Printed at United Nations, Geneva
GE.03-01563July 2003300
UNEP/CHEMICALS/2003/10
, ,
,
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,
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,
2002 /
,
(GEF)
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(IOMC)
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,
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.
/
1995
(IOMC)
(
, )
1992
,
,
.
1998 /
,
,
.
,
:
UNEP
CHEMICALS
UNEP Chemicals11-13, chemin des Anémones
CH-1219 Châtelaine, GE
Switzerland
Phone:
+41 22 917 8170
Fax: +41 22 797 3460
E-mail: chemicals@unep.ch
http://www.chem.unep.ch
ii
..................................................................................................................
1
...................................................................................................
2
......................................................................................
..........................
7
....................................
7
1,1
................................................................................................
7
1,1,1
....
................................................................................................
8
1,1,2
.................................................................................................
8
1,2
....................
................................................................
8
1,2,1
.............................................................................................
9
1,2,2
......................................................
...................................
9
1,2,3
........................................................................................
9
1,2,4
.....................................................
10
1,3
........................................................................................
11
1,4
................................................................
11
1,5
................................
.................................................................
11
1,6
........................................................................................
11
1,7
......................................
..........................
12
1,8
.............................................................................
12
1,9
..................................................................................................
12
1,9,1
.....................................................................................
18
1,9,2
iii
...................................................................
19
1,9,3
......
.........................................................................
20
1,9,4
........................................................................
28
1,10
....................................................
......................................
32
1,11
........................................................................................
32
1,11,1
............................................................................
................
33
1,11,2
.................................................................................
33
1,11,3
.......................................................................................
34
2
.............................................
34
2,1
..............................................
34
2,2
...........................
..................................
34
2,3
....................................................................
34
2,3,1
.................................................................................
37
2,3,2
...................................................................
37
2,3,3
..................................
38
2,3,4
.............................
................................................................
41
2,4
PAHs
2,4,1
........................................................................................
...........
41
.................................
41
PCBs
2,4,2
..................................................................................
42
2,5
......................
42
2,6
................................................................................
44
7
,
2
iv
........................................................................
............................
45
2,8
........................................
47
3
............................................................
47
3,1
...........................................................................................
47
...........
3,1,1
.......................................................................................................
49
3,1,2
...................
......................................................................
52
3,1,3
.......................................................................
56
3,1,4
....................................
.........................................
63
3,1,5
.............................................................................................
66
3,1,6
........................................................................
.................
71
3,1,7
...................................................................................
76
3,1,8
...................................................................................................
77
3,2
.................................................................................................
77
3,2,1
78
....
3,2,2
........................................
82
3,3
82 ...................................................................................
3,3,1
........................................................
......................
82
3,3,2
...........................................................................
82
3,3,3
...............................................................................................
83
3,4
....................................................................................................
83
3,5
.......................................................................................................
86
3,6
...................................................................
98
4
v
.........................................................................................................
98
4,1
.................................
..........................................................
98
4,1,1
.................................................................................
99
4,1,2
99
..............................
.......................
4,1,3
................................................
101
4,2
..........................................................................................................
101
4,2,1
..................................................."
102
"/
4,2,2
............................................................................................
103
4,2,3
..........................................................................
103
/
4,2,4
/
........................................................................................
104
4,3
............................................
.....................................................
104
4,3,1
(multi-h
........
104
op)
"
"
"
(one-hop)
"
4,3,2
105
........................................................................................
........
4,3,3
.................................................................................
105
4,3,4
....................................................................................................
107
4,4
.........................................................................................................
107
4,4,1
.............................................................................................
107
4,4,2
.
...................................................................................
108
/
4,4,3
.................................................................................................
108
4,5
108
......................................
...................................................................
4,5,1
109
....................................................................................
/
4,5,2
109
.............
..................................
//
4,5,3
109
................................................
//
4,5,4
..............................(
110
)
4,5,5
110
...............................................................................................
4,5,6
vi
110
........................................................................................................
4,5,7
..................................................................................
110
4,6
.................................................................................
111
4,7
...........................................
...........................................................
113
4,8
.....................
117
5
..................................................................................
......................
117
5,1
.........................................................................................
117
5,2
......................................................................................................
..
117
5,2,1
.........................................................................................................
118
5,2,2
..........................................................................
118
/
5,2,3
119 ......................................................................
5,3
........................................................................................................
119
5,3,1
..............................
...........................................................................
122
5,3,2
....................................................................................
135
5,4
...................................................
....................................................
136
5,5
.....................................................................................................
136
5,5,1
......................
...................
136
5,5,2
............................................................................................
137
5,6
.........................................................................................
137
5,7
................................................................................................
137
5,7,1
......................................................
138
5,7,2
............
.......................................................................................
144
5,8
......................................................................................................
145
5,9
......................
...........................................................
146
6
............................................................................
146
6,1
vii
.........................................................
................................
147
6,2
.....................................................................................
148
6,3
............................................................
....
149
6,4
................................................................
151
6,5
..........................................................................................
152
6,6
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.
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,
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,
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11
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,
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.
.
.
1,9
HCB
,
,
,
,
DDT
,
,
,
,
,
)
( PCB
PAHs
HCH
(MSDs)
,
.
(IFCS)
.
1,9,1
Aldrin
1,9,1,1
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo,exo-5,8-
dim
ethanonaphthalene (C12H8Cl6).
CAS NUMB
ER
309-00-2
:
27 µg/L at 25°C
2.3 x 10-5
:
mm Hg at 20°C
log KOW: 5.17-7.4.
1950
:
.
,
,
.
12
.
:
.
,
.
.
1.6
20
.
/ 80 :
/
33 LD50
/
320
200
1
96-h LC50
.
.
/
53
2.2
/
/
0.006
/
.
180 0.1
.
/
0.2
Dieldrin
1,9,1,2
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydroexo-1,4-endo-5,8-
dim
ethanonaphthalene (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS NUMBER 60-57-1
140 µg/L at 20°C :
1.78 x 10-7 mm Hg at 20°C
:
. log KOW 3.69-6.2
:
1948 :
4
3 :
.
40
4
.
LD50
)
/
41
1.1 LC50 :
/ 0.6 . ( / 70
40
.
.
/
0,006
0.1
.
/
0.2
/
.
18
Endrin
1,9,1,3
13
:
3,4,5,6,9,9-Hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-2,7:3,6-dimethanonaphth[2,3-
b]oxirene (C12H8Cl6O).
CAS NUMBER
:
72-20-8
:
220-260 µg/L at 25 °C :
2.7 x 10-7 mm Hg at 25°C
:
log KOW: 3.21-5.34
:
.
.
.(
12 ) : :
.
,
18000
14
,
/
.
1
LC50
/
20
5 LD50
/
43
3
LD50
NOEL
.
. / 0.05
Chlordane
1,9,1,4
:
1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene (C10H6Cl8).
CAS NUMBER 57-74-9 :
:
56 µg/L at 25°C :
0.98 x 10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C
:
log KOW: 4.58-5.57.
1945
:
120
.
,
%
75
60
.
4
-
,
,
(endo-com
"
pounds) "
.
4 Diels-alder adduct of cyclopentadiene
14
.
4
:
.
)
/
90
(
)
/
0.4 LC50 :
LD
50
.
( /
.(
/
19.1 ) /
590 200
1.5
.
/
0.5
/ 0.002
.
/
6
.
Heptachlo (
r )
1,9,1,5
:
1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoindene (C10H5Cl7).
CAS NUMBER
:
76-44-8
:
180 µg/L at 25°C
0.3 x 10-5
:
mm Hg at 20°C
log KOW: 4.4-5.5.
:
.
/
.
: /
.
.
2 -
0.75
.
.(
/
119
40 LD50 )
:
.
/
0.11
LC
50
.
.
/
0.2
/
0.006
.
15
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DDT
1,9,1,6
:
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane (C14H9Cl5).
CAS NUMBER 50-29-3. :
:
1.2-5.5 µ
:
g/L at 25°C
0.2 x 10-6
:
mm Hg at 20°C
log KOW: 6.19 for pp'-DDT, 5.5 for pp'-DDD and 5.7 for pp'-DDE.
DDT
:
/
.
pp'
-DDT %
85
/
.
op'
.
-DDT %
15
. 7
15 DDT : /
.(
500000
50000 )
DDE
.
DDD
DDT
0.6
DDT
:
/
1.5 LC50
.
/
113 LD50 DDT
.
/
56
DDT .
/ 118
.
5
/
0.02
DDT
.
/
. / 1.0
Toxaphene 1,9,1,7
:
(C10H10Cl8 Polychlorinated bornanes and cam
).
phenes
CAS NUMBER 8001-35-2 :
:
550 µ
:
g/L at 20°C
3.3 x 10-5
:
mm Hg at 25°C
log KOW : 3.23-5.50.
16
1949 :
.
,
.
,
,
% -
69 67 (congeners
)
300
.
.
12
100 : /
(
. 76000
4247 BCF
)
/
1.8
96 LC50
:
.
/
22
/
49
.
/
0.5
.
/
365
/
293
60 LD50
/ / 0.35 NOEL
.
.
,
.
//
1,1
Mirex
1,9,1,8
:
1,1a,2,2a,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachloroacta-hydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta-
[cd]pentalene (C10Cl12).
CAS NUMBER 2385-85-5 :
:
0.07 µ
:
g/L at 25°C
3 x 10-7 mm
:
Hg at 25°C
log KOW: 5.28.
: /
, ,
.
%
95.19
.
,
.
,
%2.58
.
17
10
:
/
51400
2600
.
5
.
.
/
235 LD50
:
LC50 )
/
.
80
.(
/ 30
0.2 96
.
/
1
.
(
Hexachlorobenzene
)
HCB
1,9,9,9
:
Hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6)
CAS NUMBER : 118-74-1 :
:
50 µ
:
g/L at 20°C
1.09 x 10-5
:
mm Hg at 20°C
log KOW: 3.93-6.42.
1945 :/
.
.
,
.
HCB
0.5
5.7 2.7 HCB
:
/
. 4.2
.
. /
200
50 LC50 :
(
)
.
/
3.5 LD50
6
.
