THE WORLD BANK/IFC/M.I.G.A.
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
DATE:
September 27, 2001
TO:
Mr. Ken King, Assistant CEO, GEF Secretariat
Att: GEF PROGRAM COORDINATION
FROM:
Lars Vidaeus, GEF Executive Coordinator
EXTENSION:
3-4188
SUBJECT:
Regional: Senegal River Basin Water and Environmental Management Project
(Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)
Submission for Work Program Inclusion
Please find enclosed the electronic attachment of the above mentioned Project Brief for
work program inclusion. I am pleased to make this submission on behalf of the UNDP and the
World Bank. We would appreciate receiving any comments by October 9, 2001.
The proposal is consistent with the Criteria for Review of GEF Projects as presented
in the following sections of the Project Brief:
· Country Drivenness:
- GEF Project Brief section B3 (Page 8):Government Strategy describes the extent of
cooperation that already exists in the Senegal River Basin and the commitment to, and
ownership of, the process and the present project by the four Senegal River Basin
countries and by the OMVS (Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve
Senegal) which is the river basin organization established by three of the four riparian
states three decades ago.
- GEF Project Brief section D4 (Page 28): Indications of Recipient Commitment and
Ownership describes the indicators of riparian commitment.
- GEF Project Brief section C1.5 (Page 19): Public Participation and Awareness, and
Annex 6: Stakeholder Involvement and Participation in Project Formulation
summarize the project's explicit emphasis on local and regional participation and
describe the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders in project design.
· Endorsement:
- Annex 4 (Page 61) includes GEF National Focal Point letters of endorsement from
Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal and from the High Commissioner of OMVS.
· Program Designation & Conformity:
- GEF Project Brief section A (Page 1): Project Development Objective outlines the
project objective;
Mr. Ken King
-2-
September 28, 2001
- GEF Project Brief section D6 (Page 29): Global Benefits Catalyzed by GEF
Support describes the project's conformity with GEF Operational Program 9, the
"Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area Operational Program."
· Project Design:
- GEF Project Brief section B (Page 2): Strategic Context outlines the process of
project preparation that included an extensive Stakeholder Participation Program, a
preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Plan, the Root Cause
Analysis and Environmental Priority Action by Country (Annexes 6, 9, 10 and 11).
- GEF Project Brief section C (Page 15): Project Description Summary provides a
description of the project design.
- Annex 2 (Page 51):Logical Framework Matrix presents the logical framework which
provides the structure for the design of the project.
- Annex 8 (Annexes Page 15): Project Implementation Arrangements describes the
management of the project.
· Sustainability:
- GEF Project Brief section D3 (Page 27): Lessons Learned and Recognized in the
Project Design recognizes that project sustainability is based partly on the
incorporation of the described lessons learned in the project design.
- GEF Project Brief section F (Page 34): Sustainability and Risks describes issues
affecting sustainability and addresses critical risks.
· Replicability:
- GEF Project Brief section C (Page 15): Project Description Summary describes the
project activities, which will guide and provide a framework for additional sub-basin
investment actions in the future.
- GEF Project Brief section C2 (Page 19): Key Policy and Institutional Reforms
supported by the Project describes specific policy and institutional reforms which will
help this process.
- GEF Project Brief section D (Page 24): Project Rationale emphasizes the incremental
transboundary nature of the project and describes how it will initiate a broader
programmatic process emphasizing replicability and sustainability.
· Stakeholder Involvement:
- GEF Project Brief section C1.5 (Page 19) Public Participation and Awareness
describes the public involvement strategy for the project including public information and
awareness, civil society participation and scientific community involvement.
- GEF Project Brief section C2 (Page 19): Stakeholder Participation and Annex 6
(Annexes Page 3): Stakeholder Involvement and Participation in Project
Formulation summarize the project's explicit emphasis on local and regional
participation, and describe the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders in the
project design. This was coordinated by IUCN and involved a series of local and
national meetings in all four countries.
Mr. Ken King
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September 28, 2001
· Monitoring & Evaluation:
- GEF Project Brief section C7 (Page 23): Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements
describes the elements of the M &E program in accordance with World Bank and
UNDP supervision rules.
- GEF Project Brief Annex 2 (Page 51): Logical Framework Matrix provides explicit
description of indicators for project performance in the column headed "Means of
Verification".
- GEF Project Brief Annex 8 (Annexes Page 15): Project Implementation
Arrangements describes the monitoring and evaluation events.
· Financing Plan:
- GEF Project Brief section E2 (Page 31): Project Financing includes a detailed table
that summarizes the project budget by component and by Implementation Agency. This
shows details of the GEF funding of $7.25 million and the initial non-GEF co-financing
of $12.6 million for a total of $19.8 million.
- GEF Project Brief section E 1 (Page 30): Incremental Costs summarizes the baseline
and incremental costs analysis. The analysis is in Annex 1.
- Annex 1 (Page 38): Incremental Cost Analysis addresses the issues of co-financing
and includes the Incremental Cost Matrix.
- Annex 1.1 (Page 50) Budget Overview provides a breakdown of expenditures.
· Cost-effectiveness:
- GEF Project Brief section D1 (Page 25): Project Alternatives Considered addresses
issues of effectiveness.
- Annex 1 (Page 38) Incremental Cost Analysis describes the baseline and presents
the Incremental Cost analysis and explains how the project has been designed in order
to be cost-effective in its intervention.
· Core Commitments and Linkages.
- GEF Project Brief sections B3 (Page 8): Government Strategy, and D: Project
Rationale outline the regional goals of the Senegal River Basin riparians and their
commitment to the project and to its goal to provide an environmental framework for
sustainable development in the basin.
· Consultation, Coordination and Collaboration between IAs:
- GEF Project Brief section C4 (Page 21): Institutional and Implementation
Arrangements and section C5 (Page 22) Project Coordination and Oversight
describe the role and active cooperation of the IAs during project preparation and
implementation. These sections specify the coordination arrangements to be made with
other specified projects in the basin and the region.
- Annex 8 (Annexes Page 15): Project Implementation Arrangements outlines the
roles of the IAs in supporting the project.
· Response to Reviews:
- Annexes 3 (Page 55) and 3.1 (Page 60) contain the STAP technical review and
response to the review.
Mr. Ken King
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September 28, 2001
Please let me know if you require any additional information to complete your review
prior to inclusion in the work program. Many thanks.
Distribution:
Messrs.:
R. Asenjo, UNDP
A. Djoghlaf, UNEP (Nairobi)
K. Elliott, UNEP (Washington, DC)
M. Gadgil, STAP
M. Griffith, STAP (Nairobi)
Y. Xiang, CBD Secretariat
C. Parker/M. Perdomo, FCCC Secretariat
Y. Vyas, AfDB
cc: Messrs./Mmes. H. Binswanger, (AFTRS); P. Patel (AFTPI) A.Kiss, C. Crepin, Y. Prevost
(AFTES); L. Obeng, F. Cardy, I. Andersen, O. Badiane (AFTU2) D. Grey (AFTU1); A.
Duda, A. Merla (GEFSEC); H. Ibrekk, M. Hatziolos, R. Khanna, D. Aryal (ENV); ENVGC
ISC, Relevant Regional Files
AFRICA
SENEGAL RIVER BASIN
WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT
(Global Environment Facility)
PROJECT BRIEF
i
PROJECT BRIEF
1. IDENTIFIERS:
PROJECT NUMBER:
P064573
PROJECT NAME:
Regional (Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal):
Senegal River Basin Water and Environmental
Management Project
DURATION:
4 years
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES :
World Bank and UNDP
EXECUTING AGENCY:
OMVS
REQUESTING COUNTRY OR COUNTRIES : Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal
ELIGIBILITY:
Eligible under para 9 (b) of GEF Instrument
GEF F OCAL AREA:
International Waters, OP 9.
GEF P ROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK:
2. SUMMARY:
The objective of this project is to provide a participatory strategic environmental framework for
the environmentally sustainable development of the Senegal river basin and to launch a basin-
wide cooperative program for transboundary land-water management. This objective will be
accomplished by:
1. Capacity building: Strengthening environmental and water resource management capacity
in national institutions and in OMVS (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve
Sénégal) and OMVS national cellules and support for the full involvement of Guinea and
OMVS member states in a cooperative agreement for sustainable water resources
management in the basin.
2. Data and knowledge management: Supporting the improvement of the data and
knowledge base for water resources management in the basin and the establishment of
necessary monitoring and analysis on a sustainable basis, in close coordination with the
Observatoire de l'Environnement de l'OMVS.
3. Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Program: Completing the
basin-wide Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and a Strategic Action Program
(SAP)
4. Priority actions: Based on the preliminary transboundary diagnostic analysis, carrying out
specific on-the-ground priority actions through pilot activities.
5. Public participation and awareness: Establishing a public participation and awareness
program for broader community and civil society involvement in development actions in the
Senegal river basin.
3. COSTS AND FINANCING (US$ MILLION):
GEF:
Project
7.250
of which: .
5.620 World Bank managed
1.629 UNDP managed
PDF (A & B)
0.375
GEF Total
7.625
i
CO-FINANCING:
World Bank
1.500 Mali (P041723)
8.570 Senegal (P041528)
0.500 Guinea
UNDP
1.300
OMVS
0.500
Countries
0.380
PASIE 8.375
Other donors 10.985
Subtotal Co-Financing
39.730
NON-GEF PROJECT Bank budget
0.030
PREPARATION COSTS WB Norwegian Trust Fund
0.060
WB Netherlands Trust Fund
0.020
WB Canadian GEF Trust Fund
0.135
WB IUCN
0.100
Sub-total non GEF project prep cost
0.335
4. ASSOCIATED
308.750
FINANCING (US$
MILLION)
5. OMVS &
Cheikna Seydi Ahamadi Diawara, High Commissioner, Organisation pour la
OPERATIONAL
Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS)
FOCAL POINT
27 September 2001
ENDORSEMENT:
Kadiatou N'Diaye, Manager, National Environment Directorate, Guinea,
20 September 2001
Abdoulaye Kone, Chef de la Division, Convention sur les Eaux Internationales,
Normes et Reglementations D.N.H., Mali,
25 September 2001
Cheikh Ahmed Ould El Khalifa, Director, Environment and Rural Management,
Ministry of Environment and Rural Development, Nouakchott, Mauritania,
20 September 2001
Fatimata Dia Toure , Director, Department of Environment and Classified
Facilities, Ministry of Youth, Environment and Public Hygiene, Senegal,
24 September 2001
6. IA CONTACT:
Christophe Crepin
Tel. +1 202 473 9727
E-mail: ccrepin@worldbank.org
ii
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AfDB
African Development Bank
ALWMI
African Land and Water Management Initiative (a World Bank-GEF program)
AWRMI
African Water Resource Management Initiative (a World Bank initiative)
CAS
Country Assistance Strategy
CC
Consultative Committee (OMVS)
CILSS
Inter-ministerial Committee to Combat Drought in the Sahel.
CNED
Conseil National pour l'Environnement et le Developpement Durable (Mauritania)
COM
Council of Ministers.
CONSERE
Conseil Supérieur de l'Environnement et des Ressources Naturelles (Sénégal)
DEEC
Direction de l'Environnement et des Établissements Classés (Sénégal)
DEFCCS
Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Conservation des Sols (Sénégal)
DNEF
Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (Guinea)
DNGRE
Direction Nationale de la Gestion des Ressources en Eau (Guinea)
DNM
Direction Nationale de la Météorologie (Guinea)
DPN
Direction des Parcs Nationaux (Sénégal)
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
EU
European Union
FSP
Fond de solidarité Prioritaire.
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GTZ
German Technical Cooperation Agency.
IDA
International Development Agency
IUCN
World Conservation Union (previously the International Union for the Conservation of
Nature
IW
International Waters
MSA
Management Services Agreement
M&E
Monitoring and Evaluation
NEAP
National Environment Action Plan
NEPP
National Environmental Protection Policy
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
NPPC
National Project Planning Committee
OAU
Organization of African Unity
OERS
Organisation des États Riverains du Fleuve Sénégal
OP
Operational Program (of the GEF)
OMVS
Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal
PAD
Project Appraisal Document
PASIE
Plan d'Atténuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement
PCD
Project Concept Document
PDF-B
Project Development Fund B
PDLG
Programme de developpement local et de gestion (Guinea)
PDRG
Left Bank Development Program
PMU
Project Management Unit
PNIR
National Rural Infrastructure Project
POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutants
PRC
Planning Regional Committee (OMVS)
PPER
Project Performance and Evaluation Review
PSA
Project Services Agency
RBOS
River Basin Organizations
RPPC/CRPP
Regional Project Planning Committee
iii
SAP
Strategic Action Program
SOGED
Société de gestion du barrage de Diama
SOGEM
Société de gestion du barrage de Manantali
SONADER
Société Nationale de Développement Rural (Mauritania)
SRB
Senegal River Basin
SRBSC
Senegal River Basin Steering Committee
TDA
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
UNCCD
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNDAF
UN Development Assistance Framework
UNDESA
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
WWF
World Wildlife Fund.
iv
A. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
Project development objective
1.
The objective of this project is to provide a participatory strategic environmental framework for the
environmentally sustainable development of the Senegal river basin and to launch a basin-wide
cooperative program for transboundary land-water management.
2.
This objective will be accomplished by:
· Capacity building: Strengthening environmental and water resource management capacity in
national institutions and in OMVS (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal)
and OMVS national cellules and by supporting the full involvement of Guinea and OMVS
member states in a cooperative agreement for sustainable water resources management in the
basin;
· Data and knowledge management: Supporting the improvement of the data and knowledge
base for water resources management in the basin and the establishment of necessary
monitoring and analysis on a sustainable basis, in close coordination with the Observatoire de
l'Environnement de l'OMVS;
· Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and a Strategic Action Program: Completing the
basin-wide Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and the formulation of a Strategic
Action Program;
· Priority Actions: Based on the preliminary transboundary diagnostic analysis, carrying out
specific on-the-ground priority actions through pilot activ ities; and
· Public participation and awareness: Establishing a public participation and awareness
program for broader community and civil society involvement in development actions in the
Senegal river basin.
Key performance indicators
3.
The achievement of the development objective will be closely monitored through the following
performance indicators:
Outcome/Impact Indicators:
·
Increased capacity at OMVS and in the riparian states to address international waters and
environmental management issues
·
A cooperative agreement for appropriate social, environmental and economic cooperation for
improved water resources management in the basin;
·
All riparian states, including Guinea, involved in cooperative decision-making for water
resources management;
·
Improved knowledge of, and management of, the flow of the Senegal river, and of its relation
to ecological and social processes;
·
Completion and adoption of the preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis and
Action Program;
·
Implementation of priority activities identified under the preliminary Transboundary
Environmental Analysis and Action Program;
·
Increased numbers of stakeholders involved and trained in local and transboundary water
resource management issues and increase involvement of the public and stakeholders in the
decision making processes;
·
Sustainable transboundary monitoring and response mechanisms established with regular
reports and analysis of results.
5
B. STRATEGIC CONTEXT
Overview
4.
The value of this project for the GEF is that it specifically complements and builds on activities and
projects which are already under implementation at the national and sub-basin level. The present project
adds a transboundary element to these actions, thereby expanding and capturing additional benefits to the
people and their shared environment.
5.
The project is complementary to these ongoing activities and will lead to the improved coordination
of water and environmental management in the basin as a whole. It is designed to improve the capacity of
the sub-basin organization OMVS and to strengthen the national capacities to address transboundary water
and environment management issues. Importantly, the project provides a framework for including
Guinea, the upstream riparian, as a full participant and beneficiary in the work of OMVS.
6.
The economic, social, and environmental well-being of participating countries depends upon the
vitality and productivity of the Senegal river basin. This jointly prepared project (prepared under OP #9)
provides a sound technical basis for establishing a cooperative basin-wide framework for environmental
management of a shared resource the Senegal river.
7.
The Senegal river basin already has a long history of donor support and many ongoing activities
continue with involvement of more than a dozen international donors, including France, the Netherlands,
Canada, Germany, UK, US, Norway, and others, including UNDP and the World Bank, recently joined by
the African Development Bank. Recently, OMVS has put in place a program entitled Plan d'Atténuation
et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement (PASIE) (see Section B2 for additional information). The
present GEF project is designed specifically to complement and to serve as an increment to the PASIE.
The PASIE addresses environmental mitigation and management in relation to the Manantali power
project, while the GEF project will address the broader aspects of transboundary environmental
management and capacity building of the shared water resource. In particular, OMVS has expressed the
need to establish an overall framework for environmental management of the river basin and, therefore,
requested GEF support for this endeavor.
8.
Through a transboundary analysis carried out during the project preparation period, specific needs
have been identified which require attention through the present project. In particular, the following were
identified:
·
Capacity enhancement to deal with transboundary issues at national and basin-wide levels;
·
Improving the shared data and knowledge base;
·
The need to ensure greater involvement of Guinea in the basin;
·
Sound environmental management and the linkage to sustainable livelihoods;
·
The need for a common and agreed analysis which can provide a firm basis for environmental
management and monitoring; and
·
Need for a stronger civil society participation in transboundary basin-wide activities and the
associated need for greater awareness and outreach to communities and NGOs to tap their
resources and ensure their involvement.
9.
Through a root-cause analysis specific environmental threats were identified which hinder the
sustainable management of the shared water resources in the Senegal river basin. The summary of this
analysis is highlighted in Annex 10. Briefly, the priorities are identified as:
·
Land degradation (including deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing and desertification);
6
·
Water resource management (including groundwater use, information and data collection,
water quality, energy needs, food security, waterborne diseases and siltation);
·
Biodiversity conservation (including loss of habitats, flora and fauna, wetlands degradation);
·
Capacity building at all levels within the above categories, with special emphasis on
transboundary aspects;
·
Participatory approaches to project planning, implementation and monitoring; and
·
Awareness and outreach.
10. The project is intended to address the above identified needs as well as the root causes which act to
undermine the cooperative and sustainable management of the shared water resource. The project will
complement baseline activities by facilitating an inclusive process for riparian cooperation which will
include Guinea, by assisting OMVS to set in place an agreed environmental management framework
addressing the transboundary issues; by enhancing national and basin-level capacities; by strengthening
participatory processes and by encouraging civil society involvement in transboundary environmental
activities and by supporting action on the ground which addresses priority environmental management
actions thereby, increasing learning for subsequent up-scaling through broader investments.
11. The project is seen as the next step in the development of a basin-wide action program, and a more
effective river basin management framework for this shared international river basin. This will build
capacity and sustainability, and it is intended that the riparian countries' contributions would be supported
as needed by a broad partnership of donors and NGOs and, to the extent possible, the private sector.
12. The project has been developed largely within the basin through a participatory process including
consultants, national committees, a public participation program led by IUCN, and national fora leading to
a regional forum of the Regional Project Preparation Committee led by the High Commissioner of OMVS.
The project has been endorsed by all four riparian countries, and the World Bank and UNDP intend to
complete a formal project appraisal and approval process following the approval by the GEF Executive
Council scheduled for December 2001.
B1.
GLOBAL OPERATIONAL STRATEGY/PROGRAM OBJECTIVE ADDRESSED BY THE PROJECT
13. GEF Operational Program objective. Achieve global environmental benefits through
implementation of International Waters (IW) projects which integrate the use of sound land and water
resource management strategies.
14. Global project objective. Achieve global environmental benefits through broad, basin-wide
participation in the development and implementation of measures that lead to sustainable management of
the Senegal river basin's land and water resources. The project will help enable the Senegal basin's four
riparian countries to jointly develop a regional approach to the environmental management of the basin
and the effective and equitable operation of the basin's water resource, that will be of benefit beyond the
borders of the basin itself.
15. Project development objective. The objective of this project is to provide a participatory strategic
environmental framework for the environmentally sustainable development of the Senegal river basin and
to launch a basin-wide cooperative program for transboundary land-water management.
16. Public involvement. The project was developed through a process of extensive public involvement
within the basin (Annex 6). National committees were established in each riparian country and they were
responsible for coordinating the preparation of reports by national consultants. At the same time, IUCN
coordinated a process of public stakeholder involvement designed to bring the perspectives of the public to
7
bear on the preparation of the project at national meetings in each country. The recommendations from
the national meetings were brought to a regional meeting led by the Regional Project Planning Committee
(RPCC). This committee includes the leaders of the national committees and representatives of civil
society organizations, and is chaired by the High Commissioner of OMVS. The draft project brief has
been reviewed by experts and the conclusions from this comprehensive process are reflected in the present
project brief.
17. Coordination with other GEF international waters projects. This project will complement and
work directly with, other GEF international waters projects in the Lake Chad basin and the Niger river
basin (joint UNDP/World Bank implementation). It will coordinate closely at the steering committee level
with the proposed project for the Fouta Djallon highlands and the GEF supported dry-lands project in the
Senegal river valley, which are concerned with land degradation issues as part of the overall GEF
supported effort to address land and water degradation in Africa. The project makes provision for co-
implementation by the World Bank and UNDP to demonstrate the commitment to the Africa Land and
Water Management Initiative (ALWMI), to ensure coordination with other GEF projects in the region and
to ensure effective co-ordination of multilateral assistance to the Senegal river basin.
B2.
MAIN SECTOR ISSUES
18. The river basin. The Senegal river is the second longest river of West Africa. About 1800 km
long, it originates in Guinea, runs through western Mali and then flows west, forming the border between
Mauritania and Senegal (see map). The basin covers around 300,000 km2 and is shared by Guinea (11%),
Mali (53%), Mauritania (26%) and Senegal (10%). The river's three principal tributaries the Bafing, the
Bakoye and the Faleme all originate in the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea and together produce over
80% of its flow. The Bafing alone contributes about half of the river's flow at Bakel. The main tributaries
above Bakel, namely the Gorgol and Oued Gharfa on the river's right bank, add as little as 3% to the water
the Senegal river discharges into the Atlantic Ocean at Saint-Louis. The rains falling in the Fouta Djallon
mountains from April through October produce a flood season beginning in July and ending in October.
19. The basin has three distinct parts: (i) the Upper Basin, a mountainous area between the Fouta
Djallon and Bakel; (ii) the Valley, featuring a flood plain varying in width from 10 to 20 km between
Bakel and Dagana; and (iii) the Delta between Dagana and the sea (see map).
20. An international basin. The international aspects of the Senegal river basin are key factors in its
development and management. Shared by four countries, the river crosses the border from Guinea into
Mali and then flows out of Mali to form the physical frontier between Senegal and Mauritania for much of
its lower course.
21. The people. The basin is inhabited by approximately two million people, 85% of which live near
the river. Population growth rate is high (some 3% per year), partly due to in-migration. The upper basin
has remained largely an area of subsistence agriculture based on shifting cultivation. In the valley and the
delta, traditional production systems (flood-recession cropping, livestock raising, fishing) and the practice
of modern irrigation with water pumped from the river exist side by side. Important delta wetlands have
been preserved at four Ramsar Convention sites including the Diawling (Mauritania) and Djoudj (Senegal)
national parks.
22. Data gaps. In the Guinean part of the Senegal river basin, the knowledge required for adequate
water and environmental management is limited to a few sub-basins that were the object of interventions
under the Fouta Djallon Integrated Watershed Management project coordinated by the OAU. Elsewhere,
existing knowledge is inadequate. Among urgent requirements are topographic maps at a sufficiently
8
large scale and an appropriate network of hydro-meteorological stations which are properly maintained.
These elements would help Guinea with the judicious development of its water and land resources, and
would also provide the information and data required to refine the computer model estimating the releases
needed from the Manantali dam to produce optimal artificial floods and generate electricity.
23. Power potential. Guinea is very conscious of the hydropower potential of the Senegal river
headwaters. In the Bafing river sub-basin, Guinea has identified four favorable dam sites with a combined
power-generation potential of 770 MW. Of these, the Koukoutamba site, alone, has a potential of 290
MW. This compares with the 200 MW for which the Manantali dam was to have been equipped, which in
itself is not enough to serve the needs of the three OMVS countries. The integration of Guinea in a
regional power grid is an alternative that is of interest to all riparian countries. Guinea is also interested in
the development of its micro-hydro potential. The need to consider and support Guinea's interests so as to
seek its full involvement in the development of the basin's land and water resources is clearly indicated.
24. Irrigation. The delta and the valley flood plain have seen the development of both large-scale and
community-based irrigation for several decades on the Mauritanian as well as on the Senegalese side. The
irrigation schemes currently in place cover just over 100,000 ha, of which some 60,000 are cropped
(mostly with rice) in the wet season and some 20,000 ha in the dry season. Currently irrigated land
represents only one third of the overall potential estimated at 375,000 ha.
25. Natural variability. Before the Diama and Manantali dams were built the river had markedly
different hydrological conditions that varied in time and space. Fluctuations occurred seasonally in water
level and quality in addition to the annual or cyclic episodes of dry and wet conditions. These
fluctuations, characterized by erratic flows and episodic inundation, prevented any single species from
dominating the ecology and contributed to the real diversity of habitats and species. In turn, this resulted
in a variety of natural resources and production systems. The Diama and Manantali dams, and their
accompanying infrastructure, contributed substantially to making the ecosystem more uniform and
provided the habitat for aquatic weeds and diseases vectors.
26. Natural reserves. The region is still important for migratory birds, notably water birds, which
arrive in large numbers during the European winters to wetlands in the Senegal valley and delta. There are
protected areas of international significance such as the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary which is a World
Heritage Site on the Senegalese side of the delta, and the Diawling Strict Nature Reserve on the
Mauritanian side. The fish production capability of the lower reaches of the river could be considerably
enhanced.
27. Dam construction. Diama dam, located approximately 23 km from the river's mouth, has
functioned since 1986. Its purpose is to block seawater intrusion and to raise the level of the upstream
water body (confined by dykes along both shores) to facilitate irrigation, navigation and the filling of lac
de Guiers in Senegal and lac Rqiz in Mauritania. Manantali dam, built in Mali approximately 1,200 km
from the river's mouth, has regulated the flow of the Bafing river since 1987. This dam's purpose is to
attenuate extreme floods, generate electric power and store water in the wet season to augment dry-season
flows for the benefit of irrigation and navigation. OMVS has entrusted two separate entities with the
dams' operation and maintenance: the Société de gestion du barrage de Diama (SOGED) and the Société
de gestion du barrage de Manantali (SOGEM).
28. Power generation at Manantali. A second investment program (co-financed by the World Bank
under its Regional Hydropower project) is currently underway with the installation of hydro-electric
generating equipment at Manantali and the construction of the corresponding transmission lines serving
the three OMVS member countries. Power generation, transmission and distribution is expected to begin
9
in the second half of 2001 but is not likely to meet the original target output because of reduced river
flows. The power produced is not expected to fully meet the power needs of the three countries.
29. Impact of river flow changes. The changes in river regime have had both positive and negative
environmental and socioeconomic effects. On the whole the "artificial flood" has been managed fairly
well until now, but issues related to flow regulation are becoming more prominent as the generating plant
at the Manantali dam in Mali comes on line in the second half of 2001. The principal flows for the dam
come from the Bafing river in Guinea. However, the flow information available form the head waters in
Guinea is inadequate to allow for optimal management. An inclusive basin organization as well as
improved data and knowledge management would greatly enhance the flow management.
30. The PASIE. Recognizing the social and environmental implications of the potential conflicts
between power generation and the other uses of the Senegal river's water, the three governments through
OMVS have embarked on the implementation of a program called PASIE (Plan d'Atténuation et de Suivi
des Impacts sur l'Environnement). The PASIE will cost US$17.056 million, and is being financed by a
number of multi- and bi-lateral donors including the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the
French Global Environment Facility. The PASIE will also support the development of revised rule curves
and operating procedures (through the development of a "Water Charter") which will provide the
opportunity for a fresh approach to river management. The PASIE is an environmental program
specifically designed to address, monitor and mitigate the environmental issues raised by, and related to,
the development and distribution of power from the Manantali generating station. Although quite specific
and narrow in purpose it is broad in concept and approach, recognizing as it does the need for a
comprehensive approach to environment management. The establishment of the downstream monitoring
program illustrates this. As such it provides a firm foundation on which the GEF project can build its
consistent but much more ambitious approach, addressing water and environment management issues
throughout the basin, in all four riparian countries. In summary, the PASIE supports six programs:
· Mitigation of Hydropower Project Impacts;
· Acquisition of Right-of-Way for Transmission Lines;
· Reservoir Management Program;
· Environmental Health;
· Related Measures; and
· Coordination and Monitoring.
31. Each component of the PASIE includes a number of separate elements. It was originally planned
that the implementation of the PASIE would be completed this fiscal year. However, for several reasons,
delays have occurred. The current status of implementation of the PASIE can be summarized as follow:
· The mitigation of impacts from the hydropower project including monitoring of the transmission
lines construction is underway. The Malian part of the process is already completed and efforts are
now focused on the Senegal and Mauritanian side.
· The acquisition of right-of way for transmission lines is still underway in Senegal and in
Mauritania. The energy distribution system has already reached Bamako and is almost completed
for the Malian side;
· Under the reservoir management program, progress so far achieved includes the following: (i)
phases I & II of the program are completed, including the modeling process for the flow and level
forecasting, the downstream ecosystem and the reservoir ecosystem; (ii) the third phase is
underway; this includes preparation of the management handbook of the Diama and Manantali
10
dams, the calibration and updating of the forecasting model and flood monitoring, and the
required training for decision makers and stake-holders. (iii) In addition, the draft of the cost
benefit analysis and the draft water charter have already been submitted, but not yet finalized and
agreed. After a series of workshops on these documents the final version is expected to be
submitted by the end of October. (iv) In the meantime, the bidding process is being launched for
the warning and communication system that forms a component of the reservoir management
program.
· Under Environmental Health the pilot project study has been completed including identification of
a list of sites. The implementation phase, which is expected to start in early November, is now
being prepared. After the African Development Bank's review, the elaboration and monitoring of
the Regional Sanitary Action Plan that forms the basis of the Environmental Health program has
been revised and the final document is now available.
· Within the Related Measures component, rural electrification promotion has not moved very far.
The proposed list of villages has still to be approved by all countries. Studies on the second
generation hydro sites, namely the Felou and Gouina sites are underway and the economic
analysis will be submitted at the end of October 2001.
· The coordination and monitoring component is one of the most advanced of the PASIE. The
Steering Committee is meeting regularly. At national level, the National Consultative Committee
(NCC) as well as the Local Consultative Committee (LCC) are operational in the ground. The
Consultative Group (CG) whose role is to monitor and advise the PASIE structure on various
matters, is also active. In relation to this component, the OMVS is also continuing the preparation
of the basin environmental code. The relevant laws have already been gathered from the member
countries in and Guinea and these will provide a basis for the preparation of the basin
environmental code. In line with these elements the OMVS has also set up the environment
monitoring program (l'Observatoire) which will play a central role in knowledge and data
management within the three member countries. The Coordination Bureau for the PASIE is still
recruiting some staff.
32. As indicated above, despite a number of achievements, the PASIE will not be completed this year
within the original schedule. Delays noted in several components such as the water management and the
environmental health programs may further delay project completion. This will enable a close liaison to be
maintained between ongoing PASIE activities and the start up of GEF project activities. The current GEF
project is based on a one program approach, expanding the geographical scope of the PASIE to include
the whole river basin; taking into account what has been achieved so far by the PASIE; complementing
and reinforcing the remaining actions which are still to be completed. The project will closely mirror the
PASIE objectives while addressing basin wide water and environmental management. As such, it may be
seen as a GEF component complementing the PASIE, adding to and providing the cohesion for common
understanding on specific issues such as the inclusiveness of Guinea in the basin wide management. The
project supported by GEF will take advantage of the institutional arrangements already established for the
PASIE. The project is entirely consistent with and complementary to the PASIE but is much broader in
scope, in that it addresses the transboundary water and environmental management issues throughout the
basin. It will create a basin wide framework for cooperation on implementing a sustainable programmatic
approach. This will provide a consistent coordinated framework for further participation by other donors
interested in the establishment of sustainable water and environmental management in the whole of the
Senegal River Basin.
