Boka Kotorska, and agriculture
for eco-products to supply the expected growing local tourism-related demand. Mineral resources are
limited in the coastal region and ostly exploited in quarries in relation to the construction market.
Potential for oil and gas explotation remains to be fully assessed, especially in the marine area. Finally
water resources are plentiful due to the high precipitation regime and despite its karstic storage. The
main issue lies essentially in improving water supply (high level of losses due to leaking) and sewage
water disposal (many unconnected sewage) and treatment.

Water supply and wastewater management on the coast are today critical pressing development
issues and landscape degradation is threatening Montenegro's major touristic asset. In terms of level
of coastal and marine pollution current available information precludes any consistent and global
baseline assessment: no measurements are available for many pollution sources such as persistent
organic compounds, heavy metals, nutrients and suspended solids, hazardous wastes. The status of
knowledge on marine water pollution from land-based sources rests on two main recent reports, i.e.
the Waste Water Feasibility Study � Coastal Region (EAR, 2004) and National Diagnosis Analysis on
land-based marine water pollution (2004, for MEDPOL). In terms of bathing water quality, measures
during the summer season indicate that in many places levels are near or below national and
international standards; eutrophication is a significant phenomemon especially in Boka Kotorka. As
for coastal industries (mostly related to ports and shipyards), they are not large potential polluters and
many of the industries operate much below installed capacity. Overall level of organic pollution from
agriculture in the coastal area is very low. Finally, oil spillage is not a current major threat along the
coast of Montenegro or offshore. Minor spillages are reported in the Port of Bar and Boka Kotorska
(10 to 100m2) but no critical dumping at sea.

Despite the obvious marketing value of the Montenegrin coastal natural and cultural landscapes,
little awareness exists and attention is given to ensuring this economic asset will be preserved for the
next decades. Many law protected natural areas have been degraded by construction or neglect and
none have management plans and adequate staff to man them. There are no declared marine protected
areas. Due to tourism and urbanisation pressure and the fact that information on biodiversity is not
taken into account in procedures for adoption and implementation of spatial and physical plans,
individual species, communities as well as entire ecosystems are disturbed, have been altered or have
altogether disappeared from coastal areas. Many wetlands areas were built over and today only a few
valuable places remain: small areas in Buljarica, in the back of Jaz beach in Donji Grbalj, larger sites
in Solila near Tivat and parts of Ulcinj around salt works and Zoganj area. Solila for example is an
area of former salt pans hosting some migratory birds in winter. It is threatened by pollution from the
nearby industrial area. The most significant wetlands are those found behind Velika Plaza in Ulcinj,
rich in birds, water birds, amphibians, reptiles, and water insects. The site is threatened by illegal
hunting, building and sand extraction

Illegal fishery practices occur usually between Bar and Ulcinj, near Lustica. However, illegal fishing
is rather widespread and reported all along the coast, including in sensitive habitats and ecosystems
(Bojana river mouth, Katic island- near Petrovac, Donji Grbalj shore and area between Bar and
Ulcinj). Illegal fishery practices (dynamite fishing and trawling at depths shallower than authorised)
cause destruction and degradation of sea bottoms and consequently disappearance of Posidonia beds,
of high biodiversity value. Illegal collection of date shells causing degradation of biocenoses and solid
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substratum continues despite new regulations in the Fishery law (art. 56). Accidental killing / catching
of protected species (dolphins) is reported.

While the cultural heritage has usually benefited from more (international) attention (not the least
because of major damages caused by earthquakes), limited financial means as well as lack of political
commitment (national and local) have contributed to its overall degradation. Many historical
monuments and buildings but also vernacular rural architecture are in need of re-furbishing and
protection. The case of the World Heritage site of the city of Kotor epitomises this situation: a
management plan for the entire protected area is only about to be drafted today now that the time
deadine for fulfilling international obligations is coming to a close.

Finally, availability of up-to-date data and information is today a major stumbling block in
Montenegro. Over the last several years, Government could allocate no sufficient financial means for
collecting and updating existing data sets. This is a general rule affecting all sectors. As a result, trend
analyses and comparative assessments remain tentative. In addition, lack of specialists in some fields
has been recognized for many years as an additional cause for information gaps. Areas particularly in
need of data are coastal and marine fisheries, biodiversity and habitats. In addition, limited
information on the status of coastal environment is fed to the ministry of Environment by agencies,
including Morsko Dobro. There are currently informal talks between the M. of Environment and the
M. of Maritime Affairs on the establishment of mechanisms for exchanging information and clearly
defining respective roles and actions. Finally, government institutions hardly disseminate
environmental information to the public. Although citizens have a legal possibility to appeal to court
in case they are not allowed to access environmental information, it is not customary in Montenegro to
exercise such rights. The new Law on Free Access to Information strengthens citizen rights to access
to information and make the implementation of these rights in practice more effective.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

As a result of its transition stage, Montenegro is currently revising and adapting its legal framework to
EU standards. This review gives the overall situation as to March 2006.

Legislation

Montenegro adopted a Coastal Zone Law in 1992 which regulates the activities and duties of the
Coastal Management Agency (Morsko Dobro). The objective is to regulate the management,
utilisation, improvement and protection of the Coastal Zone (art. 1). The Coastal Law deals with the
following issues:

- Land ownership status in the Coastal Zone (art. 4): the Coastal Zone is State owned and for public
use, except where "private property does not affect the nature and purpose of the coast, and if it
improves the utilisation of the Coastal Zone"
- Designation of a management agency for the Coastal Zone by the Parliament (art. 5)
- Access to living resources (hunting, cultivation, protection) as stipulated in a separate special law
(art. 6)
- Uses of the Coastal Zone (art. 7 to 12): which economic activities are allowed, how, user fees, etc
- Cadastre (art. 13 to 15): registration of structures in the Coastal Zone
- The definition of bathing areas, their access status and their use (art. 16)
- Coastal Zone protection (art. 17 to 22) under the responsibility of Port Master Offices: dealing
with pollution from land base sources and at sea, disposal of hazardous wastes
- Penalty provisions (art. 23 to 28)
- User and Property rights (art. 29 to 33): for permanent and temporary structures, including those
on the seafloor

However, the provisions of this Law are broad, ambiguous and not sufficient for setting up a sound
coastal management strategy on local and state levels. As a result a new Coastal Law is in preparation,
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but no draft version available yet. In the mean time new pieces of legislation are being prepared which
scope overlap with those of the current CZ law; and cooperation especially between the Ministry of
Maritime Affairts and the Ministry of the Environment on amending the CZ Law is limited and of a
rather consultative nature.

On the marine side the following legal texts are therefore in the process of being drafted:
- Law on Ports -
- Law on the sea (UNCLOS)
- Law on registration of ships
- Law on safety and security of navigation
- Law on hydrographic activities (SOLAS);
- Amendments and modification of the Coastal zone law
- Law on prevention of pollution of sea from ships
- Law on maritime navigation.

There are two main sources of legal environmental and natural heritage protection: the Environmental
Law (N�12/96) and the Law on Nature Protection (N�39/77). Both provide guidelines in terms of
nature protection, ownership rights and duties, implications in relation to urban and spatial planning,
and financial means. However, they are not interrelated and no by-laws have been adopted so far for
the law on Nature Protection.

In terms of obligation in relation to the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols, the situation in
Montenegro is as follows: the Convention is ratified, as well as the Dumping, LBS, SPA and Pollution
from exploration & exploitation of continental shelf Protocols. Needed legislation is either fully or
partially transcribed in the national system. The Emergency Protocol is ont yet ratified but their legal
obligations are partially met. The protocol on Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and their
disposal is approved by the Government of the Republic of Montenegro but not ratified by the State
Union of Sebia & Montenegro.

Finally, nn terms of other major international conventions, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ratified
the Convention on Biological Diversity on November 5, 2001. Ratification instruments have not been
provided yet by the State Union of Serbia & Montenegro. Montenegro has no national Biodiversity
Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP), which should be developed as a national commitment to the
Convention on Biodiversity. A project proposal for BSAP has been submitted via UNDP to GEF for
funding as an enabling activity. Prominent is the need to ratify the Bern Habitat Directive and the
Bonn Convention on Migratory Species.

SFRY has ratified the Ramsar Convention in 1977. The succession statement was submitted and
membership of FRY is valid from July 3, 2001. The status of membership in this Convention has not
been questionable in any moment for FRY and SU S&MN today. The Regina Amendments and the
Paris Protocol to the Ramsar Convention have not been ratified, and there are no explicit plans for
that.
FRY has confirmed the CITES Convention by issuing the Law on Approval of the CITES Convention
on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna on November 5, 2001
("Yugoslav Official Register", International Agreements, no. 11/2001).

Institutions

The organisational set up of government bodies and institutions in Montenegro is rather simple: it
consists in rather small ministries, national and regional institutes and line agencies (public
enterprises). However, an additional institutional layer arises from the existing federal structure and
power sharing arrangements between Serbia and Montenegro: since March 2002, the new State Union
of Serbia and Montenegro is established beween the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of
Montenegro. In the new agreement all but five functions are legally devolved to the level of Republics,
leaving only Foreign Affairs, External and Internal Economic Relations, Human Rights and Defence
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at federal level. According to the Constitutional Charter, competences on signing and ratification of
conventions and protocols remained at the joint state level.

Significant institutional re-arrangements have been taking place during the last 5 years. For example,
the Coastal Zone Management Agency was transferred from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and
Transport to the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning during the summer of 2004. A new
Maritime Safety Agency was established in 2004 along with Coast Guards for which a coordination
body is still to be organised.

The following major elements may be relevant to retain:
- In terms of planning and programming, 5 activity domains are under the remit of more than one
entity: fisheries and aquaculture, ports and marinas, urban development and planning, tourism and
recreation, water management;
- In terms of issuing of permits and licences, again 5 activity domains are under the remit of more
than one entity: fisheries and aquaculture, urban development and planning, tourism and
recreation, and agriculture
- In terms of control, for activity domains where mutliple mandates are identified, on average 4
entities take a share;

Applied instruments

Due to the long period of isolation during the 90s many instruments available to ICZM have not been
up-dated and upgraded. In addition human resources to apply such instruments are limited.
Much of instruments applied relate to spatial and physical planning. Instruments such as EIA, SEA,
GIS, CCA, are in the process either of having their legal basis revised or are being adopted.

Policies & strategies

Since the beginning of the 2000s, along with the significant reshuffling of its legislative and
institutional set up, Montenegro is producing a wide range of new national policy, strategic and
orientation documents. Many are of relevance to the development and management of the coastal
region:
- Tourism Master Plan (2001)
- Direction for the Development of the Ecological State of Montenegro (2001)
- Montenegro: The Impact of Travel and Tourism on Jobs and the Economy (2001, WTTC)
- Sustainability Strategy of the Ecological State of Montenegro (2002, ECPD)
- Serbia & Montenegro environmental sector report (2002, WB)
- Environmental performance review for Serbia and Montenegro (2003, EC)
- Report on marine pollution from land-based sources (2004)
- National Strategic Master Plan for Waste Water Treatment (2004)
- National Master Plan for solid waste management (2004)
- National Plan of intervention in case of accidental sea pollution
- Water Management Base of Montenegro (2001)
- National Plan for the Prevention, Preparedness, and Response to Major Marine Pollution
Incidents at Sea (in preparation)
- Physical Plan of Montenegro (2005)
- Physical Plan for the Coastal Zone (2006)
- National Strategy for Sustainable Development (to be finalised by June 2006)
- National ICZM Strategy (to be finalised end of 2006)

COASTAL PRACTICES

The most developed and formalised practice in the coastal region relates to the leasing of seasonal
beach permits for the tourism season. This is under the responsibility of the Coastal Management
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Agency, which issues tenders for areas to lease. Part of this legal zone is also on the marine side
wherein leasing relates mostly to sites for fish farming and aquaculture.
In terms of operational water management, a first plan was to develop a shareholder company
involving coastal municipalities and the Regional Enterprise PEW ("Aqua Regia"2). In February 2005
a new regional utility called "VODACOM" has been registered which will be the coordination utility
of the coastal municipalities. In addition a World Bank project so far on stand by, has been adopted
which aims at bringing water to the coastal from the Skadar Lake. How this project links with the
VODACOM initiative remains unclear.

In terms of international cooperation, a memorandum of understanding was signed in 2004 between
the M. of Environmental Protection and M. of Environment and Territory from Italy, which includes
bilateral cooperation on marine protection issues.

A CAMP project is under preparation for the 2006-2007 period.

The SPA/RAC center is to provide some assitance funds to support the M. of Environment and
Physical Planning in the preparation activities in relation to GEF

Under REMPEC, a MoU was signed in December 2005 to undertake activities in relation to the
'Development of National Capacities of Serbia and Montenegro for Prevention of, Preparedness for
and Response to Marine Pollution from Ships". The Maritime Safety Agency is to implement the
program in collaboration with the M. of Environment and Physical Planning covering 7 activities with
a total budget of about 2.7M (strengthening of maritime administration, revision of national
contingency plan, stockpiling equipment, port reception facilties in Bar, training courses)
Under MEDPOL, Montenegro is waiting for GEF to implement recommandations from the national
diagnosis

Under the Adriatic � Ionic initiative; a Declaration on cooperation in the field of environmental
protection was signed in July 2005 in the framework of the Adriactic � Ionian Initiative. Projects will
address environmental protection and preservation, combating pollution in the Adriatic and Ionian
seas, technical cooperation and capacity building, as well as bilateral transfer of know-how and
exchange of information. Activities include workshops, seminars, development studies, harmonisation
of environmental legislation in line with EU framework, development programs for ecological
rehabilitation and restoration of polluted sites and protection of the marine environment, cooperation
in regional data exchange, etc.

Montenegro is a member of the ADRICOSM partnership which aims at organising, evaluating and
coordinating multinational research development and implementation programmes advancing the
understanding, monitoring and predictive capabilities in the Adriatic Sea area in the fields of
integrated coastal area and river basin management systems. Among projects, the demonstration of the
feasibility of marine now casting/forecasting at weekly time scale, developing coupling with river
basin management systems for coastal pollution and marine ecosystem health management. A new
proposal is being prepared for a project on the Bojana River

NEEDS FOR ICZM

The ICZM diagnosis adopted as a working basis by the inter-ministerial Committee lists 38 stakes of
importance to the coastal region of Montenegro. The strategy-building process currently underway is
about to select 4 to 5 strategic objectives and to develop a strategic action program by the end of 2007.
ICZM is needed for the following reasons:
- To build awareness on a necessary vision of the coastal region as a development and planning
spatial unit
- To overcome current strong sectoral policy making practice

2 Taken from the ToR for EIAa Study, prepared by PEW �Crnogorsko primorje�, October 2002
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
- To establish communication channels between land and maritime operating institutions
- To tackle growing real-estate pressures on land resources (agriculture and natural areas)
- To help the development of inter-disciplinary research and applied research curricula and projects
- To develop integrated solutions to addressing coastal marine pollution prevention, control and
monitoring
- To build awareness on the importance of establishing coastal protected areas (land and marine)

Taking into account ICZM relevant strategic objectives and programmes adopted or currently being
developed in Montenegro, the following areas can be proposed in relation to needs for ICZM in the
country:
- Establishment of inter-sectoral communication tools and institutional mechanisms which could
operate within the framework of SEA practice, especially between Ministry of Environment and
Ministry of Maritime Affairs
- Strong effort in ICZM capacity building towards ministerial, government agencies and
municipalities
- Development of multi-disciplinary learning curricula at university level as well a the knowledge
base (marine biology, maritime economy, eco-toxicology, coastal tourism economy, natural and
cultural heritage valuation)
- Further sharing of management, revenues and costs from beach management between Coastal
Management Agency and municipalties
- Clarifying responsibilities in relation to the development and management of future marinas
- Clarifying responsibilites in relation to responsibilities for control of sea water quality
- Instating appropriate implementation power to the department of environmental protection
- Providing a clear insitutional framework for the new Coast Gards body
- Produce COED study
- Ensure sustainable financing for beach and marine water quality monitoring
-
Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Montenegro
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Public
Institute
Enterprise
Ministry of Maritime Maritime

Affairs and Transport
Safety
Department
Ministry of
Department for
Coastal
Zone
Hydrometeorological Institute
Environmental
Environment
management
Centre for Eco-toxicological
Protection and Physical
Agency
research
Planning
PE for National Republic Institute for Urban
Parks
Planning
Ministry of Agriculture, Departments:
Department for

Water Engineering and agriculture, forestry &
waters
Fisheries
waterengineering
Ministry of Culture and

Institute for Nature Protection
the Media
Republic Institute for the
Protection of Cultural
Monuments (Cetinje)
Regional Institute for the
Protection of Cultural
Monuments (Kotor)
Ministry of Education

Institute for Marine Biology
(Kotor)

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007

The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Legislation
Land
Marine
Planning and
Yes, defines the different types of spatial plans Yes, in the newly adopted Coastal Area
Development
(National, special purpose, GUP, DUP)
Spatial Plan
(N�16/1995), 2005
Sea Fisheries (2003)1
No
3 miles, 12 miles, restricted zones,
commercial and recreational fishing,
mariculture zones, resources
protection, artificial reefs (forbidden)
Agriculture (2001)
No specific regulations for coastal areas
No
Environment (N�12/1996) Preservation of natural values and habitats (including No specific provisions for marine areas,

by local authorities art. 12), user-pay principle, it is assumed they are similar to those
awareness, information access, EIA, implementation on land, for e.g. concerning the use of
of ratified international conventions, eco-charges EIA, awareness, etc.
from investment projects, repay for investments
requiring EIA (art. 37)
LAWS
Nature protection
Provides categories of protected areas
No particular mentioning of a category
for marine protected areas
Law on Waters ("Off. Enacting Water engineering documents (conditions, The same provisions regarding
Gazette RoMN", no approvals and licenses) which define conditions for remuneration and monitoring of
16/95)
construction of structures and facilities so as to pollution are valid for the sea. Special
ensure protection of surface and underground regulations for discharge of waste water
waters, monitoring of water pollution, determining into the sea are defined by the Book of
remuneration for the protection of water from Regulations on quality of waste waters
pollution - polluter pays principle.
and means for their discharge
Maritime and Internal Control of land-based pollution of sea water and port Control of sea pollution from ships
Navigation (No. 12/98)
areas
Ports and Harbour1
Navigation, docking and handling infrastructures and Facilities for protection of the marine
Provision for section III in maintenance capacity
water from pollution by ballast waters

Coastal Zone Act
EIA
Many activities, including tourists settlements, hotel Mining, aquaculture, and any effects
D
ECREES
complexes
causing changes in the ecosystem,
Ports, marinas, harbours, navigation
channels, landfills for waste disposal
Class and Category of Drinking water, fishery and shells, for bathing (2 Water for fishery and shells, for bathing

Waters
categories)
(3 categories)
Bathing Places (beach Bathing facilities (showers, drinking water, toilets), Recreational boundaries (100, 200) and
management)1
rescue services, rental services
access and safety distance for boats,
Provision for section II.2
sailboats, scooters, etc
in Coastal Zone Act
R
EGULATIONS
Wastewater
Waste water quality for discharge in surface and Discharge depth and distance in the
underground waters (art. 5)
sea (art. 26, art. 31)
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Stakeholders
Coastal
Industry Fisheries & Ports &
Transport & Urban development Tourism &
Water
Waste
Agriculture
Nature
Heritage
protection & energy aquaculture marinas
shipping
/ planning
recreation management management
conservation
M. of Environment & P&P, R, D C (EIA),
C, P&L�
P&P, D,

P&P, R (CZML &
C (EIA),
C, P&L�
R, C, P&L�
C, P&L�
P&P, R, I
C,S
Planning
P&L�
R
CASP), P&L, S
P&L�
M. of Maritime Affairs

C, S
C, S
P&P, R, P&L,
M (in Morsko Dobro

(incl. Port Master
C (AMS)
area)
Offices)
M. of Tourism

C

P&P, R,

P&L, S, C
M. of Agriculture,
P&P, P&L,

P&P, R, P&L, P&P, C, C but no S (oil
P&P,
R,
P&P, R, P&L,

P&P, R, P&L

Forestry and Water
C, S, R
S, C
S, R
spill)
P&L, C, S
C & S
Management
M. of Economy &

X
X

X
X X

Industries
M. of Culture

P&L
(submar)
M. of Defence

C

(military)
Coastal Zone
D, M&L

P&P (aquac)
L

C
L, C
C (quality)

I
X
Management Agency
Regional Water

D, C, I
D, C

X

Supply Company
Maritime Safety

D (C. guards),

Department
F
Regional Institutes

P&L
for Culture
Municipalities
F

P&L
C

P&P, P&L, C
P&P, P&L, P&P, P&L, F, C P&P, P&L, C

P&L, F
C
(submar)
Coast Guards

X

X

X

Marine Institute

Advice, I, C

C (quality)

Advice, I

Meteorology Institute

X (forecast)

C (quality)

Beach
managers
F

X
Prof.
fishermen

X

Marina
managers
X
X X
X
Hotel
owners X

X X
X X X
X
Sport Centres

X

X

X

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Montenegro (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Precautionary principle / polluter pays
Law on Environment, Law on waters

Law on Nature Protection

Law on Construction of Buildings (art 9)
Undertaking of EIA
Law on planning and Physical planning (art. 61)
Convention

Several law and sub-laws under preparation (EIA, SEA, IPPC)
Promotion of ICZM
GTZ project; preparation of CAMP project
Marine pollution monitoring programmes
Report on the State of the Environment

Access of public to information
Constitution (art. 19), Law on Environment (art. 7, 12, 26, 42)
Prohibition of dumping waste
Law on Environment (art. 9, 10); Law on Water (art. 26, 29)
Dumping
Permits

protocol
Ships and aircrafts

Obligation to report
Coastal zone law (art.22); Law on waters (art. 34), NPPPRMPI
Implementation of international regulation to prevent pollution from ships
International treaties and conventions in Table 1; Coastal zone Law (art. 21, 22)