/ HCB
0.25
.
IARC
1,9,2
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
1,9,2,1
:
5 VPL = 4.76 Pa; H = 52 Pa m 3 /mol
6 porphyria cutanea tarda
18
Polychlorinated biphenyls (C12H(10-n)Cln, where n is within the range of 1-10).
CAS NUM
:
BER
(e.g. for Aroclor 1242, CAS No.: 53469-21-9; for Aroclor 1254, CAS No.: :
11097-69-1)
:
0.01 to 0.0001 µg/L at 25°C :
1.6-0.003 x 10-6 mm Hg at 20°C :
log KOW: 4.3-8.26.
1929 PCB /
.(
,
,
)
209
PCB
,
.
.
130
PCB
,
: /
7
3
.
,
.(aerob
ic)
,
, PCB
.
10
153 PCB
8
NOEL
/
0.32
LC
50 :
PCB
. /
0.01
PCB IARC
.
/
1 LD50
.
.
1,9,3
1,9,3,1
-
p
-
Polychlorinated dibenzo
(
dioxins PCDDs
and Polychlorinated
)
(
dibenzofurans
PCDFs)
:
7 eg. 2,4,5, - 2,3,5 or 2,3,6 substituted in both rings.
19
PCDDs (C12H(8-n)ClnO2) and PCDFs (C12H(8-n)ClnO) may contain between 1 and 8
chlorine atoms. Dioxins and furans have 75 and 135 possible positional isomers,
respectively.
135
75
.
8
1
.
congener
CAS NUMBER: :
(2,3,7,8-TetraCDD: 1746-01-6;
2,3,7,8-TetraCDF: 51207-31-9).
:
:
0.43 0.0002 ng/L at 25°C
2 0.007 x 10-6 mm
:
Hg at 20°C
log KOW: in the range 6.60 8.20 for tetra- to octa-substituted congeners.
.
: /
.
)
,
: /
.(
12
10
TCDD
.
8
17 :
9
PCB PCDDs/PCDFs AhR
.
.
.
.
chloracine
,
.
, /
10
. / -
2
1
TDI
.
/
0.1
TEQ
4
1 ,( PCB )
70
1
/
. / TEQ
1,9,4
Atrazine
1,9,4,1
:
8 2,3,7,8 substituted compounds
9 with no chlorine substitution in the ortho position
20
2-Chloro-4-(ethlamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (C10H6Cl8).
CAS NUMBER : 19-12-24-9 :
:
28 mg/L at 20°C :
3.0 x 10-7 mm Hg at 20°C :
log KowPartition Coefficient: 2.3404.
: /
.
,
.
.
100
)
60 : /
.
(
,
750
,
/
1750 ,
/
3090 LD50 :
LD50
.
/
1000
,
/
.
. / 3000 / 7500
.
/
2000
LD50
.
.
.
(
exachlorohexane
H
)
HCH
1,9,4,2
:
1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane (mixed isomers) (C6H6Cl6).
CAS NUMBER 608-73-1 (
:
-HCH, lindane: 58-89-9).
:
-HCH
7 mg
:
/L at 20°C
3.3 x 10-5 mm Hg at 20°C :
log KOW: 3.8.
"
, HCH" : /
HCH
(%
,
-
14 )
5 HCH
(%
,
-
80
)
55
HCH
.
HCH
"
"
(%
-
15 )
8
.
,
21
.
.
HCH
: /
HCH .
,
,
.
,
HCH
,
.
90
20 LC50
,
:
250
60 LD50
. /
. /
.
Endosulphan
1,9,4,3
:
6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-
benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide (C9H6Cl6O3S).
CAS NUMBER : 115-29-7. :
:
320 µ
:
g/L at 25°C
0.17 x 10-4
:
mm Hg at 25°C
log KOW: 2.23-3.62.
.
1954 /
)
.
100 (
,
%
94 .
.
( )
(
)
.
50
:
/
(
)
(
)
150
35
)
. .(
%
50
,
,
.
7
3
31 LD50 : )
:
1.5
LC50
)
96
(/ 242
22
,/
160
18 LD50
)
.( /
5
4
.(
/
359
78 LD50
(
.
)
(
)
.
.
(
Pentachlorophenol
)
PCP
1,9,4,4
:
Pentachlorophenol (C6Cl5OH).
CAS NUMBER : 87-86-5. :
:
14 mg
:
/L at 20°C
16 x 10-5
:
mm Hg at 20°C
log KOW: 3.32 5.86.
(
)
:
/
.
(
,
)
PCP
.
(
)
.
PCDFs
.
PCDDs
3.5
(
3.3 pH
)
(
100 t )
1/2
] pH : /
,
72 [
. (
(
7.3
)
pH
,
.
178 23
.( -
24
= (
10
t ))
1/2
/
0.2
24 LC
50
:
/
.
3.2
.
/ 210
50 LD50
.
)
96
/
0.97
0.77 ( )
48
/
0.093 LC50
.( )
48
/
0.47 (
( PAHs
)
1,9,4,5
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
:
PAHs are a group of compounds consisting of two or more fused aromatic rings.
.
CAS NUMBER
:
:
23
0.00014 -2.1 mg
:
/L at 25ºC
from 0.0015 x 10-9
:
to 0.0051 mmHg at 25°C
log KOW: 4.79-8.20
: /
.
PAH
.
: /
.
PAH
83
43 9 ()
BCF
.
/ PAH
,
.
2000
100
.
LC50
PAH
:
.
/
18000
490
/
10 ( ) LD50
/
0.1 /
1.0 LC50
(
,
)
Daphnia Pulex
.
.
( ) /
0.005
.
10
IARC
.
DNA
11
.
.
Phthalates
1,9,4,6
:
.
.
Dimethylphthalate (DMP), diethylphthalate (DEP), dibutylphthalate (DBP),
benzylbutylphthalate (B
and
BP), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)(C24H38O4)
dioctylphthalate (DOP)
CAS NUMBERS 84-74-2 (DBP), 85-68-7 (BBP), 117-81-7 (DEHP). :
:
The physico-chemical properties of phthalic acid esters vary greatly depending on the
alcohol moieties.
.
-
10 benz(a)anthracene, benzo (a) pyrene & dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
11 benzo (b) fluoranthene and indeno (1,2,3- c,d ) pyrene
24
9.9 mg/L (DBP) and 0.3 mg
:
/L (DEHP) at 25°C
3.5 x 10-5 (DBP) and 6.4 x 10-6 (DEHP) mm Hg at
:
25°C
log KOW: 1.5 to 7.1.
: /
.
(
cellulose acetate
)
DEHP
.
%
40
:
/
30
1 t1/2
(
)
.
.
25
DEHP
LD50 : :
8
LD50 DBP
,
,
/
34
.
/ 16
5
,
/
20
,
.
DEHP
.
DEHP
DEHP
6
(MAC) EPA
.
.
DEHP
/
Organotin compounds
1,9,4,7
:
Organotin compounds comprise mono-, di-, tri- and tetrabutyl and triphenyl tin
compounds.
:
They conform to the following general formula (n-C4H9)nSn-X and (C6H5)3Sn-X,
where X is an anion or a group linked covalently through a hetero-atom.
:
CAS NUMBER : 56-35-9 (TBTO); 76-87-9 (TPTOH) :
:
4 mg/L (TBTO) and 1 mg/L (TPTOH) at 25°C and pH 7 :
7.5 x 10-7 mm Hg at 20°C (TBTO) 3.5 x 10-8
:
mmHg at 50ºC (TPTOH)
log KOW: 3.19 - 3.84.
Under normal conditions, TBT exists as three species in seawater (hydroxide,
chloride, and carbonate).
.(
,
) TBT
,
25
12
: /
.
(soft
.
foa
.
m)
3
1
TBT
,
: /
TBT
.
:
TBT .
6000
.
1000 BCF
.
:
.(
)
.( /
2.3
)
0.06
TBT
,
TBT
.
/
0.1
.
TBT /
0.003
0.05
,
TBT
.
Organomercury Compounds
1,9,4,8
:
The main compound of concern is methyl mercury (HgCH3).
:
CAS NUMBER : 22967-92-6 :
:
0.1 g/L at 21°C (HgCH3Cl) and 1.0 g/L at 25ºC (Hg(CH3)2) :
8.5 x 10-3 mm Hg at 25°C (HgCH3Cl) :
log KOW: 1.6 (HgCH3Cl) and 2.28 (Hg(CH3)2).
) : /
)
(
,
.(
.
12 tributyl and triphenyl tin
26
(m
ethylation)
.
: /
.
.
%
,
0.01
.
.
60
.
%100
:
.
.
Organolead Compounds
1,9,4,9
:
Alkyllead compounds may be confined to tetramethyllead (TML, Pb(CH3)4) and
tetraethyllead (TEL, Pb(C2H5)4).
CAS NUMBER: 75-74-1 (TML) and 78-00-2 (T
:
EL).
:
: 17.9 mg/L (TML) and 0.29 mg
:
/L (TEL) at 25°C
.
: 22.5 and 0.15 mm
:
Hg at 20°C for TML and TEL
(TEL)
(TML) : /
TML TEL
.()
TEL
.
.
TML
dealkylation
, : /
.
.
methylation
,
(
,
(
)
120
) (
,
)
650 TEL
(
)
170
(
)
20
TML
(
)
130
(
.
)
60
27
:
.
TML
TEL
.
35
TEL
( ,
)
LD50
.
(
96
,
)
LC50
TML
.
/
108
/
. /
TML
0.11
/
0.02
TEL
1,10
,
/
.
)
37
6
90 37
13
.
:
1
.
2
.
,
3
.
.
4
.
(
5
.
)
.
20
48
.
.
,
,
.
.
/
.
.
.
.
. , (Turner, B., The Statesman s Year Book, 2002)
13 Encyclopedia Britannica Atlas 1979
28
(
, ) 36
706.6 .
/ /
/ 98660 1996
/
,
/
36 /
19
/
:
.
/
.
130
,
.
.
125430000
1997 148393
(/ /)
.
/
/
2500
1250
.
/
28.9 /
19
.
5000
.
698950 2001 46500
5000
.