.
11
33. Coordination with French Global Environment Facility (FGEF). The present project will
establish complementarity and close cooperation with the FGEF through the coordination mechanism
which will be established with the PASIE. The two funding mechanisms (GEF and FGEF) operate with
the same overall funding criteria and aims for enhanced transboundary environmental management and
close coordination will be ensured through the proposed Steering Committee and through the PASIE
Consultative Committee (see C5 and Annex 8 for further information).
34. An important part of the PASIE is an environmental monitoring program l'Observatoire, funded in
large part by the FGEF. The Observatoire has has recently been established and will play an essential role
in monitoring the impacts of the Manantali operations on the river and on the environment. The present
GEF project will complement this effort by ensuring the inclusion of Guinea and by adding additional data
and knowledge which address aspects as they relate to Guinea.
35. Benefits from dams. So far, the dams have primarily benefited irrigation, thereby playing a key
role in preventing a massive exodus of the valley's population in the face of severe drought and
desertification. Flow regulation from the Manantali dam has ensured a year-round supply of irrigation
water, while Diama dam prevents this supply from mixing with intruding sea water and reduces pumping
costs by raising the upstream water level. Additional benefits are: (i) the creation of a significant fisheries
resource in the Manantali reservoir, that has led to the seasonal settlement of fishing communities, and (ii)
the maintenance of the Diawling, Djoudj and Trois Marigots/Ndiael wetlands with controlled flows from
the Diama reservoir.
36. Impacts of dams. The dams and associated dykes on the flood plain have brought about major
ecological changes in the floodplain on both the Mauritanian and the Senegalese sides of the river. Filling
of the reservoir behind the Manantali dam reduced the volume and duration of the annual floods. This, in
turn, diminished the inundation of the floodplain and resulted in weakened eco-systems depending on
prolonged seasonal submersion. It also resulted in a reduced area suitable for flood-recession cropping,
and curtailed groundwater recharge. Diama dam has created a permanent and fairly stable freshwater
body whose shores have been invaded by a dense growth of unwelcome aquatic plants (Typha australis,
Pistia startioles and Salvinia molesta). These plants proliferate in the river's distributaries and in the
irrigation canals reducing flow velocities, encouraging insects and disease, displacing other species,
reducing fish production and impeding fishing.
37. Health issues. One of the invasive plants' most damaging effects is the habitat they offer for
vectors of waterborne diseases. An explosion of mosquito and snail populations has brought malaria and
bilharzia to epidemic proportions. Despite efforts by the international aid community and national public -
health services, the re-infection process causes the prevalence of these diseases to remain at an
unacceptably high level. The nuisance plants and their consequences for public health clearly call for
corrective measures to be implemented in a concerted fashion on both sides of the river.
38. The practice of drawing water from the river is also becoming increasingly hazardous, particularly
in the dry season, as the irrigated area expands and the use of agro-chemicals intensifies. The river's water
quality is to be addressed through the Dakar Long Term Water Sector Project, but it has not been
addressed in respect of the riverside population.
39. Estuarine, coastal and marine issues. The river disgorges into the Atlantic Ocean through a
somewhat deltaic estuary, the mouth protected by a long sand spit on which sits the ancient capital city of
St Louis. The Diama dam has drawn a clear line between fresh and salt water where none previously
existed. There was once a highly productive zone of intermingled flora and fauna and an important marine
fish spawning ground. There are still some linkages between salt and fresh water zones and there is
potential for much improved management of these zones to increase production of fish and bird life and to
12
enhance the ecology generally. There are clear linkages with other projects working in this area and with
the offshore projects such as those of the Canary Current project. It is recognized that water management
is a continuum from fresh water springs all the way downstream to the oceans where evaporated water is
recycled as precipitation to replenish the sources.
40. The Marine and Coastal biodiversity Management project under preparation will strengthen the
conservation and management of globally significant marine and coastal biodiversity in Senegal. To that
end, the project will address priorities identified in the National Biodiversity Strategy (NBS) and the
National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). The project to be also partly supported by GEF will address
among other issues the management of existing coastal and marine protected areas; development and
implementation of partic ipatory systems for sustainable biodiversity management; capacity improvement
to protect and conserve marine biodiversity, taking into account stakeholders participation, technical and
managerial skills and improving the regulatory framework for the coastal zone management. Along with
the Senegal river basin project, the two projects must be seen as complementary in their approach towards
mitigation of the environmental problems. These two projects will address the more urgent transboundary
environmental issues on the coast and in the basin. The special needs of the delta, lying mostly in Senegal,
require particular attention. It may be necessary to consider additional support through a specific program
that could link the main problems in the delta with the key actions to be implemented by the two projects.
Proposals being developed by UNEP under the Global Program for Land Based Sources of Marine
Pollution may also help address these special needs.
41. OMVS priorities. At the start of the preparation for the present project a number of issues were
identified by OMVS as priority concerns. These included: groundwater evaluation, especially including
the internationally significant maestrichtian aquifer; cooperation with Guinea for flow and flood warnings;
dealing with aquatic weeds; hydrologic studies of the tributaries and distributaries of the lower valley;
studies for better management of the lower valley flows taking environmental considerations into account;
allocation of water between the states and for the maintenance of the environment; land use and
environmental management issues in the upper basin areas in Mali and Guinea where less work has been
done than in the lower basin.
42. National priorities. The concerns of the riparian states were identified during the project
preparation process and are reflected in the Preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis attached
in Annex 9, 10 and 11. Priority concerns include land degradation and its related impacts (deforestation,
erosion, overgrazing and desertification), water resource management associated with information and
data collection, water pollution (from source and non-point source), food security through irrigation,
hydropower for energy needs, biodiversity conservation, wetland management and conservation, the
strengthening of institutional policy and capacity development as well as participatory development
practices, public awareness and outreach.
43. Civil society priorities. During the project preparation process an inclusive consultative process
was managed and coordinated by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) to ensure that civil society
priorities and concerns were heard and reflected in project design. Issues raised through this consultative
process include: safeguarding regionally important environmental sites (parks, mangroves etc.); planning
and managing these sites sustainably; the need for an international strategy for the humid zones; the need
to develop a comprehensive environmental management approach; the need to integrate environmental
and social concerns; the importance of maintenance of wetlands areas for migrating birds; the need for
adoption of a basin-wide and holistic action program for the environment; the need for improved
coordination between the officials, NGOs and people's representatives; the need for institutional
strengthening and capacity building in basin-wide management; the need to address the transboundary
environmental health concerns; the need for coordinating committees at field level, at national level and at
international level; and, the need for the proposed Observatoire to be a center of technical excellence.
13
B3.
GOVERNMENT STRATEGY
44. Regional importance. The Senegal river's development potential and regional importance have
long been recognized. In 1968, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal created OERS (Organisation des
États Riverains du Fleuve Sénégal) with a view to realizing the potential offered by the basin's land and
water resources in a framework of regional economic integration. In view of internal political changes,
Guinea withdrew from OERS in 1971, which led Mali, Mauritania and Senegal to form OMVS
(Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal) the following year.
45. Establishment of OMVS. OMVS is governed by three principal legal texts: Convention relative
au statut du fleuve Sénégal (1972); Convention portant création de l'OMVS (1972); and Convention
relative au statut juridique des ouvrages communs (1978). (See Annex 7 for additional background
information on OMVS). In 1992, Guinea and OMVS signed the Protocole d'accord-cadre de coopération
entre la République de Guinée et l'OMVS with a view to creating a framework for cooperation in actions
of mutual interest concerning the Senegal river and its basin, including a provision allowing Guinea to
attend OMVS meetings as an observer.
46. OMVS scope and challenges. OMVS is mandated with the authority to carry out and manage
"works" on the river, on behalf of the three member states. OMVS organigram includes national
"cellules" in each member country, which are directly linked to the Experts Committee of each state
established by the Council of Ministers to advise the Council. Although established on a firm legal basis,
OMVS continues to face challenges in obtaining and managing its resources, in recruiting staff and in
carrying out its functions as a fully functioning river basin organization. One major challenge is the need
to encourage the upstream riparian Guinea to join the organization.
47. Management Bodies. The supreme body of OMVS is the Conference of Heads of State and
Government. There are also three permanent organs: the Council of Ministers (COM), the High
Commission (HC) and the Permanent Water Commission (PWC). Others may be created as needed. In
addition there is an Advisory Committee. The Regional Planning and Monitoring Committee advises on
whether projects and measures planned in member states are consistent with the organization's objectives
and whether the available resources in the basin can meet the development plans (see also organizational
chart overleaf).
48. National Offices. The National Cellules in the three countries are directly linked to the Committee
of Experts of member states, established by the Council of Ministers to advise the Council. For example,
the Coordinator of the OMVS National Cellule for Senegal is also a member of the COM's Committee of
Experts. The National Cellule assists in the implementation of OMVS projects and the Cellule is a
permanent member of the advisory body of OMVS. In addition, local committees at district level are
needed to allow grass root participation.
49. Previous work. In the late 1980s, a number of meetings were held in the basin, groups were
formed and surveys carried out. National bodies were created including in Senegal, the "Cellule Après
Barrage". A "Management Plan for the Development of the Left Bank" (PDRG) was produced. This
plan supported the rehabilitation of the natural environment; management of natural and human resources;
optimization of traditional systems of production, both in the floodplains and the rain-fed zones;
rehabilitation where feasible; extension of irrigation by promoting investments by farmers and the private
sector and adoption of necessary policy measures to facilitate the plan's objective.
14
50. The Left Bank Management Plan. Approved by the Senegalese authorities, the Plan Directeur
Rive Gauche (PDRG) became a plan for integrated development over 25 years (1992-2017). The plan
covered four administrative districts (Dagana, Podor, Matam and Bakel). However, it soon became clear
that the plan would only succeed if similar plans were implemented on the right bank in Mali and
Mauritania.
51. UN Assessment of Human Development. In 1997, the United Nations Department for Economic
and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) executed a UNDP regional project: "Management of International Waters
in Sub-Saharan Africa: Senegal river basin". Within the river basin, in Mali, Mauritania and Senegal, five
consultants conducted interviews and research in the capitals and in the field along the river, to assess the
current situation in terms of sustainable human development. This project has provided a recent and
documented diagnostic on the current management of water for various users, the participative dimension
in the development of the basin, and the environmental dimension in the Senegal valley.
52. Cooperative track record. The Governments of Mali, Mauritania and Senegal have thus
developed a fairly strong track record of cooperation for development. The agreement establishing
OMVS's authority over common "works" is very unusual in that the Manantali dam, for instance, located
in Mali, legally "belongs" to all three member states of OMVS. Burden-sharing of the investments on the
shared water resource has encouraged such cooperation. When disputes arose, as in the 1980s between
Senegal and Mauritania, the governments recognized the importance of resolving them amicably as soon
as possible to avoid jeopardizing their jointly owned infrastructure. The governments jointly support
OMVS and the staff is drawn from each member state.
53. Riparian interests. The four riparians have common as well as different interests that they pursue.
Guinea's principal interest is in investment for development and environmental management. The
principal interest of Mali continues to be the maintenance of river levels so as to provide navigable access
to the sea from landlocked Mali. The Manantali dam and generating station are on Mali territory and the
country is clearly also interested in output of power from the plant. The Mauritanian and Senegalese
interests include power production, particularly for Senegal, but a dominant preoccupation has been the
livelihoods of the population of the valley and the delta. The desire to increase irrigated crop production
has driven many of the decisions. The challenge for the riparians is to develop a cooperative platform
which seeks to support win-win actions and closer integration so that the various interests can be
addressed to the maximum extent possible.
54. Flow allocation. The operation of Manantali dam for hydropower generation requires careful
management to minimize negative environmental impacts. The fundamental problem lies with the limited
volume of water available to satisfy the competing requirements of the planned objectives (irrigation,
navigation, hydropower), of critical ecological processes (groundwater recharge, maintenance of flood-
plain ecosystems) and of traditional societies (flood-recession cropping, livestock, fishing). The available
annual volume is currently considerably less than assumed in the 1960s on the basis of the flows observed
up to that time. The proposed management scheme is not based on a reliable rainfall-runoff model
because of a lack of data from the upper reaches. Not only are such data currently unavailable to OMVS,
but the existing network of stations is inadequate. Best management practice requires a reliable model
using real-time rainfall and stream-flow data from stations located in Guinea and Mali.
55. Public awareness and participation. A priority issue is the need for an improvement in the
relationship, and an increase of understanding between the OMVS and the public in the basin. There is a
need for improved flow of information from OMVS to the public as well as improved methods of
assessing and addressing the concerns of the affected populations in the basin. IUCN and its national
members have been supporting a number of participatory programs within countries in the basin.
However, there is agreement that a substantial, regional complementary effort aimed at improving
15
participation and communication would greatly enhance impact, and would ensure that the concerns of
civil society were heard, and options assessed, as development programs and actions are discussed and
designed.
56. Environment Management in Guinea. Guinea developed a National Environmental Action Plan
(NEAP) in 1994. The plan defines a set of integrated sectoral initiatives, some of which are currently
being implemented. The NEAP also proposed the creation of a Conseil National de l'Environnement
representing 13 ministries and several civil-society entities concerned with environmental management.
The Conseil was formed and is operational. Guinea has been preparing a Code de l'Eau and related
regulations. These are expected to be approved shortly and include a proposed Water Fund which will
contribute to the long term aim of making water management sustainable in Guinea. Guinea has for some
years been attending OMVS meetings as an "Observer" but is awaiting developments before committing
itself as a Member State. Within Guinea, development of environmental policy and enforcement of the
corresponding laws are the responsibility of the Ministère de l'Équipement through its Direction de
l'Environnement. The principal government services that are directly involved with the preparation of the
project and its implementation are: (i) the Direction Nationale de la Gestion des Ressources en Eau
(DNGRE) and the Direction Nationale de la Météorologie (DNM), both of the Ministère des Ressources
Naturelles et de l'Energie; and (ii) the Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (DNEF) of the Ministère de
l'Agriculture, des Eaux et des Forêts.
57. Environmental management in Mali. Mali's NEAP, which integrates actions responding to the
UN Convention to Combat Desertification, is the result of wide-ranging consultations at the national,
regional and local levels. Work on the synthesis of the NEAP started in 1994 and the document was
endorsed in May 1998. The NEAP defines a National Environmental Protection Policy (NEPP) and
proposes national, regional and local action programs to achieve the objectives outlined in the NEAP. The
NEAP's nine cross-sectoral national programs include the National Program on Water Resources
Management, which has as one of its operational objectives "to protect and ensure a sustainable
management of rivers and their catchment areas, including with neighboring countries (shared resources)".
One of its eight regional programs concerns the Kayes Region, essentially covering Mali's portion of the
Senegal river basin. Mali has created an Environment Ministry with three departments: (i) Direction de la
Conservation de la Nature; (ii) Direction du Contrôle des Pollutions et des Nuisances, and (iii)
Secrétariat Technique Permanent. The two directorates operate in a decentralized fashion at the level of
local administrative units. The Secretariat is responsible for policy formulation and strategy development.
The principal sectoral entities concerned with the management of the Senegal basin's water resources and
environment are the Direction Nationale de l'Aménagement et de l'Équipement Rural under the Ministry
of Agriculture; and the Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie under the Ministry of Water,
Mines and Energy. A water resources component is included in the World Bank funded program entitled
Programme National d'Infrastructures Rurales (PNIR). Activities under this component is supporting the
preparation of tender documents for the implementation of project activities. The activities will provide
national underpinning and complementarity to the activities proposed in the present project.
58. Environment Management in Mauritania. In Mauritania, an environmental strategy paper
prepared by the World Bank, in 1994, recognized the need to integrate all economic, technical, ecological
and social aspects in the development of the Senegal River. A study supported by UNDP, in 1997, as a
contribution to the formulation of an environmental management and protection program reiterated this
concern and stressed the urgency of developing a NEAP. In 1995, Mauritania established the Conseil
National pour l'Environnement et le Développement Durable (CNED) comprising an advisor to the
President and an advisor to the Prime Minister, in addition to representatives from 13 relevant ministries.
This council is mandated as the entity responsible for supervising the development of an environmental
strategy. The principal operational entities concerned with environmental issues in the Senegal river basin
are the Direction de la Planification et la Coopération Sanitaire of the Ministère de la Santé, the
16
Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement Rural, of the Ministère du Développement Rural, and
SONADER (Société Nationale de Développement Rural).
59. Environment Management in Senegal. In Senegal, the NEAP was completed in 1997 and is the
result of the consolidation of a ser ies of regional environmental action plans developed in a decentralized
and participatory manner. It integrates the national action program to combat desertification in the
framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. The regional action plan for the Senegal
river valley (Région de Saint-Louis) essentially represents the environmental management measures
provided by the Plan Directeur Rive Gauche (PDRG). The Ministry responsible for elaborating and
implementing Senegal's environmental policies was established in 1993. Called the Ministère de
l'Environnement, it comprises three directorates: (i) Direction de l'Environnement et des Établissements
Classés (DEEC); (ii) Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et Conservation des Sols (DEFCCS ); and (iii)
Direction des Parcs Nationaux (DPN). Recognizing the dependence of sustainable development on sound
environmental management as well as the cross-cutting nature of environmental concerns, Senegal has
created two supervisory and coordinating bodies: (i) the Commission Nationale pour le Développement
Durable; and (ii) the Conseil Supérieur de l'Environnement et des Ressources Naturelles (CONSERE). It
is these two bodies that oversaw the elaboration of the country's NEAP. The Ministry was recently
working on an environmental policy statement as a guiding document for the period 2001 to 2005.
B4.
SECTOR RELATED COUNTRY ASSISTANCE STRATEGY GOAL SUPPORT ED BY THE PROJECT
60. The present project includes four countries and thus, four sector-related World Bank Country
Assistance Strategy (CAS) linkages. All four CASs are several years old (1997 & 1998) and are currently
under revision. Priority areas of particular relevance to the present project are highlighted below.
61. Guinea's CAS (11/21/1997) notes that "the Bank fully supports the Government's development
strategy through both lending and non-lending services directed at selective activities in rural
development, governance and improved service delivery". The proposed Bank strategy includes
"increased emphasis on building broad-based support for reforms through participation" and "more
emphasis on improving governance and capacity building".
62. Mali's CAS (04/24/1998) supports the government's development strategy to reduce poverty
through sustained, rapid and broad-based economic growth. This includes efforts to reduce the state's role
and encourage the private sector and support from IDA for broad-based growth of the rural sector. The
Manantali generating station in Mali is the most significant project underway in the basin and is receiving
close attention. Mali is one of two pilot countries for enhanced coordination between the World Bank and
the United Nations. The CAS and the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) were
developed through close consultation with the UN and Bank teams in Mali.
63. Mauritania's CAS (05/21/1997) states: "Development of irrigation in the Senegal River Valley ...
must balance economic, ecological and social concerns and guarantee the long term provision of an
artificial flood for traditional flood recession agriculture. Improved resource management including better
surveillance is critical for safe-guarding the rich fishing grounds against over-exploitation". It further
states under a section headed "Regional Integration" that the government "is aware that the success of its
reform program depends in part on effective cooperation with other countries in the region". As part of
these efforts Mauritania is working closely with Senegal and Mali, within the framework of the OMVS on
the development of the Senegal river basin. The government's Country Environmental Strategy Paper
identified three major environmental challenges of which the first was natural resources development
particularly in the Senegal river valley. A number of natural resources management efforts being planned
or underway are also mentioned in the CAS.
17
64. Senegal's CAS (12/29/1997) describes the NEAP that had just been completed and the
government's desire to seek support for its implementation. Among the issues identified are: reduction in
water resources and inadequate access to water; degradation of soils through erosion, desertification and
salinization; loss of forest and vegetal cover; loss of faunal bio-diversity due to habitat destruction; as well
as coastal zone management problems, with which this project may interact. The government intended for
the NEAP implementation to be done in a way that will support the decentralization program.
B5.
SECTOR ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED BY THE PROJECT AND STRATEGIC CHOICES
1.1 Preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis
65. The Senegal river crosses four countries and has been the focus of national and international
attention for more than six decades. There have been, and there continue to be, numerous interventions
that relate to water resource management. National priorities sometimes supercede regional priorities and
may conflict with each other. Countries naturally tend to pursue their own interests first. These interests
are seldom evaluated for the long term, but receive responses for the immediate need. The availability of
information is poor, data-sharing is limited, communication remains poor within the basin, ther e are
diminished flows in the river since the 1960s and there are increasingly complex and conflicting demands
from the increasing population. A large generating station is about to come on line and the operating rule
curves still have to be decided and properly adhered to so as to ensure equitable and economic allocation
of the river flow among the competing users. What is required to improve the response to these
transboundary issues is basin-wide cooperation; improved management and response capacity; improved
data and information flow; in-depth analysis and design of appropriate actions; some immediate action on
the ground; improved public participation and establishment of a sustainable long term program for
improved water and environment management in the basin.
66. Through the transboundary analysis a number of key issues have been identified as a priority for
intervention and assistance in order to ensure the long-term sustainable management of the Senegal river
basin. These are highlighted below:
a. Management capacity and institutional strengthening
67. A major need is to improve the capacity of OMVS and the riparian states to address transboundary
environmental issues. OMVS was established to address the management of specific water management
works, but as such is not well equipped to deal with broader basin management and environment and
social issues that were not previously recognized as an essential part of river management. Equally the
national governments are still weak in the areas of water resource and environment management and their
efforts naturally tend to be focused on immediate national concerns. There is a need to enhance their
capacity to deal with transboundary and international issues that are inherent in the management of the
basin.
b.
An inclusive framework
68. To ensure optimum management of the river basin, it is imperative to build an inclusive framework
of cooperation which sees the participation of all the riparian states. The involvement of Guinea in the
preparation of the present project proposal has been an important first step towards that eventual goal.
Each riparian, including Guinea, needs to clearly see benefits derived from the riparian cooperation. The
present project facilitates the establishment of a common, inclusive platform for dialogue and exchange
between the riparian countries through which cooperative development paths and win-win options can be
identified and discussed. The opportunity to include Guinea in joint planning of shared benefits is much
to be preferred to the possible alternative of competition for limited resources.
18
c.
Data and information flow the knowledge base
69. Although much has been done in the lower basin in the past to collect data on water and
environmental matters, there is a critical need for complementary efforts. Data has been collected for
many projects but the resulting databases are incompatible or have simply been lost or abandoned on
completion of the project. This is a particular need in the upper basin, including Guinea, where the lack of
data is a concern not only for the Government of Guinea but for the whole basin. In order to optimize
management of the river flows, not only for generation but also for the maintenance of livelihoods in the
headwaters as well as downstream, it is essential to have much improved baseline data. The need for
improved hydrometric, climatological, land resource and land use data is clear. Capacity building,
agreement on data parameters and platforms for data management and exchange need to be supported.
d.
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
70. Initial work on the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis by national consultants has identified
specific issues that can be addressed rapidly and are clearly priority issues with transboundary
implications. What remains is the consolidated and more in-depth analysis of opportunities and priorities
from a basin-wide perspective. Identification of transboundary issues with detailed analysis of their root
causes is needed to identify the significant interventions that can contribute most effectively to improved
benefits across the basin. The detailed basin-wide Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) will extend
the work already done and will propose priorities actions for further investments. The priorities for early
action on the ground which were identified in the Preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis (see
also Annex 9) are as follows:
i.
Land degradation and desertification
Land degradation and desertification issues of high concern in the basin and cause much negative
impact. Inappropriate land use in sloping, hilly and mountainous areas of the Fouta Djallon, and the
Manding plateau have caused soil erosion, land degradation and loss of soil fertility leading to the
creation of vast denuded areas. The spread of deforestation throughout the basin in combination
with the overexploitation of natural resources is affecting the basin dynamic in terms of human
settlement patterns and resource conflicts. In addition, phenomena such as a decrease in rainfall,
increase in the frequency of severe droughts, the occurrence of the harmattan dust-bowl, sand dune
movement and the associated loss of arable land as well as livestock death are indicators of an
increase in land degradation and desertification progression toward the south of the basin. All basin
countries have signed the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) and have CCD National
Action Programs in place, however, jointly planned transboundary coordination will need to be
increased if the degradation processes are to be halted.
ii.
Siltation and erosion
Siltation and erosion are cross borders issues and must be addressed through cooperative action.
These processes are tied to overgrazing and poor agricultural practices. The Fouta Djallon region
provides 13 tons/km2 of eroded and siltated material per year of which 30% is derived in the Bafing
basin. The increase in siltation and erosion in many areas of the basin represents a serious threat for
water resource availability. Aside from the loss in land productivity, increased siltation also
increases the dangers of floods and interferes with infrastructure. A number of national programs
are underway to enhance soil protection and conservation; and these important initiatives are
making impact at the local levels. However, there is an urgent need to support transboundary
cooperation targeting specific areas such as the Fouta Djallon and fertile soil of the "walo" or flood
plains, where this continuing trend will cause severe damage to the basin water resource and food
production.
19
iii.
Point and non-point source pollution
Both point and non-point sources of pollution are basin-wide and of a transboundary character.
Growing urbanization combined with lack of sanitation facilities has increased water pollution.
Increased use of pesticides and fertilizers in irrigation schemes in the valley have led to high levels
of pollution. These impacts have the potential to affect the regional basin economy and could
jeopardize development progress achieved thus far. Data and information as well as awareness
related to national and transboundary impacts of this pollution are scarce. To date, only limited
transboundary action is underway to address these issues and the need for a holistic and basin-wide
approach is of high priority.
iv.
Water weeds infestation
The infestation by water weeds has increased tremendously throughout the basin, leading to a
decline in fisheries and a threat to the available water supply sources for big cities such as Dakar.
Moreover, the infestation contributes to the spread of waterborne diseases. The Typha and Salvinia
molesta weed infestations have recently been recorded among the main environmental impacts
within the Senegal valley. Although some pilot initiatives are underway to mitigate this infestation,
there is an urgent need for a transboundary approach so that the basin-wide dimensions can be
tackled.
v.
Public participation, awareness and stakeholder capacity
A fundamental issue identified in the basin has been the need for greater participation by the public
in the decisions that are made that significantly affect their livelihoods. During the preparation of
the present project, a significant effort has been made to involve as wide a segment of the public as
possible. There is a clear need to ensure that the voice of civil society is heard as developments are
discussed and options assessed. Moreover, a greater awareness of interlinkages, of transboundary
impacts and of the priorities of neighboring states and communities, will greatly enhance and
strengthen the spirit of cooperation between the four countries. Communities need access to
information and assistance to build their capacities so that they can more effectively participate in
decision-making processes. Support is needed for the poorest and least educated among the
communities and the special needs of the largest segment of the population, women and children,
are particularly important in this respect.
vi.
Sustainable management of wetlands
There is an urgent need to increase the knowledge and awareness of the important economic and
ecological functions which the wetlands in the basin play. These fragile environments are being
degraded due to draining, expansion of agriculture, and unplanned developments. Although
specific regulation has been prepared for the protection of these areas and although protected areas
have been created and/or extended, more effective enforcement is needed combined with awareness
and capacity building. Examples of important wetlands in the Senegal delta include the Djoudji and
the Diawling which are important reserves for paleoarctic migratory species, and the Gonakie forest
along the valley which plays a crucial role as a filter and nursery for fish species. Other important
wetlands include the Kemeba-Ko in Mali and the Baoule Game Reserve in Mali, both of which
form important habitats as well as nesting areas for migratory birds.
vii.
Waterborne diseases
Waterborne diseases such as bilharzia, Guinea worm, diarrhea and malaria are prevalent in the basin
and remain a major concern. The construction of dams and the increase in the water level have
contributed to increasing the spread of water borne diseases, including urinary bilharzia which has
especially stricken the population of the Senegal valley. National health projects have been
launched in Mauritania and Senegal to address water-borne diseases. Both of these projects seek to
put in place coordinated actions to reverse the present situation. In addition, a
20
WHO/UNICEF/UNDP regional program combating the Guinea worm is also in place supporting
the two countries.
21
C. PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUMMARY
71. The Preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis (see also Section B5, and Annexes 9 and
10) identified the root causes of environmental degradation in a transboundary context. The Analysis
further identified priority areas for action, which could help alleviate and remove some of these root
causes.
72. The project components outlined below are specifically designed to meet the priorities which are of
a transboundary and incremental nature.
C1.
PROJECT COMPONENTS
1. Capacity Building:
Environmental and water resource management
capacity in national institutions and in OMVS and
national cellules and support the development of an
inclusive framework for cooperation.
2. Data and knowledge
Improvement of data and knowledge base for water
management:
resources management; and establishment of
monitoring and analysis, in close coordination with the
Observatoire de l'Environnement de l'OMVS.
3. Transboundary Diagnostic
Completing the basin-wide Transboundary Diagnostic
Analysis :
Analysis
4. Priority Actions:
Based on the preliminary transboundary diagnostic
analysis, implementation of priority actions through
pilot activities. Agreed priority actions are:
· Land degradation & desertification
o Soil erosion & siltation
o Transhumance management
o River bank protection
· Water quality
o Water weeds
o Point and non-point pollution
· Wetland management
o Flood plain rehabilitation
o Sustainable traditional fisheries
o Biodiversity management
o Land use planning
· Evaluation of micro-hydropower potential
o Studies
o Consultants
5. Public participation and
Public participation and awareness program for
awareness:
broader community and civil society involvement in
development actions in the Senegal river basin.
22
1.1. Environmental Management Capacity Building
73. This component seeks to reinforce the institutional capacity for the coherent management of the
Senegal river basin's water resources and environment. The intention is to build a core group of
transboundary environmental management expertise in each national institution linked to a core group in
OMVS. The component will be complemented by the World Bank funded non-GEF increment (projects
Long Term Water Sector Project, Senegal - P041528 and Programme Nationale des Infrastructures
Rurales, Niger - P041723), which addresses issues pertaining to national water policy, including
institutional reforms, capacity building, pricing and water legislation in Mali and Senegal. The GEF
funded component entails:
a. Completion of the analysis of the capacity and needs of each riparian country's relevant
institutions and of OMVS with regard to transboundary issues ,
b. Strengthening institutional structures at the national as well as at the regional level.
§ University courses and other technical training (modules etc.); and
§ Workshops and seminars.
c. Guinea specific. Preparation of recommendations for harmonization of environmental
management and environment legislation in OMVS member states is already planned under the
PASIE; the present GEF project will extend this to include Guinea. Activities to be supported in
Guinea are include:
· Review of existing legislation;
· Establishment of national working groups to review water and land policy and
legislation;
· Assessment of biodiversity, habitats and unique eco-systems; recommendation of
protected areas and eco-zones in Faleme, Bakoye and Bafing river basins;
· Consolidation of findings and recommendations;
· National workshop; review and validation of proposals; and
· Preparation of suggested new water and land management policy and reforms.
d. Capacity building and strengthening of the relevant institutions and affected stakeholders involved
with, and affected by, the research, planning, and management of transboundary waters and of
OMVS's environmental management capability. Capacity building activities must and will
include provisions for applying a fully integrated approach to water, environment, land use,
agricultural practices, energy management and other sectors and ministries involved in or affected
by project activities.
§ Training and strengthening of transboundary environment management capacities at
national level (with national environmental departments and all other agencies and
ministries involved in or affected by project activities, the functional equivalent of inter-
ministerial committees.);
§ Training and strengthening of transboundary water management capacities at national
level (with national OMVS cellules, regional water bodies etc.);
§ Capacity building at OMVS for transboundary environment and water management;
§ Linkages between regional institutions (e.g. Institute du Sahel, Centre Ecologique de Suivi
(CSE), relevant university departments, and others);
§ Incorporation of transboundary concerns and issues into project activities associated with
affected stakeholders at all levels; and
§ Design of a set of appropriate regional coordinating procedures for transboundary
environment and water management issues.