Contingency plan

Measures taken
NPPPRMPI (in prep)
Monitoring
No equipment in ports
Dissemination and exchange of information
Electronic monitoring system soon operational
Competent national authorities for combating pollution

Emergency
Competent national authorities for receiving reports and assist
MoMA, MoEP, MSD, IMB
protocol
(not yet ratified) Competent national authorities for mutual assistance
Coastal zone law and law on water; NAP
Competent national authorities for implementing para 2, art. 4
MSD, coast guards
Regulation on pollution by oil and hazardous substances
MSD, Coast guards,
Bilateral /multilateral agreements
Planned in NPPPRMPI (new regional centre)
Port reception facilities
MoU with Italy

Study on port reception facilities undergoing = Bar, Budva, Kotor, Herceg Novi, Risan
Assessment of environmental risk of maritime traffic
Planned to be under MSD, Maritime Police and Coast guards
Strategies for reception of ships in distress
Law on maritime and internal sailing (art. 175-185)

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Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Montenegro (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
National action plans and programmes
Law on environment for financing environmental measures; Law on EcoFund in

preparation, Law on waters , Law on Maritime and internal navigation Agency for
Pollution from
land-based
Reduction of risk of pollution by accidents
Environmental Protection
Authorisation or regulation control of discharges
EIA, SEA, and IPPC to be adopted in 2005
pollution
Standards and criteria for seawater quality (bathing and seashells)
Law on Environment (inspection), Law on Maritime and internal navigation
sources
Assessment of pollution along the coast
Regulation on classification and categorisation of waters
Evaluation of effectiveness of national plans and programmes
Idem to measures listed under general obligations
Preservation and management of value natural and cultural heritage and Programme on biodiversity monitoring, SAP BIO
preservation of threatened and endangered species

Establishment of SPA

Protection in conformity with art. 6
Incomplete legislation, Law on protection of Nature, Decree on Protection of rare, scarce,

endemic and endangered plants and animal species (red list), Law on Forest, Law on

Environment, Law on Hunting
Specially
Prohibition of dumping in protected areas
No
protected
Regulation of the passage of ships
No
areas
Regulation on introduction of species
Law on marine fisheries
Regulation of activities
By CASP
Regulation of scientific research activities
Law on marine fisheries
Regulation of fishing, hunting, trade in animals and plants
Hunting association, FRY Law on approval of the CITES Convention
Planning and management
No
Protection and conservation of species
Law on protection of nature
Granting exemption from protected measures
Not applicable
Authorisation for seabed exploration and exploitation
Law on participation of the private sector in performing public services, Law on mining,

regulation on procedure and conditions for granting concessions; Law on the environment

(EIA)
Control of use, storage, and disposal of chemical
Law on production and trade of toxic substances, Law on waters, EU chemicals legislation

in process of transposition,
Pollution from Discharge of sewage from installation
Law on Environment, Regulation on the criteria for selection of sites, methods, and
exploration &

procedures for depositing waste material,
exploitation of Disposal of garbage from installation
Same as sewage
continental
Disposal of wastes and harmful or noxious substances and material in Not applicable
shelf
designated offshore reception facilities

Safety measures
Law on integrated pollution prevention and control (in preparation)
Contingency planning
Not included in NPPPRMPIS (in preparation)
Notification of events on the installation or at sea likely to cause pollution
NPPPRMPIS (in preparation)
Removal of installation
Not applicable
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Montenegro (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
The protocol is approved by the Government of the Republic of Montenegro Law on Environment, Law on local self-management, Law on cleanliness, collecting and
but not ratified by the State Union of S& M;
use of wastes, Law on pubic utilities, Law on transport of hazardous wastes,

Master plan for waste management, national waste management policy,
Transboundary Reduction or elimination of the generation of hazardous wastes
Regulation on documentation submitted along with the application for issuing of licence for
movement of
Reduction of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes
waste import, export, transit
hazardous

Law on foreign trade, Law on the transport of hazardous substance
wastes and
Prohibition of export and transit of hazardous substance to developing
their disposal
countries
Criminal code
Prevention and punishment illegal traffic of hazardous wastes
Regulation on documentation submitted along with the application for issuing of licence for
Notification of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes through waste import, export, transit
territorial sea

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Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in the Republic of Montenegro
Provisions
Institutional
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
arrangements
Delineation of Coastal Zones

Coastal Zone Management Act

Designation of dedicated institution, commission,
Coastal Zone Agency

committee
Establishment of institutional instruments for co-
Proposed Coastal Committee Decision on Council for Sustainable*
Proposed
ordination
Development
Status of land ownership

Real Estate Act

Regulation of public access to the coast

Coastal Zone Management Act

Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including
Consultation and expert
Land planning Act & CASP
Environmental considerations taken into account in planning
control on illegal buildings
review
Law on building*
stages
Law on communal activities*
Decision on leasing conditions*
Cadastre Code in Coastal Zone*
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the

coast:

Fishery Act
Fisheries
Fishery Act
Mariculture
Law on seaside and internal navigation* Law on
Ports & shipping
Waters
Control of pollution: Waste water quality
Yes, but overlaps
Coastal Zone Management Act, Law on Waters

Bathing water quality
Regulation on quality
Regulation on Bathing water
Management of water resources
Between Regional Water
Law on water*

Resources Company &
Water supply and discharge of waster water and
municipalities
solid waste Act*
Code on waste disposal*
Management of solid wastes
Between Regional Water
Water supply and discharge of waster water and

Resources Company &
solid waste Act
municipalities
Code on waste disposal
Control of recreational activities
No
Code on nautical tourism*
No information
Code on bathing places
Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural
No Environmental
Act
No information
value
Law on Nature protection
EIA decree & Ordnance*
Compensation for pollution decree*
Ordnance on endangered species*
Sanctions regimes
No information
Law on inspection control*
No information
Environmental Act
Coastal Zone Management Act
Fishery Act
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Law on Waters
Collection of data
No information
Environmental Act (registries)

Information & communication

Environmental Act (agencies to ministry)

Public participation
No information
No information
No information
Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
1. Agriculture has been long neglected despite its role in socio-economic development, environmental protection and spatial
Agriculture
planning; however, planned tourism-related agriculture may not be sufficient for maintaining production at a year-round
economically viable level
2. National statistical data on existing fish stocks and mariculture potential need updating and consolidating, however available
human resources to control fish catches are too sparse. FAO figures for present domestic consumption market for fishing and
Fisheries
mariculture products is small compared to estimated potential for production; in addition to the highly competitive international
market this may explain why investors are probing but so far not investing
Forestry
3. lack of data on forest quality, level of exploitation and ownership in the coastal region and level of fire hazards
4. The development of an integrated transport system (road � rail � sea) requires rapid simultaneous massive investments which
are not mobilised at present ; for example while the coastal express way is a key strategic option on the national transport
development agenda for Montenegro, it is not incorporated into the EU TEN scheme for the Balkan region;
Transport

5.The port of Bar is still looking for a niche within the highly competitive new maritime logistical network in the SEE region
6. While alternative oil and gas transport schemes are available, a deadline for the decision on the most appropriate option is
unknown
7. The dismantling of the former Yugoslav merchant marine fleet results in low activity in shipbuilding and repair and numerous
seamen sailing foreign flags; maintaining of such low production coastal industries (also salt production) is challenged by tough
Maritime economy
international competition; redevelopment of the shipping and shipyard economy and its infrastructures is second on the economic
agenda after tourism:
8. Promising development perspectives identified in the Master Plan for Tourism, including nautical tourism, which require
diversification of the tourism offer and attracting foreign investors who are still waiting for investment conditions to be
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
Tourism
consolidated
9. A beach-quality policy and management practice based on an economic development strategy taking into account the principles
of sustainable development
10. Maintaining key existing national spatial planning orientations while ensuring a balanced development of the coastal region by:
adopting new methodological approach, including the polycentric system
Spatial & urban development
creating socio-economical conditions for the emerging of several development foci within the coastal region
integrating land and marine development and management in a unifying spatial planning policy and plan (CASP)
controlling conditions for development in a selection of high priority coastal sites
11. Keeping the objectives of biodiversity conservation in Skadar Lake National Parks while demand for recreational fishing and
hunting is increasing and financial resources for management, including inspection are very limited
Heritage protection, and management
12. Neglect of traditional indigenous knowledge, especially in rural architecture
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
13. Despite poorly maintained municipal sewage disposal and treatment networks, the overall marine water pollution level is still
low at the open coast; but it is likely to deteriorate as urban pressure will increase, unless planned network investments are
delivered on time; In Boka Kotorska many individual sea outlets discharge directly and are collectively responsible for
Water pollution
eutrophication episodes
t
s
14. Existing technical regulations are little respected by industry (including shipyards), partly due to insufficient government
inspection enforcement as well as limited technical and financial capacity
Impac
15. Broader protection zones for existing and potential groundwater sources, including permanent following up of their quality
16. Location for efficient coastal municipal solid waste management facilities are identified but final agreement to begin building
Wastes
work depends upon adoption of proposed institutional reorganising at ministerial and municipal levels
17. Port of Bar has identified its waste management solution but is still looking for financial support
Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis (continued)

THEME
ISSUES

18. Impacts of many activities are not assessed:
Introduction of alien species, voluntarily or accidental on basis of prior assessment of autochthonous flora and fauna
Biodiversity, habitats, heritage
Illegal fishing, qualitatively yes but not quantitatively
Relationship between artificialisation and biodiversity in the coastal zone, especially in Boka Kotorska
Illegal collection of valuable underwater archaeological artefacts
Increasing hunting pressure in wetland areas especially in relation to growing foreign demand
19. Controlling leasing level and keeping the right balance between development and protection in the coastal zone managed by
Morsko Dobro
20. Urban development pressure and real-estate speculation moving further inland, leading to degradation as an everyday
phenomenon and threatening natural and cultural heritage and landscape integrity
Urban and transport infrastructure
21. Increased demand over the mid term for construction material will require existing quarries to be enlarged and/or the
development
identification of suitable new sites
22. The full socio-economic development and environmental impacts of the new express connection Podgorica- Sozina tunnel-Bar
via and the possible expressway via Verige are not fully assessed, including increasing road traffic development which if
unregulated will generate chronic transport congestion and pollution
23. Overlooked emerging land and marine use conflicts, e.g. tourism and maritime economy
Stakeholders, interactions, & conflicts
24. Hunting and wetland conservation
25. Revision of the coastal zone law, to support integration of sectoral legislation into a unifying text, including questions of
Legal framework
introducing articles on non-building zone, removing articles on ports (e.g. clarification on concessions regime for marinas), and
g
,
t d
publishing decrees concerning the management of Morsko Dobro
26. Despite existing legislation, control of compliance and application of fines in relation to both land and marine pollution, is still
sectoral and which institution deals with it depends on the origin and type of pollution
Plannin
27. Limited legal coverage for inter-institutional communication, public information and participation, but legal provisions are under
preparation
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28 Despite adequate provisions in the environmental and nature protection laws, no full implementation, especially in establishing
natural, cultural and landscape protected areas
29. Some legal domains still to be completed to fully comply with obligations from Barcelona Convention and its protocols
30. Despite legal obligations, planning documents do not systematically take into account natural and cultural heritage protection
31. Remaining disagreement on Coastal Zone boundary line in Velika Plaza, Port of Bar, Tivat Airport and Valdanos challenges its
Governance
appropriateness in relation to the general economic development and environmental protection of the coast
32. Lack of a coordination structure for coastal marine water quality monitoring
33. Information and data: unequal assessments on availability and gaps in sectors; inconsistent, inaccurate and/or outdated
statistical data in some sectors, e.g. in fisheries, biodiversity; limited communication of existing knowledge between and within
institutions and towards the general public
34. Lack of monitoring capacity of impacts, e.g. on illegal collection of archaeological artefacts, fishing, hunting, introduction of
alien species, artificialisation,
Cross-cutting issues
35. Lack of inspection capacity on compliance, e.g. industrial sewage, illegal building,
36. Lack of up-dating in research and management methodologies
37. A weak grass root organisation base still little involved in consultation processes
38. Limited awareness about the ecological importance of remaining coastal wetlands results in illegal hunting and building in
legally protected areas
39. Absence of conflict resolution consultation mechanisms and platforms
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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

A dedicated Coastal Law

Too focused a coastal law

A right to remove illegal building in Coastal Zone

No legal provisions for setback lines

Legal provision for the establishment of MPAs

No regulations for spatial planning on use of marine areas (including recreation, protected

areas, fishing areas, etc).
Institutional

No legal provision for management plans in MPAs

A Coastal Areas Special Plan taking into account the land and marine side of the coast

A new Maritime Safety Agency
Institutional

Regional plans for water supply and waste water management

No official mechanism for co-ordinating coastal management

Regional plans for solid waste disposal

A low priority for environmental issues at Morsko Dobro despite adequate internal capacity to

A Coastal Agency with a mandate across the land-sea divide
handle them

Relatively good knowledge of coastal environments

Still insufficient knowledge and monitoring of marine biodiversity

Limited industrial development and pollution

Significant overlaps in relation to control and monitoring of marine pollution and maritime

safety
Management

A long practice of quality beach management at Morsko Dobro resulting in international recognition Management
(Blue Flags)

Limited finances dedicated to public beaches

Limited shared decision and control by municipalities of development in Morsko Dobro area

No proper control of illegal building by municipalities

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

A legal system adopting EU regulations standards

Several legal provisions in favour directly or indirectly of constructions at the expense of

Already some strong legislative provisions in fishing, environment, water quality, culture
environmental quality

Lack of penalties enforcement capacity
Institutional

A period for re-organising distribution of responsibilities
Institutional

Unstable institutional context due to the transition period
Management

No policy and strategy on coastal agriculture

Some strategic and sectoral plans for management, especially in tourism and water

Limited information sharing and communication between institutions and within institutions

A long tradition of spatial planning with skilled practitioners

Outstretched Humana resources

Management

Lack of integration at strategic and operational levels between sectoral plans, especially
tourism with water management, agriculture or transport

No carrying capacity assessment of tourism development, especially impact of transport
networks

A limited representation and participation of NGOs

Lack of data and easy access to it

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Strategic overview: Morocco

April 2006
I. INTRODUCTION

While for centuries Morocco was a country organised around its hinterland main cities, the coastal
region has now become the backbone of economic development wherein most industrial and tourism
activities are today concentrated. Development has primarily focused and impacted the shores of the
Atlantic Ocean. However, major investments are now also taking place along the Mediterranean
shores (known as the Northern Region), a region which was for many years rather neglected in terms
of economic development.

Signs of unsustainable development are nonetheless already visible on the Mediterranean especially in
two areas. First the Nador region threatened by uncontrolled urban development and associated
pollution of the Nador lagoon; second the bay of Tetouan also experiencing uncontrolled urban sprawl
in addition to growing activities such as tourism, textile, paper, para-chemsitry and agro-indsutries
pouring untreat"ed seage directly into the bay.

All these evolutions are taking place against a backdrop of decentralisation and still limited awareness
among many decision-makers of the urgency in coordinating and channelling development on the
coast. More positively, there is presently an attempt at the central level of governement to better
control and steer coastal development though a comprehensive and coherent policy, legal and
management framework dedicated to coastal areas.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal region

The Mediterranean shore of Morocco is about 540km long. It is mostly a steep mountainous ridge
interspersed with deep valleys. Several alluvial plains occur in Tetouan-Smir, AL Hoceima, Bou Areg
and Sa'idia where the two largest wetland areas are found (Nador lagoon and the Moulouya estuary).

Urban development

Urbanisation has increased overall in Morocco from 29% in the 60s to 60% in 2004, and 60% of the
urban population lives in coastal areas. So far most of this development has taken place along the
Atlantic shore but the Mediterranean coastline is catching up.

Despite existing policy and regulation to draft Urban Master Plans (SDAU) for coastal towns, none
have been initiated so far. Urban areas are often characterised by increasing poorly organised suburbs.
In some areas such as Tetouan spatial segregation is happening with distinctive well-manned rich
areas and poor negelected neighbourhood (in terms of infrastructures and hygiene: water supply,
sewage disposal and treatment, etc.).

Land ownership rights are a significant issue in many instances with new illegal buildings built on
State-owned land (forestry and maritime public domain). The existence of a specific land property
type, the "Titre khalifien" (khalif property) dating back to the Spanish ascendancy times, causes
numerous additional property disputes between citizens and the State.
Tourism

Coastal areas are today the main focus of tourism development, especially the Atlantic coast where
towns like Tanger and Agadir make up for 70% of night stays. For a long while the Mediterranean
coast of Morocco remained outside the realm of international tourism: in fact much of the summer
tourists are still today a majority of nationals. However, over the last few years an intensive and
ambitious tourism development programme has been developed. There is evidence that existing
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tourism projects, including campings, are impacting on coastal dunes as well as other recreational uses
such as trampling and motor vehicles.

Eco-tourism is still embryonic but potential is considered high, especially in areas which are still
remote from main road networks. However, with the building of the Coastal Rocade, some presently
protected and preserved coastal sites such as the Cap des Trois Fourches may be negatively impacted.
Scuba diving for fishing is not much developed and mostly practiced by foreign tourist, especially
Spaniards.

Land and Maritime transport

The major endeavour to build the Mediterranean Rocade linking Tanger to the Algerian border is
already producing economic development but also environmental impacts as speculation increases in
relation to establihing tourism resorts and facilitating everyone's access to beaches. Many illegal
constructions for residential homes were erected other the last few years especially in the Sa'idia area.
In terms of maritime transport, nearly 200 ships sail daily through the Strait of Gibraltar oil spills are a
significant threat. For example in 1990 an oil spill due to collision occurred offshore of the Al
Hoceima Park with serious ecological impacts for the local coastal fauna and flora and economic
consequences on fishing and public health impact on nearby beaches.

Exploitation of natural resources

As numerous Dahir and Arr�t�s testify, sand extraction on beaches and offshore is a significant
economic activit linked to the booming construction industry. It is also a damaging activity along the
entire Mediterranean coast.

In terms of fishing resources, coastal oueds have little value, except the Moulouya estuary. Pelagic fish
is the main catch, and sardines make up for 75% of it. Mussels and oysters are exploited, and slowly
but surely, are declining. Fishing catches are for local consumption and dwindling resources are today
threatening the livelihood of many traditional fishermen. In addition to over-exploitation, marine
fauna, including fish, is also affected locally by pollution.

Agriculture in the coastal region is characterised by two main practices: a low intensity traditional way
mostly concentrated in coastal dune areas, and a more intensive modern agriculture using fertilisers
and pesticides contributing to water pollution and eutrophication in areas such as the Nador lagoon.
Traditional farming in dunes operates today only at subsistence levels. Modern agriculture is thriving
as testified by reclamation of wetlands proving a profitable practice, especially in the Nador lagoon
where a new free-trade area will use c. 300 ha of wetlands. However, lack of water proves a
constraining factor as salinisation is now occurring. The Moulouya estuary is the only area where
irrigation can support agriculture.

Water supply and water quality

Most of the river network is seasonal torrential in small catchment areas except for the Moulouya
basin which is the longest Oued Morocco, and second only to the Nile river on the southern shore of
the Mediterranean. As a result there are few water dams built along this coast, most to provide water
supply to coastal urban areas.

Water quality is degrading as a result of a growing coastal population, extending urban areas and
developing industrial, harbour, farming and tourism areas. Pollution originates both from diffuse and
point sources. Seasonal water pollution peaks are a characteristic of the region. Three areas are
distinguished according to their pollution levels: (1) from West to East: Tanger � Tetouan, highly
urbanised and polluted experiencing some saltwater intrusion, (2) from Oued Laou to Cap des Trois
Fourches with low urbanisation and very limited marine water pollution near Al Hoceima; (3) from
Melilia to Sa'idia under fast uncontrolled urbanisation, increasing industrialisation and pollution in the
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Nador Lagoon area. In addition, waster water generated in rural areas is discharged directly in rivers or
agricultural canals ending up for example in the Nador Lagoon.

Urban sewage treatment facilities are either non- existing or inhabitants are only partly connected.
Level of treatment is usually of a primary type. Industrial pollution is concentrated in Tanger, Tetouan,
Nador and Al Hoceima with sewage pouring directly untreated in the sea.

Usually, the autonomous public water utility services make financial losses and financial resources
from municipalities are limited and not sufficient for preventive environmental measures and
awareness-building.

In terms of beach quality, public health conditions are usually satisfying except near major urban and
recreation areas where beaches are often covered in litter, especially at the high season (e.g. Nador
Lagoon). Bathing water quality is in most instances in conformity with Moroccan norms. However
degradation is noticeable in Tanger and Sania Torres.

Red tides do occur with high toxin concentration in mussels, measured in the Al Hoceima �Cala Iris
area as well as Martil � El Jabha and Cap de l'eau.

Environmental hazards

Public health

In many instances, solid wastes are dumped into non-controlled landfills or are coming directly from
mountainous watersheds (e.g. Jbel Gougourou). Abundance of indisposed garbage and poor water
quality are the two main source of risk of contamination and threat to human health.

Natural hazards

The central region experiences a high level of seismic risk as testified by the Al Hoceima earthquake
in 2004.
Natural coastal erosion is impacting some beaches but is also related to human activities (sand
extraction, dredging and infrastructures). The beach in Kariat Arekmane is among the top 19 beaches
suffering from intense erosion in Morocco.
Environmental costs of degradation

The METAP project on "assessing the cost of environmental degradation in coastal areas"
demonstrated that for the Nador area, the cost of environmental damage would be between 3.72 and
4.66% of local GDP. However, given the limited data available, it is concluded that the actual cost is
most likely to be much higher. Health and marine production (fishing and aquaculture) related costs
are by far the biggest environmental damage cost items (90% of the total) and the biggest cost items
are wastewater treatment and waste management. Other costs of environmental damage included
urbanisation-related costs, beach erosion, loss of agriculture land, and erosion control with
afforestation, non-timber value related forest loss.