1000
.
.
1999
,
.
.
.
/ / /
/ /
/
100
.
/
13.
9
/
:
.
10000
.
640
31.1
/
29
1629807
.
60055488
1996
.
(
)
1998
.(
"78
2
" )
.
. 1590013 1995 17818
.
36.6 /
13.5 /
.
125
1200
400
199
26
(
6 )
269010
2000
.
115
.
.
.(
1999 ) 72000 ""
.
1500
"
27 "
.
676577
.
(
)
.
45.92 1996
/
/
.
/
)
.(
/
147181
.
.
(
21.02
)
1997
30
.
/
.
/
/
/
10
/
.
/
.
1424
25
309500
.
2325000
.
(
)
1999
/ /
/
47
:
.
/
101
,
46 /
28
/
.
98
32
/
29
/
,
130579571
(
1998 ) 796095
.
.
.
/
/
,
.
(
)
1997 11.437
.
16.7 /
522023
.
.
62
36.7 /
.
%
80
.
,
31
17.88
1995
.
2.2
/ /
.
/
/
100
.
42 / 14.4 /
.
81
22.8
/
.
.
18 (
)
1997
62028
(
,
/
)
/
/)
(
, / /)
.( /
/
/
.
83657
.
2377453
1995
100
.
.
/
/
13.9
.
.
24 /
,
/
21.7
/
508
32 /
.
46
1,11
1,11,1
.
32
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
.
(
.
.
1,11,2
.
.
"
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
1,11,3
.
.
/
.
33
2
2,1
, ( ) :
1
( )
3 ( )
2
( )
5 )
4
(
.
.
(
,
)
,
,
.
.
2,2
.
(RENPAP)
,
/
.
.
2,3
:
2,3,1
Aldrin
2,3,1,1
.(
Annexure-I
)
14
(
2000
1995 622)
14 DGCIS, 2001
34
,
.
1992
(
1970
)
13500 (
,
1996
)
1500
,(
)
0.8
.
.
(
)
0.4 (
, )
2
Chlordane
2,3,1,2
,
,
.(
Annexure I )
15
65
-
1999
1995
)
31
.
.(
-
2000 1995
.
1.35
DDT 2,3,1,3
DDT
.
1989
.
DDT
.
10000
554
DDT
12
-
1998
1996
16
4190 DDT .
-
2000 1995
17
.
-
2001
2000
-
1996 1995
.
DDT
.
5.3
3
.
2001
) DDT
.(
3346
Dieldrin
2,3,1,4
.
(
)
15 DGCIS
16 DGCIS, 2001
17 Ministry of Agriculture Report, 2002
35
.
,
.
.
18
0.155
.
.
( (DP) )
Endrin
2,3,1,5
1.2
.
19
.
.
Heptachlor ( )
2,3,1,6
.
.
1996
.
Mirex
2,3,1,7
.
.
Toxaphene 2,3,1,8
.
.
Hexachloroben
z
(
ene
)
HCB ( )
2,3,1,9
-
1995 (/ ) HCB
42612
20
-
1992
1970
15390 . 1997
-
1988
.
1979
12162
22.5 HCB 7.9 (
,
118 )
18 Tech-19.5 MT & 18-EC 17.0 kL
19 ROPME, 1999
20 Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, 2000
36
.
/
HCB
.
.
2,3,2
(
Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs)
2,3,2,1
-
4000
2000
)
1996
(
. PCB
.
PCB
21
0.80 0.25 ,
.
PCB
PCB
.
PCB
PCB
.
.
PCB
25
,
.
PCB
PCB
2000
.
. PCB
2001
.
2,3,3
Dioxins and Furans (
/
PCDD Fs)
2,3,3,1
.
. PCB
,
2,3,3,1,1
(MSW
) /
60000
50000
22
. /
0.40
299
23
. /
0.5
0.25
13000
4.4
21 Hess et. al., 2001
22 CPCB, 2000
23 HPC Report, 2001
37
24
120
.
4.1
%
.
.
.
.
750
430
551
511 510 /
25
.
/
200
.
.
,
8
2
26
,
. /
-
28 16
.
2,3,3,1,2
.
PVC
.
PCDD/Fs
.
PVC /
.
/
27
.
2,3,4
Atrazine
2,3,4,1
.
.
28
.
-
2000
1999
128
29
.
-
2000 1995
1486
24 HPC Report, 2001
25 Kanbour, 1997, Mashaa'n and Ahmed, 1997, WHO, 1995
26 UNEP, 1999
27 Reazuddin, 2002
28 MC&F, 2000
29 Ministry of Agriculture Report, 2002
38
.
.
.
400
Endosulphan
2,3,4,2
.
/
.
.
1968
.
8206
-
1997 1996
.
30
(
-
2000
)
1995 .
(
2000
1995
41033 )
31
.
62
12180 (
-
2000
)
1999
.
. 3599
.
.
-
140
133
.
1999
(
-
1989
)
1985
592 (
-
1998
)
1996
.
Lindane
2,3,4,3
.
(
)
.
( )
4462
1992
.
32
-
2000 1995 /
33
.
1954
2411
.
/
(
, 234.5) HCH 10DP
.
.
" "
.
(
)
3.12
HCH 50 WP (
,
)
27.50
80 HCH
.
30 MC&F, 2000
31 DGCIS, 2001
32 MC&F, 2000
33 DGCIS, 2001
39
/
2,3,4,4
,
/
,
.
.
, 84
.( )
.
(
,
8.1 )
44
.
.
. .
.
160
(
Pentachlorophenol
)
CP
P
2,3,4,5
.
Phth
alates
2,3,4,6
(
, PVC HDP
E LDPE )
,
.
2707000
-
2000
1999
-
2000
1995 captafol
.
capatan
:
34
. . 4983
.
5232
2,3,4,7
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs
PAHs
.
.
PAHs
34 MC&F, 2000
40
2,4
,
,
.
.
PCDD/Fs
.
,
(
)
300
PCB
.
PAHs
2,4,1
,
,
.
50
27
100
50
(
)
PAHs
.
60
21 /
426
52
1992
35
372 .
/ 617
.
/
240
PCBs
2,4,2
10
PCBs
.
4
.
65
36
.
PCB ,
37
. PCB 25
.
35 Saeed, 2002
36 Al-Shatti and Ahmad, 1995
37 Qatar Report, 2002
41
2,5
,
.
/
) PAHs PCDD/Fs
. (
,
.
·
.
PCB
·
.
·
.
PCBs
·
.
PCDD/Fs
PCB
·
,( )
, PAHs
.
2,6
.
.
.
:
=
1
=
2
=
42
,
.
: (Annexure IIA)
.
( )
,
.
.
.
DDT
,
.
,
.
.
PCB
.
,
.
.
.
PAHs
PCDD/Fs
,
.
(Annexure III)
PAHs PCDD/Fs
.
PCB
.
DDT
.
2,7
6
,
,
DDT
,
,
,
:
. (
Annexure IA-IB )
,
HCB
.
43
PCB
, PAHs PDDD/Fs
.
/
.
.
PAHs PCDD/Fs PCB ,
,
)
.
(
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
(
)
.
.
.
PAHs
PCDD/Fs
,
.
,
.
PCB
. HCH DDT
/
.
,
.
PCB
.
.
.
.
PCDD/Fs
.
44
2,8
Annual Report (2001-2002), Alkali Manufacturer's Association of India, New Delhi.
Barrie L.A. et. al (1997), Canadian Arctic Contaminants Assessment Report. Indian
and more than affairs Canada, Ottawa.
Country paper on Sources of Environmental Levels of Persistent Toxic Substances,
Ministry of Agricultural and Irrigation, Government of Union of Myanmar.
CPCB-2000 Status of MSW Generation, Collection, Treatment and Disposal in
Class-I Cities.
Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), 2001,
Calcutta.
Disposal of obsolete pesticides: Problems and Issues in Nepal, 2001.
Chandorkar P.S. (2002), Overview of the
PTS Pesticides Presented in Priority Setting Meeting held at New Delhi on 18-21,
Sept. 2002.
FAO, (June, 2001) Inventory: Obsolete, unwanted and/or banned pesticide stocks in
India,.
Hess. R. Rushworth. D. Hynes, M.V. & Peters (2001), Disposal Options for Ships.
http://
.
www rand.org/publications
-
MR
.
-
1377 NAVY, prepub
.
lication copy
/
MR
.
/
1377
MR
1377
MR
.
.
4
ch pdf
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Information from Plan Protection Directorate, Nepal, 2002.
Md. Reazuddin (2002), Communication from Ministry of Environment, Government
of Bangladesh.
Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers (MC&F) (2000), Information complied by Plant
Protection, Adviser, Department of Agriculture & Corporation, Ministry of
Agriculture and Corporation, New Delhi.
Palikhe, B.R. (2002), Sources and Environmental Levels of PTS in Nepal Country
Paper Presented in the Technical Workshop at Kuwait, March, 2002.
Environmental Department (1999), Persistent Organic Pollutants National Survey
Volume II, State of Qatar.
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States--KISR, Kuwait.
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Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Fertilizers (2002).
45
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in Indian Ocean Region: country status report, Sri Lanka.
Registrar of Pesticides, P.O. Box 49, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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country report of the Expert Group, Volumes-I, II & III R. B. Singh (1999)
prepared by Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation,
Government of India.
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Toxic Substances, Barbados, 2000 [GEF/C.15/INF.18].
Report of the High Power Committee on Management of Hazardous Wastes,
Chairman, Prof. M.G.K. Menon, Wp-657/95.
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Organic Pollutants [POPs] implementation in India [Draft report, 2002] prepared by
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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), "Global Environmental Outlook,
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46
3
3,1
39
38
.
.
DDT
.
.
HCH HCH
.
40
.
(ROPME)
41
.
(PCDD/Fs)
(Annexure IC)
.
.
3,1,1
3,1,1,1
/
240
)
1.0
.( /
780
)
10 HCH (
/
528
0.076 DDT (
42
.
(
/
216 )
18.96
)
2.06
DDT
8.17
HCH
/ ( /
51.9
7.21 )
37.07 ( /
. /
.
43
.