23
e. Development of an inclusive institution Guinea and OMVS
§ Provision of appropriate technical, legal and institutional support that may be needed to
support the process of negotiating closer cooperation between OMVS, its member states
and Guinea. A Protocol for OMVS-Guinea cooperation has already been signed between
the two. Moreover, active dialogue is in place on the details of the present project. The
project will support greater involvement, inclusion and search for cooperative actions
which can yield a cooperation arrangement to be agreed during the project period.
§ Although formalization of joint membership is clearly a goal of this project, the project
also aims to establish a program of cooperative basin management that may proceed at the
working level. The project is designed as an initial step in the establishment of a long
term ongoing program of basin-wide cooperation.
f. Establishment of the OMVS Project Management Unit.
§ The project will be executed by OMVS and managed through a Project Management Unit
located at OMVS. The PMU will consist of a project manager, and technical staff in
addition to finance, procurement and admin staff. The full details of project
implementation will be finalized during project appraisal. (See also Annex 8 for further
information on the project implementation arrangements).
g. Establishment of the first GEF consultative forum
In relation with other on-going GEF activities, the project will promote coordination and
exchange of best practices between projects in Sub Sahara Africa. The OMVS will take the
lead in organizing a first Consultative forum to bring together representatives from other
related GEF projects such as the Niger river basin, the Lake Chad Basin, Fouta Djallon,
Niger-Nigeria shared watershed, Senegal-Mauritania and Nile projects, for broad exchanges
and experience sharing. While OMVS will leverage additional non-GEF resources to
complement the amount set for this event, it is expected that other projects will also set aside
resources for such events so as to establish a continuing process. The use of IW:LEARN as a
tool to facilitate virtual exchange of lessons learned among West Africa family of GEF IW
projects will also be pursued.
1.2. Data and knowledge management
74. This component will be complemented by the non-GEF funded alternative (projects P041528 and
P041723), which is supported by the World Bank. World Bank activities include national assessments of
water availability; national data collection and management; water allocation between different users as
well as data and information on water quality (point and non point source). The present GEF project will
build on this and fund the following:
a. Guinea specific. This project component will fund the cost of including Guinea in the
l'Observatoire de l'OMVS. The Observatoire is funded through the PASIE program. The
activities will focus on ensuring the inclusion of Guinea in the emerging planning environmental
and socio-economic data and knowledge framework which the PASIE is developing. The Guinea
specific activities will mirror those of the PASIE which will be supported in the OMVS member
countries and will therefore focus on socio-economic, environmental and water related data
gathering, analysis, assessment and management as well as capacity building to ensur e the long
term sustainability of the system to be set in place.
Guinea specific activities are also envisaged include:
Mapping of Senegal river basin in Guinea, including preparation of a Master
Plan for the Bafing;
Hydro-meteorological studies;
Study on impact of bush fire.
24
b. Regional activities. At the level of the basin, the GEF project will also provide training and
capacity building so that the monitoring program can be owned and sustained by the riparian
parties during and after the end of the present project support. It is expected that there will be
close cooperation on this task with the operator of the generating plant who will benefit from
improved data availability. The potential for private sector participation will therefore be strongly
pursued during the implementation of this component.
1.3. A Transboundary Diagnos tic Analysis and a Strategic Action Program
75. During the Project Development Fund B (PDF-B) phase of the project, national reports and
consultations were undertaken which highlighted the national priorities pertaining to the management of
the shared water resource. Additional work will be required to complete the basin-wide picture. A
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) will therefore be completed under this component, aided by
resources from the pilot budget. The scientific community of the region assisted as appropriate by
international scientists will be key to the completion of the TDA. The TDA work will address a variety of
aspects, including: flow regime changes and implication of these on floodplains, biodiversity, fisheries;
socio-economic impacts of flow regimes; possible future flow regimes in view of planned structures;
impacts of infrastructure on environmental health and links to coastal and delta interactions below Diama.
Strategic Action Program
Following completion of the TDA, a Strategic Action Program will be formulated. The SAP will focus on
the following:
a. An in-depth consolidation of the identified national priorities;
b. Narrative presentation of the root cause analysis and threats identified;
c. Description of public perceptions towards proposed development actions in the basin and
perceptions on transboundary environmental management issues;
d. Prioritization of transboundary and national actions as reflected in the diagnostic analysis;
e. Identification and definition of priority interventions;
f. Identification of necessary additional policy and institutional reforms to facilitate enhanced
transboundary management actions.
76. The existing national interministerial committees have been and will continue to function during
project implementation and will play an important coordinating role in the finalization of the TDA and
significantly in the agreement on the SAP. Further reference is made to the use of the functional
equivalent of interministerial committees in component 1 above.
77. It is expected that the report will be completed within the first six project months. The report will
serve as a basis for OMVS and the GEF implementing agencies to solicit further donor support to the
sustainable management of the transboundary environmental resource in the Senegal river basin.
1.4. Priority Actions
78. Based on the preliminary transboundary diagnostic analysis, priority actions have been identified
for early implementation through pilot activities. The pilots specifically target improvements of
transboundary water resource and environmental management which have a transboundary impact. The
pilots are intended to assist the four countries in establishing best practice, in testing transboundary
management approaches and in establishing networks across boundaries thereby, strengthening riparian
cooperation and integration.
25
a. Micro grant committees
The pilots will be implemented through micro-grant activities. As part of the preparation process for the
World Bank project appraisal document, OMVS is establishing a micro-grant committee with participation
of the national OMVS cellules, NGOs and civil society representatives and community organizations.
Community organizations and civil society societies and other national actors will be invited to submit
proposals addressing the transboundary actions within the areas listed below. The micro-grant allocations
will have a ceiling of $50,000 per micro-grant, but it is anticipated that many of the grants will be well
below this ceiling. The recommendations of the micro-grant committee will be reviewed by the CRPP in
December/January and incorporated as appropriate in the Action Plan being prepared for the Project
Appraisal Document. During appraisal, anticipated in February/March 2002, additional funding
commitments will be sought for these activities from other donors. Appropriate financial and other
management arrangements specific to each activity will be designed as needed, cons istent with the overall
arrangements described in this document and in full compliance with GEF, World Bank, UNDP, OMVS
and national criteria. Full details of the selected micro-grant projects will be incorporated in the Action
Plan in the Project Apprais al Document.
The specific criteria for eligibility of proposals will be determined during the appraisal process, however,
it is expected that the criteria will include the following aspects:
· Activities will fall within the priority areas emerging from the preliminary results of the
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis.
· Activities will be representative of the priority areas outlined below and will provide a
learning tool providing further input to the Strategic Action Plan.
· As these are pilot actions, emphasis will be placed on collecting representative lessons learned
from the various areas of intervention so that these can be used for subsequent upscaling of
actions through investment.
· Activities which will test new approaches and indigenous knowledge will be encouraged
· Activities which address the integrated nature of the land/water management will be
encouraged
· Activities which address a combination of community action with policy aspects will be
encouraged.
Agreed priority actions areas for which micro-grant proposals will be invited are:
b. Land degradation & desertification
o Soil erosion & siltation
o Transhumance management
o River bank protection
c. Water quality
o Water weeds
o Point and non-point pollution
d. Wetland management
o Flood plain rehabilitation
o Sustainable traditional fisheries
o Biodiversity management
o Land use planning
e. Evaluation of micro-hydropower potential
o Studies
o Consultants
26
1.5. Public participation and awareness
79. This component will expand on the participatory activities already initiated during the PDF-B
process (for further detail on the public participation process implemented during the PDF B phase, see
Annex 6). The project will continue to look to IUCN for support in the implementation of this component.
The component is designed to support the effective involvement of local community leaders, the broader
public, especially women, as well as the scientific community in the planning and management of
environment and water resources in the basin. The project will build on the World Bank funded portion
of the increment, projects P041528 and P041723. Activities under these two projects include stakeholder
involvement in introducing decentralized water management; awareness and outreach activities in the
context of the creation of national water agencies as well as awareness and public information activities on
the management and protection of water resources. The present GEF project will have three core focus
areas:
a. Public information and awareness
· Through a variety of delivery mechanisms, (nature clubs, schools, scout movement, youth
movement, university modules etc) launch environmental education and awareness
programs in the four countries, emphasizing transboundary linkages and
.interdependencies.
· Form basin-wide teams to design and develop common environmental education and
awareness programs and materials aimed at public and school audiences, emphasizing
transboundary links and connections which the Senegal river forms, using TV, radio and
web pages in addition to traditional media to complement existing initiatives.
b. Civil society participation
· Through NGOs and other civil society networks, provide training and facilitation to
support civil society participation in the discourse on the sustainable development of the
Senegal river basin.
· Strengthen the community organizations and pay special attention to the integration of
women's groups and vulnerable or marginalized groups in the process.
· Promote public participation in the development of new legislation (see also activity 1.3)
that is understandable to the public, favorable to public participation and prepared or
amended following public consultations and hearings. Promote the distribution of new or
harmonized legislation in a readily comprehensible form and in local languages to allow
for greater access to and awareness of rights and obligations.
c. Scientific community involvement
· Establish a basin-wide working group with representatives from principal universities and
research institutions to facilitate exchange and to coordinate university programs in
environmental science, engineering, and policy studies.
C2.
KEY POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS SUPPORTED BY THE PROJECT
80. An inclusive cooperation framework. A major objective of the present project is to support and
encourage the full involvement of Guinea in the environmental management framework for the basin. It is
recognized that Guinea's priorities for support in the environment and water resource management fields
are urgent and the project includes measures to address some of these priorities. As unilateral actions in
the basin will inevitably place further strain on the limited water resources, all the riparians recognize that
an inclusive framework within which planning is undertaken is the optimal solution. However, concerns
with equity on the one hand and downstream impacts on the other are important factors which need to be
considered to the satisfaction of all. The goal is to move towards realizing sustainable development
benefits for all riparian countries drawing on the development potential which the river offers. It is
important not only that Guinea participates fully in the targeted cooperative agreement for
27
environmentally and socially sustainable management of the basin, but that the special needs of Guinea
are recognized and addressed in the cooperation framework.
81. Improved policy and institutional effectiveness. The need for policy and institutional reforms is
addressed directly by the pr oject, but for many policies this will entail a refinement of existing policies
and structures rather than a radical change. A comparison of national environmental legislation between
the three OMVS countries is already being carried out under the PASIE. This project will extend the
analysis to include Guinea and will further propose modifications to enable a coherent approach to water
and environment management issues across the whole basin.
82. Improved transboundary waters management capacity at national level. A key policy and
institutional priority is the strengthening of institutions that relate to transboundary waters in each of the
riparian states, with a view to improved planning and management of national water resources within the
transboundary context. This is expected to involve the ministries of both water and environment (which
are often separate) as well as related agencies such as SOGED. The World Bank is already actively
involved at the national level with various forms of support for water resource management through
existing and planned projects, and through the Bank's African Water Resource Management Initiative
(AWRMI) the Bank will further strengthen its national level water resource management program in all
four countries. This project will provide linkage between relevant national policies and activities and
basin-wide considerations. By strengthening OMVS, the project will also reinforce national institutional
linkages with OMVS and between the countries themselves.
83. Strengthened environment management at basin level. At the basin level, the strengthening of
OMVS' capacity with regard to environmental management is seen as crucial to improved coordination in
the basin. A reinforced OMVS will be able to monitor and fulfill its sustainable management mandate
more effectively. Through this project, OMVS will also be able to respond to client country requests to
help prevent and/or resolve transboundary land and water conflicts. OMVS will also be in a position to
lead the basin-wide long-term planning for effective use of transboundary surface and groundwater
resources.
84. Stakeholder participation. The project also expects to maintain and build upon the ongoing public
participation process developed during project preparation. It is intended that this will become established
as an on-going part of the decision-making process in the basin, running in parallel to, and feeding into,
the completion of the Transboundary Environmental Analys is and Action Program. The present project
has been prepared in a highly participatory manner and is designed to establish an ongoing process of
public involvement in the environment management of the basin. The project will build on the excellent
participation experiences from the PDF B phase and will ensure that civil society will be involved not only
with the pilot projects on the ground but also with the process of defining longer term objectives within
the Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program.
C3.
BENEFITS AND TARGET POPULATION
85. The benefits that will be derived from the establishment of this long term programmatic approach
are analyzed in more detail in Annex 1 on incremental benefits and costs.
86. Bene ficiaries. Benefits for the population are expected to accrue to communities living on or near
the River Senegal, through the establishment of a comprehensive basin-wide plan for long-term
environment management of land and water resources associated with the river and its shorelines. Direct
benefits will accrue to communities involved in the pilot activities which explicitly include poverty
alleviation measures or improve income potential. Indirect benefits will accrue to communities who may
benefit from improved land and water resource management actions which OMVS and the riparian
28
countries will be undertaking. Direct benefits will also accrue to the regional institutions involved,
notably OMVS, and to those institutions working on transboundary water and environmental issues
including the national ministries, universities, research institutes, NGOs and the private sector.
87. Improved livelihoods. The project is intended to help maintain and improve the livelihoods of
populations and communities living close to the river and dependent upon it. The project will provide a
strategic framework and a programmatic approach within which the transboundary resource can be
managed with greater efficiency and coordination for greater impact on poverty alleviation. The project
also includes pilot activities which will contribute directly to the reduction of poverty.
88. Sustainable WRM. The project will help achieve improved and sustainable management of the
water resource. Benefits are expected to accrue to the global and regional environments through improved
management of the river, its flows and related natural resources, through availability of improved data,
and through specific interventions under the Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program.
The extensive wetlands in the basin are of global and regional importance and are themselves
transboundary. The Fouta Djallon headwaters are the highest in west Africa and the source of most major
West African rivers. The closeness of the sources of these international rivers emphasizes the regional
scale of the impacts and benefits of water management in the Senegal river basin. Improvements in water
quality, reduction of sediment loads, regulation of flows in this area can bring benefits throughout West
Africa.
C4.
INSTITUTIONAL AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
89. Implementation period. The project is expected to be implemented over a period of four years
starting in 2002.
90. Co-implementation. The project will be co-implemented by UNDP and the World Bank to ensure
effective co-ordination of multi-lateral assistance to the Senegal river basin. Each of the two organizations
have a number of ongoing programs and projects underway which are an important base-line for the
present GEF project. Moreover, the two agencies have found that cooperative implementation for
international waters projects greatly enhances project impact, since each agency draws on its comparative
advantage in serving the client river basin organization.
91. Executing agency. The project will be executed by OMVS. To handle the project implementation,
a Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established as an integral part of OMVS' head office in Dakar.
To facilitate smooth implementation on the ground, OMVS will sign a management services agreement
with a project services agency. However, an integral part of the terms of reference of the project services
agency will be to further strengthen OMVS capacities in procurement and administration so that OMVS
can take on the direct responsibilities of implementing any follow -on activities. The PMU, working in
close collaboration with World Bank and UNDP country offices, will be responsible for supporting
OMVS in ensuring that the national and regional priorities agreed by the riparian states are substantively
and coherently accommodated within the Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program.
(See Annex 8 for further details on proposed institutional arrangements and Annex 7 for information on
OMVS structure and mandate).
92. Co-financing. A large number of donors are actively supporting the PASIE and a number of these
have expressed clear interest in the further expansion and consolidation of the environmental management
actions which are supported in the basin. During the preparation of this project, the World Bank have had
fruitful discussions with donors to the region and several have contributed significantly to the preparation
process. While the World Bank is providing considerable co-financing at the national level and while this
29
will be expanded during 2002 to include national water resource management support to Guinea, it is
expected that discussions with donors will firm up during the appraisal period and that an additional $10
million will be mobilized from co-financed resources. It is expected that these resources will be
confirmed by the time the project appraisal document will be sent for GEF endorsement.
93. Coordination. The Project will be closely coordinated with other projects in the basin and with
other GEF projects in West Africa. The "Integrated Management of the Fouta Djallon Highlands"
(UNEP/GEF) for which the drafting of the PDF B request is nearing completion, is closely inter-related
and a special effort will be made to ensure the closest possible coordination. The sources of the Gambia,
Senegal and Niger Rivers occur in the Fouta Djallon and the need for a coordinated approach to the
management of the highland areas is clear. The Fouta Djallon project comes under the GEF OP12
category but it is essential that the Senegal project management work closely with that of the Fouta
Djallon project to ensure compatibility of effort. The Implementing Agencies are already working closely
during the preparation of these two projects and on the Niger River Basin project. Land management
issues are seen as crucial to the improved management of water resources. Among other relevant and
important projects are: the project for "Biological Diversity Conservation through Participatory
Rehabilitation of the Degraded Lands of the Arid and Semi-Arid Transboundary Areas of Mauritania and
Senegal" (GEF, UNEP/UNDP); the "Coastal and Marine Biodiversity " project (WB/GEF); the Canary
Current project offshore (UNEP/UNDP/GEF); the "Integrated Coastal and River Basin Management
Project" (UNEP/Norway); the "Transboundary Protected Area Bafing/Faleme Project" (EU) and "PARS"
and "PROWALO" which are agroforestry, irrigation and dr ainage projects supported by the German KfW.
Other closely related projects in west Africa which are also concerned with international waters and land
degradation issues include the Volta River, Lake Chad Basin and Niger River Basin GEF projects now
under preparation. Coordination will be achieved through the respective implementation agencies as well
as by establishing links to the other basin organizations and project management units involved.
Coordination with the Bank's activities under the Africa Land and Water Management Initiative, as well
as exchange and networking with the Nile Basin Initiative and the Okavango project will also be
supported.
94. Integration with regional initiatives. All the four countries are signatories to the CCD.
Moreover, all four countries have completed their National Action Program exercises and filed these with
the CCD Secretariat in Bonn. A Regional Action Program (RAP) has also been completed and within this,
a Sub-Regional Action Plan has been formulated. Moreover, in the context of the Global Waters
Partnership, OMVS is the sub-regional lead agency for the Initiative on the Sustainable Management of
Shared Water Resources.
C5.
PROJECT COORDINATION AND OVERSIGHT
95. A Senegal River Basin Steering Committee (SRBSC) will be created. The SRBSC will oversee
project implementation activities. Its membership will include representatives from the participating
countries, OMVS (including relevant project managers from projects such as the PASIE, the Observatorie
and others), participating GEF implementing agencies, donors to the present project, and participating
NGOs. In addition, to the above, and in an effort to ensure transfer of lessons and best practice, UNEP
will also be invited to partic ipate in all Steering Committee meetings. Moreover, in an effort to ensure
coordination with ongoing GEF and agency projects listed above, the Project Managers/Coordinators of
these will also be invited to participate as observers in all Steering Committee meetings.
96. The Project Manager will act as Secretary of the SRBSC. Thematic and geographic committees
will be created as necessary. Close links will be maintained with existing OMVS committees, especially
the Water Commission. The High Commissioner of OMVS will chair the first meeting of the SRBSC.
30
The SRBSC will:
· Have oversight of the project and will provide policy advice and guidance;
· Review project implementation and provide technical advice and guidance to the OMVS PMU;
· Receive and review annual substantive and financial reports on project activities; and
· Review and approve annual work plans.
97. The Steering Committee will report through the High Commissioner of OMVS to the Ministers'
Council which is an Inter-Ministerial Council already established as part of the structure of the OMVS
(See Annex 7 for details). Decisions that cannot be reached by the Steering Committee will be referred as
necessary to the Council of Ministers. As discussed during the recent OMVS mission to Guinea, Guinea
will be invited to participate fully in the Ministers' Council and the other relevant decision making bodies.
National, inter-ministerial (environment, water, energy, etc.) committees in each country, to coordinate
intersectoral partic ipation, coordination and commitment to SAP preparation and implementation will also
be created building on the outputs of the PDF B implementation process.
98. Direct and ongoing management of project activities will be the responsibility of OMVS through
the PMU. The PMU will comprise a manager, technical experts for each of the project components,
including public participation and communications expertise, as well as the requisite administrative and
secretarial staff. In so far as possible, consistent with their regular duties, OMVS staff will be
incorporated within the PMU. Consultants will be retained when necessary and priority will be given to
the recruitment of national/regional consultants as available. The OMVS will play a key and ongoing
oversight and coordination role with and on behalf of the participating countries. The respective UNDP
and World Bank task team leaders will be in direct and ongoing contact to facilitate the work of the project
and to ensure maximum levels of co-operation to bring about project success. In implementing this
project, OMVS will ensure close coordination and harmonization with the ongoing PASIE project,
especially ensuring information exchange and coordination within the context of the PASIE Consultative
Committee.
C6.
ACCOUNTING, FINANCIAL AND AUDITING ARRANGEMENTS
99. Accounting, financial and auditing arrangements are outlined in Annex 8. Outstanding details will
be finalized during pre-appraisal. This will include:
· Assessment of the financial management system with timetable for any improvements required;
· Agreement with project on financial and accounting standards;
· Audit arrangements: Independent audits will be undertaken on an annual basis; and
· Disbursement arrangements: To be determined in accordance with best practice.
C7.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION ARRANGEMENTS
100. Project Supervision: The project will be supervised in accordance with the OMVS/UNDP/World
Bank's supervision rules adapted to the multi-country nature of the project. The following elements make
up the monitoring and evaluation program:
· A substantive progress report will be issued by the project on an annual basis. This report will
be drafted by the PMU. The report will be submitted to the SRBSC members, the relevant four
Ministers (OMVS Ministers plus Guinea), the World Bank and UNDP and will be reviewed and
31
approved by the annual Steering Committee meeting (see below). Extracts of the reports will also
be posted on the worldwide web for public access if feasible.
· Annual supervision missions: An annual supervision mission will be fielded to review project
progress. This supervision mission will be a joint undertaking of the World Bank, UNDP and
other donors to the project and OMVS.
· Annual Steering Committee meetings: In conjunction with the annual supervision mission, an
annual Senegal River Basin Steering Committee meeting will be held. This meeting will be
attended by the Steering Committee members as well as by the supervision mission members.
The Steering Committee will have received and reviewed the Annual Progress Report prior to the
meeting.
· Mid-term evaluation: An independent mid-term evaluation will be carried out to assess progress
and to make suggestions for adjustments in project design and implementation. The terms of
reference, composition and timing of the mission will be agreed by the Steering Committee. The
evaluators to be selected will have had no previous involvement in the design or monitoring of the
project.
· Use of IW indicators: The project will employ established International Waters indicators during
the M&E process. The use of Process Indicators will be essential to measure progress of the
many elements of the project that will require complex inter-ministerial and multi-country
interactions necessary to the completion of the basin-wide transboundary environmental analysis
and action program and measures to build capacity both at national and regional levels, and most
particularly for the OMVS. Stress Reduction Indicators will also be used to measure project
progress. These indicators will be useful, inter alia, to measure progress in implementation of the
priority actions and in follow -on efforts to adapt existing legislation and regional approaches to
more effectively address issues related to land degradation and desertification, water quality,
wetland management, and the evaluation of micro-hydropower potential. Last, Environmental
Status Indicators will be identified as part of the ongoing process of M&E. While actual changes
in the water column and the effects of altered land use practices may not be evident during the
four year life of the project, the identification of such measures is expected to be a project activity.
D. PROJECT RATIONALE
101. Adding a transboundary increment. The present project complements ongoing and planned
water resource and environmental management initiatives in the Senegal river basin. The project adds a
transboundary increment to ongoing national and regional efforts. The project promotes an inclusive
cooperation environment, by bringing Guinea into the Senegal river cooperation through on-the-ground
regional and transboundary actions in the four riparian countries.
102. Capacity building. The project supports substantial capacity building at national and OMVS
levels, improving the knowledge base, identifying the opportunities and priorities and supporting concrete
actions on the ground. Additionally, the project brings the important aspect of civil society involvement
and public participation to ongoing regional OMVS activities. By bringing together social groups and the
regional organization each side will have the opportunity to experience the benefits of this kind of
interaction thereby, ensuring that long term sustainability as well as consultative practices are incorporated
into future and ongoing Senegal river basin management actions.
32
103. The project is seen as the first step in the development of a program for establishing an increasingly
effective river basin management framework. The project, therefore, builds capacity and sustainability
among the riparian countries.
104. Land and water issues. The principal focus of the project is on the water resources of the Senegal
river basin, but the project recognizes that attempting to improve the management of a river without
paying attention to the management of the land it drains is ultimately a fruitless task. Fundamental land
and water management issues arise throughout the valley and there is a need for an integrated approach
recognizing such interactions as between land tenure issues and soil degradation and erosion and changes
of flow regime and increased sedimentation, to name just one chain of events. The GEF approach
provides scope for adequately addressing such inter-relationships, while not attempting to address all
issues at once. Land use practices (whether agriculture, forestry or mining) in the upper basin may have
major impacts on the operation of the generating plant and on the livelihoods of people downstream.
Equally, decisions made for agriculture development or for wildlife conservation or for fishery production,
all have inter-related impacts on the livelihoods of the inhabitants that need to be fully taken into account
in the context of the basin as a whole.
105. Building on the PASIE. The major project in the basin at present is the Manantali scheme
(US$126 million) and the imminent start up of electricity generation. The impacts of this project are being
directly addressed through a US$17.056 million project which is already under way the PASIE,
described above, that is directly related to minimizing the impacts from the power generation. Although
broad in scope, this project is limited to the specific impacts among the downstream riparians. The project
does not address the broader water resource and environment management needs of the basin as whole and
does not include Guinea. The opportunities thus presented for obtaining incremental benefits at modest
additional cost are considerable. The project will complement and reinforce, but not duplicate, the PASIE.
106. The start of a programmatic process. This project is thus seen as a first step in a programmatic
process. The project itself will prepare the framework by strengthening capacity and improving the
knowledge base; by initiating some urgent and achievable actions on the ground, by completing in-depth
analysis of the problems and root causes and of their solutions; by continuing to seek the views,
perspectives and advice of the stakeholders at all levels and by using all this to produce a coherent,
implementable Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program that can be supported by all
the riparians, by OMVS, by a consortium of donors and by the GEF, as appropriate.
D1.
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED
107. A transboundary increment. The limitations of a national level approach to the basin
development were recognized and rejected. Cons ideration was also given to a sectoral approach which
might have built on the Manantali Power Project and the associated PASIE. This approach presented
opportunities and difficulties. The difficulty was principally that the project was already well underway
and agreed between the three downstream riparians. Trying to introduce additional elements and an
additional upstream partner would have needlessly complicated and delayed the project. On the other
hand, the fact that the project was underway and that clearly defined incremental benefits could be secured
by supporting an inclusive transboundary initiative offered a very attractive and relatively low cost
opportunity for the GEF.
108. Co-implementation considerations. A basic consideration for the World Bank in helping to
prepare this project is whether or not to join with UNDP as co-implementing agencies on the project. The
following factors contributed to the decision to co-implement the project:
33
· The World Bank is supporting active portfolios in the water resource management /environment
/water supply sectors in all four countries;
· UNDP supports land management projects and institutional capacity building in each country and
has a substantial office in each capital city; and
· The two agencies are co-implementing other African international waters projects such as the
Lake Chad project, the Niger river project and the Nile Basin Initiative. The two agencies have
found that working together with each agency drawing on its comparative advantage, considerably
increases the chances of success.
109. Accordingly, during the implementation of the project, emphasis will be placed on the priority
actions on the ground in accordance with the Preliminary Transboundary Environmental Analysis. The
Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program will be completed early in the project, and
will serve as a useful tool for OMVS to further sharpen its activities in the land/water management field.
D2.
MAJOR RELATED PROJECTS FINANCED BY THE BANK AND/OR OTHER DEVELOPMENT
AGENCIES (COMPLETED, ONGOING AND PLANNED)
110. The accompanying table provides an overview of the most significant interventions which are
underway in the basin related to water resources and environment management.
111. PASIE. As mentioned earlier the PASIE program, funded by a variety of donors, addresses
environmental issues related to the hydropower project, but the PASIE also addresses optimization of
benefits for the various users of the water. The decisions that will be reached, and the manner in which
they are actually applied, will be fundamental to the future livelihoods of many of the two million
residents of the basin. Underlying both the acceptance of a Water Charter and operation rules for the river
is the need for reliable baseline information. The paucity of such information in the past has undermined
the original design assumptions for the power project and emphasizes the importance of greatly improving
the data base especially in the headwaters in Guinea.
112. In Guinea, the World Bank has supported Guinea's Third Water Supply with a total of $31.5
million and is now in the process of processing a supplemental credit to that project amounting a total of
$27.5 million. This project supported an initial workshop on water resource management; and the Bank's
African Water Resource Management Initiative (AWRMI) secured additional Dutch funding for studies
on groundwater opportunities in Guinea. At this point, the Bank is about to engage in further discussions
with Guinean authorities on next steps to carry this work further.
113. In Mali, the World Bank and UNDP are involved in several projects which deal with natural
resources management such as the GEF Arid Rangeland Biodiversity Conservation Project and the Bank
funded National Rural Infrastructure Program (PNIR). Components of relevance include strengthening of
community participation and development of an adequate water resource management framework at the
national level.
114. In Mauritania, pressure is mounting for an increased water supply for Nouakchott. The Bank is
currently preparing a water supply project which will address Nouakchott's water needs through
groundwater development. At the same time, the National Health Program addresses the spread of water
borne diseases in the valley. Although this project does not have a specific water resource component, the
project will, nevertheless, address key water resource management issues.
115. In Senegal, the Bank is involved with major water projects to supply Dakar including the newly
approved Bank project, the Long Term Water Sector project which will draw additional water from Lac de
34
Guiers. The Bank is also supporting a national program for development of rural infrastructure in
Senegal. The Long Term Water Supply project has links to the PASIE's call for a Water Charter which
will determine the basis for allocation of water from the River. The Bank is also involved with a project
for endemic diseases control which also has strong links to the environmental health issues raised by the
operation of the Diama and Manantali Dams. The impacts from the construction of these dams led to
increases and changes in the disease patterns downstream. New strains of malaria developed and
schistomiasis increased. The invasion of aquatic weeds has increased the breeding grounds for disease
vectors and measures proposed under the present will begin to address these concerns.
116. Active Donors. There are approximately a dozen major donors supporting water and environment
related activities in the basin, notably Canada, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Saudi Arabia,
China, USA, the African Development Bank as well as IDA, UNDP, GEF and IUCN. There are also
numerous national and local NGOs and local community groups working on water related projects. An
example is the work which Germany is supporting in a number of projects in the Senegalese part of the
basin. The projects most closely related to and allied with the present project are the Manantali Power
Project and the associated PASIE, which this project is partially designed to complement.
117. Adjacent GEF projects. There are several other GEF projects that are under way or under
preparation. The most significant of these is the one being developed for the Fouta Djallon watersheds
(including the headwaters of the Senegal, Gambia and Niger rivers). This is expected to help address
some of the land and small watershed management issues in the highlands and will have to be closely
integrated with this project for the Senegal river basin and with another being developed for the Niger
river basin. Other GEF projects in the basin include a project to preserve biodiversity around the
Manantali reservoir and a land rehabilitation project in the lower valley. There is also a GEF project under
preparation off-shore dealing with the Canary current. The physical barrier of the Diama Dam presents a
convenient division between these, but in fact there are important physical interactions between the
Senegal river and the Atlantic ocean which need to be taken into account. The lower valley and the delta
also include significant wildlife areas and reserves of global importance including two RAMSAR sites.
118. Other relevant GEF projects. Linkages with the UNDP/GEF initiative IW:LEARN will provide
for sharing of project results and replication of successful practices in other regions of the world and
specifically among other groups of countries confronting similar issues, especially in Africa. In addition,
while country specific activities are not yet determined, the present project will establish linkages to the
African Stockpile Program which is under preparation in the framework of the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). As referenced in an earlier section, the Senegal project will draw on
and network with other ongoing international waters projects, particularly the Niger and Lake Chad
projects, but linkages will also be established with the Nile Initiative and Okavango project.
D3.