Natural and cultural heritage

Despite still limited scientific knowledge on Moroccan coastal environments, in terms of marine
biodiversity, endemism is considered low along the Mediterranean coast. Where significant data is
available such as for coastal wetlands (Smir, Nador and the Moulouya) they point to degrading
conditions, especially in the Nador lagoon where most vegetation species are declining. However, rare
species like otters are testified in the Moulouya estuary.
The Al Hoceima National Park hosts the highest concentration of Audouin seagull in Morocco and the
largest colony of the fishing buzzard (Pandion haliaetus) in the Mediterranean, for which the park was
established. The Few areas of remaining natural terrestrial vegetation are constrained to the highest
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slopes or some isolated coastal patches. However, the largest vegetation protected areas in Morocco
are also found along the Mediterranean coast (Cape Spartel, Jbel Moussa, Kodiet Ta�four, Bokkoya,
Cap des Trois Fourches, massif du Gourougou).

There are 10 coastal areas identified as Sites of biological and ecological interest (SIBE) in the Master
Plan for Protected Areas of 1996; an ecological diagnosis was produced in 2002 for three of these sites
under the MedWetCoast project (Cap des Trois Fourches, Sebkha Bou Areg, and the Moulouya
estuary). At present 20% of the protected area in the Moulouya estuary are occupied by a private
project. And a mass tourism project is planned for the central part of the Al Hoceima National Park.
There is a significant cultural heritage on the coastal slopes with about slightly over 60 sites recorded,
more than half of them in the Tanger � Tetouan area, a third in Tetouan � A Hoceima, and the
remaining between Al Hoceima and Sa'idia. Sites date back to the Phoenicians but most of remains
date from the XVIth century onwards. There is however no systematic inventory to demonstrate their
archaeological value.

Information and communication

Participation

Morocco has engaged in a major decentralisation process via its regionalisation adopted in 1997. It
aims at introducing further participation and coordination through the drafting of regional plans. Inter-
municipal solidarity is targeted.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

The Moroccan regulatory framework is characterised by a mix of old and more recent texts. Old texts
especially in relation to maritime public property or opening of quarries do not fit anymore into the
present vision of more environmentally friendly development. For example short-term concessions
tend to be systematically renewed leading to de facto permanent occupation of the maritime public
domain. All texts are fragmented and as a result there is no unified regulatory framework for coastal
areas. Only one motion, dating from 1964, deals with coastal tourism, but is still of limited scope and
little explicit.

The recently adopted (2003) Law on environmental protection and valorisation remains too broad for
pragmatic implementation. One must wait for the implementation decrees to be preapred and enacted.
Its third chapter includes a section dedicated to the protection of marine areas and resources, including
at the coast, to prevent and stop activities likely to impact water quality and deteriorate marine
resources, fauna and flora, impact human health (art. 33). How coastal management plans will be
drafted, which criteria will be used for selecting protected areas and how coastal resources will be
exploited are still left to further legislation. For now legal planning instruments such as SDAU, which
are meant to impose, rights of ways or non-building zones in practice simply overlook environmental
precriptions.

A most significant legal text is the Coastal Protection law which was in its early version copied from
the French Coastal Law. The Coastal Law Commission under the Ministry of Spatial Planning has
revised it on several instances. The last version has still not been presented. Its main purpose is to
gather in one text all pieces of legislation dealing with coastal areas and to provide a definition of the
coastal region. It should fulfil four main objectives: (1) protection of natural and sensitive sites, (2)
control of economic activities requiring proximity to the sea, (3) promoting a depollution policy for
highly polluted domestic, tourism and industrial areas (especially the bay of Tetouan and the Nador
lagoon), (4) improving access to the sea. However the draft law includes the following elements:
- All municipalities with a marine border (including in estuaries up to the salt water limit) belong
the coastal area;
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- Activities falling under this law are: search and exploitation of living and non-living marine
resources, construction works, clearings, plantations, quarries, campings, etc;
- A 100m setback line from the highest annual sea water level is foreseen; this can be extended
depending on the sensitivity of the area (e.g. to erosion) or reduced (economic activities requiring
close access to the shoreline, and areas already urbanised); roads are to be built at least 200m from
the shoreline with possible derogation
- Extraction of materials may be forbidden where there is a direct or indirect threat to beaches,
dunes, cliffs, wetlands, spawning grounds, natural deposit of live shells and aquaculture areas
- Embanking, drying out and land filling require public enquiry
- New housing estate projects must be equipped with appropriate sewage water treatment
- Concessions regimes for fishing, aquaculture, and parking are included
- Sanctions in relation to urban planning, environmental quality and protection of public property

Morocco is party to the following conventions:
- Ramsar
- Barcelona and SPA Protocol
- Bonn
- Rio
- CITES
- Climate Change
- World Heritage

Institutional framework

Most national and international assessments point to the following institutional drawbacks:
responsibilities overlap between ministries, coordination mechanisms are still missing, strong sectoral
vision dominate, no incentives and limited awareness-building and education initiatives.

In fact inter-ministerial coordination is weak, partly because there is no national coastal policy to bring
institutions together. This is also valid at the local level. As a result coastal issues are not dealt within
specific coastal commissions but within national spatial planning or environment-related initiatives.
Indeed, within the MATE both the Head Office for Spatial Planning and the Head Office for
Regulation and Control each set up a Coastal unit with a distinc purpose. The former to work on a
Coastal Zone Strategy and a Coastal Zone Law draft, the latter (working in collaboration with the
Office for hazard monitoring and mitigation and the Office for Cooperation & Communication) as part
of the MedWedCoast project to draft management plans for 5 sites in the NE of the country. Both
coastal units havenow been dismantled.

In addition, a National Coastal Management Commission under the Prime Minister is in charge of
defining a policy on tourism and recreation facilities, and related investment programmes and real-
estate measures. Its spatial mandate reaches up to 5 km inland from the coastline.

As a result, at present, Morocco has neither a full ICZM strategy nor a law.

Applied instruments

EIA has only been recently introduced as a legal obligaton. In the Chefchouan Province however no
EIA was undertaken for the coastal rocade and the new fishing harbour.

Policies & strategies

In ters of coastal policy and management, the MATE produced a position paper "Avenues for coastal
zone management" providing a review of the current state of development and environmental
protection for coastal zones at the national level. It concludes on a series of proposals in relation to
integrated environmental management for coastal areas and a series of principles for a new strategy
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along with related implementation measures. It is considered a milestone, if still sectoral, towards
further future inter-sectoral vision to coastal management.

Three policy and management instruments are proposed: National Master Plan for the valorisation of
the coast providing orientations, and regional and local Master Plans to be applied, both in the marine
and land areas. Plans at national level are to define carring capacity for all development sites requiring
proximity to the coast (ports, tourism complexes) and nature protection perimeters of ecological and
biological interest, both on land and at sea. These recommandations endorse principles enacted within
the National Charter for Spatial Planning and art. 36 of the Environmental Law.

In addition the paper emphasises the need for strengthening the Department of Environment in its
prerogatives and role, especially in urban planning commissions, it proposes the establishment of a
National Agency for Coastal Protection (NACP) and the adoption of the Coastal Zone Law.
The NACP would coordinate public and private initiatives, to monitor and protect coastal areas, would
ensure rational exploitation of coastal resources through regulations and partnerships with local
authorities and interest groups, private and collective; it would also build up awareness among local
decision makers, NGOs and private individuals;

Principles proposed to guide coastal management are to adopt a sustainable development approach, to
anticipate, undertaking SEAs, to support participation and partnerships and undertake curative and
conservation measures.

A Trust Fund is proposed that should be financed by the State, international cooperation, private
entreprises and the Mohammed V Foundation. Its role would be to draft an inventory of State,
collective and habous land property near the coast, to purchase land on a conciliatory basis or by
exproprriation, provide incentives to farmers to keep their lands and to private owners to develop
activities on their land such as ecotourism compatible with the protection of the coast.

Other significant policy and strategy documents are:
National Strategy for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development (1995)
National Environmental Action Plan
Program me of Action for Development and Planning of the Moroccan Mediterranean Region
(PAIDAR)
National Emergency Plan (to combat massive marine pollution)
Environmental policy for coastal areas in the 2004-2008 plan
Economic and social plan which includes a strand on ICZM (strategy, institutional framework,
monitoring program, pilot project)

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

Economic development

A tourism development project for the Bay of Sa'idia, including a tourist complex near the
Moulouya esturay mouth.
An economic Development project for the North Region (Tanger, Tetouan, Chefchaouen, Al
Hoceima, Nador, Taza and Oujda)
A project to develop 5 fishing villages solve problems of growing uncontrolled settlements by
the Ministry of Fisheries

Spatial and urban planning

A coastal audit was launched in 2006. Its objective is to produce an exhaustive institutional, legal
(including land onwership), ecological, administrative and urban assessment of practices in the coastal
region. It will make a proposal for a definition of the coastal zone, a new coastal management policy,
and a roadmap to implement this policy giving short to long term actions and identifying modalities
for partnership, as well as defining a monitoring and evaluation framework.
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Conservation

Conservation initiatives are rather commonplace today although still at an inception level, especially
in relation to the identification of protected areas and the launching of their management plans. There
are many small initiatives supported by international financing. The largest are those from multilateral
financing:

GEF � protected areas project towards integrating two management plans (National Park Al
Hoceima & Jbel Moussa)
MedWetCoast Project to establish management plans for the NE region including for coastal
sites in the Moulouya estuary, the Nador Lagoon, and the Trois Fourche Cape
WWF made an inventory of Ramsar sites to update the list of wetland; 2 mediterranean sites
are included and management plans are to be initiated.

Infrastructure development

Such types of projects are most numerous, dealing with roads, water supply, and sewage treatment, for
example:
Several internationally-funded infrastructure projects including the Mediterranean rocade
(EU-WB), water supply (MEDA), master plan for sewage disposal, rural roads near Nador and
Al Hoceima
Several projects by ONEP in relation to sewage water treatment: Al Hoceima and Nador
(FFEM funding) as well as for a submarine outfall in Tetouan and Nador

Combatting pollution

MEDPOL is involved in several projects including the establishement of a monitoring network for
chemical and biological quality of marine waters and public health on beaches which is operational
and led to the building or planning of sewage plants and beach cleaning campaigns. MEDPOL is also
funding the monitoring of eutrophication in Nador lagoon.
Emergency and contingency plans are to be drafted to control and monitor water quality in ports and
establish deballasting stations. Simulation exercise on combating marine oil pollution

Environmental protection and management
METAP undertook a coast assessment of environmental degradation in Morocco.
A diagnosis on land-based activities impacting the Mediterranean is about to be published.
Studies on the ecosystem of the Smir lagoon are published and to be used to build awareness among
decision makers on the importance of conservation.
An ecotourism and awareness-building feasibility study in the Moulouya estuary for its SIBE site is
underway involving the local population aiming at drafting a participative action plan.

Projects in the pipeline

A CAMP project is in preparation for the central Rif area with two main objectives: (1) preserving
natural and cultural resources in an area still richly endowed with them, (2) support local development
based upon the respect of natural and cultural values. The Al Hoceima National Park is part of this
area. The area is still significantly enclosed and eco-tourism and awareness-building are considered
appropriate avenues for improving the socio-economic situation. Marine water quality is among the
best in the Mediterranean and public health quality of beaches is good. Agriculture is the main
economic activity with cannabis sometimes being the main staple. Limiting factors for development
are water resources and seismic hazards.
The PAC project is considered a demonstration initiative on how to establish local master plans.

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V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

Establish a stable inter-ministerial Coastal unit under the Primatur
Adopt the comprehensive set of ICZM strategy and Law
Undertake feasibility study on the establishment of the National Agency for Coastal Protection
Ensure communication between coastal audit and the development of the CAMP project
Prepare an SEA for the future Coastal Management Master Plan
Develop ICAM training for local authorities in relation to decentralisation and tourism development
Develop an ICZM plan for the Baie de Tetouan and the Nador Lagoon, including for water supply and
sewage disposal
Improve knowledge base on ecological and biodiversity status of coastal environments

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Table 40: Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Montenegro
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Inter-ministerial
Institute
Commissions
Prime Minister
High Commission for Water and

Forests and Combating
Desertification
Ministry of Interior & Head Office for Civil Protection

Municipalities
Head Office for Municipalities
Governorates and
Walis
Ministry Physical
(1) Head Office for Physical Regional
National

Planning, Water & planning (Coastal management Inspection Offices
Environmental
Environment
unit)
Forest Services
Council
(2) Department for Environment:
National
Head Office for Regulations &
Commission on
Control (Coastal management
EIA
unit)
Coastal
(3) Secretariat for Water: National
Management
Office for Meteorology
Commission
Ministry of Public Office for Ports and Maritime Regional and
Ports
Training
Works & Transports
Public Domain
district offices
Institute
National Fisheries
National
Agency
Fisheries
Port Development
Research
& Exploitation Unit
Institute
Ministry of Agriculture

Agronomy
&
& Rural Development
veterinary
Hassan II
Institute
Ministry of Trade &

Industry
Ministry of Tourism
Office for Physical Planning &

Investments
Ministry of Public

Health
Ministry of Habous & User rights in estuaries

Islamic Affairs
Awareness building on
conservation
Ministry of Higher

Education & Scientific
Research
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Table 47 : The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Legislation
Land
Marine
Law on environnemental Criteria for classification of protected areas
Marine water quality and combating
protection & valorisation
Supports drafting of coastal management master pollution, marine fauna & flora
plans
protection and exploitation of
marine resources
Law12-03 on
No implementation decree yet

Environmental Impact
Assessment
Law on fishing & Law not yet adopted
Maritime fishing Code
preservation of marine LBS pollution not included
Marine pollution from the land and from
ecosystems
ships (oil)
Law on water
Based on French Water Law, is to address LBS
LAWS
pollution
Project law on Coastal

protection (in preparation)
Municipal Law (Charte

Communale; 2003)
Law on Protected areas
In preparation following IUCN categories

Law on National Parks

(1934)

Surface Water quality

criteria (2002)
Irrigation water quality

D
ECREES
criteria (2002)
Communal Charter (2003) Local Spatial & urban planning

Exploitation & preservation of forests, coastal land
(beaches), lakes and rivers

Protection of natural and cultural sites

Management of public healthe issues (drinking water, Bathing water
sewage and dumping sites)
R
EGULATIONS

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Stakeholders
Coastal
Industry Fisheries & Ports &
Transport & Urban development Tourism &
Water
Waste
Agriculture
Nature
Heritage
protection & energy aquaculture marinas
shipping
/ planning
recreation management management
conservation
High Commission for

Management

Water and Forests
of protected
and Combating
areas
Desertification
Ramsar &
CITES FP
M. of Interior &

P&P
X
X
municipalities
LBS pollution
Ministry of Public

P&P, Op, M,
Mgt Security

Marine ships & port

Works & Transports
Tr
pollution,
wastes
M. of Tourism

P&P, M

M. of Agriculture and

Rural Development
M. of Trade &

Industries
Ministry of Health

Beach

quality
monitoring
Ministry of Habous &

Conservation

Islamic Affairs
in estuaries
Maritime Safety

Department
Regional Institutes

for Culture
Municipalities

Municipal Charter

Coast
Guards

Marine Institute

Meteorology
Institute

Beach
managers

Prof.
fishermen

Marina
managers

Hotel
owners

Sport
Centres

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Table 52: Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in the Republic of Montenegro
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones
No
No
No
Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee
No consensus
No, proposed
Yes, Coastal Unit
Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination
No
No
No
Status of land ownership
-
Need clarification
Yes
Regulation of public access to the coast
No
No
No
Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal
NO
Yes, not enforced
No
buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:

Fisheries
Yes
Yes
No data
Mariculture
Yes
Yes
Ports & shipping
Yes
Yes
Control of pollution: Waste water quality
Yes
Yes
No data
Bathing water quality
Yes
Yes
Management of water resources
No data
Yes
No data
Management of solid wastes
No data
Yes
No data
Control of recreational activities
No data
No data
No data
Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value
Yes
Yes
No
Sanctions regimes
Yes
Yes
No data
Collection of data
No data
No data
No data
Information & communication
No data
No data
No data
Public participation
No data
No data
No data

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Table 53: Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture

Fisheries
Over- fishing & illegal methods (dynamite, light, irregular mesh)
Forestry

Transport

Impact of maritime traffic by oil spills
Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
Un-controlled housing development in the eastern region
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage

protection,
and
Un-documented Archaeological sites impede proper valuation & valorisation
management
Lack of sewage treatment infrastructures
Water
t
s

pollution

Impac

Wastes

Table 53: Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis (continued)

THEME
ISSUES

Biodiversity,
10 coastal protected areas, only 3 with management plans, but so far no implementation
habitats,
heritage
No full assessment of direct and indirect Impact of the coastal rocade
Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Stakeholders,

interactions,

& conflicts
Coastal Zone law in project
nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa
Decentralisation process underway but still strong influence from Walis
Plannin
Governance

Lack of scientific assessment of marine biodiversity
Still limited public awareness on the environmental importance of coastal zones

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

New Environmental law
Many outdated laws
New EIA Law
Coastal zone law not yet adopted

Institutional

Institutional
Attempts to development a CZ policy and management vie the environmental policy

Limited inter-sectoral communication and planning
Management

Management
Increased number of ecological baseline studies to establish management plans for protected sites

Still strong influence of government representatives on municipal affairs
No implemented and operational management plans for protected sites

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

New decentralisation framework (Charte communale)
Institutional

Institutional
Limited awareness among decision-makers on the need for coordinated planning

Attempts at establishing a coastal unit
Management

Management
No global vision for coastal areas

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Table 55: List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified in Table 53

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
13.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Strategic overview: Syria

April 2006
I. INTRODUCTION

The coastal region of Syria is under much development and environmental pressure.
The coastal population density in Syria (380 persons/km2,) is four times the national average. Nine
percent of the Syrian population (1.92 million inhabitants) lives on only 2.5 percent of the total land
area. The Syrian coastal region accounts for 11% of GDP, 35% of the national energy production,
38% of cement production, 50% of petroleum refining and agriculture is using a significant share of
the land with the help of irrigation.

Coastal degradation is listed in the NEAP as a secondary issue, behind contamination and depletion of
water resources, land degradation and desertification, inappropriate solid waste disposal, illegal
settlements and unregulated town planning.

A first assessment of the coastal region was made in the early 90s by a CAMP project which
recommendations where since partly implemented. The land use and urban development plans were
accepted officially as elements of future development.

New updated data on the current state of the coastal region remains limited, especially for its marine
areas, which makes an assessment of current status of ICAM practice approximative.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal zone

The Syrian coastline extends for about 183 km along the Mediterranean Sea. The region is composed
of three markedly different areas: the coastal plain, abundant with water and fertile soil; the hilly zone
with limited water resources and lower quality agricultural land; and the mountains. Sandy beaches are
encountered near the City of Lattakia. The sea is generally deep and the continental shelf is narrow
(usually less than 1km).

Urban and spatial planning

High migration from rural areas to the coast has made difficult controlling town planning and housing
development. As a result, buildings and infrastructure are impinging on what is left of old coastal
forests ecosystems In addition unclear land tenure generates significant ownership conflicts. Overall,
land use planning is deficient. Environmental issues are not taken into account in 5-year spatial plans.

Exploitation of natural resources

Precipitation is the main source for water (55%) while rivers and springs provide 40%. About � of
these resources are used by agriculture, 20% by industry and 4% by households. Groundwater
resources are already overexploited and demand is increasing from irrigated agriculture, which
accounts for 85-90% of fresh water consumption. Freshwater input into the sea is very low due to
damming of coastal rivers. Saltwater intrusion is a significant occurrence.

Bad practice in farming methods, including clearance of forests, has also been responsible for intense
soil erosion on coastal water catchments.

In terms of fishing resources, the shoreline is poor in gulfs and bays, and does not support nursing and
reproduction for biological species. Fishing is poorly controlled and illegal methods, including with
dynamite, a common practice.

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Oil is shipped mainly from the port of Lattakia

Environmental hazards

Water pollution

Intensive agricultural activities in the coastal region, including the 70,000 plastic green houses, result
in excessive and uncontrolled use of fertilizers and pesticides. Contaminants eventually reach rivers
and pour into the sea. This situation is typical of Al Kabir Al Shimaly and Al Sakia outfalls in
Lattakia, and Al-Kabir Al-Janouby and Al-Hussein outfalls in Tartous. Due to limited water in rivers
pollution concentration is higher in the coastal rivers and in their estuaries. Consequently, seawater
along the Syrian coastline is very often oligotrophic

Most of the direct discharge of raw sewage into the sea is concentrated along a length not exceeding 8
percent of the 183 km long coastline, in four hot spots: Banias, Lattakia, Tartous and Jableh. In these
areas are found major industrial complexes such as the Banias oil refinery, the Tartous cement plant,
the phosphate loading dock at the Port of Tartous, the two oil terminals of Banias and Tartous, and the
thermal power generation station in Banias. Small-scale industries also affect the marine environment
including steel rolling mills, food processing, beverage, olive oil mills, cattle and sheep slaughter
houses, textiles, and various agricultural related activities such as confined animal facilities and green
houses.

Drifting of raw sewage along the shoreline, and eutrophication and bacteriological contamination of
coastal seawater at points of discharge of raw untreated sewage water manifest the severity of the
municipal sewage problem. The problem becomes particularly acute during summer.