38 Beg et al.. 1989; Sarkar and Everaarts. 1998; Agnihotri. 1999; Bhatnagar. 2001; ICAR. 2002
39 Hayat et al.. 2001
40 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
41 Beg and Al-Ghadban. 2002
42 Chandra. et al. 1992
43 NIOH. 1984-85
47
(PAHs)
3,1,1,2
PAHs
.
PAHs
.
44
,
( /
)
462 ( a
)
/
)
56
(
/
)
399
(
/
)
375
.( / )
13
(LPG) ( / )
17
(
.
/
12.7 ( a)
PAHs
16
228
.
PAHs
/
±
81.6
89.7
±
15.2
23 PAHs
/
140.5
±
95.5
±
17.3
37.1
38.5
.
/
±
195
195.2
±
36.5 66.3
45
. /
141.8
±
133.3
/
29.5 ±
38.8
24.5 PAHs
46
. /
.
/
387
7
1991
PAHs
5
2 PAHs
.
PAHs
.
/
2.4
47
. / 6.67
0.42
7.2
3,1,1,3
9
24
.
/
391
7.5
.
48
. /
50 TLV
44 Raiyani et al.. 1993a
45 Raiyani et al.. 1993a
46 Kulkarni and Venkatraman. 2000
47 Sadiq and McCain. 1993
48 Pandya et al.. 1996
48
(PCDD/ )
Fs
3,1,
1,4
(PCDD/Fs)
.
.
49
.
I-TEQ /
0.75 I-TEQ
/
1.43
.
3,1,2
3,1,2,1
391
:
:
/
39
/
847 DDT
/
/
100000 HCH
/
.
148
( /
7.5) DDT . /
98
50
2489
23.9 HCH
.
( /
)
7.8 HCH
51
.
HC
H .
/
257 /
/
.
315
10.9 ( pp-DDT op-DDT pp-DDE ) DDT
52
.
,
/
.
40
/
.
118 HCH
/
701 DDT . /
54
53
/
18
/
22.1
55
.
/
112
0.11 HCH
/
12 /
100
49 Al-Shoala. 2002
50 Kaphalia et al.. 1985
51 Jani et al., 1991
52 Dikshit et. al.. 1990
53 Kumar. et al.. 1995
54 Rao and Rao. 1999
55 Singh. 2001
49
56
. DDT
/
0.008
120
660 HCH DDT
/
1.0
1.6
250
/
0.35 1.1
18
/
0.54
3.1 13.0
57
ICAR
.
/
0.180
1.5
6.2
(
)
2002
.
16 ( ,
, ) (
)
( /
0.83
)
DDT
102 330
)
0.0025
58 (
/
4.22
)
HC
H 195
DDT
126
280
( /
1.3
)
73
(
/
3.41
)
HCH
181 ( /
2.10
)
.( /
2.88
11
( /
20.06 0.01) DDT %
21
67
ICAR
%
30
( /
3.92
)
0.013 HCH
%36
(
3.02
)
0.01
58
.
3 HCH
.
59
.
/
0.10
0.01
20 :
60
9.4
0.26 HCH (ORV Sagar Kanya)
1987
/
50.9
2.1
9.8
1.4 /
DDT
/
444.0
15.8 t-DDT
.
( /
56.0
)
13.3 pp-DDT
±
5.6
)
251.0
op-DDT
pp-DDE DDT
.(
/
op-DDE ( /
20.34
)
2.5
t-DDT .
56 Nayak et al.. 1995
57 Anbu. 2002
58 ICAR. 2002
59 Palikhe. 2002
60 Sarkar and Gupta, 1989
50
61
.
ppb
.
0.44
0.1
. /
744 DDT /
3.95
/
60.8
/
2.95
0.1 HCH
62
3,1,2,2
63
/
0.003
(PCBs)
3,1,2,3
64
.
15.1 PCB
/
1.5
/
41
0.45
/
2.6 /
48
65
. /
3,1,2,4
66
.
67
13 /
0.1
4
68
.
/
0.113 0.036
.
3,1,2,5
.
61 Shailaja et al.. 1992
62 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984
63 Sannappa et al.. 1997 a.b
64 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984
65 Anbu. 2002
66 Wallace et al.. 1971
67 MNR-Bahrain. 2000
68 MNR-Kuwait. 1999
51
69
.
/
18
2.3 /
6
/
-
960
120
-
330 150
-
346 10 TBT
70
.
(PAHs)
3,1,2,6
71
PAHs
0.065
/
.
1189
.
(chrys
ene) /
0.41
.
72
.
( /
14.47
0.20
)
/
2.91 PAHs
73
.
/
156.6
PAHs
74
/
24.76
0.47 PAHs
(PCDD/Fs)
3.1.2.7
.
0.1 vinyl chloride monomer
.
/ TEQ
0.1
/
TEQ
2
. /
TEQ
10 × 5.9
5
/
TEQ
10 ×
64
75
. /
14500
3,1,3
3,1,3,1
76
.
11 :
224
.
/
. HCH DDT
69 Hassan and Juma. 1992
70 Anil. 2002
71 Madany et al. (1998)
72 Jani et al.. 1991
73 ITRC. 1993
74 Abaee. 2002
75 Qatar Report. 2002
76 ICAR, 2002
52
/
0.049
0.005
.
/
0.03
0.002 HC
H
/
3.21
0.03
DDT
:
.
.
DDT /
4.85
0.69 /
16.96
36
0.1 DDT
/ 8.1
0.1 HCH /
.
/
49
0.1
77
.
10
78
.
,
,
/
236.0
63.0 t-DDT
.
(/
197.7
)
38.0
. (/
26.8
)
18.4
2.89
2.63
36.27 -
22.24 14.83
2.75
1.71
0.11
1.28
5.31
,
0.71
0.047
t-HCH /
79
t-cyclod
iene
:
,
:
HCH
, /
0.14 DDT /
0.81 :
80
/
0.009
,
/ 0.254
,
200
50
(
43
ppb
)
32 DDT
(
ppb
3.0
)
0.5
81
,
. HCH
/
17.9
0.44 t-HCH
/
35.7
0.95
82
. / 179.1 t-DDT / 0.88
HCH (
0.79 0.02) t-DDT
77 Kahalgaon
78 Senthilkumar et al.. 1999
79 Sethi et al.. 1999
80 ITRC. 1993
81 Sarkar and Sengupta. 1991
82 Sarkar and Sengupta. 1987
53
83
(
/
0.51
)
0.05
0.53
(
)
0.02 (
0.21
)
0.01
84
,
15
)
10 (
,
,
,
,
)
0.85
.
(
/
3.33
0.70 /
0.26 0.10
t-HCH /
7.87
t-DDT /
25.17
1.47 /
0.95
0.42
/ 0.26
t-HCH
,
0.09
/
6.20
0.10
17.59
1.14
,
/
0.78 0.39 /
1.41 0.20 ,
t-DDT
.
/
350
t-HCH
,
/ 120
15 100
20
/
175
250
,
/
150
85
. t-DDT /
400 20
220
,
50
.
DDT /
2.7
86
/ 1
.
DDE
/
2.2
88
87
.
89
.
/
100
( )
.
(
,
,
) 1997 t-DDT
90
12
.
(
/
)
2870
.( /
)
231
Atrazine
3,1,3,2
83 Sarkar and Sengupta. 1988
84 Sarkar et al. 1997
85 Sarkar and Everaarts. 1998
86 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984; Literathy et al.. 1986
87 Al-Ghadban et al.. 1998
88 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
89 HCB, alpha HCH, beta HCH, lindane, pp DDE, pp DDD, pp DDT, DDMU, op DDE, op DDD, op
DDT, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, trans nonachlor, heptachlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, alpha
endosulfan sulphate.
90 Fowler, 2002
54
91
. :
0.014
PCBs
3,1,3,3
92
. /
5 PCB
,
93
.
PCB
50
1254
, ,
/
20 /
190
7.8 / 24500
94
/
139
4
/
130
,
13
95
10
PCB
96
.
±
4.4
4.1
PCB
PCB
97
.
1.09 /
1.4
3,1,3,4
0.01
1994
1993
/ 0.03
98
/ 0.68
0.05
100
99
42
.
/
0.03
0.02
.
-
1994
1993 Um
itaka Maru
.
/
0.375 0.042 /
0.169
101
5.4
/
39.4
1.2
/
2.2
0.6
,
/
16.70
0.7
,
/
91 Sannappa et al.. 1997 a.b
92 Shunbo and Litherathy.1984; Litherathy et al.. 1986; Al-Ghadban et al. 1998
93 Fowler, 1985
94 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
95 Al-Wahebi. 2002
96 Senthilkumar et al.. 1999
97 Sarkar and Everaarts. 1998
98 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984
99 (MNR-Bahrain. 2000; MNR-Kuwait. 1999
100 Al-Majed and Rajab (1998)
101 Al-Majed et al.. (2000)
55
39.4
)
(
, /
100
)
(
/
102
.
.
3,1,3,5
103
TBT
,
TBT
.
/
1.93
0.13
104
.
/
536
93
2333
872
,
33
244
PAHs
3,1,3,6
PAHs
/
761
36.4
/
30.4
1991
10.9 /
97.5
47.5
,
.
/
36.5
4.5 , / 21.8
105
. /
209 3.7 PAHs
106
1998
,
/
1334 5.6
107
PAHs
(ROPME)
,
,
/
6.9 / 97.7
108
.
PAHs
/
6.48
1.63
3,1,4
3,1,4,1
,
.
. ( )
4
/
115.9 1.31 t-DDT
.
/
1587.8
4.0
102 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
103 Hassan and Juma (1992)
104 Anil. 2002
105 Saeed et al. 1999; Khan etal.. 1999
106 Beg et al.. 2001
107 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
108 Abaee. 2002
56
/ 0.78 /
4.23
0.32
109
t-DDT
110
4
/
2.38
/
0.20 (black pomfret-Parastromateus niger
)
,
/
0.09
,
/
0.0003
,
HCH
/
0.003
, HCH
0.003
,
/
0.004
,
/
0.001
,
/
0.001
/
0.042 op-DDT /
0.007 pp-DDD /
0.002 pp-DDE /
112
111
.
pp-DDT
113
/
128
3 DDT
HCB HCH DDT
114
DDT
.