LESSONS LEARNED AND REFLECTED IN THE PROJECT DESIGN
119. Lessons learned from the other GEF and non-GEF international waters projects to date are reflected
in the project design. The lessons that are of the greatest relevance to the project are listed below:
(a) Project design lessons: Many of the lessons learned from activities in the Senegal basin itself
relate to project design and deal with unrealistic project planning, schedules and assumptions.
Top down planning has occurred without relationship to the local needs of the beneficiaries.
Large schemes for groundnuts, cotton, irrigation, have been less than successful due to application
of inappropriate technologies, lack of markets or access to markets, competition from abroad
(including dumping of products from northern countries), lack of local capacity, lack of capacity
and training in necessary techniques etc. Supervision, monitoring and evaluation have at times
35
been inadequate. National activities have not always taken into account the potential impacts on
the neighbors. International activities such as the establishment of wildlife reserves of global
significance have not always involved or been adequately understood by the local residents; more
effort is needed to ensure there are local benefits as well as global benefits from any further
developments.
(b) Sustainability and participation: Lessons learned, however, do include the positive, if sometimes
difficult to achieve and time consuming successes of community based developments, of micro-
enterprise, of access to credit, of local ownership: cost recovery and retention for sustainability; in
short, of involvement of the beneficiaries in design, implementation and evaluation of projects on
the ground.
(c) Land management: It has become increasingly clear in recent years that successful management
of water resources cannot be done if management of the riparian lands is not also attended to.
Optimal water resources management depends on good land management practices. All the
elements of the watershed are inter-related and need to be seen as a whole, as a single integrated
but multi-faceted system. Ultimately this will only be fully optimized through effective
management of the environment of the whole basin, in concert with the skills and culture of the
different peoples living in the different parts of the basin.
(d) Institutional capacity: The challenge is to bring about effective implementation, to ensure
sustainability and to achieve benefits for the most needy. This is particularly difficult and
important when dealing with regional-scale issues and a regional organization. It is for this reason
that the first focus of this project is on capacity building. Without improved capacity for
management, additional interventions are at risk and are unlikely to achieve the desired benefits.
(e) Monitoring and evaluation: At a recent GEF International Waters conference, attended by team
members, several important lessons were highlighted including the importance of ensuring a
stronger and more participatory monitoring and evaluation component, including the collection of
baseline data within that monitoring and collection component; and the inclusion of the local
scientific academic and research community into the project so as to close the 'loop' on scientific
data underpinning of environmental and hydrological decision-making.
(f) Partnership: Building broad partnerships among and within the riparian countries and with
NGOs, international agencies and donors is essential for a coordinated process.
(g) Inclusivity: In order to support long term sustainability and cooperative management of a shared
river, the participation of all riparian countries is of paramount importance. There are often
historical legacies which have led to the absence of one or more riparians from a cooperative
instrument. However, with increasing pressures and demands on the resource, cooperation is the
only alternative. The challenge, therefore, becomes to help foster an environment of trust, equity
and dialogue within which all riparians can together pursue their common and cooperative
development aspirations.
D4.
INDICATIONS OF RECIPIENT COMMITMENT AND OWNERSHIP
120. OMVS request. The origin of this project was a request to the World Bank from OMVS to help
prepare a project for the Senegal river basin. OMVS staff have been active throughout the preparation of
the present project. The High Commissioner of OMVS has played a key role in leading the meetings of
the Regional Project Preparation Committee which has endorsed this brief and the request to GEF.
121. Inclusivity and national commitment. Each riparian country, including Guinea, has been
contributing to the preparation of the project under the guidance of its National Project Planning
Committee (NPPC). Four parallel committees have been established in each of the basin countries and
committee members include senior officials from both the water and environment ministries. The
countries have demonstrated commitment and enthusiasm to complete the preparatory work. National
36
reports have been prepared by national pools of consultants under the supervision and in collaboration
with the National Project Planning Committees. The GEF focal points for the countries in the basin have
shown individual commitment in the preparation of this project. Everyone has acknowledged the need for
thorough preparation and are ready to begin implementation
122. Active Public Participation Program. The concept of involving the public so extensively in the
preparation of the project (see Annex 6) was relatively new in the Senegal basin context. This time-
consuming, but important, process has been fully supported at the technical and political levels by OMVS
and the member states. The commitment to a broad participatory process was emphasized by the OMVS
High Commissioner's note to the Bamako workshop on the World Bank's Regional Strategy in West
Africa in March 2001. This note made a clear commitment to enhance participatory approaches in project
design and implementation so that successful projects which target poverty alleviation can be implemented
at the basin level.
123. Riparian commitment to cooperation. The commitment to regional cooperation is already
evident in the establishment and maintenance of OMVS by the three member states and by Guinea's
interest as a participating observer. The major regional projects developed by OMVS have cemented this
collaboration as is shown by the objectives of the Regional Hydropower Development Project. Within the
context of this project, the three participating states have committed to a number of obligations and joint
actions. These include:
· To contribute to meeting debt service associated with the building of the Manantali dam;
· To contribute to increasing the efficiency and reliability of power systems in the three countries;
· To establish an effective organization to construct and operate the project facilities and to mitigate
environment and health impacts of the project and the Manantali dam;
· To promote competitive private sector participation in project as well as in financing of future
generation projects on the valley; and
· To support the traditional agricultural sector downstream through the rational management of the
Manantali reservoir.
D5.
VALUE ADDED BY THE WORLD BANK AND UNDP
124. OMVS request. The involvement of the World Bank in this project is as a result of the direct
request of OMVS to assist with the preparation of a GEF project. This recognizes that the Bank's ability
to contribute a variety of technical strengths, combined with the Bank's ready access to the highest
representatives of the member states and its influence and convening power make it a strong ally in the
effort to strengthen OMVS, to encourage the involvement of Guinea and to improve the management of
the Senegal river basin. In pooling its resources with UNDP, which has a strong on-the-ground presence
and long term experience in capacity building, the support and expertise of both institutions are put at the
disposal of the project thereby, offering it a greater chance of success.
125. World Bank support and links to related projects. The World Bank's involvement in
developing the Senegal river basin dates back to the 1960s. In 1979, based on different interpretations of
the rationale and different views on impact, the Bank withdrew its support for the construction of the
Diama and Manantali dams. Since the mid-1990s, the Bank has re-engaged with OMVS and is now
supporting a number of related activities in the basin. These include the installation of power generation
facilities at Manantali; the PASIE which is designed to monitor environmental aspects of the project; and
the Long Term Water Supply project in Senegal. The Bank has also been working with the national
governments on the implementation of integrated water resources policies. Through its Water Resources
Policy and its work of the African Water Resources Management Initiative, the Bank is committed to a
policy of supporting governments in the preparation of water resource policies and strategies. These range
37
from a major effort for all the countries in the Nile Basin to support for water resource management
objectives in the Rural Infrastructure Project in Mali and support for follow -up to the National Water
Resources Management Conference in Guinea.
D6.
GLOBAL BENEFITS CATALYZED BY GEF SUPPORT
126. The value of this project for the GEF is that it specifically complements and builds on much of the
work that has been and is being done, at the national and sub-basin level, so as to expand the potential
benefits to the wider transboundary and global environment.
127. This largely complementary project is to be part of an evolutionary process, based on a
programmatic approach, that will lead to the coordination of water and environmental management in the
basin as a whole. The benefits will come from improved land and water conservation and management in
the headwaters through improved flow management in the low reaches. Transboundary impacts will be
minimized; sedimentation and pollution reduced; water rights for users more clearly allocated and fairly
distributed; causes of tension among land holders in border areas reduced with the help of improved
science, knowledge and management. Capacity building at all levels will improve management skills and
enable improved management of the basin for all its users. The project will largely complement baseline
activities by addressing the transboundary issues and, thus, achieve incremental benefits.
128. The economic, social, and environmental well-being of the participating countries depends upon the
vitality and productivity of the Senegal river basin. This co-operatively prepared project provides a sound
technical basis for, and country commitment to, participation in OP #9 generally and especially the
international waters component of that OP. The objective of OP #9 is to support "better use of land and
water resource management practices on an area-wide basis". Under this OP, activities supported are
those that have "an area wide focus" and are to include measures that are "more proactive interventions
aimed at protecting international waters". A major focus is to support measures for "prevention of damage
to threatened waters" and the OP's long-term objective "is to achieve global environmental benefits
through implementation of IW projects which integrate the use of sound land and water resource
management strategies as a result of changes in sectoral policies and activities that promote sustainable
development".
129. The project is consistent with this GEF guidance and include the formulation of a Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) and a Strategic Action Program (SAP), as prescribed as part of the
International Waters Portfolio. Of particular significance for the project is GEF commitment to "support
for preparation of water resources management strategies by riparian countries for a transboundary
dryland basin...to allow harmonizing of sectoral water uses among basin countries in an environmentally
sustainable manner". This proposal contains explicit provision for addressing these GEF defined
activities. In efforts related to the PDF-B, the four Senegal river basin countries co-operating in this
project have worked to meet the objectives of OP #9 generally as well as the Land Degradation
Component of that OP.
130. GEF support will serve a catalytic role in the project and the continuing participation of existing
donors will contribute to this multi-country, regional organization, and multi-stakeholder effort. Through
co-implementation with UNDP, additional synergies will be achieved. Moreover, through the completion
of the Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Plan, OMVS and riparian countries will be able
to approach donors for additional assistance in the field of transboundary environmental management
activities.
38
E. ISSUES REQUIRING SPECIAL ATTENTION
E1.
Economic
131. Incremental Costs. The total baseline of the project is estimated at US$ 308.75 million and the
alternative scenario is estimated at US$ 354.8 million. The incremental cost is estimated at US$39.730
million of which US$32.480 million comes from non-GEF sources and 7.25 million is the GEF
contribution. GEF finance totals for this project amount to US$7.25 million. In addition, GEF preparation
funding (PDF Blocks A and B) amounted to US$375,000, thus comprising a total of GEF finance of US$
7,625,000.
132. The costs of monitoring and evaluation, supervision and quality control, contingencies as well as
execution costs are included in these amounts. A full analysis of the incremental cost is found in Annex 1.
GEF
GEF
WORLD
PASIE
OTHER
NON-GEF
UNDP
WORLD
COMPONENT
IMPLEMEN
FUNDING
BANK &
DONORS
AND GEF
GEF
BANK GEF
FUNDING
TING
UNDP
PROJECT
AGENCY
FUNDING
TOTALS
1. Capacity Building
870,000*
870,000
1.1 Transboundary
World
17,000
20,000
37,000
17,000
institutional analysis
Bank
1.2 Strengthening
World
470,000 1,900,000 1,200,000
250,000
3,420,000
470,000
institutional structures
Bank
1.3 Harmonization of
World
150,000 1,400,000
500,000
15,000
2,065,000
150,000
legislation Guinea
Bank
1.4 Capacity building in
UNDP
410,000
150,000
150,000
710,000 410,000
0
regional institutions
1.5 Development of an
World
120,000
720,000
50,000
890,000
120,000
inclusive institution
Bank
1.6 Strengthening of
World
2,078,800
1,200,000
25,000
3,103,800
2,078,800
OMVS
Bank
1.7 Africa regional forum
World
100,000
25,000
125,000
100,000
Bank
Sub-total
3,345,800 4,890,000 3,050,000
535,000
11,820,800 410,000
2,935,800
2. Data and Knowledge
470,000*
470,000
management
2.1 Guinea program
World
250,000
100,000
50,000
400,000
250,000
Bank
2.2 Transboundary data
World
1,020,000
300,000 1,075,000
150,000
2,545,000
1,020,000
and knowledge mgt
Bank
Sub-total
1,270,000
870,000 1,075,000
200,000
3,415,000
1,270,000
3. Transboundary Action
395,000*
395,000
Program
3.1 Transbdry Env.
World
40,000
40,000
40,000
Analysis & Action Plan
Bank
Sub-total
40,000
395,000
435,000
40,000
4. Priority Actions
170,000*
170,000
4.1 Land degradation and
UNDP
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,500,000 1,000,000
desertification
4.2 Water quality
UNDP
289,200 2,000,000
400,000
2,689,200 289,200
4.3 Wetlands management
World
900,000
300,000
3,850,000
5,050,000
900,000
Bank
4.4 Evaluation of micro-
World
75,000
1,300,000
150,000
1,375,000
75,000
hydro potential
Bank
39
GEF
GEF
WORLD
PASIE
OTHER
NON-GEF
UNDP
WORLD
COMPONENT
IMPLEMEN
FUNDING
BANK &
DONORS
AND GEF
GEF
BANK GEF
FUNDING
TING
UNDP
PROJECT
AGENCY
FUNDING
TOTALS
Sub-total
2,264,200 2,470,000 1,300,000
5,900,000
11,934,200 1,289,200
975,000
5. Public Participation
645,000*
645,000
and Awareness
5.1 Public information and
UNDP
160,000 2,100,000 1,400,000
1,350,000
5,010,000 160,000
awareness
5.2 Civil society
UNDP
120,000 1,500,000 1,550,000
2,500,000
5,670,000 120,000
participation
5.3 Scientific community
UNDP
50000
250,000
500,000
800,000
50000
involvement
Sub-total
330,000 4,495,000 2,950,000
4,350,000
12,125,000 330,000
TOTAL
7,250,000 13,120,000 8,375,000
10,985,000
39,730,000 2,029,200
5,220,800
*The figures marked with an asterisk are a combination of UNDP/OMVS/participation country contribution
E2.
Financial
130. Project Financing. The project will finance project activities in the four participating countries.
As described above, the project builds on national activities which the UNDP and World Bank are
supporting in the riparian countries and serves as a transboundary increment to those national actions. The
project will not fund any of the OMVS operations and recurrent cost. These continue to be funded by the
countries themselves through their annual contributions to their organization (see also Annex 7). The
summary budget, including responsibilities between the two agencies, are outlined overleaf:.
133. The project is designed to complement, reinforce and expand the PASIE; to provide a basin -wide
framework within which the further activities envisaged under the Action Plan will be carried out.
Additional financing for these activities is bein g secured from donors and other partners, as the specifics
become clearly defined during further project (see para. 80) . The GEF financing will thus act as a `bridge'
and as a catalyst to encourage further investment in the basin within the overall programmatic approach.
Several donors(see para. 7) have been participating in, and contributing to, the process to date and it is
confidently expected that the interest of these donors in the programmatic approach will be confirmed with
financial commitment in due course.
134. Fiscal Impact. The size of the OMVS contribution to the operations of the project is still under
discussion and will be finally determined during appraisal, but an indicative figure of US$175,000 per
year over the four year period is being discussed. The indicative figure would involve new and additional
finance ands/or the reallocation of already committed resources to project related activities. Such matters
are determined by the OMVS Heads of State summit and will be agreed upon careful consideration of the
overall financial situation of the institution.
E3.
Transboundary complementarity.
·
133.
The present project will complement already ongoing regional actions (the PASIE) and
will through World Bank and UNDP co-financing at the national level build on those national
actions in the field of water resource management, by adding the transboundary dimension to the
assistance.
E4.
Institutional
134. Institutional issues requiring special attention include predominantly:
40
· The objective of involving Guinea, supporting inclusivity in the participatory cooperative
management of the Senegal river basin;
· The reinforcement of OMVS, in particular with regard to its capacity in transboundary water
resource management and its sensitivity to participatory approaches; and
· The reinforcement of the riparian water resource and environmental agencies with respect to their
capacity to deal with transboundary water resource and environmental issues.
4.1 Executing agencies
135. OMVS will be the executing agency of this project. OMVS will contract the services of a project
services agency to support it in implementation, financial management and procurement actions. A
Project Management Unit will be established within OMVS to handle the implementation of the project.
4.2 Project management
136. GEF Project Implementing Agencies. The project will be co-implemented by the World Bank
and the United Nations Development Programme, which are both implementing agencies of the Global
Environment Facility.
137. The project will draw on the respective strengths of the two GEF implementing agencies for the
implementation of the present project. UNDP will support the implementation of the component
addressing capacity building in regional institutions, drawing on UNDP's long experience from other
regional programs and institutions in West and Central Africa. UNDP will also take responsibility for
supporting the implementation of two of the priority actions, namely that pertaining to land degradation
and that addressing water quality issues. UNDP has a long history of support to land degradation and
desertification, especially in the Sudano-Sahelian region, where UNDP has been active since the early
1970s through its Office for Drought and Desertification (UNSO). On the water quality side, UNDP will
work with local institutions, drawing on its extended network of country offices to support transboundary
water quality measures. Finally, UNDP will also support the public participation and awareness
component. UNDP will continue to look to IUCN for support in the implementation of this component of
the project.
138. The World Bank is supporting a large investment portfolio in all four of the countries. Much of this
portfolio has direct linkages, at the national level, to the activities which the present project will support at
the transboundary level. The World Bank will, therefore, be responsible for supporting the
implementation of project components which deal with facilitating the inclusion of Guinea in the broader
riparian cooperation, transboundary analysis and institutional strengthening, data and knowledge
management as well as two of the priority actions dealing with wetland management and evaluation of
sustainable micro-hydro potential options.
139. Project implementation at the national level. At the national level, each country will have a
National Project Coordinator who is the lead for the project in that country. The National Project
Coordinator will work with other specialists from the same country, who are involved in implementing the
project. The cost of the National Project Coordinators will be a government contribution and will, in the
case of the three OMVS countries be working at the OMVS cellule. The national project office will be
located in the following ministries:
· Guinea: Ministère des Mines et de la Géologie et de l'Environnement
· Mali: Ministère des Mines de l'Energie et de l'Eau
· Mauritania: Ministère de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural;
· Senegal: Ministère des Mines, de l'Energie et de Hydraulique;
41
Further details on project implementation are provided in Annex 8.
4.3 Procurement issues
140. The PMU will prepare the procurement plan which will be reviewed and approved by OMVS.
Upon the approval of the World Bank and UNDP of the plan, the project services agency will be requested
to implement the procurement plan. For procurements of goods and services, the project services agency
will establish contracts with contractors to supply goods and services in accordance with the procurement
plan. (See Annex 8 for further details).
4.4 Financial management issues
141. The services of a financial management specialist will be engaged thr ough to appraisal, to address
the relevant issues. However, it is anticipated that payments will be made directly from the UNDP/World
Bank to the project services agency. The World Bank/UNDP will release resources in tranches to the
project service agency. Such releases would be subject to the approval of OMVS. The OMVS PMU
would issue its authorization based on the satisfactory performance of the project service agency in
accordance with agreed deliverables.
142. OMVS (or its contracted agent on its behalf) will prepare financial reports on an annual basis for
review by the SRBSC; the World Bank and UNDP, in accordance with World Bank and UNDP guidelines
on monitoring and reporting on the use of GEF funds.
143. Ministerial meetings of OMVS will receive consolidated financial reports on a regular basis. A
schematic on the proposed flow of funds can be found in Annex 8
E5. Social
6.1 Summarize key social issues relevant to the project objectives, and specify the project's social
development outcomes
144. The project will address numerous social issues. Through the implementation of improved land and
water management practices through the various project capacity building, outreach, and enabling
activities, the project will create enhanced transboundary planning, cooperation and development impacts.
This will benefit the land and water users of the region. Through the priority actions, the project will work
with and support communities in the Senegal river basin with priority action on the ground, addressing
anti-desertification and soil erosion measures water weeds infestation, improved traditional fisheries etc.
The social and economic welfare of the region is affected by highly variable and unpredictable rainfall
patterns. It is essential for the welfare of the people of the basin, that a sincere effort be made to find an
optimal approach to the management of the flow regime below the dam. Much of this work is being done
under the PASIE project, but the present project adds an incremental dimension in that it supports the
further involvement of Guinea, as well as supports the transboundary aspects and implication of the land
and water management issues.
6.2 Participatory Approach: How are key stakeholders participating in the project?
145. Stakeholder participation (see Annex 6) has been a key and successful ingredient of work being
undertaken during the execution of PDF-B activities. The project will build on and add to the level of
public involvement that began in the PDF-B phase. The project includes a specific project component
which addresses participation, involvement and public awareness. Moreover, the priority actions will be
carried out at the community level and will directly involve the var ious stakeholders and communities.
Throughout the preparation of this project it has become clear that a genuine commitment to stakeholder
42
involvement is imperative as the only way of ensuring co-operation at all significant levels, promoting
sustainable and productive engagement with local environments and involving the private sector and
locally elected organizations in seeking negotiated solutions to environmental degradation.
6.3 How does the project involve consultations or collaboration with NGOs or other civil society
organizations?
146. IUCN has been a key partner in the preparation of the project. The international NGOs and
secretariats with whom there is ongoing discussion include national and regional NGOs, and IUCN (see
Annex 6 for the list of institutions consulted during project preparation). The project will continue to look
to IUCN for support in the implementation of the public participation and awareness component of the
project thereby. It is expected, however, that a large range of national organizations, including, but not
limited to IUCN's membership organizations will be participating in the implementation of the
component. This includes reaching NGO umbrella organizations active in the region as well as
development NGOs which may not be IUCN members.
6.4 What institutional arrangements have been provided to ensure the project achieves its social
development outcomes?
147. OMVS, the executing agency, operating through the PMU, and the riparian states will be
responsible for ensuring the project achieves its social development outcomes. The Steering Committee
will monitor and provide advice, guidance and direction to the project. Clearly this is not easy to
guarantee but the project is being designed to facilitate effective, monitored and responsive management
(see section C4 and Annex 8). Appropriate monitoring and evaluation indicators will be developed to
measure this outcome and checks and balances introduced to ensure that attention is given to all project
outcomes, including the social development outcomes.
6.5 How will the project monitor performance in terms of social development outcomes?
148. In so far as the project addresses the need for establishing a framework and capacity for improved
management of the basin, the social development outcomes will be mostly indirect and long range. The
immediate action elements of the priority actions, however, will have specific monitoring and evaluation
measures incorporated in their design. The public participation program, which will continue throughout
the project, will act as a valuable and, no doubt, very critical gauge of the public's perception of the
performance of the project.
149. Project objectives, outputs and emerging issues will be regularly reviewed and evaluated annually
in the annual report, by the supervision mission, and by the Steering Committee. The project will be
subject to the various evaluation and review mechanisms of the World Bank and UNDP. It is anticipated
that the scientific advisory panel will be instrumental in assuring the scientific quality and standard of
project implementation and reporting.
F. SUSTAINABILITY AND RISKS
F1.
Sustainability
150. OMVS. OMVS is a well established and supported legal entity with specific transboundary
responsibilities. However, it faces significant management challenges. The objective of this project is to
reinforce its capabilities and to encourage the involvement of Guinea as a full member state. With its
43
capital assets and its expanding support, OMVS has the necessary elements in place to ensure
sustainability of this project.
151. Government Commitment. As previously mentioned, the participating countries have worked
together well during preparation of this project. All four riparian countries have established a National
Project Planning Committee and each has participated as a member of the Regional Project Planning
Committee (RPPC). Country official assistance in preparation of and participation in national and
regional workshops, workgroups, and steering committees has been consistent and committed. The
enthusiastic participation of Guinea in the process encourages confidence that it will continue its path
towards greater involvement and eventual membership of OMVS once it is clear that there are direct
benefits to Guinea from such membership.
152. Financial Sustainability. The financial commitment of the governments is largely reflected
through their OMVS contributions (See Annex 7 for further detail on the level of contributions). UNDP's
and the World Bank's ongoing work in projects which form the baseline for this intervention, in addition
to the national water policy reform work which the Bank is supporting and which adds to the increment,
will further consolidate and strengthen the long term financial sustainability of the present intervention. In
addition, many other donors are active in their support to OMVS, to OMVS member countries and to
Guinea. These include France, the African Development Bank, the EU and others. In general, OMVS
member countries contribute 10% or more to each project that has been the subject of donor assistance.
F2.
CRITICAL RISKS (REFLECTING THE FAILURE OF CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS FOUND IN THE
FOURTH COLUMN OF ANNEX 2)
153. Political considerations. The long term success of regional scale, multi-country management
programs, such as the one proposed in this project, depends, inter alia, on the political willingness of the
participating countries to co-operate, their willingness to continue project programs and approaches after
the life of the GEF intervention, and the extent to which activities successfully engage end-users at the
community level. In this case, the long standing commitment to the OMVS by three of the riparians, and
the support of this project for the full involvement of Guinea, lend credence to a hope for successful and
sustainable implementation.
154. The four countries have witnessed tension in the past. Some of this tension concerned water rights.
The potential for future tension still exists, however, as the three OMVS countries are bound together by
common investments, there is also an acute appreciation that this tension must not, at any cost, erupt into
full scale conflict, as the consequences are unthinkable, not only in social and human terms, but also in
economic terms.
155. Guinea's participation. The willingness of Guinea to join OMVS officially is likely to depend on
what advantages Guinea perceives to such membership. This project is intended to explore aspects of
cooperative planning, inclusiveness and equity within the international basin context, and it is hoped that
this project will help create the framework and the enabling environment which will enable Guinea's
participation.
156. Should Guinea decide not to formally join OMVS as a state member during the life of the project,
the project will, nevertheless, have contributed to building greater confidence and broader cooperation
between the four riparian states. Moreover, none of the project objectives are dependent on the full
membership of Guinea, though this would certainly greatly facilitate, not only the objectives of the
project, but also the broader goal of riparian integration and cooperation.
44
157. Incompatible legislation. A study is currently under way funded by the PASIE to review
environmental legislation in the three OMVS member countries and recommend ways to harmonize them.
The present project will extend this study to include Guinea. As the findings and recommendations from
these studies emerge, the next step will be to move towards harmonization of legislation dealing with the
shared water resource. Experiences from elsewhere on harmonization efforts show that this is a difficult
process which inevitably has its supporters and its opponents. There is a risk that lobbies would form
opposed to such harmonization, based on narrow local or national interests. However, the riparian
countries are persuaded of the potential benefits which can be derived from taking the path of cooperation.
The risk will be further mitigated by developing regional approaches that minimize the extent to which
existing country wide legislation needs to be altered.
158. Sustainability the launch of a programmatic approach. The risk of launching a project which
would be unsustainable is seen as moderate. The purpose of the project is to lay the foundation for future
sustainable coordinated development in the basin by: (i) building on national water resource projects and
initiatives already supported by the World Bank and the UNDP; (ii) creating capacity for transboundary
environmental management at the community, national and OMVS levels; (iii) creating the conditions
which will facilitate an inclusive cooperative framework encouraging Guinea to join the riparian
cooperation through joint project implementation; (iv) setting in place strong participatory process, which
will involve communities, scientific institutions and NGOs in the management of the common
transboundary resources; and (iv) designing a common Transboundary Environmental Analysis and
Action Program which will lay the analytical and technical foundation for future cooperative projects and
programs.
F3. Possible Controversial Aspects
159. Tensions and differences. As with many rivers in Africa, the Senegal river basin has in times past
seen water rights disputes. As mentioned above, the existence of the jointly owned installations, on which
the three OMVS countries all service debts, have meant that governments have reacted swiftly to
overcome any emerging tension. It is possible that the modified flow regime controlled by the Manantali
dam and generating station will be a cause of contention, not necessarily between states, but more likely
between different user groups of the water resources. While the present project is not involved with the
design of the flow regime or the dam operations, it is recognized that it may be difficult to design an
operating plan that will satisfy all the inhabitants of the basin.
160. Guinea's participation. The involvement of Guinea as a full participant is not anticipated to be a
major difficulty at the operational level, since Guinea has played an active and enthusiastic role in the
preparation process. At the formal, political, legal and financial level, however, it can be expected that
Guinea will wish to clearly identify the advantages it would gain in undertaking to join OMVS and
participating in the benefits of river basin management. This may generate some discussion, but it is
considered that an inclusive discussion which serves to highlight the different aspirations of all four
riparians is to be preferred by far, from a possible scenario of future unilateral or non-inclusive
development actions, which will not serve optimal and efficient use of the shared water resource.
45
LIST OF ANNEXES
REQUIRED ANNEXES
1. INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS
2.1
BUDGET OVERVIEW
2. LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX
3. STAP ROSTER EXPERT REVIEW
3.1
RESPONSE TO STAP REVIEW
4. LETTERS OF ENDORSEMENT
OPTIONAL ANNEXES
5. QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
6. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT FORMULATION
7. OMVS MANDATE, ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAM
8. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
9. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS (TDA) STRATEGIC ACTION
PROGRAM (SAP)
10. TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
11. ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITY ACTION BY COUNTRY
12. PASIE A SUMMARY OF THE PROGRAM
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
MAP
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN (IBRD 31612)
46
ANNEX 1
INCREMENTAL COST ANALYSIS
1. Regional Context and Broad Development Goals
1.1 General poverty characterises the development situation in the Senegal river basin. The four
countries that are the subject of this project brief are among the last twenty-six countries ranked in the
Human Development Index. One of the participating countries ranks in the last ten. The issue of poverty
is a key factor in all of the environmental threats facing the basin. Food production per capita and daily
per capita supply of calories are key concerns for the countries sharing the basin. Human health is also a
priority for populations living along the river. There is currently an explosion of mosquito and snail
populations that have brought malaria and both urinary and intestinal bilharzia to epidemic proportions.
This explosion has resulted in substantial part from the habitat offered by invasive plants for vectors of
waterborne diseases.
1.2 The socio-economic pressures on the region's water resource base have driven significant levels of
investment in water infrastructure, particularly in Senegal and Mali. To date, two dams have been
constructed in an attempt to generate economic benefits for three of the riparian states (Senegal, Mali, and
Mauritania). The Diama dam, twenty-three miles from the river mouth in Senegal, is intended to block
salt-water intrusion and to raise the level of the upstream body to facilitate irrigation, navigation, and two
upstream lakes in Senegal and Mauritania. The Manantali dam in Mali regulates the flows of the Bafing
River, a tributary of the Senegal, and is intended to attenuate extreme floods, generate hydro electric
power, and store water during the dry season to augment dry season flows for the benefit of irrigation and
navigation.
1.3 The World Bank and the UNDP are already funding water resource management programmes in the
participating countries. These initiatives are identified elsewhere in this document. Three of the four
countries participating in the project (Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal) have provided and continue to
provide funds to OMVS for issues related to the management of the basin's water resources. However,
little attention has been given to the identification and assessment of environmental issues. Guinea has
been active as an observer within the OMVS and an objective of this project is to further integrate Guinea
into an overall basin-wide approach to the management of the basin's water resources.
2. Global Environmental Objective and Incremental Cost Analysis
2.1 The global environmental objective of the project is to establish a participatory basin-wide
framework for the integration of transboundary water resource activities and launch a basin-wide action
program for the global environment.
2.2 The significance of the basin has been highlighted by the international interest in the hydro-
ecological state of the basin. Donors have included, inter alia, France, the Netherlands, Canada,
Germany, UK, Norway, the World Bank, and the UNDP. An assumption of the project is that continuing
inattention, in the baseline condition, to development of an over-arching environmental framework, with
special attention to transboundary issues, will undermine attempts to achieve sustainable use of the basin's
water resources and associated values.
2.3 If the transboundary issues are not addressed, the direct and indirect impacts will result in the
progressive breakdown of the hydrological and ecological integrity of the Senegal river basin ecosystem, a
deterioration in riparian populations in their ability to achieve food security, a resultant diminution of
environmental values due to an acceleration of unsustainable agricultural and forestry practices, and a
47
likely trend in migration to already overcrowded urban areas. All of these likely trends would make it
increasingly difficult to address poverty in the participating countries.
3. Baseline
3.1 The scope of the baseline is set spatially by the natural limits of the Senegal river basin and the
locus of external demands upon the basin's resources. Thematically, the project outputs (Capacity
Building, Data and Knowledge Management, Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, Strategic Action
Program, and Public Participation and Awareness) establish the parameters for the baseline. Temporally,
the baseline is defined by the life of the project (4 years). The sectoral activities in the basin that involve
mitigation measures resulting from dam construction and management and investments in infrastructure
are distinguished clearly from activities that relate to mechanisms for effective transboundary
environmental management, water resource analysis for the OMVS, and the programming and planning of
water related investments in the OMVS. A proportion of these non-operational activities carried out by
each country, and the OMVS itself, will be diverted into the alternative. In the table below, a summary of
the baseline is presented.