Solid wastes

The main coastal municipalities of Lattakia, Tartous, Banias and Jableh generate solid waste. Only the
cities of Alep, Homs and Damascus have developed solid waste management plans. Elsewhere, many
illegal open dumping sites occur. A significant impact comes from discarded solid wastes in summer
by tourists on beaches and other recreational areas. One of the largest waste dumpsites in the coastal
region is located in Al Bassa 12 km south Lattakia. It occupies 100 hectares in a potentially tourists
area. Seawater near the site is contaminated with heavy metals. The landfill is to be closed in 2010
when an alternative site will be selected. The site epitomises many of the characteristic of other
unlicensed waste dumpsites in the coastal region.

As a result of bad smells, polluted water; solid wastes on beaches and in bathing waters, negative
socio-economic impacts are felt such as a reduction of tourism, a decrease in economic revenues due
to loss of recreational areas. There is also a potential decrease in real-estates values.

Natural hazards

Beaches are eroding, but sand mining is contributing to this trend.

Natural and cultural heritage

Natural, and especially cultural heritage, are important in the coastal region but not adequately
documented and protected: with 0.6%, Syria has one of the lowest percentages of protected areas in
the Mediterranean. The Syrian coast is very rich in species (340 for fish, 4 types of sea turtles, and 11
types of sea mammals). There is one marine protected area being established (2006) in Fanar Ibn Habi
(1,000 ha) and a coastal forest is proposed for protection in Wadi Hzairin (Lattakia). There is so far
neither consultative nor management structure for protected areas.

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Information and communication

Information and communication are still limited and this results in a lack of public awareness on
environmental issues and sustainable development.

The Syrian Environmental Association was established in 2001. It manages a project on the promotion
of environmental awareness of cleanliness in Damascus. Other NGOs are: Society of Coastal area for
protection of health and environment, Environment Protection & Sustainable Development, Syrian
society for Wildlife Conservation

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

Syria has no Coastal Zone Law or any other legislation with a coastal focus. Most of its environmental
legislation is new (for example the environmental law was adopted in 2002) or is incomplete (for
pollution control). EIA regulations were adopted recently. There is no law on solid waste
management, only decrees and orders.
Syria signed the following conventions:
- Barcelona Convention and its Protocols (Dumping Protocol-without amendments, Emergency
Protocol, LBS Protocol, SPA & Biodiversity Protocol); New Emergency Protocol and Offshore
Protocol (signed but not ratified)
- Basel Convention on the transboundary movement of hazardous waste disposal
- Convention on Biodiversity
- Ramsar Convention
- CITES Convention
- Convention to combat desertification
- World Heritage Convention
- Climate change Convention
- MARPOL (1988)

Institutional framework

Several reports point to the lack of inter-ministerial coordination to manage degradation of resources
(water and land) and in general institutions, which are under-staffed. There is a general lack of
expertise in the fields of environmental economics, EIA, planning, and environmental health.
In terms of environmental protection and management, the following institutions are in place:
- Council for Environmental Safety and Sustainable Development
- Council on Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (responsible for plans and programs for the
conservation, management, and sustainable use of biodiversity and genetic resources of plants and
animals; supervision of projects on biodiversity and coordination with other ministries and
institutions)
- Ministry of Local Administration and Environment
- General commission for Environmental Affairs
- Scientific and Environmental Research Centre
- National Biodiversity Unit (prepared SAP BIO)
In each governorate Regional Environmental Directorates and Local Environmental Committees were
established. They are in charge of relaying the national environmental policy and monitoring
compliancy to legislation.

Applied instruments

EIA

Policies & strategies
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- National Environmental Action Plan: The overriding objective of NEAP is to contribute to the
protection of the health of the Syrian population, and to manage scarce materials and cultural
resources in a rational and cost-effective manner while allowing economic growth to continue
unimpeded by environmental degradation.
- National Environmental Strategy: aims to inter alia (1) prevent misuses of water (2) improve
quality of life in urban areas, (3) reduce the effects of pollution on human health, (4) protect
natural and cultural resources, and (5) build capacity, educate and raise awareness among citizens
- National Biodiversity Strategy and action plan (1999), it has neither chapter nor objective
dedicated to coastal areas; it is more focused on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity;
- National Strategy plan for water resources
- National Action plan to combat desertification
- Integrated water resources management plan
- The National Action Plan for the Protection of Mediterranean Sea from Land-based Pollution (in
preparation)
- National chemical strategy profile, which aims to develop an integrated management system that
will ensure the safety of those who deal with chemicals.
- There is no policy or strategy on solid waste management

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES
A CAMP project was developed from 1988 to 1994. Its main output consisted in a Coastal Resources
Management Plan based on a Preliminiary Study of the Integrated Plan for the Syrian Coastal Region
and a series of sectoral studies (planning, prospective study; impacts of climate change; vulnerability
of freshwater resources to pollution, ground water pollution potential map and a surface water
pollution protection map. The project made some recommendations including for the protection of
freshwater resources (sanitary protection zones around waterworks, surface water protection zones);
establishment of proper waste treatment practices and technologies; integrated measures related to
pollution abatement in industry and agriculture. A number of immediate actions were proposed related
to sand extraction from dunes, illegal construction, protection of the coastal strip and wetlands. Land
use planning policies were formulated, and a detailed land-use and urban development scheme
elaborated. A high level interministerial committee for coastal management was proposed to be
established to secure integration of development policies and decisions. A freshwater Protection Plan
and Integrated Coastal Resource Management Plan were also recommended. The sanitary protection
of water resources, protection of dunes and wetlands were implemented immediately.
Within SMAP III, the ICZM component has highlighted the following problems:
- Conflicts between different uses of the coastal areas (e.g. tourism, agriculture, protected areas) and
investments
- No clear priorities of coastal uses
- Need to increase communication and collaboration between parties to find consensus.
- Participatory approach is not implemented yet in Syria for such topic

A project funded by the EU Life Third Countries programme studied erosion processes in a coastal
area of Syria (2004). It led to recommendations on how to improve soil protection, including by re-
afforestation of cleared lands.

The National Action Plan for the Protection of Mediterranean Sea from Land-based Pollution is
under preparation based on inter-ministerial and stakeholders meetings (2005). It covers two coastal
governorates Lattakia and Tartous. Stakeholders meeting helped prioritise environmental issues, adopt
economic priority list, and agree on investment portfolio. The LBS strategy recommends the
construction of landfills for solid wastes, municipal wastewater treatment plant in Lattakia, Tartous,
Banias and Jableh, pre-treatment of wastewater in some industries and to reduce emissions from
cement plants.

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Syria has finalized a national monitoring agreement with MEDPOL in 2003. Monitoring agencies
participating include the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, the Higher Institute for
Marine Research, the Scientific Research Center, the Ministry of Irrigation (Coastal Basin
Directorate), and the Atomic Agency Commission. The MEDPOL study also identified areas in need
of intervention in order to prevent them from becoming new environmental hot spot:

- Wadi Quandeel: a rehabilitation plan, as well as prohibition/ control of illegal fishing and
preservation of submarine life.
- Umit Tiur: protection from urban development; prohibition of excavation of sand at public
beaches
- Arwad island: management plan for organising tourism activities; removal of illegal buildings
- Lattakia beach (south-east): designation as specially protected area, suitable for recreation only
(bathing, sightseeing boat tours)
- Rasi Fassouri: management plan for tourism activities; restoration of surrounding environment

A Field survey was carried out by Med � MPA (2002-2003) to identify a network of coastal and
marine protected areas (Oum � Toyour, Joan Jableh � Lattakia, Arwad Region, border with Lebanon,
Ras Samra, Ibn Hani). It is planned to draft a management plan for the Oum Toyour marine area with
the help of Med � MPA project. For this site, the project identified and classified marine biotopes;
collected data on species listed in SPA Protocol, and elaborated a photo-library. During this survey,
two additional hot spots were also identified in Soukas and Arab Al Muk.

According to the METAP, the Environmental costs of degradation are estimated to 2.7 � 4.3% of
GDP, that's a mean estimate of US$ 624 millions. Coastal zones would account for 0.1% or US$ 12
millions. These costs are related to port, municipal and industrial waste and sewage impacting on
tourism and ecosystems. It is estimated that coastal pollution is costing Syria 0.04% of GDP in
domestic and international tourism. Coastal pollution also affects fisheries and generates losses due to
changes in species estimated at 0.2% of GDP.

UNDP supported a project (implemented by the Ministry of Irrigation) on planning for integrated
water resources management UNDP, 2001-2004
The Government of Japan provided grant assistance to the Syrian Environment Association (2002)

The Ministries of Environment in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan were supported by the German
International Co-operation Agency for a raining course on Regional Information Environmental
System (2001) and the Governments of Syria and Morocco on an Enforcement program agreement
between the two countries (2001).

V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

Institutional arrangements

- Increase level of coordination and its effectiveness between the various agencies in the planning,
use and preservation of environmental resources
- Give clear priorities between varying coastal uses to help reduce conflicts (tourism, agriculture,
protected areas)

Plans and programmes

- Preparation of a national action plan for integrated coastal zone management supervised by the
environmental protection council and shared with all concerned institutions
- National Action Plan should be based on participatory mechanisms, using Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) approach

Legal needs
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- Improve urban and spatial planning regulations
Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Syria
Ministry
Units
Line Agency
Public
Institute
Enterprise
Ministry for
General commission for General
Scientific
and
Environmental Affairs
Environmental Affairs
Environmental
Environmental Research
National Biodiversity Unit
Directorates
Centre
Local Environmental
Committees
Ministry of Housing &

Utilities
Ministry of Local

Administrations
Ministry of Tourism

Ministry of Agriculture Supreme Council on

and Agrarian Reform
Biodiversity and Genetic
Resources

- Strengthen protection of cultural heritage as a major aspect in environmental protection
- Enforcement the implementation of the environmental law No 50 and its executive regulations
- Promote the adoption and issuing the EIA law.

Operational needs

- Built regulated dumping sites
- Built adequate water supply and sewage networks
- Increase environmental awareness of personnel employed by various organizations
- Emphasis on economic tools to achieve sustainability of economic projects (e.g. COED)
- Increase awareness raising about eco-tourism and on carrying capacity analysis for tourism in
coastal zones
- Promote the use-advanced technology for planning and monitoring (GIS; remote sensing).

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The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Legislation
Land
Marine
Law on Environment

MPA
Water Law, Decree No. regulates water exploitation and water quality
2145 (1971) and Law No. monitoring
17 (1982)

LAWS

Decree No. 30 on the Chapter 6, articles 32 and 33 relates to the protection
Protection of Aquatic Life of public waters
D
ECR
EES (25/08/1964),

Decree on protection of

freshwater and marine
organisms and organising
fisheries(1964)

EIA is a Draft Decree

O

R
EGU
LATI

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Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol In Syria (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

No
based pollution
sources
Specially protected
Establishment of a MPA
No
areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in Syria
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones
No data
No data
No data
Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee
No data
No data
No data
Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination
No data
No data
No data
Status of land ownership
No data
No data
No data
Regulation of public access to the coast
No data
No data
No data
Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal
No data
No data
No data
buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:
No data
No data
ISO 14001
Fisheries
Mariculture
Ports & shipping
Control of pollution: Waste water quality
No data
No data
ISO 14001
Bathing water quality
Management of water resources
No data
No data
No data
Management of solid wastes
No
No
ISO 14001
Control of recreational activities
No data
No data
No data
Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value
No
In preparation
No data
Sanctions regimes
No data
No data
No data
Collection of data
No data
No data
No data
Information & communication
No
No
Yes, Local Environmental
Committees
Public participation
No data
No data
No data

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Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis in Syria

THEME
ISSUES
Overexploitation of groundwater resources
Agriculture
Intensive and unregulated use of pesticides and fertilisers
Forest clearance and soil erosion
Fisheries
No data, but illegal and damaging fishing method
Forestry
Important forest clearance

No data
Transport

Maritime
No data
economy
No data
Tourism

H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
Spatial &
Lack of appropriate urban and spatial planning legislation and practice
urban
development
Heritage
Important cultural heritage but poorly documented and protected
protection,
and
Natural heritage to be protected in marine areas
management
Most important national issue
Water
t
s
Lack of adequate sewage networks and treatment facilities
pollution

Impac
Many illegal dumping sites
Wastes
Problem especially acute in summer on beaches

Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis (continued)

THEME
ISSUES

Biodiversity, No data on impacts
habitats,
heritage
Urban and
No data
transport

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infrastructure

development

Stakeholders,
No data
interactions,

& conflicts
No Coastal Zone Law
nt

e

geme
nc
Legal

na
framework

g
, ma

and governa

Plannin
Governance

Lack of scientific data
Overall lack of human resources in administration
Lack of skilled human resources
Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Incomplete legislation, especially in relation to pollution, spatial planning, and heritage protection
Institutional

Increasing administrative capacity to address environmental issues
Institutional

Management
Lack of human resources in administrations

Lack of skilled personnel in many fields

Management

Lack of financial resources

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

Institutional

Institutional
Management

Management

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List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
14.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Strategic overview: Tunisia

April 2006
I. INTRODUCTION

Tunisia is a contrasting country in terms of coastal management policy and institutional set up. On the
one hand it has developed a case unique in the Mediterranean with its Coastal Protection and Spatial
Planning Agency with large prerogatives; on the other it has not given it all possible means to
intervene on the coast in the face of major mass tourism investments which remains the mainstream
economic development strategy for the government.

Equally, Tunisia has neither coastal zone management law nor ICZM strategy to back up its Coastal
agency, but partnesrhips with private stakeholders are developed to mainstream environmentally-
friendly practice in development, be it tourism or industry related.

Overall, Tunisia remains at the forefront of innovative soft legal binding coastal management practices
in the southern Mediterranean. It is an insteresting case study to learn from. But it still has to explore
further into potentials for more formalised coordinated sectoral approaches and steering at higher level
of government.

II. PRESSURES & OPPORTUNITIES

Boundaries of the coastal zone

The coast of Tunisia may be divided in four major zones: the northern shore from the Algerian border
to Bizerte mostly rocky and steep; the Gulf of Tunis, up to El Haouaria, where sandy beaches and
capes alternate; the Gulf of Hammamet up to Chebba, mostly sandy and the first tourism area in the
country; and the Gulf of Gabes up to the Lybian border, a low lying and shallow coast.

Urban development and spatial planning

About 63% of the population lived in coastal governorates in 1996 and projections point to 2/3 by
2015. All major urban areas are on the coast: Bizerte, Great Tunis, Great Sousse, Great Sfax, Nabeul,
Mahdia and Gabes. However, their population is stabilising

The National Master Plan for Spatial Planning instated a list of large urban areas and natural sensitive
areas that require local master plans. Natural sensitive areas also require management, protection and
monitoring plans and by 2000, 17 such zones were established. However such plans have no legal
precedence other higher level plans.

Most coastal cities follow participative planning processes such as Local Agenda 21 (Djerba,
Monastir, La Marsa, Hammam Sousse, Sousse, Mahdia, and Sakiet Eddaier), municipal environmental
plans (Bizerte and Zarzis) and strategies for town development (Tunis and Sfax).

The Coastal Protection and Spatial Planning Agency (APAL) can purchase land to protect it from
development or establish partnerships with landowners in sensitive areas to stimulate them to follow
terms of reference in how to manage their land. Potential areas concerned are Tabarka � Bizerte,
Bizerte � Kalaat el Andalous, Soliman � Nabeul, Hammamet South � Sousse, Mahdia � Gabes, Gabes
� Medenine. So far no financial mechanisms have however been identified to help implement this
policy.

Infractions on the Maritime Public Domain are numerous but of a low level. Most major cases relate to
private and tourism establishments. Most cases are solved on a conciliatory basis. If not, a specific
commission deals with it on a regulatory basis.

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Overall, there are attempts to control urban sprawl in relation to intense tourism development,
especially by introducing environmental measures. This is acknowledged as a very significant
parameter in helping reduce the costs of environmental degradation resulting from urban sprawl over
agriculture and natural areas.

Transport and infrastructures

Due to the high level of tourism development, coastal areas benefit from good infrastructures such as
highways, airports (plane is a major transportation means in Tunisia and 5 out of 7 are on the coast),
commercial and fishing harbours and marinas. Accelerated urbanisation is a negative side effect.
Commercial and fshing ports are other important infrastructures along the coast. Some fishing
harbours have an impact on sedimentary equilibrium.

Tourism

The national tourism policy is to increase number of tourists from the present (2005) 6 million visitors
up t o10 millions per year. Tourism is the first job generating activity in Tunisia (5.7% of GDP in
2002), mostly for beach activities. As a result more than 95% of facilities are located on the coast.
There is no global assessment of tourism impacts on the coast. However, many negative effects are
visible. Many infrastructures were located directly on coastal sand dunes, which has enhanced sand
erosion processes. Mass tourism dominates, generating large solid waste and sewage volumes. Other
impacts are artificialisation and "concreting" of coastal landscapes and encroachment on fertile
agriculture soils. Some studies point to high pressure by spear fishing in the Zembra archipelago or
trampling in historical sites such as the old fortress near Bord Kastil in Djerba.

Exploitation of natural resources

Water is the biggest constraining development parameter in Tunisia where resources available per
inhabitant are among the lowest in the Mediterranean basin. There is a deficit in surface waters and
groundwater is overexploited (especially in the Cap Bon, Sfax � Mahres, Gabes, Djerba and Zarzis
regions). Tunisia however has managed to secure safe water supply to a large majority of the
population. Many dams were built to overcome this situation with significant negative impacts on
sediment delivery to the coast and correlated coastal erosion problems. Salt intrusion is a widespread
occurrence all along the shore and especially on the eastern shore of Cap Bon, as well as in Bizerte
and Ras-Jbel, in Mahdia, Ksour-Essef, Teboulba, Kalaa Kebira and Msaken-Khniss, in Sfax-Mahres
and Gabes.

Fishing equals to about 1% of GDP and provides about 60,000 jobs. The low impact traditional
coastal fishing is disappearing replaced by more modernised and more destructive trawling practice
for demersal fishing. Higher market prices for the second type of products (which are mostly for
export) explain these trends. There are still insufficient data on fishing resources but existing data
would indicate that many species are over-exploited especially in the Gulf of Gabes, while there is still
some room for increase of catches in the northern region it is also proposed to reduce efforts by 20%
in the southern region. Some specific species are under pressure: red coral by divers, seashells by
collectors, marine turtles by accidental fishing. Monk seals, endemic specie, have altogether
disappeared. Aquaculture has good potential and its development is a strategic objective for the
government as an alternative to ocean fishing. It is however suffering from industrial pollution in
shallow water areas.

Coastal plains have significantly fertile soils where arboriculture dominates. In some areas, wind
erosion is important. The need for agriculture land is sometime putting pressure on natural habitats
for example in the lower Medjerda valley and Cap Bon. But most significantly agriculture requires
groundwater resources and makes use of chemical fertilisers and there is no legal environmental
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restriction. It is therefore responsible for eutrophication. But agriculture land also is in turn under
urban pressure, especially by tourism development.

There are about 80 coastal forest sites, many of which occur on sand dune systems, which are
stabilised by pine plantations. In some other areas such as Khroumirie and Mogods oak of the kermes
type occupy such dunes. Some of this forest provides defence for farmland against sand engulfment by
the Oriental Erg, especially in the Mahdia area. However, tourism development in this area tends to
encroach on forests. Finally the unique landscape of the Gabes Oasis is also threatened by
uncontrolled urbanisation and industrial pollution.

Quarries are numerous along the coast due to fossilised dune ridges where construction material is
extracted since antiquity. This has had major impacts are on coastal dune landscapes. Today only four
such quarries are operating and abandoned ones require rehabilitation work. Many other quarries
located in coastal areas were closed including in the El Bibane lagoon, in Djerba and Kerkennalh,
Ichkeul and Zarzis.

Environmental hazards

Industrial pollution

There is no systematic monitoring of land-based pollution sources. However, in 2001 about 14% of
urban sewage waters were disposed of untreated. Their impact is however very local and spread
through time. In the Gulf of Tunis eutrophication is more and more frequent, posidonia beds are
affected and nitrophilous algae appear.

Nearly 2/3 of industry is concentrated in coastal areas (Bizerte, South Tunis, Sousse, Sfax, La Skhira
and Gabes). Heavy pollution is affecting mostly Sfax and the Gulf of Gabes (phosphogypsum, heavy
metals) and in other regions by agro-industry and textiles.

Maritime transport pollution

Two coastal areas are major sea passage for maritime transport, in the north and northeast of the
country and coastal stations control traffic. Ships are also controlled in ports, especially as far as
disposal for liquid and solid wastes is concerned.

Natural Hazards

Impact of sea level rise is testified in areas such as Bizerte and its lagoon, parts of the Gulf of Tunis,
the Cap Bon Peninsula, the Gulf of Gabes, and low-lying islands (Kerkenah, Djerba, Kuriates,
Kneiss). This will have en impact on coastal water resources. Already nearly a 100km of sandy coast
are retreating and in need of urgent remediation.

Natural and cultural Heritage

The coast of Tunisia is endowed with a great diversity of landscapes: rocky capes, sand dunes,
lagoons, sebkhas, archipelagos and outstanding submarine sea grass areas, most of high natural and
cultural value.

In terms of marine fauna and flora, the northern Tunisian shore and the Gulf of Tunis are rich in rare
sessile and often endemic species, an indication of an overall well preserved marine environment.
Urban pressure is more acute in the eastern part but scientific data in this area is also less important to
further quantify this. Where ecosystems have been well studied such as in the Gulf of Gabes there is
evidence for severe pollution impacts on posidonia beds for example.

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Protected areas account for over 1.000.000 ha of which 80% are wetland, followed by National parks
and natural reserves. Five sites are identified to become marine protected areas (Galite archipelago,
Zembra and Zembretta, Kuriat islands, Northeast of Kerkennah, Cap Bon to Cap Serrat shoreline).
Three areas are classified as Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Interest (Zembra and
Zembretta National Park, Kneiss Island, Galite archipelago).