1996
,
-1993
,( /
64000
)
21000
HCB HCH
.
/
19
7.7
240
45
1900
860
DDT /
740 -
250
3700
60
/
13 3
18
0.8
HCH /
96
26
110 28
HCH DDT
.
115
1996
1994
1992
1988 HCB
116
.
HCB
/
5.0
0.89
0.03
0.09 HCH DDT
,
117
,
ppm 0.01
118
.
DDT HC
H
12.84
0.82
16.56 5.44 DDT HCH
119
1999
/
109 (Shailaja and Singhal. 1994
110 Rajendran et al.. 1992
111 Radhakrishnan and Antony. 1989
112 Shailaja and Nair. 1997; Shailaja and Sengupta. 198
113 Nigam. et al.. 1998
114 Senthilkumar et al.. 1999
115 Kanan et al.. 1994
116 Senthilkumar et al., 1999
117 Bhinge and Banerjee. 1981
118 Bakre et al.. 1990
119 Bakre et al.. 1990
57
120
36
.
ICAR
(
,
/
0.25
)
/
0.06 HC
H DDT
7
DDT
HCH
37
(
/
0.721
)
/
0.170
0.05
)
HCH
4 DDT
4
. (
/
)
0.01 (/
(murrel , catla ca
tla )
48
,
ICAR
(/
0.04 BDL ) HCH
,
10
.
(
(rohu and catla catla) /
0.05 )
DDT
(% )
75
36
48
12
MRL
)
29.2
(%
14 HCH
DDT
%
75 (
,
MRL
%
)
4 HCH
%
,
87
(mackere
l)
.
%
45
121
12
3 (car
p)
ppm
0.09 0.04
HC
H
122
.
/
6.9
2.5 (clams-cercinita spp.)
123
/
4.7 /
10.0
2.5 DDD
.
/
5.0 DDE /
1.3 DDT
/
88
8.8 DDT
124
. / 1 /
36
2.2
/
11
1
DDT
/
45 /
7
1
125
DDT
.
126
DDT
DDE DDD
.
/
30
120 Agnihotri. 1999
121 ICAR. 2002
122 Palikhe. 2002
123 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984
124 Litherathy et al.. 1986
125 Dou Abul et al.. 1987
126 Fowler. 1985
58
/
5
127
.
128
DDD
DDE / 1
.
/
10
/ 1
/
0.1
DDE
5
.
.
/
2.3
0.03
26
1.6 DDT
129
.
17
,
t-DDT
PCBs
3,1,4,2
PCB
130
-
1996 1994
180
/
4000
/
13000 1100
.
/
620 /
390
131
. PCB
/
270
100 PCB
PCB
/
47
34
132
TEQ
.
1992
1988
1996 1994
,
PCB
.
PCB
133
. /
123.5
4.06
,
PCB
/
14.2
8.4 PCB
127 KFUPM/RI. 1987; c.f. ROPME. 1999
128 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
129 Fowler. 2002
130 Senthilkumar et al.. 1999
131 Senthilkumar et al.. 1999
132 Kannan et al.. 1994
133 Kumar et al.. 2001
59
134
PCB
15
.
1.5
0.37
/
58
1.7
1254
/ 2.1
0.12
0.65 0.38 /
1254
/
3.7
0.08 /
3.8 0.5
,
. .
/
4.8
2.1 /
32
3 PCB
135
.
3,1,4,3
136
.
1987
1982 /
1.57
0.397
0.135
.
138
137
0.055
/
0.213
0.06 /
1.070 0.004 . /
139
.
/
0.332
140
/
0.20
0.02
141
.
/
1.0 0.30
0.226
0.023
/
0.18 0.009
142
. /
0.041
0.015 /
/ 0.315 /
0.219
0.009
143
.
0.136
0.080
/
0.505
0.037
,
/
0.045
0.011 /
0.045
.
/
1.300
0.028
1.290
0.042
134 Shunbo and Litherathy. 1984
135 Al-Wahebi. 2002
136 Anderlini et al.. 1982; Zarba and Literathy. 1987
137 Fowler. 1985
138 Linden et al.. 1990
139 Fowler. 1985
140 Litherathy et al.. 1986
141 MSC. 1986
142 Linden. 1982; Fowler. 1985
143 ROPME 2000
60
72
1994 1993 Um
itaka Maru
144
28
/
3.201 0.250 /
0.80
.
/
2.944 0.144
/
0.76
145
.
(N =330)
/
0.035 0.004
. %25
.
Epinephelus coiodes /
3.923
Liza subvir
idis 0.073
.
1.9
3.2
.
3,1,4,4
146
-
1994 1993 Um
itaka Maru
.
Triphenyltin (TPT) TBT
/
21 TBT
.
/
50
/
7 TPT
.
PCB
.
/
40
147
.
/
123.5
4.06
.
(
)
Bigeye scad
butyltin .
butyltin
.
25
10 /
10
.
/
.
144 Al-Majed et al.. 1998
145 Al-Majed and Preston (2000a)
146 Watanabe et al. (1998)
147 Kumar. et al.. 2001
61
(PAHs)
3,1,4,5
PAH
,
148
. /
38.2 ,
18.4 ,
135,196 136
,
149
170
3.2 PAH ,
/
564
2.5 /
150
PAH
.
/
135 74
. /
358 83.8
151
/
150
14.1 PAH
(ROPME)
1993
.
Um
itaka Maru
152
PAH
2000
1998
11.9
2.8 /
13.5
4.7
-
9.6
1.5 /
8.7
0.74 /
23.2
11.1 PAH
.
/
5.1
/ 16.9 4 /
. /
54.1
2.8 /
(
/
PCDD Fs)
3,1,4,6
. PCDD/Fs
( /
35 )
15
28
,
19
)
11
12 /
220
50
.
,
/
200
(
24 /
153
/
33
.
/
4
154
.
/
2.9 /
9.5
40
82
155
. /
17
48 /
148 Fowler et. al.. 1993
149 Al-Yakoob et al.. (1993)
150 Saeed et al. (1995)
151 Al-Majed et al. (1998)
152 Al-Majed et al.. 2000
153 catfish: Clarias sps.; tilapia: Tilapia nilotica and catla: Catla catla
154 Indian sardine: Sardinella longiceps and golden anchovy. Coittia dussumlerl
155 Senthilkumar et al.. 2001
62
3,1,5
3,1,5,1
,50.8 DDT :
156
.
/
95.4 67.014
,
157
.
.
/
3600
)
0.3 t-DDT ( /
8800 )
14
t-HCH
1.2
0.1
4.3
0.1 HC
B .(
.
/
4100 280 /t-DDT
13000
67
.
/t-HCH
)
(
common redshank )
white cheeked -
) (
Mongolian plover
/
470
19
1800
17
t HCH t-DDT
(
tern
.
terek - )
158
t- t-DDT
curlew
.
/
5500
19
3300
9.2 HCH
0.2
10
)
0.3 HCB
1.1
0.1
4.3
)
0.1 ( / 1.8
HCH HCH
.
( /
.
.
t DDT
t HCH
pp-DDE
DDT
.
HCH
t-HCH
:
159
50
162
)
HCH DDT
.
156 Kaphalia et. al.. 1981
157 Tanabe et al.. 1998
158 e.g. white winged tern. terek sandpiper. common sandpiper. curlew sandpiper and lesser crested
tern
159 Seth and Kaphalia. 1983
63
( / 17
/
0.193
,
0.530 0.134
DDT HCH
160
199
DDT /
240
1985
161
DDT /
33
10 HCH /
162
HCH /
295 10
163
/
18 /DDT
,
3
HCH
/
2723
ICAR
14
0.05
)
MRL %
43.2 DTT %
86.5
,
487
)
0.1
MRL
%
77.8 HCH %
80.3
(
, /
164
( /
16
165
%
)
7.7 DDT
)
40.6
(%
190
468
,
.(
MRL %
HCH
)
15.2
(%
304
)
64.9
(
MRL
166
. MRL
(%
)
8.5
40
DDT
.
DDT
,
:
11.01
0.14 BHC
,
/
2.1 0.48 DDT
,
/
1.04
0.61
,
/
0.78
0.12
,
/
167
. /
0.52
0.14
,
/
0.60
0.05
168
.
(
/
)
0.230 HCH (
, /
)
0.972 DDT
(
/ )
4 HCH DDT
169
.
.
(
/ )
8
( /
11
)
86
t - HCH
(
,
/
7 /
)
94
HCH
(/
143
23
632
)
277 DDT
(
, /
19
)
253
170
.
160 Kaphalia and Seth. 1981
161 Kaphalia. et al.. 1985
162 Nigam and Siddiqui, 2001
163 Agnihotri. 1999
164 Agnihotri. 1999
165 ICAR. 2002
166 Agnihotri. 1999
167 Banerjee. 1985
168 Kaphalia. et al.. 1985
169 Agnihotri. 1999
170 Hayat. 2002
64
(
PCBs
)
3,1,5,2
71.88
15.12 : PCB
273
/
171
PCB . /
172
.
.
/
65
20 PCB
640
30
PCB
)
,
/
Mongolian
)
(eg. Common redshank
(white cheeked
tern)
) ( plover
.
/
4400 40
ter
e
k
173
1400
27
curlew
.
/
PCBs
270
110 PCB 12
174
PCB
. /
175
(
/
)
3.6
(
/
PCDD Fs)
3,1,5,3
176
PCDD/Fs
/
19
24
/
150
200 (osprey) / 130
240
9.2
270 /
59
97
,
.
/
.
( /
1000
)
620
( /
2700
)
1300
(
)
171 Senthilkumar. et al.. 2001
172 Tanabe et al.. 1998
173 e.g. white winged tern and terek sandpiper. common sandpiper. curlew sandpiper. lesser crested tern
174 Senthilkumar et al.. 2001
175 Kannan et al.. 1992
176 Kumar et al.. 2001
65
177
/
5.4
3.2 / 19 11
270
:
178
/
160 /
3,1,6
3,1,6,1
.