3.2 The Baseline calculations for the UNDP are largely based on analysis of the TRAC programs of the
four countries. It should be noted that several they are in the final stages of their current five-year TRAC
programs. As the new five year TRAC programs are not yet finalized or approved, the exact amount of
UNDP baseline and co-finance over the life of the project cannot be accurately assessed. The four UNDP
Country Offices do have in common, however, an established priority of addressing issues of poverty,
environment (which is often subsumed in poverty alleviation programs), governance, decentralization, and
generalized country program support. UNDP will engage with the four governments as the priorities in
the next cycle are discussed, emphasizing the importance of the present initiative and seeking to ensure
additional UNDP funding for the initiative.
3.3 The baseline contributions of the World Bank are listed in Baseline Table 1 in this section.
Baseline contributions of the UNDP are listed in Table 2. Baseline Table 3 lists other donors active in the
region and also includes the baseline contribution of OMVS, which is in significant part comprise of
contributions from the three member countries.
3.4 Accordingly, UNDP baseline has been calculated using indicative assessments of future TRAC
programs in the four participating countries. The four countries are now in the last year of the present
country programming framework.
The Baseline total for this project is US$ 308,750,000.
48
BASELINE SUMMARY TABLES
BASELINE TABLE 1
WORLD BANK
Project
Amount Corresponding Project component or sub-
Relevant
(US$ m) component
component
· Third Water
1
Water Resources management
1
Supply and
Sanitation
Project
· Rural Energy
7
Community based development
5
· Second
3.2
Institutional Strengthening
1
national rural
Infrastructure
· Agriculture
15.8
Capacity building
1
Services and
Disaster prevention
3
producer
Institutional strengthening and Decentralization
1
organizations
Knowledge based
2
· Arid rangeland 11
Capacity building
1
biodiversity
Inter-communal management areas
4
conservation
Community based initiatives
5
· Pilot private
Capacity building
1
irrigation
0.8
Environment monitoring and impact mitigation
2
promotion
project
· PGRNP
1.6
Capacity building
1
· PDIAM
3.4
Environment assessment, standards and
2
mitigation impacts
Land uses plans
4
· Social
20.1
Micro-finance
4
Investment
Capacity building for the poor and Basic
1
Fund
infrastructure
· National
24
Support for decentralized rural development
1
Infrastructure
Local investment fund
4
project
Total
87.9
49
Baseline Table 2
UNDP
Project
Amount Corresponding Project Output
Relevant
(US$ m)
component
· PDLG
7.761
Community based development
1
4
5
· Women
0.95
Community development: Gender development
1
promotion
integration
project
· Audiovisual
1.4
Community based development
1
production
5
center
· Participation on 4.9
Decentralized community based development
1
Decentralized
5
development
· Audiovisual
1.4
Community based development
1
production
5
center
· Senegal basin
0.6
Community based development
1
development
5
monitoring
cellule
· Argt scheme
3.3
Development & environment protection
1
sustainability
2
system
· Kita forestry
0.5
Development & environment protection
4
management
· Koutiala water 3.8
Rural development
1
supply
Environment
· Gender &
0.669
Rural development
4
renewable
Environment
energy
· Baoule parc
1.260
Rural development
4
biodiversity
Environment
5
management
· Kayes Acacia
1.8
Rural development
4
reforestation
Environment
· Hydrometeo & 0.67
Rural development
2
hydrology
Environment
support
program
· Private sector
3.428
Development management
1
promotion
Governance
50
· Capacity
0.975
Development management
1
building &
Governance
decentralized
management
development
· Enabling
0.25
Capacity building
1
sustainable
Public sector promotion
2
human
development
(Senegal)
· Poverty
4
Promote targeted actions against poverty
1
reduction
Community based development
4
(Senegal)
· Environment
3
Integrated environment policy and programs
1
protection
Natural resource management
4
(Senegal)
· Gender
0.5
Promote Gender participation on decision
1
promotion
making and resource management
5
Total
40.21
Baseline Table 3
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS (OMVS/COUNTRIES ) AND DONORS
Project
Donors
Amount Corresponding Project Output
Relevant
(US$ m)
component
· Project
countries
5.0
All components
1 - 5
related
ongoing and
planned
country
activities
· Water
GTZ
0.750
Water Resources management
1
management
2
project
· Transboundar E.U
1.7
Water Resource management
1
y protected
areas Bafing-
Faleme
· Fouta Djalon
IFAD
53
Intercommunal management areas
1
Integrated
A.U
4
Management
5
· Assistance to GTZ
0.25
Institutional strengthening
1
Diawling
Sustainable resource management
3
National Park
Research action
5
51
· Assistance to GTZ
0.6
Institutional strengthening
1
Dioudj
Sustainable resources management
3
National Park
Research for action
5
Community development
Environment awareness and education
· Integrated
GTZ
0.042
Institutional strengthening
1
Coastal and
Capacity building
River basin
· Water Supply GTZ
15.4
Water resource management
1
for the 6
5
Senegal River
towns
· Delta
GTZ
24
Water resource management
1
Drainage
2
tributaries
5
· Boundoum
GTZ
55.5
Water resource management
1
Irrigation
5
· Nianga
GTZ
15.9
Water resource management
1
Irrigation
5
· PARS
E.U
9.3
Reforestation in pastoral land
1
· Prowalo
Gonakiers forest restoration
5
Total
180.64
4. The GEF Alternative
4.1
The GEF intervention would provide incremental support costs to:
Ø Develop an inclusive cooperation framework for the shared water resource and its
environment. A major objective of the proposal is to support and encourage the full
involvement of Guinea in the effort to develop a comprehensive environmental framework for
the basin.
Ø Improve policy and institutional effectiveness. The need for policy and institutional reforms
will be addressed directly by the project.
Ø Improve transboundary water management capacity at the national level. A key policy and
institutional priority is the strengthening of institutions that relate to transboundary waters in
each of the riparian states, thus benefiting efforts to take an integrated and basin wide
management approach.
Ø Strengthen environmental management at the basin Level. The strengthening of OMVS's
capacity with regard to environmental management is crucial to improved communication and
cooperation among the four riparian states.
Ø Create a strong, ongoing, basin-wide participation program. Effective basin-wide
management will require effective basin-wide stakeholder participation. The GEF
intervention will focus considerable resources on this effort.
52
4.2 The project is designed to be cost effective. Further, it is designed consistent with the need to
analyse the ongoing and planned future activities of the countries, the OMVS, Implementing Agencies,
and other donors active in the region. This makes it possible to avoid duplication, isolate the incremental
activities necessary to project execution, and to request funding only for the incremental costs associated
with project components.
4.3 In addition to the GEF contribution the increment will include a significant amount of co-financing
from the World Bank. The World Bank contribution of funds is an important part of the increment since it
is designed in such a way that it directly relates to components 1, 2 and 5 of the project. The non-GEF
funded World Bank increment includes the following: (i) national capacity building and institutional
strengthening in water resource management; (ii) data and knowledge management activities, such as
studies on water availability, demand, pricing, projections etc.; and (iii) public participation and
awareness at the national level supporting awareness campaigns, outreach and public communication and
dialogue providing a basis for broad popular involvement. The non-GEF funded UNDP increment
includes the following: (i) national capacity building and institutional strengthening in water resource
management; (ii) data and knowledge management, and (v) Public participation and awareness.
4.4 Under the regional hydropower program, a program to address the impacts of the program (the
PASIE) has been funded in the amount of US $ 17.056 million. The World Bank contribution to the
PASIE amounts to US $ 3.050 million, that represents a part of the project increment. In addition to that,
other funds from the PASIE related to the knowledge and data management component, the evaluation of
second generation hydropower and the public participation and awareness component are included in the
incremental cost. The overall incremental cost from the PASIE amounts to US$ 8,375 million.
4.5 In Mali, the World Bank has just approved the Programme National des Infrastructures Rurales
(PNIR) which comprises a total Bank funded project package of US$115.1 million. The water resources
component of the Bank funded project amounts to a total of US$1.5 million. The latter amount forms part
of the non-GEF funded increment. In Senegal, the Bank is supporting a large water supply and sanitation
project, entitled Long Term Water Sector Project. The total cost of the Bank project is US$125 million of
which the water resource component amounts to US$8.57 million. The Senegal project will reach
effectiveness late 2001, while the Mali project reached effectiveness in May 2001. The Bank funded
national water resource activities are not yet operational in Guinea. However, the World Bank funded
Third Water Supply Project is being supplemented by an additional $27.5 million. In addition, a dialogue
will be initiated with the Guinean authorities on broader water resource management activities with a
planned funding amounting to US$0.5. It is expected that this dialogue will begin in the latter part of
2001. The Bank does not yet have water resource operations in Mauritania. However, through the
World Bank funded Energy Project, the Bank is working with the government on water related studies.
The Bank will also continue its engagement with the Mauritanian government in the context of the present
GEF project. The World Bank total of non-GEF funded increment, therefore, as summarized in the table
below, amounts to US$13.12 million. It should be emphasized that the applicable portion of Guinean
World Bank program is not included and, when this project is costed, the result will be an even greater
amount of World Bank co-financing.
4.6 The activities listed above will build upon the outputs as described in this GEF project brief and
thus constitute one element of the transboundary increment.
53
Other Non-GEF Sources of the Funded Alternative
5. Scope of Analysis
5.1 The physical scope of analysis will include the entire length of the Senegal river, which is
approximately 1,800 km long. It will include the entire Senegal river drainage basin, an area of
approximately 300,000 square km. The basin is shared by Guinea (which controls 11% of the basin area),
Mali (53%), Mauritania (26%), and Senegal (10%). The physical scope of the project includes a variety
of biomes, as the project addresses semi-arid areas in the highlands of the Fouta Djallon in Guinea, to arid
and semi-arid areas at lower elevations in Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal, and estuarine areas at the mouth
of the river at St. Louis. The scope of analysis also encompasses both rural and urban populations.
5.2 The thematic limits of the project are set by the project outputs. The project outputs include:
Ø Capacity Building
Ø Data and Knowledge Management
Ø A Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Ø Strategic Action Program
Ø A Public Participation and Awareness Program
5.3 Requisite institutional strengthening across related sectors, and particularly for the OMVS, is of the
essence. The design of the project has taken into full account its complementarity with other existing
projects in the region, such as ongoing projects at country level, projects of the OMVS, projects of the
Implementing Agencies including associated GEF projects, and, most particularly, the Plan d'Attenuation
et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement (PASIE).
5.4 The temporal boundary for the project is set by the anticipated time of implementation that is four
years. Project benefits will clearly continue to accrue beyond the four year intervention. Strengthening of
the OMVS, increased capacity for transboundary and a greater sensitivity at the national level to basin
wide issues, and the commitment to act on the results of the transboundary diagnostic and action program
will require an indefinite commitment of country and donor resources well beyond the initial scope of this
GEF intervention.
5.5 UNDP co-finance is limited to those increments of country TRAC funding that remain in the
current program cycle. The new five year cycles will be beginning during year one of project execution.
A draft Project Brief has been forwarded to the respective Country Offices to assist their TRAC planning
efforts and as a means of encouraging future TRAC co-finance for the components and activities of the
project.
5.6 Additional financing for these activities is being secured from donors and other partners, as the
specifics become clearly defined during further the project preparation process(para. 80). The GEF
financing is intended to act as a `bridge' and as a catalyst to encourage further investment in the basin
within the overall programmatic approach. Details of the specific proposals are being refined by the
countries as part of the ongoing project preparation, for review and incorporation as appropriate within the
World Bank project document before appraisal. Several donors, including France, the Netherlands,
Canada, Germany, Norway and others have been participating in, and contributing to, the process to date
and have shown their commitment to the development of the basin wide programmatic approach based on
stakeholder involvement. It is confidently expected that the interest of these donors will be further
confirmed with financial commitment as soon as the details are finalized. The full extent of the
commitment required has to still to be established, but the work being completed by the national
54
committees and OMVS to identify appropriate activities, suggests that additional co-financing in the order
of $10.985 million could be anticipated.
5.7 Total project co-finance is in the amount of US$ 39.730 million
Project Baseline Summary
Component
Total Baseline (US$)
1
Capacity Building
144,520,000
2
Data and Knowledge management
27,142,000
3
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
3,583,000
4
Strategic Action Program
60,881,000
5
Public Participation and Awareness
72,624,000
Total
308,750,000
55
Incremental Cost Matrix (US$)
COMPONENT/
CATEGORY
AMOUNT
DOMESTIC
GLOBAL BENEFITS
OTHER COSTS
BENEFITS
1. Capacity
Baseline
144,520,000 Current capacity at
Building at
national and regional
National and
levels suited to reactive
Regional Levels
management for local
and country specific
impacts. National
legislation,
environmental plans and
projects geared to
national concerns with
little attention paid to
transboundary issues.
Alternative
162,890,800 Some gains in national
Generally, improvements in
and local institutional
participating states' ability to
and human capacity
address transboundary
through training and
environmental and socio-economic
involvement of national
issues. More specifically, a
and local experts in the
strengthened regional entity
project. Improvement of (OMVS) with increased capacity
national level inter-
and institutional legitimacy to act
ministerial and inter-
at the regional level to secure an
agency cooperation.
integrated, multi-sectoral approach
to water management issues. An
accelerated timetable for the full
integration of Guinea into a
regional approach to issues of the
Senegal river basin.
Increment
8,475,000
2. Enhanced Data
Baseline
27,142,000
Emphasis has often been
and Knowledge
on the collection of data
Management
on an ad-hoc basis.
Even when data has been
collected and
synthesized it has been
used on a "one off" basis
and has been allowed to
become dated
(abandoned) or lost
altogether. Data and
information for the
critical Guinean part of
the basin is largely
absent.
Alternative
34,835,000
Some incidental benefits Data sets will be shared by all of
to the participating
the participating countries, will be
countries by enabling
maintained centrally (in the offices
more systematic and
of the OMVS), will include socio-
better maintained data
economic and bio-physical
sets at national level.
assessments, characterize cross-
56
COMPONENT/
CATEGORY
AMOUNT
DOMESTIC
GLOBAL BENEFITS
OTHER COSTS
BENEFITS
country (transboundary) linkages
among water, ecosystems and
livelihoods. This will enable
development of a regional and
ecosystem approach and generate
benefits to the basin's ecological
resources.
Increment
2,145,000
3. Completion of a Baseline
3,583,000
Primary emphasis has
Transboundary
been and continues to be
Diagnostic and a
on national issues with
Strategic Action
transboundary issues
Program
addressed in a limited
way, limited national and
OMVS resources make it
difficult and often
impossible to define
transboundary issues
systematically or address
these issues as priority
concerns.
Alternative
5,018,000
There will be incidental
Transboundary issues identified
domestic benefits which
during the project would enable
would include limited
prioritization of interventions
additional human and
based on the most urgent
financial resources being transboundary environmental
committed at national
issues requiring attention, thus
level to more rigorously
ensuring benefits to the basin's
identify and address
natural resources and helping
project related issues of
ensure their long-term sustainable
national concern.
use. The identification of
prioritized transboundary issues
and the identification of
approaches to address these issues
will facilitate the identification of
additional policy and institutional
reforms necessary to enhance
transboundary management.
Increment
395,000
4. Program to
Baseline
60,881,000
Actions taken to date
undertake
have been largely at
Identified Priority
national and local levels,
Actions
uncoordinated, poorly
communicated to
stakeholders up and
downstream of the
activity, and with limited
public input.
Alternative
71,615,200
There will be some
Pilots will be selected for their
incidental and limited
transboundary relevance and will
domestic benefits. Some also meet the test of replicability in
pilot activities will
other parts of the basin and
directly benefit
globally. Transboundary hotspots
57
COMPONENT/
CATEGORY
AMOUNT
DOMESTIC
GLOBAL BENEFITS
OTHER COSTS
BENEFITS
stakeholders in certain
and urgent issues (such as
national localities.
environmental actions that yield a
human health benefit) will also
yield regional as well as global
benefits.
Increment
9,670,000
5. Initiate a Public
Baseline
72,624,000
Low level of
Participation and
environmental
Awareness
awareness, public
Program
participation, and public
education on the issue of
shared water resources
(issues related to
transboundary use and
considerations) among
all stakeholders.
Alternative
80,449,000
Some incidental
Expanded information concerning
domestic benefits by
the transboundary issues related to
virtue of expanded
an integrated approach to the
knowledge leading to
management of basin resources.
better informed
Specific improvements in
judgments regarding
information to the OMVS and
water use at local and
senior levels of government to
national levels.
facilitate a basin-wide approach to
integrated management of shared
resources. Expanded provision for
community level input into
regional management approaches.
Increment
11,79,000
Totals
Baseline
Total
308,750,000
Alternative
Total
354,808,000
Increment
Non-GEF:
32,480,000
GEF:
7,250,000:
Total:
39,730,000
58
ANNEX 1.1 - BUDGET OVERVIEW
Sub-
Training Equip- Misc. &
Components
Personnel contracts & work- ment Sundry
GEF
shops
1. Capacity building
1.1 Transboundary institutional analysis
17,000
17,000
1.2 Strengthening institutional structures
270,000
470,000
1.3 Harmonization of legislation Guinea
150,000
150,000
1.4 Capacity building in regional institutions
20,000
350,000
40,000
410,000
1.5 Development of an inclusive institution
40,000
40,000
40,000
120,000
1.6 Capacity building/OMVS
1,857,600
138,000
83,200
2,078,800
1.7 Africa Regional Forum
100,000
Sub-total
1,934,600
540,000
450,000
138,000
83,200
3,345,800
2. Data and Knowledge management
2.1 Guinea program
50,000
100,000
100,000
250,000
2.2 Transboundary data and knowledge mgt
250,000
300,000
100,000
320,000
50,000
1,020,000
Sub-total
250,000
450,000
150,000
370,000
50,000
1,270,000
3. Transboundary Action Program
3.1 Transbdry Env. Analysis & Action Plan
40,000
40,000
Sub-total
40,000
40,000
4. Priority Actions
4.1 Land degradation and desertification
1,000,000
1,000,000
4.2 Water quality
289,200
289,200
4.3 Wetlands management
900,000
900,000
4.4 Evaluation of micro-hydro potential
75,000
75,000
Sub-total
2,264,200
2,264,200
5. Public Participation and Awareness
5.1 Public information and awareness
160,000
160,000
5.2 Civil society participation
120,000
120,000
5.3 Scientific community involvement
50,000
50,000
Sub-total
330,000
330,000
Grand total (US$)
2,284,600 3,624,200
600,000 508,000
133,200
7,250,000
59
ANNEX 2
LOGICAL FRAMEWORK MATRIX
Intervention
Indicators of performance
Means of verification
Risks and Assumptions
Overall Goal:
Achieve global environmental benefits
through broad, basin wide participation
in the development and implementation
of measures that lead to sustainable
management of the Senegal river
basin's land and water resources. The
project will enable riparian countries to
jointly develop a regional approach to
the environmental management of the
basin.
Project Objectives:
· Riparian agreement on water resources
· Project monitoring and evaluation
The project aims to provide a
management decision making
· Sustainable transboundary and
participatory strategic environmental
· Examples of effective basin wide
monitoring response mechanisms
framework in relation with basin-wide
participatory framework on transboundary
established
cooperative program for transboundary
issues defined
· Completion and adoption of TDA and
land water management.
· Improved environmental monitoring and
the SAP
enhanced applied research capabilities
· Senegal river basin project reports
documenting basin-wide cooperation
on environmental action
Component 1:
· PMU fully established and operational
· Annual progress reports
· Operational PMU at OMVS
Environmental Management
· Increased capacity building and training at
· National and basin assessments reports
active through national
Capacity building
OMVS and in riparian countries
· University activities report and
cellules
1. Establishment of operational
· Studies on national institutions & OMVS
program courses/modules document
· Efficient coordination between
PMU
capacities and needs
· Workshops and seminar reports
university departments to
2. Institutional assessment
· Modules, courses and technical training
· Land and water legislation text
produce common modules and
(national institutions and
provided by national universities
prepared
courses
OMVS) with special emphasis · Organization of 6 regional workshops and
· Water and land tenure decrees prepared · Political commitment and
on transboundary
seminars
and adopted
concrete action from Guinea
environmental management
· Organization of 15 national workshops
· Basin workshop report on legislation
to move forward with legal
capacity;
· Guinea's existing water legislation
harmonization
reform
3. Regional and national
reviewed
·
· Slow and sensitive process for
institution strengthening
Project progress report
· Guinea water and land new/modified
· Effective dialogue, cooperation and
setting in place inclusive
instrument for benefit sharing
60
Intervention
Indicators of performance
Means of verification
Risks and Assumptions
4. Guinea legislation harmonized
legislation proposed
confidence building increased among
instrument for benefit sharing
with OMVS countries
· Training and courses at national level on
riparian countries
· Willingness by all four
5. Relevant institutions capacity
transboundary environmental management
· Guinea actively engaged with OMVS
riparians to identify
building
provided
through active program implementation
cooperation benefits
6. Development of an inclusive
· Training and courses at national level on
· Transboundary concerns addressed in
· Cooperation dividends
institution
water resources management provided
inclusive riparian framework
accruing to all countries
7. Organization of regional
· Training and courses on water and
· Holistic approach developed as basis
forum
environment to OMVS staff provided
for riparian cooperation
· Networking group between regional
· Effective organization of the forum
institutions established
with attendance of other related
· Regional procedures and mechanisms on
projects
transboundary issues established
· Riparian dialogue strengthened and
framework facilitation
· Basin-wide cooperation framework defined
and adopted
· Exchange of best practices and coordination
among GEF projects
Component 2:
· Database system for water and environment · Project progress report
· Reliable and standardized
Data and Knowledge management
established
· Project monitoring and evaluation
database with agreed,
1. Data gathering and
· DSS information system with environment
report
standardized data parameters
information exchanges
developed
· User manual and guidelines document
· Agreed protocols for data
2. Decision support system
· Training courses on water flow modeling
of river flow modeling developed
sharing
3. Capacity building
provided
· Newsletter publication, data
· Information and data exchanges mechanism
information standardization, regional
established
database connected to four countries
Component 3:
· National priorities matched
Transboundary Diagnostic
· Scientific analysis and study for TDA
· Consolidation of national reports and
and harmonized in regional
Diagnostic and Strategic Action
· Transboundary and national priorities
studies into agreed analysis and
framework
Program
mapped and identified
prioritization
1. Completion of basin wide
· Priority interventions identified and agreed; · Basin-wide priority actions identified
transboundary diagnostic
· Additional required policy and institutional
2. Completion of Strategic
reforms identified
Action Program
Component 4:
· Targeted pilot projects with transboundary
· Project progress report
· Adverse climatic impacts (e.g.
Priority Actions
impacts on land management, soil erosion,
drought) and slow behavioral
1. Land degradation &
siltation and river bank protection defined
changes
desertification
and implemented
· Report on status of marginal and fragile
61
Intervention
Indicators of performance
Means of verification
Risks and Assumptions
· Transboundary studies on soil erosion and
land areas in the basin
siltation conducted on main fragile areas
with the full participation of stakeholders
· National & international NGOs
· NGOs active in implementation of pilot · NGOs with adequate capacity
strengthened to support local action on land
activities
for pilot project
management, soil erosion and watershed
implementation
management for siltation reduction
· Lack of appreciation of
· Local best practices on soil erosion, siltation · Toolkits document on best practices
significant land management
and river bank protection documented and
role of pastoral societies &
encouraged
economies
· Participatory approaches for promotion of
· Progressive awareness among
sustainable transhumance & livestock
stakeholders for livestock
management practices
transhumance inclusion in
environmental management
2. Enhance water quality
· Existing capacities assessed including
· Report on water quality degradation
· Capacity challenges in
mapping of water sources pollution
and maps
technical institutions dealing
· Capacity enhancement, training and
· Basin guidelines on water quality and
with water pollution
workshops on pollution prevention and
norms
monitoring needs
· Appropriate methods agreed to address
· Agree on common basin-wide
· Scientists, stakeholders and
water weeds infestation
guidelines and methods to address
technical community agree on
·
water weeds infestation
common methods for water
Transboundary water weeds pilot projects
identified and implemented
· Progress report on water weeds pilot
weeds removal
·
projects
Replicable best practices developed on
·
combating water weeds infestation
Toolkits document on water weeds
removal
3. Support wetland management
·
· Willingness of stakeholders
initiatives
· Management plans developed and
Reports on wetland rehabilitation
and decision-makers to
implemented in significant transboundary
requirement and impacts
address wetland management
wetlands
· Development of agreed management
& rehabilitation
· Sustainable traditional fisheries aspects
plans
incorporated into pilot activities
· Project progress report
· Planners and stakeholders
agreeing on water allocation
for sector uses
62
Intervention
Indicators of performance
Means of verification
Risks and Assumptions
· Ecological, social and economic studies on
· Wetland education, training and
for sector uses
wetland management and rehabilitation
awareness programs materials
· Rational and pertinence of
4. Assess micro-hydro potential
completed
· Report on selected areas for
transboundary selected areas
· Wetland education and training and
biodiversity management
awareness programs developed and
disseminated in national languages
· Important ecosystems and habitats in
transboundary setting identified for pilot
activity for biodiversity conservation
actions
· Studies on sustainable micro-hydropower
· Reports on sustainable micro-hydro
· High expectation on shifting
options on the upper Bafing Basin
potential prepared
issues to micro-hydro
completed
development
Component 5:
· Common environmental education and
· Project progress report
· Willingness of governments to
Public participation and awareness
awareness campaign developed
· Gender-sensitive guidelines and
allow local communities to
1. Promote and enforce public
emphasizing transboundary aspects and
illustrated manuals on public
work cooperatively across the
participation, information and
inter-dependence and integration
participation and information sharing
borders
awareness
· Regional training provided to national and
OMVS staff
· Effective outreach program (TV, radio,
· Willingness of local
· Innovative learning mechanisms and tools
theater, mass broadcast etc.) on
communities on border areas
developed for public participation and
transboundary resource and the
to try to resolve issues at local
awareness
importance of environmental
level rather than at national
2. Encourage civil society
· Support to NGO networks working across
management
level
participation
boundaries for civil society engagement and
participation
· Project progress report
· Politicization of awareness
3. Scientific community
· Selected riparian universities and research
· Evaluation reports on universities and
campaign emphasizing
involvement
institution brought together in a network to
research institutions activities impact
national priorities, as opposed
coordinate national and transboundary
on overall water and environment
to transboundary
programs in environmental and social
management
interconnections and linkages
science, engineering and policy studies
· Education and health
institutions in four countries
strongly engaged in project
component with keen sense of
ownership of activities for
ensure long term sustainability
63
ANNEX 3
STAP ROSTER EXPERT REVIEW
Dr Gunilla Björklund
Member of STAP Roster of Experts
1. Overall impression
The Senegal River is a shared water system and basin where the riparians are Guinea, Mali, Mauritania
and Senegal. A sub-basin organisation, OMVS, exists and shall create a framework for cooperation in
actions of mutual interest concerning the Senegal River and its basin. Mali, Mauritania and Senegal are
members and active partners to the OMVS, and Guinea, the upstream riparian has official status as an
observer.
Several manageable as well as environmental threats, which hinder sustainable development of the shared
waters of the Senegal River, have been identified. The fully involvement of Guinea is seen as a key issue.
This is crucial, from an Integrated Water Management perspective as well as from the perspective of
different sub-issues within such management for which the collection and dissemination of compatible
data is an important pre-requisite. It would not be possible to take proper actions against several of the
identified environmental threats unless the issue of full involvement of Guinea is solved.
The environmental threats are land degradation and its related impacts, water pollution and a water
resources management (including groundwater use, water for energy, water for food security, water and
health etc.) which is not integrated and not properly balanced, and threats to biodiversity and its
sustainable use. To take proper actions towards those threats, at national as well as transboundary level
there is a need to strengthen institutional as well as human capacity and to support the involvement of
civil society in transboundary basin-wide activities.
The GEF Senegal River Basin Project is concentrating around five activities: Environmental and water
management capacity building in national institutions and in OMVS; Supporting improvement of data
and knowledge management; Completing the basin-wide Transboundary Environmental Analysis and
Action Program; Carry out on-the-ground Priority Actions as identified in the preliminary TDA; and
Establish a Public participation and Awareness program.
The overall impression of the project idea is very good. There is a clear emphasis on including all
riparians in the Senegal River Basin water and environment management program, which is a pre-
requisite for a successful outcome. The project provides a framework for including Guinea as a full
participant in the work of OMVS. The need for a project as outlined in the project brief is very clear and
many of the perceived national or local problems would also have to be solved in this transboundary
context. A clear benefit is that the project complements and builds on on-going activities. The program
would, thus, result in improved co-ordination of water and environmental management in the whole
Senegal River Basin.
2. Relevance and priority
The project will operate together with other GEF projects in the region, as described in the project brief.
This includes both projects linked to the Senegal River Valley such as the proposed Fouta Djallon
highlands project and the dry-lands project in the Senegal River Valley, and other GEF International
Waters projects in the region. The project, being an "Integrated Land and Water Multiple Focal Area
Operational Program" with a strong transboundary interest would be a very important project in the
context of the whole region, not just for the Senegal River Bas in.
64
3. Approach
As the success of the project is depending on full participation of all riparian countries and all
stakeholders, the approach needs to be directed towards achieving full involvement of Guinea as well as
providing for public participation. This is clearly prioritised in the project approach. Only by a full
involvement of Guinea and a public participation would it be possible to set up networks for and
undertake data collection and dissemination. Compatible data are needed, not only for improved
knowledge but also for a sustainable management of the water and land resources of the basin, a
management that should include ecological and social aspects. Such approach to river basin management
is emphasised in the project approach.
The capacity building component of the project is defined as capacity for "environmental and water
resources management". However, such improved capacity that would facilitate cooperation between
water ministries and environment ministries is not sufficient. The project brief does also define food
security and agriculture as key issues. Energy production is another water dependent sector in the river
basin. There is a need to clearly express that the capacity building component should ensure provisions
for applying a fully integrated approach to water -, environment-, land-, energy- management, in which
all related sectors and ministries need to be involved. This is not clearly stated in the project brief.
Although the different sectors are discussed and thus implicitly the integrated aspect can be found, it is its
importance should be ensured.
4. Objectives
The GEF International Waters' objective to achieve global environmental benefits is for this project
specified as the "broad basin-wide participation in the deve lopment and implementation of measures that
lead to sustainable management of the Senegal river basin's land and water resources". The project will
provide a participatory strategic framework and launch a basin-wide cooperative program for
transboundary la nd-water management. These objectives are clear and focused and should be able to
achieve given the activities outlined.
5. Background and Justification
Sufficient background information and justification for the project has been provided. The background
documentation clearly identifies both where there is available information and where adequate
information is lacking, thus identifying gaps that need to be filled. The background information describes
national priorities and commitments, which should be met when the project is implemented. The
presentation of the existing institutions, in particularly the OMVS, and how it should be strengthened to
set in place an agreed environmental management framework to address the transboundary issues is an
important aspect justifying the project. The outcome of the project, a sustainable (integrated) water and
environmental management, would target the root causes through the different components to reach that
outcome.
6. Government Commitment and Sustainability
All four governments have endorsed the project. National committees have been established in each
riparian country and these committees have been responsible for co-ordinating reports including such by
national consultants. A regional project preparation committee lead by the High Commissioner of OMVS
is a guarantee that the project will be not only country owned but owned by a coordinated effort in the
region, in particular as the involvement of Guinea is to be ensured.
65
Public stakeholder participation has also been addressed through an IUCN-coordinated process, including
national meetings in each country a process, which aims at ensure sustainability at grass-root level,
through out the project implementation and beyond.