The coast of Tunisia is rich in a diversified archaeological heritage with more than 200 coastal sites
(Phoenician, roman, Berber, arabo-islamic, French colonial). Five sites are on the World Heritage list
(Ichkeul Lake, Cartages Sidi Bou Sa�d Park, Kerkouane, Tunis and Sousse Medinas). Several
submerged harbours are a significant part of this heritage as well as major antique shipwrecks
(Mahdia).

Information and Communication

A METAP study in 2005 on cost of environmental degradation in coastal areas underlined the
importance of future investment should emphasise environmental education and awareness raising in
matters of hygiene and sanitation as much as technical improvement of sewage treatment facilities.
APAL undertakes each year an awareness-building summer campaign with the support of Scouts,
about coastal environments focusing on beach cleanliness. In addition TV and radio programmes are
broadcasted in summer addressing issues in each Governorate such as the Maritime Public Domain,
beach cleaning and present projects in each zone.

Participation and partnerships

Some private funds subsidise or initiate activities related to environmental protection such as the
Tourist Zone Environmental Fund and the Industrial Depollution Fund (FODED). The former supports
maintenance of green space and environmental conditions close to tourist facilities. It does not solve
environmental problems related to tourism, but it improves aesthetics of tourism regions. The
depollution Fund has financed 330 projects for a total of 17.1 million dinars since 1992.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

Legal basis

Thre is no coastal zone law. The first legal document to take into account the coastal zone is the
Spatial Planning and Urban development Code (2003). It provides a setback line of 100m in areas with
no urban master plans and 25m where there is such a plan.

A special law was enacted to establish the Coastal Protection and Spatial Planning Agency which in its
art. 1 also provides a definition of the coastal zone as "the contact zone, which puts in conrete form the
ecological, natural and biological relationship between the sea and the land as well as their direct and
indirect interactions".

The law on The Public Maritime Domain was adopted in 1995, which defines natural and articificial
areas under its jurisdiction.

Environmental protection is dealt with in the Law for establishing a National Agency for
Environmental Protection (1988, modified in 1992).

A regulation to combat marine pollution (1996) requires the oil and gas industry to prepare specific
plans for the protection of the marine environment.
There is a law and a decree on EIA and only the NAEP is entitled to accept EIAs.
There is a law on fisheries.
Signed Conventions
Rio (1992)
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Mediterranean Agenda 21 (1994)
Ramsar (1971)
Barcelona (1977)
LBS Protocol (1981)
SPA Protocol (1983)
Convention on the preparation, combating and cooperating against oil pollution (1995)
Paris Convention (1974), the national park of Ichkeul is classified since 1980
MARPOL Convention (1976) and Protocol (1980)

Institutional framework

Two key ministries deal with coastal areas: the Ministry of Agriculture, Environment, and Hydraulic
Resources and the Ministry of public works, Housing and Spatial Planning. The first ministry is in
charge of the environmental policy and the second hosts the Coastal Protection and Spatial Planning
Agency (APAL) and is in charge of the Maritime Public Domain, harbour works and protection
against erosion.

The APAL was established in 1995 by law to implement the national coastal protection policy through
studies on protection and valorisation of natural areas; it monitors coastal ecosystems. The APAL
undertakes:
- To bring consistency between coastal programmes and projects
- To manage coastal areas, monitor physical planning, and ensure conformity in relation to
regulations and norms, especially on the Maritime Public domain (short term lease for recreation
purposes, concessions for marinas and aquaculture farms)
- To discharge infractions in relation to the use of the Maritime Public Domain (28 beach wardens
patrol the entire coastline)
- To control coastal land property (identification of land areas under pressure and buffer zones)
- To monitor the evolution of coastal ecosystems (The Coastal Information System � SIL, indicators
and maps)
- To assess and manage sensitive areas
- To assess EIA of relevance to its competencies
- To undertake research, studies and expertise in relation to coastal protection and valorisation of
natural areas (SPA strategy)

The National Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of combating all pollution sources and
any types of environmental degradation as well as monitoring dumping of pollutants and associated
facilities. In terms of coastal protection, the agency agrees on EIAs in the coastal zone, manages
investments for depollution and establishes regulated dumping sites. ANPE is the MEDPOL focal
point.

The National Office for Sanitation (ONAS) was established in 1975 to ensure proper sanitation of
tourism facilities in the Tunis Lake area.
Tunisia hosts since 1985 the Regional Activity Centre of MAP for Specially Protected Areas.
A national commission for the prevention and to combat marine pollution was established in 1996.
Overall, appropriate coordination between ministries is still insufficient.

Applied instruments

The Coastal Observatory within the APAL collects analyses and dispatches data and information on
the state of coastal areas in order to facilitate control and monitoring as well as decision taking for
planning, protection and development of coastal areas. Themes are: marine erosion, microbiological
quality of bathing water, sensitive coastal areas to accidental pollution, urban pressure, and land uses,
etc. The Observatory developed many partnerships with data providers such as the National Institute
for Sea Sciences & Technologies, SPA/RAC, and the Ministry of Public Health. A GIS system is to be
developed by the APAL.
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The Observatory of the Sea managed by the National Institute for Sea Sciences & Technologies
monitors biological resources and hydrological and hydro biological parameters of water.
A set of sustainable development indicators is used to produce the annual State of the Environment
report. It includes a chapter on coastal areas.

Policies & strategies
- National Strategy for Coastal areas (protection of the natural, cultural and landscape heritage at the
coast, valorisation and sustainable exploitation of natural resources in an integrated way)
- National Strategy for the preservation of soils (2002 � 2011)
- National Strategy for the preservation of water (1990 � 2001)
- National Strategy for tourism (2002), with an emphasis on environmental issues
- National Master Plan for Spatial Planning (1998); it identifies key problems for the coastal region
(marine erosion, salinisation, degradation of fauna and flora).
- National Programme for Solid Wastes Management (1993), includes establishment by 2006 of 7
controlled dumping sites in coastal areas
- Sustainable development strategies for the cities of Tunis and Grand Sfax

IV. COASTAL PRACTICES

Pollution

Under MEDPOL, a monitoring programme was developed on chemical pollution in the NE region
and bathing water microbiological quality in the Gulf of Tunis (1995 � 2005). Laboratories belonging
to several institutions monitor today bathing water quality. It consists in 252 measuring stations,
especially nearby industrial and urban areas, in the vicinity of sea outfalls and coastal lagoons.

A depollution study was initiated in 2003 for Bizerte Lake, which pointed to a 60% level of water
pollution, by industry. In Sfax all former NPK factories were dismantled in 2004 and a large area near
the coast was cleaned up.

Under METAP, a pilot project was carried out in 2005 to assess the cost of environmental degradation
in coastal areas. Estimates are of 1.3 � 2.3 of national GDP (or between 40 to 74 millions $ US). This
is the lowest in all of North Africa and the Middle East and ranks right after costs in the OECD. The
remediation cost is estimated at about 0.5% of GDP. Health effects dominate the total costs and
require focus attention on further improvement in sanitation, waste water treatment and waste
management. Losses of tourism and costs related to the loss of recreational opportunities are
significant because the tourism industry is important. This underlines the need for careful planning,
regulation of urban development and conservation of beaches. Losses of agricultural production and
losses of ecosystem services together account for 0.1% of GDP.

A National Emergency Plan to combat marine pollution was adopted in 1996 and ports were
equipped with intervention and maintenance facilities. Most oil terminals are being equipped with
deballasting stations.

There was a major sanitation programme to clean up the north Tunis Lake. The State purchased all
land on the shore of the Lake that would benefit from new sanitation infrastructures. The resulting
high added value ensured the feasibility of the project. A new town was built and the lower city is now
free from floods. A similar project was carried out for the southern lake where industrial depollution
was the major objective.

Environmental management

Beach management plans were elaborated for 27 sites by APAL in 2003 to guide works and ensure a
rational exploitation and management of these beaches.
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With the help of the GEF, a project on the protection of marine and coastal resources was launched
in 2003 as part of GEF's operational strategy on biodiversity conservation. The first objective of this
project is to integrated management mechanisms for biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of Gabes
with implementation in 2 pilot projects and a marine protected area. The second objective is to
establish institutional means and techniques to reverse current trends in biodiversity degradation with
the participation of communities towards sustainable development.
In terms of bilateral cooperation:
- With the Swedish cooperation: studies on the Ariana sebkha
- With the Spanish cooperation: rehabilitation of coastal eroded areas
- With the French cooperation: technical assistance to establish a network of marine protected areas
(strategy, improvement of the legal framework, preparation of a pilot project "Establishment of the
La Galite National Park)

Several coastal management projects were also undertaken:

Preservation and monitoring of the Ichkeul ecosystem, an important wintering site for migratory
birds threatened by combined salinisation due to damming and climatic change (dryer climate). An
ecological and impact study led to a Programme on Economic and Social Development for the Bizerte
region and an ecological management plan for the Ichkeul National Park. The results of this project
are taken into account in other development initiatives in the region such as foe integrated rural
development and the Master Plan for water. Today the need for maintaining freshwater supply to the
Ichkeul Lake is acknowledged and taken into account on the basis of adaptation capacity of wetlands
to climatic and physico-chemical variations over a long term perspective.

CAMP Sfax- The area is in the northern part of the Gulf of Gabes, characterised by a high level of
industrial activity with resulting high marine pollution levels and eutrophication, uncontrolled solid
waste disposal, and insufficient connection to the urban sewage network. An integrated management
plan was drafted for water resources and solid and liquid wastes. The following activities were
addressed:
- Inventory of pollution
- Climate change impact study
- Port contingency plan and establishment of harbour reception facilities
- Preparation of a programme for SPAs
- Study on the protection and management of the Sfax Medina
- Prospective studies with environment/development scenarios
- Setup of a GIS database
- Preparation of an integrated management plan for solid and liquid wastes
- Detailed master plan for the Great Sfax area
The main impact of the project was to introduce new methodologies for tackling coastal management
and to train administrative staff and local experts. A group of consultants in the Sfax Region is in
charge since 2002 to follow up on the implementation of recommended activities by regional and
national authorities. They participate to the SAP MED initiatives as well.
There is a national programme for the establishment of marine and coastal protected areas. A National
Park is to be established in La Galite and the Zembra and Zembretta archipelago and protected areas
are planned for northeast Kerkennah, Kuriat Islands and between Cap Negro and Cap Serrat.
There is a programme for the rehabilitation and conservation of coastal wetlands and ecosystems
in part supported by MedWetCoast � the Cap Bon is the area concerned with lagoons, islands and
oueds. The project is articulated on a local consultative management group. Activities mostly
concentrated on studies (ecological diagnosis, land property control and beach use plans,
archaeological inventory, mapping) but some protection works already begun.
In addition, a program was designed for the rehabilitation of several sebkhas: Ariana (sanitation and
physical planning), Mahdia (protection and physical planning), Kelibia, Soliman, Korba, Sijoumi).
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A plan is to be prepared for the management of Boughara, El Knais and Bibane Lakes and the
Kerkennah Islands to establish a balance between exploitation of maritime resources and protection of
biodiversity.
The assessment of fishing resources was undertaken between 2002 and 2005 by the Laboratory of
living marine species in order to help better regulate fishing seasons and related techniques.
Oceanographic studies (currents, chemistry, hydrobiology) are carried out also by the Marine
Environment Laboratory. On its side the laboratory for marine biodiversity and biotechnology is
studying the biodiversity of sensitive coastal areas such as lakes and gulfs, carries out monitoring and
mapping of sea grass beds, and studies threatened marine species such marine turtles.
A national programme targets coastal protection against erosion. The Association manages a pilot
project at Djerba Aguir for the Preservation of Djerba Island with the support of the APAL and the
ministry of Agriculture, Environment, and Hydraulic Resources. Another demonstration project is
located in Mahdia to fix dunes. Other locations are North Tunis (Gammarth to Catharge, Carthage to
La Goulette), Tunis South (Rades to Soliman), Bizerte (Rafraf), Sousse Nord (Kantaoui to oued el
Hammem),

V. NEEDS FOR ICZM

Tunisia is among southern Mediterranean countries at the forefront of coastal management practices
with (1) a favourable institutional framework in terms of ministerial responsibilities and awareness, (2)
a legal framework supporting environmental protection of coastal areas, (3) financial incentives to
stimulate environmentally-friendly behaviour, and (4) several initiatives to establish ICZM as a
common practice. Still, the following challenges remain:

- Designation of a leading institutional entity to steer ICZM and develop an ICZM strategy, to
coordinate programs and agencies involved, to facilitate arbitration in resource user conflicts, to
monitor and evaluate projects and programmes conducive to ICZM
- Provide APAL with significant financial means to implement recommendations from studies
- Extend the spatial remit and prerogatives of the APAL
- Integration and implementation of sustainable development principles within sectoral policies,
strategies and programmes, especially in the tourism sector
- Introduction of SEA to be first tested by the tourism sector
- Participatory EIAs
- Taking into account of cumulative impacts in given areas
- Improvement of sewage quality criteria towards levels commensurate with varying environmental
sensitivity
- Improvement of the scientific knowledge on the impact of climate change, eutrophication
processes, and degradation of biodiversity
- More involvement of NGOs and private stakeholders, including at the local level
- Strengthening of NGOs capacity to participate
- Strengthen and spatially extend the regional pollution contingency plan
- Draft guidelines for the operational implementation of the National Contingency Plan against
marine pollution

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The division of legislation between land and marine sides of the coast

Government bod

ies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in Montenegro

Ministry
Units
Line
Public
Institute

Agency
Enterprise
Ministry of Agr

iculture, Environment, and Head Office for Forestry
ANPE

Hydraulic Resou

rces and the
Head Office for Water ONAS

Resources

Head Office for Large

Hydraulic Works

Head Office for Fisheries &

Aquaculture

Head Office for

Environment & Quality of

Life

Ministry of Public Works, Housing and APAL

Spatial Planning.

Ministry of Tourism

AFT

ONTT

Ministry of Interior and Local Development

Legislation
Land
Marine
Law on Environmental For industry and agriculture

Protection (1988)
Law to establish the

APAL (1995)
Law on water (1975)

Forbids pouring or immersion of domestic and industrial
wastes likely to impact human health, marine fauna and
flora and jeopardise tourism development
Law on contingency
Offshore oil platforms
planning in case of
LAWS
marine pollution (1996)
Fishery law (1994)

Law on solid wastes

Forestry
Law
(1988)
Conservation and protection of
nature and wild fauna and flora
Law on protection of

agriculture lands (1983)
Decree on sewage water Sebkhas, irrigation and agriculture Sea

criteria for authorising sewage canals, lakes
disposal (1985)
D
ECREES
Decree on National parks Chambi, Ichkeul
Zembra Islands, Zembretta
(1997)

Regulqtions for national

parks (1984)
Regulation for the

establishment of natural
reserves
R
EGULATIONS

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Status of implementation of Barcelona Convention and its Protocol in Montenegro (as of 2005)
Text
Legal/administrative measure taken for
National law
Convention

Dumping protocol

Emergency protocol

(not yet ratified)
Pollution from land-

29/10/1981
based pollution
sources
Specially protected
3 sites are classified since 2001: Galite Island, Zembra Island, Kneiss Island
22/04/1983
areas
Pollution from

exploration &
exploitation of
continental shelf
Transboundary

movement of
hazardous wastes
and their disposal

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Table 52: Summary of existing institutional, legislative and informal settings in relation to coastal management in the Republic of Montenegro
Provisions
Institutional arrangements
Legal instruments
Non-statutory mechanisms
Delineation of Coastal Zones
Yes
Law on public maritime domain, law on Coastal Agency

Designation of dedicated institution, commission, committee
Yes, APAL
Yes

Establishment of institutional instruments for co-ordination
Yes, inter-ministerial committee for

land-use planning and of the Coastal
protection agency
Status of land ownership

Yes

Regulation of public access to the coast

Yes, law on MPD

Procedures for coastal land-use planning, including control on illegal Yes

buildings
Control of industrial and commercial activities on the coast:

Fisheries
Mariculture
Ports & shipping
Control of pollution: Waste water quality Yes

Bathing water quality
Yes
Management of water resources

Management of solid wastes

Control of recreational activities

Yes

Protection of areas of ecological, natural and cultural value

Yes

Sanctions regimes

Yes, but need revision

Collection of data
Yes
No
Observatory
Information & communication
No
No
No
Public participation
No
No
No

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Table 53: Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis

THEME
ISSUES
Agriculture

Fisheries
All stocks are over-exploited
Use of illegal methods and fishing gear
Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy
Mostly beach related with concentration impact on fragile dune systems
Tourism
Mass tourism with high demand for water
Spatial &

H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
urban
development
Heritage

protection,
and

management
Salt intrusion is a general occurrence
Water uses &
Over-exploitation of coastal aquifers and deficit in surface water
t
s
pollution
No LBS pollution regular monitoring system
Eutrophication in the Gulf of Tunis and Gabes
Impac
High solid waste volumes in relation to mass tourism
Wastes

Table 53: Identification of range of coastal management issues arising from thematic analysis (continued)

THEME
ISSUES

Biodiversity, Urban development for tourism facilities responsible for landscape degradation and artificialisation
habitats,
High pressure on submarine habitats by scuba-diving (Zembra archipelago)
heritage
Some marine species threatened by fishing activities (red corals, seashells, marine turtles, monk seal)
Urban and
Many dams have impacted delivery of sediments to the coast
transport
Some fishing ports have impacts on longshore sediment transport
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infrastructure
No cumulative environmental impact assessment of tourism development
development
No control of illegal building of small dwellings on beaches
Stakeholders,
Tourism pressure for construction land generate speculation on agriculture land
interactions,

& conflicts
No legal basis for environmental protection in tourism projects
nt
No legal urban criteria for tourism facilities (densification, heights of buildings)
e

geme
nc
Legal
No Coastal zone law
na
framework

g
, ma

and governa
Limited decision-making and taking by local government and local state offices
Plannin
Governance

Lack of scientific knowledge on status of the marine environment

Cross-cutting

issues

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STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES

Legal
Legal

Environment protection Law
No coastal managementlaw

Institutional
Institutional

Management
Lack of inter-ministerial commission for coastal management

Still strongly centralised decision-making and taking
An agency dedicated to coastal protection and spatial planning

Management

Lack of financial means to implement all of APAL's missions

OPPORTUNITIES
THREATS
Legal
Legal

Pending ICAM Protocol to help dradt a coastal zone management law
Institutional

Institutional
Management

Management
Mass tourism driven coastal development

Limited controlof land property speculations
Some financial support for environmental protection by private stakeholders
Potential long term water supply shortage
Still significant pristine natural marine areas

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Table 55: List of coastal management stakes based on range of issues identified in Table 53

THEME
STAKES
Agriculture

Fisheries

Forestry

Transport

Maritime

economy

Tourism

Spatial &
15.

urban
H
UMAN USES AND ACTIVITIES
development
Heritage

protection,
and
management

Water

pollution

Wastes

Biodiversity,

Impacts
habitats,
heritage

Urban and
transport

infrastructure

development

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Strategic
overview:Turkey

April 2006
1. INTRODUCTION

Turkey is a country well endowed with a wealth of coastal areas and an abundance of their coastal
resources. It has the longest Mediterranean coastline when its islands are not taken into consideration
(the third longest when the islands are included). The present economic and social development of
Turkey is not much different from the average of the 21 Mediterranean countries. Human activities in
the Mediterranean coastal regions intensified during the second half of the 20th century, especially
after the 1970s.

There are several reasons why Turkey's coastal areas have been historically neglected. Among these,
low levels of industrialization and urbanization within the country, very modest demands from tourism
and for recreational activities, the weakness of the private sector, limited private ownership of coastal
lands, and the geomorphologic characteristics of the coastal areas are the most significant ones. A
substantial part of the coastal areas of Turkey, including almost all forests and woodlands, are still
state owned (in 2003). This state ownership has caused several problems for the development of
coastal areas.

Migration from rural to urban areas and to the large metropolises in Mediterranean regions from the
eastern part of Turkey has played a key role in the urbanization process, because of their suitable
conditions. This has caused an increased stress on coastal ecosystems. To date, management of coastal
development in Turkey has been strongly central and clearly sectoral, although there have been several
efforts since late 1980s to bring in "integrated" management and to decentralize the planning and
implementation authority by transferring responsibilities to local administrations (municipalities and
provincial governorates).

2.
PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2.1.
Boundaries of the coastal area

The Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, extending from Canakkale in the north to the Syrian border in
the south, account for 4170 km and they are noted for their scenic beauty, richness in natural
resources, historical and archaeological sites.

2.2. Population
dynamics

According to the 2000 census, the population of Turkey stands at 67,803,927, of which 64.9%
(44,006,274) occupy urban centres, and the remaining 35.1% (23,797,653) live in rural areas. Turkey
has a young population compared to other European countries. Approximately one third of the
population is below 15 years of age. This percentage decreased to 29.3% in 2000 from the 1996 figure
of 32.8%.

During the 1990-2000 period, populations of all three southern coastal regions (Sea of Marmara,
Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean) has increased but with significantly different rates. People
migrating from the central, eastern and southeastern parts of the country pressure these regions. The
population of the Marmara Region has grown fastest during 1990-2000 with several provinces
(Istanbul, Bursa, Tekirdag, Kocaeli) with mean annual rates of around 30%. The attraction in the
metropolitan cities is urban opportunities, as is the case with Istanbul and Bursa, industrial facilities
(Kocaeli, Bursa, Istanbul), tourism and secondary (holiday) housing developments (Tekirdag).

2.3. Urban
development
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Seven of the ten provinces having the highest GNP per capita (and fourteen of the highest twenty
provinces) border on one of the four Turkish seas. Several provinces around the Sea of Marmara
(Kocaeli, Istanbul, Yalova and Bursa), Kirklareli and Zonguldak of the Black Sea, and the Aegean
provinces of Izmir and Mugla are clearly at the highest levels of economic development.