DDT
/ 19.12
0.8
179
18
.
/
3
,
180
(
)
390 /
0.8 0.5
DDT
.
DDT
2.6 /
2.6 2.1
181
/
.
182
. DDT
HCH
183
. /
0.08 / 0.44 1970
/
200 105 HCH
1972
184
.
185
,
.
) /
0.03 (%
)
34.2
39 114
(%
)
42.3
85 , DDT
201 .(
/
0.08
777
(
/
1.09 ) /
0.10
.( /
10.86
)
0.01 /
0.37 (% 57.5)
447 HCH
)
0.01 / 0.015 (%
)
96.3
105
109
(%
)
78.9
332
,
422
(
/ 0.63
177 Kumar et al.. 2001
178 (Kumar. et al.. 2001
179 Annual Report NIOH. 1976
180 KrishnaMurti. 1984
181 Mukherjee et al.. 1980
182 Kaphalia et al.. 1985
183 Jaglan and Chopra . 1970
184 Chenopodium album. Ameranthus gangetics. Ameranthus peniculatus. Ameranthus polygamous.
and Spinacia oleracea
185 Visveswariah and Jayaram. 1972
66
.
(
/
18.63 ) / 0.82
:
14
%
(MRL)
186
16
,
.
%
9.2 HCH %
,
0.6
796
187
485
796
.
-HCH
3
18 (% )
61
15
,
(%
)
84.4
,
183
378
,
DDT
HCH
.
188
.
DDT
.
DDT HCH
.
.
,
HCH DDT
189
.
/
1.6
1.3 /
10.9 -
1.4 DDT
190
60 .
/
0.292 1.96 1.34 DDT HCH
191
/
25.7
2.0 ppm
4.1
1 .
192
DDT
1980 . DDT
193
60
.
/
25.7 22.1
DD
T HCH
194
ICAR . / 2.96 0.89
:
1.31
195
HCH DDT
/
)
0.2
,
.( /
0.2
DDT /
1.25
HCH
186 Agnihotri. 1999
187 ICAR. 2002
188 ICAR. 2002
189 Seth.. 1981
190 Siddiqui and Saxena. 1983
191 Srivastava et al.. 1983
192 Thakare et al.. 1969
193 Siddiqui et al.. 1981
194 Srivastava et al.. 1983
195 Agnihotri, 1999.
67
196
DDT
/
3.8
8
/
2.15
DDT
/
5.21
3.62 /
11.36
0.42
197
5
50 . /
1.25
.
HC
H DDT
DDT HCH
/
1.25 0.15
198
ICAR
16
.
199
. /
0.03 DDT
%
75
200
.
DDT
.
DDT
201
.
,
4
:
202
.
DDT
HC
H DDT ICAR
203
/
3.73
0.01
HCH
.
HCH
.
/ 1.47
0.02 DDT
. delta-HCH gama-HCH alpha-HCH beta-HCH
.
204
HCH
DDT
/
0.203 HCH
.
0.086
/
DDT
.
(fennel) (rye)
205
.
HCH
196 Agnihotri et al.. 1974
197 Dhaliwal and Kalra. 1978
198 Takroo et al.. 1985
199 ICAR. 2002
200 Hayat et al.. 2001
201 Hossain. 2002
202 Dhaliwal and Kalra. 1978
203 Agnihotri. 1999
204 Srivastava et al.. 2000
205 ICAR. 2002
68
206
/
55.0
0.8 HCH
ppb
23.0
3.4
. DDT
1991
1990
DDT -HCH
DDT
4.3
0.12
-HCH /
8.6
207
DDT
. /
/
2.31
0.03 / 4.91 0.008
1.76
0.007 /
1.22
0.004
-HCH
208
/
342
11 DDT
6
6 /
79 20
319
8
( )
5 /
/
278
27
,
4 /
40
10 /
155
109
3
209
0.25
0.004 DDT
.
4
0.001 DDT /
0.016
0.002 /
. /
0.002
0.001 / 0.004
/
0.090
0.008
/
0.051
0.002
0.082
0.001
/
0.002
0.001
/
0.082 0.004
210
. /
.
211
1986
1981
900
.
1981
.
1986
.
1986
1995
1993
1992 HMG/N
( )
(
)
,
(HCH DDT )
:
1996
206 Srivastava et al. (2000)
207 Hayat et al. 2001
208 Hayat et al.. 2001
209 DeSilva and Triemann. 1991
210 Ramasunderan et al.. 1979
211 Palikhe. 2002
69
(DDT) (HCH)
.
.
1996
1992
DDT
.
/ 7.5
1998
14
)
2.66
(
/
)
2.66
(
/
)
0.75
/ 0.5 (ADI)
( /
.(CFRL)
HCH DDT
2000 -
1999
)
5.5
HCH . 14
.( /
212
140
.
US-FDA
(
-
1996
1995
)
90
,
17.6
%
chloropyrfos methyl
DDT TDE HCH
.
chlorpyrifos. vinclozolin. procymidon and captan
,
,
213
264
243
.
15
,
HC
H DDT (%
)
74.6
197 (%
)
72.6
176
.
.
36
)
11
(%
29
(ADI)
.(%
)
14.8
(PCBs)
3,1,6,2
/
96 70
PCB
214
212 Saeed et al.. 2001
213 ICAR. 2002
214 DeSilva and Tiremann. 1991
70
3,1,7
3,1,7,1
,
:
NIOH DDT HC
H
,
30
18
50
.
(
ppm
7.0
)
0.26
ppDDT
,
)
1.1 ppDDE
20
.(
ppm
12.0
)
1.4
beta-HCH
215
75
1981 .
17.0
ppm
(
ppDDT
ppDDE t-DDT
ppm
0.51
216
) 25
.
ppm
0.26
0.25
0.127
HCH DDT
,
(
35
19
217
50 ppm
0.030
ppm
0.040
ppm
0.108 ppm
ppm
0.20 ppm
0.523 HCH DDT 1982
218
.
ppm
0.044
0.063
ppm
HCH
ppm
0.224
0.114
0.053 DDT
219
60 DDT .
ppm 0.053
0.031
0.014
221
220
.
/
10.2 ppm
0.344
.HCH
ppm
0.224 DDT
ppm 0.305
50
, 30
20
61 HCH
8.83 / -HCH (
17.8
)
:
1.83
/-HCH (
14.6 ) 2.31 /-HCH (
62.1 )
222
0.24
HCH
(
ppm
1.86 )
0.08
.
.
-HCH ppm (0.80 )
0.06 -HCH ppm (3.22 )
223
,
,
1981
.
-HCH
1.5
3.4 1997
215 Slorach and Vaz.. 1983
216 Kalra and Chawla. 1984
217 Siddiqui et al.. 1981
218 Saxena and Siddiqui. 1982
219 Ramkrishnan et al.. 1985
220 Zaidi et al.. 1989
221 Jani et al (1988)
222 Banerjee et al.. 1997
223 Siddiqui et al.. 1981
71
-HCH
.
HCH
.
HCH
,
DDT BHC
,
224
beta-HCH
ppm
5.23
0.76 DDT
.
225
.
1.21
ppm
ppm
1.41
0.413
0.90
ppm
226
:
26
16
40
DDT HCH HCB
0.057
±
0.061 HCB
(
.
6 )
40
36 (
18 )
35
27 (
16 )
HCB %
87.5 .
/
0.273
. HCB
.
%
92.5 HCH
)
+
0.584
0.603 HCH
.
%
42.5
%
30
.
%
100 DDT DDE
.
/ (
3.43 0.093
pp- (
2.993
0.523 ) /
±
0.721
:
1.701 oo-DDE
DDT
.(
0.827
0.066 )
/
±
0.212
0.302 DDT
)
±
0.074 0.504
.
/
3.950 0.680
227
1976
1974
.
/
(0.318
1.01
) pp-DDT ( /
)
1.13 pp-DDE
228
1974 DDT DDE
.
1992 - 1990
(
/
DDT
-
1992
1991
5.67
1.12 1975
.
0.087
39 15
185 DDT
229
. ppm
0.025
32
230
833 /
3333
127 DDE
12.4
/
67
0.6 DDT
.
/
/
3606
128 DDT DDD DDE /
.DDE
32
.
224 Masud and Parveen. 1998
225 Masud and Parveen. 1998
226 Cok et al.. 1999
227 Hashemy-Tonkabony and Fateminassab. 1977
228 Cok et al. 1999
229 Shanthakumar et al.. 1981
230 Saeed et al.. 200
72
.
DDT DDT
DDE
231
273
DDT
113
DDE
( /
2360
0 ) /
%
75 DDD (
/
2075 )
0 /
183 %94
%
81 DDT (
/ 215 )
0
/
25.6
.( /
252
)
0
/
64.5
.
DDT DDE
( /
57.4 )
0 -HCH
( /
7.4 )
0 -HCH
( /
9.7 )
0 ( /
19.9 )
0
28.0
)
0
( /
53.5 )
0 ( /
45.0 )
0
233
232
%
23.5
. ( /
%
20.9
(
/
440 )
0 /
23.3
(
/
53.3 )
0 /
4.7
( /
151 )
0 /
20.3 %36.5
( /
119 )
0 /
31.6
%
48.7
/
192 )
0 /
14.0 %32.2
.(
/
.
13.8
94 DDT
1973
,
:
182 DDT
DDE
. /
0.329
0.166
/
0.683
0.177
234
19
)
31
50
.
DDT
/
0.663
0.053 DDT (
235
.
/
0.301
DDT
20
236
0.023
ppm
0.028 HC
H DDT
ppm 0.295
ppm
0.20 ppm
231 Al-Saleh et al.. 1998
232 Saeed et al.. 2000
233 Al-Saleh et al.. 1998
234 Agarwal et al. 1976
235 Saxena et al.. 1987
236 Balsubramanian and Rajulu. 1978
73
237
ppm
0.444 DDT
.
238
.
ppm
(
0.170 )
1.272
ppm
ppm
0.213
0.0852
DDT HCH
1978
239
.
ppm
0.22
0.0812
/
0.048 DDT
240
/
0.039 DDT /
0.032
.