7. Activities
The different activities as defined in the project brief should not all be seen as a step-by-step process but
should, at least for some of them be undertaken simultaneously. It is important to get the full involvement
of Guinea to get a full data acquisition programme in place, including network for collection, equipment
and capacity for analysing and dissemination of data. All this is a part of the process towards an
integrated approach to water and environmental management but such management may, of course, not
await the result of the capacity building and data management process. Priority actions should neither
await the conclusion of the Transboundary Environmental Analysis and Action Program but should, as is
stated in the project brief, start based on the preliminary analysis. Public participation is a key activity
that needs to be ensured during the whole project process.
8. Project funding
As a result of the attacks on the World Trade Center, data for the UNDP funding has not been possible to
obtain. However, the estimated level of costs, the World Bank financing and the co-financing, including
from the participating countries should for the non-UNDP parts be adequate. The UNDP-supported parts
a clearly defined and they should therefore be carefully costed as well.
9. Replicability
The countries concerned by the project are all poor countries, the economic effort of which are to a large
extent directed towards short term goals such as short term food security for the people of their own
country. The project would result in increased regional cooperation aiming at long-term food-security as
well as transboundary water and environmental sustainability. This would, coupled with an increased
political stability in the region imply a distinct benefit for the global environment.
10. Time frame
The clear commitments by the governments included as well as the ensured public participation should
guarantee an impetus towards a swift implementation of the project. Given that and the institutional
framework already in place, the OMVS, the objectives should be possible to reach within the given time
frame. The Monitoring and Evaluation system as described in the project brief would ensure such time
strategy.
11. Global environmental benefits and Goals of the GEF
As already noted, the project is clearly addressing issues resulting in global environmental benefits in
terms of International Waters as it is addressing issues of integrated transboundary water resources
management and activities. Within the floodplain and delta areas there are also wetlands, which are
habitats for ecosystems including several rare or endangered species. Protection is needed for these as
well as for areas around Manatali reservoir in the upper basin in Mali. A successful project outcome will
result in a sustainable use of those areas, thus contribute to biodiversity conservation of the global
environment.
66
A careful integrated approach taken within the project would ensure avoidance of negative environmental
effects, which might otherwise be the case of an emphasis on increased hydropower installations or on
production of water intensive commercial crops. Causes of tension among landholders in border areas
would, thus, be reduced, which will increase the benefits of the project.
12. Rationale for GEF Support
The project will serve to support "better use of land and water resource management practices on an area-
wide basin", which is the objective of the GEF OP 9. The activities are having an area wide focus and are
supporting measures for prevention of threatened waters. Thus, the project fit well into the overall
strategic thrust of the GEF -funded International Waters project. The project is assisting the countries of
the region to better understand the environmental concerns of the shared Seneg al River system and is to
assist the countries to work collaborative to address these concerns. It will contribute to the building of
capacity in existing institutions and implement measures that address transboundary environmental
concerns.
13. Linkages to other focal areas, other beneficial/damaging effects, degree of stakeholder
involvement, capacity building aspects, innovativeness of the project
The project will, as described under item 11, have global benefits from a Biodiversity aspect as well as
from an International Waters perspective, in particularly through a conservation of wetland areas and a
sustainable use of their resources. Mali, Mauritania and Senegal being parties to the UN Convention to
Combat Desertification are all having Action Plans in place. Activities within this project will be closely
linked to parts of those action plans and would, thus, contribute to the objectives of the UN/CCD as well.
The improved integrated land and water management system resulting from the project should include
less pesticide dependent agricultural systems, which together with reduction in discharges of wastewater
would result in increased water quality. Better land-use practices would also result in decreased land
degradation. Increased information and knowledge of groundwater resources would result in a decreased
pressure on surface water. All these different activities, undertaken within the framework of or linked to
the project would have beneficial environmental effects.
The project has a clear com ponent of stakeholder involvement, the priority actions will be carried out at
community level and will directly involve stakeholders and communities. Stakeholders will also be able
to be part of the decision making process through the IUCN-led component of public participation and
awareness raising. This component also includes capacity building aspects.
The main capacity building component of the project is including building of a core group of
transboundary environmental management expertise in each institution linked to a core group of OMVS.
It is important to build capacity to address institutional reforms, pricing and water legislation, not the
least to make the national legislation compatible, which is addressed in a study that will be linked to the
project.
14. Conclusions
The project complements and builds on activities and projects, which are already under implementation
at the national and sub-basin level. It is innovative as it has strong components of cooperation and
coordination at regional, basin, national and sub-basin level that would result in increased sustainable
development at all levels not only from an International Waters perspective but from an environmental,
economic and social perspective and would also contribute to a more stable political balance in the
region. It is therefore recommended that the project be approved.
67
ANNEX 3.1
RESPONSE TO STAP REVIEW
The project preparation team is pleased with the STAP reviewer's strong endorsement of the project. It is
anticipated that the reviewer will remain involved in an advisory capacity during the implementation
phase of the project through the Quality Assurance process.
In section 3 of the review, the reviewer correctly observes that the required capacity building must reach
well beyond the respective ministries of water and environment. In supporting the countries in
establishing integrated water resource management, it is indeed key to ensure that all relevant sectors, as
well as all relevant layers in the countries are reached. The text of the project brief has been further
strengthened to better reflect the inclusive requirements and dimensions of integrated water resource
management.
In section 8 of the review, the reviewer mentions that the incremental cost analysis was incomplete in her
review copy, in view of the fact that UNDP's communication facilities were linked through the World
Trade Center. The UNDP figures have since been obtained from the country offices in the meantime and
the incremental cost analysis is now complete.
68
ANNEX 4
LETTERS OF ENDORSEMENT
69
LIST OF ANNEXES
OPTIONAL ANNEXES
5. QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
6. STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT FORMULATION
7. OMVS MANDATE, ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAM
8. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
9. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND STRATEGIC ACTION
PROGRAM (SAP)
10. TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS - ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
11. ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORIT Y ACTION BY COUNTRY
12. PASIE A SUMMARY OF THE PROGRAM
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
MAP
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR THE SENEGAL RIVER BASIN (IBRD 31612)
1
ANNEX 5
QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM
STAP REVIEWER
Gunilla Bjorklund, STAP Roster of Experts member,
WORLD BANK
Willem Floor, Senior Energy Planner, World Bank
David R. C. Grey, Senior Water Resources Advisor, World Bank
Tracy Hart, Senior Water Resources Specialist, World Bank
Astrid Hillers, Water Resources Specialist, World Bank
Hans-Olaf Ibrekk, Senior Water Resources Specialist, World Bank
Yves Prevost, Senior Environment Specialist, World Bank
Robert Robelus, Senior Environmental Assessment Specialist, World Bank
Claudia Sadoff, Senior Economist, World Bank
2
ANNEX 6
STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION IN PROJECT FORMULATION
The GEF project formulation process is intended to give due attention to ensuring that views, interests,
needs and choices of local stakeholders constitute the basis for decision-making in water and
environmental management, as well as providing mechanisms and requisites for strengthening the voices
of the people.
The preparation of the present project brief included an extensive consultative process involving local and
national workshops, consultations and national field studies contributing to the design of the project. All
these activities involved broad participation from civil society and more than a thousand individuals.
This process provided an opportunity for OMVS and its specialized services to actively involve the public
in all four riparian countries in the design of the program for the Senegal River basin. IUCN was selected
to implement this self-standing program in view of its long-standing involvement in the region, and
extensive local knowledge and insights into realities in the basin, as well as its willingness to contribute to
the participatory involvement in basin activities. The public participation program was funded over and
above the PDF B grant resources through contributions from IUCN as well as support from the Norwegian
Trust Fund managed by the World Bank.
Agreed program plan. The launching workshop for the preparation process was held in St Louis in May
2000. Shortly after the launch of the preparation process, IUCN initiated the preparation of a broad
consultative process involving all four countries. The development of the program plan took some time so
as to ensure that all concerned were consulted and involved in the process. The formulation of the
program was discussed in detail between OMVS, IUCN and agreed with the World Bank.
Objectives. The objectives of the public participation program were defined as follows:
· Provide a framework for consultation and dialogue at the local level, enabling reconciliation of the
concerns, perceptions, advice and points of view of the public stakeholders with regard to the
management of the natural resources of the basin;
· Enable the integration of local knowledge and strategies into the process of planning the program
for water and environmental management;
· Use a variety of communication means to ensure equal access and equity not only in planning the
program but also in any implementation that follows on from the preparation; and
· Promote the integration of such factors as health, education and food self-sufficiency as perceived
by the riverside communities affected by the operational objectives and management of the water
resource and the environment.
Commenced in February 2001. The program commenced formally in February 2001 upon securing of
adequate funding resources and upon the completion of the formulation of the program and agreement by
all concerned parties.
Local Coordinating Committees. Local committees that are already established in the OMVS member
countries (Comités locaux de coordination (CLC)) were intensively consulted during the project
preparation. In Guinea where these committees do not exist, this work was carried out by a local Guinean
NGO. The CLCs, which were set up to secure wide public consultation during the PASIE preparation and
implementation process, are intended to represent the voices of the riparian populations. They were
chosen from among the grassroots organizations in the basin.
3
The steps involved included:
· Participatory Analysis and Rapid Rural Appraisal
The above analysis and appraisal was carried out by national consultants in order to assemble the views,
perceptions, requests and knowledge of the people in the basin. Documentation and review of the
resulting material followed.
· Review of information collected and preparation of consultative meetings
Based on the reports which were prepared, representing the views of the people in the basin, local for a
were prepared to solicit further exchange and discussion on the project and on the participatory process
which was being designed.
· Local level meetings
Local level meetings were held in 12 different districts (three in each riparian country) between mid-June
and mid-August 2001. These were attended by villagers, women's' groups, farmers groups, economic
interest groups, local technical agencies and local government representatives. The purpose of these
meetings was again to discuss the priority concerns of people in the region and to enable a public
exchange on options for a participatory project process.
· National level meetings
The results of the local level meetings were consolidated and reviewed at national level meetings held
between mid August and early September 2001. The conclusions from these meetings formed the basis
for the planning of a regional public participation meeting and provided significant input to the preparation
of the project brief and the design of the component of the project which addresses public participation
· Regional fora
The regional participation forum will provide consolidated input into a broad regional forum that will be
held later in the year, and will bring together a broad base of technical and public and private citizens.
This will help elaborate the additional details required for the post-GEF Executive Council elaboration of
the Project Appraisal Document.
The process continues. The process of public involvement has yielded important results. Through the
preparation process, consultation mechanisms were established which will continue to serve as vehicles
for participation in the implementation of the project. Moreover, the upper basin, especially the Fouta
Djallon highlands in Guinea, whic h were not covered by the PASIE, are being covered through the present
project.
The consultation meetings held to date are summarized overleaf.
4
MEETINGS ARRANGED UNDER THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROGRAM
Country
Date and place
Participants
Mali local meetings
2 to 22 July 2001
Three meetings in each
district of Bafoulabe, de Kita
and Kati.
Senegal local meetings
5 to 26 July 2001
Villagers
Three meetings in each
Women's groups
district of Dagana, Matam
Farmers' groups
and Podor
Economic Interest groups
Mauritania local meetings
24 June to 15 July 2001
Local technical agencies
Three meetings per wilaya in Local governments
Trarza, Gorgol, Brakna de
Guidimakha
Guinea local meetings
23 July to 12 Aug 2001
Three meetings in each
region of Labe, Mamou,
Kankan and Faranah
(For a more complete list of participants see the last pages of this annex)
Country
Date and place
Participants
Mali National Meeting
13, 14,15 August 2001 in
42 participants
Bamako
7 community organizations
10 village representatives
8 technical services
7 NGOs
4 private sector people
7 Local governments
Senegal National Meeting
17,18, 19 August 2001 in
47 participants
Saint-Louis
9 community organizations
12 village representatives
8 technical services
7 NGOs
4 private sector people
7 Local governments
Mauritania National Meeting
21, 22, 23 August 2001,
48 participants
Nouakchott
8 community organizations
14 village representatives
9 technical services
6 NGOs
4 private sector people
7 Local governments
Guinea National Meeting
6, 7, 8 September 2001,
45 participants
Conakry
7 community organizations
13 village representatives
9 technical services
7 NGOs
5
2 private sector people
7 Local governments
Commitment. The involvement of national water and environment authorities in project preparation
coupled with stakeholder consultation at local, national and regional levels have brought high levels of
commitment to the project and the proposed project objectives. Furthermore, OMVS has demonstrated a
high interest in applying a participatory approach to the project design. Guinea, which is not a member of
the river basin organization, has been active throughout this process. Moreover, Guinea continues to
maintain close coordination with OMVS and project preparation staff.
National ownership. National specialists have produced the project preparation activities such as
national studies, coordination of preparation, public consultation and regional syntheses. The involvement
of local expertise has contributed to disseminating information and increasing awareness of the importance
of the initiative and its potential positive impacts on the transboundary, local environment and livelihoods.
Coordination with environmental planning initiatives. Close coordination with PASIE has been
provided by OMVS. OMVS staff responsible for environmental management have been actively involved
in the project preparation activities.
Consolidation of findings. National reports have been discussed through a series of national workshops.
Participants from the other riparian countries were invited and participated actively in the national
workshops, thereby extending the learning and exchange processes. The results of the consultation
process have been reflected in the definition and design of the project.
The principal recommendations which have emerged from the participatory process are
summarized below:
· The promotion of inclusive partnerships between all affected parties (OMVS, governmental,
communities, NGOs, etc.) to strengthen communication and information sharing on water
resource management. Such partnerships can include information and awareness of upstream-
downstream linkages, e.g. impact of upstream land degradation on downstream water availability;
· Information and awareness at the grassroots level needs to be improved, to give communities the
opportunity to enhance their vision for water resource management in the basin;
· Stakeholders' knowledge and capacities should be further strengthened through participatory
processes and community involvement.
· The suggestion to expand the membership of the OMVS Permanent Water Commission to include
within its membership community based representatives and selected, representative NGO's.
Such broadening of membership would facilitate enhanced understanding and improved
information sharing between all stakeholders;
Some additional issues raised. Among the many issues raised by the public were some that are heard
less often and, and while not necessarily included although not necessarily eligible for inclusion in this
project, are worthy of increased emphasis. They include:
· The significance of migration and the transhumance in the transboundary river basin setting;
· The importance of indigenous knowledge;
· The necessity of ensuring dissemination in local languages;
· Inclusion of participatory options analysis in investment project design;
· The need not only for coordination and public debate, but for reaching convergence and/or
consensus.
Stakeholders Consulted During the Process
Below follows a list of institutions, agencies and organizations that were consulted during the project
preparation process. Overall some 1250 people have been involved to date.
6
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED DURING NATIONAL PROCESS
Country
Stakeholders
SENEGAL
Association de développement de Cascas (ADC)
Communauté rurale de Ross Bethio
Commissariat de l'après barrage
Commission Permanente des Eaux (CPE)
Comité National de Coordination (CNC)
Comités Locaux de Coordination (CLC)
Comité National Projet Préparatoire du Projet (CNPP)
Division régionale de l'hydraulique (DRH)
Direction régionale du développement rural (DRDR)
Fédération des Paysans Organisés du Département de Bakel (FPODB)
Fédération des femmes productrices de St-Louis
Mouvement des acteurs de la Vallée (MAV)
Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Elevage (MAE)
Ministère de la Jeunesse et de l'Environnement et de l'Hygiène Publique (MJE)
Ministère des Mines de l'Energie et de l'Hydraulique (MMEH)
Plan d'Attenuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement
(PASIE)
Société de Gestion et d'Exploitation de DIAMA (SOGED)
Société de gestion de Manantali (SOGEM)
Société d'Aménagement et d'Exploitation du Delta (SAED)
Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Senegal (OMVS)
Ong Diapanté
ONG OXFAM
Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES)
Société deseaux (SDE)
Union des groupements des femmes des villages voisins du parc de la langue de
Barbarie (UGFVPLB)
GUINEA
Centre de Promotion et de Développement Minier (CPDM)
Direction National de l'Hydraulique (DNH)
Direction Nationale de la Météorologie (DNM)
Direction Nationale de l'Environnement (DNE)
Direction Générale des Bauxites de Tougué Dabola (DGBT/D)
Direction Nationale de l'Energie (DNE)
Centre de Promotion du Développement Minier (CPDM)
Direction Nationale de l'Agriculture (DNA)
Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts (DNEF)
Direction Nationale des Forêts et Faune (DNFF)
Direction Nationale des Mines (DNM)
Direction Nationale du Génie Rural (DGR)
Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée (IRAG)
Inspection régionale des Mines (IRM)
Fond pour l'Environnement Mondial (FEM)
ONG Ballal Guinée
ONG Vita
7
Préfecture de Manou
Préfecture de Dalaba
Préfecture de Tougué
Préfecture de Labé
Programme de Réhabilitation Agricole et d'Appui au Développement local
(PRAADEL)
Projet de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (PGRN)
MALI
Action d'Appui aux Initiatives de Développement (AIDEB)
Aménagement Forêts (AF)
Association d'Appui aux Actions de Développement Rural
(ONG / ADR)
Agence Nationale d'Investissement des Collectivités Territoriales (ANICET)
Agence Malienne de Presse et de Publicité (AMCFE)
Assemblée Régionale
Association des Chasseurs
Association des éleveurs transhumant de Mahina
Association Coopératives pêcheurs de Kayes
Association des exploitants forestiers de Kayes
Association des orpailleurs de Kéniéba
Association des transporteurs routiers
Association Djama Djigui Marena
Association des Exploitants Forestiers (AEF)
Cabinet d'Assistance pour le Développement Intégré du Sahel (CADIS Chambre
d'Agriculture
Collectif des Ingénieurs pour le Développement du Sahel (CIDS)
Comité Nationale de Coordination (CNC)
Comité nationale de suivi des recommandations de la table ronde de Kayes
Comités locaux de coordination (CLC)
Compagnie Malienne de Développement du Textile (CMDT)
Conseil de Cercle
Conseil Communaux
Conseil de village
Consortium Koyne et Bellier
Coordination régionale des femmes de Kayes (CRFK)
Coordination des Associations féminines et ONG (CAFO)
Coopérative Agricole Multifonctionnelle de Somakidi (CAMS)
Coopérative Multifonctionnelle de Kamankolé (CMK)
Direction Régionale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie (DRHE)
Direction Régionale de la Santé Publique (DRSP)
Direction Nationale de la Conservation de la Nature (DNCN)
Direction Nationale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie (DNHE)
Direction Régionale de la Conservation de la Nature (DRCN)
Direction Régionale de l'Agriculture et de l'Equipement (DRAE)
Direction Régional de l'Aménagement Rural (DRAMR)
Groupe de Recherche et de Réalisation pour le Développement Rural dans le
Tiers Monde (GRDR
Haut Commissariat Kayes
Ministère de la Sécurité
Ministère des forces armées
Ministère de Développement Rural (MDR)
8
Office Malien du Tourisme et de l'Hôtellerie (OMATHO)
Opération Parc National de la Boucle du Baoulé Projet Petite Irrigation (PPI)
Projet National d'Infrastructure (PNIR)
Programme de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (PGRN)
Projet de Développement Intégré de l'Agriculture
Irriguée de Manantali (PDIAM)
Sous commission Economie Rurale Kayes
Service Local d'Appui-Conseil-Amenagement-Equipement Rural
(SLACAER)
Service Locale de la Réglementation et du Contrôle (SLRC)
Union Générale des Associations pour le développement (UGAP)
MAURITANIA
Association pour la promotion de Touguène
Association Mauritanienne de Ingénieurs Agronomes et filières Associées
(AMIFA)
Association Mauritanienne de lutte contre la désertification (AMLCD)
Centre Nationale de Recherche Agronomique et de Développement Agricole
(CNRADA)
Bureau foncier du Brakna
Centre National d'Hygiène (CNH)
Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaire
(CNERV)
Comité National Préparatoire du Projet (CNPP)
Comité Consultatif Local (CCL)
Commune Ndiago
Condition féminine de Boghé
Coopérative des artisans de Taiba
Coopérative Rindao Silla
Coopérative Périmètre Pilote du Gorgol I (PPG)
Coopérative Périmètre Pilote du Gorgol II (PPG)
Coopérative Agricole Maghama
Coopérative des artisans de Taiba
Coopérative de Rindao Silla
Coopérative des femmes de Birettes Coopérative des femmes de Gidr El
Mohguène
Coopérative Bok Dioum de Keur Mour
Coopérative rizicole de Touguène
Coopérative maraichère de Touguène
Direction de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement Rural (DEAR)
Direction Régionale pour la Promotion de la Santé (DRPS)
Direction régionale de la protection des sols du Gorgol (DRPG)
Fédération Luthérienne Mondiale (FLM)
Hôpital Régional de Kaedi
Lutte Contre la Pauvreté
Mairie d'Aleg
Ministère du Développement Rural et de l'Environnement
(MDRE)
Ministère de l'Hydraulique et de l'Energie (MHE)
Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS)
ONG SUD
9
Parc National de Diawling (PND)
Périmètre pilote du Gorgol (PPG)
Programme d'Appui aux Coopératives Agricoles en difficultés (PACAD)
Plan d'Atténuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement
(PASIE)
Programme des Nations Unis pour le Développement (PNUD)
Projet Développement Communautaire et Sécurité Alimentaire du Brakna
(PDCSAB)
Projet de développement rural pour le groupement des femmes de Kaédi Projet
Maghama Décrue
Société Nationale de Développement Rural (SONADER)
Société de Gestion de Diama (SOGED)
Service du suivi écologique du PND
Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (UICN)
Union Nationale des Coopératives Agricoles et de Crédit d'Epargne de
Mauritanie (UNACEM).
10
ANNEX 7
OMVS - MANDATE, ORGANIZATION AND PROGRAM
OMVS: Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal
Three Decades of Cooperation. The Senegal river's development potential and regional importance have
long been recognized. In 1968, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal created OERS (Organisation des
États Riverains du Fleuve Sénégal) with a view to realizing the potential offered by the basin's land and
water resources in a framework of regional economic integration. Upon the withdrawal of Guinea from the
organization in 1971, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal formed OMVS (Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur
du Fleuve Sénégal) the following year.
OMVS was created in 1972 by Mali, Mauritania and Senegal to promote the economic development of the
Senegal river basin for purposes of irrigation, power supply and navigation. Guinea, the upstream riparian
did not join originally, but has now official status as an observer. In 1981, with financing of about $620
million from 12 donors, construction began on two dams one at Diama on the river delta, designed to
prevent intrusion of salt water into the lower valley and to maintain a minimum depth of water for
navigation upstream to Mali and a second at Manantali in western Mali, for water storage, river flow
regulation and power generation. Both dams have been in operation since 1988, however the power
generation facilities are only now (mid 2001) being completed. By the mid-nineties about 100,000 ha of
controlled irrigation had been developed of which about 60,000 ha are actually cropped, mostly with rice.
OMVS has also tried to maintain an artificial flood to support the people dependent on flood recession
agriculture, with a target area of 50,000 ha that can be cultivated in all but the driest years.
OMVS Legislative Base. OMVS is governed by three principal legal texts: Convention relative au statut
du fleuve Sénégal (1972); Convention portant création de l'OMVS (1972); and Convention relative au statut
juridique des ouvrages communs (1978). In 1992, Guinea and OMVS signed the Protocole d'accord-cadre
de coopération entre la République de Guinée et l'OMVS with a view to creating a framework for
cooperation in actions of mutual interest concerning the Senegal river and its basin, including a provision
allowing Guinea to attend OMVS meetings as an observer. This agreement has yet to produce tangible
results.
Management Bodies. The supreme body of OMVS is the Conference of Heads of State and Government.
There are also three permanent organs: the Council of Ministers (COM), the High Commission (HC) and
the Permanent Water Commission (PWC). Others may be created as needed. In addition there is an
Advisory Committee. The Regional Planning and Monitoring Committee advises on whether projects and
measures planned in member states are consistent with the organization's objectives and whether the
available resources in the basin can meet the development plans (see also organizational chart overleaf).
National Offices. The National Cellules in the three countries are directly linked to the Committee of
Experts of member states, established by the Council of Ministers to advise the Council. For example, the
Coordinator of the OMVS National Cellule for Senegal is also a member of the COM's Committee of
Experts. The National Cellule assists in the implementation of OMVS projects and the Cellule is a
permanent member of the advisory body of OMVS. In addition, local committees at district level are
needed to allow grass root participation.
The objectives of the national units are the same in each country and are:
· Monitoring activities of OMVS
· Formulation of advice for the Ministry
· Coordination of activities of OMVS (High Commission, SOGED and SOGEM) in the member
states
· Catalyzing relations between OMVS and national structures of member states
· Participation in the implementation of programs of OMVS
· Functioning as a permanent member of the Advisory Committee of High Commission
· Undertakes stakeholder consultations in cooperation with OMVS
Consultative Committee of Donors. Liaison and coordination between donors and the organization are
ensured through the Consultative Committee of Donors. As an important example of intervention and donor
insistence, two separate and privatized agencies were created for the management of the two dams (SOGED
for Diama and SOGEM for Manantali). The agencies are commercial companies with the Boards of
Directors made up of members of the Council of Ministers who take their instructions from the Heads of
State. The Council acts as the "General Assembly" of the companies.
Greater NGO involvement. Recently, OMVS has become more aware of, and open to, NGO participation
and cooperation and has, thus, increasingly involved NGOs in the development process. NGOs and civil
society are represented in the OMVS Steering Committee and NGOs have set up a coordination committee
for OMVS programs.
Staffing. The distribution of senior positions at OMVS is based on a political agreement at the highest
level. Since OMVS headquarters is located in Senegal the senior positions of High Commissioner and
Secretary General, (4-year terms) are alternated between Mauritania and Mali. Other senior positions are
distributed equally between the three member states. Other staff positions are open to competition with the
general intention of keeping a balance between the countries. Junior staff are recruited locally mostly,
therefore, in Senegal. For the operating agencies, the directors come from states different to the location of
the headquarters.
Funding. Funding of OMVS is described in Article 15 of the Convention as well as in the Financial
Convention. Investments are in the form of loans both to the states as well as directly to the organization.
In the latter case, collateral is required from the member states. Each state pays its own share of its loans.
Allocation of Costs. The allocation of costs and debt-sharing is based on an agreed formula, covered in the
conventions, with a proviso that the formula can be revised. The World Bank and the University of Utah
helped develop the formula after testing several methods of apportioning costs and charges. The life span of
an OMVS project is 50 years. The underlying philosophy for cost recovery is that the user pays, but
prevailing conditions are also taken into account. Fees paid to the organization are used to pay for operating
expenses.
OMVS revenue in 2000
MALI
$429,435
MAURITANIA
$419,435
SENEGAL
$419,435
TOTAL
$1,268,305
Shared ownership of structures. As established by the Conventions, the Senegal river is of international
stature and, by virtue of this, structures built on the river have an international character. The OMVS
structures (Manantali located in Mali and Diama dam located in Senegal and Mauritania) are indivisible
property, subject to common ownership. The river basin is in a sense common property and it should,
therefore, be developed by taking on-board the interests of all riparian states. If there is a national project
with an impact on the regime of the river or that could damage the interests of other members, it is normal
12
under the principle of cooperation among member states that such a project should be reviewed and
modified.
Hydro-metric Network. Within the member states, OMVS maintains a network of automatic and
manually read hydro-metric monitoring stations along the river that are connected to OMVS headquarters
by radio-links. Some stations send out information via satellite with real-time data received in Dakar. The
information is transmitted directly to a computerized data system where it is analyzed and disseminated to
the dams and the regional OMVS offices for operation of the dams and schemes
The Water Charter. With support from the PASIE and donors, OMVS is in the process of drafting and
discussing a Water Charter that will determine the guidelines for allocation of flow from the river. Several
studies on flow management and on the potential benefits and costs to various users have been drafted
recently and these are still under discussion.
OMVS in project execution. OMVS is executing and overseeing the overall river basin development
program. This program consists of three main components namely irrigation, navigation and energy.
· The irrigation component aims to establish a total of 375,000 ha of irrigated agricultural land, with
water being supplied from the Diama and the Manantali dams. The irrigation component has been
under implementation since 1986.
· The navigation component includes the improvement of the main river channel to allow for year
round navigation over some 905 km between Kayes and Saint Louis. The component also
addresses the construction of ports and places of call, the establishment of fleet operating agencies
and the maintenance of the navigable channel. The navigation component has not yet been started.
· The energy component is supported by the Manantali dam with a capacity of 200MW
hydroelectric power plant generating 800 million Kwh/year. The power transmission to the main
cities of the three member states is ensured by the 1,300 km long high voltage transmission lines
which are almost completed. The first kilowatts from Manatali are expected to supply Bamako in
early October 2001.
Dam construction and operation. OMVS has planned and overseen the construction of the two jointly
owned and operated dams on the river. The Diama dam (located downstream) is an anti-saline intrusion
dam with the basic purpose to halt salt water intrusion into the Senegal river, thereby making agriculture
possible in the delta. The construction of Diama dam started in 1982 and was completed in 1986. The
Manantali dam (upstream) is a multi purpose dam, which facilitates the regulation of the Senegal river flows
(300m3/s) for the three main component defined above. The Manantali dam construction began in June
1982 and ended in August 1988.
Dam management. Two operating entities were created, the Diama management company (SOGED) and
the Manantali management company (SOGEM), for the purpose of managing dam operations.
Mitigation of adverse impacts. OMVS has also received US$17 million to finance the PASIE. The World
Bank joined other donors, and is contributing $3 million to this program. This program deals with areas as
diverse as health, rural electrification, ecosystem and community involvement.
13
Institutional Chart of the Senegal River Basin Organization (OMVS)
Conference of Head of States
Mali
Senegal
Mauritania
Control Organs
Ministers Council
Consultative organs
PWC
PRC
CC
High Commissariat of OMVS
General Secretariat
Coordination Counselor
Legal Advisor
Communication Advisor
OMVS Observatory
Administration & Accounting
Technical Dept
Dept
Regional Center for
Foreign relation Dept
Documentation
HR & Equipment
Accounting
Investment and Debt
section
Section
Section
Agriculltural
Navigation
Environmental
Energy
Planning
Infrastructures
Water Management
Services
Services
Multidisciplinary Team
14
ANNEX 8
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
PROJECT EXECUTION
OMVS - Project Executing Agency
OMVS will be the executing agency for this project. As such, OMVS will sign a letter of agreement with
the World Bank for the execution of the project. Attached to the letter of agreement will be a draft
management services agreement (MSA) which OMVS will subsequently sign with a project services agency
(see below).
The project management unit (PMU) will be based at OMVS headquarters. The PMU will act at the
regional, basin-wide level and will be responsible for managing and implementing the project in all four
participating countries. The project manager, project technical specialists, as well as procurement and
finance specialists will also be located in the PMU.
Project Services Agency
In order to demonstrate best practice in project implementation, an arrangement will be made with a project
services agency (PSA) to deliver selected project services, thereby, ensuring that the standard procedures of
the World Bank are followed.
The scope of project implementation services to be provided by the agency, directly or in part through the
use of qualified subcontractors, has yet to be fully determined. In general, the project services agency will
support the disbursement function, provide financial management and accounting services, and provide
other project services support. Services will therefore likely include:
· Project Manager
· Procurement Advisor
· Financial Management Specialist
A specific agency to provide such services has not yet been selected, but discussions are underway to
identify possible candidates agencies or organizations. Selection would be made in consultation with all
partners. Once selected, a management services agreement (MSA) will be entered into between the project
service agency and OMVS, detailing the kind of services which the agency would be supplying the PMU.
An important task which the project services agency will undertake during the period of project
implementation, is to build the capacities of the OMVS and the PMU. Central to the terms of reference for
the project services agency, therefore will be specific benchmarks and deliverables on project
implementation (financial and procurement management systems, manuals, formats and procedure) as well
as on capacity building for project implementation. This should help ensure that before the end of the
project, the OMVS is fully enabled to handle project implementation and management of the future projects.