Urbanisation in Turkey's coastal zones accelerated in the 1980s in line with the national trend.
Employment opportunities in the service sector and in manufacturing industries in and around large
cities like Istanbul, Izmir and Kocaeli, in the tourism industry in Antalya and its environs, Aegean
resorts such as Kusadasi, Bodrum, Marmaris and Fethiye, and in a variety of sectors in Adana and Icel
have triggered migration from rural areas to these urban centres, and thus contributed positively to the
process of urbanisation.

Two of the three largest metropolitan cities of Turkey (Istanbul with a population of 8,803,468 � the
largest city) and Izmir with a population of 2,232,265 (the third-largest city according to the 2000
census) are located in the coastal zone. The next largest coastal cities are Adana and Antalya along the
Mediterranean Sea. Rapid urbanization in Turkey, particularly along the coastal zone, has resulted in
several significant problems. Illegal and shabby private residential developments on public lands
(called "gecekondu" in Turkish) on the periphery of the legal urban borders have become a common
feature of large cities. These squatter districts, often lacking inadequate infrastructure and sanitation
facilities, have become one of the most important challenges to the municipal administrations. In
recent years, these developments have been periodically legalised through amnesty declarations. This
unplanned urbanisation that resulted from massive migrations from rural areas, has brought a host of
social problems to the urban life agenda. These include increases in crime (mainly theft and bag
snatching, personal safety issues, the distribution of narcotics and other organised crime).

2.4. Tourism

In 2001, Turkey hosted 11.6 million foreign tourists and earned US$ 8 billion in revenues. The
number increased in 2002 by 14% to 13.25 million. Turkey is ranked 20th in the world in terms of the
numbers of its tourists and the 14th with respect to tourism revenues generated. In the year 2000, the
share of these revenues in total exports was 27.8% and in the national income 3.8%. The tourism
sector employs about 1 million people. The volume of domestic tourism is estimated to be around 20
million persons per year. While the volume of world tourism has grown by 4% over the last decade,
tourism in Turkey has grown by an annual rate of 10%.

With the exception of the Metropolitan City of Istanbul, the majority of tourism activities that
presently takes place in Turkey are of the "mass tourism" type, utilizing the facilities located along the
coastal areas of the Aegean and the Black Sea. These facilities are concentrated in a number of
locations. Antalya and its environs is by far the most important region for coastal tourism. Along the
Aegean coast, Kusadasi, the Bodrum Peninsula, Marmaris and Fethiye are the main tourism centres
attracting foreign tourists.

2.5.
Exploitation of natural resources

The geographic distribution of quality agricultural land in coastal regions is unbalanced. Thirty percent
is in the Marmara and central-north regions where population density and non-agricultural activities
(such as urbanization and industry) are comparatively much more intensive. The inappropriate use of
quality agricultural land, such as the deltas and alluvial planes occupying several coastal stretches, has
been a significant issue for several decades. Nearly 172,000 ha of agricultural land have been lost to
urbanization, tourism, commercial and industrial development. Over the past 20 years, the rate of loss
has accelerated considerably.

Overall, Turkey is well endowed with freshwater resources. However, the geographic and temporal
distributions are both highly uneven. The total renewable fresh water potential of Turkey is 234 billion
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cubic meters per year. Currently, 45% of it is classified as "exploitable", and only about 35% of that
capacity is actually exploited. Groundwater resources are used for the freshwater needs of several
tourism centres along the Aegean and the Mediterranean coast. The water extraction rates and the
conditions of the aquifers are not properly monitored. As the result of overexploitation, there are
already cases of significant salinization of the ground water reservoirs (such as in the Cesme
Peninsula).

In terms of biodiversity, Turkey is one of the richest countries in Europe and the Middle East, and
ranks the ninth on the European Continent in this respect. There are a number of different ecological
regions each with its own endemic species and natural ecosystems. The richness of biodiversity in
Turkey is expressed in its 120 mammals, more than 400 bird species, 130 reptiles, and nearly 500 fish
species. The deltas formed by the Meric, Gediz, Buyuk Menderes and Kucuk Menderes rivers that
discharge into the Aegean Sea, and the Goksu, Seyhan, Ceyhan Deltas along the Mediterranean are
suitable habitats for a large number and variety of waterfowl. There are 472 fish species in Turkey and
50 of these are at risk of extinction. There are about 20 species of mammals including the
Mediterranean monk seal, whales and dolphins with mostly decreasing populations. The pristine
coastal dunes and beaches on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey are of great importance as the
breeding grounds of the two endangered marine turtle species: the loggerhead and the green. The
Eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey is the most important breeding grounds for the critically
endangered Mediterranean population of the green turtle in the whole of the Mediterranean. The
southern Aegean and the western Mediterranean beaches are, together with several beaches in Greece,
among the most important breeding habitats of the loggerhead turtle

2.6.
Environmental and spatial impacts

Marine pollution along the Turkish shoreline is mainly due to major land-based sources such as
untreated wastewater from domestic and industrial settlements, pollutants brought from inland areas
by rivers, coastal agricultural practices, tourism activities, extensive concentrations of secondary,
holiday homes, port and marina establishments, and to some extent, mariculture facilities. The sewage
generated by the congested population has caused pollution of bathing waters to exceed the standards
relating to human health and environmental protection. According to 1998 estimates, 994,940,000 m3
of domestic wastewater of which 28.8% is treated, enters coastal waters annually. So far, in coastal
settlements, the final disposal by deep-sea outfall of collected wastewater after preliminary treatment
has been a common practice.

A number of early industrial facilities that were developed in the 1960s and `70s along the shores of
relatively sheltered sea areas such as the northern Marmara coast, Izmit Bay, Izmir, Aliaga and
Nemrut Bays, and Iskenderun Bay are responsible for the major coastal "hot spots". The estimate of
the total wastewater discharge from manufacturing coastal industries was 467,155,000 m3/year in
1997. Of this figure, about 11 % received some kind of treatment.

Maritime transport is an additional source of marine pollution originating from accidents in areas with
heavy traffic, particularly involving petroleum transports, and the improper disposal of ballast and
bilge waters and solid waste. In 1996, about 140 cargo vessels and 1,000-1,500 passenger boats
navigated through the Strait of Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara each day, transporting an annual
average of 42 million tons of cargo (SPO, 1998). 35% of the vessels were tankers and 38% of their
total cargo was petroleum. From 1970 to 1991, there were 3 to 35 oil spills per year releasing 50,000-
700,000 tons of oil. In Istanbul alone, 94 ferries make about 750 roundtrips a day and carry 125
million passengers a year. Sea accidents have declined in number, dropping from 43 incidents in 1990
to 12 in 1994 and only 2 in 1996.

Despite the existence of rules and regulations prohibiting the discharge of pollutants into rivers and
lakes, the fresh water pollution is a significant environmental issue in Turkey. Rivers and creeks that
pass through large settlements invariably suffer from human-induced pollution. Occasional massive
fish mortality due to intolerable levels of toxic pollutant concentrations and/or low dissolved oxygen
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contents resulting from excessive organic pollutant intake is observed. Although relatively li le
information is available on the quality of groundwater resources, there is enough evidence to point out
the following pollution issues: (a) sewage infiltration from poorly maintained septic tanks and
sewerage pipe networks, (b) leakage from solid waste dump sites; (c) percolation of toxic industrial
chemicals such as cyanide observed in the groundwater of Kemalpasa Valley; (d) contamination from
pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural uses as seen in the groundwater of Cukurova, Bursa and the
Bornova Valleys; (e) salt enrichment due to the over-extraction of groundwater in the Lakes Region,
the Iskenderun-Ulupinar-Arsuz Plain and Corum, where groundwater passes through brine, mineral
waters or geological formations with high salt and sulphite content, and (f) sea water intrusion due to
excessive ground water extraction for tourist facilities and residential units.

Policies and anthropogenic developments and activities in Turkey that contribute to pressures on
biodiversity are: pressure from rapid population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and tourism
development; illegal forest clearing, overgrazing, the ploughing of pastureland, and the unsustainable
harvesting of threatened plant species; construction of dams, wetland drainage, re-routing of surface
waters, poor irrigation practices and civil unrest in the east and southeast; ineffective governmental
policies regulating land use and ineffective natural resource management; pricing policies that place
pressures on biodiversity through excessive irrigation and fertilizer use; rapid and uncontrolled
tourism development and associated coastal habitat degradation caused by land speculation;
introduction of alien crops, cultivators and livestock.

Significant negative impacts and damages to natural and cultural resources have occurred in the
coastal zone due to anthropogenic development, mainly as a result of urbanisation and tourism. There
are examples of towns and tourism facilities developed in the prime coastal areas, destroying
important coastal units like wetlands (Izmir) and beaches and dunes (Belek, Antalya). This type of
destructive development has either taken place before the present Shore Law was put into force in
1990, or in its wake, due to defects in the proper implementation of this legislation.

Solid waste is an environmental management issue in Turkey, which has grown significantly in
importance since the 1970s due to increases in urbanization, industry and tourism activities. It is
estimated that household solid waste generation per capita is 0.6 kg/day and that the average municipal
solid waste per capita is approximately 1 kg/day. Thus, the average municipal solid waste generated
from residential sources is 68,000 tons per day and 24.8 million tons per year. The most important
problem regarding solid waste is that the bulk of municipal solid waste is dumped in uncontrolled
rubbish dumps that are insufficiently regulated. As a response to the advantages of large-scale
environmental infrastructures, the Ministry of Tourism has been pushing some neighbouring coastal
municipalities to form "infrastructure unions" for the building of and operating of common facilities.
The manufacturing industry in Turkey generates over 13 million tons of industrial waste annually.
Approximately 57% of this amount is not recycled. Approximately 30% of the disposed wastes are
taken to municipal dumping grounds and the remainder is disposed of in an uncontrolled and
unregulated manner. In this way, close to 5 million tons of industrial waste is discharged into the
environment each year. An estimated 300,000 tons of hazardous waste (corresponding to 1.6 kg. per
$1,000 of GDP) is produced annually.

On the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts one of the effects of tourism has been the transformation of
agricultural lands into tourism areas because of its high revenue in the short run. A striking example of
this can be seen specifically in Antalya in recent years. Farmers started to use intensive agricultural
methods because the agricultural land has lessened, which leads to overuse of fertilizers resulting in
the pollution of soil and water resources

3.
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

A comprehensive framework law for integrated coastal management is not available in Turkey.
Several pieces of legislation in existence, however (laws and by-laws) do address various issues of
coastal zone management: Shore Law, Harbours Law , Environmental Law, Fisheries Law, National
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Parks Law, Law on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Wealth, Council of Ministers' Decree for
the Establishment of an Agency for Specially Protected Areas, Bosphorous Law, Coastal Security
Force Law, Settlements Law, Tourism Incentives Law, and Forestry Law.

The Shore Law is the most important law. Responsibility for the enforcement of the Shore Law is
given to municipalities within their borders and in their annexed areas, and to the provincial governors
in all other localities. The rights of the related ministries relating to the control and enforcement of
shore and shore strip areas are to be respected (Art. 13). The final authority for planning in these areas
is generally the Ministry of public works and Settlements. In coastal areas declared as tourism centres
by the Council of Minister's decrees, this authority is transferred to the Ministry of Tourism.

The Shores Law gives definitions of the 'shoreline' and the 'shore'. The 'shoreline' is defined as: 'the
line along which water touches the land the shores of seas, natural or artificial lakes, and rivers,
excluding the inundation periods'. The 'shore' is the area between the shoreline and the 'shore edge
line', which is defined as 'the natural limit of the sand beach, gravel beach, rock, boulder, marsh,
wetland and similar areas, which are created by water motions in the direction of land starting from the
shoreline'. It is observed that, although the location of the shore edge line is very important for
managing development at the shore, its definition is far from being clear and exact. The 'shore strip' is
set to have a minimum of 100 m width horizontally, starting from the 'shore edge line', according to
the amendment-dated 1.7.1992.

The Settlement Law, although this act is not specific to the coastal zone, has been misused by land
developers for construction of secondary housing cooperatives during the last two decades especially
along the Aegean and Mediterranean coast. This act that enables the municipalities to prepare local
settlement plans orientated by real estate developers has been the most important legal basis for
construction.
The Forestry Law: Forest and land registry studies carried out till today have not been efficient.
Furthermore, the Ministry of Forestry may allow real and legal persons to construct buildings when
there is a social benefit. This clause supported by one of the tourism incentive act enables the Ministry
of Forestry to allocate forests to related institutions and sometimes they do not use for public
servitude.
The Tourism Incentives Act is the milestone in the development of tourism related investments and
also the beginning of noticeable degradation of coastal areas in most cases since State lands having
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high environmental values have been allocated to investors for long periods, i.e. 49�99 years as part of
the incentives.

The delay in enacting appropriate, adequate and efficiently enforced legislation over the years has
resulted in failure with regard to the implementation of rational and sustainable decisions concerning
coastal zone management. The reasons for this failure are political and institutional. The fact that more
than 20 acts and decrees are enforced in coastal management issues results in the involvement of more
than 15 institutions, generating biased solutions due to plurality and fragmentation in the decision-
making process. The degradation of coastal areas started in the early 1980s mainly because of the
construction of intensive secondary housing cooperatives and hotels. This is mainly due to legal gaps
in the provisions of the Settlements Law, Forestry Law, Tourism Incentives Law and ever- changing
Shores Law.

Main public authority in charge
Related legislation
Ministry of Reconstruction and Se lements
Shore Law
SettlementsLaw
The Prime Minister's Office,Under Secretariat for
Harbours Law
Maritime Affairs
Ministry of Transportation
Harbours Law
Ministry of Environment
Environment Law
(Ministry of Environment and Forestry)
The Ministerial Decree for SPAs
Ministry of Agriculture
Fisheries Law
Ministry of Forestry
National Parks Law
(Ministry of Environment and Forestry)
Forest Law
Ministry of Domestic Affairs
Coastal Security Force Law
Municipal Law
Ministry of Culture
Law for the Conservation of Cultural and Natural
(Ministry of Tourism and Culture)
Wealth
Municipalities Municipal
Law
Ministry of Tourism
Tourism Incentives Law
(Ministry of Tourism and Culture)

Table: Main public authorities and legislation related to coastal zone management

4.
POLICIES AND STRATEGIES

The Ministry of public works and Settlements has the final authority for planning in coastal areas,
except in areas declared as tourism centres where the authority is transferred to the Ministry of
Tourism. The General Directorate of Bank of Provinces is affiliated to the Ministry of Public Works
and settlement and has the responsibility to provide infrastructure projects on a turn key basis for
municipalities, to provide credit for financing these projects, to prepare urban development plans, to
provide technical assistance for construction, mapping, selling or renting materials and equipment, to
insure property and to train the staff of the municipalities.

The coastal policies, in terms of spatial planning, are defined by the following:
- To redefine planning hierarchies, responsibilities and authorities; to integrate an ecological
perspective into planning practices; to strengthen planning instruments by amending the Land-
use and Development Law.
- To redefine coastal strips through an amendment to the Shores Law. This amendment will
take into account topographic conditions and natural resources and cover all ICZM issues.
Coasts can not be owned privately and are open to the benefit of all, equally and freely.
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- There are some restrictions on land use within the 100-meter wide coastal strip. The Shores
Law (1990) outlines the conditions related to land use, filling of the sea, the types of
functions, buildings and special facilities that can take place within the coastal zone.

The Ministry of Environment is designated as the main responsible body for environmental
management and charged with co-ordinating all national and international activities concerning water
resources. It was established as Undersecretariat of Environment attached to the Prime Ministry in
1978 and was elevated to Ministry status in 1991. The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works
is affiliated to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. It is a leading body carrying out most of
the sub-sector's activities at all stages of water resources development. SHW ensures the long-term
supply of drinking and industrial water and also plans, executes and in most cases co-operates works
for flood protection, irrigation, drainage and hydropower generation. The responsibilities of SHW also
include performing basic investigations such as, flow gauging, soil classification, water quality
monitoring, and preparation of river basin development plans and formulation of proposals for
construction financing and subsequent operation of these works. In addition, Water and Sewage
Administration connected to the municipalities (15 out of 80 provincial capital municipalities) have
taken part in the implementation of pollution control policies, including water supply and construction
and operation of wastewater treatment facilities. The environmental Policies are characterized by the
following:
- To structure industrial and urban wastewater and solid waste administration and investments
that may help to decrease pollution caused by highly prioritised polluting resources.
- To establish a monitoring system for pollution control and monitoring especially at
wastewater discharge points.
- To carry out a research project on coastal erosion in the Black Sea coastal zone and implement
pilot projects.
- To prepare emergency response plans.
- To prepare a new law for planning, protection, appropriation, and administration of water
resources.
Three ministries namely the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Forestry, and the Ministry of
Culture are responsible for nature conservation through three different laws, dealing with specially
protected areas, national parks and other designations, cultural and natural sites. There are no
arrangements for co-ordination of these efforts, which, causes confusion at the local level. There are
efforts in order to maintain biological diversity through expanding aerial extent of the protected
natural sites. National parks, Nature Reserves and specially protected areas are some of these attempts
undertaken by the Turkish Government. There are 6 national parks, 2 natural parks and 10 natural
protection sites in the Black Sea region. Also, there are 4 wetlands and several natural bird habitats.
The Turkish National Committee on Coastal Zone Management (KAY) is legally set up under the
framework of the Higher Education Law. The efforts for establishing it were started in the second half
of 1990, and concluded on 18 January 1993. The Committee is administered from the Middle East
Technical University (METU, Ankara). The Committee has only an advisory role, and its statutory
rights are quite limited.

5. INSTRUMENTS

National development plans were started to be prepared in Turkey in 1963. These plans are mandatory
for public investments and guiding principles for private investments. They guide and set objectives
for other plans in the country.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been applied to individual investments in Turkey since
1993. Today, parallel to the developments in the world, it has been discussed that it is necessary to
strengthen project-level Environmental Assessment (EA) and to practice Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA). The interest in SEA has grown significantly since 2000 in the country. Discussions
and preparations have started about regulation, which provides the legal and institutional framework
for SEA in The Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The subjects that required strategic decision-
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making process have been gathered in five groups for Turkey: (1) National Five-Year Development
Plans (FYDPs) and Sectoral Plans: socioeconomic plans including macro-economic targets and
sectoral development policies prepared by Prime Ministry State Planning Organization (SPO); (2)
Regional Development Plans: plans, aiming to improve the socioeconomically underdeveloped
regions, to provide the effective use of sources in the region and to improve income distribution in the
country such as Southeastern Anatolia Project--SAP and Eastern Anatolia Project--EAP; (3) Legal
Regulations: laws and international convention for especially effective uses of natural sources such as
the Forest Law, Tourism Encouragement Law, Shores Law, etc.; (4) Privatization Policies:
privatization activities have been in progress with the effect of laissez-faire economy since 1985 in
Turkey. Especially privatization policy in the energy and tourism sectors is effective in the
environment; and (5) Physical Plans: urban developmental plans and other land use plans,
environmental plans prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, urban master plans by
municipalities, infrastructure plans, tourism plans, etc.

The land use plans involve the Ministries of Reconstruction and Settlements and of Tourism together
with the local administrations (municipalities and governorates). In the specially protected areas that
include human settlements, the Ministry of Environment (the Agency for the Specially Protected
Areas) is the planning authority. The South-Eastern Anatolia Project (SAP) Regional Development
Administration is responsible for planning in the SAP Region. The Ministry of Culture has control
over land use plans for settlements next to the sites protected due to their cultural and historical
significance.

In addition to the land use plans, various other types of planning activities exist in Turkey. These
include the management plans of the Ministry of Forestry in national parks and in other forest areas,
and of the Ministry of Environment (Agency for SPAs) in specially protected areas. Furthermore, the
nationwide planning of major infrastructures, such as highways, railways, airports, harbours, dams and
irrigation canals, power transmission lines etc is carried out by the relevant authorities under the
auspices of several different ministries. Sectoral developments plans are another significant planning
effort in Turkey. Important examples of this type of planning include tourism, ports (maritime
transportation), marinas and fisheries

The types of spatial plans that have been utilised in Turkey are the "environmental profile plans",
"framework land use (development) plans", and "detailed land use (application) plans".
Environmental profile plans, a macro planning effort at scales of 1/100000, 1/50000 and/or 1/25000,
are a potentially significant tool for coastal management. In the coastal zone, such plans could aim
towards the following:
- application of national and regional policies and decisions;
- optimal uses of and benefits from natural and social resource potentials;
- protection of natural, cultural and historic resources and values like watersheds, forests and
agricultural land, etc;
- provision of spatial decisions for location, size, density and distribution of urban centres,
industry, tourism, commerce and other uses, as well as for regional infrastructural facilities
such as transport, energy production, etc.;
- achievement of compatibility of uses (sectors), and of the balance between use and protection
and;
- description of the principles of collaboration and coordination among different
administrations.