/
0.148 HCH
242
241
. HCB
.
HCH
HC
H
243
ppb
1.88
0.08 HCH .
1.44
ppm
(
. -isomer)
ppb
0.56
0.29 (-isomer)
ppb
6.05
1.39 (-isomer)
244
.
ppb
32.61
8.88
ppb
4083
0.61 DDE
DDT
245
. DDT
HCH
1000
:
HCH DDT
,
247
246
.
ppm
95
0.26
ppm
81
0.17
3.5
11.1 HCH DDT HCH DDT
/
7.8
( /
131.6
)
1.9
15.4 (
/
176 -
)
1.3
17.2 (
/
37.1
)
1.4
6.5
4.84
)
0.1
1.6 DDT (/
37.1
)
1.0
0.2 (
/
80.7
)
0.2
94.5
)
0.02
5.1
( /
11.0
)
0.2
2.2
( /
20.6
)
0.2
3.2
(/
HCH
,
(/
1.9
)
0.25
1.1 (
/
248
.
:
-HCH
4.08
0.06 DDE
ppb 81.8
4.96
DDT
ppb
10.1 0.87
237 Kaphalia and Seth. 1983. 1984
238 Annual report. NIOH. 1976
239 NIOH. 1978
240 Bhatnagar. et al.. 1992
241 NIOH. 1997
242 Bhatnagar. 2001
243 Perveen and Masud. 1988; Naqvi and Jehan. 1996
244 Massud and Perveen. 1998
245 Krawinkel et. al.. 1989
246 Dale et al..1965; NIOH. 1976; Gupta et al.. 1984; Gupta et al.. 1982; Mukherjee et al.. 1980a; Saigal
et al.. 1985; Ramchandran et al.. 1984; Jani et al 1988
247 Jani et al. (1988)
248 Bhatnagar. 2001
74
249
-HCH
ppb
0.42
-HCH
21.0 0.89
ppm 25
DDT
ppm
0.047
ppm
0.48 HCH
251
250
.
/
0.77 ,
/
2.921 pp-DDT /
0.19 pp-DDE
/
2.45 BHC
252
0.164
BHC
DDT
. DDT
253
HCB
/
3,1,7,2
254
.
%
63 %
78
./
2.0
( /
)
2.0
.
.(
/
)
10.0
(
PAHs)
3,1,7,3
730
2 PAHs
2830
5 /
600
0.2 /
255
.
.
/
600
13
/
(
PCBs
)
3,1,7,4
256
) TEQ
.
PCB
56
16 /
46
14 ( TEF
249 Krawinkel et al.. 1989
250 frequency distribution was positively skewed
251 Mughal and Rehman. 1973
252 Burgaz et al.. 1995
253 Hashemy-Tonkabony and Suleimani-Amiiri. 1978
254 Al-Majed and Preston. 2000b
255 Madhavan and Naidu. 1995
75
PCB
.
/
.
(
/
PCDD Fs)
3,1,7,5
,
,
18
)
/
,
540
( /
)
520
.(
/
170
.
1300
.
(
/
)
30 17
( /
1200
160 ) /
440
/
590 ( /
80
11 ) /
33
(
/
54
9.5 ) /
26 (
/
1300
220 )
257
. .
3,1,8
3,1,8,1
,
,
258
.
.
259
.
/
3,2
3,2,1
. %
20
256 Senthilkumar (2001)
257 Kumar et al.. 2001
258 UNEP. 2000
259 Khan and Al-Ghadban. 2001
76
260
.
.
.
10000
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20000
5 1
262
261
.
.
263
.
.
3,2,2
3,2,2,1
.
.
264
.
266
265
.
(
)
.
260 WHO. 1990
261 WHO. 1986; 1987
262 Pimental et al.. 1992
263 Jeyaratnam et al.. 1982
264 Inayatullah and Haseeb. 1996
265 Junaid. 1988
266 Jabbar. 1992
77
267
,
.
268
/
.
269
.
272
271
270
. .
34
4
.
1963
273
.
1984
.
9
1 %
70
.
18
194
.
(
194 ) %
19
10
.
274
.
,
)
22 43
(
21
.
%
42 (blisters
) %16 %77
.
%
26 %
49
275
. %10
407
1972 /
1971 /
276
.
DDT
4 12
%39
%
75
277
.
3
.
1016
,(
)
278
.
.
267 Jabbar and Mallick. 1994
268 Feenstra et. at.. 2000
269 Jabbar et. al.. 1993
270 Ali and Jabbar. 1991; Masud and Parveen. 1998
271 Ilahi. 1985
272 Farvar. 1975
273 Inayatullah and Haseeb. 1996
274 (Rowley et. at.. 1987
275 Jabbar and Mohsin. 1992
276 Sarwar. 1973
277 Chaudhry et. al.. 1992
278 Rupa et al. 1991
78
3,2,2,2
.
3,2,2,3
2 PAHs
2830
5 /
600
0.2 / 730
280
279
213
.
/
600
13 /
ppb
65
177 HCH DDT
ppb 70
.
ppm
3.1
3.5 ppm
4.0
3.9
.
, (NIOH)
.
HCH %
1
248
,
.
HCH 16
ppm
±
0.16
0.497
.
( HCH
)
30
281
ppb
)
230 HCH
.
.(
40
282
31
,
(S.E + ) HCH DDT
+
0.165
.
+
0.045
,
2.152
,
0.200
+
0.08
+
0.07
,
1.46
,
0.82
+
7
+
5.5
,
14.8
47.7
.
HCH
283
0.60
ppm
,
)
.
HCH
279 Madhavan and Naidu. 1995
280 Kashyap et al. (1993
281 Bhatnagar et al. (2002).
282 Bhatnagar et al. 1992
283 Nigam et al. (1986)
79
.(
ppm
1.15
0.19
.
.
284
365
.
,
HCH
%
80 .
(
ppm
)
0.6
.
285
.
HCH DDT
286
.
.
ppb
65
177
ppb
70
213 HCH DDT
.
ppm
3.1
3.5
ppm
4.0 3.9
287
.
288
DDT HCH
:
.
HCH
.
DDT
.
289
PAHs
.
/
31.5 ( )
.
.
,
PAHs
.
,
284 Nigam et al. 1993
285 Kashyap 1986
286 Kashyap et al. (1993).
287 Kashyap et al. 1994
288 Bhatnagar (2001)
289 Jani et al. (1988)
80
290
PAH
( )
4.3 /
462
.
.
,
,
.
291
( )
.
PAH
.
.
/
12.70
3,2,2,4
.
3,2,2,5
.
500
300
1997
.
BHC
.
)
0.034 (
ppm
)
0.01 gama
.(
0.10
ppm
3,2,2,6
.
3,3
3,3,1
.
.
290 Rajyani et al. (1993b)
291 Rajyani et al. 1993b
81
27
.
.
,
(%
)
40 :
.(%
)
18 (% )
36
.
(% )
23 (% )
32
.
3,3,2
.
.
%
10
292
(PCDDs)
PCB (PCDFs)
.
/
1300
170
.
3,3,3
(im
posex)
293
.
(gastropods)
.
3,4
·
.
·
.
292 Kumar et al. (2001)
293 Vishwakiran and Anil. 1999
82
·
.
PCB
.
PAHs
·
.
:
HCH DDT
·
.
.
HCH
DDT
·
.
·
.
·
. .
·
.
·
.
.
,
3,5
,
PAH
.
HC
H DDT
DDT
.
.
83
.
(AICRP)
16
294
%
70 ICAR
,
(ADI)
11
%
HC
H DDT
.
(ROPME)
(
LTNEP
)
IAE
.
2000
1999 (POPs) GPA-ROWA
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20 , HCH
-HCH
,
.
1997 HCH
. DDT
.
phenyl-tin
butyl-tin
.
TBT
.
.
%
,
20.6
.
294 ICAR (2002)
84
1.9
3.2
.
.
(ROPME-IAEA)
1994
.
.
.
PAH
.
PAH
.
.
PAH
(PCDD/Fs)
.
(PAHs)
.
" "
,
. PCB
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
IPM
85
3,6
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97
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296 Prospero and Seba, 1972: Risebrough et al., 1968; Seba and Prospero, 1971
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99
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298 Goldberg (1975)
299 Risebrough, 1990
300 Wania and Mackay, 1996
301 Wania and Mackay, 1995; 1996
302 Bennett, et al., 1999; Muller-Herold, 1996; Muller-Herold, et al., 1997; Scheringer, 1996; 1997;
Wania, 1998; Webster et al., 1998
303 Macka et al. 1996a,b,c; Wania 1998; Webster et al., 1998
304 Scheringer (1996, 1997)
305 Van Pul et al., (1998)
306 Bennett et al. (1998)
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307 Wania (2000)
308 Bayer, et al., 2002
309 Singh, 1989; Singh et al., 1989
310 Singh, 1997
311 Singh, 1998
312 Warren et al. (2002)
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313 Wania and Mackay, 1993; Wania 1994; Mackay and Wania 1995; Wania and Mackay 1995
314 (Siegenthaler and Joos 1992
315 Jury et.al., 1983; 1984a; 1984b
316 Novak and Turner, 1976; USEPA, 1978
317 Industrial Source Complex
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318 Heffter et al., 1975, 1980
319 Singh, 1997
320 Singh, 1998a
321 Warren et al. (2002)
322 ITRC, 1992
323 ITR C, 1993
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329
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330
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324 Whang et al., 1993
325 Bidleman and Falconer, 1999
326 Calamari et al., 1991; 1994; France et al., 1997; Eriksson et al., 1989; Jensen et al., 1992; Ockenden
et al., 1998a; Tremolada et al., 1996
327 Simonich and Hites, 1995
328 Lorber et al., 1994; McLachlan, 1996; Thomas et al., 1998a,b; Welsch-Paulsch and McLachlan,
1998
329 Bennett et al., 1998
330 McLachlan and Horstmann, 1998
105
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331 Woodrow et al,.1997
332 Wagrowski and Hites, 1998
333 Hung and Mackay, 1998; Paterson et al., 1991
334 Komp and McLachlan, 1997b
335 Goldberg, 1975; Dahlgaard et al., 1986; Krysell and Wallace 1988
336 Williams, 1979
337 Shenoi et al., 1999; Shankar, et. al., 2002
106
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338 Mc Creary et. al., 1993
339 Potemra, et. al., 1991
340 Dachs et al., (1999)
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341 Modak, et. al., 1991
342 GESAMP, 1985
343 Gaul, 1989
344 Duce et al., 1983
345 Ballschmiter, 1992; Bidleman and McConnell, 1995; Eisenreich et al., 1997;
Mackay, 1991; Pacyna et al., 1998
346 Wania et al. (1998)
108
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347 Singh, 1998
348 Singh, 1998; 2000
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350 Mindman and Upadhyay, 2002
351 Shrestha et al., 2000; Shrestha et al., 2002
110
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5
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.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
5,2,1
.