Senegal River Basin Steering Committee (SRBSC)
The SRBSC will oversee project implementation activities. Its membership will include representatives
from the participating countries, OMVS, participating GEF implementing agencies, donors and sele cted
participating NGOs. In addition, UNDP and the Project Managers/Coordinators of three "sister" GEF IW
projects (Lake Chad, Niger River, Canary Current) will also be invited to attend the Steering Committee
meetings as observers. The Project Manager will act as Secretary of the SRBSC. Close links will be
maintained with the existing OMVS Committee, especially the Water Commission.
The SRBSC will:
15
· Have oversight of the project and will provide policy advice and guidance.
· Review the project portfolio and provide technical advice and guidance to the OMVS PMU
· Review and approve annual work plans and will receive and review annual substantive and financial
reports on project activities.
Flow of funds
Payments will be made directly from the World Bank to the OMVS for project implementation and to the
project service agency for the provision of the three staff listed above (Project Manager, Procurement
Specialist, Finance Management Specialist).
Agreements and Flow of Funds
Ministers
Council
SRBSC
GEF
OMVS HC
Letter of Agreement
$$$
PMU
$$$
MSA
World Bank/UNDP
Project Services
$$$
Agency
$$$
Fund flow =
$$$
Agreements =
National
Coordinators
Procurement Plan
The World Bank will receive a procure ment plan prepared by the PMU. In preparing the procurement
plan, the PMU will also liaise with OMVS to ensure that project inputs are used with efficiency. Upon
approval of the plan by the World Bank/UNDP, the PMU will initiate action in accordance with the
procurement plan.
For procurements of goods and services, the project services agency will establish contracts with contractors
to supply goods and services in accordance with the procurement plan.
An imprest account will be established at the PMU level with a relatively low cash ceiling. The imprest
account will facilitate procurement actions at the PMU level as well as at the national level (e.g. national
consultants, workshops and consultations, local procurements, etc.). The World Bank/UNDP project will
16
replenish the imprest account upon receipt of an expenditure report. The PMU imprest account will be in
hard currency and will be audited annually by internationally recognized auditors. An audit report will be
submitted by the OMVS to the SRBSC and the World Bank and UNDP annually. Withdrawals from these
accounts will require two signatures such as those of the Project Manager and the finance or procurement
specialist. Training will be needed for OMVS, PMU and national staff on World Bank and UNDP
procurement procedures.
PROJECT REPORTING
1. Financial Reports
Monitoring and reporting on the use of GEF funds will be conducted in accordance with World Bank/UNDP
guidelines. The financial reports will be prepared by the OMVS PMU (or on its behalf by its contracted
agent) on an annual basis for review by the:
· SRBSC and OMVS for the Basin states and
· World Bank/UNDP as the administrator of trust fund resources on behalf of GEF,
· Consolidated financial reports will be provided to the OMVS Ministers meetings on a bi-annual
basis.
2. Annual Progress Reports
A substantive progress report will be issued by the project on an annual basis. This report will be drafted by
the PMU and approved by the SRBSC. The report will be submitted to the SRBSC members, the OMVS
Ministers, the World Bank and UNDP. Extracts of the reports will also be posted on the worldwide web for
public access as feasible.
3. Monitoring and Evaluation
Project supervision: The project will be supervised in accordance with World Bank supervision rules
adapted to the multi-country nature of the project. The following elements make up the monitoring and
evaluation program:
· Annual supervision missions: An annual supervision mission will be fielded to review project
progress. This supervision mission will be a joint undertaking consisting of the World Bank/UNDP,
other donors to the project and OMVS.
· Annual Steering Committee meetings: In conjunction with the annual supervision mission, an
annual SRB Steering Committee meeting will be held. This meeting will be attended by the
Steering Committee members as well as the supervision mission members. The Steering
Committee will have received and reviewed the Annual Progress Report prior to the meeting.
· Mid-term evaluation: An independent mid-term evaluation will be carried out. The Terms of
Reference, composition and timing of the mission will be agreed by the Steering Committee. The
evaluators to be selected will have had no previous involvement in the design or monitoring of the
project.
4.
Audits
The project services agency will submit annual audit reports to the World Bank and UNDP. These audits
will be undertaken by independent auditors.
5. Recruitment of PMU staff
Competitive and transparent selection
The project management unit will be staffed by personnel who have been recruited competitively following
announcements and advertisements in the regional and international press.
17
For the three staff to be recruited by the project services agency, qualified applicants will be short-listed by
the project services agency in cooperation with OMVS and World Bank/UNDP. In the interest of
transparency, interview panels will be established to make the selections, and will be composed of project
service agency representative, donor representatives, international and regional organizations and OMVS.
For the remaining PMU staff, qualified applicants will be short-listed by the Project Manager in cooperation
with OMVS and the World Bank/UNDP. Interview panels consisting of the Project Manager, OMVS and
the World Bank/UNDP will be established and the selection of staff will be made jointly by all members of
the interview panels.
Selection will, therefore, be on a strictly competitive basis with a view to ensure broad regional coverage in
the selection process. A preference exists for staff from the four countries, with assistance from regional or
international consultants as necessary.
6. PMU Staff Reporting Lines
Once selected by the interview panel, the project services agency will appoint the three agency staff, while
the PMU will appoint the remaining staff. The PMU staff will report to the Project Manager and the Project
Manager will report to the Steering Committee through OMVS.
BASIN-WIDE COORDINATION
a) Senegal River Basin Project Roles and Responsibilities
The Senegal River Basin Steering Committee
· Will have overall oversight of the project and will provide policy direction, advice and guidance.
· Will review the project portfolio and provide technical advice and guidance to the OMVS PMU
· Will review and approve annual work plans and will receive and review annual substantive and
financial reports on project activities.
OMVS
· Will be the executing agency for the project and will have overall responsibility for the project.
· Will sign a letter of agreement with the World Bank for the execution of the project.
· Will sign a project management agreement with the project services agency (see below).
Considerations for selection of project services agency
The following aspects will be relevant in the selection of the project services agency:
§ Representations in all four riparian countries
§ Bilingual ability
§ Experience in working as project service agent to governments, where these have strong
ownership of process
§ Strong project implementation experience in the SRB countries
§ Experience in provision of project services for regional and complex projects
§ Ability to provide financial and accounting services, which are acceptable to World Bank
standards
§ Ability to provide insurance for agency staff
§ Ability to run workshops to build capacities with local suppliers
18
ANNEX 9
PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
TRANSBOUNDARY DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS
1.
Key Environmental Resources and their Uses
1.1
Water Resources
Rainfall occurs from April to October causing an annual flo od from July to October which reaches its peak
during the months of August, September and October. The flood is almost entirely generated by rain
occurring in the upper basin over the Fouta Djallon highlands and there is negligible inflow downstream of
Bakel which is at the head of the main valley.
The mean annual flow has varied from 1904 to the present day with a dramatic reduction of flow over the
last twenty years. Today the average is less than half the overall average of 711 m3/s. While the mean
annual flow is 20,903 Mm3, the minimum annual flow recorded was 6,695 Mm3 in 1984, with the maximum
recorded annual flow being 41,769 Mm3.
In terms of flooding characteristics the valley may be divided into four stretches as follows:
Length (km)
Distance from sea (km)
Gouina to Bakel
202
996
Bakel to Kaedi
262
794
Kaedi to Dagana
363
532
Delta
169
n/a
In the upstream stretch from Gouina to Bakel the river is steep with a series of rapids, and lies within an
incised valley without a significant flo odplain. Downstream of Bakel the valley widens and the floodplain
can be up to 10-15 km wide in peak flood. The average slope is 3 cm per kilometer. Downstream of Kaedi
the river divides into two arms, the Doué on the left and the Senegal on the right. Downstream of Dagana,
the river returns to a single channel before opening up into the delta. Flooding on the left bank has been
controlled by embankments constructed in 1969 from Rosso to Saint Louis, however, following the
construction of the Diama dam, barrage embankments control flooding on both banks as far upstream as
Dagana.
The floodplain on both sides of the main river channel is made up of large natural depressions or basins
termed Unités Naturelles d'Equipements (UNE). There are approximately seventy-two UNEs varying from
1,000 ha to over 15,000 ha in size, and it is the use of these UNEs that formed the basis of the traditional
flood recession cropping. They serve to trap the flood long enough to collect moisture in the heavy soils
sufficient to sustain crops.
1.2
Ecology
There is a major difference in ecological conditions between the highlands above Bakel, and the river valley
downstream from Bakel.
The upper basin corresponds to the Fouta Djallon highlands and is characterized by different landscapes
ranging from a mountainous ecosystem to savannah and steppe vegetation, with an elevation ranging from
500 to 1350m (Mount Tinka at Dalaba: 1320m and Mount Loura in Mali: 1538m). The highlands are also
19
significant for their biological diversity, which comprises 41 animal species including 3 rare species (small
wild goat, crocodile and hippopotamus) and 3 threatened species, and 33 tree species including 4 threatened
species.
In the lower part of the Senegal river basin, major changes in hydrology and floodplain ecology started in
the 1960s. In 1964, part of the left bank deltaic ecosystem was dyked. Later on, the Foum Gleita dam was
planned and built in early 1986 on the Mauritanian side of the basin. However, the major schemes that
completely modified the river and floodplain hydrology were the Diama and Mananali dams which were
completed in 1985 and 1987 respectively. An additional disturbance to the basin's hydrology and water
resources development derives from the development of irrigated agriculture in the valley and delta, in
particular, sugar cane perimeters in the delta.
Since these dams have been operational, the ecology of the floodplain has changed drastically. From salty
and brackish water ecology with marked seasonal changes to a low flow perennial freshwater ecology.
Inadequate agricultural practices and options have exacerbated existing poor hygiene conditions to set off a
major health and nutrition crisis. Since 1987, the Senegal river has in effect become an artificial system.
The Diama and Manantali dams were built for hydro-electricity generation, irrigation and navigation
control, with the accompanying hydraulic networks needed for flood control and water supply in the valley
and delta also having been constructed.
Before the Diama and Manatali dams were built the river had markedly different hydrological conditions
that varied in time and space. Fluctuations occurred seasonally in water level and quality which added to
the annual or cyclic episodes of dry and wet conditions. These fluctuations characterized by erratic flows
and episodic inundation prevented a single species from dominating the ecology and contributed to the real
diversity of habitats and species. In turn, this resulted in a variety of natural resources and production
systems. The Diama and Manantali dams, and their accompanying infrastructure, contributed substantially
to the uniformization of the ecosystem and provided the habitat for aquatic weeds and diseases vectors.
A number of other factors have contributed to the decline in environmental and social welfare. For
example, the production of water intensive commercial crops which needed irrigating brought communities
into contact with unsafe water without changing traditional attitudes towards water. Nor were these
communities provided with safety knowledge and equipment. Another aspect of growing irrigated crops is
that irrigation is labour intensive, which leaves little time to devote to traditional crops which used to be the
major nutritional supply to households. In addition, communities have started to consume rice, the
production of which is heavily subsidised by revenues sent back from migrant workers. These revenues
previously were used to buy a variety of inputs to family nutrition. Under such conditions, malnutrition is
likely among women, children and ethnic minorities. All these changes constitute a burden on the labour
force and a trigger to social unease that in turn can disturb community life.
The river has distinctly different physionomy in the upper, middle and lower reaches as described above and
shows various soil types and agricultural activities in these different sections. The natural vegetation
formations consist of:
· Seasonally flooded areas which are uniformly occupied by gallery forests where Acacia nilotica
predominates, particularly in the alluvial valley; and
· Areas of semi-deciduous forests on laterite or sandstone, in the sub-Guinean domain, sparse woods
slowly transforming to savannah trees in the Sudano-Sahelian domains, and shrub steppes in the
Sahelian domain.
The natural vegetation has been profoundly degraded due particularly to impacts from the expansion of
agricultural and resident and migratory herds of grazing animals. The clearing of gallery forests has been
most extensive in the alluvial area, not only for agriculture but also for fuel wood.
20
The region is important for migratory birds, notably water birds, which arrive in large numbers during the
European winters to wetlands in the Senegal valley and delta. There are protected areas of international
significance such as the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary on the Senegalese side of the delta which is a
World Heritage Site, and the Diawling Strict Nature Reserve on the Mauritanian side.
1.3
Land Use
Land use varies throughout the basin too, showing similar differences between the upper watershed and the
floodplain downstream from Bakel.
In the upper valley, the main agricultural production systems are:
· Intensive gardening around houses for family consumption and exchange goods;
· Extensive farming outside housing areas producing cereals (rice, fonio, millet) and groundnuts. The
system is characterized by agro-pastoralism, shifting cultivation and ash farming;
· Farming of valley bottoms during the dry season for the market; and
· Animal husbandry which is another key feature of the region, either in a semi-sedentary form or based
on seasonal transhumance. Over 40% of Guinea's dairy herd is located in the highlands.
Due to the high demographic pressure in the highlands, widespread poverty and the lack of alternative
livelihoods, traditional land use practices have become unsustainable, these include:
· The practice of shifting farming by slash and burn cultivation coupled with increasingly short fallow
periods;
· Excessive cutting down of forests to satisfy the ever-growing needs for firewood and timber; and
· Uncontrolled bush fires and overgrazing.
In the middle valley, downstream from Bakel, there is a major topographical division between the alluvial
zone which can be inundated, and the higher ground which borders the valley. The alluvial zone of the
main floodplain is characterised by three forms of land use:
· The river banks between the low water level and the normal annual flood level are seasonally
cultivated. The local name for these is falo.
· Levées up to 10 m or more above the water level, which are only covered during the very worst floods.
Quite a few villages are situated on these embankments, known locally as fondé.
· Seasonally flooded depressions between the levées and the valley sides, for which the local name is
walo. These depressions are flooded via numerous creeks and small streams, and support a number of
small, permanent bodies of water. Flood recession agriculture is practised in these areas.
Another zone comprises the areas further from the river (the higher banks and adjacent plateau), sometimes
15 km or more from the river itself. Conditions in these areas are semi-arid and are used primarily by
nomadic herdsmen.
2.
Environmental Threats
The overall basin ecosystem and agricultural production systems are being degraded by the conjunction of
natural drought and desertification processes, with inadequate land, forest and water resources uses and
management. The degradation processes are dynamic and on a broad spatial and temporal scale. Despite a
number of attempts at the national and international levels to initiate adequate management systems, the
degradation continues with the intertwining of many environmental factors. Unsustainable land use derives
21
from the survival strategies employed by rural communities in the face of severe poverty. These
communities often have low incomes but have to contend with high commodity prices. An additional factor
is weak national afforestation policies.
2.1
Land Degradation
Land degradation processes severely impact on the stability of the physical environment, agricultural
production systems and people's livelihoods. The effects on the regional environment can run deep in the
longer term. Unfortunately, land degradation has long been neglected and has not been regarded as a
priority for action by the national governments. This is due to a lack of hard evidence on perverse effects of
degradation and insufficient information on the processes and magnitude of the problem, as well as the fact
that it is mostly th epoorest and least voluble people that are affected.
The interdisciplinary nature of land degradation may have contributed to the situation and there is a lack of
adequate data. This has not helped governments to plan projects on the ground. At the basin level, changes
in the hydrological cycle and /or availability of water resources have been linked to land degradation. This
is particularly so in the Senegal river basin. Alhough flow regimes in the basin have been recorded for over
a hundred years, data on land degradation are site specific, collected by national bodies, without any attempt
to collect or analysis this data at the basin level.
By analysing the four intertwin ing processes (deforestation, soil erosion, overgrazing and desertification)
involved in degrading land, a better understanding of the nature and impact of land degradation may be
gained. Desertification is the sum of these processes and a final stage of land degradation.
Deforestation
Deforestation continues in the basin due to increased competition for agricultural land and firewood. This is
especially so in the upper basin highlands in Fouta Djallon and around the Manantali dam. Yet, once soil
fertility decreases on the area being cultivated, the land is abandoned for new more fertile land. However,
this often results in the clearing of marginal land such as river banks and slopes of the basin thereby,
triggering soil erosion. Increasing demand for fuel wood and charcoal, also from the urban areas, is
encouraging uncontrolled logging and the abandonment of degraded areas without any attempt to reforest.
The inadequacy of the forestry policies and services contribute to this problem.
Soil Erosion
Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is extensive rather than intensive and does not maintain soil fertility.
With increased demographic pressures and demands for food the soils are mined for their fertility which is
rapidly lost. Even in irrigated areas, fertility reduction is accompanied by rapid erosion and/or soil
compaction. The land is then abandoned for newly cleared land where the organic matter and mineral
content is still high. This clearing and abandoning cycle leaves vast areas exhausted, denuded and
uncultivated. This situation derives from a lack of water and soil conservation practices, inadequate
agricultural practices such as slash and burn, and from a lack of awareness on land and water interactions.
The importance of controlling erosion in the Senegal river basin is evident from the configuration of rainfall
and runoff coming mainly from the Fouta Djallon highlands. Depletion of resources in the Fouta Dallon
highlands is of major significance not only to the river system and its infrastructure, but also to the water
systems and environment at the regional level.
22
In the floodplain ecosystems, land fertility, productivity and wetland maintenance occurred with the supply
of organic matter from productive land in the upper basin. With the ecological degradation of highland
ecosystems and damming of the river, morphological processes in the floodplains have turned from
accretion and sedimentation to erosion, compaction and salinization. Due to a reduced hydraulic force
induced both naturally and by the dams, sediment deposition is confined to the main river channel.
Overgrazing
Drought, desertification and the need for more agricultural land has gradually pushed livestock into
marginal lands just as the number of cattle is growing. Even in areas that are intended to be used for
grazing, the resources are usually ill-managed. Overgrazing leads to the destruction of topsoil by hydraulic
and aeolian erosion, degradation of vegetative cover which is aggravated by use of tree canopy as fodder,
and growing conflicts between farmers and herders, and among the herders themselves for the control of
these scarce resources. Large areas of the basin have been denuded due to overgrazing, thereby changing
completely the runoff and river regime.
Though large numbers of people within the Senegal basin depend completely upon livestock, and large
areas are therefore being utilized, the riparian governments have not given their full consideration to
formulating policies to better manage livestock. Therefore, the root causes of overgrazing which include
population increase, increasing competition between agriculture and pastoralism, and abandonment of
traditional transhumance practices have not yet found their way into the management of the Senegal river
basin.
Desertification
Desertification is the degradation of drylands which involves the loss of biological productivity and
complexity in croplands, pasture and woodlands, and consequentially a loss in economic productivity. It is
due mainly to climate variability and unsustainable human activities leading to the overexploitation of
natural resources. In the Senegal river basin desertification is mainly occurring in the marginal areas
surrounding the dry ecosystems of Trarza, Ferlo and Yelimané, and is due to rainfall shortages, water
resources depletion, drought, and land and flora destruction. The major impacts of desertification are lower
soil productivity, destruction of vegetative cover, a re-activation of aeolian processes, watershed
degradation and water scarcity, disturbance of fauna and flora and soil resources depletion (salinization,
compaction etc.).
Some of desertification's consequences and impacts are borne by people living outside the area immediately
affected. In the Senegal river basin, away from the immediately affected areas, the main impacts of the land
degradation accompanying desertification are downstream flooding, reduced water quality, sedimentation in
rivers and lakes, and the silting up of reservoirs and navigation channels. In addition, the floodplains
experience dust and pollution, damage to machinery, mental stress and worsening health problems.
There are also social costs aside from the environmental impacts due to decreasing food production leading
to malnutrition and famine, civil unrest and conflicts over access to, and control of, increasingly scarce
resources.
2.2.
Water Resources Management
Paradoxically, as rivers are controlled more and more through barrages and other infrastructure, the riverine
response becomes increasingly unpredictable. The unpredictability produces unfavourable conditions for
23
communities living along a river, the environment and natural resources upon which they rely for their
survival.
Information and data collection
Many of the negative consequences of river manipulation, such as ground and surface water quality
deterioration or depletion, health risks and food production disruption derive from the use of inadequate data
for planning purposes. Where data does exist it is either confined to sub-basins that generally correspond to
national limits, or only a specific aspect of the resource is considered. Rarely do complete historical records
exist from which patterns can be elicited.
Time series data on hydrology in the Senegal river basin does exist for the valley from Bakel to Saint-Louis
in the delta. The data has been used for basin water resources planning and management. However, the
changing patterns of rainfall and its implication on runoff and the governing processes are not yet fully
understood. This problem originates from a lack of data in the catchment areas above Bakel, especially in
the Guinean territory. This is partially due to Guinea's withdrawal from OERS and to its previous
disinterest in collecting data in the Fouta Djallon highlands despite the fact that many rivers of regional
importance originate from this area.
This problem is exacerbated by the weakness of ecological monitoring in almost all of the basin, and
especially in the upper basin. Geomorphologic processes, dynamic ecological phenomena and associated
modification of flow regimes have been totally ignored. Ecological, economic and social water demand is
unknown, as well as water-flows and especially the extreme events such as floods and droughts.
Hydrological instruments, remote sensing, conventional cartography and geographic information systems
(GIS) tools, and adequate ground monitoring of all key elements of the landscape and dynamic processes
would rapidly provide reliable knowledge and appropr iate planning tools for the proper management of the
basin's ecology and resources.
However, collecting new but disparate sets of data is unlikely to resolve the problem. It is important that the
data protocols are agreed based upon which data can be collected, analysed and shared in a harmonized
fashion.
Corrective measures are being taken by OMVS within the Regional Hydropower Project and the related
program, PASIE. A water charter, hydrological studies and an Observatory of the Environment are being
implemented. However, the problem of inadequate data is likely to remain until the upper basin in general,
and Guinea in particular, is adequately instrumented and studied in terms of hydro-ecological conditions and
the effects of production systems on land and water modifications.
Groundwater Resources
Despite the presence of a potentially large groundwater supply, riverine communities throughout the
Senegal river basin remain dependent economically and socially upon the river's floods. Though the
Maastrichtien and other Cretaceous sub-surface water bodies have started to be studied, the process is
unsustainable. Groundwater monitoring in the valley has long been abandoned despite possible benefits
from its use, and this should be rectified.
From the limited data that is available on water quantity and quality, negative changes such as salinization
and lowering of the water table have been detected over the past decades. This is mostly attributed to a lack
of groundwater recharge due to the reduction of flood areas. Underground and surface exchanges and
lateral sub-surface interflows are found between the river, floodplains and deep aquifers.
24
Water Availability and Energy needs
It was acknowledged during the Manantali dam's planning and management for power generation that there
is insufficient water to meet the energy needs of the member states without placing major economic,
environmental and social burdens upon the communities and national economies. Recent studies of water
availability have demonstrated that it will be necessary to reconcile all the potential uses and make a
political choice as to how to utilize the resource This includes reducing the forecasted yield of hydropower
despite the present and acute energy crisis which results in frequent power failures, the unsatisfied energy
demand in all the countries, and low connectivity in the rural areas.
This situation arises from inadequate energy policies, hydrodam planning and interconnection at a regional
level, and a lack of financia l resources to conduct hydrodam studies, planning and construction. Though
Guinea has a large potential, it is limited in its capacity to exploit the opportunity because of a deficient
energy transport and marketing system that would allow it to sell electricity to other countries where
demand is very high. Therefore, the upper basin, despite its potential for hydropower highly dependent
upon traditional energy sources such as kerosene, fuelwood and gas.
Water Quality
Water quality degradation can result from eutrophication processes due to reduced velocity and oxygenation
present in bodies of stagnate or slow moving water reservoirs produced by damming and diking water
bodies. Chemical and biological contamination through discharges of wastewater and agricultural water
pesticide loaded can also degrade water quality. In Guinea, small-scale mining is a particular threat to water
quality.
Water quality problems are due entirely to either a lack, or weak implementation, of water standards and
regulation, the absence of treatment facilities, and a low environmental awareness and value for
environmental protection. Water pollution occurs from point sources such as cities and irrigated areas, and
non-point sources such as the Fouta Djallon highlands and delta. The impacts of pollution are a seasonal
shortage of drinking water, waterweed infestation, a year-round increase of diarrhoeal diseases, and a
serious threat to plant and animal ecology, and human health.
Food Security and Nutrition
Whether traditional cropping practices are better than irrigation has been debated since the dams of the
Senegal river basin were first planned. Though there is insufficient data to conclude this debate, it is worth
remembering that river basin management has an impact at the local level on people's livelihoods. What
remains clear is that agricultural productivity has decreased with increasing land degradation. Any links to
the development of the dams has not yet been elicited.
In the Fouta Djallon mountains and along the river, there appear to be two main problems: food diversity
has decreased because of irrigation without substantially increasing production, and overall food production
has decreased due to land degradation. Nutrition amongst the deltaic population has improved since the
floods were artificially restored when compared to the dry years before the dam was built. The increased
flooded areas and cropping patterns are likely to have been factors in this, due to the production of
traditional staple crops and the availability of meat and dairy products.
Environmental Health
There is increased concern over issues of health, nutrition and sanitation. Poor water management results in
pollution of sources and public health risks. Poor water management refers to inappropriate planning of the
25
water regime, a lack of secure water supply systems, and inadequate management of floods. The direct
consequences of inadequate management include flooding and changes in the abundance and distribution of
disease vectors. The indirect consequences of poor management can include malnutrition, contaminated
drinking water, injury, stress, communal violence and a loss of well-being.
Communicable diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) remain cons iderable
problems and are strongly associated with a lack of infrastructure and poverty. Any immunity that a
community develops to infection can be by malnutrition. These diseases and other health impacts can be
avoided by improved planning and communication between the principal proponents and the health sector.
Any water management plans that ignore the issue of health may be simply transferring hidden costs to the
health sector, which is often already under-funded and stretched to capacity. This can lead to economic
consequences such as lost productivity.
Malaria is the most important vector-borne disease and is likely to find increasing areas of favourable
conditions with the decisions made regarding flood management in most hot climates. Bilharzia or
schistosomiasis which comes second is found on many floodplains, and transmission depends on contact
with water through fishing, bathing, farming, and washing. This is a chronic disease with relatively little
apparent morbidity for many years, though with possibly high morbidity rates in later life. Two other
mosquito-borne arboviruses are also important - rift valley fever and Japanese encephalitis. River blindness
or onchocerciasis still occurs in a few areas such as those with rapid stream flows above the floodplain.
The construction of the dams changed the Senegal basin's floodplain ecology from a salty and brackish
aquatic environment with marked seasonal changes, to a low flow perennial freshwater ecology. Apart from
urinary bilharzia which was and is endemic in the whole basin, other water-borne diseases where not as
common. Seasonal fluctuations in water level and water quality prevented any particular species from
dominating. Malaria was then cyclical, arriving with the rains and disappearing in the dry season, with an
endemicity which mirrored the rainfall. Incidences of malaria varied across the basin, it was low in the delta,
medium in the middle valley and high in the upper valley. Onchocerciasis was an important public health
concern for riverine communities while tripanosomiasis, skin leishmania and Guinea worm cases were rare.
2.3.
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity Degradation
Fauna and flora diversity has decreased because of drought and impacts from development of dams and
irrigation. Riverine forests that constituted habitats for fauna have been cleared in many parts of the basin
for irrigation and fuelwood. In some parts species have disappeared because unsuitable modification of
flow regimes or improved accessibilit y of the highlands with roads to and around the Manantali dam has led
to increased hunting in those areas. While protection remains insufficient in most of the basin, the loss of
rare species justifies the creation of protected areas around the Manantali reservoir in the upper basin, and
the Djoudj and Diawling in delta. The evolution of fish diversity is less evident though studies have shown
that there is a loss of some species, though other species are simultaneously being found.
Wetland Degradation
Due to the construction of the dams and irrigation infrastructure and drought, the wetlands have diminished.
The conversion to agricultural land, deforestation and overexploitation of water resources have dried out
some wetlands in the basin. The principal culprit seems to be a lack of awareness of the role a wetland
plays in the ecosystem and, therefore, its value to the ecological and economic processes depending upon it.
Throughout the basin, poverty continues to put pressure on natural resources, especially on wetland products
26
due to a shortage of land, water and wood. Visible deterioration is occurring in confined ecosystems such as
the Magui and Lere ponds, cuvettes around Kayes, deltaic and lacustrine environments in the lower valley
and delta (Lake de Guiers and Rkiz and floodplain cuvettes).
3.
Opportunities and an Agenda for Action
A thorough knowledge of the riverine ecosystem, productivity and actual efforts for poverty alleviation
would greatly ease pressure on natural resources, and stimulate sustainable development. For this to
happen, capacity building is necessary, as is the development of institutional framework for regional
cooperation because of the transboundary nature of the key environmental and resources issues in the basin.
National priorities reflect the general concern to account for the needs of local communities in natural
resources utilization. There is a substantive interest in promoting sustainable development at the basin level
based on:
Ø Integrated hydro-ecology and natural resources management which would include mapping and
collecting data on natural resources (land, water and forests), groundwater monitoring and
modelling the interaction between ground and surface water, and flow forecasting;
Ø Community-based integrated rural development schemes including land and water management,
health and nutrition improvement and ecological maintenance of natural vegetation; and
Ø Wetland restoration and biological resources conservation by studying the feasibility of
transboundary nature reserves and wildlife management, aquatic weeds control programmes and
ecological rehabilitation of wetlands for fishery development.
These concerns reflect the view that environmental management is the key to maintaining political and
economic equilibrium in the Senegal river basin. The natural phenomena of drought and desertification, in
addition to the decades of infrastructure development have left unresolved the major challenges of providing
economic benefits to the riparian countries and improving livelihoods in the basin. Based upon key
environmental threats and resource use, activities can be initiated in four majors fields:
Ø Regional cooperation on water resources and environmental management to build capacity at the
regional and national level to manage their shared natural resources, promote a participatory
approach based on the identification of priority actions and their implementation, and initiate
coordination and reconciliation of resource use and opportunities for economic and environmental
cooperation;
Ø Conduct studies and data collection on hydrological and sediment regimes including rainfall/runoff
and sediment transfer monitoring, water quality monitoring and groundwater modeling, initiating
erosion control and soil investigation measures;
Ø Develop land and water management projects by investigating opportunities for developing small
hydrodams and smallscale irrigation, extend erosion control and land resources conservation,
promote integrated agro-ecological and sustainable agricultural schemes; and
Ø Wildlife and biodiversity conservation projects through ecosystems and habitats inventory,
hydroecological restoration of floodplains and low flow waters, constitution of natural reserve for
large mammals in highland ecosystems and control of waterweeds and disease vector habitats.
27
ANNEX 10
TRANSBOUNDARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
Issues
Symptoms/Impacts Immediate Causes
Root Causes
Extent
Severity
Land degradation
·
Decreasing of
·
Increased
·
Poverty stricken
Basin-wide
Very High
vegetation/loss of
competition on
population with an
Critical areas: Fouta
savanna and forest
arable land leading
obvious lack of food Djallon;
cover;
to the extension of
security
Manantali areas;
·
Energy crisis
bushfire methods
·
High charcoal and
Senegal Valley
associated with
and savanna clearing
fuelwood prices due
competition for
for agriculture;
to increasing
fuelwood and
·
Uncontrolled
demand from urban
charcoal;
logging for charcoal
areas;
·
Large-scale habitat
and fuel wood
·
Absence of sound
Deforestation
destruction and loss
production which
policy for
of wildlife,
remains the main
re/afforestation
progressive
energy source;
degradation of
·
Non-planting or
national parks and
replanting of
protected areas
degraded areas
·
Loss of soil of
·
Inappropriate
·
Increased
Basin-wide
Very high
fertility leading to
agricultural practices
population with
Critical areas:
extended cultivated
and increased
urgent economic
Fouta Djallon,
areas;
pressure on fragile
needs;
Upper basin and
·
Loss of habitats and
areas;
·
Topography and
Middle valley
biodiversity;
·
Lack of soil and
geology not suited
·
Degradation of river
water conservation
to current
banks with water
practices;
agricultural
Soil Erosion
surface siltation
·
Neglect of soil
practices;
leading to increased
restoration and
·
Lack of awareness
water quality
protection;
of land/water
concerns
·
Bush fire and slash
interaction
& burn practices
·
Appearance & large
·
Inappropriate control ·
High livestock
Regional
Very High
scale spread of
and management of
density;
"bowe" in
land pasture;
·
Non integration of
Critical areas:
mountainous areas;
·
Increase of erosion
farming and pastoral Fouta Djallon;
Magui pond and
·
High degradation of
and top soil losses
practices;
vegetative cover;
resulting from
·
Inefficient /
Bafoulabe areas in
·
Reduced grazing
overexploitation of
inappropriate
Mali;
natural resources;
Senegal valley
Overgrazing
areas and increased
policies on
conflicts over
·
Property damage of
transhumance
around the sylvo-
shared natural
farming exploitation
practices
pastoral zone and
resources
Trarza region
·
Destruction of
·
Rainfall shortages
·
Growing trend of
Localized:
Moderate
vegetation; increase
associated with
climatic variability;
Mainly in the
to severe
of dune formation &
water resource
·
Overexploitation of
northern part of the
mobility;
depletion ;
natural resources;
basin.