6.
COASTAL PRACTICE (PROJECTS, INITIATIVES)

The ICAM projects and initiatives in Turkey are many, and some of them are listed below:
- A relatively early effort in Turkey on coastal zone management is a report sponsored by the
Priority Actions Program (PAP) of UNEPMAP.
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- The Sixth Ordinary Meeting of the Contracting Parties of MAP (October 1989) decided to
continue the four country pilot projects from a broader perspective of coastal management,
and renamed the Priority Actions Program as the Coastal Areas Management Program
(CAMP)? The study named 'Integrated Management Study for the Area of Izmir' was carried
out by a team of Turkish and UNEP-MAP PAP experts during 1991-1993, and was more or
less concluded by presentation and discussion of the draft report to an invited audience in
September 1993.
- In 1990, a project was started through a grant of the World Bank's METAP Program to the
Turkish Government (Undersecretariat of Environment).
- In 1990, OECD was also involved in a country review of a number of environmental issues in
Turkey, including coastal zone management.
- In 1993 the National Committee on Turkish Coastal Zone Management (KAY) was
established. It plays an important role in the ICZM approach at the national level through the
organisation of seminars, courses and projects.
- Bodrum Peninsula Coastal Zone Management Project' was carried out by Middle East
Technical University with the support of two local environmental NGOs and with
contributions from two speciality NGOs from Ankara (under the umbrella of the Turkish
National Committee on Coastal Zone Management), through a grant of the GEF NGO Small-
Grants Programme.
- Mersin Coastal Zone Management Project, which is presently being conducted by a private
company through a contract by the Ministry of Environment which uses a World Bank
METAP grant for this study.
- The Coastal Management and Tourism Project in Cirali (Figure 2.3.1) was initiated by WWF-
DHKD in April 1997 and concluded in 2000. The project was financed by the European
Union (LIFE TC Programme) and technically supported by The Ministry of Tourism,
Environment and Culture.

The organisations such as the chambers of architects, city planners, civil engineers, etc. or the
chambers of commerce and industry, the Bar, the unions of various professions have been actively
performing well-recognised functions for rather long time. The contributions of the NGOs, which add
an environmental concern edge to governmental functioning, however, have only grown to be
significant since the late1980s. Currently, there exist a good number of environmental NGOs, several
of them conducting nationwide activities, and the bulk focusing on regional or local concerns. As
illustrated in the previous paragraph, some of these NGOs have been actively involved in coastal zone
management issues, such as the locating of power plants, the preservation of important habitats and of
endangered species, coastal tourism development, and the management of ecologically significant
coastal areas. Good examples of the NGO role in coastal conservation and integrated management are
the national committees for monk seals and sea turtles, set up within the Ministry of Environment and
Forestry.

7.
NEEDS FOR ICZM

EUCC lists the following problems and constraints for the development of ICZM:
- Institutional organisation and the capacity of professionals are quite limited. Efforts to
improve activities within the scope of the BSEP ICZM program have proven insufficient in
many respects. Particularly, the establishment of a database research studies, institutional and
professional education, public awareness and enhanced participation of the public could not
be satisfactory achieved. Past activities on the National level were mostly focused on giving
information. No study was conducted with regard to the legal and institutional organisation
within the scope of the project.
- There is neither a wide scope ICZM law nor a special institutional development in this area
and there for efforts do not go far beyond the project level.
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- In Turkey, since there is neither a law that covers all respects related to coastal zones, nor a
special institutional structure for this purpose, various organisations happen to be authorised
and responsible in coastal zones. As a result, the authorities are overlapping in some respects
and there are some gaps in other areas.
- Due to disorder and multiplicity in institutional structure, there is also deficiency in co-
ordination. Deficiency exists in horizontal as well as in vertical co-ordination at central,
regional, and local level.
- In Turkey, local organisations are weaker than central organisations. There are deficiencies in
local administrations and in local organisations of the central government, especially with
regard to decision-making, budgeting and getting financial aid. Although Turkey has assumed
the principle of being administered locally as a policy, the necessary arrangements to fully
implement this policy have not been realised yet.
- Legal mechanisms with regard to public participation and access to information are not
sufficient. Legal arrangements in this respect (EIA, etc.) provide limited possibility to the
public to participate in few areas. On the other hand, NGO initiatives and public
consciousness are more and more developing and becoming widespread.
- In the process of EIA, which has been applied since 1993, there are still problems with
regards to its application, supervision and monitoring. There is no legal basis and criteria in
strategic EIA and environmental.

General objectives for environmental management in Turkey in the coming years are to:

- Implement environmental policies and strengthen enforcement capabilities;
- Invest in an environmental infrastructure;
- Provide for public participation and increase public awareness of environmental problems;
- Integrate environmental concerns into economic decisions;
- Meet the country's international commitments; and
- Complete harmonisation with EU standards.

The National Report on Coastal Management in Turkey puts forward the following proposals with
regard to the future ICAM activities in Turkey:

- There is a clear need for an "umbrella law" that aims at the integration of coastal
management. This new legislation should create an institutionalised mechanism for
addressing the coastal area demands of different sectors through a coordinated decision
making process. Such a coordinating mechanism would facilitate the development of more
rational decisions on coastal land use and development on the one hand, and would minimise
the conflicts between different sectors on the other.
- A coordinating institution at the same hierarchical level as the ministries should be created to
achieve the coordinating role described above.
- New regulations should be created to increase the role and involvement of local
administrations in coastal management. The capacity of local administrations to use important
coastal management instruments such as EIA, land use planning, specially protected areas
and the enforcement of laws and regulations need to be enhanced. Better incentives (financial
and other) should be created for the municipalities to ensure the effective use of these
instruments (such as levies on polluters and the collection of revenue from the management
of special areas).
- As a priority action, necessary arrangements should be made for more effective use of
existing and available instruments, rather than creating new ones. As another priority, pilot
projects with important targets such as public education and participation, the management of
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special coastal areas and greater integration in the decision making process would aid in the
development of a coastal management culture and strategy by utilising the lessons learned.
- The management of special coastal areas requiring higher levels of protection should not be
restricted to central administrative institutions. This should be a joint task, shared between
institutions at different hierarchical levels, giving more emphasis and responsibilities to local
administrations (municipalities) and to the NGOs.
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Strategic overview: Palestinian Authority

May 2006

I. INTRODUCTION

Gaza Coastline in the Mediterranean Context (MEnA, 2001)

The West Bank and Gaza are geographically

The West Bank and Gaza are geographically separate areas that together form the Palestinian political
entity. The West Bank is situated between Israel and Jordan (on the West Bank of the River Jordan);
and Gaza, which has a short coastline on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, is between Egypt to
the South and Israel to the north. The total area of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) covers
5,820 km2, while Gaza covers 365 km2.

The two areas of "the West Bank/Gaza" had a turbulent, and changing political status during the 20th
century. At present, the West Bank and Gaza do not function as a `country' in the typical sense, which
limits the institutional ability to enforce environmental regulations. It also limits the ability for reliable
information and record keeping. Before the occurrence of the Oslo peace talks (1993), there were no
administrative powers for the Palestinian

Authority (PA) over land in the West Bank and Gaza. Until May 1995, the Israeli Civil Administration
held all environmental responsibilities in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, and especially in the
West Bank.

After the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian and Israeli parties agreed, among others, on specified
geographical areas for which administrative authority was transferred to the Palestinian Authority. The
parties also agreed to establish a number of ministries and authorities. Based on these agreements, a
Palestinian authority responsible for environmental issues was established, followed by official
designation of Palestinian Ministry of Environmental Affairs (MEnA). However, after administrative
reforms, Presidential Decree No. 6 in 2002 established the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) as
the successor of the Ministry of Environmental Affairs.
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II. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND

The West Bank has a varied topography consisting of central highlands, where most of the population lives,
and semi-arid rocky slopes, an arid rift valley and rich plains in the north and west.
Gaza is a narrow, low-lying stretch of sand dunes along the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It forms a foreshore
plain that slopes gently up to an elevation of 90 metres. The sea is warm and saline and is affected by water
outflow from the Nile River.

The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian Territories, has negatively affected the environment in many ways.
There have been direct impacts, caused by military activities; indirect impacts, caused by the war-like
situation, and an overall environmental degradation due to a lack of administrative management and public
awareness. In particular, this caused great impact on narrow, highly populated coastal area of Gaza Strip. The
Gaza Strip is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an estimated 1.3 million people
living in an area of 365 km2, or around 3,600 people per km2.

The only attraction for relaxation is the 40 km long coast and beaches that is important from marine
ecological, land resources, fishery, transport, recreation and tourist perspectives. However, a major coastal
problem is continuous degradation by pollution, dumping of solid waste, sand quarrying and construction
activities. The main source of pollution is sewage system outfalls and individual sewage and sludge drains,
ending either on the beach and cliffs or a short distance away in the swimming zone. The open dune areas are
strongly threatened by indiscriminate sand quarrying which occurs on an industrial scale. Construction of
buildings, petrol stations and other facilities directly on, or near the coast, decreases the visual and natural
value of the coastal landscape. The main factor beyond landscape and coastal degradation of the Gaza Strip
can be attributed to the lack of land use planning and coastal zone management.

II. PRESSURES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

In December 2001, the Palestinian Ministry of Environmental Affairs published the comprehensive "Gaza
Coastal and Marine Environmental Action Plan", prepared with the Netherlands consulting company DHV
with European Commission funding through the LIFE Third Countries programme. The plan identifies key
coastal and marine issues for Gaza, such as:

- Impacts of liquid and solid waste;
- Depletion of sand resources and coastal erosion;
- Disturbance of marine and coastal ecology through intense fishing pressure, including trawler damage to
the seabed;
- Lack of co-operation among different Palestinian authorities and coastal zone stakeholders; and
- Lack of information.

Wastewater discharge. In Gaza, availability to sewerage facilities at present varies from areas where more
than 80% of the households are served by well-functioning sewerage systems, to areas where there is no
sewerage system at all. On average, it is estimated that about 60% of the population is connected to a
sewerage network.

The larger urban centres, with the exception of Khan Yunis, are equipped to some extent with a sewerage
network. The densely populated refugee camps of El Nuseirat, El Bureij, El Maghazi and El Zawida do not
have any sewerage facilities, whereas the Jabalya camp is well served.

There are three treatment plants in Gaza, at Beit Lahia, Gaza City and Rafah, but none is functioning
effectively. Approximately 80% of the domestic wastewater produced in Gaza is discharged into the
environment without treatment, either directly, after collection in cesspits, or through leakage and overloaded
treatment plants (50,000 cubic meter per day).

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Industrial use constitutes only 2% of overall water demand in Gaza, and industrial wastewater is
correspondingly low as a proportion of overall discharges. At present, most of the industrial wastewater
generated in Gaza is similar to domestic wastewater. This is because many industries in the area are small-
scale, and 60% do not use water in their production processes.

The total annual wastewater production in the area is estimated to be 30 million m3, of which 20 million m3
passes into sewerage networks and the rest to cesspits or pit latrines. Untreated wastewater discharges can
cause public health risks through direct exposure, as well as through being reused on irrigated crops.

Solid waste. The widespread dumping of solid waste, especially on the beaches, further increases health
problems. Under non-conflict conditions, approximately 95% of the population in Gaza and, approximately
67% of the West Bank population is serviced by a municipal solid waste collection system. However, solid
waste is dumped in all areas of the West Bank and Gaza, at sites close to or inside the cities and villages, due
to number of special restrictions. None of the dumping sites are fenced, lined or monitored, and the scattered
sites pollute the land, resulting in emissions to water and air, pollution of groundwater and distortion of the
Palestinian landscape. Coastal cliffs are often covered by waste as a result of widespread dumping of
concrete, metal, car wrecks and rubble, which contributes to coastal erosion and causes visual deterioration
of landscapes and contamination of beaches.

Health hazards due to water pollution have not been studied in detail. However, the problem remains that the
sewage entering the beaches and in the sea is not treated and that people swimming and bathing are exposed
to contaminated sea water. The prevalence of a number of diseases in Gaza can be partly explained by the
relation of water quality conditions and beach recreation.

Depletion of sand resources. The sand resources in Gaza, especially the coastal sand dunes, represent
important environmental values. These dunes traditionally protect the coastal areas against the sea and they
are the habitat for flora and fauna. Still, destruction of sand dunes and erosion caused by coastal
infrastructure construction that disrupts shore sand movements, and threatens buildings and roads
constructed close to the shore is another major coastal issue. The open dune area is strongly threatened by
commercial sand extraction for building purposes, and through agricultural expansion. Sand quarrying is
hardly recognised by the public as actively responsible for large-scale destruction of natural landscapes in the
Gaza Strip. A total amount of at least 25 million m3 is estimated to have been excavated in the last 30 years.
Almost 45% of this amount is exported, while the rest has been used locally. Only 12% of sand excavations
is licensed.

Coastal erosion. New structures along the present coastline, like breakwaters, jetties, marinas, commercial
ports and fishing harbours, have blocked the along shore sand transport and have caused an erosive effect on
the coast downstream. Buildings and roads that have been constructed close to the waterline are faced
already with stability problems and other related negative impacts.

Biodiversity is one of the pillars of future sustainable development in the Palestinian Territories. Still, there
are many risks, mainly due to direct degradation arising from military operations, increasing population
leading to uncontrolled settlements growth, and threats from solid waste and wastewater pollution.
The impact of the conflict on ecosystems or individual species has not been evaluated in detail. Even though,
there have been no reported sightings in the past years of the marine turtles, there are two known turtle
nesting beaches in Gaza. In the past, these species and their eggs have been under extreme pressure from
hunting and collecting, thus their existing status is uncertain. Only a very limited number of other marine
reptiles have been reported. Little is documented on the status of marine mammals in the Gaza area.
Similarly, for marine flora, very little information is available. The exception to this is the recording of losses
of natural forest, losses that are especially significant given that forests make up only a small proportion of
the natural landscape. The impacts on natural systems and wild biodiversity may appear to be of low priority
when compared to the parallel human suffering caused by the escalating conflict. However, the impacts on
ecosystems should not be set aside, as these impacts can themselves have economic consequences.
The 42 km of Gaza shoreline and 74 km2 coastal zone is already under intense pressure, with substantial
environmental degradation of terrestrial and marine resources. In addition to that, great impact on marine
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biodiversity is caused by Israeli security measures that are limiting the sea area available to Palestinian
fishing boats to within 12 miles off the shore. This resulted in intensified overfishing of near-shore marine
environments. Namely, there are strong indications that the coastal fish population is diminishing due to
overfishing, though exact data on the sustainable yield of the fisheries is not available. There is evidence that
the fishing trawlers are damaging the seabed with their nets, affecting the ecological status of the marine
areas and there are also indications that the quality of fish is affected by marine pollution.

One of the areas recently designated (June 2000) for protection status by the Palestinian Authority is Wadi
Gaza. Historically the Wadi is reputed to have been an area rich in biodiversity, and it is still important as a
stopover point for birds on the Africa-Eurasia migratory route. However, its most recent status is that of a
wasteland, and as an effluent channel for the raw sewage from refugee camps adjacent to the watercourse,
estimated at 6,000-8,000 m3 day.

There are some initiatives that aim to rehabilitate the Wadi Gaza to re-establish its biodiversity values,
protect and promote archaeological sites, develop recreational and tourist activities, and deliver socio-
economic benefits to the 10,000 people living adjacent to the wadi in Bedouin settlements, refugee camps
and Al Zahra town. However, `on-the-ground' progress to date appears to be limited.

Since the events of September 2000, Palestinian access to area B3 has been restricted by Israel. This means
that the Palestinian management agency could not access most of the protected areas on the West Bank for
management purposes. Also, current suspension of financial assistance to Palestinian Authority by European
Union and United States, due to a new Palestinian Government, leads to a conclusion that much-needed in
situ protected area management training and capacity building cannot take place effectively.

Lack of co-operation. As stated in the Gaza Coastal and Marine Environmental Action Plan, coordination
between different parties does not take place sufficiently. As a result, different authorities and stakeholders
may have different agendas on coastal and marine development issues. Also the awareness on environmental
matters by the general public is not sufficient. This is partly caused by that fact that public information
campaigns on environmental matters are only of very recent date, partly due to the fact that actual socio-
economic problems tend to 'over rule' other issues, such as the environmental one.

Lack of information. Currently, data and information on coastal and marine environmental matters are
scattered throughout different authorities' project offices and donor organisations. An information system on
the coastal and marine environment is needed to support actions and coordination among the different
agencies.

Despite all these pressures, tourism development was promoted under the Oslo Agreement. The potential
for improvement and intensification of tourism sector exists, but it is largely dependent on provision of
tourism infrastructure and services. Beach tourism depends on the image of clean and healthy beaches and
seawater. The present environmental conditions, tourism infrastructure and investment capacity are far from
optimal and to attract tourists from the Arab countries and from the West Bank. Tourism development in
Gaza will largely depend on the extent to which the beaches and coastal cliffs could be cleaned from solid
waste and the extent to which the sewage effluents in the sea will be reduced. Only then, tourism can start to
become an economic pillar of the local economy.

III. EXISTING LEGAL & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

One of the main challenges to the environmental sector in Gaza, in addition to difficult circumstances of
living under the occupation, is the political unrest in the region. This causes continuous changes in the

3 The Oslo II Accord, formally entitled `Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip of 1995', created three territorial zones in The West Bank: area A where the Palestinian Authority has
responsibility for public order and internal security; area B where the Palestinian Authority assumes responsibility for public order for Palestinians, while Israel controls internal security; and area C, where
Israel maintains exclusive control.

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government, hence the continuous weakness of institutions, lack of environmental legislation and absence of
environmental procedures.

Legislation

The Palestinian Environmental Law No. (7) of 1999 establishes the general legal framework for
environmental protection in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It is, in essence, a framework law adopted by the
Palestinian Legislative Council in 1999 and approved by the President of the Palestinian Authority, on 28
December 1999. The Law is divided into five parts, with 10 chapters and 82 articles, concerning a wide
range of environmental protection and management issues.
Among the specific issues covered under the Law are protection of the environment (land, air, water, marine
environment) and of the natural historical and archaeological area, environmental planning and enforcement
tools (including environmental impact assessment, licensing, inspection and administrative procedures, and
penalties). The Law also incorporates the `polluter pays' principle and sets out government/public sector
duties, including the basis for intersectoral co-ordination.

Water sector. Legislation for the regulation and management of the water sector is encompassed in the
recently approved Water Law No. 3, on 17 July 2002.

The objectives of Water Law No. 3 are to:
- Secure sustainable development of water resources based on environmentally sound and enabling bases;
- Provide and satisfy societal and individual needs for water in an optimal and equitable way;
- Protect all water resources from pollution and secure water quality, an environment not harmful to
human health or well-being, and sufficient water for production and self-renewal.

In addition to the Water Law No. (3) of 2002, several articles in the Environmental Law No. (7) of 1999
provide for the protection conservation and the protection of water resources, i.e. Articles 28, 29 and 30.

Biodiversity. Many of the biodiversity conservation challenges in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (for
example, sustainable management of water and forests) are regional in extent, giving special importance to
the potential role of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). Although the Palestinian Authority is
unable to adhere to such treaties, there are clear environmental benefits from applying this treaties in the
region. Israel is a party to many MEAs of special relevance to conservation and sustainable development,
which have an important regional significance, and which could be relevant for biodiversity conservation in
West Bank and Gaza Strip:
- Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution (1978) and its Protocol
Concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas;
- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora � CITES (1980);
- Convention on Migratory Species � CMS (1983);
- Convention on Biological Diversity � CBD (1995);
- Convention to Combat Desertification � CCD (1996);
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change � UNFCCC (1996);
- Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (1999);
- Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (2000).

Solid waste. There is no single law for solid waste; the Environmental Law No. (7) of 1999 sets the legal
framework for Solid waste, under the articles 7, 8, 9 and 10.

Institutions
Following Presidential Decree No. 2 (1998) designating a new Cabinet, a Palestinian Ministry of
Environmental Affairs was established, and it took overall responsibility for policy-setting and coordination
of activities amongst a number of other partner institutions and stakeholders.

However, due to administrative reforms, a Presidential Decree in 2002 established the Environmental
Quality Authority as the successor body to the Ministry of Environmental Affairs.
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In addition to the Environmental Quality Authority, many other ministries and authorities have environment-
related tasks. Among those are:
- Ministry of Planning and International Co-operation and the Higher Planning Council;
- Ministry of Local Government;
- Ministry of Health, and its Department of Environmental Health;
- Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities;
- Palestinian Water Authority.

Overview institutions and organisations dealing with environmental and coastal issues is presented in tables
1 and 2.

Table 1: Government bodies of relevance to governance and management in coastal areas in PA
MINISTRY
-
Ministry of Planning
-
Ministry of Tourism & Antiquities
-
Ministry of Local Government
-
Ministry of Health/Department of
Environmental Health

OTHER INSTITUTIONS
-
Environmental Quality Authority (EQA)
-
Palestinian Water Authority (PWA)
COMMITTEES
-
Coastal and Marine Protection Committee
-
Committee for Environmental Affairs

REGIONAL/LOCAL LEVEL PUBLIC
-
Coastal Municipalities Water Utility
INSTITUTIONS
-
Governorates of Gaza Strip
-
Municipalities of Gaza Strip

Table 2: Other important stakeholders
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS (UNIVERSITIES
-
AL-Azher University
AND RESEARCH CENTRES)
-
Islamic University of Gaza - IUG
-
Birzeit University
-
Environmental Protection and Research Institute

CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS
-
Green Peace Association
-
Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME)
-
The Local Committee for the Protection of the
Environment
-
Palestinian Society for the Protection of
Environment and Nature
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
-
UNDP Programme of Assistance to the
Palestinian People (UNDP/PAPP)
MEDIA
-
Al-Ayyam Newspaper
-
Al Hayat Al Jadida
-
Alquds Newspaper
-
Arab Media Internet Network (AMIN)
-
BZU Outloud
-
Palestine News Agency - WAFA
-
The Palestinian Information center
-
Palestine Times
-
Palestine Report
-
International middle east media center

Applied instruments

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Environmental Impact Assessment. There is no single law for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
the Environmental Law No. (7) of 1999 sets the legal framework for EIAs, under Article 45. According to
this article, the Ministry, in co-ordination with the competent agencies, shall set standards to determine
which projects and fields shall be subject to the environmental impact assessment studies. It shall also
prepare lists of these projects and set the rules and procedures of the environmental impact assessment.

Policies & strategies

The Palestinian Authority is committed to supporting international environmental agreements and it has
prepared several strategic documents to strengthen the principles and objectives of environmental protection,
underlined within these agreements.