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.
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
:
,
.
117
,
·
.
·
.
·
.
.
·
.
.
,
.
5,2,2
.
,
,
.
.
/
5,2,3
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
118
.
.
5,3
,
.
.
5,3,1
.
,
(POPs)
, (PIC)
.
(IPM) /
.
.
.
(RENPAP)
5,3,1,1
.
:
.
.
,
-
,
-
, -
,
-
,
-
(RENPAP)
.
119
5,3,1,2
.
1
(
)
,
,
:) :1
RO
/
WA
((20
02
)
/
ROW
(
A
)
/
5,3,1,2,1
352
.
(M
EA)
·
(NIPs)
/
·
CAMRE
·
.
8
:
1978 ·
.
(MEMAC)
:
1983 ·
.
:
1989 ·
. :
1990 ·
352 (Al-Yousifi, Basel)
120
:
1998 ·
.
(ROPM )
E
5,3,1,3
1978
.
353
.
(ROPME 1999)
)
(
) IAEA-Monac
o
ROWA
(
,
GPA
,
:
2000 1999
(R
SA)
/
-
.
353 (Beg M.U.; Al-Ghadban A.N)
121
(RSA)
.
-
.
-
.
-
-
.
-
RSA
.
-
.
-
/
-
.
/ -
.
-
.
RSA
354
.
5,3,2
.
.
.
354 Al-Majed et al., 2000
122
5,3,2,1
5,3,2,1,1
,
2000
.
.
.
2000
(NECS)
.
.
.
.
,
/
.
1995
.
5,3,2.1,2
.
5,3,2,1,3
1995
/
1990
/
.
.
.
.
/
.
123
DDT
1964
,
1994
)
synthetic pyrethroid
DDT
.
.
deltam
(
ethrine
355
.
5,3,2,2
5,3,2,2,1
:
1995
.
·
1997
.
·
1985
.
1971
·
1969
.
·
1919
.
·
5,3,2,2,2
2002
/
.
/
.
5,3,2,2,3
.
15
(EAP)
1992
355 Khorlo,2002
124
.
:
·
.
.
·
.
·
(IPM
.
)
·
(PTAC)
.
/
.
356
.
5,3,2,3
,
.
5,3,2,3,1
(EPA)
1995
21
.
1990
.
.
5,3,2,3,2
356 Hossain, 2002
125
(POPs)
.
(PIC
)
.
.
5,3,2,3,3
,
1997
.
)
1997
(
)
1990
(
.
)
1997
(
,
.
.
.
DDT
.
.
PCB
PAH
.
357
.
5,3,2,4
5,3,2,4,1
"
" (SACO)
.
357 (IOMC, 2000). (Beg and Al-Ghadban,2002)
126
358
.
5,3,2,5
5,3,2,5,1
:
(
)
·
·
·
.
·
.
5,3,2,5,2
2001
.
.
.
5,3,2,5,3
.
:
.
·
·
358 (IOMC, 2000). (Beg and Al-Ghadban, 2002)
127
·
·
.
·
.
/
2002
/
.
359
. 2003
5,3,2,6
5,3,2,6,1
.
(
)
.
1989
-
1993
.
-
5,3,2,6,2
(NCEA)
.
.
(PRB)
.
359 (Abaee,2002)
128
.
(PRB)
.
360
.
5,3,2,7
5,3,2,7,1
.
1993
.
1991
.
.
.
5,3,2,7,2
.
.
5,3,2,7,3
.
,
.
361
.
5.3,2,8
360 Min, 2002
361 Palikhe, 2002
129
5,3,2,8,1
.
46
/
95
.
-
-
248
/
97
.
DDT
316
/
2001
-
PCB
.
317
/
2001
-
.
.
)
6
(
-
.
-
5,3,2,8,2
362
.
(
)
/
-
.
/
-
-
-
PCB
(
) -
5,3,2,9
5,3,2,9,1
362 (Al-Wahebi, 2002)
130
.
.
1971
.
-
1973
)
(
-
1997
(
) -
.
5,3,2,9,2
:
-
-
-
-
-
(DNA)
(PIC)
.
5,3,2,9,3
.
363
.
.
5,3,2,10
5,3,2,10,1
.
1968
/
1986
(
)
1986
()
:
363 Hayat,2002
131
.
,
1989
,
-
1996
(
) -
.
.
1989
(
)
-
1991
.
-
1995
.
-
1986
.
(
) -
(
) 1986
13
.
1986
1986
()
.
:
( )
PCT
.
PCB
(
)
2000
(
)
2000
,
PCB
.
.
5,3,2,10,2
2000/ /
1
6
1989 (
)
.
1990/ /
3
15
.
2002
/
.
1989
.
,
.
.
132
5,3,2,10,3
,) 6
31
DDT
.(
HCB
,
,
,
,
.
PCB
2000 (
)
.
. /
50
(
)
PCDF PCDD
.
.
,) 8
.
.
(PCB PCP
,
HCB
,
,
,
,
DDT .(phenyl me
rcury acetate
)
.
HCH
.
5,3,2,11
5,3,2,11,1
,
1999
25
.
.
5,3,2,11,2
364
.
5,3,2,12
5,3,2,12,1
1980
33
.
.
PCB
364 (Al-Rainee, 2002)
133
5,3,2,12,2
.
/
()
.
.
.
/
5,3,2,12,3
.
,
.
.
/
1998
(Ib)
II
.
(Ib
) (Ia
)
1995
365
/
.
( )
.
.
,
.
PCB
PCB
.
PCB
.
.
365 Wickramasinghe, 2002.
134
5,4
.
/
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
(non-point)
135
.
.
,
.
.
,
5,5
.
.
,
5,5,1
.
.
.
.
.
(
,
Bt cotton )
.
.
5,5,2
.
.
,
.
.
136
5,6
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
5,7
,
,
.
.
.
.
5,7,1
)
.(
.
)
.
(
.
:
)
·
.
PAHs
(
PCDD/Fs
137
.
·
.
·
·
.( ) 1
.
. 2
.
3
.
.
. 4
.
·
.
.
·
)
·
.(
.
·
·
.
.
·
.
·
·
.
5,7,2
.
.
5,7,2,1
5,7,2,1,1
.
,
MARPOL
(MEA)
138
(PIC)
:
.
·
.
.
·
·
.
.
.
:
.
.
·
·
.
.
/
·
·
.
.
·
·
.
,
.
.
.
:
.
139
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.( )
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
)
·
.(
.
·
·
.
,
)
·
.(
,
.
·
5,7,2,1,2
.
.
.
,
.
.
:
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
140
.
.
)
(
.
.
.
:
.
·
.
(
)
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
:
:
.
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
·
.
.
·
141
.
.
:
.
.
·
.
·
.
·
.
·
5,7,2,2
5,7,2,2,1
/
( )
.
.
.
( )
.
:
.
·
.
·
·
.
:
,
,
.
·
·
.
.
·
.
·
PAH
·
SAAR
.
C
142
·
.
.
·
.
·
.
·
:
.
·
.
·
.
·
·
.
.
·
/
·
.
.
·
.
·
.(NIPs )
:
.
·
·
·
·
·
.
·
5,7,2,2,2
143
)
(
,
.
.
.
.
.
5,8
.
(
)
.
.
/
.
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
(non-point)
144
.
5,9
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145
6
,
21
(PAHs)
2
2
2 )
(Anne
.
(
xure II a, II b, II c and III)
3
,
·
.
.
-
·
.
.
.
.
·
.
.
.
·
.
.
.
/
.
,
.
·
.
,
.
.
6,1
,
,
(
)
.
(HCB)
,
(
, )
,
,
DDT
,
146
DDT
.
·
(PCB)
, (PAHs)
.
/
/
.
,
·
PAHs
PCB
.
.
.
·
.
.
.
,
·
PAHs
.
/
PCB
·
.
.
6,2
,
·
.
PAHs
.
·
75
%
70
2002 ICAR
ADI HC
H DDT
.
.
%11
·
.
147
·
.
,
·
20
HCH
.
HC
H
. DDT
.
butyl-
.
/
·
phenyl-tin tin
TBT
.
.
·
.
PAHs
·
.
.
PAHs
.
PAHs
.
·
.
6,3
/
·
.
,
,
·
.
/
.
·
(one-hop)
.(
)
(multi-hop)
,
,
·
PCB
.
148
·
.
6,4
·
,
.
.
.
.
.
(AGC/GLP)
·
.
.
·
.
·
,
.
.
·
.
(non-point)
.
·
.
.
·
.
·
.
149
·
PAHs PCBs
.
GLP
.
·
.
.
.
(
300 )
2
2300000
·
(Ah locus response) Ah
(biological response assay)
(
, ) (designed molecular probe)
(congeners)
.
·
.
/
.
.
/
·
.
.
)
2
(
(
)
1
·
ß HCH
.
,
·
.
·
.
" "
·
150
PCBs
.
PAHs
·
.
PCBs
.
.
/
(m
olecular eco-epidemi
ology)
·
.
/
·
.
·
.
6,5
.
.
,
.
(ROWA)
.
(RENPAP)
.
,
(CSIR)
,
(ITRC)
/
.
(ITR
C)
,
.
151
(KSIR)
(ERI)
.
.
6,6
,
,
.
.
,
*********
152
Printed at United Nations, Geneva
GE.03-01563July 2003300
UNEP/CHEMICALS/2003/10