·
Watershed
·
Increase of drought
·
Land tenure issues;
Critical areas:
degradation and
periods;
·
Lack of
North eastern part of
increase of water
·
Inappropriate land
investments;
Yelimane area,
scarcity;
and flora protection;
eastern part of
·
Disappearance of
Trarza, surrounding
Desertification
fauna and flora;
part of the Ferlo.
·
Soil salinization due
to dry conditions;
Issues
Symptoms/Impacts Immediate Causes
Root Causes
Extent
Severity
Water Resources Management
·
Groundwater
·
Reduction of flooded
·
Insufficient water
Localized
Moderate
depletion due lack
areas for aquifer
release from
of recharge;
recharge;
storage facilities;
Critical areas:
Severe in
·
Inadequate supply
·
Insufficient aquifer
·
Overpumping of
Fouta Djallon,
certain
for rural population
reserve to provide
groundwater
Brakna region;
locations
Ferlo and delta areas
enough water quantity;
aquifers;
·
Emerging water quality
·
Inadequate
issues including salt
knowledge on
intrusion
groundwater
reserve
Groundwater Use
·
Unreliable water
·
Lack of water
·
Sectoral
Basin-wide
Very high
resource data and
availability and demand
management of
Critical areas:
to high
information;
data;
data and
Bafing basin in
·
Absence of basin
·
Lack of upstream
information
Guinea;
wide data
upstream water flow
gathering;
Basin wide for
collection network;
information;
·
Lack of financial
environmental data
·
Lack of
·
Absence of basin-wide
means for
and information
cooperation for
forecasting system for
sustainable data
basin wide
of extreme weather
and information
information
events (flood or
collection;
sharing;
drought);
·
Lack of attention
·
Absence of basin-
·
No harmonization of
on the centrality
wide data
software and GIS for
of data and
collection
data and information
information
parameters;
collection &
sharing
·
management;
Information and Data Collection
Absence of reliable
measuring stations
·
Outdated and out of
repair gauging stations
·
Degradation of
·
Uncontrolled effluents,
·
Non existence of
Basin-wide
Severe
water quality
discharge of untreated
harmonized water Critical areas:
making water
water from urban areas,
quality standards,
·
Point source
unsuitable for
industrial water release
laws and
pollution
domestic,
and non-point sources
regulation;
localized
industrial,
from agricultural sector; ·
Lack of funding
around urban
agricultural uses;
·
Degradation of
and appropriate
center such as
·
Pollution of
vegetative cover;
policy on
Kayes, Matam,
groundwater and
especially Gonaike
operation and
Podor, Dagana
water storage
forest and wetlands
maintenance for
Rosso and St-
resulting in
which could act as
treatment
Louis;
contamination of
filters;
facilities;
·
Non point
drinking water;
·
Inadequate response
·
No operational
sources:
·
Adverse impact on
mechanisms
laboratories for
regional
water dependent
water source
problem
Water Quality
flora and fauna;
pollution control;
causing water
·
Nutrients and
·
Low
weed
pesticides
environmental
infestation
discharges leading
awareness and
(largely Typha
to increase
sense of value of
and Salvina on
eutrophication;
environmental
all water
·
Decrease in
protection
surface areas in
environmental
the middle
quality and water
valley and the
weeds infestation
delta region)
29
Issues
Symptoms/Impacts Immediate Causes
Root Causes
Extent
Severity
·
Absence of
·
Energy shortages
·
Absence basin-
Basin-wide
Severe
alternative energy
mainly firewood &
wide energy
Critical areas:
sources;
electricity;
planning forum to Bafing basin in
·
Electricity crisis
·
Low electrification rates
optimize energy
Guinea; upper basin
and low connection
of rural areas;
production and
in Mali and Guinea
rate within
·
Economy slow down
use
countries;
due to lack of energy
·
Lack of financial
·
Persistence of
supply;
and human
energy outages and
·
High prices applied for
resources to
Energy Needs
related
electricity connection;
explore
inconvenience for
alternative energy
the economies
options and
multipurpose
developments
·
Low food
·
Inadequate extension &
·
Huge constraint
Basin-wide
Severe
production and
technical inputs in
on the acquisition
Critical areas:
occurrence of
irrigation sector;
of modern
Upper basin and
famine;
·
Undiversified crop
technology and
middle valley
·
Inefficient
production;
extension
irrigation practices
·
Limited understanding
services;
with predominance
of macro-economic
·
Lack of capacity
of rice;
policies and their
and financial
·
Limited capabilities
impact on incentive
resources to
in comparison with
structures in agriculture
develop
the international
sector
performing
market
agriculture;
Food Security
·
Lack of policy
reform based on
analysis of
macro-linkages to
low agricultural
outputs
production
30
Issues
Symptoms/Impacts Immediate Causes
Root Causes
Extent
Severity
·
Pollution of
·
Lack of water supply
·
Lack of
Basin-wide -
Very high
drinking water
systems and reliable
environmental
localized
to high
sources, spread of
drinking water sources;
regulations and
infectious diseases
·
Insufficient facility
laws;
Critical areas:
(diarrhea, bilharzia,
maintenance; lack of
·
Urban population
Senegal valley
cholera, malaria
urban storm-water
growth and
Upper basin
and Guinea worm);
sewers and solid waste
absence of
·
Risk to public due
disposal;
sanitation
to poor sanitation
·
Annual high water
facilities;
conditions
volume in the river
·
High capital costs
especially in urban
causing increased
for investment,
areas during the
breeding ground for
operation and
rainy season;
waterborne viruses in
maintenance for
·
Increase of
irrigation canals and
irrigation
malnutrition among
waterweeds infested
schemes;
small children and
areas;
·
Lack of
the elderly;
awareness and
increased absence
connection
Waterborne Disease
from work due to
between stagnant
sickness
water, sanitation,
safe drinking
water and
waterborne
diseases;
·
Poverty and poor
health condition
of large parts of
the basin
·
Siltation and
·
Continuous degradation
·
Population
Basin-wide -
Very high
reduced
of fragile and
pressure in the
localized
to moderate
effectiveness of
mountainous areas
upper watershed
Critical areas:
flood plains, ponds,
upstream of the basin;
and absence of
·
Tributaries of
and irrigation
·
Poor land use practices
non-wood based
the Bafing
canals;
and overuse of forest
energy sources;
river in the
·
Reduction of
and vegetative cover;
·
Inappropriate
Fouta Djallon;
wetlands areas and
·
land and livestock ·
Tributaries of
Watershed degradation
decrease of
due to population
management;
the Bakoye in
beneficial functions
pressures, wood energy
·
Absence of basin
the Manding
and uses;
demands and
wide soil
plateau;
Siltation
·
Heavy silt load in
agricultural expansion
conservation and
·
The Baoule
water bed leading
protection
sub-basin;
to formation of
practices;
·
The
sand bars (marmite
·
Lack of
Kolombine,
de geants) and river
awareness of link
Karakoro and
bank erosion
between land
Gordol sub-
based activities
basins;
and water
·
The Ferlo
pollution
valley
31
Issues
Symptoms/Impacts Immediate Causes
Root Causes
Extent
Severity
Biodiversity conservation
·
Increase of
·
Disappearance of
·
Land use planning
Basinwide
High to
endangered species;
unique habitats and
not enforced or
localized
moderate
·
Decrease in
ecosystems;
absent;
Critical areas;
fisheries
·
Increase of poaching
·
Lack of appropriate
Diawling and
productions;
in protected areas;
policy and
Djoudji National
·
Decline in species
·
Construction ;
legislation for
Parks;
diversity;
·
Absence of nursery
species protection;
Bafing / Faleme
protected areas;
·
Decrease in
grounds and way of
·
Lack of awareness
numbers of large
passage for fisheries
on biodiversity
Baoule / Keniebako
mammals with
at small dams;
concerns and benefit game reserve
negative impact on
·
Lack of alternative
from conservation;
tourism;
income sources
·
High reliance on
·
Decrease in forest
especially in
primary natural
cover
resettlement areas;
resources and
·
Introduction of
income from
exotic species
agriculture;
·
Increased
population pressure
on natural resources
coupled with
Fauna, Flora and Fisheries Degradation
climate change
trend
·
Decrease and
·
Progressive intrusion ·
Lack wetlands
Basin-wide -
Very high
degradation of
into wetlands for
protection and
localized:
to high
wetland areas
agricultural purpose;
management
Threatened
(siltation, flood
·
Deforestation,
regulation;
wetlands:
damage, low water
·
·
Magui and
erosion, siltation;
Lack of awareness
flows water weeds
·
Overuse of natural
on wetlands
Lere ponds;
infestation,
resources (over-
functions, value and
·
Kayes regions
agriculture
fishing, hunting,
cultural functions;
(basfonds)
extension);
overgrazing, farming
·
Poverty and
·
Ndiael cuvette;
·
Decrease in benefits
practices)
population pressure; ·
Guiers and
from functioning
shortages of water
Rkiz lakes;
wetlands (less
and land
·
Senegal valley
groundwater
floodplain
recharge,
Wetland Degradation
destruction of
habitats and loss of
biodiversity,
reduction of flood
plain area; reduction
in pasture grass
(bourgou)
32
ANNEX 11
ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITY ACTION BY COUNTRY
Republic of Guinea
Environmental
Priority Action
Spatial
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Land Degradation
Deforestation
· Promote and enhance reforestation in
National
· Environmental and
Very high
mountainous areas;
water resource
· Pro mote and control overgrazing in
management plans;
slope areas;
· Transboundary joint
· Develop and promote alternative
management;
energy source;
· Bush fire
· Promote public awareness on
management
environmental degradation and related
· Awareness &
impacts;
education campaign
· Promote land reforms program;
· Review of current
land tenure system &
recommend reforms
through broad
participation;
Erosion
· Promote watershed management based National
· Land management
Very High
on holistic approach and sound
program;
consultation between stakeholders
· Capacity building;
· Education program;
Mining
· Monitor on-going activities and assess Regional
· Environmental policy Moderate
negative environmental impacts;
and regulation
Water Resources Management
Information and
· Improve knowledge base on water
National
· Rehabilitation/
Very High
data collection
availability (inventory: water demand,
Regional
installation of key
data base & groundwater monitoring);
hydrometric stations;
· Updating basin master plan (1960s);
· Diagnostic study of
basin;
· Comprehensive water
policy and enhanced
legislation;
· Capacity building
Energy needs
· Promote alternatives to wood as energy National
· Sustainable energy
High
source
Regional
options, including
· Develop forest management program;
small scale hydro
· Promote small sustainable
· Reforestation and
hydro electric power generation;
land management
programs.
· Feasibility studies on
identified small
hydro sites ;
Groundwater use
· Promote sustainable groundwater uses National
· Groundwater aquifer
High
Regional
studies
· Water supply
development
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity
· Species and habitat inventory;
Regional
· Capacity building for Very High
conservation
· Habitat mapping
biodiversity
· Improve knowledge on endangered
management;
ecosystems and species;
· Management plans
· Integration of biodiversity
for protected areas;
management concerns in land use
planning
Community based
· Promotion of sustainable community
Regional
· Cooperation with
High
biodiversity
based biodiversity conservation
Local
community groups
conservation
· Rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems
for conservation;
;
· Reforms to ensure
· Enhance public participation in
community captures
biodiversity conservation;
part of conservation
· Inventory of and application of
revenue;
customary practices for biodiversity
· Locally defined
conservation and sustainable resources
biodiversity
uses;
management plans;
Biodiversity
· Promote biodiversity monitoring
National
· Capacity building at
Very High
management a nd
program;
Regional
local, regional and
monitoring system
· Create national forum for information
national levels
sharing
· Awareness &
outreach: information
sharing;
· Strengthening
Ministry of
Environment for
biodiversity
monitoring
Institutions, Policy and Capacity Building
Institutional
· Enhance the capacity of institutions
Regional
· Capacity building;
Very High
capacity building
involved with environmental
National
· Institutional reforms;
management;
· Promote cooperation among national
institutions for eff icient use of existing
capacity
Legislative
· Promote flexible land tenure reforms;
· Land tenure
High
reforms
legislation
34
Republic of Mali
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Land Degradation
Deforestation
· Promote reforestation in fragile and
Local
· Environment and
Very High
marginal areas;
National
water resource
· Promote alternative energy sources;
Regional
management plans;
· Promote alternative grazing source;
· Enforce legislation
on natural resources
uses
Soil erosion and
· Develop river bank management plans; National
· Technical
Very High
Siltation
Local
improvement of land
Regional
use;
· Land tenure and
water legislation
Overgrazing
· Develop sound policy and
National
· Transboundary
Very High
management of transhumance
Regional
livestock
management plan;
Desertification
· Promote sound policy for
National
· Land use;
High
desertification control and land
Regional
· Awareness campaign
conservation through the CCD
· Bush fire
convention
management plan
Water Resources Management
Illegal water
· Develop a sound water resource
Local
· Capacity building
Very High
withdrawals
management policy
Regional
· Water legislation;
Water allocation
· Promote comprehensive water
Local
· Water demand
Very
allocation among sector;
National
studies;
High
· Water allocation and
management plan
Floods and
· Develop comprehensive disaster
Regional
· Water release
high
droughts
management plan;
Local
forecasting model;
· Improve water release information
National
· Flood early warning
between Manantali and downstream;
system;
· Drought monitoring;
· Capacity building;
· Communication
Food security
· Promote replication of village level
Local
· Rehabilitation of
Very high
small irrigation schemes
Regional
small PIV;
· Technical
improvement;
· Dissemination of best
practices;
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity and
· Biodiversity management and capacity Local
· Capacity building;
High
habitat losses
building;
National
&awareness
· Protected areas management plans and
· PA mangmnt. plans;
implementation
· Strengthened
· Enforcement of existing policies;
enforcement
· Physical delineation of protected areas
capacity;
· Survey for
delineation of park
boundaries;
35
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Wetlands
· Establish wetland development and
Local
· Conservation
Very High
degradation
conservation policies;
National
measures;
Regional
· Enforcement of
policies;
· Public awareness;
Climate changes
Climatic
· Improve collection of rainfall data to
Regional
· Improve knowledge
Very High
variability and
improve forecast abilities;
National
and information;
trend of decreasing ·
Long term forecasting and data
· Enhanced modeling
rainfall
exchange;
capacity
· Cooperation between
countries
Institutions, Policy and Capacity Building
Stakeholder
· Enhance coordination/information
Regional
· Coord. mechanism;
Very high
participation
sharing among stakeholders;
National
· Awareness, education
Unplanned / badly ·
Undertake curative measures to reverse Local
· Emergency plan and
High
planned settlement
and rehabilitate degraded areas;
Regional
support;
· Provide support to areas to prevent
· Sustainable
wide spread degradation;
development;
· Migration management.
· Local consultation
and participation
Republic of Mauritania
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Land Degradation
Soil salinization
· Appropriate policy and regulation on
Local
· Technical
Very High
irrigation water use;
Regional
improvement of
· Adequate planning on drainage;
irrigation practices;
· Capacity building;
Overgrazing
· Enforcement of legislation on
Local
· Integration of
Very high
transhumance;
Regional
livestock
· Promote transboundary convention on
management and
transhumance issue
irrigation program;
· Land tenure policy and reforms
Deforestation
· Promote reforestation of Gonakie
Local
· Promote sound
Very High
areas;
Regional
education and
· Promote alternative energy sources
awareness on forest
degradation;
Desertification
· Implementation of National Action
Local
· Land management ;
Very High
Plan prepared under CCD;
· Awareness and
· Promote adequate land management;
education;
Water Resources Management
Groundwater
· Promote water planning and
Local
· Technical studies;
High
depletion
management policy;
· Awareness and
· Develop appropriate water allocation
education;
model for groundwater recharge;
Waterborne
· Promote and apply policies to stop
Local
· Medicine
Very High
diseases
spread of waterborne diseases
dissemination
program
· Awareness, education
Pollution increase
· Enforce legislation on pesticide use;
Local
· Environment policy
High
· Control effluent, sewage and fertilizer
and regulation;
uses;
· Create awareness
among farmers
Water weeds
· Develop adequate measures against
Local
· Management plan;
Very high
infestation
water weed infestation;
Regional
· Capacity building
· Intensify research and possible use of
removed water weeds;
Food security
· Promote replication of village level
National
· Rehabilitation of
Very high
small irrigation schemes (VSIP)
Regional
VSIP;
· Technical
improvement;
· Dissemination of best
practice
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity and
· Biodiversity management and capacity National
· Capacity building;
High
habitat losses,
building;
Regional
&awareness
including fisheries · Protected areas management plans and
· PA mangmnt. p lans;
degradation
implementation
· Strengthened
· Enforcement of existing policies;
enforcement
· Physical delineation of protected areas
capacity;
· Development of reliable model for
· Survey for
water flow release;
delineation of park
· Fisheries management
boundaries;
· Enforce appropriate regulations on
· Creation of protected
fauna and flora protection;
areas
37
Environmental
Priority Action
Spatial
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Institutions, Policy and Capacity Building
Legislative
· Promote flexible land tenure reforms
National
· Land tenure and
High
reforms
and water resources management
water legislation;
legislation;
· Capacity building
· Awareness and
education
38
Republic of Senegal
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Land Degradation
Soil erosion and
· Establish sound policy for land use
National
· Technical
Very
loss of soil fertility
agriculture practices;
Regional
impro vements in soil
High
· Promote program for soil conservation
use practices;
and restoration;
· Management
· Promote anti-erosion measures;
information;
· Capacity building ;
Deforestation
· Promote restoration of Gonakie forest; Regional
· Develop
Very High
· Encourage creation of protected areas
Local
transboundary action
& forest reserves;
for Gonakie forest
· Manage natural forest;
restoration and
management;
· Enforce legislation
and raise awareness
Transhumance and ·
Develop adequate regulation on
National
· Integrate livestock
High
overgrazing
livestock management;
Regional
and irrigation
· Enhanced community based
program;
management of pasture on floodplains;
· Integrate livestock management with
irrigation program;
Desertification
· Promote sound policy for
National
· Land use planning;
High
desertification control and land
Regional
· Sand dune fixation;
conservation through the CCD
· Reflooding of flood-
convention;
plains;
· Implementation of National Action
· Awareness;
Plan prepared under CCD;
· Promote adequate land management
Water Resources Management
Prevalence of
· Promote program against waterborne
National
· Education &
Very High
waterborne
spread of disease;
Regional
awareness on
diseases
· Create awareness on waterborne
water/sanitation;
sources;
· Medicine
dissemination;
Water weeds
· Develop adequate measures against
Local
· Technical studies
Very High
infestation
water weed infestation;
Regional
· Management plan
· Intensify research and possible use of
· Capacity building;
removed water weeds;
· Floodplains management;
Water resources
· Improve water release information
Local
· Water release
Very
variability
between Manantali and downstream;
Regional
forecasting model;
High
· Strengthen early warning system on
· Flood early warning
drought and floods;
system;
· Develop relevant data base;
· Drought monitoring;
· Increase communication between
· Capacity building;
stakeholders on water precipitation and
· communication
releases;
· Water release
· Manage low flows and levels ;
management plan;
Food Security
· Promote replication of village level
Local
· Rehabilitation of
Very high
small irrigation schemes;
Regional
small VSIP;
· Stakeholders participation in
· Technical
management schemes;
improvement;
· Dissemination of best
practices;
39
Environmental
Spatial
Priority Action
Type of Action
Urgency
issues
Scale
Biodiversity
Threat to Fauna
· Enforce appropriate regulation on
National
· Enforce legislation
and fisheries
fauna and flora protection;
Regional
(licenses);
High
· Develop management plan;
· Protection areas
· Reduce fishing pressure
policy;
· Protect and
rehabilitate spawning
and nursery grounds
· Education,
Awareness
Wetlands
· Develop environmental management
National
· Enforce legislation
Very
degradation
policy;
Regional
on wetlands uses;
high
· Monitor environmental conditions;
· Awareness creation
· Provide water to wetlands ;
Institutions, Policy and Capacity Building
Community based
· Initiate poverty alleviation program
National
· Feasibility studies;
Very High
development
Regional
· Capacity building
· Technical
development
Strengthen EIA
· Institutional setting and reforms
National
· Capacity building
Very High
Regional
· Technical
development
40
ANNEX 12
PASEI A SUMMARY OF THE PROGRAM
Plan d'Attenuation et de Suivi des Impacts sur l'Environnement (PASIE)
1. Background on PASIE:
Objective. The PASIE forms a component of the Regional Hydropower Development Project which is
nearing comp letion in the Senegal river basin. The primary objective of the PASIE is to monitor and
mitigate the environmental impacts of the Power project, including monitoring of its operation.
The objectives of the Hydropower project are to: (i) reduce the long-term cost of electricity supply to the
3 countries; (ii) contribute to meeting debt service associated with the building of the Manantali dam; (iii)
contribute to increasing the efficiency and reliability of power systems; (iv) establish an effective
organization to construct and operate the project facilities and to mitigate environment and health impacts
of the projects and the Manantali dam; (v) promote competitive private sector participation; and (vi)
support the traditional agricultural sector downstream through the rational management of the Manantali
reservoir.
The Regional Hydropower Development Project is executed by SOGEM, except for the PASIE which is
being executed by OMVS.
Financing and donors.
The total financing overview of the PASIE is reflected in the table below (US $ thousands).
Program
Total
High
States
IDA
France
CIDA
FAD
Comsn
Construction
200
200
oversight
Acquisition of
right of way for
4,355
2,895
1,460
transmission
lines
Reservoir
management
3,325
475
1,200
900
750
program
Environmental
2,475
1,825
0
650
health
Coordination &
4,060
350
1,560
1,200
100
850
monitoring
Related
measures
(rural
electrification,
2,700
2,100
0
600
income
generation, etc.)
Total
17,110
350
2,890
5,960
2,400
2,660
2,850
Program period, The PASIE started officially in 1998. The program was scheduled for completion at
the end of 2001, however, due to start up delays, it should now be completed in 2002.
2. Mainstreaming environmental concerns in OMVS
During the past 10 years or so, OMVS and its donors have increasingly recognized the importance of the
environmental impacts and linkages. The PASIE was the first real expression of this and it has set in
place an important, but limited, set of measures which addresses environmental and social impacts of the
dams. Moreover, in recognition of the fact that a long term environmental monitoring mechanism is
needed to ensure improved management, the PASIE also supports the establishment of l'Observatoire,
which is supporting OMVS in building capacities and a knowledge base for environmental management
of the river.
As the PASIE is now coming to a close, there is in both OMVS and among its member states and
donors, a clear desire to broaden the scope of the environmental management activities in the basin.
Specifically, it is considered essential to ensure the inclusion of Guinea in the basin cooperation, as well
as to complete the participatory process which will lead to the establishment of agreed regional priorities,
as reflected in a transboundary diagnostic analysis and a Plan of Action which can guide the further
sound development and management of the river basin.
3. Targeted Environme ntal objectives of the PASIE
The PASIE represents a significant step by the OMVS to mainstream environmental concerns within the
OMVS management. While the PASIE is limited in its environmental management objectives, it does
provide an important basis for improved environmental management of the river.
The specific components which directly address environmental objectives are summarized below:
Program A: Mitigation Of Hydropower Project Impacts
Guidelines for environmental protection.
Program B: Acquisition Of Right-Of-Way For Transmission Lines
Procedures for acquisition and use of lands.
Program C: Optimization Of Reservoir Management
Prepare Reservoir Management Manual and develop and apply a Water Charter.
Identification of negative impacts on ecosystems around the reservoir and downstream of the Manantali
dam
Program D: Environmental Health
Implement an action plan to considerably reduce in the medium term the prevalence of bilharzia, malaria
and other water borne diseases..
Program E: Co mplementary Measures
(i) the promotion of rural electrification; (ii) micro-projects to generate revenues and reduce poverty; and
(iii) the promotion of the development of next-generation hydro power sites (at the Felou and Gouina
falls on the Senegal River).
Program F: Coordination And Monitoring
Environmental management and monitoring actions and the Coordination mechanisms necessary for the
effective implementation of PASIE. (l'Observatoire).
42
4. Outline of PASIE components.
Program A: Mitigation of Hydropower Project Impacts. Program A concerns the development of
directives and their application by the relevant parties in the areas of: (i) locating the power transmission
lines with a view to minimizing the negative impacts; (ii) environmental protection and mitigation
measures to be applied during construction; (iii) environmental monitoring of construction works; and
(iv) continued environmental protection and monitoring to be practiced in the operation of Manantali
Dam.
Program B: Acquisition of Right-of-Way for Transmission Lines. Program B defines (i) the
procedures for obtaining the rights required to construct transmission lines and substations on land
belonging or assigned to individuals, and (ii) the conditions governing the use while executing the works
of land occupied or used by individuals. The program also defines the principles and modalities for the
installation of power lines on land belonging to or being administered by the State.
Program C: Optimization of Reservoir Management. Program C aims to study and thoroughly
understand the relevant hydrologic phenomena and their interaction with other natural resources in order
to maximize the water's uses and benefits and to develop a corresponding Reservoir Management
Manual. The resulting flow regulation is expected: (i) to correct in part the negative effects that came
about with the completion of Diama and Manantali Dam; (ii) to result in an equitable allocation of water
to its various uses; and (iii) to mitigate the negative impacts on the population's health and on the
environment. The following activities are underway/being finalized:
· Reservoir Management Manual (essentially a computer model producing operating instructions
as a function of observed hydrologic conditions and agreed-upon flow objectives).
· Study on the Senegal River's fisheries resources and their dependence on the flood regime.
· Study on the influence of the flood on pasture, flood recession agriculture and the replenishment
of aquifers.
· Cost/benefit study of dam operating scenarios
· Development of a Water Charter defining the principles and modalities of sharing the available
water among the riparian countries and among the different water uses.
Program D: Environmental Health. Program D will produce and implement an action plan to reduce
the prevalence of bilharzia, malaria and other water related diseases. This component also addresses
study and experimentation of fluctuations of the water level in the Manantali and Diama reservoirs to
combat water-borne diseases.
Program E: Complementary Measures. Program E includes the following activities:
· Promotion of rural electrification;
· Micro-projects targeting women with the objectives to generate revenues and reduce poverty;
· The promotion of the development of next-generation hydro power sites (at the Felou and Gouina
falls on the Senegal River).
Program F: Coordination and Monitoring. Program F concerns a set of environmental management
and monitoring actions and the coordination mechanisms necessary for the effective implementation of
PASIE. The environmental management and monitoring actions include the following:
(i)
The establishment of a data base in the framework of an Observatoire de l'Environnement
(ii)
The reinforcement of the Manantali Limnology Unit
(iii)
The establishment of a general environmental action plan and a Code de l'Environnement
applicable to the part of the Senegal River basin occupied by the OMVS member countries
(iv)
The establishment of institutional and communication framework to facilitate
implementation of activities.
43
5. PASIE achievements
· Since the funding of the PASIE was received, somewhat later than originally anticipated, good
progress has been made. The latest progress report shows that the first component related to
construction has been completed and the second component relating to the rights of way is
nearing completion. The power connection to Bamako has been completed and that to Senegal
and Mauritania is underway.
· There is good progress on the environment related components, the Observatoire is established,
the studies have been done for the cost benefit study and the reservoir management scheme and a
draft Water Charter has been prepared. Further work on these will be required however and
difficult decisions remain to be made.
· On the environmental health side, the PASIE has produced and is implementing an action plan to
considerably reduce in the medium term the prevalence of bilharzia and malaria. A pilot
composed of structural measures intended to eliminate or reduce the risk of bilharzia infection is
ready for implementation. Further study and experimentation of fluctuations of the water level in
the Manantali and Diama reservoirs to combat the snail acting as vector of the bilharzia parasite
completed and the draft is under discussion. The ministries responsible for public health in the
three OMVS member countries have developed and are now implementing an environmental
health action plan combating water-borne diseases..
· Under the Monitoring Component, the Observatoire is established; the Steering Committee, as
well as the national and local committees and the Consultative Group have all been established.
· The participation mechanism is established as is the Environment Management Plan.
· Harmonization of environmental legislation is underway and coordination mechanisms have
been established for Health and Environment issues. The monitoring procedures have been
designed and the limnology unit established.
· Under Complementary measures, the promotion of rural electrification is underway. The sites
have been identified for the income generating projects. The promotion of 2nd generation hydro
has not yet started.
6. Implementation of the PASIE
the PASIE implementation and coordination mechanisms comprise:
· Steering Committee
· Panel of Experts
· Monitoring Committee
· A coordination mechanism to coordinate environmental health programs and monitor the effects
of the implementation of the health action plan; and
· Comités nationaux de coordination (CNCs) and of comités locaux de coordination (CLCs).
The relevant ministries of all three OMVS member countries have issued decrees and directives defining
the establishment and functioning of the CNCs and CLCs.
44
7. Setting the state for broader environmental management actions
Although the prime purpose of the PASIE related to the construction of the Power project which will be
completed soon, an important element for the future is the establishment of L'Observatoire which lays
the foundations for broader environmental monitoring in the basin. The PASIE has thus laid a foundation
which will facilitate the broadening and strengthening of environmental management actions in the basin.
For the future, there is a clear need to move beyond mitigation towards the development of a program of
priorities for the long term sustainable management of the river and its resources. In addition, the
emphasis is now on ensuring that an inclusive framework of cooperation is established, whereby Guinea
can be included within the framework of OMVS cooperation.
Although the PASIE environmental management objectives are limited in scope, the program has
spearheaded and created environmental capacities and awareness within OMVS and the countries
concerned. Specifically, PASIE has provided an institutional and legislative setting which will facilitate
a transboundary program addressing water and environmental concerns in a participatory and integrated
manner. The creation of national and local cells which are directly involved in decision making and
actions implemented will further facilitate the work to be undertaken under the proposed GEF project. In
conclusion, therefore, the PASIE is seen as the vehicle which has created the platform for further and
broader action in the environmental management field.
8. Strategic follow-on intervention from the GEF
The proposed GEF project will build on the PASIE achievements. Through the Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis and the proposed Action Plan, a basin-wide priority setting exercise will be
supported which will establish an agreed and sustainable basis for future development actions and
investments. Through the micro-grant program, additional actors will be brought into the process and
given a voice, thereby facilitating greater stakeholder awareness and invo lvement in the management of
the land and water resources. The program will also support further and broader building of capacities at
both the national and the OMVS levels, - with special emphasis on the land/water interface and will
support the broadening of the data and knowledge base by further strengthening l'Observatoire. Finally,
and most significantly, the project will facilitate the inclusion of Guinea within the OMVS cooperative
framework, thereby laying the foundation for holistic and integrated water and environment management
in the basin.
45
Annex 12
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