MEnA, in co-operation with the Netherlands Development Agency (NEDA) has developed a Palestinian
Environmental Strategy Plan for both the West Bank and Gaza, a ten-year environmental strategy document
to be updated every three to five years, until 2010. The document identifies and analyses the causes of
current environmental problems, defines targets and proposes prioritised measures required for meeting these
targets. It has adopted a National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 2000 as an instrument to translate
the general themes and priorities set out in the national environmental strategy.

PA has prepared a "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan" (NBSAP), whose aim is to provide a
strategic basis for the conservation and sustainable use of Palestinian biodiversity. It was funded by Global
Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Development Programme /Assistance to the
Palestinian People (UNDP/PAPP) and implemented by EQA:

Recommendations stressed out with NBSAP are:
- Coordination and co-operation among government responsible authorities should be strengthened and
systemised;
- The role of the civil society and the local community is still at minimum in biodiversity related issues
and needed to be activated;
- The opportunity of Israel withdrawal from potential biodiversity rich sites in Gaza and the West Bank
should be well benefited through wise planning and management of such areas.
In 2001, the "Gaza Coastal and Marine Environmental Action Plan", has been prepared as part of the project
funded through the LIFE Third Countries programme. The overall objective of the plan was "to reverse and
prevent further depletion and deterioration of the Gaza Coastal Zone and Marine Environment".
The project resulted with "establishment" of the Coastal and Marine Protection Committee, drawn up from
representatives of the most important ministries with regard to marine affairs. Also it established three
smaller Environmental Protection Taskforces on erosion, sand exploitation and marine pollution. The project
also resulted with preparation of several plans:

- Sand exploitation plan;
- Coastal erosion protection plan;
- Marine ecology protection plan;
- Coastal and marine information system;
- Coastal and marine protection committee.

Still, these plans are yet to be implemented.
The most important legal and policy documents are presented in Table 3.

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Table 3: National legislation and policy documents dealing with coastal area
Legal framework
No
dealing with coastal
zone
Laws applying to
No
coastal zone (like
planning; delineation;
authorisation of
activities, etc)
Sectoral legislation
-
Palestinian Environmental Law No. 7 (1999)
dealing with coastal z.

Water:
-
Water Law No. 3 (2002)
-
Environmental Law No.7 of (1999), Articles 28, 29
and 30

Solid Waste:
-
Environmental Law No. 7 of (1999), Articles 7, 8, 9
and 10
EIA
-
Environmental Law No. 7 of (1999), Article 45

Coastal legal code for
No
consolidation of all
applicable laws
Strategies and
- The Palestinian Environmental Assessment
approaches
Policy in 1999.
-
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
(NBSAP) in 1999
-
Environmental Strategy 2000-2010
-
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) in 2000
-
National Water Plan (2000)
-
Gaza Coastal and Marine Environmental Action Plan
(2002)

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION

International co-operation in the Middle East plays an important role, especially in the process of conflict
resolution. Also, it carries enormous potential benefits for environmental protection, particularly in a region
such as the Mediterranean, where common problems and shared resources are subject to intense human
pressures.

Pending further progress of the peace process and final status negotiations, the Palestinian Authority has not
been able to become a signatory to the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). However, in view of
its observer status in the United Nations General Assembly, the Palestinian Authority has participated in
MEA conferences and meetings.

The Palestinian Authority participated in the regional arrangements on transboundary environmental issues
such as water, and has been able to secure funds to implement specific national components of regional or
subregional projects from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
Also, PA regularly participates in the Mediterranean Action Plan's (MAP) activities, in particular the
activities of the Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development (MCSD) and the Mediterranean
Pollution Action Programme (MED POL), which is the environmental assessment of the Mediterranean
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Action Plan. Co-operation includes the agreement with the Palestinian Authority for the preparation of an
assessment of the state of marine pollution in its territories. The assessment was successfully prepared and is
now being used for the formulation of a national pollution monitoring programme to be implemented as part
of the MED POL programme.

But, even though the PA previously received considerable financial assistance from the European Union as
well as from the United States (approximately USD $1,000,000,000 combined in 2005), both suspended all
direct aid on April 7, as a result of the Hamas victory in parliamentary elections.
This put additional pressure on environmental and social difficulties within West Bank and Gaza Strip.

NEEDS FOR ICZM

In order to develop and implement integrated management of coastal areas the following issues should be
addressed:
- Improve monitoring/assessment schemes, especially in terms of water-quality;
- Improve treatment of municipal wastewater, as its the main source of pollution of the coastal zone of
Gaza Strip;
- Improve solid waste management, through separation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste,
improvement of waste collection, introduction of recycling and stopping the open burning of waste;
- Increase nature protection, as the existing protected areas are in many cases too small to maintain their
ecological integrity and long-term viability, and ensure proper management of the existing protected
areas. In particular, efforts to rehabilitate the Wadi Gaza should be intensified;
- The results and recommendations of the "Gaza Coastal and Marine Environmental Action Plan" should
be taken into account;
- Stop overfishing. Ways and means must be sought to provide Palestinians with greater access to fishing
grounds, both to prevent damage to local fish populations, and also to ensure that Palestinians
traditionally reliant on fish do not, driven by necessity, resort to overexploiting other natural resources
as well;
- Increase capacity for environmental, and especially, coastal management;
- Build awareness on a necessary vision of the coastal region as a development and planning spatial unit.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

- European Environment Agency (2006), Priority issues in the Mediterranean environment, EEA Report/
No4/2006
- European Commission (2004), European Neighbourhood Policy � The Palestinian Authority Country
Report, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/world/enp/pdf/country/Palestinian_Authority_11_May_EN.pdf
- World Bank (2004), METAP Regional Solid Waste Management Project in Mashreq and Maghreb
Countries: West Bank and Gaza Final Report,
http://www.metapsolidwaste.org/fileadmin/documents/Country_data/Country_Report/PalestineCountry
RepFinal_150104_.pdf
- DG Environment (2003), Applicability of Convergence Road-Map for the NIS for the
Mediterranean region - Final Report:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/enlarg/pdf/031222_finalreport.pdf
- UNEP, (2003), Desk Study on the Environment in the Occupied Palestinian Territories,
http://www.unep.org/GC/GC22/Document/INF-31-WebOPT.pdf
- World Bank (2002), METAP - The Regional Water Quality Management Project in the Mashreq And
Maghreb - West Bank and Gaza Water Quality Management: Country Report,
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ March 2007
http://www.metap.org/files/Water%20Reports/country%20report/WestBank&GazaWaterQualityCountr
y%20Report.pdf
- Ministry of Environmental Affairs, (2001), Gaza coastal and marine environmental action plan. Gaza
coastal and marine environmental protection and management plan. Report to the EU LIFE third
Countries Programme, European Commission. Ministry of Environmental Affairs, Palestinian National
Authority
- Ministry of Environment and Applied Research Institute of Jerusalem (2001), Localizing Agenda 21 in
Palestine, http://www.arij.org/Agenda-21/l_o_c_a_l_i_z_i_n_g.htm
- World Bank (2001), METAP Regional Solid Waste Management Project in Mashreq and Maghreb
Countries: West Bank and Gaza National Waste Profile, http://www.metap-
solidwaste.org/fileadmin/documents/country_data/SWM_WBG_A4.pdf
- H. Muhammetoglu (1997), Degradation of Coastal landscapes in the Gaza Strip - Palestine, E. Ozhan
(editor) Proceedings of the Third Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment MEDCOAST
'97, November 11-14; p 495-492

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
ANNEX J

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOCAL POINT CONTACT DETAILS

ALBANIA

MR ZAMIR DEDEJ
Director of Nature Protection Policy

Ministry of Environment,

Forest and Water Administration

Rr. Durresi, Nr. 27
Tirana, Albania
Tel/Fax: + 355 4 270624
Mobil: + 355 68 20 80733
E-mail: zdedej@moe.gov.al

ALGERIA

MS SAMIRA NATECHE

Coordonnatrice Nationale du MEDPOL

Direction G�n�rale de l'environnement

Minist�re de l'Am�nagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement
Rue des Quatre Canons,
Algeria
+213 21 432884
+213 21 432884
Mobile: 0021371677579
E-mail: natechesamira@yahoo.fr
samira_nateche@hotmail.com

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA

Mr Ivan BUNTI
B.Sc Biologist
Cantonal Ministry of Civil Engineering, Physical Planning and Environment
Hercegovacko � Neretvanski Canton
Stjepana Radica 3
88000 Mostar,
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Tel: + 387 312 189
Fax: +387 324 324
E-mail: mgpuzohnk@tel.net.ba
Ivan.buntic@tel.net.ba

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CROATIA

Ms Nevia KRUZI
Head of Marine and Coastal Protection Department

Ministry of Environmental Protection,

Physical Planning and Construction

Uzarska 2/1, 51000 Rijeka,
Croatia
Tel: +385 51 213-499
Fax: +385 51 214-324
E-mail: nevia.kruzic@mzopu.hr

EGYPT

Mr George TAWFIK KONDOS
Acting GEF Focal Point and

Ministers Advisor for International Affairs

Ministry of State for Environmental Affairs,
Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
30 Mist Helwan El Zyrae Road
P.O. Box 955, Maadi Post Office
Cairo, Egypt
Tel: + 202 52 66 180 Ext.: 7519
Fax: + 202 52 56 454
Mobile: +2012 186 40 30
E-mail: georges_kondos@hotmail.com
georges_kondos@yahoo.com

Mrs Christine ABDALLA ISKANDAR BOCTOR
Coordinator
International Affairs Officer and MAP Coordinator
Minist�re de l'Etat des Affaires de l'Environnement
Cabinet des Ministres
Tel: +202 525 64 52 Int. 7427
Fax: +202 232 02 60
Email: christineiskandar@yahoo.fr

LEBANON

MS LAMIA CHAMAS
Service of Conservation of Nature,

Directorate General of Environment

Ministry
of
Environment,
P.O.
Box:
11-2727

Beirut, Lebanon
Tel: +961 1 976 555 ext 417
Mobile: +961 3503978
Fax: +961 1 976 530
E-mail: scn@moe.gov.lb

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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
MRS LINA YAMOUT
Service of Protection of Urban Environment

Directorate General of Environment

Ministry of Environment,

P.O. Box: 11-2727
Beirut, Lebanon
Tel: +961 1 976 555 ext 510
Fax: +961 1 976 530
E-mail: spue@moe.gov.lb

LIBYA

(GEF Focal Point)
Dr. Abduhakim Rageb Alwaer
Secretary of Environment General Authority
Algairan- Tripol, Libya
P.O.BOX. 83618
Fax: 00218 21 4871590
[218] 21 4870266
[218] 21 487 0266
487 2188
E-mail: egainfo@environment.org.ly
www.egalibya.org

MONTENEGRO

MS JELENA KNEZEVIC
Advisor & MAP Focal Point
Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning
PC Vektra Crna Gora
81000 Podgorica
Montenegro
Tel: 381-81-482313
Fax: 381-81-234131
E-mail: jelenak@mn.yu

MOROCCO

Mr. Rachid FIRADI
Head of the Service of Multilateral Cooperation Environment
Ministry of Territorial Planning, Water and Environment
4, Place Abou Baker Esseddik Avenue Fall Ouled Oumeis Agdal
Rabat, Morocco
Tel +212 37 77 27 59
Fax +212 37 68 16 35
Mobile 212 61 92 54 73 - +212 37 77 2640

SYRIA

MR IMAD HASSOUN
Deputy
Minister

Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, Mazraa
Eman Mosque seq.
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UNEP/GEF/SP-MED-LME/ December 2007
Joul Jammal Str.
PO Box 3773
Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
Tel: 963 11 3316104
Fax :963 11 3316104
E-mail: imad@gmz.net
imadhassoun51@yahoo.co.uk

TUNISIA

Dr Mohamed ZEMERLI
Ing�nieur principal
Tel: 216 70 728 595
E-mail: mzmerli@env-net.environnment.com

TURKEY

Mr. Sedat KADIOLU

Head of Department of Foreign Relations and EU
Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkey
Tel: + 90 312 207 54 11 /207 54 12
Fax: + 90 312 207 54 54
E-mail: sedatkad@yahoo.com

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

Mr. Taysir ABU HUJAIR
Environment Quality Authority

Al Nasr Street,

GAZA
City,Gaza
Strip

Tel (Office): +970 8 2847208
Tel (Home): + 970-8-2825727
Mobile: +970 59 9-254769
E-mail: menacall@yahoo.com
thujair@gov.ps

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Annex K

UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / December 2007

ANNEX K

Stakeholder Involvement Plan

Stakeholder Participation through MAP and the Barcelona Convention

Stakeholder participation is an inherent part of the structure of MAP and the Barcelona Convention (see
Box's 3 and 4 of the Project Brief), where all countries (represented by the MAP focal point) form the
Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention. Within each country MAP and its RACs have designated
focal points that are responsible for the co-ordination of specific actions. In addition about 100 NGO's and
IGO's, termed "partners" are participants to the meetings of the Barcelona Convention. It should also be
stressed that prior to the PDF-B phase of the project, key stakeholders participated in the formulation of the
TDA-MED, SAP-MED, SAP-BIO and countries NAPs, on which the present project activities are based.
These activities have been fully developed (see Annex F) by the executing and co-executing agencies of the
project: UNEP, MAP (and its RACs), FAO, UNIDO, UNESCO, MIO-ECSDE, WWF, GWP-MED,
METAP and MEDPOL, all of which have a long history of working with the private and public sector in
the Mediterranean, and ensured that activities complemented present and future iniatives and projects, and
have been designed to involve all key stakeholders on a number of levels, from implementation, knowledge
transfer, dissemination and replication.

Stakeholder Participation in the Strategic Partnership

The purpose of the project is to start the process of NAP implementation in a coordinated manner, and
stakeholder involvement is essential for the future successful completion of NAP implementation and
replication of project demonstrations. Stakeholders will participate in the project implementation through
the following mechanisms:

1) Involvement of the public sector through the SP focal points, the Steering Committee and the SP
Country Support Programme (SPCSP)

The participating countries, through the GEF Focal Points, have nominated Focal Points for the purpose of
the Strategic Partnership. The SP Focal Points through their involvement in the Steering Committee and
SPSC meeting's, will ensure continued country ownership of the project. Full contact details for the focal
points are presented in Annex J. In addition a SP Country Support Programme, will be developed that will
assist the SP Focal Points to effectively support the projects activities, and responsibilities will include to
co-ordinate information exchange and participation in the project of national stakeholders including the
MAP and RAC Focal Points, NGOs and CBO's and the general public.

2) Co-ordination of public sector through the involvement of relevant focal points of MAP and its RACs

All focal points from the countries governmental and institutional departments will be informed on a
regular basis on project activities. These include the focal points for MAP, MEDPOL (for pollution
control), SPA/RAC (biodiversity), REMPEC (marine pollution from ships), CP/RAC (cleaner production)
and PAP/RAC (priority actions and coastal zone management). These focal points will be informed via the
SP Focal Point, UNEP-MAP, the co-executing agencies (particularly SPA/RAC, PAP/RAC, CP/RAC and
INFO/RAC) and through the activities under Component 4.2. Information and Communication Strategies.

3) Involvement of civil society through activities of Component 5. NGO mobilization and small grants
programme

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UNEP / GEF / SP-MED-LME / December 2007

To ensure that the NGO community of the Mediterranean is fully involved in the SP, it was decided during
the PDF-B phase to include activities regarding NGO mobilization (Activity 4.1.10), to be executed by
MIO-ECSDE, the Federation of Mediterranean NGOs working on environment and sustainable
development. The full description of activities to be undertaken are included in Annexes F and H.

4) Information disseminated to all key stakeholders through the activities of Sub-Component 4.3.
Communication Strategy

Public opinion exerts pressure on governments and institutional stakeholders, as well as on the
business/private sector, and therefore represents considerable added value to achieving full implementation
of international and national legislation and developing new and more sustainable rules for economic
development. In order to make the SP and its products more widely appreciated, particular attention will be
devoted to the use and adaptation of modern information and communication approaches in line with the
recent recommendations of the World Summit on Information Society. Exchange of information will be
achieved through the development of an Intranet/Internet site and on-line magazine, the production of
leaflets, brochures, etc. for selected audiences and the participation in yearly national and international
environmental events.

5) Active participation of relevant stakeholders in the implementation of project activities and
demonstration projects

As previously mentioned all activities and demonstration projects have been developed to include the
participation of stakeholders at various levels in the design, implementation, dissemination and replication
of actions. Below is a summary of some of the key stakeholders involved with each component.

Component 1. Integrated approaches for the implementation of the SAPS and NAPS: ICM, IWRM
and management of coastal aquifers

Component 1 will involve a diverse number of stakeholders related to land, sea and freshwater
management in the Mediterranean, therefore requiring strong co-ordination. These include stakeholders
from a regional to local level and include national authorities, local authorities, the private sector, NGO's,
international and regional organizations and concerned citizens. To assist UNESCO, GWP-MED and
PAP/RAC in the co-ordination of public stakeholders, the SP, MAP and a number of other focal points will
have a key role in co-ordinating ministries and institutions. As detailed in Annex F, a number of
organizations will collaborate directly in the implementation of activities. Some of the key stakeholders
already identified and involved in project activities include the following:

�
The governments of the participating countries, with the environmental, water resources / irrigation
and agricultural Ministries and/or authorities at national level and as appropriate,
�
Governorates / regional authorities,
�
National water partnerships,
�
River Basin Organizations (and the Mediterranean Network of Basin Organizations � MENBO at
the regional level) and similar organizations managing water at the watershed level, including
international water commissions for shared water resources,
�
Local authorities and municipalities, including MedCities at the regional level,
�
Water users associations, including irrigators (and the Euro-Mediterranean Irrigators Communities
� EIC at the regional level), industries and tourism development groups,
�
Utilities and professional organizations, including the Mediterranean Water Institute (IME) at the
regional level,
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�
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), including the Mediterranean Information Office for
Environment, Culture and Sustainable Development (MIO-ECSDE) and the Arab Office for
Environment and Development (RAED) at the regional level,
�
Academia and research centres, including OSS, ACSAD and CIHEAM at the regional level,
�
Information systems on water, including the Euro-Mediterranean Information System on Know-
How for Water (EMWIS) at the regional level,
�
Journalist and the media at large, including the Circle of Mediterranean Journalist for Sustainable
Development (COMJESD),
�
Members of Parliaments and active politicians, including the Circle of Mediterranean
Parliamentarians for Sustainable Development (COMPSUD),
�
International and regional institutions and environmental convention secretariats and networks,
including MedWet, Centre for Environment and Development in the Arab Region and Europe
(CEDARE), IUCN Office for Mediterranean Cooperation, etc.
�
Professionals and water experts, including the Arab Water Council at the regional level,
�
Multi and bilateral donors active in the project countries,
�
International and regional development banks, including World Bank, European Investment Bank,
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Islamic Development Bank, etc.
�
UN organizations, including UNDP, UN ESCWA, UN ECA, UN ECE, UNESCO and its
programmes, etc
�
The competent Regional Activity Centres of MAP/UNEP, including Blue Plan, PAP, SPA, INFO.
�
Sub-category implementation partners: IGRAC, IGME, INWEB, Technical University of Turin
with Italian University Team of Hydrogeologists.
�
International and regional water resources /groundwater professional organizations, associations
and networks; IHP international and regional networks/National IHP committees; IAH; national
water resources professional associations
�
EU regional cooperative partnership initiatives and water programs (e.g. ENP, EUWI, Petersburg
and Athens process etc.), with cooperating Mediterranean and European Governments (i.e. Greece,
Germany)

Component 2. Pollution from land-based activities, including persistent organic pollutants:
implementation of SAP-MED and related NAPS

Overall the national authorities, local authorities, the private sector, NGO's and concerned citizens will be
the main stakeholders participating in the project. A number of institutional, policy and legislative reforms
necessary for the implementation of the SAP-MED NAPs will be identified and key to the success in
drafting and adopting reforms will be the active involvement and agreements reached of the governments
ministries and institutions at a national and local level. To assist MEDPOL and UNIDO in the co-
ordination of public sector stakeholders, the SP, MAP and MEDPOL focal points will have a key role in
co-coordinating communication between ministries and institutions, through the inter-ministerial
committees, to be formed in each country at the beginning of the project. In addition all activities have been
designed to be complementary with existing and planned activities on a national and regional level,
therefore there will be close collaboration throughout the project implementation with various partners such
as MEDPOL, the WB, GEF, IUCN, UNEP-GPA, UNDP, the EU and a number of other inter-governmental
agencies previously discussed.1

Regarding the specific activities and demonstrations stakeholders will include the following:

1 See section on "Other Activities relevant to the protection of the Mediterranean Sea"
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�
Phosphate fertilizer production companies (both national or private) at the selected demonstration
sites
�
Local leather tanneries at the selected demonstration sites
�
The involvement of oil companies, local authorities, national co-coordinating institutions in the
recycling of lubricating oil
�
Industrial companies from all participating countries to participate in the adoption of emission limit
values (ELV) for industrial effluents and environmental quality standards (EQS)
�
The inspectorates within the national and local authorities of the participating countries in order to
improve the permit, inspection and compliance systems
�
Local authorities responsible for coastal solid waste management, local and national NGO's
working on the management of marine litter and reduction of solid wastes
�
Industries in selected countries to participate in the adoption of environmental sound technology,
including BAT, cleaner production etc that will improve the environmental performance and
productivity of industrial installations
�
National electricity companies to participate in the management of PCB contaminated equipment,
stocks and wastes in national electricity companies

Component 3. Conservation of biological diversity: implementation of SAP-BIO and related NAPS

Main stakeholders at the national level will be the relevant national institutions (Fisheries, Environment,
Tourism and Transport), with scientific institutions and with nation-wide environmental NGOs. At the
local level stakeholders included will be the local government, local delegations of nationa